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5731a76fe17f3d14004222c6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate? | {
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5731a97bb9d445190005e439 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | What type of festivals happened when events warranted them? | {
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5731ab21b9d445190005e44d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do? | {
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5731aca5e99e3014001e61be | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space? | {
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5731af92e99e3014001e61c8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? | {
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"te... | context-424_18_3.mp3 | context-424_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). | After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). | question-424_18_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What event was held after the sacrifice? |
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"te... | context-424_18_2.mp3 | context-424_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii – including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. | Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii - including the Emperor's - were offered fertile victims. | question-424_18_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections? |
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"te... | context-424_18_4.mp3 | context-424_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own. | Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own. | question-424_18_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet? |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | When were the gods below and the dead celebrated? | {
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5731b729b9d445190005e4a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion? | {
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5731b8a4e17f3d140042231f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii? | {
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5731b9b9e99e3014001e6204 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What were the exta of a sacrifice? | {
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5731b9b9e99e3014001e6207 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans? | {
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5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed? | {
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5731bb00e99e3014001e6218 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome? | {
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5731bb00e99e3014001e621b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out? | {
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5731bc54e17f3d1400422349 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | During what war was the first gladiator munus held? | {
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5731bc54e17f3d140042234a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | How was the gladiatorial combat described? | {
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5731bc54e17f3d140042234c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | In what way was gladiatorial combat considered? | {
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5731c01cb9d445190005e502 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult? | {
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5731c01cb9d445190005e503 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | {
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5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual? | {
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... | context-424_30_5.mp3 | context-424_30.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines (the singular is flamen), attributed to king Numa: the major flamines, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. | The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines (the singular is flamen), attributed to king Numa: the major flamines, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. | question-424_30_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What were the earliest priesthoods? |
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5731cd7fe17f3d1400422429 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings? | {
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... | context-424_31_4.mp3 | context-424_31.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the Vestals and their rites – fell ... | The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role - the supervision of the Vestals and their rites - fell ... | question-424_31_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | What individual became more powerful during the late Republic? |
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5731cf22e99e3014001e62d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What group selected public priests in Rome? | {
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5731cf22e99e3014001e62d1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What was the term of office for a priest in Rome? | {
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5731cf22e99e3014001e62d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What limited an individual's access to religious offices? | {
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... | context-424_32_4.mp3 | context-424_32.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. | Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. | question-424_32_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest? |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial? | {
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5731d079e99e3014001e62da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | How many Vestals were there in Rome? | {
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} | context-424_33_0.mp3 | context-424_33.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. | question-424_33_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | How many Vestals were there in Rome? |
5731d079e99e3014001e62db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | Of what was Vesta the goddess? | {
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} | context-424_33_0.mp3 | context-424_33.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. | question-424_33_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | Of what was Vesta the goddess? |
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