id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
6,087 | In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamb... | [
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?"
},
{
"answer": "Jacob Ettlinger",
"question": "what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?"
},
{
"answer": "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael",
"question": "What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger ... |
6,088 | Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or... | [
{
"answer": "third birthday",
"question": "When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?"
},
{
"answer": "burned",
"question": "What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?"
},
{
"answer": "kitniyot",
"question": "What are grains and legumes known as?"
},
{
"answer": "A... |
6,090 | Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret... | [
{
"answer": "Mount Sinai",
"question": "Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?"
},
{
"answer": "God",
"question": "Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?"
},
{
"answer": "Mitzvot",
"question": "What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?"
},
{... |
6,091 | Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly conde... | [
{
"answer": "Orthodox Judaism",
"question": "What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?"
},
{
"answer": "patrilineal descent",
"question": "What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?"
},
{
"answer": "rejection of Judaism",
"question": "Wh... |
6,093 | According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as cl... | [
{
"answer": "Torah",
"question": "What is jewish law today based on?"
},
{
"answer": "will of God",
"question": "what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Sinai",
"question": "Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?"
},
{
... |
6,095 | In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children... | [
{
"answer": "1.9 children",
"question": "What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??"
},
{
"answer": "4.1 children",
"question": "What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?"
},
{
"answer": "2%",
"question": "What is the rate of intermarriage among ... |
6,096 | On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the M... | [
{
"answer": "right-wing",
"question": "Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?"
},
{
"answer": "conservative",
"question": "half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?"
},
{
"answer": "Republican",
"questio... |
6,097 | Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involv... | [
{
"answer": "Modern Orthodoxy",
"question": "What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?"
},
{
"answer": "\"outreach (Kiruv)\"",
"question": "What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?"
},
{
"answer": "secular studies",
"question": "What is a core beliefe ... |
6,098 | However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embr... | [
{
"answer": "Haskalah",
"question": "what is the name of the movement of liberalism?"
},
{
"answer": "Talmud",
"question": "what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?"
},
{
"answer": "dietary laws",
"question": "previous generations typically praciced a more leni... |
6,099 | The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contempor... | [
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?"
},
{
"answer": "early 19th century",
"question": "When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?"
},
{
"answer": "education",
"question": "what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?... |
6,100 | Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism,... | [
{
"answer": "Zionism",
"question": "What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?"
},
{
"answer": "Zionist",
"question": "What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?"
},
{
"answer": "nationalism",
"question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on beside... |
6,101 | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | [
{
"answer": "yeshivot",
"question": "Tamudic schools are known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Talmudical colleges",
"question": "what are the colleges married men study in called?"
},
{
"answer": "interact",
"question": "Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and ... |
6,102 | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | [
{
"answer": "Orthodox Judaism",
"question": "What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?"
},
{
"answer": "unacceptable",
"question": "What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?"
},
{
"answer": "heretical",
"question": "What do Ort... |
6,103 | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | [
{
"answer": "American Orthodox Jews",
"question": "Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?"
},
{
"answer": "New Jersey",
"question": "Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?"
... |
6,104 | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | [
{
"answer": "Western European Jewry",
"question": "Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional",
"question": "What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?"
},
{
"answer": "Hirsch's",
"question": "the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not... |
6,105 | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | [
{
"answer": "Shulchan Aruch",
"question": "What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?"
},
{
"answer": "uniformity",
"question": "there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?"
},
{
"answer": "minhag",
"question": "What is the diff... |
6,106 | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | [
{
"answer": "Hirsch",
"question": "Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?"
},
{
"answer": "Torah im Derech Eretz",
"question": "What was Hirsch's approach called?"
},
{
"answer": "neo-Orthodoxy",
"question":... |
6,107 | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | [
{
"answer": "Latin animalis",
"question": "Where does the word animal come from?"
},
{
"answer": "having breath, having soul or living being",
"question": "What does the Latin word animalis mean?"
},
{
"answer": "non-human members of the kingdom Animalia",
"question": "The word anima... |
6,108 | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | [
{
"answer": "eukaryotic",
"question": "What type of cells do all animals have?"
},
{
"answer": "collagen and elastic glycoproteins",
"question": "What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?"
},
{
"answer": "shells, bones, and spicules",
"question": "What is... |
6,109 | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | [
{
"answer": "Predation",
"question": "What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?"
},
{
"answer": "death",
"question": "The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?"
},
{
"answer": "detritivory",
"question": "What is the consumption o... |
6,110 | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | [
{
"answer": "anemones, corals, and jellyfish",
"question": "Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?"
},
{
"answer": "both the mouth and the anus",
"question": "The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?"
},
{
"answer": "ectoderm and endoderm"... |
6,111 | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | [
{
"answer": "Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular",
"question": "What sets animals apart from bacteria and most protists?"
},
{
"answer": "heterotrophic",
"question": "What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?"
},
{
"answer": "lacking rigid cell walls",
... |
6,112 | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | [
{
"answer": "blastula",
"question": "What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?"
},
{
"answer": "swim to a new location",
"question": "In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?"
},
{
"answer": "an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm",
... |
6,113 | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | [
{
"answer": "1 billion years",
"question": "How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?"
},
{
"answer": "triploblastic worms",
"question": "Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?"
},
{
"answer": "earthworms",
"questio... |
6,114 | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | [
{
"answer": "a flagellated eukaryote",
"question": "It is believed that animals evolved from what?"
},
{
"answer": "choanoflagellates",
"question": "What are the closest known living relatives of animals?"
},
{
"answer": "opisthokonts",
"question": "What is the name of the supergroup... |
6,115 | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | [
{
"answer": "Bilateria",
"question": "What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?"
},
{
"answer": "mouth and ... |
6,116 | Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display b... | [
{
"answer": "Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa",
"question": "What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?"
},
{
"answer": "bilaterian",
"question": "What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?"
},
{
"answer": "bilaterian",
"question": "Animals... |
6,117 | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | [
{
"answer": "Ecdysozoa",
"question": "What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?"
},
{
"answer": "insects, spiders, crabs",
"question": "What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?"
},
{
"answer": "repeating segments",
"question": "Organisms in the Arth... |
6,118 | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | [
{
"answer": "the great diversity found in animals",
"question": "Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?"
},
{
"answer": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans",
"question": "Which organisms were among the first life-forms ... |
6,120 | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | [
{
"answer": "other animals early in evolution",
"question": "Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?"
},
{
"answer": "sponges",
"question": "Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?"
},
{
"answer": "drawing in wat... |
6,121 | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | [
{
"answer": "both groups possess a complete digestive tract",
"question": "What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?"
},
{
"answer": "deuterostomes",
"question": "In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?"
},
{
"answer": "schizocoelous de... |
6,122 | The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a b... | [
{
"answer": "Platyhelminthes",
"question": "What is another name for flatworm?"
},
{
"answer": "flukes and tapeworms",
"question": "What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?"
},
{
"answer": "lacking a body cavity",
"question": "What does acoelomates mean?"
},
... |
6,123 | Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting wi... | [
{
"answer": "eating plants or plant-eating animals",
"question": "How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?"
},
{
"answer": "light",
"question": "What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?"
},
{
"answer": "chemical e... |
6,124 | The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons i... | [
{
"answer": "brewing",
"question": "What is the process of making beer called?"
},
{
"answer": "a brewery",
"question": "What is a building called that is used for making beer?"
},
{
"answer": "a brewing company",
"question": "What is company that makes beer typically known as? "
}... |
6,125 | After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During... | [
{
"answer": "a hopback",
"question": "In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?"
},
{
"answer": "fermentation",
"question": "In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? "
},
{
"answer": "yeast",
"question": "What substance settles and make beer c... |
6,126 | Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed... | [
{
"answer": "barley malt",
"question": "What is the main source of starch and most beer?"
},
{
"answer": "After malting",
"question": "At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?"
},
{
"answer": "sorghum",
"question": "What takes the place of barley malt in gluten... |
6,127 | A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A bre... | [
{
"answer": "microbrewery",
"question": "What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?"
},
{
"answer": "brewpub",
"question": "What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?"
},
{
"answer": "around 15,000 barrels",
"question": "In general, how m... |
6,128 | The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are some... | [
{
"answer": "sugars",
"question": "What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?"
},
{
"answer": "fermentation",
"question": "What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?"
},
{
"answer": "above 12%",
"question": "At what concentration can yeast no ... |
6,129 | Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool... | [
{
"answer": "stillage",
"question": "What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?"
},
{
"answer": "52–55 °F",
"question": "What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?"
},
{
"answer": "Cask-conditioned ales",
"quest... |
6,131 | Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually aro... | [
{
"answer": "bottles and cans",
"question": "What types of containers is beer generally sold in?"
},
{
"answer": "draught",
"question": "In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?"
},
{
"answer": "around 4% to 6%",
"question": "In general, what is usually the al... |
6,132 | Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň R... | [
{
"answer": "water",
"question": "What is the main ingredient in beer?"
},
{
"answer": "hard water",
"question": "What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?"
},
{
"answer": "soft water",
"question": "What type of water is best for making pale lager?"
},
{
... |
6,133 | In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sol... | [
{
"answer": "1516",
"question": "In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?"
},
{
"answer": "Duke of Bavaria",
"question": "What was the title of William IV in 1516?"
},
{
"answer": "Reinheitsgebot",
"question": "What was the name of the purity law that regula... |
6,134 | Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect ... | [
{
"answer": "Hops",
"question": "What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?"
},
{
"answer": "malt",
"question": "What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?"
},
{
"answer": "the International Bitterness Units scale",
"question": "How is the bitterness in most beers gene... |
6,135 | The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the star... | [
{
"answer": "mashing",
"question": "What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?"
},
{
"answer": "liquor",
"question": "How is hot water referred to by brewers?"
},
{
"answer": "1 to 2 hours",
"question": "How long does the mashing step in the brewing... |
6,136 | The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondar... | [
{
"answer": "yeast",
"question": "What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?"
},
{
"answer": "hops",
"question": "Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?"
},
{
"answer": "potato",
"question": "What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in... |
6,137 | The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth c... | [
{
"answer": "822 AD",
"question": "In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?"
},
{
"answer": "Adalard of Corbie",
"question": "What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?"
},
{
"answer": "the thirteenth century",
"question": "In which century were hops firs... |
6,138 | Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porte... | [
{
"answer": "1721",
"question": "In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?"
},
{
"answer": "1677",
"question": "In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?"
},
{
"answer": "Stout and porter",
"question": "What do you call a dark beer that is... |
6,139 | Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture... | [
{
"answer": "63.9%",
"question": "What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "Crown Holdings",
"question": "What company first created the full aperture can for beer?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "In what year did Crown holdings create a can wi... |
6,140 | The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of ... | [
{
"answer": "57,5%",
"question": "How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?"
},
{
"answer": "55%",
"question": "How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?"
},
{
"answer": "BrewDog",
"question": "What company made The End of History beer in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "fractiona... |
6,141 | Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of t... | [
{
"answer": "Glass bottles",
"question": "What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?"
},
{
"answer": "yeast",
"question": "What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?"
},
{
"answer": "yeast",
"question": "What ingredient is filtered out of mos... |
6,142 | It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the pr... | [
{
"answer": "overeating",
"question": "In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?"
},
{
"answer": "beer belly",
"question": "What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?"
},
{
"answer": "110",
"question": "What i... |
6,143 | Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "... | [
{
"answer": "sorghum or millet",
"question": "What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?"
},
{
"answer": "Namibia",
"question": "In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?"
},
{
"answer": "Ethiopia",
"question": "In what country is the beer Tella produced? "
},
... |
6,144 | The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a... | [
{
"answer": "circa 3500–3100 BC",
"question": "When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?"
},
{
"answer": "Iran",
"question": "In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?"
},
{
"answer": "Iran",
"question": "What country are the ... |
6,145 | The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of ... | [
{
"answer": "copper",
"question": "What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?"
},
{
"answer": "about one hour",
"question": "How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?"
},
{
"answer": "enzymes",
"question": "What does boiling sweet wort destroy?"
... |
6,146 | The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. ... | [
{
"answer": "malted grain",
"question": "What is generally used as starch in most beer?"
},
{
"answer": "by soaking it in water",
"question": "How does grain become malted?"
},
{
"answer": "a kiln",
"question": "What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?"
},
{... |
6,148 | Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are f... | [
{
"answer": "alcohol by volume",
"question": "What does abv stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "freeze-distilling",
"question": "What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?"
},
{
"answer": "5%",
"question": "What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?"
},
{
"answer": "ta... |
6,149 | In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; be... | [
{
"answer": "zythology",
"question": "What is the term used for the study of beer?"
},
{
"answer": "beer sommelier",
"question": "What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?"
},
{
"answer": "beer pong",
"question": "What is a popular... |
6,150 | Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize ... | [
{
"answer": "Beer",
"question": "What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Beer",
"question": "What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?"
},
{
"answer": "brewing",
"question": "What is the term used to describe the making beer?"
},
... |
6,151 | Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, num... | [
{
"answer": "822",
"question": "What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "On what continent were hops first added to beer?"
},
{
"answer": "hops",
"question": "What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?"
},
... |
6,152 | The word ale comes from Old English ealu (plural ealoþ), in turn from Proto-Germanic *alu (plural *aluþ), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base *h₂elut-, which holds connotations of "sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication". The word beer comes from Old English bēor, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą, probably from Pr... | [
{
"answer": "Old English ealu",
"question": "What is the origin of the word ale?"
},
{
"answer": "Old English bēor",
"question": "What is the origin of the word beer?"
},
{
"answer": "bibere",
"question": "What word means to drink in Latin?"
},
{
"answer": "Alvíssmál",
"q... |
6,153 | The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the ... | [
{
"answer": "10.5%",
"question": "How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?"
},
{
"answer": "Vetter 33",
"question": "What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?"
},
{
"answer": "Samuel Adams",
"question": "What brewing company prod... |
6,154 | Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences. A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds). Th... | [
{
"answer": "Draught beer's",
"question": "What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?"
},
{
"answer": "6.6",
"question": "How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?"
},
{
"answer": "a refillable jug",
"question": "What type of co... |
6,155 | Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 °C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 °C (50 °F... | [
{
"answer": "artificial refrigeration",
"question": "What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?"
},
{
"answer": "below 15.5 °C",
"question": "At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?"
},
{
"answer": "unchilled",
"question": "When is a beer at its most flavorful?... |
6,156 | The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to beer. Consumption of small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes mellitus. The long term health effects of contin... | [
{
"answer": "alcohol",
"question": "What is beers primary active ingredient?"
},
{
"answer": "alcoholic liver disease",
"question": "What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?"
},
{
"answer": "around ten",
"question": "How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life... |
6,157 | A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-c... | [
{
"answer": "dopamine",
"question": "What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?"
},
{
"answer": "beer",
"ques... |
6,158 | The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded a... | [
{
"answer": "Mulatto",
"question": "What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?"
},
{
"answer": "Negro",
"question": "What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? "
},
{
"answer": "Neg",
"question": "How were people with... |
6,159 | Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these ch... | [
{
"answer": "2000",
"question": "In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? "
},
{
"answer": "nearly seven million",
"question": "How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "one or more",
"question": "... |
6,160 | In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 US Census. The Interagency Co... | [
{
"answer": "the American Anthropological Association",
"question": "What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?"
},
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. C... |
6,161 | The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes i... | [
{
"answer": "OMB",
"question": "Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?"
},
{
"answer": "national-origin",
"question": "What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?"
},
{
"answer": "ancestry",
"question": "In addition to social and cu... |
6,162 | Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". However, ... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?"
},
{
"answer": "Not Hispanic or Latino",
"question": "In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?"
},
{
"answer": "the American Anthropologi... |
6,163 | President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a "good neighbor" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decis... | [
{
"answer": "Mexico",
"question": "What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?"
},
{
"answer": "1935",
"question": "In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because... |
6,164 | In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards ste... | [
{
"answer": "OMB",
"question": "Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?"
},
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?"
},
{
"answer": "consistent data",
"quest... |
6,165 | The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was ... | [
{
"answer": "1850",
"question": "In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?"
},
{
"answer": "by head of household",
"question": "How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?"
},
{
"answer": "B",
"question": "In the 1850 US census, what ... |
6,166 | Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West India... | [
{
"answer": "Some other race",
"question": "What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?"
},
{
"answer": "Some other race",
"ques... |
6,167 | "Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs... | [
{
"answer": "the Voting Rights Act",
"question": "What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? "
},
{
"answer": "the Community Reinvestment Act",
"question": "What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?"
},
{
"answer": "the Civil... |
6,168 | For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to i... | [
{
"answer": "1890",
"question": "In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?"
},
{
"answer": "for each family",
"question": "How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?"
},
{
"answer": "individually",
"question": "How were residents listed in th... |
6,169 | The federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'." The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or... | [
{
"answer": "a minimum of two",
"question": "How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?"
},
{
"answer": "Hispanic or Latino",
"question": "How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?"
},
{
"answer": "Not Hispanic or Latino",
... |
6,171 | The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World fr... | [
{
"answer": "$",
"question": "Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?"
},
{
"answer": "ps",
"question": "What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?"
},
{
"answer": "peso",
"question": "What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?"
},
{
"answer": "19th",
... |
6,172 | Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the ... | [
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "What color was predominantly used?"
},
{
"answer": "American Council of the Blind",
"question": "Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?"
},
{
"answer": "$1",
"question": "Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redes... |
6,173 | The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power "To coin money". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Sec... | [
{
"answer": "United States Congress",
"question": "Who has the power \"to coin money\"?"
},
{
"answer": "5112",
"question": "Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?"
},
{
"answer": "payment of debts",
"question": "Coins are considered legal tender fo... |
6,174 | In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemi... | [
{
"answer": "Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia",
"question": "Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?"
},
{
"answer": "Jáchymov",
"question": "What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?"
},
{
"answer": "silver",
"question": "What were the Joachimstalers composed... |
6,175 | The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to... | [
{
"answer": "deceased",
"question": "What condition does a person have to meet to be allowed by law on a coin?"
},
{
"answer": "European monarchs",
"question": "Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?"
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "When did... |
6,176 | In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not b... | [
{
"answer": "1777",
"question": "Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?"
},
{
"answer": "Civil War",
"question": "What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?"
},
{
"answer": "War of 1812",
"question": "Which other ... |
6,178 | When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from thei... | [
{
"answer": "Federal Reserve",
"question": "Who can create \"new high-powered money\"?"
},
{
"answer": "U.S. Treasury Department",
"question": "Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?"
},
{
"answer": "Bureau of the Mint",
"question": "Which organiz... |
6,179 | The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed s... | [
{
"answer": "wartime",
"question": "During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?"
},
{
"answer": "1913",
"question": "When was the Federal Reserve established?"
},
{
"answer": "an \"elastic\" currency",
"question": "What was the Federal Reserve designed to furni... |
6,180 | There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a... | [
{
"answer": "constant value",
"question": "What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?"
},
{
"answer": "low, stable inflation",
"question": "What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?"
},
{
"answer": "some economists",
"question": "Who... |
6,181 | The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act... | [
{
"answer": "the Spanish milled dollar",
"question": "What is \"dollars\" a reference to?"
},
{
"answer": "8 Spanish units",
"question": "How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?"
},
{
"answer": "four hundred and sixteen",
"question": ... |
6,183 | The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (1... | [
{
"answer": "Coinage Act of 1792",
"question": "What defined the US dollar?"
},
{
"answer": "the Spanish milled dollar",
"question": "What was the dollar based on?"
},
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexander H... |
6,184 | The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongs... | [
{
"answer": "Proof Sets",
"question": "What is specifically produced for collectors?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?"
},
{
"answer": "1983",
"question": "When did the Mint being producing proof sets?"
},
{
"a... |
6,185 | The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the "Statements" are current... | [
{
"answer": "The Constitution",
"question": "What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?"
},
{
"answer": "Section 331",
"question": "Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?"
},
{
"answer": "U.S. dollars"... |
6,186 | Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted Preside... | [
{
"answer": "$100",
"question": "What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?"
},
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?"
},
{
"answer": "1969",
"question": "When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn f... |
6,187 | The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Green... | [
{
"answer": "quid",
"question": "What is the British equivalent of a \"buck\"?"
},
{
"answer": "18th",
"question": "In which century can the term \"buck\" be traced back to?"
},
{
"answer": "colonial leather trade",
"question": "What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"bu... |
6,188 | The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was l... | [
{
"answer": "gold",
"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Reserve",
"question": "Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?"
},
{
"answer": "increase the money supply",
"question": "What move did t... |
6,189 | The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silv... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish dollar",
"question": "What was the look of the dollar based on?"
},
{
"answer": "16th",
"question": "In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?"
},
{
"answer": "1792",
"question": "When was the United States Mint founded?"
},
... |
6,190 | The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half d... | [
{
"answer": "Gold Standard Act",
"question": "What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?"
},
{
"answer": "1.505",
"question": "How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?"
},
{
"answer": "$20.67",
"question": "How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?"
},
{... |
6,191 | Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS U... | [
{
"answer": "Tennessee",
"question": "Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?"
},
{
"answer": "Philadelphia mint",
"question": "Where did error coins originate?"
},
{
"answer": "profit",
"question": "How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?"
},
... |
6,192 | The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on dema... | [
{
"answer": "borrow money on the credit of the United States",
"question": "What power was Congress given by the Constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "issue Federal Reserve Notes",
"question": "What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?"
},
{
"answer": "obligations of the Unit... |
6,193 | Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States th... | [
{
"answer": "achieve a specific short-term interest rate target",
"question": "What is the short term goal of open market operations?"
},
{
"answer": "federal funds rate",
"question": "What does the Federal Reserve target?"
},
{
"answer": "the rate at which member banks lend to one anoth... |
6,194 | Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, go... | [
{
"answer": "after World War II",
"question": "When was the Bretton Woods system established?"
},
{
"answer": "$35 per ounce",
"question": "What was the fixed value of gold?"
},
{
"answer": "the value of gold",
"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?"
},
{
... |
6,195 | The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British... | [
{
"answer": "fiat money",
"question": "What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?"
},
{
"answer": "de facto currency",
"question": "Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?"
},
{
"answer": "Turks and Caicos islands",
"question":... |
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