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A pair of vintage Navajo dolls taken from All The Decor (https://www.allthedecor.com) . Circa 1940s Navajo Dolls describe a style of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) that Navajo (/wiki/Navajo_people) women copied from east coast American society in the 1860s. Women of that era wore full dresses made out of satin (/wiki/Satin) . President Lincoln's (/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln) wife (/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln) and friends wore full dresses made of satin. Navajo women copied the patterns but substituted velvet (/wiki/Velvet) for the satin and made buttons out of nickels and dimes. These stylish skirts are still fashionable today, for Navajos and non-Navajos alike. Cultural history [ edit ] Navajo dolls, beyond their aesthetic appeal, serve as cultural artifacts reflecting the Navajo people's adaptation and creativity. In the 1860s, Navajo women innovatively embraced elements from East Coast American fashion, notably by adopting full dress styles seen in society figures such as President Lincoln's wife. They ingeniously used locally available materials, replacing satin with velvet and crafting buttons from coins, showcasing resourcefulness and cultural exchange. This adaptation highlights the dynamic nature of Navajo artistry, where traditional practices blend with external influences, resulting in garments that carry significant cultural identity and are cherished both within and outside the Navajo community. [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Spain, James N. (May 1982). "Navajo Culture and Anasazi Archaeology: A Case Study in Cultural Resource Management" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00231940.1982.11760576) . KIVA . 47 (4): 273–278. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00231940.1982.11760576 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00231940.1982.11760576) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0023-1940 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-1940) . Larson, Jack Lenor. Folk Art from the Global Village . Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico (/wiki/Museum_of_New_Mexico) Press, 1995. Spain, James N. “Navajo Culture and Anasazi Archaeology: A Case Study in Cultural Resource Management.” Kiva , vol. 47, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 273–78. EBSCOhost , https://doi-org.avoserv2.library.fordham.edu/10.1080/00231940.1982.11760576. This article about culture in the United States is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_dolls&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2c5mq Cached time: 20240712180050 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.165 seconds Real time usage: 0.469 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 168/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5191/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 76/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9142/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.109/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2992616/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 173.210 1 -total 62.53% 108.305 1 Template:Reflist 49.30% 85.397 1 Template:Cite_journal 37.40% 64.778 1 Template:US-culture-stub 36.57% 63.338 1 Template:Asbox 0.83% 1.434 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10310590-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712180050 and revision id 1225194728. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_dolls&oldid=1225194728 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_dolls&oldid=1225194728) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1860s fashion (/wiki/Category:1860s_fashion) Navajo culture (/wiki/Category:Navajo_culture) Native American clothing (/wiki/Category:Native_American_clothing) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) United States culture stubs (/wiki/Category:United_States_culture_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Australian rapper and singer (born 2000) Felix Felix in 2023 Born Felix Yongbok Lee ( 2000-09-15 ) 15 September 2000 (age 23) Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia Occupations Rapper singer Years active 2017–present Musical career Genres K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) electronica (/wiki/Electronica) pop rock (/wiki/Pop_rock) Instrument(s) Vocals Labels JYP (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) Epic Japan (/wiki/Epic_Records_Japan) Republic (/wiki/Republic_Records) Member of Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) Musical artist Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 이용복 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 李龍馥 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) I Yong-bok McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Yi Yongbok Signature Felix Yongbok Lee (born 15 September 2000), known mononymously as Felix , is an Australian rapper and singer based in South Korea. He is a member of the South Korean boy band (/wiki/Boy_band) Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) , formed by JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) in 2017. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Felix Yongbok Lee was born on 15 September 2000 in Seven Hills (/wiki/Seven_Hills,_New_South_Wales) , Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia to Korean (/wiki/Koreans) immigrant parents, [2] (#cite_note-2) and is the middle child between two sisters. [3] (#cite_note-3) He practiced taekwondo (/wiki/Taekwondo) for twelve years as a child and has won a total of 63 medals. [4] (#cite_note-4) In Australia, Felix attended Metella Road Public School, [5] (#cite_note-5) and St Patrick's Marist College (/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Marist_College) but dropped out at age 16, after signing with South Korean entertainment agency and record label JYP Entetainment. [6] (#cite_note-early-6) Career [ edit ] 2017–present: Pre-debut, Stray Kids and solo activities [ edit ] Main articles: Stray Kids (TV program) (/wiki/Stray_Kids_(TV_program)) and Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) Felix began as a trainee at JYP Entertainment in February 2017. He was personally chosen by Stray Kids' leader, Bang Chan (/wiki/Bang_Chan) , making him the sixth member of the band to be selected. [7] (#cite_note-int-7) Felix continued to train with Stray Kids until the broadcast of the survival show, also titled Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids_(TV_program)) . [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) During this show, he faced elimination in the eighth episode, decided by Park Jin-young (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) , the founder of JYP Entertainment. However, following careful consideration and a fan vote, Felix was reinstated in the group in the following episode. [7] (#cite_note-int-7) Stray Kids then released their pre-debut EP Mixtape (/wiki/Mixtape_(Stray_Kids_EP)) , before making their official debut with the EP I Am Not (/wiki/I_Am_Not) on 25 March 2018. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Individually, he was the host of the music program Pops in Seoul (/wiki/Pops_in_Seoul) from July 2019 to January 2020. [10] (#cite_note-popinseoul-10) In June 2022, Felix featured on his labelmate Nayeon (/wiki/Nayeon) 's "No Problem" from her debut EP Im Nayeon (/wiki/Im_Nayeon_(EP)) . [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) His first solo song "Deep End" was included on Stray Kids' compilation album SKZ-Replay (/wiki/SKZ-Replay) in December 2022, and during the group's 5-Star Dome Tour (/wiki/5-Star_Dome_Tour) in 2023, he first performed his unreleased song "Rev It Up". [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Felix made a cameo appearance in the music video for his labelmate NiziU (/wiki/NiziU) 's South Korean debut single "Heartris" in October 2023. [14] (#cite_note-heartris-14) Other ventures [ edit ] Fashion [ edit ] Felix was chosen as the house ambassador for Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) in August 2023. [15] (#cite_note-15) In November 2023, he was named one of GQ (/wiki/GQ) Korea ' s Men of the Year and featured on the cover of the magazine's December issue. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Felix made his runway debut at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) for Louis Vuitton Women's Fall-Winter 2024 Collection at Cour Carrée (/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e) on 5 March 2024. [18] (#cite_note-18) In May 2024, he made his Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) debut with Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) as the guest of Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and attended Louis Vuitton cruise show 2025 in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 2020, Felix began consistent donations and sponsorship for the international children's rights organization Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children) . His contributions have made him a member of the charity's honors club. [22] (#cite_note-22) He also donated ₩50 million (US$38,500 as of 2023) for the relief effort following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes (/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes) . [23] (#cite_note-23) In January 2024, Felix donated ₩100M (US$76,100 as of 2024) to the Korean Committee for UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) to help Laotian (/wiki/Laos) children living with poor sanitation and nutrition, making him the youngest member of the UNICEF Honors Club. [24] (#cite_note-24) Personal life [ edit ] Felix in 2024 In February 2022, Felix was diagnosed with intervertebral disk herniation (/wiki/Spinal_disc_herniation) , which has limited his participation in performances before. [25] (#cite_note-25) Discography [ edit ] For Felix's discography with Stray Kids, see Stray Kids discography (/wiki/Stray_Kids_discography) . Songs [ edit ] List of songs, showing year released, selected chart positions, and name of the album Title Year Peak chart positions Album KOR (/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart) DL (/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart) [26] (#cite_note-26) HUN (/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies) [27] (#cite_note-27) NZ (/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart) Hot (/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart) [28] (#cite_note-28) SGP (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_Singapore) Reg. (/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_Singapore) [29] (#cite_note-29) US (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) World (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) [30] (#cite_note-30) "Who?" (with Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) and Han) 2018 — — — — — I Am Who (/wiki/I_Am_Who) "Wow" (with Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) and Hyunjin) 2020 — — — — — In Life (/wiki/In_Life) "Surfin'" (with Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) and Changbin) 2021 29 — — — — Noeasy (/wiki/Noeasy) "Muddy Water" (with Changbin, Hyunjin, and Han) 2022 26 — — — — Oddinary (/wiki/Oddinary) "No Problem" ( Nayeon (/wiki/Nayeon) featuring Felix) 31 30 — 25 10 Im Nayeon (/wiki/Im_Nayeon_(EP)) "Taste" (with Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) and Hyunjin) 32 — 23 — 9 Maxident (/wiki/Maxident) "Deep End" 178 — — — — SKZ-Replay (/wiki/SKZ-Replay) "Because" ( 좋으니까 ) (with Changbin) — — — — — "Up All Night" ( 오늘 밤 나는 불을 켜 ) (with Bang Chan (/wiki/Bang_Chan) , Changbin, and Seungmin) — — — — — "Snain" ( 비바람 ) (with Changbin and Felix) 2023 — — — — — Non-album single [a] (#cite_note-31) "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. Songwriting credits [ edit ] All song credits are adapted from KOMCA (/wiki/KOMCA) , unless stated otherwise. [31] (#cite_note-32) Year Song Title Artist Album Lyrics Music Credit With Credit With 2018 "Glow" Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) Mixtape (/wiki/Mixtape_(Stray_Kids_EP)) Lim Jung-suk, Bang Chan "Mixtape #1" I Am Not (/wiki/I_Am_Not) [b] (#cite_note-re-mixtape-33) Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) , Seungmin (/wiki/Seungmin) , Kim Woo-jin (/wiki/Kim_Woo-jin) , [c] (#cite_note-rec-mixtape-34) I.N (/wiki/Yang_Jeong-in) "Who" I Am Who (/wiki/I_Am_Who) Han, Kim Woojin Han, Kim Woojin, Hong Jisang "Mixtape #2" I Am Who [b] (#cite_note-re-mixtape-33) Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, Kim Woo-jin, [c] (#cite_note-rec-mixtape-34) I.N Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, Kim Woo-jin, [c] (#cite_note-rec-mixtape-34) I.N "Mixtape #3" I Am You (/wiki/I_Am_You_(EP)) [b] (#cite_note-re-mixtape-33) 2019 "Mixtape #4" Clé 1: Miroh (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_1:_Miroh) [b] (#cite_note-re-mixtape-33) "Mixtape #5" Clé: Levanter (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9:_Levanter) [d] (#cite_note-35) Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, I.N Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, I.N "Wow" Lee Know, Hyunjin, Felix In Life (/wiki/In_Life) Kass, Hyunjin, Lee Know 2021 "Because" ( 좋으니까 ) Changbin, Felix SKZ-Replay (/wiki/SKZ-Replay) Changbin "Surfin" Lee Know, Changbin, Felix Noeasy (/wiki/Noeasy) Changbin, Lee Know Versachoi, Changbin, Lee Know "Placebo" Stray Kids SKZ2021 (/wiki/SKZ2021) Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, I.N Bang Chan, Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Lee Know, Seungmin, I.N "Behind The Light" ( 그림자도빛이있어야존재 ) "For You" "Hoodie Season" "Broken Compass" ( 고장난나침반 ) "#Lovestay" SKZ-Replay Hyunjin, I.N 2022 "Muddy Water" Changbin, Hyunjin, Han, Felix Oddinary (/wiki/Oddinary) Changbin, Han, Hyunjin Changbin, Han, Hyunjin, Millionboy "Taste" Lee Know, Hyunjin, Felix Maxident (/wiki/Maxident) Hyunjin, Lee Know Bang Chan, Hyunjin, Lee Know "Deep End" Felix SKZ-Replay — Shim Eunjee 2023 "FNF" Stray Kids 5-Star (/wiki/5-Star_(Stray_Kids_album)) Bang Chan Trippy, Bang Chan "Superbowl" Bang Chan, Changbin, Han "Rev It Up" Felix Unreleased [e] (#cite_note-36) — Versachoi, Bang Chan 2024 "Runners" Stray Kids Ate (/wiki/Ate_(EP)) Bang Chan Bang Chan, Versachoi Filmography [ edit ] For Felix's filmography with Stray Kids, see Stray Kids filmography (/wiki/Stray_Kids_filmography) . Hosting [ edit ] Year Title Role Ref. 2019–2020 Pops in Seoul (/wiki/Pops_in_Seoul) Host [10] (#cite_note-popinseoul-10) Videography [ edit ] For Felix's videography with Stray Kids, see Stray Kids videography (/wiki/Stray_Kids_videography) . Music video appearances [ edit ] Year Title Artist Ref. 2023 "Heartris" NiziU (/wiki/NiziU) [14] (#cite_note-heartris-14) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-31) Released only on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) as part of SKZ-Record project. ^ a b c d Later in 2019 the song included in album Clé 2: Yellow Wood (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_2:_Yellow_Wood) ^ a b c Later in 2021 the song got revised and remastered then rereleased with different title for album SKZ2021 (/wiki/SKZ2021) , therefore Kim Woo-jin's name got removed from the credit ^ (#cite_ref-35) a Physical EP bonus track in the album ^ (#cite_ref-36) Performed on Stray Kids 5-Star Dome Tour 2023 Seoul Special References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Benjamin, Jeff (8 September 2022). "Stray Kids Timeline: How the Boy Band Grew Into Stars" (https://www.billboard.com/pro/stray-kids-timeline-history-members/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230525001027/https://www.billboard.com/pro/stray-kids-timeline-history-members/) from the original on 25 May 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) [Two Kids Room(투키즈룸)] VOL.2 Ep.09 Bang Chan X Felix , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210213140152/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJyjd0rFoNY) from the original on 13 February 2021 , retrieved 26 February 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-3) [SKZ VLOG] Felix : Sunshine Vlog 5 in Australia , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240124060334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzC8HiTm5es) from the original on 24 January 2024 , retrieved 26 February 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Stray Kids Test How Well They Know Each Other | Vanity Fair , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INgo33WyOP4) from the original on 18 December 2023 , retrieved 26 February 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Stray Kids (1 December 2022). [SKZ VLOG] Felix : Sunshine Vlog 5 in Australia . Retrieved 18 July 2024 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-early_6-0) Benjamin, Jeff (5 February 2020). "Felix from Stray Kids: with husky voice, catlike looks and intense dancing style, his vocals are one of band's hallmarks" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3048851/felix-stray-kids-husky-voice-catlike-looks-and-intense) . South China Morning Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211023180207/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3048851/felix-stray-kids-husky-voice-catlike-looks-and-intense) from the original on 23 October 2021 . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ a b Glasby, Taylor (23 November 2021). "The evolution of Stray Kids' Felix Lee" (https://www.gq.com.au/entertainment/music/felix-lee-stray-kids-interview/image-gallery/a973f83f5dc07dc6454b1e0d548f1214) . GQ Australia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220201113639/https://www.gq.com.au/entertainment/music/felix-lee-stray-kids-interview/image-gallery/a973f83f5dc07dc6454b1e0d548f1214) from the original on 1 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_8-0) Yoon, Min-sik (21 September 2017). "JYP new boyband project named 'Stray Kids' (http://www.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201709211554230088251_2) " (http://www.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201709211554230088251_2) . Kpop Herald (/wiki/Kpop_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235653/http://www.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201709211554230088251_2) from the original on 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_9-0) Choo, Seung-hyun (28 March 2018). "스트레이 키즈, K팝 데뷔곡 역대급 조회 수 기록...MV 공개 24시간 만" (https://stoo.com/article.php?aid=44933553553) . Sports Today (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231211191717/https://stoo.com/article.php?aid=44933553553) from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ a b Lee, Jeong-soo (19 June 2019). "스트레이 키즈 필릭스, 아리랑TV '팝스 인 서울' 단독 MC 발탁" (https://en.seoul.co.kr/news/entertainment/broadcastN/2019/06/19/20190619500029) . Seoul En (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231112054552/https://en.seoul.co.kr/news/entertainment/broadcastN/2019/06/19/20190619500029) from the original on 12 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_11-0) Ziwei, Puah (24 June 2022). "TWICE's Nayeon makes her solo debut with 'POP!' (https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/music/twice-nayeon-solo-debut-pop-music-video-felix-stray-kids-wonstein-3254783) " (https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/music/twice-nayeon-solo-debut-pop-music-video-felix-stray-kids-wonstein-3254783) . NME . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220624073305/https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/music/twice-nayeon-solo-debut-pop-music-video-felix-stray-kids-wonstein-3254783) from the original on 24 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Park, So-young (16 December 2022). "역시 스트레이 키즈!..멤버 전원 '자작 솔로곡' 디지털 앨범 발표" (http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1112008732) . Osen (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221216084005/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1112008732) from the original on 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 16 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ji, Min-kyung (30 October 2023). " (https://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1112212435) "도쿄돔도 접수" 스트레이 키즈, 퍼포먼스 맛집→팬사랑 빛났다 [SKZ in 도쿄돔①]" (https://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1112212435) . Osen (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231211191716/https://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1112212435) from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ a b Choi, Jae-hyuk (11 November 2023). "NiziU(니쥬), 클라스가 다르다 데뷔곡 'HEARTRIS' 뮤비 유튜브 5000만 뷰 돌파!" (https://www.cbci.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=452918) . CBC News (in Korean). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231211191717/https://www.cbci.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=452918) from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Nesvig, Kara (22 August 2023). "Stray Kids' Felix is Louis Vuitton's Newest Ambassador" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/stray-kids-felix-louis-vuitton-ambassador) . Teen Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230905040912/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/stray-kids-felix-louis-vuitton-ambassador) from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 25 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Fans hail STRAY KIDS' Felix as 'the main event' as he attends GQ Night in Korea" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/fans-hail-stray-kids-felix-as-the-main-event-as-he-attends-gq-night-in-korea-101701957631836.html) . Hindustan Times . 7 December 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240113131144/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/fans-hail-stray-kids-felix-as-the-main-event-as-he-attends-gq-night-in-korea-101701957631836.html) from the original on 13 January 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) admin (15 November 2023). "Stray Kids Member Felix Covers GQ Korea 2023 Men Of The Year Issue" (https://www.malemodelscene.net/covers/stray-kids-felix-gq-korea/) . Male Model Scene . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231207220236/https://www.malemodelscene.net/covers/stray-kids-felix-gq-korea/) from the original on 7 December 2023 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Fell, Nicole (5 March 2024). "K-Pop Superstar Felix of Stray Kids Stuns in Louis Vuitton Fall Winter 2024 Show" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/k-pop-star-felix-stray-kids-louis-vuitton-2024-show-1235843659/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240305234948/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/k-pop-star-felix-stray-kids-louis-vuitton-2024-show-1235843659/) from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Aniftos, Rania (6 May 2024). "Stray Kids Make Met Gala Debut in Tommy Hilfiger" (https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/stray-kids-met-gala-debut-tommy-hilfiger-1235675324/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240506233837/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/stray-kids-met-gala-debut-tommy-hilfiger-1235675324/) from the original on 6 May 2024 . Retrieved 6 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Diderich, Joelle (24 May 2024). "Celebrities Front Row at Louis Vuitton Cruise 2025: Felix, Liu Yifei, Sophie Turner and More" (https://wwd.com/eye/parties/celebrities-front-row-louis-vuitton-cruise-2025-ready-to-wear-1236399720/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Nesvig, Kara (24 May 2024). "Stray Kids's Felix Looked Princely at Louis Vuitton Cruise 2025 Show – See Photos" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/stray-kidss-felix-louis-vuitton-cruise-2025-show-see-photos) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Moon, Wan-sik (7 March 2023). 스키즈 필릭스, 꾸준한 기부로 아너스클럽 멤버 위촉 [SKZ Felix appointed as Honors Club member through consistent donations] (in Korean). MT Star News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231125215429/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0003134135) from the original on 25 November 2023 . Retrieved 25 November 2023 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Hicap, Jonathan (18 February 2023). "Korean stars donate for victims of earthquake in Turkey, Syria" (https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/18/korean-stars-donate-for-victims-of-earthquake-in-turkey-syria) . Manila Bulletin . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231125221557/https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/18/korean-stars-donate-for-victims-of-earthquake-in-turkey-syria) from the original on 25 November 2023 . Retrieved 25 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Kim, Ji-ye (4 January 2024). "Stray Kids' Felix donates 100 million won to Laotian children" (https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-01-04/entertainment/kpop/Stray-Kids-Felix-donates-100-million-won-to-Laotian-children/1951162) . Korea JoongAng Daily (/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240203201751/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-01-04/entertainment/kpop/Stray-Kids-Felix-donates-100-million-won-to-Laotian-children/1951162) from the original on 3 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Suacillo, Angela (9 February 2022). "Stray Kids member Felix suffers back injury, to "limit" participation in upcoming show" (https://www.nme.com/news/music/stray-kids-felix-back-injury-limit-participation-upcoming-show-3157520) . NME. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231213030449/https://www.nme.com/news/music/stray-kids-felix-back-injury-limit-participation-upcoming-show-3157520) from the original on 13 December 2023 . Retrieved 13 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Peaks on the Circle Download Chart (/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart) : "Surfin' (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=35&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) " (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=35&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) . 22–28 August 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062137/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=35&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) from the original on 5 April 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . "Muddy Water" (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=12&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) . 13–19 March 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230816201250/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=12&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) from the original on 16 August 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . "No Problem" (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=26&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) . 19–25 June 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220718123642/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=28&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) from the original on 18 July 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . "Taste" (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=41&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) . 2–8 October 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221013042111/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=41&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) from the original on 13 October 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . "Deep End" (https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=52&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) . 18–24 December 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221229042221/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=52&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3) from the original on 29 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Single Top 40 slágerlista – Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták" (https://slagerlistak.hu/single-top-40-slagerlista/2022/26) (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221001131024/https://slagerlistak.hu/single-top-40-slagerlista/2022/26) from the original on 1 October 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "NZ Hot Singles Chart" (https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5428) . Recorded Music NZ. 17 October 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221018135910/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5428) from the original on 18 October 2022 . Retrieved 15 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "RIAS Top Charts Week 26 (24 – 30 Jun 2022)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220705062256/https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc) . RIAS. 5 July 2022. Archived from the original (https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-top-charts/#1562208279199-5ec9aa23-80dc) on 5 July 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Peaks on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) : "No Problem" (https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-07-09/) . Billboard . 9 July 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173515/https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-07-09/) from the original on 13 July 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . "Taste" (https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-10-22) . Billboard . 22 October 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230719234802/https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-digital-song-sales/2022-10-22/) from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Song Registered under Lee Felix Yongbok (10018184)" (https://www.komca.or.kr/srch2/srch_01_popup_mem_right.jsp?S_MB_CD=10018184) . KOMCA (/wiki/KOMCA) . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felix (rapper) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Felix_(rapper)) . Felix (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10221172/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Felix (https://www.komca.or.kr/srch2/srch_01_popup_mem_right.jsp?S_MB_CD=10018184) at KOMCA (/wiki/KOMCA) (in Korean) v t e Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) Bang Chan Lee Know (/wiki/Lee_Know) Changbin Hyunjin Han Felix Seungmin (/wiki/Kim_Seung-min) I.N Woojin (/wiki/Kim_Woo-jin) Studio albums Korean Go Live (/wiki/Go_Live_(album)) ( In Life (/wiki/In_Life) ) Noeasy (/wiki/Noeasy) 5-Star (/wiki/5-Star_(Stray_Kids_album)) Japanese The Sound (/wiki/The_Sound_(Stray_Kids_album)) Compilations SKZ2020 (/wiki/SKZ2020) SKZ2021 (/wiki/SKZ2021) SKZ-Replay (/wiki/SKZ-Replay) Extended plays Korean Mixtape (/wiki/Mixtape_(Stray_Kids_EP)) I Am Not (/wiki/I_Am_Not) I Am Who (/wiki/I_Am_Who) I Am You (/wiki/I_Am_You_(EP)) Clé 1: Miroh (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_1:_Miroh) Clé 2: Yellow Wood (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_2:_Yellow_Wood) Clé: Levanter (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9:_Levanter) Oddinary (/wiki/Oddinary) Maxident (/wiki/Maxident) Rock-Star (/wiki/Rock-Star_(EP)) Ate (/wiki/Ate_(EP)) Japanese All In (/wiki/All_In_(EP)) Circus (/wiki/Circus_(EP)) Social Path / Super Bowl (Japanese Ver.) (/wiki/Social_Path_/_Super_Bowl_(Japanese_Ver.)) Single albums Step Out of Clé (/wiki/Step_Out_of_Cl%C3%A9) Christmas EveL (/wiki/Christmas_EveL) Singles Korean " God's Menu (/wiki/God%27s_Menu) " " Going Dumb (/wiki/Going_Dumb) " " Mixtape: Oh (/wiki/Mixtape:_Oh) " " Thunderous (/wiki/Thunderous) " " Christmas EveL (/wiki/Christmas_EveL_(song)) " " Winter Falls (/wiki/Winter_Falls_(song)) " " Maniac (/wiki/Maniac_(Stray_Kids_song)) " " Mixtape: Time Out (/wiki/Mixtape:_Time_Out) " " Case 143 (/wiki/Case_143) " " S-Class (/wiki/S-Class_(song)) " " Lalalala (/wiki/Lalalala_(song)) " " Chk Chk Boom (/wiki/Chk_Chk_Boom) " Japanese " Top (/wiki/Top_(song)) " " Scars (/wiki/Scars_(Stray_Kids_song)) " " Your Eyes (/wiki/Your_Eyes_(Stray_Kids_song)) " " Circus (/wiki/Circus_(Stray_Kids_song)) " " The Sound (/wiki/The_Sound_(Stray_Kids_song)) " " Super Bowl (/wiki/Super_Bowl_(song)) " " Social Path (/wiki/Social_Path) " English " Lose My Breath (/wiki/Lose_My_Breath_(Stray_Kids_song)) " Other songs " Wolfgang (/wiki/Wolfgang_(song)) " " All My Life (/wiki/All_My_Life_(Lil_Durk_song)) " (remix) " Why? (/wiki/Why%3F_(Stray_Kids_song)) " Concert tours Maniac World Tour (/wiki/Maniac_World_Tour) 5-Star Dome Tour (/wiki/5-Star_Dome_Tour) Dominate World Tour (/wiki/Dominate_World_Tour) Related topics JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) Kingdom: Legendary War (/wiki/Kingdom:_Legendary_War) Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids_(TV_program)) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stray_Kids) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Stray_Kids) Discography (/wiki/Stray_Kids_discography) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Stray_Kids_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Stray_Kids) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000482843350) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2207c581-e4ba-4738-bae6-7761f6510a86) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐78df8ff6f5‐gwg66 Cached time: 20240722003007 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.864 seconds Real time usage: 1.038 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7093/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 154904/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15275/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 169764/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.547/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 28367539/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 940.743 1 -total 33.42% 314.372 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.44% 286.386 2 Template:Reflist 16.20% 152.386 2 Template:Infobox 13.47% 126.717 1 Template:Infobox_Korean_name 12.67% 119.219 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese/Korean 12.27% 115.433 8 Template:Lang 11.37% 106.941 4 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 11.18% 105.156 6 Template:Cite_magazine 8.98% 84.474 1 Template:Stray_Kids Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:75487411-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722003007 and revision id 1235935619. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_(rapper)&oldid=1235935619 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_(rapper)&oldid=1235935619) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000 births (/wiki/Category:2000_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Stray Kids members (/wiki/Category:Stray_Kids_members) 21st-century Australian dancers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_dancers) 21st-century Australian male singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_male_singers) Australian male dancers (/wiki/Category:Australian_male_dancers) Australian male rappers (/wiki/Category:Australian_male_rappers) Australian male singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:Australian_male_singer-songwriters) Australian people of Korean descent (/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Korean_descent) Australian tenors (/wiki/Category:Australian_tenors) Japanese-language singers of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Japanese-language_singers_of_South_Korea) JYP Entertainment artists (/wiki/Category:JYP_Entertainment_artists) K-pop singers (/wiki/Category:K-pop_singers) Rappers from Sydney (/wiki/Category:Rappers_from_Sydney) Australian dance musicians (/wiki/Category:Australian_dance_musicians) South Korean male dancers (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_male_dancers) South Korean male idols (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_male_idols) South Korean male pop singers (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_male_pop_singers) South Korean male singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_male_singer-songwriters) South Korean tenors (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_tenors) Australian expatriates in South Korea (/wiki/Category:Australian_expatriates_in_South_Korea) 21st-century Australian singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_singer-songwriters) Korean-language singers of Australia (/wiki/Category:Korean-language_singers_of_Australia) Hidden categories: CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)) CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024) Use Australian English from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_May_2024) All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Korean-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text) Biography with signature (/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Korean-language_sources_(ko)) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers) |
Lebanese women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Lebanon portal (/wiki/Portal:Lebanon) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Lebanese fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Lebanese_fashion_designers) . It includes Lebanese fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐blksh Cached time: 20240720114502 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.075 seconds Real time usage: 0.100 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3989/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 303/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.043/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937094/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 86.767 1 -total 47.38% 41.113 1 Template:Portal 39.35% 34.146 1 Template:Non-diffusing 31.99% 27.756 1 Template:Cmbox 13.05% 11.327 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.36% 8.118 2 Template:Category_other 7.22% 6.265 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.07% 3.529 1 Template:Single_namespace 2.01% 1.747 1 Template:Template_other 1.31% 1.138 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72300299-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720114502 and revision id 1177798587. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Lebanese women fashion designers" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Reem Acra (/wiki/Reem_Acra) C Huguette Caland (/wiki/Huguette_Caland) F Sonia Fares (/wiki/Sonia_Fares) H Nour Hage (/wiki/Nour_Hage) M Sandra Mansour (/wiki/Sandra_Mansour) S Céline Semaan Vernon (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Semaan_Vernon) Z Aheda Zanetti (/wiki/Aheda_Zanetti) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Lebanese_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798587 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Lebanese_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798587) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lebanese fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Lebanese_fashion_designers) Lebanese women artists (/wiki/Category:Lebanese_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
Shirt functioning as a talisman in Islamic culture A talismanic shirt in the collection of the Topkapı Palace (/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace) A talismanic shirt (or talisman shirt ; Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_language) : tılsımlı gömlek ; Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : پیراهن طلسمات , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) : pirâhan telesmat ) is a worn textile talisman (/wiki/Talisman) . Talismanic shirts are found throughout the Muslim world (/wiki/Muslim_world) . The shirts can be grouped to four types which differ in style and the symbols used: an Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) , a Safavid (/wiki/Safavid_Empire) , a Mughal (/wiki/Mughal_Empire) and a West African one. [1] (#cite_note-vam-1) The earliest surviving examples were made approximately in 15th century, [1] (#cite_note-vam-1) though the tradition of talismanic shirts might be much older. In Surah Yusuf (/wiki/Yusuf_(surah)) of the Quran (/wiki/Quran) , a shirt of the prophet Joseph (/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam) is described as giving him protection and even miracle-working. He hands it over so it can heal the blindness of his father Jacob (/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam) : "Go with this my shirt, and cast it over the face of my father: he will come to see" [ Quran (/wiki/Quran) 12:93 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D12%3Averse%3D93) ] . 15th–early 16th century talismanic shirt in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . Attributed to North India (/wiki/North_India) or the Deccan (/wiki/Deccan) . Cotton, ink, gold; plain weave, painted The shirts may be inscribed (/wiki/Inscription) with verses from Quran, names of Allah (/wiki/Allah) and of prophets and with numbers. They may carry images or symbols, e.g. astrological ones. The inscribed names are believed to be capable of offering protection and guidance to the carrier. [2] (#cite_note-2) Although talismanic shirts can be worn to protect against many evils most of them seem to be intended as a shield in battle. [1] (#cite_note-vam-1) Some examples in collections [ edit ] Talismanic shirt inscribed with Qur'anic verses, the Asma' al-Husna (/wiki/Asma_ul-Husna) , and prayers, with views of Mecca and Medina; 17th century Turkey, Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Hajj_and_the_Arts_of_Pilgrimage) Talismanic shirt, Bursa (/wiki/Bursa) , Turkey, end of the 14th–beginning of the 15th century, Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum) , Istanbul, accession number 539 [3] (#cite_note-3) Talismanic shirt for Sultan Cem (/wiki/Sultan_Cem) , 1480, Topkapı Palace Museum (/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_Museum) , Istanbul. It was produced when Cem was still Şehzade (/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade) . Unusually, the beginning and end of the manufacturing of the object are inscribed. Talismanic shirt for Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) , Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. It was commissioned by Suleiman's wife Hürrem Sultan (/wiki/H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan) . [1] (#cite_note-vam-1) Talismanic shirt, Northern India or Deccan, 15th–early 16th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , New York, accession number 1998.199 [4] (#cite_note-4) Talismanic shirt, India, 15th–16th century, Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , London, accession number T.59-1935 [1] (#cite_note-vam-1) The Khalili Collections (/wiki/Khalili_Collections) include four talismanic shirts. The Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Hajj_and_the_Arts_of_Pilgrimage) has shirts from 17th century Turkey (TXT 545) and from 16th or 17th century Mughal India (/wiki/Mughal_Empire) (TXT 471) that depict the holy sites of Mecca and Medina and are inscribed with prayers and extracts from the Quran. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The one from Turkey is unusual in having realistic, rather than schematic, depictions of the holy sites. [7] (#cite_note-7) The Khalili Collection of Islamic Art (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art) includes shirts from 16th century Turkey (TXT 463) and 18th/19th century India (TXT 574). [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] Ghost shirt (/wiki/Ghost_shirt) – Historic Indigenous religious clothing Cloak of Muhammad (/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad) – Cloak believed to have been worn by the founder of Islam Relics of Muhammad (/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad) – Relics of the Islamic prophet Muhammad References [ edit ] Talismanic shirt depicting the holy sanctuaries of Mecca and Medina, 16th or early 17th century ^ a b c d e Atighi Moghaddam, Behnaz (17 June 2015). "Guest Post: A Warrior's Magic Shirt" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/research-department/guest-post-a-warriors-magic-shirt) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Al-Saleh, Yasmine (November 2010). "Amulets and Talismans from the Islamic World" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tali/hd_tali.htm) . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Özay, Alev (2015). "Talismanic shirt" (http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;tr;Mus01;18;en) . Discover Islamic Art . Museum With No Frontiers . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Talismanic Shirt" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/453498) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage | Talismanic Shirt with Depictions of the Two Holy Sanctuaries" (https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-talismanic-shirt-with-depictions-of-the-two-holy-sanctuaries-txt471/) . Khalili Collections . Retrieved 2021-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage | Talismanic Shirt" (https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/talismanic-shirt-txt-545/) . Khalili Collections . Retrieved 2021-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Nassar, Nahla (2021). "Talismanic shirt" (http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;uk;Mus22;28;en) . Discover Islamic Art . Retrieved 2021-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Islamic Art | Talismanic shirt" (https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/talismanic-shirt-txt-463/) . Khalili Collections . Retrieved 2021-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Islamic Art | Talismanic shirt on green ground" (https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/talismanic-shirt-on-green-ground-txt-574/) . Khalili Collections . Retrieved 2021-07-09 . Further reading [ edit ] Al-Saleh, Yasmine (November 2010). "Amulets and Talismans from the Islamic World" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tali/hd_tali.htm) . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Tezcan, Hülya (2011). Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi koleksiyonundan tilsimli gömlekler (in Turkish). Istanbul: Timaş. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-6051143651 . 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Indian fashion photographer Jayesh Sheth Born 20th century India (/wiki/India) Nationality Indian Alma mater Sir J. J. School of Art (/wiki/Sir_J._J._School_of_Art) Occupation Photographer Jayesh Sheth (born 20th century) is an Indian fashion photographer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Sheth is credited with shooting the first portfolios of Akshay Kumar (/wiki/Akshay_Kumar) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Rani Mukherjee (/wiki/Rani_Mukherjee) , Mamta Kulkarni (/wiki/Mamta_Kulkarni) and Smriti Irani (/wiki/Smriti_Irani) . [3] (#cite_note-filmibeat-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Sheth completed his diploma from the Sir J. J. School of Art (/wiki/Sir_J._J._School_of_Art) in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) . [3] (#cite_note-filmibeat-3) His photography career started in 1978. In 2015, Sheth directed his debut film Roll Sound Camera Action , [5] (#cite_note-5) which premiered at the 2015 Montreal World Film Festival (/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival) . [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-last-time-we-met-she-told-me-she-wanted-to-get-filthy-rich/articleshow/45143094.cms) 'The last time we met, she told me she wanted to get filthy rich' (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-last-time-we-met-she-told-me-she-wanted-to-get-filthy-rich/articleshow/45143094.cms) " (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-last-time-we-met-she-told-me-she-wanted-to-get-filthy-rich/articleshow/45143094.cms) . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Rajiv Bhatia became Akshay Kumar" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/07slide1-jayesh-on-akshay-kumar.htm) . rediff.com . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jayesh on photography and more..." (http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2006/jayesh-sheth-131106.html) filmibeat.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "There and back again for Akshay" (http://www.mid-day.com/articles/there-and-back-again-for-akshay/98013) . mid-day.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Award-Winning Photographer Jayesh Sheth's Film 'Roll Sound Camera Action' Captures Struggles of Bollywood Actors" (http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/award-winning-photographer-jayesh-sheth-s-film-roll-sound-camera/article_ceaa70e2-6eb0-11e5-a74b-6ff06d4c7610.html) . indiawest.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "movie:ROLL SOUND CAMERA ACTION" (http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/772-en_roll-sound-camera-action.html) . ffm-montreal.org . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links [ edit ] Jayesh Sheth (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1936192/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Jayesh Sheth (https://www.theiceinstitute.com/jayesh-sheth/) Advisory Council Member of Ekta Kapoor (https://www.theiceinstitute.com/) ICE Institute This article about a photographer is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayesh_Sheth&action=edit) . v t e This article about an artist from India is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Nigerian fashion model (born 1999) Eniola Abioro Born ( 1999-07-10 ) 10 July 1999 (age 24) Ogun State (/wiki/Ogun_State) , Nigeria Nationality Nigerian Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(people)) Modeling information Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) (worldwide) Uno Models (Barcelona) Modelwerk (Hamburg) Few Models (Lagos) (mother agency) [1] (#cite_note-1) Eniola Abioro (born 1999) is a Nigerian fashion model. She is the first Nigerian model to walk for Prada. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Abioro is the middle child in her family; she has an older brother and a younger sister. [3] (#cite_note-3) She worked as a kindergarten teacher at a school called Grace Academy in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , Nigeria. A local agency proprietor discovered her and convinced her family to let her pursue a career in modeling. [4] (#cite_note-voguejo-4) Career [ edit ] Abioro signed with Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) and debuted as a Prada (/wiki/Prada) exclusive in 2018. [4] (#cite_note-voguejo-4) She walked the runway for Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Off-White (/wiki/Off-White) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) , and Loewe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) , Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) , and Altuzarra (/wiki/Altuzarra) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She has also walked for Jason Wu (/wiki/Jason_Wu) and modeled for Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) , Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , and Tiffany and Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_and_Co.) [6] (#cite_note-grads-6) After her first season, models.com listed her as a "Top Newcomer", [7] (#cite_note-7) and as one of their "Top 50" models. [8] (#cite_note-8) Abioro has appeared in editorials for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , WSJ (/wiki/WSJ) , and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . [6] (#cite_note-grads-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Eniola Abioro - Model" (https://models.com/models/eniola-abioro) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Agbo, Njideka (23 February 2018). "ENIOLA ABIORO BECOMES FIRST NIGERIAN TO WALK FOR PRADA" (https://guardian.ng/life/eniola-abioro-becomes-first-nigerian-to-walk-for-prada/) . Guardian Nigeria . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Daily Duo: Eniola" (https://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/57878) . models.com . 6 September 2017. ^ a b Okwodu, Janelle (3 April 2018). "This Nigerian Stunner Taught Kindergarten—Now She Rules the Runways" (https://www.vogue.com/article/nigerian-model-eniola-abioro-teacher-runway-model) . Vogue . Condé Nast. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Adams, Brittany (13 March 2018). "18 NEW TOP MODELS WHO HAD THE BIGGEST FALL 2018 BREAKOUT SEASONS" (https://fashionista.com/2018/03/new-top-fashion-models-faces-fall-2018) . Fashionista.com . ^ a b Ojo-Felix, Irene (19 November 2020). "The Graduates: Eniola Abioro" (https://models.com/mdx/the-graduates-eniola-abioro/) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Moskovic, Stephen (8 March 2018). "Newcomers F/W 2018" (https://models.com/mdx/these-are-the-top-newcomers-of-fw-2018/) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/29504#29504) . models.com . 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A skirt-type draped garment of indigenous women in the Inca Empire. This article is about a draped dress of Andean women. For other uses, see Anaku (disambiguation) (/wiki/Anaku_(disambiguation)) . Anaku (Aqsu, Aksu) was a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) -type garment of indigenous women in the Inca Empire (/wiki/Inca_Empire) . It was a long drape dress straight in shape, falling to ankle length. Style [ edit ] Anaku was a typical dress of Andean (/wiki/Andean_civilizations) women. It was a long rectangular piece of woven cloth (/wiki/Woven_fabric) wool fibers, a simple draping garment (/wiki/Draped_garment) . The traditional wearing style of Otavalo women (/wiki/Otavalo_people) was different, as they were wearing it with a blouse. An ankle-length anaku (as an underskirt) was wrapped over with another anku. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Evolution [ edit ] The full-body Anaku evolved to half-body Anaku in certain areas. Initially, the anaku was larger, that changed with generations; the length of the garment became shorter and changed to half of the ancestral version. It is still a costume that Otavalo people (/wiki/Otavalo_people) wore. [4] (#cite_note-4) Anku was tied around the waist with a sash called ''chumbi'' or ''chumpi'' or ''Chumpia''. There was a similar type but ankle-length garment ''aksu'' that was worn in Southern parts. Anaku as a wrap skirt still worn around Northern Ecuador (/wiki/Ecuador) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Uncu (/wiki/Uncu) , a men's garment of the Inca Empire Tocapu (/wiki/Tocapu) , geometrical motifs used by Incas Cumbi (/wiki/Cumbi) , a fine luxurious fabric of the Inca Empire References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Meisch, Lynn A. (2012-10-03). Costume and History in Highland Ecuador . University of Texas Press. p. 309. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-292-74985-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jarvis, Kathy (2000). Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia : the backpacker's manual . Internet Archive. Guilford, CT : Globe Pequot Press. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-898323-95-2 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schevill, Margot Blum; Berlo, Janet Catherine; Dwyer, Edward B. (2010-07-05). Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology . University of Texas Press. pp. 150, 154, 158. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-292-78761-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Meisch, Lynn (2002). Andean entrepreneurs : Otavalo merchants and musicians in the global arena . Internet Archive. Austin : University of Texas Press. p. 243. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-292-75258-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Meisch, Lynn A. "South America: History of Dress" (https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-around-world/south-america-history-dress) . LoveToKnow . Retrieved 2021-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudolf Josef (1999). The native leisure class : consumption and cultural creativity in the Andes . Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-226-11394-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Indigenous clothing changes in the Andean highlands under Spanish colonialism" (https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/eatacam/2018nahead/0718-1043-eatacam-01301.pdf) (PDF) . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion designer Jo Copeland Born 1899 ( 1899 ) New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York, US Died March 20, 1982 (1982-03-20) (aged 82–83) New York, New York, US Education Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Occupation Fashion designer Spouse Edward J. Regensburg Jr. Children 2, including Lois Gould (/wiki/Lois_Gould) Awards Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) Jo Copeland (1899 – March 20, 1982) was an American fashion designer. She received the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) in 1944. Early life and education [ edit ] Copeland was born in New York City in 1899 to parents Samuel and Minna Copeland, however her mother died during childbirth. [1] (#cite_note-jwa-1) Copeland was educated in New York at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) and Art Students League of New York (/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York) . [2] (#cite_note-Fischel-2) Career [ edit ] After graduating from the Parsons School of Design, she began working as a designer which paid enough to help put her older brothers through Harvard Law School (/wiki/Harvard_Law_School) . [1] (#cite_note-jwa-1) Copeland began selling her own designs as a commercial artist to manufacturing firms [3] (#cite_note-Tierney-3) and was hired by Pattulo Models Inc (/w/index.php?title=Pattulo_Models_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1920 as a fashion illustrator. [4] (#cite_note-NYT-4) After World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) led to the liberation of Paris, Copeland began looking at other sources of inspiration for fashion including China and South America. [5] (#cite_note-5) She also persuaded other American fashion designers to become independent from Paris' influence. [4] (#cite_note-NYT-4) Copeland was so determined to not be influenced by Paris that she refused to travel to the city after 1947. [6] (#cite_note-6) By 1949, she was promoted to partner at the firm Pattulo Models Inc [3] (#cite_note-Tierney-3) and eventually became Vice-President and Head Designer at Pattulo-Jo Copeland Inc. where she earned a reputation for refusing to conform to typical fashion norms. [7] (#cite_note-Hinton-7) Copeland designed the buttoned, two-piece suit for women to wear without a blouse. [2] (#cite_note-Fischel-2) She rejected the Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) style as desperation to be noticed and a sign of immaturity. [8] (#cite_note-8) As a result, many of her designs incorporated an extended torso and skirts no shorter than two inches above the knee. [7] (#cite_note-Hinton-7) She received the 1944 Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) for her designs. [4] (#cite_note-NYT-4) Copeland died on March 20, 1982, from a stroke. [4] (#cite_note-NYT-4) A collection of her designs is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ a b Gould, Lois. "Jo Copeland" (https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/copeland-jo) . jwa.org . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . ^ a b Fischel, Jack R. (December 30, 2008). Encyclopedia of Jewish American Popular Culture . ABC-CLIO. p. 114. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313087349 . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . ^ a b Tierney, Tom (June 1, 1987). Great Fashion Designs of the Forties Paper Dolls: 32 Haute Couture Costumes by Hattie Carnegie, Adrian, Dior and Others . Courier Corporation. p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486253862 . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . ^ a b c d Chira, Susan (March 21, 1982). "Jo Copeland, A Fashion Designer Noted for Two-Piece Suit, Is Dead" (https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/21/obituaries/jo-copeland-a-fashion-designer-notes-for-two-piece-suit-is-dead.html) . The New York Times . p. 39 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lou Taylor; Marie McLoughlin (January 9, 2020). Paris Fashion and World War Two: Global Diffusion and Nazi Control . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 152. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781350000285 . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jonathan Walford (October 10, 2012). 1950s American Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780747812807 . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . ^ a b Hinton, Sarah (February 22, 1968). "Gimmicks Don't Interest Jo Copeland" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-feb-22-1968-1529887/) . Burlington Daily Times News . North Carolina – via NewspaperArchive. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hennessy, Helen (November 14, 1965). "Jo Copeland Dislikes The Mod Look" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-nov-14-1965-1529890/) . Cedar Rapids Gazette . Iowa – via NewspaperArchive. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Evening dress ca. 1965 Jo Copeland" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/96039) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved January 31, 2020 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1813837/) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/26354550) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8rKcBxmRK9787Q4kv73) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1108319696) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97117473) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐mrk5f Cached time: 20240624005521 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.397 seconds Real time usage: 0.532 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2197/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26018/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1446/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.266/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6610258/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 510.498 1 -total 33.89% 173.024 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.53% 145.641 1 Template:Reflist 16.66% 85.046 1 Template:Authority_control 16.62% 84.840 2 Template:Cite_web 15.85% 80.930 1 Template:Short_description 12.46% 63.598 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.46% 43.168 2 Template:Pagetype 8.20% 41.852 17 Template:Main_other 8.10% 41.344 1 Template:Birth_year Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62989638-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624005521 and revision id 1190169414. 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Woollen skirt or cloak worn around 2,500 BC This article uses bare URLs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs) , which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot (/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) . Please consider converting them to full citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles) to ensure the article remains verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples) and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Kaunakes&defaults=y) ( documentation (/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill) ) and Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Kaunakes) ( documentation (/wiki/User:Citation_bot) ) . ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Statue of Iku-Shamagan (/wiki/Iku-Shamagan) , King of Mari (/wiki/Mari,_Syria) , wearing the Kaunakes. c. 2500 BCE . A kaunakes [1] (#cite_note-1) ( Ancient Greek (/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) : καυνάκης (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82) , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek) : kaunákēs or γαυνάκης (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82) ; Classical Syriac (/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language) : ܓܘܢܟܐ , romanized: gawnɘḵā ; [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Akkadian (/wiki/Akkadian_language) : 𒌆𒄖𒅘𒆪 TÚG GU-NAK-KU ) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) or persis was a woollen (/wiki/Wool) mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) associated with ancient (/wiki/Ancient_Near_East) Mesopotamia (/wiki/Mesopotamia) and Persia (/wiki/Ancient_Persia) . It was woven in a tufted pattern suggesting overlapping petals or feathers, either by sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric. Background [ edit ] The origin of this dress is traced to the Sumerian civilization (/wiki/Sumer) which existed even before 4,000 BC. Pre-Dynastic period (4000-2700 BC): kilts and "net-dresses" [ edit ] A kilt or "net-dress" on the Blau Monuments (/wiki/Blau_Monuments) (3000-2900 BC) The earliest type of dress attested in early Sumerian art (/wiki/Sumerian_art) is not the kaunakes , but rather a sort of kilt (/wiki/Kilt) or "net dress" which is quite closely fitting the lower body, while the upper body remains bare. [6] (#cite_note-HC-6) This early type of net dress looks much more similar to standard textile than the later kaunakes , which looks more like sheepskin with ample bell-shaped volume around the waist and the legs. [6] (#cite_note-HC-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Cylinder seal from Uruk, with "net-dress", 3100 BC Kilts being worn on the Stele of the lion hunt (3000-2900 BC) A "net dress" being worn on the Blau Monuments (/wiki/Blau_Monuments) (3000-2900 BC) Early Dynastic Period (2700-2350 BC): kaunakes [ edit ] The Early Dynastic Period (/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)) between 2,700 and 2,350 BC was marked by high culture. The dress was a unisex (/wiki/Unisex) garment which both men and women wore. The skirt was made from sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin) and was worn with the skin turned inside and with tufts ornamented like a toothed-comb over the wool. It was used in the form of a wraparound skirt (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) tied and worn from the waist extending to the knees. [8] (#cite_note-Museum-8) Servants and soldiers wore the shortest garments, while persons of high status wore longer ones [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortoraEubank201024-9) with the skirt often extending down to the ankles. The upper part of the body was either covered with another sheepskin cloak (/wiki/Cloak) spread across the shoulders, or left bare. It was only around 2,500 BC that the sheepskin garment was replaced by a textile made of woven wool; however the tuft part of the dress was continued in the form of "sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric". The Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) called this dress kaunakes. This type of dress is featured in sculptures and mosaics of this period. History [ edit ] This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Kaunakes) for more information. ( March 2024 ) Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe (/wiki/Ur-Nanshe) , king of Lagash (/wiki/Lagash) , Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC), with all figures wearing kaunakes In a Sumerian image dated between 2,900 and 2,600 BC, the dress was worn as a pagne (/wiki/Pagne) , which was a simple fleece pelt used as body wrap but retaining the tail part. In some images the wraparound covered the body crossed over the left shoulder. Following the discovery of weaving, kaunakes were designed with tufts of wool stitched into the cloth to "simulate the curling fleece fur". [10] (#cite_note-Arts-10) It was a rustic fabric made of sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin) , camel or goat's hide fashioned in the form of a shawl (/wiki/Shawl) or skirts called the "thick blanket" that evolved to suit the severe weather conditions of the Sumerian and Akkadian Mesopotamian region (/wiki/Sumero-Akkadian) . [11] (#cite_note-Sumer-11) It is also believed that kaunakes, as a fashioned fleece, while not mentioned prior to 300 BC could be traced to the 400–300 BC. During the Greek period of Aristophanes (/wiki/Aristophanes) the garment was made from goat's hair or wool in the style of a weighty mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)) or cape (/wiki/Cape) . Coptic Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) , not Mesopotamia (/wiki/Mesopotamia) , is credited with the original design of woven tapestry with projecting long locks or strands of wool. Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as a mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)) . These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders, and during summer adapted as a skirt. Over the centuries many designs evolved with sleeves, then variants were made with cloth instead of fleece, and eventually, it evolved back to a cape (/wiki/Cape) sans sleeves. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes19719-12) Female statuette, with cup and bracelet, Khafajah (/wiki/Khafajah) , 2650-2550 BCE In Athens (/wiki/Athens) , initially the dress was thought to be of Persian (/wiki/Persia) origin but later it came to be identified as a Babylonian (/wiki/Babylonia) garment, as it matched with the textile practices of the northeast from Mesopotamia (/wiki/Mesopotamia) . Part of the confusion arose from the naming of the garment, because the root word is linguistically closer to Iranian language (/wiki/Iranian_language) , rather than Babylonian language (/wiki/Akkadian_language) . [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004154-13) The dress was also used by a stage actor in a drama scene of Aristophanes (/wiki/Aristophanes) ' Wasps in Athens (/wiki/Athens) , as the design of the exotic dress suited the dramatic effect in view of it being "visually distinctive", heavy and with small decorative tufts. It was the Athenians' belief that the kaunakes was of Persian origin and not from Babylon from an understanding that the dress was an exported item and could have originated from Anatolia (/wiki/Anatolia) ( Kilikia (/wiki/Kilikia) or Phrygia (/wiki/Phrygia) ), the Levant (/wiki/Levant) ( Phoenicia (/wiki/Phoenicia) or Syria (/wiki/Syria) ), or Mesopotamia (Babylon), which were all part of the Persian Empire (/wiki/Persian_Empire) in the fifth century BC. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004171-14) Purpose [ edit ] An image dated to about 3rd millennium BC from the Temple of Ishtar (/wiki/Ishtar) at Mari (/wiki/Mari,_Syria) , Tell Hariri (/wiki/Tell_Hariri) , in Syria (/wiki/Syria) shows kaunakes wrapped as a cloak around the shoulders of an alabaster (/wiki/Alabaster) image of a woman in a seated posture; the kaunakes is inferred as made from goat hair or wool. [15] (#cite_note-Getty-15) From 2,450 BC, it was a royal dress, as seen from the figures in prayer mode in Mesopotamia. In this, the dress was formed with woolly tufts laid successively in horizontal lines and suspended vertically. It was fashioned generally as a woman's dress, adorning the left arm and shoulder with the right side exposing the skin and the breast. [16] (#cite_note-Worn-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sometimes spelled kaunakès , as in French (/wiki/French_language) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sedra" (https://sedra.bethmardutho.org/lexeme/get/21322) . sedra.bethmardutho.org . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon" (https://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?lemma=gwnk%20N&cits=all) . cal.huc.edu . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) http://translate.enacademic.com/γαυνάκης/el/ (http://translate.enacademic.com/γαυνάκης/el/) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 5 (PDF) . p. 134. ^ a b Crawford, Harriet (/wiki/Harriet_Crawford) (2013). The Sumerian World . Routledge. pp. 703–705. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-21911-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Breniquet, Catherine (2016). "Que savons-nous exactement du kaunakès mésopotamien?" (https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2016-1-page-1.htm#) . Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale . 110 (January): 1–22. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3917/assy.110.0001 (https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fassy.110.0001) . ^ (#cite_ref-Museum_8-0) "Dress" (http://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing#ref168685) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETortoraEubank201024_9-0) Tortora & Eubank 2010 (#CITEREFTortoraEubank2010) , p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-Arts_10-0) "Mesopotamia Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154700/http://www.cfa.ilstu.edu/lmlowel/THE331/Mesopotamia/review.html) . College of Fine Arts – Illinois State University. Archived from the original (http://www.cfa.ilstu.edu/lmlowel/THE331/Mesopotamia/review.html) on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sumer_11-0) Liñeiro, Mirta. "El traje en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. Mesopotamia. Kaunakes" (http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_articulo=8302&id_libro=380) . Reflexión Académica en Diseño y Comunicación Nºxix (in Spanish). Año XIII, Vol. 19, Agosto 2012, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sitio Estudiantes DC – Universidad de Palermo: 57–58 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes19719_12-0) Forbes 1971 (#CITEREFForbes1971) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004154_13-0) Miller 2004 (#CITEREFMiller2004) , p. 154. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004171_14-0) Miller 2004 (#CITEREFMiller2004) , p. 171. ^ (#cite_ref-Getty_15-0) "images" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190423162102/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/woman-sitting-wearing-kaunakes-fleece-cloak-high-res-stock-photography/479645111) . Getty Images. Archived from the original (http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/woman-sitting-wearing-kaunakes-fleece-cloak-high-res-stock-photography/479645111) on 23 April 2019 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Worn_16-0) "A traditional garment worn in an unusual way" (http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-praying-figure) . Louvre Museum . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Bibliography [ edit ] Forbes, R. J. (1971). studies in ancient technology . Brill Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:R5RHS1HQD3Z. Miller, Margaret C. (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity . Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-60758-2 . Tortora, Phyllis G.; Eubank, Keith (2010). Survey of Historic Costume . New York: A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-806-6 . Further reading [ edit ] Legrain, L. (1940). "Book Reviews: Le Kaunakès by Emile Cherblanc". American Journal of Archaeology . 44 (1): 150–2. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/499598 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F499598) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 499598 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/499598) . Crawford, O. G. S. (1926). "The Birthplace of Civilization". Geographical Review . 16 (1): 73–81. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1926GeoRv..16...73C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926GeoRv..16...73C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/208504 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F208504) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 208504 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/208504) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 163250399 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163250399) . Corbiau, Simone (1936). "Sumerian Dress Lengths as Chronological Data. An Indo-Sumerian Cylinder". Iraq . 3 (1): 97–103. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/4241588 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4241588) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4241588 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241588) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 130526762 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130526762) . Langdon, S. (2011). "V.—Sumerian Origins and Racial Characteristics". Archaeologia . 70 : 145–54. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S0261340900011061 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261340900011061) . Taha, Munir Y. (1973). "The Authenticity of a Sumerian Statue". Iraq . 35 (2): 151–3. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/4199962 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4199962) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4199962 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4199962) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 193099592 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193099592) . Dimand, Maurice S. (June 1945). "A Sumerian Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C.". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . 3 (10): 253–6. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3257188 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3257188) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3257188 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3257188) . External links [ edit ] Media related to Kaunakes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kaunakes) at Wikimedia Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐6b9cb895f7‐d8cjd Cached time: 20240719051303 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.575 seconds Real time usage: 0.730 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1888/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51063/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2424/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68618/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.378/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13022087/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 650.980 1 -total 27.74% 180.577 1 Template:Reflist 20.26% 131.888 1 Template:Lang-grc 18.45% 120.073 6 Template:Cite_web 13.50% 87.883 1 Template:Short_description 10.99% 71.567 1 Template:Cleanup_bare_URLs 10.35% 67.391 2 Template:Ambox 7.81% 50.856 2 Template:Pagetype 6.19% 40.280 8 Template:Cite_journal 6.06% 39.479 4 Template:Sfn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9313728-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719051303 and revision id 1224290330. 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Traditional shampoo used in Myanmar Traditional tayaw kinpun shampoo Tayaw kinpun ( Burmese (/wiki/Burmese_language) : တရော် ကင်ပွန်း , pronounced [təjò (/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese) kìɰ̃mʊ́ɰ̃] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese) or pronounced [təjò (/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese) kìɰ̃bʊ́ɰ̃] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese) ; also transliterated tayaw kinmun [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) or tayaw kinbun [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) ) is a traditional shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) used in Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) . Its main ingredients are the bark of the tayaw (/wiki/Grewia) ( Grewia ) tree and the soapy kinpun (/wiki/Senegalia_rugata) ( Senegalia rugata ) fruit. Lime (/wiki/Lime_(fruit)) may also be added to the mix. [5] (#cite_note-5) Shampooing with tayaw kinpun has been an important tradition in Burmese culture (/wiki/Burmese_culture) since ancient times. Burmese kings (/wiki/Burmese_kings) used to wash their hair with tayaw kinpun during the royal hair-washing ceremony ( ခေါင်းဆေး မင်္ဂလာပွဲ ), in the belief that using the shampoo would cast away bad luck and bring good luck. [6] (#cite_note-6) Today, it is still customary for many Burmese people to wash their heads with tayaw kinpun on the Burmese New Year's Day (/wiki/Burmese_calendar#New_Year's_Day) to leave behind impurities and bad omens of the past. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In addition to its ritual uses, tayaw kinpun is still widely used by the Burmese people, and is commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Legend [ edit ] Statue of Queen Panhtwar (/wiki/Panhtwar) According to legend, King Duttabaung (/w/index.php?title=Duttabaung&action=edit&redlink=1) [ my (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8) ] of Sri Ksetra (/wiki/Sri_Ksetra) possessed supernatural powers from his prominent mole in the middle of his forehead. Known as the Three-Eyed King, Duttabaung conquered Beikthano (/wiki/Beikthano) , and took the conquered state's ruler Panhtwar (/wiki/Panhtwar) as his queen. [11] (#cite_note-legend-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Though defeated, Queen Panhtwar vowed to win her kingdom back. Upon discovering that the king's mole was the source of his powers, she devised a plan to minimize the powers of the mole by giving the king a face towel, made from her htamein (/wiki/Htamein) (sarong). The king lost his powers using the towel. He soon faced myriad rebellions, and had to flee the capital. While on the run, he rested under a large tayaw tree, surrounded by kinpun plants. When it began raining, his head was soaked with the brew of tayaw and kinpun plants, which cast away the spell of Panhtwar's towel, and his powers reappeared. From then on, successive Burmese kings used the tayaw kinpun mix to wash their hair ritualistically to cast away the evil, and augment their powers. [11] (#cite_note-legend-11) In popular culture [ edit ] On 13 April 2021, two months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état (/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) , activists in Mandalay (/wiki/Mandalay) launched a tayaw kinpun strike, in which tubes of the shampoo were wrapped in anti-government flyers. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hardiman, John Percy (1901). Sir James George Scott (ed.). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and Shan States Part 2 . Vol. 2. Government Press, British Burma. p. 252. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015404/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_Upper_Burma_and_the_Shan_St/UroMAAAAIAAJ) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2022-08-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) United States National Herbarium, United States National Museum (2003). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 419. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015404/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Contributions_from_the_United_States_Nat/JZDwAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2022-08-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Burma Research Group (1987). Burma and Japan: Basic Studies on Their Cultural and Social Structure . Burma Research. p. 299. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015404/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Burma_and_Japan/7W5uAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2022-08-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) SEAMEO Regional Centre for History and Tradition (2005). Traditions, 2005 . Yangon. p. 51. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015404/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Traditions_2005/xnluAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2022-08-07 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yadu (31 August 2019). "မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ" (https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851) . The Myanmar Times (in Burmese). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851) from the original on 20 February 2021 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Soap Nut (ကင်ပွန်းသီး)" (https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/) . Hello Sayarwon (in Burmese). 25 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210124122100/https://hellosayarwon.com/herbals-alternatives/herbal-medicines/soap-nut-%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8-2/) from the original on 24 January 2021 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "နှစ်ဆန်းတစ်ရက်နေ့" (https://news-eleven.com/article/100006) . Eleven Media Group (in Burmese). 17 April 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/https://news-eleven.com/article/100006) from the original on 8 August 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "မြန်မာရိုးရာ အတာနှစ်ကူး ခေါင်းဆေးမင်္ဂလာ" (http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710) . DVB (in Burmese). 14 April 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808055823/http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/144710) from the original on 8 August 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Myanmar Shampoo" (https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html) . www.myanmars.net . 13 November 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html) from the original on 17 August 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo" (http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html) . THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) (in Burmese). 16 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html) from the original on 8 September 2019 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . ^ a b "ဆေးဖက်ဝင်အပင်များနှင့် အဓိကပျောက်ကင်းနိုင်သောရောဂါများ" (https://myawady.net.mm/node/3291) . Myawawady News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015408/https://myawady.net.mm/node/3291) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2022-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "တရော်ကင်းပွန်းဖြစ်လာပုံ" (https://www.ayeyarmyay.com/2021/01/blog-post_549.html?m=1) . Ayeyar Myay (in Burmese). 12 July 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.ayeyarmyay.com/2021/01/blog-post_549.html?m=1) from the original on 17 August 2022 . Retrieved 3 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "စစ်အာဏာရှင်ကို တရော်ကင်ပွန်းနှင့် တော်လှန်သည့် မန္တလေး" (https://www.mizzimaburmese.com/article/78970) . Mizzima (in Burmese). 14 April 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.mizzimaburmese.com/article/78970) from the original on 17 August 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . 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Iranian fashion and costume designer Arefeh Mansouri Mansouri at the Emmy Awards in 2012 Born ( 1980-11-08 ) November 8, 1980 (age 43) Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) , Iran (/wiki/Iran) Nationality Iranian Education Concordia University (/wiki/Concordia_University) LaSalle College (/wiki/LaSalle_College) Harvard University (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government) Occupation(s) Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) , Costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) Awards Bronze Award for Avant-Garde design at the International Design Awards (2013) Silver Award for Couture and Avant-Garde Wedding Apparel at the International Design Awards (2017) Website arefeh (http://arefeh.com) .com (http://arefeh.com) Arefeh Mansouri (born November 8, 1980) is an Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_design) and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Her work has appeared in magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) among others. Arefeh Mansouri at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards (NOKIA Theatre, September 20, 2009) Early life and education [ edit ] Mansouri was born November 8, 1980, in Tehran, Iran (/wiki/Tehran,_Iran) , and immigrated to Canada at 16. [2] (#cite_note-2) During her early years, Mansouri displayed great interest and aptitude in painting. [3] (#cite_note-3) She started her undergraduate education with a major in biology at Concordia University (/wiki/Concordia_University) with the intent to pursue a career in medicine. She began her studies of fashion at Montreal's LaSalle College (/wiki/LaSalle_College) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2016 Mansouri received an "Executive Education" from Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) , John F. Kennedy School of Government (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] Mansouri launched a women's prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-porter) line until she was offered a position in Milan, Italy (/wiki/Milan,_Italy) as head designer for an Italian clothing firm. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2007, she relaunched her line in the United States (/wiki/United_States) with a specific focus on Couture Wedding and Evening wear. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In addition, she began pursuing her passion for costume design and had pieces featured in Hollywood productions. [9] (#cite_note-9) Mansouri is a member of The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences) and the Costume Designers Guild (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild) as a costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) . In 2009, Mansouri was asked to collaborate with Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) and Women in Film to design tote bags for the Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Award) pre-party. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2011, Mansouri created a dress based on Karel Appel (/wiki/Karel_Appel) 's Sculpture the Tulip. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2012, Mansouri collaborated with Juan Pont Lezica (/w/index.php?title=Juan_Pont_Lezica&action=edit&redlink=1) to recreate a photograph of Sir Fredric Leighton's (/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton) painting the Flaming June (/wiki/Flaming_June) . The picture was exhibited at The Parthenon (/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)) , Nashville's Art Museum. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2013, Mansouri established her signature store, "AREFEH", at 150 Worth Avenue (/wiki/Worth_Avenue) in Palm Beach, Florida (/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2016, she relocated her store to Miami (/wiki/Miami) 's Coral Gables, Florida (/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2014, Mansouri was invited by Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) and Magic (/wiki/Magic_(trade_show)) to attend a three-day trade show at WWDMAGIC, in Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) , to show her latest collection. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2015, Mansouri was included in the bestseller Jewels of Allah The Untold Story of Women in Iran , [17] (#cite_note-17) written by Nina Ansary (/wiki/Nina_Ansary) . In 2016, Mansouri was nominated for National Design Awards (/wiki/National_Design_Awards) by Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum (/wiki/Cooper-Hewitt,_National_Design_Museum) . [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2017, Mansouri was awarded Second Prize in Apparel Category Competition for the Couture and Avant Garde Wedding Apparel Project at the International Design Awards (/wiki/International_Design_Awards) . [19] (#cite_note-19) The AREFEH Shop at 150 Worth Avenue, Palm Beach, USA in 2013 Flat Plat [ edit ] Mansouri is one of the youngest inventors to be granted a U.S. patent in the area of women's shoes. [20] (#cite_note-20) "Flat Plat" is a flat shoe that uses a proprietary outsole that is engineered for maximum comfort and support. [21] (#cite_note-21) On 5 May, 2015, Mansouri was awarded a US patent for her invention. [22] (#cite_note-22) Filmography [ edit ] Utopia (/wiki/Utopia_(2015_film)) (2015) Costume Designer Drunk Wedding (/wiki/Drunk_Wedding) (2015) Costume Designer Time Out of Mind (/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind_(2014_film)) (2014) Set Dressing Song One (/wiki/Song_One) (2014) Set Dressing So Undercover (/wiki/So_Undercover) (2012) Costumes The Brass Teapot (/wiki/The_Brass_Teapot) (2012) Costumes What's Your Number? (/wiki/What%27s_Your_Number%3F) (2011) Costumes The Bling Ring (/wiki/The_Bling_Ring) (2011) Wardrobe Beauty & the Briefcase (/wiki/Beauty_%26_the_Briefcase) (2010) Costumes References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Arefeh Mansouri's celebrity Tote Bags become big hits" (http://www.fashionindustrynetwork.com/profiles/blogs/arefeh-mansouris-celebrity) . Fashion Industry Network . December 9, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Designers Turning Heads Right Now" (https://suitcasemag.com/fashion/global-style/irans-fashion-beat/) . Suit Case Magazine. Oct 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Arefeh Mansouri is a true artist" (http://www.stylewise.tv/arefeh-mansouris-2011-collection-slideshow) . The Style Wise. March 5, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Q and A with Arefeh Mansouri" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072142/http://www.zeereport.com/peoplencompanies/7-Q_and_A_with_Arefeh_Mansouri.html) . Zee Report. August 28, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.zeereport.com/peoplencompanies/7-Q_and_A_with_Arefeh_Mansouri.html) on October 11, 2017 . Retrieved March 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Alumni" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191102172007/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/alumni/get-connected/classnotes/summer-2017#2016) . Harvard Kennedy School Magazine. Summer 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/alumni/get-connected/classnotes/summer-2017#2016) on 2019-11-02 . Retrieved 2017-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Prominent Iranians" (http://www.anvari.org/iran/Prominent_Iranians/Designers/Arefeh_Mansouri.html) . Anvari. 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Arefeh Mansouri Represents Greatness During New York Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125224/http://fashion.broadwayworld.com/article/Arefeh-Mansouri-Represents-Greatness-During-New-York-Fashion-Week-20120919) . Broadway World. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original (http://fashion.broadwayworld.com/article/Arefeh-Mansouri-Represents-Greatness-During-New-York-Fashion-Week-20120919) on November 5, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "International Fashion Designer Arefeh Mansouri (Runway)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120423140440/http://news.style.com/fashion/news/arefeh_mansouri/) . The Fashion Feed . Style.com. Archived from the original (http://news.style.com/fashion/news/arefeh_mansouri/) on 2012-04-23. ^ (#cite_ref-9) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20111009100555/http://www.weddingdresses.com/wedding-dresses-news/2011/10/whats-your-number-loves-arefeh-mansouris-wedding-dresses/) "What's Your Number?" Loves Arefeh Mansouri's Wedding Dresses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111009100555/http://www.weddingdresses.com/wedding-dresses-news/2011/10/whats-your-number-loves-arefeh-mansouris-wedding-dresses/) . WD Daily News . October 5, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.weddingdresses.com/wedding-dresses-news/2011/10/whats-your-number-loves-arefeh-mansouris-wedding-dresses/) on October 9, 2011 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Arefeh Mansouri's celebrity Tote Bags become big hits" (http://www.fashionindustrynetwork.com/profiles/blogs/arefeh-mansouris-celebrity) . Fashion Industry Network . December 9, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Art Meets Fashion, Arefeh Mansouri created a dress based on Karel Appel's Sculpture the Tulip" (https://issuu.com/cravingssouthfloridamagazine/docs/complete_c13) . Cravings Magazine. 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Artwork Among Us" (https://issuu.com/nashvilleartsmagazine/docs/june2012) . Nashville Arts Magazine. 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "AREFEH BRIDAL" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109032931/http://www.palmbeachwoman.com/arefeh-bridal/) . Palm Beach Woman . October 2, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.palmbeachwoman.com/arefeh-bridal/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 8, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "WORTH NOTING: AREFEH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075906/http://www.palmbeachillustrated.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.details&ArticleId=3105) . Palm Beach Illustrated . August 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.palmbeachillustrated.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.details&ArticleId=3105) on 2013-09-28 . Retrieved 2013-09-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Arefeh Mansouri's new Miami Bridal Salon AREFEH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044410/https://weddingsalon.com/2016/08/09/arefeh-mansouris-new-miami-bridal-salon-arefeh/) . wedding salon. August 9, 2016. Archived from the original (https://weddingsalon.com/2016/08/09/arefeh-mansouris-new-miami-bridal-salon-arefeh/) on September 1, 2018 . Retrieved November 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Arefeh Mansouri was chosen to show her collection at WWDMAGIC" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235812/http://wwdmagicblog.magiconline.com/content/12-emerging-fashion-designers-wwdmagic-0) . WWDMAGIC Blog. August 11, 2014. Archived from the original (http://wwdmagicblog.magiconline.com/content/12-emerging-fashion-designers-wwdmagic-0) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Jewels of Allah" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yasamin-beitollahi/exclusive-inside-dr-nina-_b_8379410.html) . Huffington Post . October 28, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Arefeh Mansouri's new Miami Bridal Salon AREFEH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044410/https://weddingsalon.com/2016/08/09/arefeh-mansouris-new-miami-bridal-salon-arefeh/) . wedding salon. August 9, 2016. Archived from the original (https://weddingsalon.com/2016/08/09/arefeh-mansouris-new-miami-bridal-salon-arefeh/) on September 1, 2018 . Retrieved November 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Arefeh Mansouri Wins Silver" (https://idesignawards.com/winners/) . International Design Awards. 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Inventor Arefeh Mansouri" (http://digital.copcomm.com/i/831681-spring-2017/0) . The Costume designer Magazine. 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Comfortable, Elegant, and Versatile: FLAT PLAT is a Patented Revolution in Women's Footwear, Invented by Award Winning Fashion and Costume Designer Arefeh Mansouri" (http://markets.financialcontent.com/ibtimes/news/read/33257142) . International Business Times . March 28, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Florida's Local Luminaries" (http://www.waybetterpatents.com/comingsoon/digests/patents/FL/FL_20150505_inventors.html) . Way Better Patents. 2015. 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Gollabhama sari also Siddipet Gollabhama are saris (/wiki/Sari) made in Siddipet (/wiki/Siddipet) , Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) , India (/wiki/India) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) These cotton saris are popular for their inlay (/wiki/Inlay) figure work and motifs (/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Geographical indication rights [ edit ] The sari received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or Geographical Indication (/wiki/Geographical_Indication) (GI) status. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Cotton charm" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140521094648/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/06/stories/2009040650600100.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 6 April 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/06/stories/2009040650600100.htm) on 21 May 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Archive News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100916215707/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/11/stories/2010091162240600.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 11 September 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/11/stories/2010091162240600.htm) on 16 September 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-3) G. Venkataramana Rao. "Textile traditions of the State on display" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article2626564.ece) . The Hindu . v t e Sari (/wiki/Sari) Central (/wiki/Central_India) Chanderi (/wiki/Chanderi_sari) Kosa (/wiki/Tussar_silk) East (/wiki/East_India) Baluchari (/wiki/Baluchari_sari) Berhampuri (/wiki/Berhampur_Patta) Bhagalpur (/wiki/Bhagalpur_sari) Bomkai (/wiki/Bomkai_sari) Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhaniakhali (/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari) Garad (/wiki/Garad_Saree) Habaspuri (/wiki/Habaspuri_sari) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Mekhela (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Murshidabad (/wiki/Murshidabad_silk) Pasapali (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Rajshahi (/wiki/Rajshahi_silk) Sambalpuri (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Shantipuri (/wiki/Shantipuri_sari) Tangail (/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)) Tant (/wiki/Tant_sari) Tussar (/wiki/Tussar_silk) North (/wiki/North_India) Banarasi (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Shalu (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) South (/wiki/South_India) Arani (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Coimbatore (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Gadwal (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Gollabhama Ilkal (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari) Kandangi (/wiki/Kandangi) Kuthampully (/wiki/Kuthampully_Saree) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Mangalagiri (/wiki/Mangalagiri_Sarees_and_Fabrics) Molakalmuru (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum Neriyathum (/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum) Mysore (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Pochampally (/wiki/Pochampally_sari) Salem (/wiki/Salem_silk) Thirubuvanam (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) Uppada Jamdani (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_Sari) Venkatagiri (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) West (/wiki/West_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Kasta (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Patola (/wiki/Patola_sari) Related topics Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Silk or brocade wrap or shoulder cloth worn by women in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos This article is about the garment. For people with the surname, see Sbai (surname) (/wiki/Sbai_(surname)) . For other uses, see SBAI (/wiki/SBAI_(disambiguation)) . This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sbai) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sbai) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sbai) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sbai" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sbai%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sbai%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sbai%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sbai%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sbai%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sbai%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sbai&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The stucco relief discovered at the Khu Bua archaeological site (/wiki/Khu_Bua) , which dates back to the 650-700 C.E. period of the Dvaravati (/wiki/Dvaravati) culture, depicts four female figures wearing shawl-like garments. Sbai ( Khmer (/wiki/Khmer_language) : ស្បៃ [sɓaj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer) ; Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ສະໄບ [sā.bàj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ; Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) : Sebai ; Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_alphabet) : سباي ; Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : สไบ , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : sabai [sā.bāj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) or phaa biang ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ຜ້າບ່ຽງ [pʰȁː (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) bīaŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ; Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าเบี่ยง [pʰâː (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) bìaŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is a shawl-like garment worn by women in Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) , Laos (/wiki/Laos) , and Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) to cover the breasts, while in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) , Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) and the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula) , the same term is used to describe a cloth hanging from the shoulders. [1] (#cite_note-Maxwell-1) : 410 The sbai was derived from the Indian sari (/wiki/Sari) , the end of which is worn over one shoulder. [1] (#cite_note-Maxwell-1) : 153 Etymology [ edit ] Sbai is a Khmer (/wiki/Khmer_language) word [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) that refers to any kind of thin and soft garment. [4] (#cite_note-4) In clothing, it specifically refers to a shawl-like garment or breast cloth used mostly by women and to a lesser extent religious men. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) History [ edit ] Sbai is derived from the Indian sari (/wiki/Sari) , which may have been introduced to Southeast Asia through the Indianized Kingdoms (/wiki/Greater_India) along with other traditions and elements of Indian culture. [1] (#cite_note-Maxwell-1) : 153 Cambodia [ edit ] Khmer woman wearing Sbai and Sampot Hol Khmer woman wearing Sbai and Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) There are related mythologies in Khmer culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia) concerning the history of sbai , which was likely introduced during the Funan (/wiki/Funan) era from India alongside chang kben (/wiki/Chang_kben) in the first century AD. The sbai is mentioned in the legends of Preah Thong and Neang Neak (/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak) . In one scene, Preah Thong clings to a piece of cloth worn on the Nagini in order to make the journey to the Nāga (/wiki/N%C4%81ga) 's kingdom; that piece of cloth is a sbai . In that tale, the sbai is symbolic of the tail of Neang Neak, the Nāga princess. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) In the Angkorian period (/wiki/Khmer_Empire) , although it was common for men and women to be topless; however, clothes for the upper body were worn: the bas-reliefs of Bayon (/wiki/Bayon) , Preah Khan (/wiki/Preah_Khan) , and other Angkorian temples depict women wearing a shawl-like sbai while religious male figures are adorned with stylized sbai . At Angkor Wat (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) , there are depictions of topless Apsaras holding sbai connected to their sampot (/wiki/Sampot) , while the northern wall of Angkor Wat depicts a group of ladies wearing long sbai holding various offerings. Bas-reliefs of Khmer women wearing sbai during the Angkor period (802 AD-1431 AD) Angkor Wat temple (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) Bayon temple (/wiki/Bayon) Banteay Chhmar temple (/wiki/Banteay_Chhmar) Nowadays, sbai , along with chang kben (/wiki/Chang_kben) and sampot , are regarded as Cambodia's national costumes. [8] (#cite_note-:3-8) Sbai most often used in traditional Khmer weddings with different type and decoration during the rite of Preah Thong Taong Sbai Neang Neak ( transl. Preah Thong holding on to the sbai of Neang Neak ) which represents the legend of the foundation of Funan and where the groom holds on to the bride's sbai as they go to their room. The groom also wears a sbai . [9] (#cite_note-:4-9) For men, especially Brahmin and Buddhist monk, the sbai called sbong sbai trai chivor (/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)) , [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) and is considered the robe of Hindu and Buddhist monks. [10] (#cite_note-10) For women, sbai can be freely used and in different ways such as to wrapping it around the body, covering the shoulder, and commonly covering the breast and stomach over the left shoulder. Different styles of sbai are used by Cambodian women based on their preferences and traditions. Different styles of Khmer sbai Laos [ edit ] Lao women wearing colorful sabai or phaa biang in traditional dance In Laos, this garment is known as phaa biang or sabai. It is common for Lao women to wear sabai as it is considered traditional clothing. A sabai can also be worn by men in weddings or when attending religious ceremonies. The type of sabai typically worn by Lao men often has checkered patterns. Sabai can also be a long piece of silk, about a foot wide, that is draped diagonally over the chest covering one shoulder with one end dropping behind the back. [11] (#cite_note-11) Malaysia [ edit ] In Malaysia, Sebai is a cloth wrapped around the neck to cover the shoulders with both ends hanging on the chest similar to a scarf hung over the shoulders. [12] (#cite_note-DBP-Sebai-12) Myanmar [ edit ] Mon women wearing traditional clothes in Mon State (/wiki/Mon_State) , Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) The ethnic Mon (/wiki/Mon_people) is also known to have similar tradition of wearing the shawl-like sabai called yat toot in Mon (/wiki/Mon_language) language, diagonally over the chest covering one shoulder with one end dropping behind the back like that worn by Lao women. This tradition distinguished them from other ethnic groups in Myanmar. The Mon people of Myanmar and Thailand today were the descendants of various Indianized polities, notably Dvaravati (/wiki/Dvaravati) . Artifacts from Dvaravati sites in what is now Thailand depicted a group of ladies wearing what is similar to sabai . Thailand [ edit ] Thai women wearing sabai at Jim Thompson House (/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House) Artifacts found in ethnic Mon (/wiki/Mon_people) Dvaravati (/wiki/Dvaravati) sites depict group of ladies wearing what is similar to sabai . Sabai ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : สไบ , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : sabai , pronounced [sābāj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) or pha biang ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าเบี่ยง pronounced [pʰâː.bìaŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is shawl-like garment, or breast cloth. Sabais can be used by women or men. The sabai is also known as a long piece of silk, about a foot wide, draped diagonally around the chest by covering one shoulder which its end drops behind the back. Sabais could be worn around the naked chest or on top of another cloth. The practice of wearing Sabai along with Victorian cloth was a common practice during the reign of King Chulalongkorn and lasted until the reign of King Vajiravudh when Westernized clothing became more fashionable. Gallery [ edit ] Figures wearing stylised sbai depicted on Angkorian (/wiki/Khmer_Empire) temples Queen Ang Mey (/wiki/Ang_Mey) and her daughters wearing sbai in the 1800s Lady Pun Bunnag, Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse (/wiki/Somdet_Chaophraya_Borom_Maha_Sri_Suriwongse) 's wife wearing pha biang , 1866 Siamese girl wearing pha biang , 1921 Daughters of King Rama II (/wiki/King_Rama_II) and King Rama III (/wiki/King_Rama_III) wearing pha biang in the 1800s Queen Debsirindra (/wiki/Debsirindra) , the second consort of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) wearing pha biang , 1855 Cambodian bride wearing a sbai in a wedding ceremony Dancer wearing sbai Different styles of wrapping sbai used in Cambodia See also [ edit ] Sampot Chang Kben (/wiki/Sampot_Chang_Kben) Khmer Traditional Dress (/wiki/Khmer_Traditional_Dress) Culture of Cambodia (/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia) Chut thai (/wiki/Chut_thai) Sampot (/wiki/Sampot) Sampot Samloy (/wiki/Sampot_Samloy) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Traditional Thai clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Maxwell, Robyn J.; Gittinger, Mattiebelle (2003). Textiles of Southeast Asia: Tradition, Trade and Transformation . Periplus Editions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780794601041 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Varasarin, Uraisi (1984). Les éléments khmers dans la formation de la langue siamoise (in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 113. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-85297-161-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_3-0) "สไบ - Thai / English dictionary meaning - สไบ ภาษาอังกฤษ แปล ความหมาย" (https://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/1402943.html) . www.thai2english.com . Retrieved 2020-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary. 1966, Buddhist Institute, Phnom Penh ^ a b "លក្ខណៈពិសេសនៃពណ៌ស្បង់ចីវររបស់ព្រះសង្ឃពុទ្ធសាសនា" (https://www.rfa.org/khmer/program/religion/unique-colors-of-buddhist-monks-robes-01212015031540.html) . Radio Free Asia (in Khmer). 2015-01-21 . Retrieved 2019-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Custom & Tradition" (https://www.cambodiancommunityday.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=724) . www.cambodiancommunityday.org . Retrieved 2020-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_7-0) Nadeem, Zuha (2019-10-01). "Traditional Thai Clothing-16 Beautiful Outfits From Thailand" (https://www.outfittrends.com/traditional-thai-clothing-16-beautiful-outfits-from-thailand/) . Outfit Trends - Ideas How to Wear & What to Wear . Retrieved 2020-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_8-0) Books, Better World. "Buy New & Used Books Online with Free Shipping" (https://www.betterworldbooks.com/product/detail/thai-clothing-1158488734) . Better World Books . Retrieved 2020-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_9-0) Nadeem, Zuha (2019-10-01). "Traditional Thai Clothing-16 Beautiful Outfits From Thailand" (https://www.outfittrends.com/traditional-thai-clothing-16-beautiful-outfits-from-thailand/) . Outfit Trends - Ideas How to Wear & What to Wear . Retrieved 2020-03-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Civara, aka: Cīvara; 10 Definition(s)" (https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/civara) . Wisdom Library . 2009-04-11 . Retrieved 2019-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bonnie Ghazarbekian, Jane Siegel, Sawaddi, 15 years , p.130. ^ (#cite_ref-DBP-Sebai_12-0) "Carian Umum - Sebai" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=sebai) . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay) . Retrieved 2020-11-15 . 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Nephew of Pacer (Iron Sack), head chief of the Kiowa (/wiki/Kiowa) -Apaches, wearing a hair drop A hair drop is an ornament worn by men from Great Lakes (/wiki/Great_Lakes) and Plains tribes (/wiki/Plains_tribes) . It would be tied to the man's hair. The typical example consists of a quilled or beaded section on a strip of leather, which was later attached to an American buffalo (/wiki/American_bison) tail. They could be over two feet long. [1] (#cite_note-h133-1) Early hair drops were decorated with porcupine quillwork (/wiki/Porcupine_quillwork) . [1] (#cite_note-h133-1) As more Europeans arrived on Plains Indian lands in the later 19th century, glass beadwork became more common. Hair drops are frequently adorned with tin cones, silver, and feathers. [1] (#cite_note-h133-1) The horse hair drop can be dyed for effect. One 1870 Cheyenne (/wiki/Cheyenne) hair drop was adorned with peacock (/wiki/Peacock) feathers. [2] (#cite_note-kerr-2) In the late 19th century, hair drops incorporated German silver (/wiki/German_silver) disks, [3] (#cite_note-3) known as hair plates. [4] (#cite_note-4) Hair plates were most popular from 1835 to 1870, [5] (#cite_note-5) but are still made today for powwow (/wiki/Powwow) and ceremonial regalia. The men's hair drops are distinguished from women's hair plates, because the women wear theirs from belts at their waists. Hair drops could have ceremonial importance. One Piegan Blackfeet (/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet) hair drop was worn to bring prosperity and included horse hair to protect the owner's horse. [6] (#cite_note-6) The term hair drop is also used for braids of human hair worn by Plains men, attached to adornment. [7] (#cite_note-7) For instance, hair drops have been attached to Kiowa (/wiki/Kiowa) mescal bean (/wiki/Mescal_bean) bandoleer worn in Native American Church (/wiki/Native_American_Church) regalia. [8] (#cite_note-8) Today 19th century hair drops are highly collectible and often sold by non-Native traders for thousands of dollars. [2] (#cite_note-kerr-2) [9] (#cite_note-9) Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Hansen 133 ^ Jump up to: a b "The Kerr Gallery." (http://kerrethno.com/gallery.html#_self) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144250/http://kerrethno.com/gallery.html#_self) 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (retrieved 21 Oct 2010) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ellison 10 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ellison 12 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dubin 286 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dubin 252 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Swan 52 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Swan 53 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sale 17539 - Native American Art." (http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/wspd_cgi.sh/WService=wslive_pub/pubweb/publicSite.r?sContinent=USA&MJ=3ea1957089632c0194d57e4b22fdc308&screen=catalogue&iSaleNo=17539&iSaleLotNo=4537) Bonhams. (retrieved 21 Oct 2010) References [ edit ] Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present . New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170–171. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-3689-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3689-5) . Ellison, Rosemary. Contemporary Southern Plains Indian Metalwork. Anadarko, OK: Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative, 1976. Library of Congress Number 75-40659. Hansen, Emma I. Memory and Vision: Arts, Cultures, and Lives of Plains Indian People. Cody, WY: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 2007. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-295-98580-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98580-1) . Swan, Daniel C. Peyote Religious Art: Symbols and Faith and Belief. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1999. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-57806-096-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-096-6) . External links [ edit ] Sioux hair drop at the Fenimore Museum (http://www.fenimoreartmuseum.org/files/fenimore/collections/thaw/exhibit1/e10068b.htm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐xr2km Cached time: 20240706042936 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.102 seconds Real time usage: 0.130 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 834/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3049/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 461/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11657/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.039/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1058471/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 98.208 1 -total 56.72% 55.707 3 Template:ISBN 45.21% 44.399 3 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 43.05% 42.279 1 Template:Reflist 21.88% 21.488 1 Template:Webarchive 5.01% 4.922 9 Template:Yesno-no 3.54% 3.475 12 Template:Yesno 2.30% 2.259 4 Template:Main_other 2.20% 2.158 3 Template:Yesno-yes Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:7359961-0!canonical and timestamp 20240706042936 and revision id 1232888518. 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Clothing brand George Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1989 Founder George Davies (retailer) (/wiki/George_Davies_(retailer)) , Asda (/wiki/Asda) Number of locations 300+ Owner Asda (/wiki/Asda) George is a British mass market fashion label founded by George Davies (/wiki/George_Davies_(retailer)) for Asda (/wiki/Asda) . It is the second best-selling label in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) A Bengali (/wiki/Bengalis) man from Sylhet Division (/wiki/Sylhet_Division) sporting a George bucket hat History [ edit ] The George brand was founded in 1989 as a partnership between English fashion designer George Davies (/wiki/George_Davies_(retailer)) & Asda (/wiki/Asda) . The latter had recruited the high-street designer for its grocery store brand to help shoppers avoid high street. Asda and George were sold to Walmart in 1999, which led to the expansion of the George brand into Walmart stores. [2] (#cite_note-2) In February 2022, Asda and George were bought by TDR Capital for £6.8 billion pounds. Plans to spin George off into an independent brand have been leaked, but those plans have been denied by the acquiring firm. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Reception [ edit ] The brand is a huge success in the UK, but ultimately is considered a failure in Canada and the United States, as the British success could not be replicated across the Atlantic. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) The brand targeted women aged 30-50 years when it was rolled out at Walmart. This demographic wasn’t as receptive to the brand in North America as it was in the UK. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) Walmart attempted to fix the issue by targeting a wider demographic by consolidating other labels under one brand. In Canada, this included popular brands such as 725 Originals (/w/index.php?title=725_Originals&action=edit&redlink=1) , B.U.M., and Pennmans. [4] (#cite_note-4) By 2018, weak sales forced the brand to shrink to just a menswear line. This only impacted their Canada and US lines, which had been preparing to sell the brand in advance. It was split up into four separate brands under Walmart. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ a b Hughes, Huw (2021-04-01). "Asda rules out George sale, plans new partnerships" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/asda-rules-out-george-sale-plans-new-partnerships/2021040154756?amp=1) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) King, Ian. "Why Walmart is willing to check out of Asda in £13bn Sainsbury's merger" (https://news.sky.com/story/why-walmarts-willing-to-check-out-of-asda-11353638) . Sky News . ^ a b "By George! Buying George at Wal-Mart is a tough sell" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-07-14-0407140010-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . 14 July 2004 . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Wal-Mart pumps up its private clothing brand | The Star" (https://www.thestar.com/amp/business/2010/08/30/walmart_pumps_up_its_private_clothing_brand.html) . www.thestar.com . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jones, Charisse. "Walmart launches four new clothing brands to compete with Amazon, Target" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/02/27/walmart-doubles-down-fashion/374511002/) . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_(fashion_label)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐d5ppt Cached time: 20240712183029 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.278 seconds Real time usage: 0.360 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1350/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16222/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 764/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25029/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.194/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4619277/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 332.620 1 -total 35.29% 117.385 1 Template:Reflist 30.49% 101.410 5 Template:Cite_web 24.01% 79.856 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.15% 70.358 1 Template:Infobox 19.93% 66.276 1 Template:Fashion-stub 19.62% 65.261 1 Template:Short_description 19.40% 64.542 1 Template:Asbox 11.27% 37.494 2 Template:Pagetype 4.80% 15.957 6 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70994046-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712183029 and revision id 1211627613. 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Bibi van der Velden is a Dutch jewellery designer and sculptor who uses unexpected materials and shapes in her creations. She is also the founder and creative director of Auverture, a contemporary jewellery platform. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Born in New York, Van Der Velden grew up between The Netherlands [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) and the English countryside. [4] (#cite_note-4) She is the daughter of Dutch sculptor Michèle Deiters. Education [ edit ] Between 1998 and 2005 she trained in sculpture, first at the Florence Academy of Art (/wiki/Florence_Academy_of_Art) (1998), the Gerrit Rietveld Academy (/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld_Academie) in Amsterdam (1999) and finally at the Royal Academy of Art (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Art,_The_Hague) in The Hague (2000-2005). [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] In 2006 she launched her namesake brand Bibi van der Velden, Wearable Works of Art. Her designs feature materials such as prehistoric mammoth tusk, [6] (#cite_note-6) baroque pearls, and real scarab beetle wings. She works these elements together with sustainable gold, [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) diamonds and precious stones, to create her designs inspired by animals and the natural world. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Shown at luxury exhibitions in London, [12] (#cite_note-12) Paris, Tokyo and Los Angeles and during fashion shows at Amsterdam International Fashion Week, Van Der Velden's jewellery can be found at stores such as Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Dover Street Market (/wiki/Dover_Street_Market) , and Net-a-Porter (/wiki/YOOX_Net-a-Porter_Group) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2020, during the pandemic, Van Der Velden is noted in the New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) for having enhanced sales of her jewellery through the use of technology and A.R. filters. [14] (#cite_note-14) Collaborations and exhibitions [ edit ] In 2008 Van Der Velden presented the show 'Bedazzling Jewel' at the Museum of Antiquity in Leiden, and later that year also exhibited together with Dutch fashion designer Jan Taminiau (/wiki/Jan_Taminiau) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2010 she presented, together with mother Michèle Deiters, the exhibition 'Confronting Time'. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2011 Van Der Velden became ambassador of the Solidaridad project ‘Op Weg naar Goed Goud’, for which she traveled through Colombia to collaborate with mineworkers to mine gold in a sustainable way. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2019, Van Der Velden was part of the exhibition at the Hermitage Museum in Amsterdam, “Jewels! The Glitter of the Russian Court.” Inspired by the rich history of Russian jewellery and artifacts that were part of the exhibition, she created a unique one-off piece: The Memento Mori Ring. [18] (#cite_note-18) Publications [ edit ] Van Der Velden's work has been featured in ‘Coveted: Art and Innovation in High Jewelry’ written by Melanie Grant and published by Phaidon (/wiki/Phaidon_Press) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 2018 Van Der Velden founded Charlie Braveheart Foundation, following her daughter's diagnosis and recovery from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia) . The foundation's goal is to make treatments for children in hospitals as pain and stress-free as possible, by sponsoring courses on ‘’comfort’’ care for medical and nursing professionals. [20] (#cite_note-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Bibi van der Velden and Auverture, the New Online Shop That Will Curate Fine Jewelry For You" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/bibi-van-der-velden-and-auverture-the-new-online-shop-that-will-curate-fine-jewelry-for-you) . W Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105915/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/bibi-van-der-velden-and-auverture-the-new-online-shop-that-will-curate-fine-jewelry-for-you) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Simons, Baya (2021-07-16). "How To Spend It in... Amsterdam" (https://www.ft.com/content/24090259-d4fa-48ea-a0a5-51a97d4c7073) . www.ft.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094709/https://www.ft.com/content/24090259-d4fa-48ea-a0a5-51a97d4c7073) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Jeweler Bibi van der Velden Converted a Church Gymnasium Into an Elegant Family Home" (https://www.vogue.com/article/bibi-van-der-velden-amsterdam-home) . Vogue . 2018-08-21. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094710/https://www.vogue.com/article/bibi-van-der-velden-amsterdam-home) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Bibi van der Velden and Thomas de Haas's Wedding in the English Countryside" (https://www.vogue.com/article/weddings-bibi-van-der-velden-thomas-de-haas-england) . Vogue . 2016-06-21. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094710/https://www.vogue.com/article/weddings-bibi-van-der-velden-thomas-de-haas-england) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "20 Odd Questions for Bibi van der Velden" (https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303663604579501603255180772.html) . Wall Street Journal . 2014-05-08. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211126012625/https://segment-data.zqtk.net/dowjones-d8s23j?url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303663604579501603255180772.html) from the original on 2021-11-26 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Bone Up on Siberian Mammoth Jewelry" (https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323550604578412613872651302.html) . WSJ . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130601203743/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323550604578412613872651302.html) from the original on 2013-06-01 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Along the Ugly Path to Beautiful Jewellery" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/ethical-jewellery-monique-pean-pippa-small-bibi-van-der-velden) . The Business of Fashion . 2014-07-03. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094710/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/ethical-jewellery-monique-pean-pippa-small-bibi-van-der-velden) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Is It Even Possible To Buy A Sustainable Engagement Ring?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/how-to-buy-a-sustainable-engagement-ring) . British Vogue . 2021-04-24. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094710/https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/how-to-buy-a-sustainable-engagement-ring) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "BIBI VAN DER VELDEN: Holland's jewellery innovator « A Lot of Inspiration" (http://alotofinspiration.com/2014/03/bibi-van-der-velden-hollands-jewelry-innovator/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105916/http://alotofinspiration.com/2014/03/bibi-van-der-velden-hollands-jewelry-innovator/) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Woolton, Carol (2020-11-23). "Fantastic beasts: the eternal allure of animal jewellery" (https://www.ft.com/content/dd34caa2-a6f6-441b-8815-7983dd2e94d9) . www.ft.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094711/https://www.ft.com/content/dd34caa2-a6f6-441b-8815-7983dd2e94d9) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "10 Celestial Jewels That Will Have You Reaching For The Stars This Festive Season (And All-Year-Round)" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/celestial-cosmic-jewellery) . British Vogue . 2019-12-22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094709/https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/celestial-cosmic-jewellery) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Beyond Picasso: Jewellers Set Up Shop at London's Art Fairs" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/beyond-picasso-jewellers-set-up-shop-at-londons-art-fairs) . The Business of Fashion . 2018-10-04. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094709/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/beyond-picasso-jewellers-set-up-shop-at-londons-art-fairs) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lamont-Djite, Tara (2014-04-17). "Bibi van der Velden's Whimsical Fine Jewelry Collection" (https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/17/bibi-van-der-velden-jewelry/) . T Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094710/https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/17/bibi-van-der-velden-jewelry/) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Gomelsky, Victoria (2021-04-23). "Technology Could Turn You Into a Tiffany" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/fashion/jewelry-technology-augmented-reality.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830100211/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/fashion/jewelry-technology-augmented-reality.html) from the original on 2021-08-30 . Retrieved 2021-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Bibi van der Velden: Forbidden Fruit" (https://www.trendalert.nl/artikel/160291-bibi-van-der-velden-forbidden-fruit) . Trendalert.nl (in Dutch). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105914/https://www.trendalert.nl/artikel/160291-bibi-van-der-velden-forbidden-fruit) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Confronting Time" (https://frameweb.com/article/confronting-time) . frameweb.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105916/https://frameweb.com/article/confronting-time) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Goed Goud: Steun Solidaridad en Ontvang het Goed Goud Armbandje by Bibi van der Velden" (https://www.stichtingmilieunet.nl/andersbekekenblog/duurzaam/op-weg-naar-goed-goud-steun-solidaridad-en-ontvang-het-goed-goud-armbandje-by-bibi-van-der-velden.html) (in Dutch). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105915/https://www.stichtingmilieunet.nl/andersbekekenblog/duurzaam/op-weg-naar-goed-goud-steun-solidaridad-en-ontvang-het-goed-goud-armbandje-by-bibi-van-der-velden.html) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Bibi van der Velden Memento Mori Ring on Display at Hermitage Museum" (https://www.asifmag.com/seo/rewrite/story/bibi-van-der-velden-memento-mori) . www.asifmag.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105914/https://www.asifmag.com/seo/rewrite/story/bibi-van-der-velden-memento-mori) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Author Melanie Grant on her new book 'Coveted: Art and Innovation in High Jewelry by Phaidon' (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/author-melanie-grant-on-her-new-book-coveted-art-and-innovation-in-high-jewelry-by-phaidon) " (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/author-melanie-grant-on-her-new-book-coveted-art-and-innovation-in-high-jewelry-by-phaidon) . LOVE . 2020-10-06. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105918/https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/author-melanie-grant-on-her-new-book-coveted-art-and-innovation-in-high-jewelry-by-phaidon) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Charlie Braveheart – Stress-free hospitals for children" (https://charliebraveheart.com/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827105915/https://charliebraveheart.com/) from the original on 2021-08-27 . Retrieved 2021-08-27 . 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Spanish fashion designer Estrella Archs Born 1974 (age 49–50) Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) [1] (#cite_note-1) Nationality Spanish Education Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) Estrella Archs (born 1974) is a Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . She graduated from the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) and worked for Spanish Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archs launched her own line in 2007 at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , where she has since unveiled all of her collections. She has worked for many fashion houses including Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci#Pucci_label) and The House of Emanuel Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro#The_House_of_Emanuel_Ungaro) . Career [ edit ] Archs is a graduate from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) . [2] (#cite_note-Grazia-2) Archs has worked for Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) , Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci#Pucci_label) , Cacharel (/wiki/Cacharel) , Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) , and Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She has also worked as a fashion journalist for Spanish Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [2] (#cite_note-Grazia-2) Archs launched her first collection in 2007 and continues to show at Paris Fashion Week. [4] (#cite_note-Ballet-4) Of Archs' style, Elisabeta Tudor of Sleek said "Always exploring the female nature while playing with simple yet sophisticated silhouettes in her collections, Estrella's love for pure and sensual forms reaches its peak in her eponymous label founded in 2007." [5] (#cite_note-Sleek-5) In 2009, Archs took over the position of head designer at fashion house Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro#The_House_of_Emanuel_Ungaro) , replacing Esteban Cortazar (/wiki/Esteban_Cortazar) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Archs worked with American film actress Lindsay Lohan (/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan) , who was hired as Ungaro's artistic director, on her first collection for the house. [2] (#cite_note-Grazia-2) In April 2010, it was announced that Archs had left the company. [2] (#cite_note-Grazia-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) Archs' spokesperson said "Estrella Archs announces that she has left her job as chief designer of Emanuel Ungaro due to irreconcilable differences related to the creative direction of the brand. [8] (#cite_note-8) Following her departure from Ungaro, Archs went on to create costumes for the premiere of Aimanter performed by The Royal Ballet (/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet) . [4] (#cite_note-Ballet-4) Archs designed the wardrobe for principal dancers Mara Galeazzi (/wiki/Mara_Galeazzi) and Edward Watson (/wiki/Edward_Watson_(dancer)) . [4] (#cite_note-Ballet-4) The costumes marked Archs's debut into the world of dance and she told a writer for Fashion From Spain "this relationship that has now begun with the ballet dancers of London's Royal Ballet enables me to explore the movements of the female body with the space around it which is and has always been so important in my collections." [4] (#cite_note-Ballet-4) Archs took inspiration from classical ballet for her 2011 Spring/Summer collection. [5] (#cite_note-Sleek-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Designer" (http://www.estrellaarchs.com/index2.php?page=designer) . Estrellaarchs.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ a b c d Attwood, Naomi (20 April 2010). "Estrella Archs leaves Ungaro! will Giles sign up?" (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2010/04/20/ungaro-saga-latest---will-giles-sign-up.htm) . Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore) . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Alexander, Hilary (10 September 2009). "Lindsay Lohan and Estrella Archs join Emanuel Ungaro" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090914040535/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/paris-fashion-week/6166826/Lindsay-Lohan-and-Estrella-Archs-join-Emanuel-Ungaro.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Telegraph Media Group (/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/paris-fashion-week/6166826/Lindsay-Lohan-and-Estrella-Archs-join-Emanuel-Ungaro.html) on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . ^ a b c d "Estrella Archs designs for London's Royal Ballet" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857710_5857556_4388888_0,00.html) . Fashion From Spain . Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade (/wiki/Spanish_Institute_for_Foreign_Trade) . 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ a b Tudor, Elisabeta (10 March 2011). "Paris Fashion Week: Backstage Interview with Estrella Archs" (http://www.sleek-mag.com/special-features/2011/03/paris-fashion-week-backstage-interview-with-estrella-archs/) . Sleek . BBE Group GmbH . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Odell, Amy (2 October 2009). "Estrella Archs Is Ungaro's New Designer, You Know" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/10/estrella_archs_is_ungaros_new.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . New York Media, LLC . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alexander, Hilary (21 April 2010). "Giles Deacon for Emanuel Ungaro?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225653/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/hilaryalexander/7614095/Giles-Deacon-for-Emanuel-Ungaro.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Telegraph Media Group (/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/hilaryalexander/7614095/Giles-Deacon-for-Emanuel-Ungaro.html) on 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Milligan, Lauren (20 April 2010). "Estrella Out" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100529113601/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/100420-estrella-archs-leaves-emanuel-ungar.aspx) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Condé Nast Publications (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/100420-estrella-archs-leaves-emanuel-ungar.aspx) on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.estrellaarchs.com/) Estrella Archs (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/estrella-archs/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐zlhzh Cached time: 20240623182338 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.643 seconds Real time usage: 0.899 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2010/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18750/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1043/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33418/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.419/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5635853/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 778.822 1 -total 39.04% 304.064 1 Template:Reflist 37.38% 291.116 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 29.81% 232.193 6 Template:Cite_web 14.96% 116.522 1 Template:Short_description 9.14% 71.204 2 Template:Pagetype 8.05% 62.672 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.57% 58.940 17 Template:Main_other 5.76% 44.878 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 5.67% 44.179 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24662364-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623182338 and revision id 1163781598. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estrella_Archs&oldid=1163781598 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estrella_Archs&oldid=1163781598) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Spanish women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Spanish_women_fashion_designers) Alumni of Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Central_Saint_Martins) 1974 births (/wiki/Category:1974_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) |
1916 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1916) 1917 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1917) 1918 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1918) 1919 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1919) 1920 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1920) 1921 1922 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1922) 1923 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1923) 1924 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1924) 1925 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1925) 1926 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1926) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐sjxmp Cached time: 20240718043742 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.105 seconds Real time usage: 0.235 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.083/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 225.664 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 225.664 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54635086-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718043742 and revision id 974956813. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1921" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D David D. Doniger & Company (/wiki/David_D._Doniger_%26_Company) G Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) H Healthtex (/wiki/Healthtex) S Sinar (clothing) (/wiki/Sinar_(clothing)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1921&oldid=974956813 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1921&oldid=974956813) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1920s fashion (/wiki/Category:1920s_fashion) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Design companies established in 1921 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1921) Manufacturing companies established in 1921 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1921) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century) |
Fashion designer For the actress, see Irene Lim (actress) (/wiki/Irene_Lim_(actress)) . Irene Lim Seow Goh (born 1944) was the first chairman of the Fashion Arts Trade Advisory Committee of the Industrial Training Board and a prominent fashion designer in Singapore. Early life and education [ edit ] Lim's father was prominent restaurateur Charlie Lim. [1] (#cite_note-1) She initially studied interior design at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology) . [2] (#cite_note-2) However, two years after she had begun attending the university, she switched to a course in fashion as she was afraid that she would not be able to find many opportunities as an interior designer in Singapore. [3] (#cite_note-Holmberg-3) In 1966, she won the university's Most Promising Student Award. [4] (#cite_note-BookSG-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] After graduating from the institute, Lim returned to Singapore in January 1967 and began working for a dress house. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Her dresses were first showcased at a fashion show held at the Raffles Hotel (/wiki/Raffles_Hotel) on 25 March. [8] (#cite_note-8) By June 1971, she had established the mini-boutique "Irene-n-Me" at the Bata Premier Store and the boutique "Irene" at the Singapore Hilton (/wiki/Voco_Orchard_Singapore) . [9] (#cite_note-9) She became a fashion coordinator at Isetan (/wiki/Isetan) in 1973. [10] (#cite_note-New_Nation-10) A collection of 80 of her dresses were showcased at a fashion show in the Philippines in April 1974. [11] (#cite_note-11) In June, she closed down her boutique and began working as a marketing manager for an Australian men's wear chain. [10] (#cite_note-New_Nation-10) By November 1975, her clothes had been showcased in Manila multiple times and once in Hong Kong. [3] (#cite_note-Holmberg-3) In 1978, Lim was appointed the chairman of the newly established Fashion Arts Trade Advisory Committee of the Industrial Training Board (/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Training_Board&action=edit&redlink=1) . [4] (#cite_note-BookSG-4) This made her the only female head of an Industrial Training Board trade advisory committee. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Looking for a job: Girl with an award in fashion designing" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19670105-1.2.76) . The Straits Times (/wiki/The_Straits_Times) . Singapore. 5 January 1967 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The designer who could not sketch" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/easternsun19701015-1.2.62.3) . Eastern Sun (/wiki/Eastern_Sun) . 15 October 1970 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holmberg, Judith (26 November 1975). " (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19751126-1.2.18.2) 'Fashion in S'pore is frustrating' (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19751126-1.2.18.2) " (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19751126-1.2.18.2) . New Nation . Singapore . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Portrait of Miss Irene Lim, a prominent fashion designer and former Chairman of Industrial Training Board (ITB) Fashion Arts Trade Advisory Committee" (https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/image-detail?cmsuuid=38f43a4f-75f2-49a2-8324-8206411a6d1e) . nlb.gov.sg (/wiki/National_Library_Board) . National Library Board (/wiki/National_Library_Board) . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "S'pore girls win awards for... ...dress designing" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/easternsun19660818-1.2.13.35) . Eastern Sun (/wiki/Eastern_Sun) . 18 August 1966 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Fashion designing 'good for girls' (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/easternsun19670105-1.2.18) " (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/easternsun19670105-1.2.18) . Eastern Sun (/wiki/Eastern_Sun) . 5 January 1967 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Irene back to give 'education' on fashion" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/easternsun19670402-1.2.22.1) . Eastern Sun (/wiki/Eastern_Sun) . 2 April 1967 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion debut by S'pore designer who creates 'young,' clothes" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19670323-1.2.119.1) . The Straits Times (/wiki/The_Straits_Times) . Singapore. 23 March 1967 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Moods decide" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19710601-1.2.59.3) . New Nation . Singapore. 1 June 1971 . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Loke, Angela (13 June 1974). "Rag trade to rich travel but still in the same game" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19740613-1.2.33.6) . New Nation . Singapore . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Loke, Angela (1 June 1971). "THE SINGAPORE LOOK IS NOW GOING PLACES..." (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19740403-1.2.32.1) New Nation . Singapore . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ooi, Teresa (2 December 1977). "Designer Irene scores a 'first' (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19771202-1.2.4) " (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newnation19771202-1.2.4) . New Nation . Singapore . Retrieved 8 April 2024 . 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< Portal:Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This Wikipedia page has been superseded by Portal:Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) and is retained primarily for historical (/wiki/Wikipedia:HISPAGES) reference. Note: Article entries are now being transcluded directly on the main portal page. However, this page should be retained for historical reference. edit Selected article 1 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/1 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/1) Shoe polish (/wiki/Shoe_polish) (or boot polish ), is a waxy paste (/wiki/Paste_(rheology)) , cream (/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)) , or liquid used to polish, shine (/wiki/Polishing) , waterproof (/wiki/Waterproofing) , and restore the appearance of leather (/wiki/Leather) shoes (/wiki/Shoe) or boots (/wiki/Boot) , thereby extending the footwear (/wiki/Footwear) 's life. Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax (/wiki/Wax) and tallow (/wiki/Tallow) . Modern polish formulas were introduced early in the 20th century and many of those original formulations are still in use today. Today, shoe polish is usually made from a mix of natural and synthetic (/wiki/Chemical_synthesis) materials, including naphtha (/wiki/Naphtha) , turpentine (/wiki/Turpentine) , dyes (/wiki/Dye) , and gum arabic (/wiki/Gum_arabic) , using straightforward chemical engineering (/wiki/Chemical_engineering) processes. Shoe polish is usually flammable (/wiki/Flammability) , can be toxic (/wiki/Toxicity) , and, if misused, can stain skin. It should be used in a well-ventilated area with care taken to protect clothes, carpet and furniture. The popularity of shoe polish paralleled a general rise in leather and synthetic shoe production, beginning in the 19th century and continuing into the 20th. The World Wars saw a surge in demand for the product, in order to polish army boots. The first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties (aimed primarily at inducing shine) was Kiwi (/wiki/Kiwi_(shoe_polish)) . Scottish expatriates (/wiki/Expatriate) William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) . More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Shoe_polish) edit Selected article 2 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/2 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/2) The Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) is a type of push-up underwire (/wiki/Underwire_bra) brassiere (/wiki/Brassiere) that gained worldwide prominence in the 1990s. Although the Wonderbra name was first trademarked in the U.S. in 1935, the brand (/wiki/Brand) was developed in Canada (/wiki/Canada) . Moses (Moe) Nadler, founder and majority owner (/wiki/Majority_owner) of the Canadian Lady Corset (/wiki/Corset) Company, licensed the trademark for the Canadian market in 1939. By the 1960s the Canadian Lady brand had become known in Canada as "Wonderbra, the company." In 1961 the company introduced the Model 1300 plunge push-up bra. This bra became one of the best-selling Canadian styles and is virtually identical to today's Wonderbra. In 1968, Canadian Lady changed its name to Canadian Lady-Canadelle Inc., was sold to Consolidated Foods (now Sara Lee Corporation (/wiki/Sara_Lee_(corporation)) ), and later became Canadelle Inc. During the 1970s Wonderbra was repositioned as the company's fashionable and sexy brand, and became the Canadian market leader. In 1991, the push-up Wonderbra became a sensation in the UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , although it had been sold there since 1964 under license by the Gossard division of Courtaulds Textiles (/wiki/Courtaulds) . Sara Lee Corporation did not renew Gossard's license and redesigned the push-up style for the reintroduction of the Wonderbra to the U.S. market in 1994. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Wonderbra) edit Selected article 3 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/3 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/3) The ao dai (/wiki/Ao_dai) ( Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) : áo dài ) is a Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnam) national costume (/wiki/National_costume) , now most commonly worn by women. In its current form, it is a tight-fitting silk (/wiki/Silk) tunic worn over pantaloons (/wiki/Trousers) . The word is pronounced [ʔǎːw (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) zâːj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) in the North and [ʔǎːw (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) jâːj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) in the South. Áo classifies the item as a piece of clothing. The word "ao dai" was originally applied to the outfit worn at the court of the Nguyễn Lords (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lord) at Huế (/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF) in the 18th century. This outfit evolved into the áo ngũ thân , a five-paneled aristocratic (/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)) gown (/wiki/Gown) worn in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by Paris fashions, Nguyễn Cát Tường and other artists associated with Hanoi University (/wiki/Hanoi_University) redesigned the ngũ thân as a modern dress in the 1920s and 1930s. The updated look was promoted by the artists and magazines of Tự Lực văn đoàn (/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%B1_L%E1%BB%B1c_v%C4%83n_%C4%91o%C3%A0n&action=edit&redlink=1) (Self-Reliant Literary Group) as a national costume for the modern era. In the 1950s, Saigon (/wiki/Saigon) designers tightened the fit to produce the version worn by Vietnamese women today. The dress was extremely popular in South Vietnam (/wiki/South_Vietnam) in the 1960s and early 1970s. On Tết (/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt) and other occasions, Vietnamese men may wear an áo gấm ( brocade (/wiki/Brocade) robe (/wiki/Robe) ), a version of the ao dai made of thicker fabric. Academic commentary on the ao dai emphasizes the way the dress ties feminine beauty to Vietnamese nationalism, especially in the form of "Miss Ao Dai" pageants, popular both among overseas Vietnamese (/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese) and in Vietnam itself. "Ao dai" is one of the few Vietnamese words that appear in English-language dictionaries. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Ao_dai) edit Selected article 4 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/4 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/4) An "Anthony Eden" hat (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) , or simply an "Anthony Eden" , was a silk-brimmed, black felt Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_(hat)) of the kind favoured in the 1930s by Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden) , later 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977). Eden was a Cabinet Minister in the British National Government (/wiki/National_Government_1935-1940) , holding the offices of Lord Privy Seal from 1934–1935 and Foreign Secretary 1935 to 1938. He was later Dominions Secretary from 1939–1940, War Secretary in 1940, Foreign Secretary from 1940–1945 and 1951–1955, and Prime Minister 1955 to 1957. The "Anthony Eden" (rarely the "Eden", except in London's Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) ) was not marketed as such and the name was purely informal, but the use of the term was widespread, entering dictionaries and phrase books: for example, it was still listed in the 17th edition of Brewer (/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable) in 2005 and as recently as 2010 the fashion "guru" Trinny Woodall (/wiki/Trinny_Woodall) cited the hat as an example of Eden's reputation for being well dressed. It came into particular vogue among civil servants and diplomats in Whitehall (/wiki/Whitehall) and, to that extent, rather belied the stereotypical view, that lasted until well after the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) , of civil servants as a " bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) " brigade. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) edit Selected article 5 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/5 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/5) Body piercing (/wiki/Body_piercing) , a form of body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) , is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewellery may be worn. The word piercing can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to an opening in the body created by this act or practice. Although the history of body piercing is obscured by popular misinformation and by a lack of scholarly reference, ample evidence exists to document that it has been practiced in various forms by both sexes since ancient times throughout the world. Ear piercing (/wiki/Ear_piercing) and nose piercing (/wiki/Nose_piercing) have been particularly widespread and are well represented in historical records and among grave goods (/wiki/Grave_goods) . The oldest mummified (/wiki/Mummy) remains ever discovered were sporting earrings (/wiki/Earring) , attesting to the existence of the practice more than 5,000 years ago. Nose piercing is documented as far back as 1500 BC. Piercings of these types have been documented globally, while lip (/wiki/Lip_piercing) and tongue piercings (/wiki/Tongue_piercing) were historically found in African and American tribal cultures. Nipple (/wiki/Nipple_piercing) and genital piercing (/wiki/Genital_piercing) have also been practiced by various cultures, with nipple piercing dating back at least to Ancient Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) while genital piercing is described in Ancient India (/wiki/Ancient_India) c. 320 to 550 CE. The history of navel piercing (/wiki/Navel_piercing) is less clear. The practice of body piercing has waxed and waned in Western culture (/wiki/Western_culture) , but it has experienced an increase of popularity since World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , with sites other than the ears gaining subcultural popularity in the 1970s and spreading to mainstream in the 1990s. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Body_piercing) edit Selected article 6 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/6 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/6) A brassiere (/wiki/Brassiere) ( UK (/wiki/British_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r æ z ɪər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) or US (/wiki/American_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) b r ə ˈ z ɪər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ), commonly referred to as a bra / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r ɑː / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , is a woman's undergarment (/wiki/Undergarment) that supports her breasts (/wiki/Breasts) . Bras are typically form-fitting (/wiki/Form-fitting) and perform a variety of functions and have also evolved into a fashion item. The primary purpose of a bra is to support the woman's breasts. In western cultures (/wiki/Western_culture) , about 10–25% of women do not wear a bra, either as a matter of preference or sometimes for health or comfort reasons. Some garments, such as camisoles (/wiki/Camisole) , tank tops (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) and backless dresses (/wiki/Backless_dress) , have built-in breast support, alleviating the need to wear a separate bra. Changing social trends and novel materials have increased the variety of available designs, and allowed manufacturers to make bras that in some instances are more fashionable than functional. Bras are a complex garment made of many parts, and manufacturers' standards and sizes vary widely worldwide, making it difficult for women to find a bra that fits them correctly. Even methods of bra-measurement vary, such that even professional fitters can disagree on the correct size for the same woman. As a result, 75–85% of women wear a bra of an incorrect size. The bra has become a feminine icon or symbol with cultural significance beyond its primary function of supporting breasts. Some feminists consider the brassiere a symbol of the repression of women's bodies. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Brassiere) edit Selected article 7 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/7 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/7) The Devil Wears Prada (/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)) is a 2006 comedy-drama film (/wiki/Comedy-drama) , a loose screen adaptation (/wiki/Film_adaptation) of Lauren Weisberger (/wiki/Lauren_Weisberger) 's 2003 novel of the same name (/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(novel)) . It stars Anne Hathaway (/wiki/Anne_Hathaway) as Andrea Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and gets a job as a co-assistant to powerful fashion magazine editor (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Miranda Priestly (/wiki/Miranda_Priestly) , played by Meryl Streep (/wiki/Meryl_Streep) . Emily Blunt (/wiki/Emily_Blunt) and Stanley Tucci (/wiki/Stanley_Tucci) co-star, as co-assistant Emily Charlton, and Art Director Nigel, respectively. Adrian Grenier (/wiki/Adrian_Grenier) , Simon Baker (/wiki/Simon_Baker) and Tracie Thoms (/wiki/Tracie_Thoms) play key supporting roles. Wendy Finerman (/wiki/Wendy_Finerman) produced and David Frankel (/wiki/David_Frankel) directed (/wiki/Director_(film)) the film, and was distributed by 20th Century Fox (/wiki/20th_Century_Fox) . Streep's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations. Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance, as did many of those involved in the film's production. Although the movie is set in the fashion world, most designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) editor Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) , who is widely believed to have been the inspiration for Priestly. Many designers allowed their clothes and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) to be used in the film, making it the most expensively costumed film in history. Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism, saying she liked the film and Streep in particular. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Brassiere) edit Selected article 8 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/8 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/8) In hip hop culture (/wiki/Hip_hop_culture) , a grill (/wiki/Grill_(jewelry)) (also front or golds ) is a type of jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) worn over the teeth (/wiki/Teeth) . Grills are made of metal and are generally removable. They began to be worn by hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) artists in the early 1980s, and upgraded during the 90s in New York City, but they became more widely popular during the mid-2000s due to the rise of Dirty South (/wiki/Dirty_South_(music)) rap and the more mainstream pop culture status Hip Hop attained. Though grills are fitted to the tooth impression (/wiki/Impression_(dental)) of the wearer, whether they are safe for long-term wear is unknown. Grills are made of several types of metal (often silver (/wiki/Silver) , gold (/wiki/Gold) or platinum (/wiki/Platinum) ) that is sometimes inlaid with precious stones (/wiki/Precious_stone) ; they are generally removable, though some may be permanently attached to the teeth. Grills can cost anywhere from one hundred dollars to thousands of dollars, depending on the materials used and the number of teeth covered. Grills were most often worn by 18- to 35-year-old African American male hip-hop listeners. They were recently reintroduced into the mainstream and onto network TV by olympic swimmer Ryan Lochte (/wiki/Ryan_Lochte) . During the 2012 summer olympics he posed with a grill that sported stones in the design of an American flag, having previously worn diamond grills after earlier competitions. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/Grill_(jewelry)) edit Selected article 9 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/9 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/9) The history of the bikini (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) is a checkered one. Though the bikini (/wiki/Bikini) shocked when it appeared on French beaches in 1947, its origins date back millennia. Depictions of bikini-like garments appear at the Chalcolithic (/wiki/Chalcolithic) site of Çatalhöyük (/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk) , and two-piece bikini-like garments were worn by women for athletic purposes in Ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) as far back as 1400 BC. Roman (/wiki/Roman_Empire) mosaic artwork in Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) , dubbed "Bikini Girls" and dating back to the reign of Diocletian (/wiki/Diocletian) (286-305 AD) gained significant archeological renown, and Roman statues of Venus (/wiki/Aphrodite) in a bikini were found elsewhere. In the modern era, the first functional two-piece swimsuit was designed in 1913 by Carl Jantzen (/wiki/Carl_Jantzen) . Australian swimmer-performer Annette Kellermann (/wiki/Annette_Kellermann) was arrested in 1907 for wearing a two-piece. Later it was made popular by pin-up girls (/wiki/Pin-up_girl) like swimmer-actress Esther Williams (/wiki/Esther_Williams) , and actresses Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) , Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) , and Lana Turner (/wiki/Lana_Turner) . The modern bikini was invented by French (/wiki/France) engineer Louis Réard (/wiki/Louis_R%C3%A9ard) in 1946. He named it after Bikini Atoll (/wiki/Bikini_Atoll) in the Pacific, the site of an atomic bomb test (/wiki/Operation_Crossroads) on July 1, 1946. Réard hoped that the burst of excitement it caused would be as explosive as an atomic bomb. More selected articles... More... (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) edit Selected article 10 Portal:Fashion/Selected article/10 (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/10) L.A.M.B. (/wiki/L.A.M.B.) is a fashion line by American (/wiki/United_States) singer (/wiki/Singer) Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) , the lead vocalist (/wiki/Singer) of the rock (/wiki/Rock_music) band No Doubt (/wiki/No_Doubt) . The line manufactures apparel (/wiki/Clothing) and fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . The line was founded in 2003 but made its runway debut the following year in 2004. The fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes, watches, bags and a fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) called "L" as well. The name is an acronym (/wiki/Acronym) of her debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby (/wiki/Love._Angel._Music._Baby) . The line is influenced by a variety of fashions cultures, including Guatemalan (/wiki/Guatemala) , Japanese (/wiki/Japan) , Indian (/wiki/India) and Jamaican (/wiki/Jamaica) styles. Stefani came from a line of seamstresses (/wiki/Seamstress) . This further inspired her to launch her own fashion line. The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher (/wiki/Teri_Hatcher) , Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) and Stefani herself. The fashion line made a runway debut in the spring collection of 2004, and achieved mainstream success at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in 2005 and currently makes an annual gross income of $90 million. The line, as well as the fashion shows were well received by critics and appreciated the indulgence of a celebrity into the fashion world. An additional fashion line was also launched by Stefani called Harajuku Lovers (/wiki/Harajuku_Lovers) . More selected articles... More... (/wiki/L.A.M.B.) Instructions The layout design for these subpages is at Portal:Fashion/Selected article/Layout (/wiki/Portal:Fashion/Selected_article/Layout) . Add a new Selected article to the next available subpage. The list should only contain articles that have been given a quality rating of Wikipedia:Featured articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles) and Wikipedia:Good articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles) . The "blurb" for all selected articles should be approximately 10 lines, for appropriate formatting in the portal main page. Update "max=" to new total for its {{ Random portal component (/wiki/Template:Random_portal_component) }} on the main page. Nominations Adding articles Feel free to add Featured quality (/wiki/Wikipedia:FA) and Good quality (/wiki/Wikipedia:GA) Feminism-related articles to the above list. See Category:FA-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:FA-Class_fashion_articles) See Category:GA-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:GA-Class_fashion_articles) If you are unsure or do not know how to add an entry, feel free to post a question or suggestion at the talk page Portal talk:Fashion (/wiki/Portal_talk:Fashion) . 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Italian fashion house Portrait of Fontana Sisters: from left to right, Micol, Giovanna, and Zoe Fontana (1955) Sorelle Fontana (literally "Fontana Sisters", also known as "Sorelle Fontana, Alta Moda SRL") is an Italian fashion house, specializing in production of high-fashion couture. It was founded in Rome in 1943 by three sisters and Italian designers: Zoe Fontana (1911-1979), Micol Fontana (/wiki/Micol_Fontana) (1913-2015) and Giovanna Fontana (1915-2004). History [ edit ] Born in Traversetolo (/wiki/Traversetolo) , Parma (/wiki/Parma) , the three Fontana sisters started working as dressmakers with their mother at a very young age. [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [2] (#cite_note-corr-2) They moved to Rome (/wiki/Rome) in 1933 where they worked as apprentices in other tailoring and sewed clothes at home. [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [3] (#cite_note-Gnoli-3) In 1907, the sisters inherited their grandmother's tailoring atelier. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 1943, the sisters founded a high fashion atelier in Via Liguria [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [2] (#cite_note-corr-2) initially inspired by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's New Look (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The turning point of their career happened in 1949, when Linda Christian (/wiki/Linda_Christian) bought a Sorelle Fontana dress for her wedding with Tyrone Power (/wiki/Tyrone_Power) . [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [2] (#cite_note-corr-2) From then on the Sorelle Fontana brand gradually raised in the international jet set. The sisters dressed many celebrities and several heads of state, including Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) , Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , Queen Soraya (/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi) , Infanta Beatriz of Spain (/wiki/Infanta_Beatriz_of_Spain) , Frederica of Hanover (/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover) , Anita Ekberg (/wiki/Anita_Ekberg) and Joan Collins (/wiki/Joan_Collins) . [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [3] (#cite_note-Gnoli-3) [5] (#cite_note-Repubblica-5) Their most famous creation was the provocative cassock dress inspired by the robes worn by Roman catholic priests, [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) which had been approved by the Vatican before its release. [6] (#cite_note-6) They founded the S.I.A.M. - Italian High Fashion Syndicate in 1953, along with many famous fashion designers such as Alberto Fabiani, Vincenzo Ferdinandi (/wiki/Vincenzo_Ferdinandi) , Emilio Schuberth (/wiki/Emilio_Schuberth) , Jole Veneziani (/wiki/Jole_Veneziani) , Giovannelli-Sciarra, Mingolini-Guggenheim, Eleanora Garnett, and Simonetta Colonna di Cesar. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1972, while continuing their production, they withdrew from official events of high fashion. [3] (#cite_note-Gnoli-3) [8] (#cite_note-Treccani-8) After selling the company and the brand to an Italian financial group in 1992, Micol Fontana created the Micol Fontana Foundation in 1994. [3] (#cite_note-Gnoli-3) [8] (#cite_note-Treccani-8) A two-parts television mini-series based on the story of the fashion house, Atelier Fontana - Le sorelle della moda (/wiki/Atelier_Fontana_-_Le_sorelle_della_moda) , was broadcast on Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) in 2011. The sisters were portrayed by Alessandra Mastronardi (/wiki/Alessandra_Mastronardi) (Micol), Anna Valle (/wiki/Anna_Valle) (Zoe), and Federica De Cola (Giovanna). [9] (#cite_note-9) In the popular culture [ edit ] Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) wore Sorelle Fontana's dresses in many of her movies. Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) wore a Sorelle Fonatana's dress in the 1953 movie Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) As the designer of Margaret Truman (/wiki/Margaret_Truman) 's (daughter of U.S. President Harry S. Truman (/wiki/Harry_S._Truman) ) wedding gown, Micol Fontana was invited to appear as a mystery guest on the April 15, 1956 episode of What's My Line? (/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F) in New York City. The Truman wedding occurred a few days later on April 21, 1956 in Independence (/wiki/Independence,_Missouri) , Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) . In La Dolce Vita (/wiki/La_Dolce_Vita) , the tightly moulded priest’s cassock (/wiki/Cassock) wore by Anita Ekberg (/wiki/Anita_Ekberg) in St Peter’s basilica (/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica) was designed by Sorelle Fontana. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ a b c d e Anna Franco (12 June 2015). "Addio a Micol Fontana, leggendaria regina della moda mondiale" (http://www.ilmessaggero.it/SOCIETA/PERSONE/addio_a_micol_fontana_leggendaria_amp_8203_regina_della_moda_mondiale/notizie/1406997.shtml) . Il Messaggero (/wiki/Il_Messaggero) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ a b c Flavia Fiorentino (12 June 2015). "Addio a Micol Fontana, la "sarta" delle dive: aveva 102 anni" (http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_giugno_12/moda-lutto-morta-micol-fontana-aveva-102-anni-913f6202-1105-11e5-b09a-9f9a058e6057.shtml?refresh_rum&refresh_ce-cp) . Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ a b c d Sofia Gnoli. Un secolo di moda italiana, 1900-2000 . Meltemi Editore srl, 2005. pp. 111–116. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 888353428X . ^ a b c d Sanderson, Lisa-Anne (2021-05-31). "Sorelle Fontana: Italian Couturiers of the Stars" (https://lifeinitaly.com/sorelle-fontana-couturiers/) . Life in Italy . Retrieved 2022-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-Repubblica_5-0) Silvia Giacomini (4 June 1992). "Storia d'Italia tra pizzi e chiffon nell'atelier delle Sorelle Fontana" (http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/06/04/storia-italia-tra-pizzi-chiffon-nell.html) . La Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) . p. 24 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Borelli-Persson, Laird (2018-04-25). "Il Pretino: The Story of Three Italian Sisters, One Fiery American Actress, and a Molto Bella Black Dress" (https://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-heavenly-bodies-ava-gardner-sorelle-fontana-pretino-dress) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Rome, Ambasciatori Hotel - Lola Giovannelli, Emilio Schuberth, Micol Fontana, Vincenzo Ferdinandi, Stefanella Sciarra and Zoe Fontana at the foundation cocktail of SIAM - Sindacato Italiano Alta Moda" (https://previews.agefotostock.com/previewimage/medibigoff/6aebaddcf9beb22af3c5b2f5257089ee/mdo-ra04278.jpg) . ^ a b "Fontana, Sorelle" (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sorelle-fontana/) . Treccani (/wiki/Treccani) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Paolo Scotti (26 February 2011). "La vera storia delle sorelle Fontana le stiliste che vestirono Marilyn" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/vera-storia-delle-sorelle-fontana-stiliste-che-vestirono.html) . Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Micol Fontana" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/micol-fontana-pk7lnfb88f6) . The Times . 16 June 2015. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 2023-01-03 . Further reading [ edit ] Gloria Bianchino, Rossana Bossaglia. Sorelle Fontana . Università di Parma, Centro studi e archivio della communicazione, 1984. Bonizza Giordani-Aragno. Sorelle Fontana, 1907-1992: storia di un atelier . Logart Press, 1992. Fabio Feroce, Raffaella Sgubin. Il fascino dello stile: gli abiti storici delle Sorelle Fontana (1950-1968) . Civico Museo Revoltela, 1996. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sorellefontana.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/156896721) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/10057293-5) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95050524) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6fcf4fdbb9‐d2gv7 Cached time: 20240716014448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.299 seconds Real time usage: 0.399 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 847/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27177/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 472/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52577/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.203/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5636891/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 359.983 1 -total 39.12% 140.829 1 Template:Reflist 26.99% 97.169 5 Template:Cite_news 21.86% 78.699 1 Template:Authority_control 20.27% 72.970 1 Template:Short_description 11.38% 40.977 2 Template:Pagetype 10.06% 36.230 1 Template:Portal 4.79% 17.248 4 Template:Main_other 4.21% 15.162 4 Template:Cite_book 3.98% 14.337 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46984698-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716014448 and revision id 1221311655. 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British fashion label of the 1980s BodyMap Company type Private company Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) BodyMap Industry Fashion Founded London (/wiki/London) , England (1982) Founder David Holah, Stevie Stewart Defunct 1990s Headquarters London , England BodyMap (also sometimes written as Bodymap or Body Map ) was an influential British fashion label of the 1980s, renowned for its layered and innovatively structured shapes, distinctive prints and groundbreaking fashion shows. During the post- Punk (/wiki/Punk_rock) and New Romantic (/wiki/New_Romanticism) early to mid '80s, when street and club styles dominated the British fashion scene, BodyMap was described by the Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) as: "perhaps the hottest, most visually arresting company in Britain's design renaissance". [1] (#cite_note-chicagotribune1985-1) In 1986, Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) noted in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) that although some of its designs were too extreme to sell well, it was highly influential: "[Bodymap's] ideas on body conscious dressing were freely taken up and absorbed into mainstream fashion". [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_62472-2) In a 2010 retrospective in Dazed Digital (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , Al Mulhall said it remains: "a reference point in the world of ready-to-wear". [3] (#cite_note-dazeddigital1-3) History [ edit ] BodyMap was founded by Stevie Stewart and David Holah in 1982, both fashion graduates of Middlesex Polytechnic (/wiki/Middlesex_University) . Originally launched from a stall on Camden Market (/wiki/Camden_Market) while they were students, it generated publicity quickly – helped by the fact that Stewart and Holah's graduation collection was bought by the prestigious independent South Molton Street (/wiki/South_Molton_Street) fashion store Browns (/wiki/Browns_(fashion_boutique)) . [4] (#cite_note-fashionencyclopedia-4) In an interview for the V&A (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , Stewart and Holah also credit Swiss-born event producer Susanne Bartsch (/wiki/Susanne_Bartsch) for their swift rise. After BodyMap was shown at a 'New London in New York' show designed to introduce young British design talent to American audiences, and garnered substantial publicity from the U.S. fashion press, it then attracted interest from the UK press. David Holah commented in the V&A interview that, after the New York show, they became: "stars overnight". [5] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-5) In common with other emerging designers of the 1980s, Stewart and Holah were strongly influenced by London's club scene and designed specifically for young people. [6] (#cite_note-independent1-6) BodyMap's early collaboration with textile designer Hilde Smith saw it use distinctive prints that were as much a part of its trademark look as the use of multiple layering and lines that were designed to remap the body's outline. [3] (#cite_note-dazeddigital1-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) Choice of fabrics was also key to the look – in a 2013 interview, David Holah said: "We worked closely with a sportswear company in Sweden and experimented with high quality cotton and viscose fabrics...we pioneered viscose lycra". [8] (#cite_note-fashionfox-8) In 1984, BodyMap's place as one of London's most innovative fashion houses seemed assured when it won the Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) award with an outfit selected by Brenda Polan of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . [9] (#cite_note-Dress_of_the_Year,_Fashion_Museum_Bath-9) Catwalk shows [ edit ] One of BodyMap's most distinctive (and publicity generating) elements was its catwalk shows, which included outfit changes on the side of the runway in view of the audience and the designers' mothers acting as models. The 1985 show for Barbie Takes a Trip Around Nature's Cosmic Curves – featuring cross-dressing models of all ages and sizes, latex wigs and exposed flesh – was reported to have left American buyers shocked. [3] (#cite_note-dazeddigital1-3) [6] (#cite_note-independent1-6) A contemporaneous U.S. newspaper report of a BodyMap fashion show in 1985 concluded that: "Some perceived in it a vaguely perverted tone that, although not downright sado-masochistic, was definitely kinky". [1] (#cite_note-chicagotribune1985-1) The excitement surrounding its shows was added to by the celebrities who appeared on the catwalk, including Boy George (/wiki/Boy_George) , Helen Terry (/wiki/Helen_Terry) , Marilyn (/wiki/Marilyn_(singer)) , Leigh Bowery (/wiki/Leigh_Bowery) and Michael Clark (/wiki/Michael_Clark_(dancer)) . Stewart and Holah were to reciprocate by designing costumes for Clark's 1986 ballet No Fire Escape in Hell . [1] (#cite_note-chicagotribune1985-1) [4] (#cite_note-fashionencyclopedia-4) A 1984 review in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) said the atmosphere at the catwalk show was: "as bizarre as any rock star's video", also noting that the arrival of Boy George and Marilyn caused a similar stir in London to Princess Caroline of Monaco (/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Monaco) arriving at Dior (/wiki/Dior) in Paris. [10] (#cite_note-NYT_Morris-10) The label's publicity imagery was largely generated in-house and BodyMap collaborated with up-and-coming photographers, notably Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) and David LaChapelle (/wiki/David_LaChapelle) . [5] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-5) Expansion [ edit ] Bodymap's B-basic (diffusion) line helped to make the range more widely affordable. By 1985, it had expanded into men's and women's collections, Red Label, a B line of childrenswear and swimwear. Unable to expand the brand and attract enough financial backers, the company had begun to struggle by 1986. That year, it was reported in The Times that it had gone into liquidation, despite international acclaim and substantial orders on its books. Its last fashion show was in March that year. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_62472-2) It continued to sell its B-basic line via the stall on Camden Market into the '90s. [4] (#cite_note-fashionencyclopedia-4) [6] (#cite_note-independent1-6) Most accounts place the brand's demise around 1991, although it still had a loyal following and talk of a revival – with licensing in Japan and a range for Ministry of Sound (/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound) – continued for another few years. [6] (#cite_note-independent1-6) [11] (#cite_note-11) Later careers [ edit ] Stevie Stewart moved on to design costumes for stars such as Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) and Girls Aloud (/wiki/Girls_Aloud) , also continuing her association with Michael Clark's ballet company and other dance companies. [3] (#cite_note-dazeddigital1-3) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) She and David Holah still collaborate on projects, although he focuses on his art practice and teaching in the areas of fashion and print. [8] (#cite_note-fashionfox-8) Popular culture and retrospectives [ edit ] In 2011, BodyMap outfits featured in a 'Cavalcade of the 80s' fashion show curated by Sue Tilley (/wiki/Sue_Tilley) (muse to Lucian Freud (/wiki/Lucian_Freud) and friend of Leigh Bowery), organised by Wayne Hemingway (/wiki/Wayne_Hemingway) and Gerardine Hemingway at London's Southbank Centre (/wiki/Southbank_Centre) . [14] (#cite_note-14) In an Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous) reunion episode that aired on 1 January 2012, Edina ( Jennifer Saunders (/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders) ) wore an outfit featuring oversized BodyMap logos on the T-shirt. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) BodyMap was an integral part of a major V&A exhibition, From Club to Catwalk , in 2013, with the main publicity material featuring a photograph of model Scarlett Cannon in a BodyMap outfit from the label's The Cat in the Hat Takes a Rumble with a Techno Fish collection. [17] (#cite_note-17) A supporting video showed catwalk footage and photographs and featured an interview with Stewart and Holah about the rise of BodyMap. [5] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-5) Other 1980s fashion names included in the exhibition included Workers for Freedom (/wiki/Workers_for_Freedom) , Betty Jackson (/wiki/Betty_Jackson) and Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) . [18] (#cite_note-BBC_Dowd-18) In 2013, BodyMap also featured in the ICA (/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts) 's launch events for Iain R. Webb's book on 1980s style and culture We're Not Here To Sell Clothes: The Making of BLITZ Fashion , with Holah and Stewart appearing in a panel discussion. [19] (#cite_note-19) Awards [ edit ] Martini Young Fashion Award (1983) [4] (#cite_note-fashionencyclopedia-4) Bath Museum of Costume Dress of the Year Award (1984) [4] (#cite_note-fashionencyclopedia-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Body Map's Fashion Route-along The Offbeat Path" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-01-09/entertainment/8501020598_1_culture-club-music-and-fashion-culture-shock) . Chicago Tribune . 9 January 1985 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ a b Menkes, Suzy (2 June 1986). "Fashion House Failure". The Times . No. 62472. ^ a b c d "Fashion Archive: Bodymap | Dazed" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/6120/1/fashion-archive-bodymap) . Dazeddigital.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ a b c d e "Bodymap – Fashion Designer Encyclopedia – women, men, dress, style, new, body, history, collection, costume, jewelry, look" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Ba-Bo/Bodymap.html) . Fashionencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ a b c "BodyMap – Shaping the 1980s / Personalities / People / V&A Channel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140221084519/http://www.vam.ac.uk/channel/people/personalities/bodymap/) . Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original (http://www.vam.ac.uk/channel/people/personalities/bodymap/) on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ a b c d Tamsin Blanchard (4 June 1994). "Fashion: Body Map's route back from the Eighties: The fashion range which took London by storm 10 years ago has resurfaced and is once again making its mark in clubland culture, as Tamsin Blanchard reports – News – Fashion" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/fashion-body-maps-route-back-from-the-eighties-the-fashion-range-which-took-london-by-storm-10-years-ago-has-resurfaced-and-is-once-again-making-its-mark-in-clubland-culture-as-tamsin-blanchard-reports-1420258.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Marnie Fogg (2009). 1980s Fashion Print . Pavilion Books. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-906388-41-6 . ^ a b "BodyMap Interview with David Holah" (http://www.fashionfox.co.uk/2013/07/10/bodymap-interview-with-david-holah/460) . Fashionfox.co.uk. 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dress_of_the_Year,_Fashion_Museum_Bath_9-0) "Fashion Museum – 1980–1989" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141022210022/http://www.museumofcostume.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/1980_-_1989.aspx) . museumofcostume.co.uk . Fashion Museum Bath. Archived from the original (http://www.museumofcostume.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/1980_-_1989.aspx) on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_Morris_10-0) Morris, Bernadine (16 October 1984). "A new vitality marks openings in London" (https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/16/style/a-new-vitality-marks-openings-in-london.html?pagewanted=2) . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Label Resource : Body Map" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/body-map/) . Vintage Fashion Guild . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: " Here come the girls!" (http://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=29) . Rockpopfashion.com. 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Kylie: an exhibition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055512/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/previous/kylie.php) . Powerhousemuseum.com. Archived from the original (http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/previous/kylie.php) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Sue Tilley: The Vintage Festival | Dazed" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/10974/1/sue-tilley-the-vintage-festival) . Dazeddigital.com. 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "➤ Crack open the Bolly: Ab Fab puts Bodymap back on the map | ➢➢ Shapers of the 80s ➣➣" (http://shapersofthe80s.com/2012/01/01/%E2%9E%A4-crack-open-the-bolly-ab-fab-puts-bodymap-back-on-the-map/) . Shapersofthe80s.com. 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Pip McCormac (4 December 2011). "Champers all right for you, Pats?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215301/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/People/article830157.ece) . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/People/article830157.ece) on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Bodymap | ➢➢ Shapers of the 80s ➣➣" (http://shapersofthe80s.com/tag/bodymap/) . Shapersofthe80s.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_Dowd_18-0) Dowd, Vincent (11 July 2013). "How '80s club culture came to the catwalk" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23259509) . BBC . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "We're Not Here To Sell Clothes: The Making of BLITZ Fashion | Institute of Contemporary Arts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140216210807/http://www.ica.org.uk/whats-on/were-not-here-sell-clothes-making-blitz-fashion) . Ica.org.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.ica.org.uk/whats-on/were-not-here-sell-clothes-making-blitz-fashion) on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . External sources [ edit ] Interview with Stewart and Holah and footage from catwalk shows on V&A channel, 2013 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140221084519/http://www.vam.ac.uk/channel/people/personalities/bodymap/) BodyMap fashion at Style Bubble, 2007 (http://www.stylebubble.co.uk/style_bubble/2007/12/mapping-out-bod.html) David Holah website, including BodyMap archive images (http://www.davidholah.com/bodymap.html) Sue Tilley fashion show on Flickr featuring BodyMap outfits, top left and top right (https://www.flickr.com/photos/vintagebyhemingway/sets/72157627407840234/#) Punk Body Map Rock , 1986, on YouTube, attributed to John Maybury (/wiki/John_Maybury) Spring Summer London show, 1990, on YouTube Fashion Channel (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCiatUxFveE) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : 1980s (/wiki/Portal:1980s) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐nvs5b Cached time: 20240720044259 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.407 seconds Real time usage: 0.801 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2180/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39208/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1210/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 76901/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.248/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6064993/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 627.012 1 -total 31.86% 199.768 1 Template:Reflist 23.28% 145.967 15 Template:Cite_web 21.54% 135.064 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.66% 129.558 1 Template:Short_description 19.66% 123.262 1 Template:Infobox 17.47% 109.562 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 11.27% 70.687 7 Template:Main_other 10.70% 67.091 1 Template:SDcat 7.11% 44.575 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41832589-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720044259 and revision id 1159385832. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BodyMap&oldid=1159385832 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BodyMap&oldid=1159385832) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) Companies established in 1982 (/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1982) 1982 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1982_establishments_in_England) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Defunct companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from March 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020) EngvarB from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_September_2019) |
Italian fashion house This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( February 2016 ) CIVIDINI Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 1988 Founders Miriam and Piero Cividini Headquarters Bergamo (/wiki/Bergamo) , Italy Website cividini (http://cividini.com) .com (http://cividini.com) Cividini is an Italian fashion house [1] (#cite_note-1) known for producing luxury cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) , founded in 1988 by Piero Cividini and his wife Miriam Cividini. History [ edit ] At the launch of the first collection of Pret-a-porter (/wiki/Pret-a-porter) during the Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in 1995, they were the first to show knitwear and woven garments made of silk-steel fabric, material that, together with the different special finishing techniques ( inkjet printing (/wiki/Inkjet_printing) , tie-dye (/wiki/Tie-dye) , screen printing, pigment printing, printing for corrosion, dyeing and hand-painted) defined the unique hand craftmanship of the Italian brand. These techniques and materials have become common over the years, but at the time were experimental. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Calzedonia (/wiki/Calzedonia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) About, The FMD. "Cividini - Fashion Brand | Brands" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/cividini) . FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved 2016-02-14 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://cividini.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐lglxk Cached time: 20240714171023 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.257 seconds Real time usage: 0.381 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1458/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14113/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2237/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7737/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4622842/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 363.791 1 -total 34.46% 125.350 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.18% 102.526 1 Template:Infobox 25.30% 92.028 1 Template:Reflist 23.01% 83.711 9 Template:Main_other 22.06% 80.248 1 Template:Cite_web 18.92% 68.813 1 Template:Short_description 15.45% 56.217 1 Template:Update 14.00% 50.926 1 Template:Ambox 10.44% 37.989 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49427212-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714171023 and revision id 1219557707. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cividini&oldid=1219557707 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cividini&oldid=1219557707) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Clothing companies established in 1988 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1988) Italian companies established in 1988 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1988) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2016) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022) |
Hahn's Shoe store, Washington DC Hahn's Shoes was a Washington, DC (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) area shoe store (/wiki/Shoe_store) . It was founded in 1876 by William Hahn, who had arrived in the United States from Germany (/wiki/Germany) in 1868 at age 15. By 1890, there were three locations: 816 7th St, NW; 1922 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; and 231 Pennsylvania Ave, SE. Hahn Shoes continued to expand. At its peak, it had 66 stores in 13 states and DC. Three generations of the Hahn family, including the father of DC City Council (/wiki/DC_City_Council) Chair Gilbert Hahn Jr., managed the business until 1984. William Hahn's granddaughter, Betty Hahn Bernbaum (/wiki/Betty_Hahn_Bernbaum) , was a radio operator and ambassador's wife in South America in the mid-twentieth century. [1] (#cite_note-1) Like Rich's and other locally owned shoe stores, Hahn's was unable to keep up with the prices of discount chains (/wiki/Discount_store) and department stores (/wiki/Department_store) . After 119 years, the business filed for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) and liquidated in 1995. References [ edit ] Hahn Shoes Chain for Sale after 119 Years in District: Washington Post (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/06/23/hahn-shoes-chain-for-sale-after-119-years-in-district/9a4c69cf-60ba-4a23-a7ab-434e1a230e29/) Black Friday Then and Now: Greater Greater Washington (http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/4155/black-friday-then-and-now-hahn-shoes-14th-g-nw/) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Dubois, Jules (1964-06-21). "Envoy's Wife called 'Ball of Diplomatic Fire' (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106107927/envoys-wife-called-ball-of-diplomatic/) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106107927/envoys-wife-called-ball-of-diplomatic/) . Fort Lauderdale News . p. 13 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 – via Newspapers.com. This United States retail business article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hahn%27s_Shoes&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐2w5nx Cached time: 20240712175638 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.210 seconds Real time usage: 0.356 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 160/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5217/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 80/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8799/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.147/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2995496/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 299.017 1 -total 69.03% 206.403 1 Template:Reflist 61.25% 183.142 1 Template:Cite_news 30.94% 92.509 1 Template:US-retail-company-stub 29.90% 89.395 1 Template:Asbox 0.70% 2.094 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52374169-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175638 and revision id 1185668441. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hahn%27s_Shoes&oldid=1185668441 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hahn%27s_Shoes&oldid=1185668441) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Retail companies established in 1876 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1876) Retail companies disestablished in 1995 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_disestablished_in_1995) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Defunct companies based in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_based_in_Washington,_D.C.) Defunct retail companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Defunct_retail_companies_of_the_United_States) 1876 establishments in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Category:1876_establishments_in_Washington,_D.C.) 1995 disestablishments in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Category:1995_disestablishments_in_Washington,_D.C.) United States retail company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_States_retail_company_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Traditional costume Pathani Suit is an ethnic outfit for men in the South Asian culture. Basically it is a Muslim (/wiki/Muslims) dress similar to Salwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) . It comprises three garments Kurta (along with tunic), Salwaar (a loosely gathered trouser), and a vest (a waistcoat), which is optional. Pashtun suit is popular among men as formal wear and worn on special occasions such as marriages and festivals. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) It is also called Khan suit [4] (#cite_note-4) and Pashtun suit. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Evolution [ edit ] The Pathani suit has evolved from a traditional (/wiki/Folk_costume) Pashtun Dress (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) ' Perahan tunban (/wiki/Perahan_tunban) ' or ‘partoog kameez’. Perhan or kameez is similar to the Kurta, a top garment, and Tunban or partoog is a lower garment. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Characteristics and Fashion [ edit ] Characteristics [ edit ] The Pathani suit is a three-piece set of a long Kurta, Salwaar, and a vest (a waistcoat). The jacket is an optional choice. Pathani suit goes well with a Nehru jacket (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) . [7] (#cite_note-7) The Kurta and salwar are of the most same color. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Fashion [ edit ] Pathani suit is a masculine outfit. Shah Rukh Khan (/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan) wore a black suit in his iconic role (/wiki/Actor) of a don (/wiki/Gangster) in the movie Raees (film) (/wiki/Raees_(2017_film)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The Khan-dress or Pathani suit is the daily dress among the Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) heroes (/wiki/Actor) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] Perahan tunban (/wiki/Perahan_tunban) Patiala salwar (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) Salwar (/wiki/Salwar) The Punjabi Salwar is part of the Punjabi suit which is the traditional attire of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Condra, Jill (2013-04-09). Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing around the World [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 321. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-37637-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) SUVRATSUT (2017-09-01). curriculum_indian_culture_3 . p. 67. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Encyclopedia of national dress : traditional clothing around the world . Oliver Wendell Holmes Library Phillips Academy. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO. 2013. p. 320. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-37636-8 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Himal South Asia . Himal, Incorporated. 1996. p. 50. ^ Jump up to: a b "Perahan Tunban, Kamiz Shalwar, Afghanistan Men Clothing" (http://www.afghanistan-culture.com/perahan-tunban.html) . www.afghanistan-culture.com . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Emadi, Hafizullah (2005). Culture and Customs of Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 136. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33089-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Gauahar Khan, Zaid Darbar share pics from pre-wedding shoot ahead of Dec 25 wedding: 'Embarking on a journey of forever' (https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gauahar-khan-zaid-darbar-share-pics-from-pre-wedding-shoot-ahead-of-dec-25-wedding-embarking-on-a-journey-of-forever/story-RlDX6weVfiiCHBTv0BjXBM.html) " (https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gauahar-khan-zaid-darbar-share-pics-from-pre-wedding-shoot-ahead-of-dec-25-wedding-embarking-on-a-journey-of-forever/story-RlDX6weVfiiCHBTv0BjXBM.html) . Hindustan Times . 2020-12-01 . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Rathi, Vasundhara (2017-01-24). "Dressing up the character" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Dressing-up-the-character/article17089912.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Raees on Kapil Sharma Show: See pics of Shah Rukh Khan, Nawazuddin" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raees-on-kapil-sharma-show-see-pics-of-shah-rukh-khan-nawazuddin/story-LoDNMIrEA5eZs8AhnLex4I.html) . Hindustan Times . 2017-01-18 . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Desk, India TV News (2020-01-20). "Shah Rukh Khan makes stylish entry at Dance Plus 5 in white pathani suit (See Pics)" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-shah-rukh-khan-makes-stylish-entry-at-dance-plus-5-in-white-pathani-suit-see-pics-581475) . www.indiatvnews.com . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) N, Karan; a (2019-04-22). "From Virat Kohli To MS Dhoni: Cricketers Who Rocked The Turban Look With Utmost Perfection!" (https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/virat-kohli-to-ms-dhoni-which-cricketer-looks-cute-in-sikh-avatar/) . PTC Punjabi . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Saif Ali Khan's crisp white Pathani will give you the perfect nawab look this wedding season" (https://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-ali-khans-crisp-white-pathani-will-give-you-the-perfect-nawab-look-this-wedding-season/22289174) . mid-day . 2019-12-18 . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Bhasin, Shriya (2019-11-14). "Shamshera: Ranbir Kapoor's leaked look in black pathani suit will make you excited" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/shamshera-movie-ranbir-kapoor-look-black-pathani-suit-leaked-563557) . www.indiatvnews.com . Retrieved 2020-12-16 . v t e Afghan clothing (/wiki/Afghan_clothing) Clothes Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Karakul (hat) (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Khet partug (/wiki/Khet_partug) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Pashtun clothing (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Perahan tunban (/wiki/Perahan_tunban) Firaq partug (/wiki/Firaq_partug) Taqiyah (cap) (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Stitching and design Balochi needlework (/wiki/Balochi_needlework) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Category:Afghan clothing (/wiki/Category:Afghan_clothing) v t e Punjabi clothing (/wiki/Punjabi_clothing) ( Punjab region (/wiki/Punjab_region) ) Punjabi clothing Punjabi salwar suit (/wiki/Punjabi_salwar_suit) Punjabi Tamba and Kurta (/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta) Punjabi ghagra (/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra) Jutti (/wiki/Jutti) Patiala salwar (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) Phulkari (/wiki/Phulkari) Angarkha (/wiki/Angarkha) Jama (coat) (/wiki/Jama_(coat)) Category:Punjabi clothing (/wiki/Category:Punjabi_clothing) v t e Clothing in South Asia History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Clothes Achkan (/wiki/Achkan) Ajrak (/wiki/Ajrak) Angarkha (/wiki/Angarkha) Antriya (/wiki/Antriya) Argon (/wiki/Argon_(clothing)) Bakhu/Kho (/wiki/Kho_(costume)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) Choli (/wiki/Choli) Churidar (/wiki/Churidar) Daura-Suruwal (/wiki/Daura-Suruwal) Dhakai shari (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dumdyam (/wiki/Dumdyam) Dumpra (/wiki/Dumpra) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) Farshi Pajama (/wiki/Farshi_Pajama) Ghagra choli (/wiki/Ghagra_choli) Ghoonghat (/wiki/Ghoonghat) Gamucha (/wiki/Gamucha) Gamosa (/wiki/Gamosa) Gharara (/wiki/Gharara) Gho (/wiki/Gho) Jama (/wiki/Jama_(coat)) Jamawar (/wiki/Jamawar) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Kabney (/wiki/Kabney) Kasta sari (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kaupina(m) (/wiki/Kaupinam) Khalat (/wiki/Khalat) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Lehenga (/wiki/Lehenga) Lehenga-style sari (/wiki/Lehenga-style_sari) Langa voni (/wiki/Langa_voni) Langota (/wiki/Langota) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Madisar (/wiki/Madisar) Mekhela chador (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Mufti (/wiki/Mufti_(dress)) Mujib coat (/wiki/Mujib_coat) Mundu (/wiki/Mundu) Mundum neriyatum (/wiki/Mundum_neriyatum) Naga shawl (/wiki/Naga_shawl) Nehru jacket (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) Onnara (/wiki/Onnara) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Patiala salwar (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) Pheran (/wiki/Pheran) Pinon hadi (/wiki/Pinon_hadi) Riha (/wiki/Riha_(garment)) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sambalpuri sari (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Kerala sari (/wiki/Kerala_sari) Tant shari (/wiki/Tant_sari) Toego (/wiki/Toego) Uttariya (/wiki/Uttariya) Wonju (/wiki/Wonju_(Bhutan)) Headgear Bhaad-gaaule topi (/wiki/Bhaad-gaaule_topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Gandhi cap (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) 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Private school in Italy Polimoda Villa Favard, entrance to the school Type Fashion school Established 1986 ( 1986 ) President (/wiki/University_president) Ferruccio Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) Dean (/wiki/Dean_(education)) Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) Location Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Campus Villa Favard via Curtatone, 1 50123 Florence Website www (https://www.polimoda.com/) .polimoda (https://www.polimoda.com/) .com (https://www.polimoda.com/) Ente per le Arti applicate alla Moda e al Costume abbreviated as Polimoda is a private fashion school in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , capital of Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The school was originally founded by Shirley Goodman (/wiki/Shirley_Goodman) , the former Executive Vice President Emeritus at Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) and Executive Director of the Educational Foundation for the Fashion Industries, and Don Emilio Pucci, Marquis di Barsento (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) and founder of the famous Florentine brand Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The management staff today includes Ferruccio Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) as the President, Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) as the Director and Linda Loppa (/wiki/Linda_Loppa) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) as the Advisor of Strategy and Vision. [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Polimoda head-quarter in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , capital of Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . Polimoda Library in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , capital of Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The school was founded in 1986 as a joint project of the city of Florence (/wiki/Florence) and Prato (/wiki/Prato) , and the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) of State University of New York (/wiki/State_University_of_New_York) , currently has 17 campuses spread across Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [5] (#cite_note-5) It is a member of the International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes . [6] (#cite_note-6) It is not listed by the Italian ministry of education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_University_and_Research) , the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (/wiki/Ministero_dell%27Istruzione,_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_e_della_Ricerca) , among the institutions authorised to award degrees in music, dance and the arts. [7] (#cite_note-MIUR-7) Villa Favard (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Favard) , Polimoda student head-quarter in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , capital of Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . In 1986, Polimoda was founded as Politecnico Internazionale della Moda in an agreement between two international centres of fashion, and two trailblazers of the industry. Shirley Goodman (/wiki/Shirley_Goodman) , the former Executive Vice President Emeritus at Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) and Executive Director of the Educational Foundation for the Fashion Industries, and Don Emilio Pucci, Marquis di Barsento (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) and founder of the famous Florentine brand Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , came together to create a centre for excellence in fashion education, to serve the city as much as the global industry. The first classes took place at Villa Strozzi in central Florence (/wiki/Florence) that year, and the Institute has only grown in strength and influence since then. [8] (#cite_note-History-8) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) The corridor of the Polimoda school of Fashion Business department. A second campus dedicated to knitting and textile creation opened in Prato (/wiki/Prato) in 1992, and later in 2000, a third outpost specialising in design was inaugurated in Via Baldovinetti (/wiki/Alesso_Baldovinetti) . Bringing together these two purposes in one unified space, the Polimoda Design Lab put down roots in its current location in Scandicci (/wiki/Scandicci) in 2015. [8] (#cite_note-History-8) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) In 2006, Polimoda welcomed its new President, Ferruccio Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) , who was joined by Linda Loppa (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Loppa) , former Director and current Advisor of Strategy and Vision. This marked a new era for the Institute, and together in 2011, they inaugurated the campus at Villa Favard (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Favard) where the school remains today. [8] (#cite_note-History-8) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) , former Creative Director of Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) and Polimoda head of fashion design department, was named the new Director in 2021. He is a Polimoda Fashion Design alumnus and believes in the school's internationality, connection with the city of Florence (/wiki/Florence) and development of relationships with the most important companies of the sector. [8] (#cite_note-History-8) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) It offers full-time courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, as well as a variety of short courses. In 2018 there were about 2300 students of 75 nationalities on three campuses. [8] (#cite_note-History-8) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) Departments [ edit ] Wiki Loves Fashion 2019 edit-a-thon at Polimoda in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , capital of Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The student classroom in Polimoda. Polimoda offers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in design, management, and technology. Our undergraduate programs are the beating heart of Polimoda’s educational offerings, ideal for young people who have completed high school and want to gain expert and detailed training in the various fields of fashion. [9] (#cite_note-Departments-9) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) Undergraduate programs across the areas of Fashion Design, Fashion Business, Art Direction and Fashion Marketing Management. Building on gained knowledge each year, Polimoda also offers 3-month internships towards the end of these courses to further develop students’ skills in a professional setting and introduce them into the working world. [9] (#cite_note-Departments-9) [3] (#cite_note-History2-3) Digital Strategy for Fashion Fashion Design Fashion Business Fashion Art Direction Fashion Styling Fashion Marketing Management Atelier Design Fashion Accessories Design Product Management Fashion Design Management Presidents [ edit ] Alberto Amorosi Lorenzo A. Ferracci Giovanni Maltinti Renato Cesare Ricci (/wiki/Renato_Ricci) Ferruccio Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) Directors [ edit ] Alan H. Fishman (/wiki/Alan_H._Fishman) Georgianna Appignani Philippe Taylor Linda Loppa (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Loppa) Danilo Venturi (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Venturi) Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) Notable alumni [ edit ] Alumni of the school include Justina Blakeney (/wiki/Justina_Blakeney) - American designer, artist, interior designer, author, and speaker. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) Sheila Bridges (/wiki/Sheila_Bridges) - American interior designer who founded her own firm, Sheila Bridges Design, Inc., in 1994. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [13] (#cite_note-time-13) Meagan Cignoli (/wiki/Meagan_Cignoli) - American photographer, filmmaker, and businessperson who is the founder and creative director of Visual Country, a video production agency. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-Cut-15) Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) - Italian fashion designer, creative director of Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) , creative director of Shanghai Tang (/wiki/Shanghai_Tang) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Bárbara Sánchez-Kane (/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_S%C3%A1nchez-Kane) - Mexican menswear fashion designer. [18] (#cite_note-auto-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Samu-Jussi Koski (/wiki/Samu-Jussi_Koski) - Finnish fashion designer and the founder and Creative Director of Samuji (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuji) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Kaila Methven (/wiki/Kaila_Methven) - American fashion and lingerie designer. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Laksmi Shari De-Neefe Suardana (/wiki/Laksmi_Shari_De-Neefe_Suardana) - Indonesian fashion designer, author, UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) activist, G20 Ambassador (/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit) , co-founder Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (/wiki/Ubud_Writers_%26_Readers_Festival) , model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Puteri Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) ( Miss Universe Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ). [24] (#cite_note-bio1-24) [25] (#cite_note-bio2-25) Moses Turahirwa - Rwandan businessman, fashion designer, creative director and founder of Moshions fashion line. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Italo Zucchelli (/wiki/Italo_Zucchelli) - Italian fashion designer, the Men's creative director of Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Collection from 2004 to 2016. [28] (#cite_note-zucchelli_legacy-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Rachele Risaliti (/wiki/Rachele_Risaliti) - Italian model and beauty pageant titleholder of the Miss Italia 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Italia) . [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "History" (https://www.polimoda.com/about/history) . 13 January 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Linda Loppa's biography" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/linda-loppa) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g h "The Reign Of Error: How Polimoda Upgraded Fashion Education" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephanrabimov/2020/09/27/the-reign-of-error-how-polimoda-upgraded-fashion-education/?sh=6764416378c9) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . 27 September 2020 . Retrieved 27 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Polimoda" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/companies/polimoda) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashion Institute of Technology" (http://www.fitnyc.edu/) . Fitnyc.edu. 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes" (http://www.iffti.com/) . Iffti.com . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-MIUR_7-0) Istituzioni autorizzate a rilasciare titoli di Alta Formazione Artistica, Musicale e Coreutica (art.11 DPR 8.7.2005, n.212) (http://www.afam.miur.it/argomenti/istituzioni/istituzioni-autorizzate-a-rilasciare-titoli-di-alta-formazione-artistica,-musicale-e-coreutica-(art11-dpr-872005,-n212).aspx) (in Italian). Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_University_and_Research) . Accessed March 2015. ^ a b c d e "HISTORY:Heritage, research and creativity, The story of Polimoda. Italian roots run deep, changing and growing along the way" (https://www.polimoda.com/about/history) . Polimoda. 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ a b "UNDERGRADUATE: Undergraduate programs across the areas of Fashion Design, Fashion Business, Art Direction and Fashion Marketing Management" (https://www.polimoda.com/courses/undergraduate) . Polimoda. 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "My professional journey" (https://blog.jungalow.com/2013/07/my-professional-journey.html) . Justina Blakeney . 2013-07-12 . Retrieved 2021-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_11-0) Recinos, Eva (2016-05-04). "Designer Justina Blakeney Says Welcome to the "Jungalow" (http://www.laweekly.com/arts/designer-justina-blakeney-says-welcome-to-the-jungalow-6878477) " (http://www.laweekly.com/arts/designer-justina-blakeney-says-welcome-to-the-jungalow-6878477) . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 2018-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_12-0) New York Times:At Home with Sheila Bridges (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/garden/weeding-out-the-riffraff.html?pagewanted=1) ^ (#cite_ref-time_13-0) Philadelphia, Desa (2000-10-16). "Sheila Bridges" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122080325/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998231,00.html) . Time Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998231,00.html) on November 22, 2010 . Retrieved 2012-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Padilla Dalmau, Camille (November 13, 2014). "How Meagan Cignoli Became the Queen of Branded Vines" (https://contently.com/2014/11/13/how-meagan-cignoli-became-the-queen-of-branded-vines/) . Contently . Retrieved June 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cut_15-0) "This Is What the American Dream Looks Like Now" (https://www.thecut.com/2016/09/this-is-what-the-american-dream-looks-like-now-c-v-r.html) . The Cut . September 20, 2016 . Retrieved June 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ramshaw, Emily (21 September 2013). "Family Affair: How Ferragamo Is Taking Over" (http://www.flare.com/fashion/family-affair-how-ferragamo-is-taking-over/) . Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Wilson, Anamaria (30 October 2012). "Fashion's Best Kept Secret" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-photography/ferragamo-massimiliano-giornetti-fashion-shoot-1112#slide-1) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_18-0) "IRK Magazine" (https://www.irkmagazine.com/single-post/2016/07/27/Designing-Mexican-Feminism-with-BARBARA-SANCHEZ-KANE) . IRK Magazine . Retrieved 2017-08-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Caotica Belleza" (http://www.sanchez-kane.com/images/press/2017/ZOOM_BARBARA.pdf) (PDF) . Vanity Fair Mexico (in Spanish): 26–27. February 2017 – via Sanchez-Kane. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "VTalent: Samu-Jussi Koski" (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/news/2011/08/samu-jussi-koski-) . Vogue Italia . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Lindén, Jannika (18 September 2016). "Designern som lever sin dröm" (https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/designern-som-lever-sin-drom-2/) . Hufvudstadsbladet . pp. 24–25. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Catching Up With Kaila: Founder of Madame Methven" (https://www.jetsetmag.com/lifestyle/fashion/catching-up-with-kaila-founder-of-madame-methven/) . jetsetmag.com . Retrieved 2020-03-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Socialite Kaila Methven bares all in $10M worth of diamonds" (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/kfc-heiress-kaila-methven-bares-all-in-10m-worth-of-diamonds) . foxnews.com . Retrieved 2020-03-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-bio1_24-0) Yefta Christopherus Asia Sanjaya (28 May 2022). Wisnubrata (ed.). "Ini Profil Puteri Indonesia 2022 Laksmi Shari De Neefe Suardana" (https://www.solopos.com/ini-profil-puteri-indonesia-2022-laksmi-shari-de-neefe-suardana-1326894) . Solopos (/wiki/Solopos) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-bio2_25-0) "Berkenalan dengan Laksmi Suardana, Puteri Indonesia 2022" (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20220528000534-277-802063/berkenalan-dengan-laksmi-suardana-puteri-indonesia-2022) . CNN Indonesia (/wiki/CNN_Indonesia) (in Indonesian). 28 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Onwards and upwards for Moses Turahirwa" (https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/onwards-and-upwards-moses-turahirwa) . The New Times | Rwanda . 2021-10-11 . Retrieved 2022-03-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Moshions, bespoke Kigali label on global stage" (https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/moshions-bespoke-kigali-label-on-global-stage--1437194) . The East African . 2020-07-05 . Retrieved 2022-03-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-zucchelli_legacy_28-0) Alexander Fury, Ciao, Italo: Alexander Fury Considers Italo Zucchelli’s Legacy as He Exits Calvin Klein Collection (https://www.vogue.com/article/calvin-klein-italo-zucchelli-legacy) , Vogue.com , 2 April 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Francisco Costa and Italo Zucchelli Are Out at Calvin Klein (https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/04/19/fashion/the-designers-francisco-costa-and-italo-zucchelli-are-out-at-calvin-klein/s/20160419COSTA-slide-0Y7T.html) , Nytimes.com , 19 April 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Diverse Success of Polimoda People" (https://www.polimoda.com/diverse-success-polimoda-people-polimoda-congratulates-rachele-risaliti-winning-miss-italia-2016/) . www.polimoda.com . 2019-12-18 . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Nazione, La. "Miss Italia con l'alloro: Rachele Risaliti si è laureata al Polimoda / FOTO e VIDEO - Moda" (https://www.lanazione.it/moda/laurea-rachele-risaliti-miss-italia-1.3964541) . La Nazione (in Italian) . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . 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This article uses bare URLs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs) , which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot (/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) . Please consider converting them to full citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles) to ensure the article remains verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples) and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week&defaults=y) ( documentation (/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill) ) and Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) ( documentation (/wiki/User:Citation_bot) ) . ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . 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Find sources: "Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week Genre clothing and fashion exhibitions Date(s) August Frequency each summer [ clarification needed ] Location(s) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) Inaugurated 2013 Founder Andrew Tan Website www.klfashionweek.com (http://www.klfashionweek.com/) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week , held in August in Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , capital city of Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , is a series of summer events (generally lasting five days) where international fashion collections are shown to buyers, the press and the general public. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week was created in 2013 as a platform for Malaysian designers to present and showcase their ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collections, with the hopes of highlighting the strengths and creativity of Malaysia's Fashion Industry to local and international consumers. [ citation needed ] Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week is held at the Pavilion Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Pavilion_Kuala_Lumpur) in Malaysia in August and attracts more than 150,000 people. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week is reserved for fashion professionals and can only be attended by invitation or accreditation. [ citation needed ] Journalists, bloggers, and buyers are accredited by the organizers of the event and the ready-to-wear brands who select any guests they choose to invite. Each year, organizers decide which five brands will present their collections while featuring a mix of other exciting designers. KLFW showcases designs never seen before, providing viewers with a first-hand look at designs. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) History [ edit ] KLFW was created by Mr. Andrew Tan, who was invited to an event in Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) , London (/wiki/London) , for the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange (/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Fashion_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1) , which encourages emerging designers to display their talents and showcase it to the world. [ citation needed ] Through support of Tourism Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week had its chance to travel the world. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week involves ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) fashion. Ready-to-wear focuses on designing clothes that are immediately marketable. Months after KLFW you will find majority of the designs ready for purchase in stores. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) 2019 KLFW [ edit ] Andrew Tan, the founder of KLFW, showcased batik (/wiki/Batik) as a contemporary element in fashion through the Fashion Forward Batik Initiative. [ citation needed ] Kit Woo's Utilitarian unisex collection consisting of abstract shapes, patchwork detailing and oversized fits in denim with a pop of color. Designers highlighted support for sustainable and ethical fashion aligning with Airasia (/wiki/Airasia) , the Commonwealth Fashion Council (/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Fashion_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) of UK, and the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) ' sustainable development goal. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) http://www.glamasia.com/2016/05/31/need-know-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week-16/ (http://www.glamasia.com/2016/05/31/need-know-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week-16/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Veera, Sushma (9 November 2016). "KL Fashion Week RTW 2016: A contrast of strength and femininity from Sher and Lin" (https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/187166/kl-fashion-week-rtw-2016-contrast-strength-and-femininity-sher-and-lin) . NST Online . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ihsan, Syida Lizta Amirul (1 February 2017). "A new hope" (https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/02/208750/new-hope) . NST Online . ^ (#cite_ref-4) India, The Hans (20 August 2016). "Local designer represents India at Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2016-08-20/Local-designer-represents-India-at-Kuala-Lumpur-Fashion-Week/249438) . www.thehansindia.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170629004309/http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Isetan-and-KL-Fashion-Week-collaborate-for-the-first-time) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Isetan-and-KL-Fashion-Week-collaborate-for-the-first-time) on 2017-06-29 . Retrieved 2017-02-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "All You Need to Know About the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://blisssaigon.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week/) . BlissSaigon . Retrieved 1 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "All The Highlights Of Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week 2019" (https://www.clozette.co/article/klfw-2019-shows-5808) . www.clozette.co . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐lfrn6 Cached time: 20240713215916 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.403 seconds Real time usage: 0.510 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1843/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51568/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3663/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36404/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.273/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5138440/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 461.059 1 -total 27.34% 126.072 1 Template:Reflist 23.90% 110.201 6 Template:Cite_web 20.78% 95.820 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 20.03% 92.342 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 19.48% 89.818 1 Template:Navbox 18.80% 86.684 1 Template:Infobox 18.56% 85.591 2 Template:Ambox 17.39% 80.168 1 Template:Cleanup_bare_URLs 7.59% 35.011 4 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43362948-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713215916 and revision id 1156856003. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week&oldid=1156856003 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week&oldid=1156856003) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2013 establishments in Malaysia (/wiki/Category:2013_establishments_in_Malaysia) Recurring events established in 2013 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2013) Fashion events in Malaysia (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Malaysia) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) August events (/wiki/Category:August_events) Culture of Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Kuala_Lumpur) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles needing cleanup from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_August_2022) Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2022) All articles with bare URLs for citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2022) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles needing additional references from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2020) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020) |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle Eastern clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_clothing) . Middle Eastern (/wiki/Middle_East) clothing. Clothing can vary depending on family traditions. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐hfksk Cached time: 20240720165637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.063 seconds Real time usage: 0.134 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2617/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 392/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.035/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946184/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 124.358 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 124.358 1 -total 97.05% 120.688 1 Template:Sister_project 95.50% 118.756 1 Template:Side_box 4.85% 6.028 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5459706-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165637 and revision id 1217619121. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. A Afghan clothing (/wiki/Category:Afghan_clothing) (17 P) Arabic clothing (/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing) (10 C, 26 P) I Iranian clothing (/wiki/Category:Iranian_clothing) (5 C, 26 P) Islamic clothing (/wiki/Category:Islamic_clothing) (2 C, 11 P) M Mandaean clothing (/wiki/Category:Mandaean_clothing) (4 P) P Palestinian clothing (/wiki/Category:Palestinian_clothing) (6 P) S Saudi Arabian clothing (/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabian_clothing) (4 P) T Turkish clothing (/wiki/Category:Turkish_clothing) (2 C, 13 P) Pages in category "Middle Eastern clothing" The following 28 pages are in this category, out of 28 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Agal (accessory) (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Ammama (/wiki/Ammama) B Banyan (clothing) (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Biblical clothing (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Biblical sandals (/wiki/Biblical_sandals) Bisht (clothing) (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) C Central Asian clothing (/wiki/Central_Asian_clothing) F Fouta towel (/wiki/Fouta_towel) G Gargush (/wiki/Gargush) H Hejazi turban (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) I Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) J Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) K Kallawtah (/wiki/Kallawtah) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) L Labbadeh (/wiki/Labbadeh) P Palestinian traditional costumes (/wiki/Palestinian_traditional_costumes) Persian clothing (/wiki/Persian_clothing) S Saraquj (/wiki/Saraquj) Sharbush (/wiki/Sharbush) Shendyt (/wiki/Shendyt) Sirwal (/wiki/Sirwal) T Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (cap) (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Tiraz (/wiki/Tiraz) Turban (/wiki/Turban) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Middle_Eastern_clothing&oldid=1217619121 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Middle_Eastern_clothing&oldid=1217619121) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of the Middle East (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Middle_East) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Clothing by culture (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_culture) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
< Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) WikiProject Fashion Project standards Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal) : Fashion Portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Shortcuts (/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut) : WP:FASH (/wiki/Wikipedia:FASH) , WP:FASHION (/wiki/Wikipedia:FASHION) Project template: {{ WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Fashion) }} Member userbox (/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes) : {{ User Fashion (/wiki/Template:User_Fashion) }} Barnstar: {{ The Fashion Barnstar (/wiki/Template:The_Fashion_Barnstar) |put your message here ~~~~}} Related projects WikiProject Textile Arts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts) WikiProject Gemology and Jewelry (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gemology_and_Jewelry) Resources Style guide and Templates (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion/right_panel/Style_guidelines&action=edit&redlink=1) Fashion articles by quality and importance Quality Importance Top (/wiki/Category:Top-importance_fashion_articles) High (/wiki/Category:High-importance_fashion_articles) Mid (/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_fashion_articles) Low (/wiki/Category:Low-importance_fashion_articles) NA (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) ??? (/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_fashion_articles) Total FA (/wiki/Category:FA-Class_fashion_articles) 3 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=FA-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 24 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=FA-Class&importance=Low-Class) 27 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=FA-Class) FL (/wiki/Category:FL-Class_fashion_articles) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=FL-Class&importance=Low-Class) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=FL-Class) GA (/wiki/Category:GA-Class_fashion_articles) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class&importance=Top-Class) 13 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class&importance=High-Class) 17 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 64 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 96 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=GA-Class) B (/wiki/Category:B-Class_fashion_articles) 14 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class&importance=Top-Class) 62 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class&importance=High-Class) 151 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 174 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class&importance=Low-Class) 51 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 452 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=B-Class) C (/wiki/Category:C-Class_fashion_articles) 16 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=Top-Class) 112 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=High-Class) 276 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 711 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=NA-Class) 244 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 1,360 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=C-Class) Start (/wiki/Category:Start-Class_fashion_articles) 27 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=Top-Class) 161 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=High-Class) 737 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 2,774 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=NA-Class) 1,089 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 4,789 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Start-Class) Stub (/wiki/Category:Stub-Class_fashion_articles) 26 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Stub-Class&importance=High-Class) 227 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Stub-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 1,587 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Stub-Class&importance=Low-Class) 657 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Stub-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 2,497 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Stub-Class) List (/wiki/Category:List-Class_fashion_articles) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class&importance=High-Class) 11 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 61 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class&importance=NA-Class) 50 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 125 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=List-Class) Category (/wiki/Category:Category-Class_fashion_articles) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Category-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 1,293 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Category-Class&importance=NA-Class) 1,295 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Category-Class) Disambig (/wiki/Category:Disambig-Class_fashion_articles) 3 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Disambig-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Disambig-Class&importance=Low-Class) 14 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Disambig-Class&importance=NA-Class) 18 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Disambig-Class) File (/wiki/Category:File-Class_fashion_articles) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=File-Class&importance=Low-Class) 74 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=File-Class&importance=NA-Class) 75 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=File-Class) Portal (/wiki/Category:Portal-Class_fashion_articles) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Portal-Class&importance=NA-Class) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Portal-Class) Project (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Project-Class&importance=High-Class) 30 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Project-Class&importance=NA-Class) 31 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Project-Class) Template (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Template-Class&importance=Low-Class) 123 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Template-Class&importance=NA-Class) 124 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Template-Class) NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) 12 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=NA-Class&importance=High-Class) 41 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=NA-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 152 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=NA-Class&importance=Low-Class) 268 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=NA-Class&importance=NA-Class) 473 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=NA-Class) Draft (/wiki/Category:Draft-Class_fashion_articles) 6 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Draft-Class&importance=Low-Class) 143 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Draft-Class&importance=NA-Class) 149 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Draft-Class) Assessed 58 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=Top-Class) 389 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=High-Class) 1,468 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 5,558 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1,950 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=NA-Class) 2,092 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 11,515 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Assessed-Class) Unassessed (/wiki/Category:Unassessed_fashion_articles) 2 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class&importance=Mid-Class) 8 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class&importance=Low-Class) 1 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class&importance=NA-Class) 581 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class&importance=Unknown-Class) 592 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?quality=Unassessed-Class) Total 58 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?importance=Top-Class) 389 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?importance=High-Class) 1,470 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?importance=Mid-Class) 5,566 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?importance=Low-Class) 1,951 (https://wp1.openzim.org/#/project/Fashion/articles?importance=NA-Class) 2,673 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(Redirected from Kanchipuram sari (/w/index.php?title=Kanchipuram_sari&redirect=no) ) Type of silk saree made in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India Kanchipuram silk Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) Kanchipuram silk saris Description Silk (/wiki/Silk) saris (/wiki/Sari) weaved in Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram) Type Handicraft (/wiki/Handicraft) Area Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram) , Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) Country India (/wiki/India) Registered 2005–2006 Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) The Kanchipuram silk sari is a type of silk (/wiki/Silk) sari (/wiki/Sari) made in the Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram) region in Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) , India (/wiki/India) . [1] (#cite_note-Hindu-1) These saris are worn as bridal & special occasion saris by most women in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. It has been recognized as a Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) by the Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) in 2005–2006. [2] (#cite_note-GI-2) [3] (#cite_note-easenorms-3) [4] (#cite_note-gitrails-4) As of 2008, an estimated 5,000 families were involved in sari production. [5] (#cite_note-5) There are 25 silk and cotton yarn industries and 60 dyeing units in the region. [6] (#cite_note-6) Weaving [ edit ] The saris are woven from pure mulberry silk (/wiki/Mulberry) thread. The pure mulberry silk and the Zari used in the making of Kanchipuram saris comes from South India. [7] (#cite_note-Kanchi-7) To weave a Kanchipuram sari three shuttles are used. While the weaver works on the right side, his aide works on the left side shuttle. The border colour and design are usually quite different from the body. If the mundhi (the hanging end of the sari) has to be woven in a different shade, it is first separately woven and then delicately joined to the Sari. [7] (#cite_note-Kanchi-7) The part where the body meets the mundhi is often denoted by a zigzag (/wiki/Zigzag) line. [8] (#cite_note-textile-8) In a genuine Kanchipuram Silk Sari, body and border are woven separately and then interlocked together. The joint is woven so strongly that even if the saris tears, the border will not detach. That differentiates the kanchivaram silk saris from the others. [9] (#cite_note-9) Design [ edit ] Saris are distinguished by their wide contrast borders. Temple borders, checks, stripes and floral (buttas) are traditional designs found on a Kanchipuram saris. [8] (#cite_note-textile-8) The patterns and designs in the kanchipuram saris were inspired with images and scriptures in South Indian temples or natural features like leaves, birds and animals. [10] (#cite_note-10) These are saris with rich woven mundhi showing paintings of Raja Ravi Varma (/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma) and epics of Mahabharata (/wiki/Mahabharata) and Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana) . Kanchipuram saris vary widely in cost depending upon the intricacy of work, colours, pattern, material used like zari (/wiki/Zari) (gold thread) etc. The silk is also known for its quality and craftsmanship, which has helped earn its name. [11] (#cite_note-11) Significance [ edit ] Kanchipuram saris woven with heavy silk and gold cloth are considered to be special and are worn on occasions and festivities. [12] (#cite_note-12) Geographical Indication [ edit ] In 2005, the Government of Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu) applied for Geographical Indication (/wiki/Geographical_Indication) for Kanchipuram saris. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) recognized it as a Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) officially since the year 2005-06. [2] (#cite_note-GI-2) In popular culture [ edit ] The Tamil film Kanchivaram (/wiki/Kanchivaram) released in 2008 depicts the struggles of silk weavers in Kanchipuram. See also [ edit ] Mysore silk (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Ilkal sari (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Navalgund Durries (/wiki/Navalgund_Durries) Tissue (cloth) (/wiki/Tissue_(cloth)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Hindu_1-0) "Weaving through the threads" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ a b "Geographical indication" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/) . Government of India. Archived from the original (http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/) on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-easenorms_3-0) "Government eases norms for gold-silver mix in Kanchipuram sarees" (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/news/30561514_1_silk-sarees-kanchipuram-weavers) . The Economic Times . Chennai. 27 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-gitrails_4-0) "GI tag: TN trails Karnataka with 18 products" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121103144531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 29 August 2010. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection) on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rao, P.V.L. Narasimha (2008). Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples . New Delhi: Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-93-5018-104-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Industries in Kanchipuram" (https://archive.today/20121219003842/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_industry.htm) . Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original (http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_industry.htm) on 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ^ a b "Kanchipuram Sari" (https://archive.today/20130411215318/http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/kanchipuram-sari.html) . Tamilnadu.com. 16 October 2012. Archived from the original (http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/kanchipuram-sari.html) on 11 April 2013. ^ a b Sajnani, Manohar (2001). Encyclopaedia of tourism resources in India . New Delhi: Kalpaz Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788178350189 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kanchipuram sarees" (http://www.aboutkanchipuram.com/Silk%20Sarees.html) . aboutkanchipuram.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Kanchipuram Sari designs" (http://kanjivaramsilks.com) . 22 October 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-11) de Bruyn, Pippa; Keith Bain; David Allardice; Shonar Joshi (2010). Frommer's India (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470556108 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Henderson, Carol E. (2002). Culture and customs of India . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313305139 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "GI tag: TN trails Karnataka with 18 products" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/GI-tag-TN-trails-Karnataka-with-18-products/articleshow/6458268.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 29 August 2013. 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(/wiki/Tussar_silk) North (/wiki/North_India) Banarasi (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Shalu (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) South (/wiki/South_India) Arani (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Coimbatore (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Gadwal (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Gollabhama (/wiki/Gollabhama_sari) Ilkal (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Kanchipuram Kandangi (/wiki/Kandangi) Kuthampully (/wiki/Kuthampully_Saree) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Mangalagiri (/wiki/Mangalagiri_Sarees_and_Fabrics) Molakalmuru (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum Neriyathum (/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum) Mysore (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Pochampally (/wiki/Pochampally_sari) Salem (/wiki/Salem_silk) Thirubuvanam (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) Uppada Jamdani (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_Sari) Venkatagiri (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) West (/wiki/West_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Kasta (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Patola (/wiki/Patola_sari) Related topics Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) NewPP limit report 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Vietnamese model and beauty pageant titleholder Đặng Thanh Ngân Born Đặng Thanh Ngân ( 1999-09-03 ) September 3, 1999 (age 24) Sóc Trăng (/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_province) , Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Education Can Tho University (/wiki/Can_Tho_University) Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Supranational Vietnam 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Vietnam) Hair color Black Eye color Black Major competition(s) Miss Ocean Vietnam 2017 (2nd Runner-Up) Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) (4th Runner-Up) Đặng Thanh Ngân (born September 3, 1999) is a Vietnamese model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the second runner-up of Miss Ocean Vietnam 2017. [1] (#cite_note-1) She was appointed to represent Vietnam at Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) competition, where she finished as fourth runner-up. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Dang was born on September 3, 1999, in Sóc Trăng (/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_province) , she used to study at Can Tho University but she temporarily put it off. [5] (#cite_note-5) In addition, she participated in a professional stage actor training course at Hong Van Drama Theater. [6] (#cite_note-6) She was once crowned Miss Elegance Student of Can Tho City 2017. [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] Miss Ocean Vietnam 2017 [ edit ] Dang first participated in the beauty pageant in 2017 with Miss Ocean Vietnam 2017. At the coronation night, she finished second runner-up behind the eventual winner, Lê Âu Ngân Anh of Tiền Giang (/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Giang_province) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Acting career [ edit ] Dang won the Leading Star Award 2018. [9] (#cite_note-9) With a passion for drama, she participated in a professional stage actor training course at Hong Van Drama Theater. In 2022, she got her first theater role. [10] (#cite_note-10) Miss Supranational 2023 [ edit ] In 2023, she was announced to be the representative of Vietnam at Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) to be held in Poland on July 14, 2023. [11] (#cite_note-11) At the end of the competition, Dang was announced as the fourth runner-up, being the third representative from Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) to be in the top 5. Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) of Ecuador (/wiki/Ecuador) became the overall winner. Additionally, she won the Supra Fan-Vote award which helped her advance into the Top 12. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Thanh Thanh (October 28, 2017). "Cô gái Tiền Giang đăng quang Hoa hậu Đại dương 2017" (https://vnexpress.net/co-gai-tien-giang-dang-quang-hoa-hau-dai-duong-2017-3662337.html) . VnExpress . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Thạch Anh (May 5, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân thi Hoa hậu Siêu quốc gia 2023" (https://thanhnien.vn/dang-thanh-ngan-thi-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-2023-185230505092639494.htm) . Thanh Niên . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Viết Thịnh (May 5, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân sẽ đại diện Việt Nam tham dự 'Hoa hậu Siêu quốc gia' (https://plo.vn/dang-thanh-ngan-se-dai-dien-viet-nam-tham-du-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-post731854.html) " (https://plo.vn/dang-thanh-ngan-se-dai-dien-viet-nam-tham-du-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-post731854.html) . Pháp Luật . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tân Cao (July 15, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân đoạt á hậu 4 Hoa hậu Siêu quốc gia" (https://vnexpress.net/dang-thanh-ngan-doat-a-hau-4-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-4629466.html) . VnExpress . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hoàng Dung (May 5, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân thi Miss Supranational 2023" (https://vnexpress.net/dang-thanh-ngan-thi-miss-supranational-2023-4601419.html) . VnExpress . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mai An (May 5, 2023). "Người đẹp Đặng Thanh Ngân sẽ tham dự Hoa hậu Siêu quốc gia 2023" (https://www.sggp.org.vn/nguoi-dep-dang-thanh-ngan-se-tham-du-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-2023-post688370.html) . Sài Gòn Giải Phóng . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Đặng Thanh Ngân và Nguyễn Chí Phong đăng quang hội thi học sinh, sinh viên thanh lịch TP Cần Thơ lần thứ IV" (https://doanthanhnien.vn/tin-tuc/hoi-sinh-vien-viet-nam/dang-thanh-ngan-va-nguyen-chi-phong-dang-quang-hoi-thi-hoc-sinh-sinh-vien-thanh-lich-tp-can-tho-lan-thu-iv) . doanthanhnien.vn . January 17, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Băng Châu (October 25, 2017). "Lê Âu Ngân Anh đăng quang Hoa hậu Đại Dương 2017" (https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-au-ngan-anh-dang-quang-hoa-hau-dai-duong-2017-20171029065419781.htm) . Dân Trí . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "14 Ngôi Sao Danh Vọng Toàn Quốc sẵn sàng chinh phục đấu trường sắc đẹp Thế giới" (https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/14-ngoi-sao-danh-vong-toan-quoc-san-sang-chinh-phuc-dau-truong-sac-dep-the-gioi-20181121102903747.htm) . Dân Trí . November 21, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Hùng Trần (May 7, 2022). "Á hậu Đặng Thanh Ngân lần đầu đóng kịch "Tấm lòng của biển" (https://thantuong.tv/san-khau/a-hau-dang-thanh-ngan-lan-dau-dong-kich-tam-long-cua-bien-33060.html) " (https://thantuong.tv/san-khau/a-hau-dang-thanh-ngan-lan-dau-dong-kich-tam-long-cua-bien-33060.html) . thantuong.tv . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Tuấn Chiêu (May 5, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân dự thi Hoa hậu Siêu quốc gia 2023" (https://vietnamnet.vn/dang-thanh-ngan-du-dau-truong-hoa-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-2023-2139587.html) . Vietnamnet . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Thạch Anh (July 15, 2023). "Đặng Thanh Ngân nói gì về thành tích Á hậu Siêu quốc gia?" (https://thanhnien.vn/dang-thanh-ngan-noi-gi-ve-thanh-tich-a-hau-sieu-quoc-gia-18523071509345658.htm) . Thanh Niên . Awards and achievements Preceded by Ismelys Velásquez (/wiki/Ismelys_Vel%C3%A1squez) Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational) 4th Runner-Up 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) Succeeded by Chanelle De Lau Preceded by Nguyễn Huỳnh Kim Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Kim_Duy%C3%AAn) Miss Supranational Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Vietnam#Vietnam's_representatives_at_Miss_Supranational) 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) Succeeded by Lydie Wache Marie Vu Preceded by Lê Thị Vân Quỳnh Miss Ocean Vietnam 2nd Runner-Up 2017 Succeeded by Hồ Thị Thanh Thủy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Đặng Thanh Ngân . v t e Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) contestants Sancler Frantz (/wiki/Sancler_Frantz) Valentina Mora (/wiki/Valentina_Mora) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) Pragnya Ayyagari (/wiki/Pragnya_Ayyagari) Yasinta Aurellia (/wiki/Yasinta_Aurellia) Pauline Amelinckx (/wiki/Pauline_Amelinckx) Aleksandra Klepaczka (/wiki/Aleksandra_Klepaczka) Selene Delgado (/wiki/Selene_Delgado) Đặng Thanh Ngân Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Vietnam (/wiki/Portal:Vietnam) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rf5rj Cached time: 20240720220940 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.580 seconds Real time usage: 0.781 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5573/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54486/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9955/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 59910/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.389/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9167620/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 726.870 1 -total 29.07% 211.275 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 20.62% 149.879 1 Template:Reflist 18.03% 131.051 12 Template:Cite_web 16.96% 123.277 1 Template:Miss_Supranational_2023_delegates 16.40% 119.239 1 Template:Navbox 10.82% 78.632 1 Template:Short_description 9.69% 70.399 39 Template:Main_other 7.71% 56.053 11 Template:Flagicon 6.22% 45.197 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74377386-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720220940 and revision id 1233018981. 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Tbilisi Fashion Week Model walks the runway at Tbilisi Fashion Week 2012 Genre fashion catwalk shows, clothing and fashion exhibitions, and surrounding events Frequency biannually Location(s) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) , Georgia Inaugurated 2009 Founder Tako Chkheidze Website tbilisifashionweek (http://tbilisifashionweek.com) .com (http://tbilisifashionweek.com) Tbilisi Fashion Week , or TFW ( Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_language) : თბილისის მოდის კვირეული , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian) : tbilisis modis k'vireuli ) is a Georgian (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in its capital city of Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) . TFW hosts industry professionals twice a year, in Spring and Fall. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) TFW was established in 2009 during Tbilisoba (/wiki/Tbilisoba) festival. [3] (#cite_note-3) TFW is a fashion (/wiki/Fashion) hub in the Caucasus (/wiki/Caucasus) which maintains the fashion industry development and introduces new faces and exports Georgian fashion production. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Georgia's fashion industry, TFW and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi) have garnered international attention following the success of home-grown talent designers like David Koma (/wiki/David_Koma) , and more importantly Demna Gvasalia (/wiki/Demna_Gvasalia) of luxury brand Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) and his own brand Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Tbilisi is now dubbed as one of the "fashion capitals of Eastern Europe". [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Locations [ edit ] TFW keeps experimenting with hosting fashion venues on different locations all over the city, from museums or art galleries, nightclubs (/wiki/Nightclub) like Bassiani (/wiki/Bassiani) to Old Tbilisi (/wiki/Old_Tbilisi) streets. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also. [ edit ] Culture of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)) Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tbilisi Fashion Week (https://www.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=USRTXUZ1U#a=1) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) November 21/22, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Marc Bouwer to join fashion designers in Tbilisi Fashion Week (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/xinhua/2013-04-03/content_8674427.html) China Daily ^ (#cite_ref-3) (in Georgian) ხვალ კომპანია „ჯეოფეშენის“ პრეზენტაცია გაიმართება (http://www.internet.ge/v3-0/index.php?action=news&category=5&news=63808) ინტერნეტ.გე ^ (#cite_ref-4) (in Italian) Moda Made in Georgia: belle scoperte alla fashion week di Tbilisi (http://jamfashion.glamour.it/2013/08/05/moda-made-in-georgia-belle-scoperte-alla-fashion-week-di-tbilisi/#?refresh_ce) Glamour.it ^ (#cite_ref-5) Critics Brand Tbilisi Fashion Week a Success (http://politics.finchannel.com/news_flash/CityLife/76323_Critics_Brand_Tbilisi_Fashion_Week_a_Success/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032311/http://politics.finchannel.com/news_flash/CityLife/76323_Critics_Brand_Tbilisi_Fashion_Week_a_Success/) 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) The FINANCIAL ^ (#cite_ref-6) (in Russian) Tbilisi Fashion Week (http://elle.ua/moda/modny-blog/Tbilisi-Fashion-Week-by-Natuka-Karkashadze) ELLE.ua ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tbilisi's term as fashion capital (http://english.cntv.cn/program/cultureexpress/20121219/102136.shtml) CNTV ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Week (/wiki/The_Week) From Hyères to Mercedes-Benz: Fashion Week Tbilisi (https://www.theweek.co.uk/98360/from-hy-res-to-mercedes-benz-fashion-week-tbilisi-how-the-german-automobile-giant-supports) Dec 11, 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Silver, Dena The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) Georgia Just Might Be the Fashion Capital of Eastern Europe (https://observer.com/2016/12/georgia-just-might-be-the-fashion-capital-of-eastern-europe/) 12/05/16 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Paton, Elizabeth The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) A New Fashion Hub? Eastern Europe (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/fashion/designers-poland-hungary-romania.html) Nov, 12, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bobila, Maria With the Industry's Attention on Tbilisi, Can Georgia's Fashion Scene Finally Go Global? (https://fashionista.com/2018/11/tbilisi-georgia-fashion-week-designers-global-business) Nov 13, 2018 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tbilisi Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) . Official website (http://www.tbilisifashionweek.com) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐v8xcp Cached time: 20240720182523 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.437 seconds Real time usage: 0.745 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1008/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20335/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1306/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17144/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.291/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15439171/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 556.514 1 -total 30.81% 171.483 1 Template:Lang-ka 22.56% 125.524 1 Template:Language_with_name 22.12% 123.084 1 Template:Lang 21.79% 121.237 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 21.35% 118.802 1 Template:Navbox 15.30% 85.153 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 15.29% 85.101 1 Template:Commonscat 14.54% 80.916 1 Template:Sister_project 14.17% 78.880 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35627755-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182523 and revision id 1194678869. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi_Fashion_Week&oldid=1194678869 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi_Fashion_Week&oldid=1194678869) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Georgia_(country)) Fashion events in Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Georgia_(country)) Culture in Tbilisi (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Tbilisi) 2009 establishments in Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:2009_establishments_in_Georgia_(country)) Recurring events established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2009) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Articles with Georgian-language sources (ka) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) Articles containing Georgian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) |
W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) is a women's beauty magazine published by Condé Nast Publications (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) . A famous person, usually an actress, singer, or model, is featured on the cover of each month's issue. Following are the names of each cover subject from the most recent issue to the first issue of W under editorship of Patrick McCarthy (/wiki/Patrick_McCarthy_(publisher)) in August 1993. Sara Moonves (/wiki/Sara_Moonves) is the current editor in chief of W , having been promoted in 2019. [1] (#cite_note-1) Since 2013, the magazine will combine the January/December and June/July issues so as to free up money to invest in the magazine's digital brand. [2] (#cite_note-2) 1993 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer August Nadège du Bospertus (/wiki/Nad%C3%A8ge_du_Bospertus) & Claudia Mason (/wiki/Claudia_Mason) Dewey Nicks (/wiki/Dewey_Nicks) September Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) J.R. Duran November Cecilia Chancellor (/wiki/Cecilia_Chancellor) Perry Ogden December Michael McCraine (/w/index.php?title=Michael_McCraine&action=edit&redlink=1) Raymond Meier (/wiki/Raymond_Meier_(photographer)) 1994 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Cecilia Chancellor (/wiki/Cecilia_Chancellor) Raymond Meier (/wiki/Raymond_Meier_(photographer)) February Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Kim Knott April Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Martin Brading May Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Wayne Maser June Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) July Phoebe O'Brien (/w/index.php?title=Phoebe_O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1) Marc Hom (/wiki/Marc_Hom) August Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) October Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Robert Erdmann November Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) December Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) 1995 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) March Niki Taylor (/wiki/Niki_Taylor) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) April Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) May Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) June Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) July Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) August Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) September Kate (/wiki/Kate_Moss) & Nick Moss (/w/index.php?title=Nick_Moss_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) October Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) November Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) December Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) & Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) 1996 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Miles Aldridge (/wiki/Miles_Aldridge) March Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) & Amy Wesson (/wiki/Amy_Wesson) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) April Demi Moore (/wiki/Demi_Moore) Matthew Rolston (/wiki/Matthew_Rolston) May Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Nathaniel Goldberg June Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Tasha Tilberg (/wiki/Tasha_Tilberg) & Sharon van der Knaap (/w/index.php?title=Sharon_van_der_Knaap&action=edit&redlink=1) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 1997 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Tom Cruise (/wiki/Tom_Cruise) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) April Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) November Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 1998 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Liv Tyler (/wiki/Liv_Tyler) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 1999 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Michelle Pfeiffer (/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) August Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Kristin Scott Thomas (/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Jodie Foster (/wiki/Jodie_Foster) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2000 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Calista Flockhart (/wiki/Calista_Flockhart) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) August Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Meg Ryan (/wiki/Meg_Ryan) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2001 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Tasha Tilberg (/wiki/Tasha_Tilberg) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) March Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) May Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) June Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Liv Tyler (/wiki/Liv_Tyler) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Renée Zellweger (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2002 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Hugh Grant (/wiki/Hugh_Grant) & Lauren Bush (/wiki/Lauren_Bush) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Winona Ryder (/wiki/Winona_Ryder) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Tom Cruise (/wiki/Tom_Cruise) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) , Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Patti Hansen (/wiki/Patti_Hansen) , Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) , Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) , Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) , Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , & Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Reese Witherspoon (/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) November Travis Fimmel (/wiki/Travis_Fimmel) & Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2003 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Selma Blair (/wiki/Selma_Blair) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) April Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) May Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) June Sarah Jessica Parker (/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) October Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Jennifer Garner (/wiki/Jennifer_Garner) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) 2004 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Naomi Watts (/wiki/Naomi_Watts) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) May Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Catherine Zeta-Jones (/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) September Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) October Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) December Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2005 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Renée Zellweger (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Lindsay Lohan (/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) June Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) July Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) & Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) August Katie Holmes (/wiki/Katie_Holmes) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Kirsten Dunst (/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) December Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2006 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Mary-Kate Olsen (/wiki/Mary-Kate_Olsen) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) February Reese Witherspoon (/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Jessica Simpson (/wiki/Jessica_Simpson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) May Meryl Streep (/wiki/Meryl_Streep) & Lindsay Lohan (/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) July Kate Bosworth (/wiki/Kate_Bosworth) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) September Christina Ricci (/wiki/Christina_Ricci) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) & Richard Tuttle December Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) 2007 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) February Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) & Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) March Ellen DeGeneres (/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) April Kirsten Dunst (/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) May America Ferrera (/wiki/America_Ferrera) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) July Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August David (/wiki/David_Beckham) & Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) September Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) October Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) , Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) , Jessica Simpson (/wiki/Jessica_Simpson) , Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , Katie Holmes (/wiki/Katie_Holmes) , Lindsay Lohan (/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) , Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Richard Prince (/wiki/Richard_Prince) December Renée Zellweger (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger) & George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) 2008 [ edit ] sIssue Cover model Photographer January Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) February Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) & James McAvoy (/wiki/James_McAvoy) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) March Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) & Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) April Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) May Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) June Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) July Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) August Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) September Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Anne Hathaway (/wiki/Anne_Hathaway) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) November Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) December Blake Lively (/wiki/Blake_Lively) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) 2009 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) February Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) Chuck Close (/wiki/Chuck_Close) March Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) April Drew Barrymore (/wiki/Drew_Barrymore) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) May Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) June Ginnifer Goodwin (/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) July Bruce (/wiki/Bruce_Willis) & Emma Willis (/wiki/Emma_Heming) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) August Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) September Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) November Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Pierpaolo Ferrari December Demi Moore (/wiki/Demi_Moore) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) 2010 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Jennifer Garner (/wiki/Jennifer_Garner) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) February Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) March Megan Fox (/wiki/Megan_Fox) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Gerard Butler (/wiki/Gerard_Butler) & Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) May Julianna Margulies (/wiki/Julianna_Margulies) Nathaniel Goldberg June Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) July Eva Mendes (/wiki/Eva_Mendes) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) August Rebecca Hall (/wiki/Rebecca_Hall) & Jon Hamm (/wiki/Jon_Hamm) Nathaniel Goldberg September Emma Roberts (/wiki/Emma_Roberts) , Zoë Kravitz (/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz) , & Mary Elizabeth Winstead (/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Winstead) Kat Dennings (/wiki/Kat_Dennings) & Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) Yaya DaCosta (/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta) , Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) , & Greta Gerwig (/wiki/Greta_Gerwig) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) October Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) & Ryan Gosling (/wiki/Ryan_Gosling) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) November Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) Mark Seliger (/wiki/Mark_Seliger) December Katherine Heigl (/wiki/Katherine_Heigl) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) 2011 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) & Garrett Hedlund (/wiki/Garrett_Hedlund) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) February Rooney Mara (/wiki/Rooney_Mara) Jean-Baptiste Mondino (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino) March Mila Kunis (/wiki/Mila_Kunis) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Mia Wasikowska (/wiki/Mia_Wasikowska) & Michael Fassbender (/wiki/Michael_Fassbender) Jean-Baptiste Mondino (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino) May January Jones (/wiki/January_Jones) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) June Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) & Tom Hanks (/wiki/Tom_Hanks) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) July Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) Daniele & Iango August Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) September Kristen Stewart (/wiki/Kristen_Stewart) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Justin Timberlake (/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) & Amanda Seyfried (/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) November Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) Francesco Vezzoli (/wiki/Francesco_Vezzoli) Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) Max Vadukul (/wiki/Max_Vadukul) December Elle (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) & Dakota Fanning (/wiki/Dakota_Fanning) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) 2012 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) February Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) & Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) April Jessica Biel (/wiki/Jessica_Biel) Mikael Jansson (/wiki/Mikael_Jansson_(photographer)) May Clive Owen (/wiki/Clive_Owen) & Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Emma Summerton June Edita Vilkevičiūtė (/wiki/Edita_Vilkevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97) Tom Cruise (/wiki/Tom_Cruise) Abbey Lee Kershaw (/wiki/Abbey_Lee_Kershaw) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) July Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) & Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) & Michael Fassbender (/wiki/Michael_Fassbender) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) September Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) November Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , Mia Wasikowska (/wiki/Mia_Wasikowska) , Rooney Mara (/wiki/Rooney_Mara) , & Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) December Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) 2013 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) Chantal Joffe (/wiki/Chantal_Joffe) Max Vadukul (/wiki/Max_Vadukul) Mickalene Thomas (/wiki/Mickalene_Thomas) Rineke Dijkstra (/wiki/Rineke_Dijkstra) February Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) , & Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Brit Marling (/wiki/Brit_Marling) & Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) May Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) June/July Emma Watson (/wiki/Emma_Watson) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) August Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) September Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Chloë Grace Moretz (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz) & Léa Seydoux (/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Seydoux) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) November Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) December/January 2014 George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) Emma Summerton 2014 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) , Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) , Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , Matthew McConaughey (/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey) , & Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) March Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Amanda Seyfried (/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) May Rosamund Pike (/wiki/Rosamund_Pike) David Fincher (/wiki/David_Fincher) June/July Amber Heard (/wiki/Amber_Heard) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) August Mila Kunis (/wiki/Mila_Kunis) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) September Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) October Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , Charlotte Casiraghi (/wiki/Charlotte_Casiraghi) , Elliot Page (/wiki/Elliot_Page) , Kristen Wiig (/wiki/Kristen_Wiig) , & Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) November Daan van der Deen (/w/index.php?title=Daan_van_der_Deen&action=edit&redlink=1) , Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) , Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) , Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) , Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) , Steve Milatos (/w/index.php?title=Steve_Milatos&action=edit&redlink=1) , Suvi Koponen (/wiki/Suvi_Koponen) , Riley Montana (/wiki/Riley_Montana) , Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) , & Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) December/January 2015 Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) Bill Viola (/wiki/Bill_Viola) 2015 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) , Benedict Cumberbatch (/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch) & Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , Bradley Cooper (/wiki/Bradley_Cooper) , Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) , Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) , Reese Witherspoon (/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon) , & Shailene Woodley (/wiki/Shailene_Woodley) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) March Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Alicia Vikander (/wiki/Alicia_Vikander) Willy Vanderperre May Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) June/July Jane Fonda (/wiki/Jane_Fonda) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Taraji P. Henson (/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) September Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Adam Driver (/wiki/Adam_Driver) , Allison Williams (/wiki/Allison_Williams_(actress)) , Claire Danes (/wiki/Claire_Danes) , Greta Gerwig (/wiki/Greta_Gerwig) , Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) , & Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) November Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) December/January 2016 Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) 2016 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Alicia Vikander (/wiki/Alicia_Vikander) , Brie Larson (/wiki/Brie_Larson) , Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) , Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) , Rooney Mara (/wiki/Rooney_Mara) , & Saoirse Ronan (/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) March Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) April Kiernan Shipka (/wiki/Kiernan_Shipka) Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) Willow Smith (/wiki/Willow_Smith) Willy Vanderperre May Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) June/July Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) August Eva Green (/wiki/Eva_Green) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) September Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) October Chris Evans (/wiki/Chris_Evans_(actor)) , Elle Fanning (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) , Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) , Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) , Jodie Foster (/wiki/Jodie_Foster) , Julia Louis-Dreyfus (/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus) , Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Kit Harington (/wiki/Kit_Harington) , Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) & Rami Malek (/wiki/Rami_Malek) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) November Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) & Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Jason Kibbler December Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2017 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) & Matthew McConaughey (/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey) Casey Affleck (/wiki/Casey_Affleck) & Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) Mahershala Ali (/wiki/Mahershala_Ali) & Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) & Joel Edgerton (/wiki/Joel_Edgerton) Ruth Negga (/wiki/Ruth_Negga) & Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) Viggo Mortensen (/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen) & Adam Driver (/wiki/Adam_Driver) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) March Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) Taraji P. Henson (/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson) Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Anya Taylor-Joy (/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) Dane DeHaan (/wiki/Dane_DeHaan) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) May Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) June/July Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) September Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) October Chris Hemsworth (/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth) , Hailee Steinfeld (/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld) , James Corden (/wiki/James_Corden) , Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) , Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) , Robert Pattinson (/wiki/Robert_Pattinson) , Saoirse Ronan (/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan) , Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , Tracee Ellis Ross (/wiki/Tracee_Ellis_Ross) , & Winona Ryder (/wiki/Winona_Ryder) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) November Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) December Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) Carrie Mae Weems (/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems) Holiday Daniel Day-Lewis (/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis) Lynn Hirschberg (/wiki/Lynn_Hirschberg) 2018 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Daniela Vega (/wiki/Daniela_Vega) & Robert Pattinson (/wiki/Robert_Pattinson) Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) & James Franco (/wiki/James_Franco) Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) & Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) & Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Saoirse Ronan (/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan) & Andrew Garfield (/wiki/Andrew_Garfield) Tom Hanks (/wiki/Tom_Hanks) & Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Vol. 2 Florence Welch (/wiki/Florence_Welch) Greta Gerwig (/wiki/Greta_Gerwig) Janelle Monáe (/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e) Jordan Peele (/wiki/Jordan_Peele) Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) & Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) Luca Guadagnino (/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino) Vol. 3 Tiffany Haddish (/wiki/Tiffany_Haddish) & Tye Sheridan (/wiki/Tye_Sheridan) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) Vol. 4 Letitia Wright (/wiki/Letitia_Wright) & Millie Bobby Brown (/wiki/Millie_Bobby_Brown) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Vol. 5 Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Alex Prager (/wiki/Alex_Prager) Jackie Nickerson Rineke Dijkstra (/wiki/Rineke_Dijkstra) Shirin Neshat (/wiki/Shirin_Neshat) Vol. 6 Bradley Cooper (/wiki/Bradley_Cooper) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Vol. 7 Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) Mickalene Thomas (/wiki/Mickalene_Thomas) Vol. 8 Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) 2019 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Claire Foy (/wiki/Claire_Foy) & Emily Blunt (/wiki/Emily_Blunt) Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) & Rami Malek (/wiki/Rami_Malek) KiKi Layne (/wiki/KiKi_Layne) & Jonah Hill (/wiki/Jonah_Hill) Mahershala Ali (/wiki/Mahershala_Ali) & Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) & Michael B. Jordan (/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan) Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Saoirse Ronan (/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Vol. 2 Angela Bassett (/wiki/Angela_Bassett) LaToya Ruby Frazier (/wiki/LaToya_Ruby_Frazier) Bel Powley (/wiki/Bel_Powley) Collier Schorr (/wiki/Collier_Schorr) Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) Yorgos Lanthimos (/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos) Yalitza Aparicio (/wiki/Yalitza_Aparicio) Carlos Somonte Vol. 3 Henry Golding (/wiki/Henry_Golding) & Naomi Scott (/wiki/Naomi_Scott) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Vol. 4 Cole Sprouse (/wiki/Cole_Sprouse) & Lili Reinhart (/wiki/Lili_Reinhart) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) Vol. 5 Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Laura Harrier (/wiki/Laura_Harrier) Angelo Penetta Lily-Rose Depp (/wiki/Lily-Rose_Depp) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Margaret Qualley (/wiki/Margaret_Qualley) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Vol. 6 Frank Ocean (/wiki/Frank_Ocean) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Rosalía (/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_(singer)) Willy Vanderperre Vol. 7 Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Nikolai von Bismarck (/wiki/Nikolai_von_Bismarck) Vol. 8 Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Colin Dodgson 2020 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Adam Driver (/wiki/Adam_Driver) , Adam Sandler (/wiki/Adam_Sandler) , Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) , Chris Evans (/wiki/Chris_Evans_(actor)) , Eddie Murphy (/wiki/Eddie_Murphy) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Joaquin Phoenix (/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix) , Laura Dern (/wiki/Laura_Dern) , & Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Vol. 2 Cho Yeo Jeong (/wiki/Cho_Yeo-jeong) Lee Jae Hyuk Debbie Harry (/wiki/Debbie_Harry) Stephen Shore (/wiki/Stephen_Shore) Margaret Qualley (/wiki/Margaret_Qualley) & Mikey Madison (/wiki/Mikey_Madison) Angelo Penetta Vol. 3 Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) Colin Dodgson Vol. 4 Michaela Coel (/wiki/Michaela_Coel) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (/wiki/Yahya_Abdul-Mateen_II) Wolfgang Tillmans (/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans) 2021 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Andra Day (/wiki/Andra_Day) , Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) , George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) , Lakeith Stanfield (/wiki/Lakeith_Stanfield) , Michelle Pfeiffer (/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer) , Riz Ahmed (/wiki/Riz_Ahmed) , Sacha Baron Cohen (/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen) , Tessa Thompson (/wiki/Tessa_Thompson) , & Vanessa Kirby (/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Vol. 2 Viola Davis (/wiki/Viola_Davis) & Genesis Tennon Andre D. Wagner (/wiki/Andre_D._Wagner) Elle Fanning (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) , Kirsten Dunst (/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst) & Rashida Jones (/wiki/Rashida_Jones) Zoë Ghertner Emerald Fennell (/wiki/Emerald_Fennell) Emerald Fennell Vol. 3 Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) Martine Syms (/wiki/Martine_Syms) Saweetie (/wiki/Saweetie) John Edmonds (/wiki/John_Edmonds_(artist)) Vol. 4 Emma Corrin (/wiki/Emma_Corrin) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Vol. 5 Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) Harmony Korine (/wiki/Harmony_Korine) Vol. 6 Jibriil Ollow Tim Walker Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) , Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) & Stormi Webster (/wiki/Stormi_Webster) Renell Medrano 2022 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Adam Driver (/wiki/Adam_Driver) , Benedict Cumberbatch (/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch) , Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , Denzel Washington (/wiki/Denzel_Washington) , Gemma Chan (/wiki/Gemma_Chan) , Jennifer Hudson (/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson) , Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) , Kristen Stewart (/wiki/Kristen_Stewart) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Honor Swinton Byrne (/wiki/Honor_Swinton_Byrne) & Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) Vol. 2 Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) Pedro Almodóvar (/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var) Alana Haim (/wiki/Alana_Haim) Paul Thomas Anderson (/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson) Maggie Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal) Willy Vanderperre Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) Jack Davison Vol. 3 Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) Jamie Hawkesworth (/wiki/Jamie_Hawkesworth) Vol. 4 Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) Rafael Pavarotti Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) Quil Lemons (/wiki/Quil_Lemons) Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) Rafael Pavarotti Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Rafael Pavarotti Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) He Cong Angelo Pennetta Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Nigel Shafran (/wiki/Nigel_Shafran) Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) Rafael Pavarotti Loli Bahia (/wiki/Loli_Bahia) Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Precious Lee (/wiki/Precious_Lee) Rafael Pavarotti Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) Sora Choi (/wiki/Sora_Choi) Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Vol. 5 Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) Renell Medrano Vol. 6 Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) 2023 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Ana de Armas (/wiki/Ana_de_Armas) , Austin Butler (/wiki/Austin_Butler) , Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) , Brendan Fraser (/wiki/Brendan_Fraser) , Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) , Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) , Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) , Jonathan Majors (/wiki/Jonathan_Majors) , Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) , Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , Michelle Yeoh (/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh) , Taylor Russell (/wiki/Taylor_Russell) & Zoë Kravitz (/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz) Jamie Hawkesworth (/wiki/Jamie_Hawkesworth) Vol. 2 Danielle Deadwyler (/wiki/Danielle_Deadwyler) Todd Field (/wiki/Todd_Field) Jennifer Coolidge (/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge) Lenne Chai (/w/index.php?title=Lenne_Chai&action=edit&redlink=1) Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) & Paul Dano (/wiki/Paul_Dano) Janusz Kamiński (/wiki/Janusz_Kami%C5%84ski) Vol. 3 Lily-Rose Depp (/wiki/Lily-Rose_Depp) & The Weeknd (/wiki/The_Weeknd) Tyler Mitchell (/wiki/Tyler_Mitchell_(photographer)) Vol. 4 Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) , Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) , & Mona Tougaard (/wiki/Mona_Tougaard) Mert Alas (/wiki/Mert_Alas) Vol. 5 Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) Vol. 6 Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) Yorgos Lanthimos (/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos) 2024 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer Vol. 1 Charles Melton (/wiki/Charles_Melton) , Colman Domingo (/wiki/Colman_Domingo) , Da'Vine Joy Randolph (/wiki/Da%27Vine_Joy_Randolph) , Greta Lee (/wiki/Greta_Lee) , Jodie Foster (/wiki/Jodie_Foster) , Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) , Lily Gladstone (/wiki/Lily_Gladstone) , Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) , Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) , Nicolas Cage (/wiki/Nicolas_Cage) , Robert Downey Jr (/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr) , Ryan Gosling (/wiki/Ryan_Gosling) , & Zac Efron (/wiki/Zac_Efron) Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) Vol. 2 America Ferrera (/wiki/America_Ferrera) Mickalene Thomas (/wiki/Mickalene_Thomas) Barry Keoghan (/wiki/Barry_Keoghan) Will Grundy (/wiki/Will_Grundy) Sandra Hüller (/wiki/Sandra_H%C3%BCller) Tyler Mitchell (/wiki/Tyler_Mitchell_(photographer)) Vol. 3 Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bernstein, Jacob (2019-09-30). "The Most Watched Editor at Fashion Week" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/style/sara-moonves-w-magazine-the-most-watched-editor-at-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Emma Bazilian (January 31, 2013), Condé Nast's W Cuts Frequency, Ups Digital Focus Magazine to move to responsive digital design , Adweek (/wiki/Adweek) , retrieved 2013-05-16 External links [ edit ] http://www.fashion-iconography.net (http://www.fashion-iconography.net) http://www.wmagazine.com (http://www.wmagazine.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fzgkg Cached time: 20240720111745 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.286 seconds Real time usage: 0.367 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1357/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4875/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 272/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8493/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3174932/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 180.063 1 -total 60.90% 109.656 1 Template:Reflist 49.37% 88.888 1 Template:Cite_news 37.84% 68.129 1 Template:Short_description 22.88% 41.201 2 Template:Pagetype 7.31% 13.170 3 Template:Main_other 6.23% 11.222 1 Template:SDcat 3.38% 6.081 1 Template:Citation 2.53% 4.550 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck 1.10% 1.984 1 Template:First_word Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39280984-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720111745 and revision id 1235640941. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_W_cover_models&oldid=1235640941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_W_cover_models&oldid=1235640941) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lists of models (/wiki/Category:Lists_of_models) Lists of people by magazine appearance (/wiki/Category:Lists_of_people_by_magazine_appearance) Magazines published in the United States (/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_the_United_States) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) |
Type of overcoat Grey wool covert coat with notched lapels (/wiki/Lapel) and black velvet (/wiki/Velvet) collar, made by Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) . A covert coat or Crombie (/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)) coat is a gentleman's overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) typically with notched lapels (/wiki/Lapel) which originated in the late 19th century as a "short topcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) " to be worn for hunting (/wiki/Hunting) and horse riding (/wiki/Horse_riding) . [1] (#cite_note-thefreedictionary-1) [2] (#cite_note-gentlemansgazette-2) Since the 20th century, after the introduction of the suit (/wiki/Suit) for everyday use in town as opposed to the frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) and the morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) , the covert coat is used as a shorter, more informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) topcoat option to the longer knee-length Chesterfield coat (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) traditionally associated with formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) . Design [ edit ] Covert cloth, from the French "couvert" (covered), is a heavy tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) named after a covered area rich in game wildlife that would serve as a starting point on a hunt. [2] (#cite_note-gentlemansgazette-2) A covert coat is always single-breasted with notch lapels, a centre vent, flap pockets, and a signature four (sometimes five) lines of stitching at the cuffs and hem; a ticket pocket is optional. The collar may be constructed of covert cloth or velvet. [3] (#cite_note-artofmanliness-3) The traditional colour varies from a light greenish-tan brown to a fawnish mix to a rather deep tannish-green, but variants in grey and navy are also common. [2] (#cite_note-gentlemansgazette-2) Examples [ edit ] worn by George VI (/wiki/George_VI) and Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) , worn by Jason Statham (/wiki/Jason_Statham) and Stephen Graham (/wiki/Stephen_Graham_(actor)) in the 2000 crime comedy film Snatch (/wiki/Snatch_(film)) . [4] (#cite_note-telegraph-4) worn during the 2015 General Election (/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election) in UK (/wiki/UK) by UKIP (/wiki/UKIP) and later Brexit Party (/wiki/Brexit_Party) leader Nigel Farage (/wiki/Nigel_Farage) . [5] (#cite_note-5) worn by Peter Capaldi (/wiki/Peter_Capaldi) when he played the Twelfth Doctor (/wiki/Twelfth_Doctor) on Doctor Who (/wiki/Doctor_Who) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-thefreedictionary_1-0) "covert coat" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/covert+coat) . thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . ^ a b c Schneider, Sven Raphael (January 24, 2012). "The Covert Coat" (http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/covert-coat/) . gentlemansgazette.com . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-artofmanliness_3-0) "A Man's Guide to Overcoats" (http://www.artofmanliness.com/2012/12/11/mans-guide-overcoats/) . artofmanliness.com. December 11, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_4-0) Doig, Stephen (9 April 2015). "Do you covet Nigel Farages covert coat" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion-and-style/11524581/Do-you-covet-Nigel-Farages-covert-coat.html) (subscription only). The Telegraph . Retrieved 2015-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) The story of Nigel Farage's coat at www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 09 Apr 2015 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Covert coats (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Covert_coats) . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line 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British fashion designer David Sassoon (born 1932) is a high end British fashion designer, who owns the Bellville Sassoon (/wiki/Bellville_Sassoon) salon in Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) , London (/wiki/London) , founded by Belinda Bellville (/w/index.php?title=Belinda_Bellville&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1953. Biography [ edit ] Born to Iraqi Jewish (/wiki/Iraqi_Jewish) parents, Gourgi and Victoria Sassoon in north London, Sassoon initially intended becoming an actor but turned to fashion when his father disapproved. [1] (#cite_note-JC-1) He attended Avigdor High School (/w/index.php?title=Avigdor_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1) and Lauderdale Road Synagogue (/wiki/Lauderdale_Road_Synagogue) in West London. [1] (#cite_note-JC-1) He was invited by Belinda Bellville to join her salon in 1958 and in 1970 it became the Bellville Sassoon. [1] (#cite_note-JC-1) [2] (#cite_note-SassoonStemp2009-2) [3] (#cite_note-Ed1999-3) In 2023, it was announced that some of Sassoon's designs would be featured in an exhibition on the role of Jewish designers in London's fashion scene. [4] (#cite_note-4) Notable clients [ edit ] He counts numerous socialites and the royal family as amongst his clientele and was the most prolific of Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana) 's early designers. [5] (#cite_note-McDowell2007-5) [6] (#cite_note-Owen1983-6) Sassoon has said of Diana, "When she got engaged, her mother brought her in to us and asked us to make the going-away outfit." [7] (#cite_note-Clehane1998-7) Aside from Diana, Sassoon has designed clothes for Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) , Princess Michael of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent) , the Duchess of York (/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York) , the Duchess of Gloucester (/wiki/Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester) , Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) , Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) . His designs have appeared on the covers of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [1] (#cite_note-JC-1) Sassoon has claimed that he is "probably the only designer around today who has dressed every female member of the royal family except the Queen." [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "David Sassoon has been an A-list favourite since the sixties. Now, he's ready to take a back seat" (http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/interview-david-sassoon) . JC.com . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-SassoonStemp2009_2-0) Sassoon, David; Stemp, Sinty (25 January 2009). The glamour of Bellville Sassoon . ACC Editions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85149-575-7 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ed1999_3-0) 63rd Ed (1 January 1999). International Who's Who 2000 . Europa. p. 1372. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85743-050-9 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Princess Diana coat to be shown at Jewish design exhibition" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-66175490) . BBC News . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-McDowell2007_5-0) McDowell, Colin (1 July 2007). Diana style . Aurum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84513-200-2 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Owen1983_6-0) Owen, Jane (1983). Diana, Princess of Wales: the book of fashion . Greenwich House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-517-42981-5 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Clehane1998_7-0) Clehane, Diane (September 1998). Diana: The Secrets of Her Style . Gt Pub Corp. p. 28 (https://archive.org/details/dianasecretsofhe0000cleh/page/28) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57719-348-7 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Designer David Sassoon at Buckingham Palace . Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000078884441) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/101414664) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmTyjrJChxb4jFycgxjC) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/138259593) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009068589) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/144314134) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐d6jm2 Cached time: 20240714140103 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.261 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 592/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19742/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 436/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35506/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.184/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4871580/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.239 1 -total 43.32% 135.680 1 Template:Reflist 32.18% 100.811 1 Template:Authority_control 26.77% 83.853 2 Template:Cite_web 22.57% 70.688 1 Template:Short_description 12.49% 39.124 2 Template:Pagetype 7.62% 23.866 5 Template:Cite_book 6.26% 19.613 3 Template:Main_other 5.60% 17.549 1 Template:SDcat 1.85% 5.793 1 Template:Cite_video Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34843979-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714140103 and revision id 1186142084. 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Russia portal (/wiki/Portal:Russia) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion designers from Russia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Russia) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐65jrn Cached time: 20240720191855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.090 seconds Real time usage: 0.174 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 146/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4197/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 446/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.052/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1281687/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 156.077 1 -total 68.27% 106.552 1 Template:Commons_category 66.73% 104.158 1 Template:Sister_project 65.13% 101.647 1 Template:Side_box 31.65% 49.400 1 Template:Portal 3.52% 5.496 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9952486-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720191855 and revision id 921935997. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. + Russian women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Russian_women_fashion_designers) (17 P) F Fashion designers from the Russian Empire (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_the_Russian_Empire) (3 P) Pages in category "Russian fashion designers" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Aslan Ahmadov (/wiki/Aslan_Ahmadov) P Nicolas Putvinski (/wiki/Nicolas_Putvinski) R Gosha Rubchinskiy (/wiki/Gosha_Rubchinskiy) S Denis Simachev (/wiki/Denis_Simachev) Alexey Sorokin (fashion designer) (/wiki/Alexey_Sorokin_(fashion_designer)) Y Valentin Yudashkin (/wiki/Valentin_Yudashkin) Z Vyacheslav Zaitsev (/wiki/Vyacheslav_Zaitsev) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Russian_fashion_designers&oldid=921935997 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Russian_fashion_designers&oldid=921935997) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) Russian fashion (/wiki/Category:Russian_fashion) Russian designers (/wiki/Category:Russian_designers) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
2013 video game Covet Fashion is a mobile casual (/wiki/Casual_game) free-to-play (/wiki/Free-to-play) dress up (/wiki/Dress-up) game for iOS (/wiki/IOS) and Android (/wiki/Android_(operating_system)) . It was initially launched on November 12, 2013. The game is known for its collaborations with real life brands. In 2020, they claimed to have 2 million monthly players. [1] (#cite_note-1) Notable collaborations [ edit ] In December 2015, Emma Roberts (/wiki/Emma_Roberts) was their first Covet Host. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2018, Covet collaborated with Disney with Cruella de Vil (/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil) , the Evil Queen (/wiki/Evil_Queen) , and Maleficent (/wiki/Maleficent) themed clothing. [3] (#cite_note-3) Ownership [ edit ] It was developed by Crowdstar. Their goal was to create games designed for women, a market that the chief executive Jeff Tseng at the time thought was underserved. [4] (#cite_note-4) Crowdstar was purchased by Glu Mobile (/wiki/Glu_Mobile) in 2016 for $45 million. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2021, it was purchased by Electronic Arts (/wiki/Electronic_Arts) when they purchased Glu Mobile. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jackson, Gita (2020-02-19). " (https://www.vice.com/en/article/v74zy9/covet-fashion-made-me-feel-i-belonged-at-new-york-fashion-week) 'Covet Fashion' Made Me Feel I Belonged at New York Fashion Week" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/v74zy9/covet-fashion-made-me-feel-i-belonged-at-new-york-fashion-week) . Vice . Retrieved 2024-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gardner, Chris (2015-12-03). "Emma Roberts Is Now an Avatar for 'Covet Fashion' (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/emma-roberts-is-an-avatar-845331/) " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/emma-roberts-is-an-avatar-845331/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2024-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Contributor, Disney News. "Covet Fashion Has Disney-Inspired Style Challenges and We Now Know How We'll Be Spending All of Our Free Time" (https://news.disney.com/covet-fashion-disney) . Disney News . Retrieved 2024-04-16 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Takahashi, Dean (February 26, 2015). "CrowdStar is all-in on mobile gaming for women with Covet Fashion" (https://venturebeat.com/games/crowdstar-is-all-in-on-mobile-gaming-for-women-with-covet-fashion/) . Venture Beat Games . Retrieved April 15, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chapple, Craig; Content, Head of (2016-11-04). "Glu Mobile appoints new CEO and acquires control of Covet: Fashion dev Crowdstar for $45 million" (https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/64353/glu-mobile-appoints-new-ceo-and-acquires-control-of-covet-fashion-dev-crowdstar-for-45-million/) . pocketgamer.biz . Retrieved 2024-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Contributor, Wilhelm Voutilainen (2021-02-22). "Here's why Glu is an excellent strategic fit for EA" (https://www.gamesindustry.biz/heres-why-glu-is-an-excellent-strategic-fit-for-ea) . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 2024-04-20 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.covetfashion.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐bt2c6 Cached time: 20240721170032 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.223 seconds Real time usage: 0.531 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 526/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13712/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 428/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23669/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.139/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4153249/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.118 1 -total 45.08% 232.679 1 Template:Short_description 40.17% 207.348 1 Template:Reflist 34.72% 179.206 5 Template:Cite_web 32.67% 168.618 4 Template:Main_other 32.14% 165.889 1 Template:SDcat 9.43% 48.663 2 Template:Pagetype 7.37% 38.059 1 Template:Official_website 6.36% 32.824 1 Template:Italic_title 1.19% 6.154 1 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76627300-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721170032 and revision id 1225759581. 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Templates relating to fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . The pages listed in this category are templates (/wiki/Help:Template) . This page is part of Wikipedia's administration (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_administration) and not part of the encyclopedia. Further template category notes This category (/wiki/Help:Category) contains pages in the template namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace) . It should not be used to categorize articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F) or pages in other namespaces (/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace) . To add a template to this category: If the template has a separate documentation page (usually called "Template: template name /doc"), add [[Category:Fashion templates]] to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of that page. Otherwise, add <noinclude>[[Category:Fashion templates]]</noinclude> to the end of the template code, making sure it starts on the same line as the code's last character. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐pm6qp Cached time: 20240719195819 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.074 seconds Real time usage: 0.093 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 174/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10515/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2640/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.043/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 760264/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 81.463 1 -total 100.00% 81.463 1 Template:Template_category 96.39% 78.525 1 Template:Cmbox 22.26% 18.136 1 Template:Unbulleted_list 2.56% 2.082 1 Template:Yesno 2.11% 1.721 1 Template:Category_other 1.84% 1.495 2 Template:Pad Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44710894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719195819 and revision id 1126961028. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. Fashion navigational boxes (/wiki/Category:Fashion_navigational_boxes) (1 C, 30 P) C Clothing templates (/wiki/Category:Clothing_templates) (2 C, 4 P) E Fashion external link templates (/wiki/Category:Fashion_external_link_templates) (10 P) M Models navigational boxes (/wiki/Category:Models_navigational_boxes) (4 C, 2 P) Pages in category "Fashion templates" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Template:Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Template:Clothing_and_the_environment) Template:Costume (/wiki/Template:Costume) F Template:Fashion invite (/wiki/Template:Fashion_invite) Template:Fashion-bio-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-bio-stub) Template:Fashion-company-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-company-stub) Template:Fashion-designer-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-designer-stub) Template:Fashion-hist-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-hist-stub) Template:Fashion-mag-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-mag-stub) I Template:Infobox clothing type (/wiki/Template:Infobox_clothing_type) Template:Infobox model (/wiki/Template:Infobox_model) Template:Infobox piercing (/wiki/Template:Infobox_piercing) Template:Infobox textile (/wiki/Template:Infobox_textile) M Template:Model-stub (/wiki/Template:Model-stub) S Template:Fashion-stub (/wiki/Template:Fashion-stub) W Template:Western dress codes (/wiki/Template:Western_dress_codes) Template:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Fashion) Y Template:YYYY in fashion category header (/wiki/Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_templates&oldid=1126961028 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_templates&oldid=1126961028) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Arts and culture templates (/wiki/Category:Arts_and_culture_templates) Design templates (/wiki/Category:Design_templates) Society and social science templates (/wiki/Category:Society_and_social_science_templates) Hidden category: Wikipedia template categories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_template_categories) |
Wales portal (/wiki/Portal:Wales) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Clothing manufacturers of Wales (/wiki/Wales) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐967764f4‐kthzp Cached time: 20240629165328 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.042 seconds Real time usage: 0.058 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 19/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1098/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 661093/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 44.071 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 44.071 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53877454-0!canonical and timestamp 20240629165328 and revision id 797891015. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. R Clothing retailers of Wales (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Wales) (1 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies of Wales" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Corgi Socks (/wiki/Corgi_Socks) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Wales&oldid=797891015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Wales&oldid=797891015) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies of Wales by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Wales_by_industry) Welsh fashion (/wiki/Category:Welsh_fashion) Textile industry of Wales (/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_of_Wales) Clothing companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) |
British dress maker Elizabeth Johnston was a 19th-century fashionable British dressmaker and fashion merchant (/wiki/Fashion_merchant) . She was the official royal dressmaker of Queen Adelaide (/wiki/Queen_Adelaide) and Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) . She was married to Alexander Johnston, who managed A. Johnston, a ‘Millinery, Dress, and Moravian Work Baby Linen Establishment’ in the New Town of Edinburgh in 1822. From 1824, the shop sold French textiles, which Elizabeth travelled to Paris to procure. [1] (#cite_note-1) From 1825, it employed dressmaker apprentices. In 1829, Elizabeth and her daughters Anne (b. 1816), Hannah (b. 1817), and Isabella (b. 1821) inherited the business. Her age is given as 43 in 1829. She was appointed dressmaker and milliner to Queen Adelaide in 1830, [2] (#cite_note-2) a position she kept until 1837. She managed her Edinburgh shop at 52 North Castle Street, and her London shop at 16 Dover Street, Piccadilly, London. London became her primary base. Her daughters procured merchandise for her shop in Paris. She was a traditional dressmaker, focused on custom dressmaking. She was active within the high-end dressmaking and millinery trade, which required a formal apprenticeship, in a time period when the textile industry was changing and readymade clothing became popular among the public, just before fashion designers became popular with the upper class. In 1840, she became the official royal dressmaker to Queen Victoria. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the 1846 official calendar, Elizabeth Johnston had the title "Dress Maker Extraordinary" while Mary Bettans (/wiki/Mary_Bettans) was called "Court Dress and Dress Maker". [4] (#cite_note-4) They were not the queen's only dressmaker, as she was also known to be the client of the House of Creed (/wiki/Creed_(perfume)) as well as John Redfern (/wiki/John_Redfern) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1841, she employed her four daughters and 8 other dressmakers as well as milliners, 4 female servants, and 2 male servants. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ‘A Johnston and Co’ in The Scotsman (23 October 1824) ^ (#cite_ref-2) ‘Classified Ad’ in The Scotsman (20 Nov 1830) ^ (#cite_ref-3) ‘Miscellany’ in Sheffield Independent (4 April 1840) ^ (#cite_ref-4) The British Imperial Calendar, on General Register of the United Kingdom (https://books.google.com/books?id=D59jAAAAcAAJ&dq=Mary+Bettans&pg=RA2-PA112) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Tom Tierney: Great Fashion Designs of the Victorian Era Paper Dolls in Full Color (https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFtDQAAQBAJ&dq=Mme+Palmyre+%E2%80%8E&pg=PA17) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6d56b667c9‐pkp67 Cached time: 20240710060817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.082 seconds Real time usage: 0.162 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 367/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2142/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 614/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2690/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.026/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1265077/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 110.512 1 -total 67.23% 74.293 1 Template:Short_description 39.86% 44.046 2 Template:Pagetype 16.13% 17.827 4 Template:Main_other 14.69% 16.235 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 14.62% 16.161 1 Template:Reflist 13.65% 15.087 1 Template:SDcat 9.44% 10.430 1 Template:DMCA 6.92% 7.642 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 4.73% 5.227 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67061004-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710060817 and revision id 1218682099. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Johnston_(dressmaker)&oldid=1218682099 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Johnston_(dressmaker)&oldid=1218682099) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 19th-century Scottish businesspeople (/wiki/Category:19th-century_Scottish_businesspeople) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Category:Queen_Victoria) British tailors (/wiki/Category:British_tailors) Material culture of royal courts (/wiki/Category:Material_culture_of_royal_courts) 19th-century Scottish businesswomen (/wiki/Category:19th-century_Scottish_businesswomen) Scottish tailors (/wiki/Category:Scottish_tailors) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Year of birth missing (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing) Year of death missing (/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_missing) |
Japanese dancer Aoi Yamada Yamada at the 36th Tokyo International Film Festival (/wiki/36th_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival) (2023) Born ( 2000-06-24 ) June 24, 2000 (age 24) Matsumoto (/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano) , Nagano (/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture) , Japan Occupations Dancer Model Actress Aoi Yamada (山田 葵, Yamada Aoi , born June 24, 2000) is a Japanese dancer, model and actress based in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Her dance form is inspired by expressionist (/wiki/Expressionist_dance) and butoh (/wiki/Butoh) movements. In 2021, Yamada performed at the closing ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) . [2] (#cite_note-2) As an actress, Yamada has appeared in the television series First Love (/wiki/First_Love_(2022_TV_series)) (2022) and in the drama film Perfect Days (/wiki/Perfect_Days) (2023). Early life [ edit ] Aoi Yamada was born on June 24, 2000 in Matsumoto (/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano) , Nagano Prefecture (/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture) , Japan. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She was a shy and introverted child. [5] (#cite_note-5) Yamada became interested in dance and fashion at the age of five. Career [ edit ] Yamada moved to Tokyo at age 15 to pursue a career as a dancer. [6] (#cite_note-6) She then started to model and perform in numerous music videos and stage performances, including at Baselworld (/wiki/Baselworld) in 2018 and 2019. [7] (#cite_note-7) Yamada has also performed at the Yokohama Sogo Museum of Art and for the Kanagawa Arts Theatre. [8] (#cite_note-8) During the closing ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) , held in Tokyo, Yamada danced a solo performance. During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , Yamada went viral on social media for videos of herself dancing with vegetables. [9] (#cite_note-9) The videos brought her to the attention of fashion designer Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , with whom she will collaborate frequently in the future. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Yamada also modeled for Fred Perry (/wiki/Fred_Perry_(clothing_label)) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Rabanne (/wiki/Rabanne) , and Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) . She has appeared in the magazines Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Bella , Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , CYAN and Rice . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Yamada made her acting debut in 2021 in a minor role in the Wowow (/wiki/Wowow) drama FM 999: 999 Women's Songs. She subsequently acted in the short film Somewhere in the Snow and in the romantic TV series First Love . [15] (#cite_note-15) Yamada next appeared as Aya in the 2023 film by Wim Wenders (/wiki/Wim_Wenders) , Perfect Days (/wiki/Perfect_Days) , opposite Koji Yakusho (/wiki/Koji_Yakusho) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Yamada is part of the WACK (/wiki/WACK_(music_company)) unit AiNATOAOI alongside singer and idol Aina the End (/wiki/Aina_the_End) . The duo previously collaborated on the music video for "Red:birthmark". [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Aoi Yamada, the Avant-Garde Dancer the Fashion World Can't Get Enough Of" (https://www.vogue.com/article/aoi-yamada-interview) . Vogue . 2022-01-18 . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "2020 Tokyo Olympics closing ceremonies" (https://www.detroitnews.com/picture-gallery/sports/olympics/2021/08/08/2020-tokyo-olympics-closing-ceremonies/5532423001/) . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "松本出身・アオイヤマダさんがダンス披露 東京五輪閉会式｜信濃毎日新聞デジタル 信州・長野県のニュースサイト" (https://www.shinmai.co.jp/news/article/CNTS2021080900281) . 信濃毎日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 2021-08-09 . Retrieved 2024-04-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Yamada Aoi | DANCER | J-ENTERTAINMENT" (https://j-entertainment.jp/dancer/yamada-aoi/) . j-entertainment.jp . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "物語を紡ぐようなアオイヤマダの踊りの源。 - GRIN | はみだした生き方も悪くない、と笑える世界。" (https://grinweb.jp/feature/0006) . GRIN (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2024-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kahan, Kim (2023-03-29). "Aoi Yamada and the Art of Expression" (https://www.tokyoweekender.com/art_and_culture/arts/aoi-yamada/) . Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Baselworld 2019 Information" (https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/news/2019/20190320/index.html) . CITIZEN WATCH Global Network . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Yamada Aoi | DANCER | J-ENTERTAINMENT" (https://j-entertainment.jp/dancer/yamada-aoi/) . j-entertainment.jp . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kahan, Kim (2023-03-29). "Aoi Yamada and the Art of Expression" (https://www.tokyoweekender.com/art_and_culture/arts/aoi-yamada/) . Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Shearsmith, Tom (2022-04-26). "Stella McCartney launches fungi inspired campaign with Aoi Yamada" (https://www.theindustry.fashion/stella-mccartney-launches-fungi-inspired-campaign-with-aoi-yamada/) . TheIndustry.fashion . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Stella McCartney and Yoshitomo Nara Put Activism At The Centre Of Their Second Collaboration | SHOWstudio" (https://www.showstudio.com/news/stella-mccartney-and-yoshitomo-nara-put-activism-at-the-centre-of-their-second-collaboration) . www.showstudio.com . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Aoi Yamada | Fred Perry US" (https://www.fredperry.com/us/subculture/articles/aoi-yamada) . www.fredperry.com . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Aoi Yamada / アオイヤマダ | Numero TOKYO" (https://numero.jp/tag/aoiyamada/) . numero.jp . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Bella儂儂. "【封面人物】《First Love初戀》山田葵爆紅！從東奧獨舞，到同台飆戲影帝役所廣司，與日本潛力新星面對面！" (https://www.bella.tw/articles/celebrities/43345) . Bella.tw儂儂 . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Yamada Aoi | DANCER | J-ENTERTAINMENT" (https://j-entertainment.jp/dancer/yamada-aoi/) . j-entertainment.jp . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "MANIFESTO - ENCHANT: Aoi Yamada" (http://www.manifesto.asia/post/2760/ENCHANT-Aoi-Yamada-) . www.manifesto.asia . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Shepherd, Charles (2023-10-13). " (https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2023/10/wack-in-the-uk-to-bring-japanese-alt-idol-madness-to-london.html) 'WACK in the UK' to Bring Japanese Alt-Idol Madness to London" (https://electricbloomwebzine.com/2023/10/wack-in-the-uk-to-bring-japanese-alt-idol-madness-to-london.html) . Electric Bloom Webzine . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aoi_Yamada&oldid=1230670707 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aoi_Yamada&oldid=1230670707) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000 births (/wiki/Category:2000_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Japanese female dancers (/wiki/Category:Japanese_female_dancers) People from Matsumoto, Nagano (/wiki/Category:People_from_Matsumoto,_Nagano) Japanese female models (/wiki/Category:Japanese_female_models) 21st-century Japanese actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_actresses) Hidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) |
The musical group Duolva Duottar (/wiki/Duolva_Duottar) in traditional Sami dress. The man on the left, Fred Buljo (/wiki/Fred_Buljo) , is wearing a luhkka. The woman and the other two men are wearing gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) . The luhkka ( North Sami (/wiki/North_Sami) luhkka ) is an article of winter clothing (/wiki/Winter_clothing) that covers the top half of a person's body. It is a poncho (/wiki/Poncho) -like hooded cape with the hem coming down to the wearer's elbow or wrist. Luhkka are made from thick wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) . It is used by the Sami (/wiki/Sami_people) of northern Scandinavia and Finland (/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)) and is traditionally worn on top of the Sami gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) or fur coat ( beaska (/wiki/Beaska) ). Fred Buljo (/wiki/Fred_Buljo) wearing the traditional Sami luhkka Sources [ edit ] Desiree Koslin, "Sámi" (http://www.bergfashionlibrary.com/view/bewdf/BEWDF-v8/EDch8057.xml) , Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion (/wiki/Berg_Encyclopedia_of_World_Dress_and_Fashion) , vol. 8 – West Europe. Part 7: Nordic Countries, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/BEWDF/EDch8057 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2FBEWDF%2FEDch8057) Luhkka , Maritex Gávpi, archived from the original (http://www.mamut.net/maritex/subdet114.htm) on 2010-08-23 , retrieved 2011-09-26 This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luhkka&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐v47n2 Cached time: 20240712204728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.160 seconds Real time usage: 0.197 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 100/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5768/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9091/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.122/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2975543/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 167.869 1 -total 57.32% 96.223 2 Template:Citation 42.54% 71.405 1 Template:Clothing-stub 40.87% 68.614 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28275530-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712204728 and revision id 1152908672. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luhkka&oldid=1152908672 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luhkka&oldid=1152908672) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sámi clothing (/wiki/Category:S%C3%A1mi_clothing) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1: long volume value (/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
American model and social media influencer Emira D'Spain Born ( 1996-10-08 ) October 8, 1996 (age 27) Sharjah (/wiki/Sharjah) , Emirate of Sharjah (/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah) , United Arab Emirates Other names XOXOEMIRA Alma mater New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) Occupations Model TikToker Modeling information Height 5’11” Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency Collxab TikTok information Page xoxoemira (https://www.tiktok.com/@xoxoemira) Followers 1.3M Likes 36.4M Last updated: June 19, 2024 Emira D'Spain (born October 8, 1996) is an Emirati-born American model, social media influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) and former beauty director. In 2022, she became the first Black transgender woman to model for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . She has also been a cover girl (/wiki/Cover_girl) for Glamour and was featured in Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . D'Spain has modeled for Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) , UGG (/wiki/UGG_(brand)) , Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) , and NARS Cosmetics (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) . She worked as the beauty director for Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) prior to the magazine's folding in 2023. D'Spain is a beauty content creator on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , where she has over one million followers. On TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , she posts Get Ready With Me Videos , which have received over 85 million views. Early life and education [ edit ] D'Spain was born on October 8, 1996, in Sharjah (/wiki/Sharjah) , United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) to an Eritrean mother and a Polish father. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-galore-2) [3] (#cite_note-podcast-3) After living in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) for three years, her family emigrated to the United States. [3] (#cite_note-podcast-3) She lived in Kansas City (/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas) and Tampa (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) before her family settled in Dallas, Texas (/wiki/Dallas,_Texas) , where she attended a fine arts school. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-eonline-5) She grew up doing competition dance (/wiki/Competition_dance) . [6] (#cite_note-podcast2-6) She attended New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) , first majoring in Global Liberal Studies before transferring to the university's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development) and Stern School of Business (/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business) , graduating magna cum laude (/wiki/Magna_cum_laude) with a degree in marketing and communications. [2] (#cite_note-galore-2) D'Spain also studied in Paris her freshman year of college. [2] (#cite_note-galore-2) [7] (#cite_note-mashable-7) Career [ edit ] Prior to becoming a beauty influencer, D'Spain worked for a marketing agency and a beauty editorial. [2] (#cite_note-galore-2) She is signed with Collxab, a New York-based marketing agnecy. [8] (#cite_note-8) She was featured on the cover of Galore Magazine as "TikTok's It-Girl". [9] (#cite_note-collxab-9) She also was featured in Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . [10] (#cite_note-10) D'Spain has modelled and been in advertisements for NARS Cosmetics (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) , Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) , UGG (/wiki/UGG_(brand)) , Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) , and Google (/wiki/Google) . [9] (#cite_note-collxab-9) [11] (#cite_note-girlsunited-11) She was the first black transgender woman to model for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . [12] (#cite_note-usatoday-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Her first online partnership with Victoria's Secret was a TikTok video titled Single Girl's Guide to the Perfect Valentine's Day as part of their 2022 Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) campaign. [11] (#cite_note-girlsunited-11) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) She is known as @XOXOEMIRA on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , where she has over one million followers, and on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , where she has over 100,000 followers. [16] (#cite_note-seventeen-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) On her TikTok account, D'Spain posts Get Ready With Me videos, which have received over 85 million views. Prior to the magazine's folding in 2023, she had a Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) show called Snatchural with Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . [16] (#cite_note-seventeen-16) [7] (#cite_note-mashable-7) She also worked as the Beauty Director at Paper , creating beauty content for their website and social media platforms and curated their YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel. [9] (#cite_note-collxab-9) [18] (#cite_note-hypebae-18) Personal life [ edit ] D'Spain changed her given name to "Emira", after the Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) word " Amira (/wiki/Amira_(name)) ", meaning "princess". [2] (#cite_note-galore-2) She underwent gender confirmation surgery (/wiki/Gender_confirmation_surgery) . [18] (#cite_note-hypebae-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) She has also had two rhinoplasty (/wiki/Rhinoplasty) procedures. [3] (#cite_note-podcast-3) She shared on The Conversational Podcast that she was sexually assaulted in Paris in 2018. [6] (#cite_note-podcast2-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ochiagha, Dominic-Madori Davis, Emeka. "A 25-year-old beauty influencer shares how she amassed 700,000 TikTok followers and signed her dream contract with Victoria's Secret" (https://www.businessinsider.com/emira-dspain-tiktok-influencer-tips-victorias-secret-2022-2) . Business Insider . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b c d e Reynozo, Shirley (July 29, 2022). "TikTok Glam Queen Emira D'spain Shares Beauty and Summer Tips for her Cunty Barbies" (https://galoremag.com/tiktok-glam-queen-emira-dspain-shares-beauty-and-summer-tips-for-her-cunty-barbies/) . Galore . ^ a b c "The Conversationalist Podcast: Emira D'Spain Opens Up About Being a Victoria's Secret Model and Being A Trans Woman | Exclusivez on Apple Podcasts" (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/emira-dspain-opens-up-about-being-a-victorias/id1481875652?i=1000570683287) . Apple Podcasts . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mitchell, Amanda. "Emira D'Spain Answers Your Most Burning Beauty Questions" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/emira-dspain-beauty-skincare-routine) . www.refinery29.com . ^ (#cite_ref-eonline_5-0) "Why Model Emira D'Spain Decided to Document Her Gender Confirming Surgery" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1368982/why-model-emira-dspain-decided-to-document-her-gender-confirming-surgery) . E! Online . March 31, 2023. ^ a b Beren, Sophie. "Emira D'Spain Opens Up About Being a Victoria's Secret Model and Being A Trans Woman" (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/emira-dspain-povz-exclusivez-episode-12/id1481875652?i=1000570683287) . The Conversationalist Podcast . Apple Podcasts (/wiki/Apple_Podcasts) . Retrieved May 18, 2023 . ^ a b "Emira D'Spain's rose-colored glasses are both a fashion accessory and a way of life" (https://mashable.com/feature/emira-dspain-tiktok-beauty-transgender-visibility) . Mashable . March 31, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harjai, Gargi (February 3, 2022). "Who is Emira D'Spain? All you need to know about Victoria's Secret's first black transgender model" (https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/news-who-emira-d-spain-all-need-know-victoria-s-secret-s-first-black-transgender-model) . www.sportskeeda.com . ^ a b c "Emira D'Spain" (https://collxab.com/roster/emira-dspain) . Collxab . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Meet Emira D'spain, The First Black Transgender Model To Work With Victoria's Secret" (https://www.nylon.com/beauty/xoxoemira-emira-dspain-victorias-secret-beauty-tips-tiktok) . Nylon . March 7, 2022. ^ a b "Emira D'Spain Is The First Black Transgender Victoria's Secret Model" (https://girlsunited.essence.com/article/meet-emira-dspain/) . February 4, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-usatoday_12-0) "Emira D'Spain makes history as first Black transgender model to work with Victoria's Secret" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2022/02/01/emira-dspain-first-black-trans-model-victorias-secret/9304018002/) . USA TODAY . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Emira D'Spain makes history as the first Black trans model to work with Victoria's Secret" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/fashion/emira-dspain-makes-history-as-the-first-black-trans-model-to-work-with-victorias-secret/) . GAY TIMES . February 6, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Emira D'Spain Drops Her Skin Care Routine" (https://www.glamour.com/story/emira-dspain-drop-the-routine) . Glamour . October 13, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Emira D'Spain Is 1st Black Trans Model to Work With Victoria's Secret" (https://www.out.com/celebs/2022/2/02/tiktok-star-emira-dspain-first-black-trans-victorias-secret-model) . www.out.com . ^ a b "Who is Emira D'spain? Everything You Need to Know About TikTok's Favorite Beauty Buff" (https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/a38961670/emira-dspain-facts/) . Seventeen . February 2, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Emira D'Spain makes history as Victoria Secret's first Black transgender model" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/victorias-secret-black-transgender-model-b2006190.html) . The Independent . February 2, 2022. ^ a b "EXCLUSIVE: Emira D'Spain on How She's Healing Post-Gender Confirmation Surgery and Advice to Her 15 Year Old Self" (https://hypebae.com/2023/3/emira-d-spain-tik-tok-victoria-secret-model-transgender-day-of-visibility) . Hypebae . 31 March 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "EXCLUSIVE: Emira D'Spain on How She's Healing Post-Gender Confirmation Surgery and Advice to Her 15 Year Old Self" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/exclusive-emira-dspain-shes-healing-161150047.html) . Yahoo Life . March 31, 2023. 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2017 United States Supreme Court case Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. Supreme Court of the United States (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) Argued October 31, 2016 Decided March 22, 2017 Full case name Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc., et al. Docket no. 15-866 (https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/15-866.htm) Citations 580 U.S. (/wiki/United_States_Reports) ___ (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-866_0971.pdf) ( more (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_580) ) 137 S. Ct. 1002; 197 L. Ed. 2d (/wiki/L._Ed._2d) 354; 2017 U.S. LEXIS (/wiki/U.S._LEXIS) 2026 Argument Oral argument (https://www.oyez.org/cases/2016/15-866) Opinion announcement Opinion announcement (https://www.oyez.org/cases/2016/15-866) Case history Prior Judgement for Star Athletica, No. 2:10-cv-02508 (https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4384232/199/varsity-brands-inc-v-star-athletica-llc/) , 2014 WL 819422 ( W.D. Tenn. (/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee) Mar. 1, 2014) Reversed, 799 F.3d (/wiki/F.3d) 468 (https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20150819101) ( 6th Cir. (/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit) 2015) Writ of certiorari granted, 136 S.Ct. 1823 (2016) Subsequent Case settled over Star Athletica's objection (2017) Holding Aesthetic design elements on useful articles, like clothing, can be copyrightable if they can be separately identified as art and exist independently of the useful article. Court membership Chief Justice John Roberts (/wiki/John_Roberts) Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy (/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy) · Clarence Thomas (/wiki/Clarence_Thomas) Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg) · Stephen Breyer (/wiki/Stephen_Breyer) Samuel Alito (/wiki/Samuel_Alito) · Sonia Sotomayor (/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor) Elena Kagan (/wiki/Elena_Kagan) Case opinions Majority Thomas, joined by Roberts, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan Concurrence Ginsburg Dissent Breyer, joined by Kennedy Laws applied Copyright Act of 1976 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976) ( 17 U.S.C. (/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code) § 101 (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/101) ) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , 580 U.S. ___ (2017), was a U.S. Supreme Court (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) case in which the court decided under what circumstances aesthetic elements of "useful articles" can be restricted by copyright (/wiki/Copyright) law. The Court created a two-prong "separability" test, granting copyrightability based on separate identification and independent existence; the aesthetic elements must be identifiable as art if mentally separated from the article's practical use, and must qualify as copyrightable pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works if expressed in any medium. The case was a dispute between two clothing manufacturers, Star Athletica and Varsity Brands (/wiki/Varsity_Brands) . Star Athletica began creating cheerleading uniforms (/wiki/Cheerleading_uniform) with stripes (/wiki/Stripe_(pattern)) , zigzags (/wiki/Zigzag) , and chevron (/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)) insignia similar to those made by a Varsity subsidiary (/wiki/Varsity_Spirit) , but at a lower price. Varsity sued Star Athletica for copyright infringement (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) , and Star Athletica said that the clothing designs were uncopyrightable because their aesthetic designs were tied closely to (and guided by) their utilitarian purpose as uniforms. The court rejected this argument with a close reading of the statute and established that the clothing designs, as aesthetic elements of a useful article of clothing, could be copyrightable. It declined to hear Star Athletica's follow-up question about whether Varsity's designs were original enough to be copyrightable, so that part of the case remained unaddressed and Varsity's copyright registrations stood. The court's conclusion that aesthetic elements of useful articles (and, thereby, clothing-design elements) could be copyrighted intrigued fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) scholars. Some were pleased with the decision because they saw extending copyright to clothes as parity with other creative industries (/wiki/Creative_industries) which had had copyrights for much longer. Others denounced the court's opinion because of ambiguities in how to enforce the new rules and because of its potential to end fashion trends (/wiki/Fad) in generic clothing. Background [ edit ] Fashion was uncopyrightable [ edit ] Clothing designs were originally not subject to copyright law (/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States#Works_subject_to_copyright_law) ("uncopyrightable") in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Telfer-3) In 1941, the court heard Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC) . This case considered the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) industry's practice of boycotting the sale of its "high fashion" works at places which would sell knock-offs made by other companies for lower prices, known as "style piracy". The court ruled against the Guild, saying that its practice of attempting to create a monopoly (/wiki/Monopoly) outside the copyright system suppressed competition (/wiki/Free_market) and violated the Sherman Antitrust Act (/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Outside fashion, Mazer v. Stein (/wiki/Mazer_v._Stein) established in 1954 that an artistic statue created to adorn a lamp base could be copyrightable separately from the lamp under expansions of the Copyright Act of 1909 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909) ; the statue's mass production with the lamp did not invalidate that. [5] (#cite_note-5) Another barrier to copyrightability in the United States is a vague threshold of originality (/wiki/Threshold_of_originality#United_States) which must be met to be eligible for an intellectual-property monopoly like a copyright or patent (/wiki/Patent) . In 1964's Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co.) , the court upheld a lower-court ruling that Stiffel's popular lamp design was not original enough to warrant a patent, rescinding that restriction and passing the design into the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) . The court's opinion indicated that the same logic would apply to an inappropriate copyright. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the Copyright Act of 1976 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976) , Congress (/wiki/United_States_Congress) changed the copyright law to allow copyrighting aesthetic features of "useful articles" [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) or "an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information." [8] (#cite_note-17USC101-8) Congress intended to better incorporate the Mazer v. Stein ruling by doing so, [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [9] (#cite_note-9) clarifying the difference between the copyrightability of " applied art (/wiki/Applied_art) " and the traditional, lesser restriction of " industrial design (/wiki/Industrial_design) " (the combination of features provided by design patents (/wiki/Design_patent) or trade dress (/wiki/Trade_dress) ). According to the Act, "pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features" of useful articles were copyrightable only if "separable" from the utilitarian aspects of the design and capable of existing independently of the article. [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) This broad, definitional language led to about ten competing, inconsistent legal tests for that separability, [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) a state of affairs which was criticized for appearing to require judges to be art critics. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) Because clothes have both aesthetic and utilitarian features in their design, they fall into this useful-article category; therefore, the shapes and cuts of clothing are not copyrightable. Designs placed on clothing were opened up to the possibility of copyrightability, subject to those tests. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) The law was construed to mean that copyrighted two-dimensional designs could be placed on clothing and fabric-pattern sheets could be copyrighted before being cut to make clothing, but an article of clothing's overall color scheme and design could not be copyrighted because it was not capable of existing independently of the final useful article. [13] (#cite_note-13) Some fashion designers bristled under the rules, wondering why other creative industries like films (/wiki/Film_industry) or music (/wiki/Music_industry) were allowed to restrict access to their products with copyright and they were not. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-CouncilBrief-16) Others interpreted fashion's successes as an industry thriving in the absence of copyright, perhaps in part because of that (/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-3DPrintingAmicus-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Members of Congress introduced several bills to remove the separability requirement from the law, but none were signed into law. [21] (#cite_note-21) As alternatives, fashion designers turned to other forms of intellectual property: design patents (/wiki/Design_patent) and trade dress (/wiki/Trade_dress) , an aspect of trademark (/wiki/Trademark) . [3] (#cite_note-Telfer-3) These generally provided designers causes of action to sue suspected infringers. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) However, they were critical of the hurdles necessary to acquire these. The process to acquire a design patent could last longer than the trend on which the designer wanted to capitalize. [3] (#cite_note-Telfer-3) [ who? ] Trade dress required the public to recognize a secondary meaning (/wiki/Secondary_meaning) associating the design with its origin, and was subject to contradictory rulings from the Supreme Court. It was also vulnerable to dilution if courts determined that it was not being policed sufficiently. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-Giles-26) Defenders of the slow design-patent process said that the design patent's hurdle benefited society as a whole because the extra time prevented ill-advised patents which would disrupt innovation. [27] (#cite_note-27) Extending trademark to fashion had its critics, who argued that the court was out of line when it applied the trade-dress doctrine to fashion after Congress declined to extend trade dress to it in the past. [26] (#cite_note-Giles-26) [ who? ] Apart from intellectual property, there were also remedies under laws banning the sale of counterfeits and post-sale protection confusion. [26] (#cite_note-Giles-26) [ more detail needed ] Varsity Brands [ edit ] Varsity Brands was the parent company of Varsity Spirit, which had become the largest cheerleading (/wiki/Cheerleading) and sports-uniform (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) manufacturer in the world by the end of the 2000s. [28] (#cite_note-VarsityBrandsOwnsCheerleading-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Because of the law, Varsity could not register copyrights (/wiki/Copyright_registration) for its cheerleading-uniform designs as clothing. Instead, Varsity applied for copyrights on drawings and photographs of those designs [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) [30] (#cite_note-SupremeCourtHearsArguments-30) as "two-dimensional artwork" or "fabric design (artwork)." The design in the images would then be applied to the clothing with sewing or sublimation, a process where designs are printed on paper, placed on the fabric, and heated so the ink sinks in. [31] (#cite_note-Benson2018-31) After rejections by the Copyright Office (/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office) , Varsity described the uniforms in extremely specific detail to make the registration appear limited and improve its registration chances. The Copyright Office approved [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) over 200 [32] (#cite_note-slipop1-32) of these copyrights with meticulous descriptions like "has a central field of black bordered at the bottom by a gray/white/black multistripe forming a shallow 'vee' of which the left-hand leg is horizontal, while the right-hand leg stretches 'northeast' at approximately a forty-five degree angle." Varsity frequently filed lawsuits alleging infringement with accusations of general copying [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) to halt other companies from merchandising competing uniforms. The competitors regarded the lawsuits as frivolous because the claimed designs were so simple. [33] (#cite_note-WhoOwnsCheerleaderUniforms-33) Star Athletica lawsuit [ edit ] The five cheerleading-uniform designs involved in the case The Liebe Company founded Star Athletica as a subsidiary in January 2010. Varsity Brands had cancelled an agreement with The Liebe Company's sports-lettering subsidiary, and Varsity accused The Liebe company of founding Star Athletica to retaliate by leveraging former Varsity employees' knowledge of Varsity designs. Later that year, [33] (#cite_note-WhoOwnsCheerleaderUniforms-33) Varsity Brands sued Star Athletica for infringing five of its copyrighted designs for cheerleading uniforms. [34] (#cite_note-slipop2quote-34) The Star Athletica designs were not exactly identical (physically or graphically), but Varsity's general description of allegedly-copied elements in court filings ("the lines, stripes, coloring, angles, V's [or chevrons], and shapes and the arrangement and placement of those elements") suited both designs and the case moved forward. [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) Varsity also sued for trademark infringement (/wiki/Trademark_infringement) under the Lanham Act (/wiki/Lanham_Act) [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) and Star Athletica counter-sued Varsity under the Sherman Antitrust Act for allegedly monopolizing the cheerleading industry, [35] (#cite_note-VarsityBrief-35) but those claims were dismissed. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [35] (#cite_note-VarsityBrief-35) In 2014, the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee) ruled in Star Athletica's favor on the grounds that the designs were not eligible for copyright restriction. According to Judge (/wiki/United_States_federal_judge) Robert Hardy Cleland (/wiki/Robert_Hardy_Cleland) , a design without distinctive marks (like chevrons and zigzags) would not be identifiable as cheerleading uniforms, so the designs were not separately identifiable. They were not conceptually separable because the marks, outside the context of the clothing, would have still evoked the idea of a cheerleading uniform. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) The district court's decision was reversed on appeal (/wiki/Appeal) by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit) , Judge Karen Nelson Moore (/wiki/Karen_Nelson_Moore) 's majority opinion said that the district court should have deferred to the fact that the Copyright Office's trained personnel had granted the copyright registrations. On the questions of the case, Moore evaluated the competing separability tests and created a new five-step test for the Circuit Court analysis. The court found that the designs were copyrightable because the clothes were usable as athletic wear and removing the designs did not affect their utility. Moore said that the design could be separately identifiable because it could be held "side by side" with a blank dress and there would be no utilitarian difference; it could exist independently, because individual aspects (such as chevrons) could appear in designs of other clothing items. She also said that a ruling in favor of Star Athletica would have rendered all paintings uncopyrightable because they decorated the rooms in which they hung. Judge David McKeague (/wiki/David_McKeague) dissented, disagreeing about the application of one of the test's steps. The third step asked the court to determine the useful article's "utilitarian aspects." Instead of the majority's more-general assessment of athletic wear, McKeague would have defined the uniforms as clothing the body "in an attractive way for a special occasion" and "identify[ing] the wearer as a cheerleader;" their aesthetic features, therefore, could not be separated from the utilitarian. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [38] (#cite_note-38) Star Athletica filed to be heard by the United States Supreme Court in January 2016. On May 2 of that year, the court granted certiorari (/wiki/Certiorari) "to resolve widespread disagreement over the proper test for implementing § 101's separate-identification and independent-existence requirements." Star Athletica also wanted the court to decide if Varsity's designs were sufficiently original to be copyrighted, but the court declined. [39] (#cite_note-39) Amicus curiae briefs [ edit ] These cosplayers are wearing outfits copied from the Sailor Moon (/wiki/Sailor_Moon) series. The case attracted the attention of interest groups which filed fifteen amicus curiae (/wiki/Amicus_curiae) briefs. [40] (#cite_note-docket-40) Among Star Athletica's advocates was Public Knowledge (/wiki/Public_Knowledge) , which helped draft a brief representing the views of costuming groups (particularly cosplayers (/wiki/Cosplay) of the Royal Manticoran Navy (/wiki/Honorverse) and the International Costuming Guild) which were concerned that a ruling in Varsity's favor could endanger their craft. Much of cosplaying involved recreating designs recognizable from pop culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) . [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) When the legality of creating costumes based on pop culture had been questioned, the Copyright Office decided that costumes were uncopyrightable, useful articles for the practical purpose of covering the body; [43] (#cite_note-43) there was debate over this rationale. [44] (#cite_note-Costumes_and_Copyright_Concerns-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) Cosplayers (/wiki/Cosplay) also cited fair use (/wiki/Fair_use) to justify their hobby. [46] (#cite_note-46) The Royal Manticoran Navy filed a separate supporting brief in Star Athletica which emphasized fair use in costuming, voicing a concern that allowing clothing-design copyrights would further strengthen Varsity Brands's position in the cheerleading industry, [47] (#cite_note-SupremeCourtPondersCostumes-47) [48] (#cite_note-Manticore-48) one commonly described as monopolistic because of its 80-percent market share. [28] (#cite_note-VarsityBrandsOwnsCheerleading-28) [48] (#cite_note-Manticore-48) [49] (#cite_note-StarAthleticaBrief-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) Public Knowledge was involved in a brief from Shapeways (/wiki/Shapeways) , the Open Source Hardware Association (/wiki/Open_Source_Hardware_Association) , Formlabs (/wiki/Formlabs) and the Organization for Transformative Works (/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works) , who were concerned that copyright restriction would impact 3D printing (/wiki/3D_printing) by making it difficult to share designs and by creating a fiscal incentive for media companies to crack down on derivative works (/wiki/Derivative_work) . [18] (#cite_note-3DPrintingAmicus-18) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-TheMakerMovement-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) Another group of supporters ("Intellectual Property Professors") objected to broadly expanding copyright to useful-article designs because they considered design patents sufficient. Citing examples of what Congress considered copyrightable in drafting the 1976 law, they argued that extending copyright to uniform designs would unduly stretch Congress's intent to copyright minor detailing on industrial designs, such as like floral engravings on silverware, carvings on the backs of chairs, or printing on T-shirts. [56] (#cite_note-IntellectualPropertyProfessorsBrief-56) Varsity was endorsed by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) , which believed that extending copyright to clothing designs was critical to prevent exploitative copyists and preserve the United States' rapid rate of expansion in the worldwide fashion industry: $370 billion in domestic consumer spending (/wiki/Consumer_spending) and 1.8 million jobs. [16] (#cite_note-CouncilBrief-16) [33] (#cite_note-WhoOwnsCheerleaderUniforms-33) The Fashion Law Institute (/wiki/Fashion_Law_Institute) shared these interests, saying that a decision to copyright clothing designs would be a proper reading of the Mazer v. Stein ruling's incorporation into the 1976 Copyright Act. [47] (#cite_note-SupremeCourtPondersCostumes-47) [57] (#cite_note-FashionLawBrief-57) Both criticized the " fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) " industry of duplicating expensive designs with increasingly-cheap 3D printing technology without payment to their original creators. [16] (#cite_note-CouncilBrief-16) [57] (#cite_note-FashionLawBrief-57) The Institute cited "geek fashion," including cosplay, as a burgeoning part of the industry. [57] (#cite_note-FashionLawBrief-57) The United States government (/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) also supported Varsity. The government said that the question of a proper separability analysis was unnecessary because, in creating the designs as drawings, Varsity had received a copyright for them and reserved the ability to reproduce that design however they chose to in any medium. It pointed to a concession from Star Athletica that if Varsity (hypothetically) controlled The Starry Night (/wiki/The_Starry_Night) , the company would be able to restrict the painting's printing on dresses. [58] (#cite_note-UnitedStatesBrief-58) Star Athletica had conceded this because it was an abstract painting (not a dress design), [49] (#cite_note-StarAthleticaBrief-49) but the government said that the painting would cover the entire dress surface and was no different than the Varsity designs. It also said that, in applying the requested conceptual-separability analysis, what mattered was that a uniform stripped of the design "remain[ed] similarly useful" compared to the original; a blank dress was equivalent to a designed one, so the design was copyrightable. [58] (#cite_note-UnitedStatesBrief-58) Oral arguments [ edit ] Oral arguments (/wiki/Oral_argument) began on October 31, 2016, with Star Athletica represented by John J. Bursch (/wiki/John_J._Bursch) and Varsity by William M. Jay. Eric Feigin also spoke on Varsity's behalf, representing the United States as an amicus curiae . [59] (#cite_note-ViewFromTheCourtroom-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) Star Athletica's lawyers gave the court examples of the graphic designs' utility. The designs' colors and shapes were arranged to create optical effects (/wiki/Optical_illusion) such as the Müller-Lyer illusion (/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion) , changing a cheerleader's appearance to make them look taller, thinner, and generally more appealing. The company considered this distinct from applying a pre-existing two-dimensional image to the uniform because the lines required for the illusions needed to be properly located on a properly-fitted uniform; [59] (#cite_note-ViewFromTheCourtroom-59) people often made utilitarian decisions about their clothing to make themselves look better. [62] (#cite_note-NYTOct31-62) Those designs on another object, such as a lunchbox, would not serve that utilitarian purpose. [63] (#cite_note-63) Justice (/wiki/Associate_justice) Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg) rejected that line of argument, citing the fact that the examples presented in evidence were two-dimensional works. In her view, it did not matter that the submitted designs were "superimposed" on three-dimensional uniforms; they were submitted in two-dimensional images separated from the uniforms and copyrightable. Both parties agreed that the physical, three-dimensional uniform's cut and how it physically framed the body were not copyrightable, and they were interested in the colors and aesthetic designs as applied to the useful article. [62] (#cite_note-NYTOct31-62) Ginsburg was uncomfortable with the vagueness she perceived in Star Athletica wanting the court to decide when a given two-dimensional design "is what makes an article utilitarian" when that design could conceivably be placed on anything. [64] (#cite_note-ArgumentAnalysisJusticesWorry-64) Chief Justice (/wiki/Chief_Justice) John Roberts (/wiki/John_Roberts) agreed, adding that the designs did more than sit on the body; they sent a "particular message" (that the wearer was "a member of a cheerleading squad"), and Roberts leaned toward thinking of them as copyrightable. [62] (#cite_note-NYTOct31-62) The court also considered more abstract aspects of the case. For example, it was unclear how a decision in Varsity's favor might affect military-style camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) patterns, and whether they could be restricted if fashion designs were copyrightable. Varsity supported the idea of camouflage copyrights, although Justice Elena Kagan (/wiki/Elena_Kagan) pointed out the clearly utilitarian function of camouflage patterns: concealment. On the industry side, women's fashion was a concern worth hundreds of billions of dollars worldwide. Justice Stephen Breyer (/wiki/Stephen_Breyer) speculated that the price of dresses could conceivably double if copyright terms were applied to designs, and knock-off brands could not compete at lower prices. [62] (#cite_note-NYTOct31-62) Breyer and Justice Sonia Sotomayor (/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor) questioned Varsity about possible monopolization; a uniform design could become part of a school's identity, compelling it to buy exclusively from Varsity for a century of copyright restriction. Breyer was concerned that designers or lawyers might sue over the design of any dress or suit based on generic drawings. [64] (#cite_note-ArgumentAnalysisJusticesWorry-64) Sotomayor, who once represented Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) in cases brought against knock-offs, wondered if a decision for Varsity would destroy those knock-off brands, and was unsure if that would be a bad thing. [30] (#cite_note-SupremeCourtHearsArguments-30) Justice Anthony Kennedy (/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy) wondered if it was "the domain of copyright to [restrict] the way people present themselves to the world." [64] (#cite_note-ArgumentAnalysisJusticesWorry-64) Breyer received media attention for saying of the purpose of fashion, "The clothes on the hanger do nothing; the clothes on the woman do everything," a sentiment Kagan thought was "so romantic." [30] (#cite_note-SupremeCourtHearsArguments-30) [59] (#cite_note-ViewFromTheCourtroom-59) [62] (#cite_note-NYTOct31-62) Opinion of the court [ edit ] Majority opinion [ edit ] Justice Clarence Thomas (/wiki/Clarence_Thomas) delivered the majority opinion, which was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Alito (/wiki/Samuel_Alito) , Sotomayor, and Kagan. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) The court defined its task as "whether the lines, chevrons, and colorful shapes appearing on the surface of [Varsity Brands'] cheerleading uniforms are eligible for copyright restriction as separable features of the design of those cheerleading uniforms", [65] (#cite_note-65) and did not consider whether the designs in the case met copyright's threshold of originality (/wiki/Threshold_of_originality) . [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) Thomas rejected arguments from Varsity and the United States that separability analysis was unneeded, [67] (#cite_note-67) and did away with all previous lower-court tests. The opinion provided a two-part test, based on the 1976 statute and the Mazer v. Stein decision: [68] (#cite_note-68) ... an artistic feature of the design of a useful article is eligible for copyright protection if the feature (1) can be perceived as a two- or three-dimensional work of art separate from the useful article and (2) would qualify as a protectable pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work either on its own or in some other medium if imagined separately from the useful article. [69] (#cite_note-slipop11-69) After applying this test to the cheerleading uniforms, the court ruled in Varsity's favor that the designs were separable from the useful article and could be copyrighted. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [70] (#cite_note-slipop10-70) The separability analysis started with an admittedly-permissive first requirement, describing the designs as separately-identifiable "pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works." The design needed to exist independently, and Thomas concluded that it did when it appeared in other media (such as the two-dimensional drawings submitted to the Copyright Office). In his view, this conceptual separation would not necessarily recreate the useful dress because the design's elements (like the chevrons) could appear on items in different contexts; [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [71] (#cite_note-slipop7-8-71) the graphic design itself did not make a garment a cheerleader uniform, even it appeared on a different kind of clothing. [70] (#cite_note-slipop10-70) This analysis moved the consideration away from whether the item left after separation was useful, and to whether or not the design itself was useful. A feature incapable of separation was a utilitarian feature, Thomas said. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [71] (#cite_note-slipop7-8-71) Addressing concerns that this would grant control over more than the design, Thomas said that the separated aesthetic element could not be a useful article; someone could not copyright a design and then exert control over its physical representation. A drawing (or small model) of a car, copyrighted, could not restrict production of a functional automobile with the same body by a competitor. The car drawing would not suppress a rival car manufacturer in the automobile market, so Varsity's uniform drawing would not suppress Star Athletica in the uniform market because their uniforms could have the same cut. [71] (#cite_note-slipop7-8-71) The final section of the opinion discussed objections to the decision raised by the parties in their briefs. There were no requirements that there be an equivalent useful article remaining after the design element was conceptually removed or that the removed element be "solely artistic." Thomas said that discussions of the blank dress were unnecessary because the statute did not require the remaining work to be useful (or "similarly useful", as the government had put it), because all that mattered was if the separated element was a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work. He said that adopting this requirement would have overruled Mazer ; the statue in that case was considered "applied art" because the 1909 act had removed an earlier distinction between aesthetic and useful works of art. That distinction was not reinstated by the 1976 act, so there was no distinguishing between "conceptual" and "physical" separability. [72] (#cite_note-slipop12-15-72) Thomas rejected Star Athletica's additional, "objective" considerations from preexisting tests that a work be identified as artistic contributions from a designer, independent of its utilitarian purpose, and be marketable without the design's utilitarian function. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [73] (#cite_note-slipop15-17-73) These were not within the statute and Thomas dismissed them, saying that all that mattered was consumer perception – not the design's intent. About Congress's reluctance (/wiki/Legislative_history#United_States) to apply copyright to useful articles in general, Thomas said that congressional inaction was not usually a significant judicial argument. He found much of the discussion moot; copyright could not restrict the cut of the design, and copyright coverage did not prevent design patenting. [73] (#cite_note-slipop15-17-73) Thomas rejected the arguments of Justice Breyer's dissent and Star Athletica's similar contention that the designs were uncopyrightable because they would have the same outline as the useful article. He analogized the uniform's design to a mural on a curved dome, saying that the contour of the dome would not make the mural uncopyrightable. He thought that Breyer's traditional view that a preexisting two-dimensional artwork applied to a portion of the clothing could be copyrighted was contradictory; the statute would provide copyright restriction to designs which covered part of the clothing surface, but not to designs that covered all of it. [69] (#cite_note-slipop11-69) Ginsburg's concurrence agreed on the second point in its notes; portions of Varsity's claimed uniform designs appear on other merchandise, such as T-shirts. [74] (#cite_note-74) Concurring opinion [ edit ] Page six of Justice Ginsburg's concurring opinion (/wiki/Concurring_opinion) , which noted that the designs were registered with the U.S. Copyright Office as two-dimensional artwork Justice Ginsburg wrote an opinion, concurring that the cheerleading uniform designs were separable without joining in the majority's reasoning, and emphasized that the copyrights were not registered for the useful articles of clothing; the registrations were for pictorial and graphic works which were then reproduced on the clothing. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [75] (#cite_note-75) Because the Copyright Act of 1976 provided copyright claimants "the right to reproduce the work in or on any kind of article, whether useful or otherwise," [76] (#cite_note-76) the claimant of a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work's copyright could restrict others from reproducing the work's elements on their useful articles. According to Ginsburg, there was no need for the court to address the separability-analysis issue. [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [77] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-77) She attached to her decision several pages of applications submitted by Varsity Brands to the Copyright Office, pointing to their claimed types of work: "2-dimensional artwork" or "fabric design (artwork)." [78] (#cite_note-78) In her notes, Ginsburg said that she did not take a stand about whether or not Varsity's designs were original enough for copyright; she referred to Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. (/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co.) , quoting its conclusion that "the requisite level of creativity [for copyrightability] is extremely low; even a slight amount will suffice." [77] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-77) Dissent [ edit ] Justices Breyer dissented, and Justice Kennedy joined him. While Breyer agreed with much of the majority's reasoning, he disagreed with the framing and application of the majority's test and concluded that the design was not separable from the uniform as a useful article. [79] (#cite_note-breyer1-79) Breyer also criticized what he considered vagueness in the majority's test. He thought that under it, "virtually any industrial design" could be considered separable as soon as it was thought of in terms of art, whether giving it a picture frame or merely calling an object "art" (/wiki/Found_object) (like a Marcel Duchamp (/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp) series (/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp) ). [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) [80] (#cite_note-80) Breyer's approach to the problem was to interpret what "identified separately" meant in the context of the statute. His reading was that to be separable, the design features needed to be physically separable from the article (leaving the utilitarian object functional) or the design features needed to be conceivably separable without conjuring a picture of the utilitarian object in a person's mind. He returned to Mazer v. Stein and applied his reasoning to two lamps, one with a Siamese cat (/wiki/Siamese_cat) statuette for a pole and one with a brass-rod pole and a cat statuette attached to its base. On the base, the cat could be physically separable and was copyrightable as a figurine. When the cat was the pole, it could not be physically separated; it could be conceptually separated from the context of the lamp without conjuring the idea of a lamp, however, and was copyrightable as a figurine. [81] (#cite_note-81) Applying his version of the test to the cheerleader uniforms, he found that the design was not physically separable. Picturing the design separately would reveal a cheerleader uniform "coextensive with that design and cut", so the design and useful article were not conceptually separable either. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [79] (#cite_note-breyer1-79) [82] (#cite_note-breyer11-82) Breyer then considered shoes painted by (/wiki/Still_life_paintings_by_Vincent_van_Gogh_(Paris)#Pair_of_shoes) Vincent van Gogh (/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh) and turned to the examples of Congress's intended targets of copyright in the amicus curiae brief filed by the Intellectual Property Professors. He found that copyrighting those embellishments was not the same as copyrighting an entire cheerleading uniform design; those examples were conceptually separable, while the uniform design was not. Breyer reiterated that van Gogh could certainly have received a copyright to prevent people from reproducing his painting, but the request in Star Athletica was an injunction against reproducing uniforms; he felt that this decision would be equivalent to giving van Gogh a design copyright which could prevent others from producing those shoes. [83] (#cite_note-83) He accused Varsity Brands of trying to acquire copyrights to "prevent its competitors from making useful three-dimensional cheerleader uniforms by submitting plainly unoriginal chevrons and stripes as cut and arranged on a useful article." [82] (#cite_note-breyer11-82) Breyer studied the state of the fashion industry at the time of the decision. Recent Congresses had rejected 70 bills to extend copyright to cover designs on useful articles, which he interpreted as an unwillingness of lawmakers (/wiki/Legislative_intent) to enact the change. He cited the metrics provided by the Varsity amici Council of Fashion Designers of America to show that the fashion industry was successful without copyright and quoted warnings from Thomas Jefferson (/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) and Thomas Babington Macaulay (/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay) against wantonly expanding copyright monopolies. Seeing no pressing need to extend the restriction, he did not want to overstep the bounds of the Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) 's Copyright Clause (/wiki/Copyright_Clause) , especially when the available design patents afforded fifteen years of restriction and copyright could offer more than a century. [84] (#cite_note-84) Subsequent developments [ edit ] Immediate reactions [ edit ] Varsity Brands's leadership and supporters were pleased by the decision. Varsity founder Jeff Webb said that it was a win for "the basic idea that designers everywhere can create excellent work and make investments in their future without fear of having it stolen or copied." Susan Scafidi (/wiki/Susan_Scafidi) , founder of the Fashion Law Institute, had been involved with the case from the district-court level and was sorry that it had to go all the way to the Supreme Court. However, she praised Thomas's decision as a maintenance of the status quo based on the copyrightability of fabric patterns. Although it was important to her because she believed that fashion designers deserved to restrict their designs with copyright, she did not think that it would change things for designers because it was based on the language of the preexisting statute. [85] (#cite_note-OneYearLater-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) On March 31, 2017, [87] (#cite_note-87) Puma (/wiki/Puma_SE) sued Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) for alleged violations of Puma's intellectual-property rights. Puma based the copyright-infringement portion of its case on the nine-day-old precedent, and said that Forever 21 shoes included copyrighted elements of similar Puma products. Forever 21, a supplier of knock-offs, had been sued for copyright infringement in the past; this was among the first times that a company used the argument that, in the case of Puma's Fenty (/wiki/Rihanna) Fur Slides, their "wide plush fur strap extending to the base of the sandal" was capable of being represented in another medium and was covered by copyright as separable from the shoe itself. Puma claimed "a casually knotted satin bow with pointed endings atop a satin-lined side strap that extends to the base of the sandal" was a copyrighted element on its Bow Slides. [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) Forever 21 responded with a detailed motion to dismiss which said that the Fenti line resembled prior art (/wiki/Prior_art) . [90] (#cite_note-90) The companies settled in November 2018. [91] (#cite_note-91) The United States Copyright Office, arbiter of copyright registration, updated its Compendium of rules for validating registrations with preliminary rules taking the Star Athletica developments into account. [92] (#cite_note-92) The report, published on September 29, 2017, said that useful articles [93] (#cite_note-93) and (specifically) clothing articles were not copyrightable. [94] (#cite_note-94) About two-dimensional visual designs applied to useful articles, the Compendium reduced its 2014 discussion of the copyrightability of designs of useful articles [95] (#cite_note-95) to one section in the 2017 guide which quoted Star Athletica ' s two-step separability test. A note indicated that the office was "developing updated guidance" on the matter for a future version of the report. [96] (#cite_note-96) The office released a draft of the new edition of the Compendium on March 15, 2019, including new material which addressed Star Athletica . [97] (#cite_note-97) [98] (#cite_note-98) Case resolution [ edit ] The case was passed back to the district court in Tennessee and, in August 2017, was settled out of court in favor of Varsity Brands (over Star Athletica's objection) by Star Athletica's insurance company. Star Athletica wanted to press a counter-claim after the Supreme Court's ruling that designs on the uniforms could be copyrightable with an argument that the particular Varsity designs in the case should not be copyrightable due to their simplicity. The settlement precluded that argument and closed the case with prejudice (/wiki/Prejudice_(legal_term)#With_prejudice_and_without_prejudice) . [99] (#cite_note-AnUnsatisfyingEnd-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) Legal analyses [ edit ] Intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) attorneys were split about the opinion; some thought that it clarified the law, [31] (#cite_note-Benson2018-31) [85] (#cite_note-OneYearLater-85) [101] (#cite_note-101) and others thought that it made the law more ambiguous. [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) [102] (#cite_note-102) [103] (#cite_note-103) Clarity notwithstanding, many have noted that Star Athletica was an important case for the fashion industry because it overturned the prevailing wisdom that fashion designs were generally uncopyrightable. The effects of this shift in thought remain to be seen, however, as more designers apply for copyrights and awareness of the change grows. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [31] (#cite_note-Benson2018-31) Negative effects on fashion trends (which involve some degree of copying basic styles among designers throughout the industry) [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) [104] (#cite_note-104) [105] (#cite_note-105) [106] (#cite_note-106) and an anticipated increase in infringement lawsuits have been speculated. [66] (#cite_note-CopyrightsAtTheSupremeCourt-66) Generic or "knock-off" clothing could cease to exist due to the restriction of the designer brands' designs, [31] (#cite_note-Benson2018-31) although designer brands were also accused of copying independent artists before the decision. [107] (#cite_note-107) In its broad interpretation of the statute, the ruling did not make conclusive determinations about competition and copyright. Columbia Law School (/wiki/Columbia_Law_School) professor Ronald Mann analyzed the decision for SCOTUSblog (/wiki/SCOTUSblog) , saying that the court's opinion did not address the minimal threshold of creativity required for copyright restriction under Feist v. Rural . Mann called Thomas's dismissal of the opposing arguments "half-hearted" and predicted that scholarly debate of the separability test's shift in copyright law would continue. [108] (#cite_note-108) Professors Jeanne C. Fromer and Mark P. McKenna criticized the decision's ambiguity; the three major stages of litigation resulted in three different majority decisions on three different grounds, with more divergent opinions in the dissents and concurrence. The courts allowed Varsity to define extremely narrow copyright restrictions in the registration and then sue others (such as Star Athletica) with court filings that only described the designs generally, so Fromer and McKenna were concerned that this disconnect in requirements would lead to more controversial lawsuits (even outside the useful-article realm). A model car could be copyrighted as a sculpture, a drawing of that model could be copyrighted, and the claimant could use the features of either to file copyright claims. Which features of either were actually restricted was left up to debate, because the registration's description could diverge from a lawsuit. Fromer and McKenna said that it would be impossible to know what the copyright holder considered restricted before they described it in a lawsuit or before the second party began copying. In the absence of a description, they said that it was impossible to perform a separability analysis and determine if the feature was copyrightable before litigation began. [10] (#cite_note-ClaimingDesign-10) Expanded separability [ edit ] The Harvard Law Review (/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review) said that Star Athletica was an important step towards removing subjectivity from the tests in this area of the law, removing the framing problem which changed the outcome of the analysis based on the definition of article usefulness. The decision may not fully resolve conflicting lower-court rulings, however, because its majority and dissent were based on close readings of the statute without enough differentiating examples in the majority to discredit the alternative view. Potential contradictions in Thomas's majority opinion (assertions that surface designs are "inherently separable" from useful articles without being useful articles themselves, and other clothing with the design do not conjure the original useful article) may muddy the waters. According to the Review , "These dicta (/wiki/Dicta) imply that the independently existing work can have the shape and look of the article, evoke the same concepts, and even perform the same function and still be separable" (making it copyrightable). [7] (#cite_note-HLR-7) Silvertop Assocs., Inc. v. Kangaroo Mfg., Inc. , a 2018 district court case, ruled that a banana costume's physical features were separable from the costume and copyrightable because they could be painted on a canvas. [109] (#cite_note-109) It was upheld on appeal the following year. [110] (#cite_note-110) In February 2019, however, the Copyright Office's review board used Star Athletica as a justification for refusing to register the design of a work glove. The office determined that it failed the second step of the test because panels on the back of the hand and other features of the glove were "apparently deliberately engineered and repeatedly tested to qualify with ANSI (/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute) cut-level standards while allowing finger and hand movement." The office determined that the design was not sufficiently original to be copyrightable because its "common and familiar uncopyrightable shapes" conformed to the human hand "in the most predictable manner." [111] (#cite_note-111) In 2019, the office's decision to register the Adidas Yeezy (/wiki/Adidas_Yeezy) Boost 350 shoe design was considered a significant expansion of the copyrightability of useful articles in the wake of Star Athletica . [112] (#cite_note-JusticeBreyerFear-112) [113] (#cite_note-OtherShoeDrops-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-BoostForCopyright-115) The Copyright Office rejected the designs twice, followed by requests for reconsideration by Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) . The 2017 refusal, immediately after Star Athletica , was because the shoes were a useful article (a common response from the office then). The 2018 refusal was because the Copyright Office determined that the shoes' design did not meet the originality requirement. On its third consideration, the office determined that the two- and three-dimensional designs could be perceived separately from the shoes and their design's individually-uncopyrightable elements combined to overcome the originality requirement. [112] (#cite_note-JusticeBreyerFear-112) [113] (#cite_note-OtherShoeDrops-113) The Yeezy's color design overcoming the originality requirement may spur fashion companies to pursue copyright more aggressively for designs more complex than basic shape variations. [113] (#cite_note-OtherShoeDrops-113) The Yeezy designs had already been restricted by the design-patent system, so the Copyright Office's decision was also read to establish that copyright was an acceptable addition to design patents for useful articles in general and clothing in particular. [115] (#cite_note-BoostForCopyright-115) This was an outcome the Intellectual Property Professors [56] (#cite_note-IntellectualPropertyProfessorsBrief-56) and Justice Breyer feared while Star Athletica was under consideration, [116] (#cite_note-116) although Justice Thomas said that they were "not mutually exclusive" according to Mazer v. Stein . [117] (#cite_note-117) Other analyses [ edit ] For cosplayers, the decision made the possibility of lawsuits by copyright holders and official licensees less unlikely. Different parts of costumes may be subject to different levels of restriction, where fair use and utility are not clear; the shape of a superhero's mask (/wiki/Domino_mask) could be considered more ornamental than useful. Cosplay props which are not clothing might be even more easily restricted because they are not a necessary element of a costume's function as clothing. Unauthorized replicas of these items may involve more legal hazard than before Star Athletica . [44] (#cite_note-Costumes_and_Copyright_Concerns-44) Meredith Rose, policy counsel of Public Knowledge (/wiki/Public_Knowledge) and involved in the group's cosplay amicus brief, later wrote for the group that fair-use rights could still apply to cosplay. [118] (#cite_note-WorkingWithAnAwkwardFit-118) Rose agreed that ornamental designs and props could be restricted more easily because "when copyright law looks at props, cosplay armor, and accessories, it sees sculptures", [119] (#cite_note-119) but said that cosplay was not going anywhere because the companies behind pop culture had embraced and encouraged it. [118] (#cite_note-WorkingWithAnAwkwardFit-118) Star Athletica caused uncertainty in the 3D-printing community; [120] (#cite_note-ShapewaysResponse-120) [121] (#cite_note-MaySpellDisaster-121) [122] (#cite_note-122) [123] (#cite_note-123) 3D printing was a relatively-new field, and the rules could have outsized effects on the development of its cultural norms. [124] (#cite_note-124) Shapeways (/wiki/Shapeways) , one of the amici , criticized the court's test because it prioritized artistic considerations over the utility of an item. In its view, this made the test easier but inappropriately expanded copyright in ways which would impact its interests. The company said that a better test would have first considered an item's function, removing parts which accomplished that task from copyright consideration. [120] (#cite_note-ShapewaysResponse-120) [121] (#cite_note-MaySpellDisaster-121) Sara Benson, a lawyer who agreed with the decision, wondered if the court's rejection of a copyrightability test which valued artistic effort on the designer's part may harm the perception of a designer's value to their clients. Benson said that the test had allowed designers to leverage their creativity for respect and credibility during the corporate design process, and its removal may have removed some of their negotiating power. [31] (#cite_note-Benson2018-31) David Kluft of Foley Hoag (/wiki/Foley_Hoag) said that the new ability to copyright design elements is accompanied by criminal penalties if the elements have utility. If the entity applying for copyright of a design knew about that utility, it would be considered false representation of a material fact in its copyright registration. [125] (#cite_note-125) Uncertainty exists about how this decision may impact the copyrightability of food. [126] (#cite_note-MichelinStarAthletica-126) Top chefs had been seeking copyrightability for years before Star Athletica , [127] (#cite_note-EatYourArtOut-127) and some prohibiting customers from taking photographs of the food (/wiki/Food_porn) because of a supposed copyright restriction. [128] (#cite_note-ProtectingFoodCreations-128) [129] (#cite_note-129) According to the pre- Star Athletica interpretation of separability, the copyrightability of food as a sculpture with artistic features did not contribute to its purpose as a consumable. [128] (#cite_note-ProtectingFoodCreations-128) [127] (#cite_note-EatYourArtOut-127) James P. Flynn of Epstein Becker & Green wondered if Star Athletica might have changed the fate of served food. [126] (#cite_note-MichelinStarAthletica-126) [ more detail needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hagin, Leslie J. “A Comparative Analysis of Laws Applied to Fashion Works: Renewing the Proposal for Folding Fashion Works Into the United States Copyright Statute”. Copyright Law Symposium Number 40 (1991), Columbia University Press, 1997, p. 331. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands: Supreme Court Rules Apparel Design Copyrightable" (https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=69e25e3d-9be9-46b0-9172-31da225e8834) . Lexology . Lane Powell PC. March 29, 2017 . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ a b c Telfer, Tori (March 29, 2017). "Fashion Designs Aren't Protected By Copyright Law, So Knockoffs Thrive as Designers Suffer" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/4527-fashion-designs-arent-protected-by-copyright-law-so-knockoffs-thrive-as-designers-suffer) . Bustle . Lane Powell PC . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC) , 312 (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_312) U.S. (/wiki/United_States_Reports) 457 (https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/457/) (1941) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Mazer v. Stein (/wiki/Mazer_v._Stein) , 347 (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_347) U.S. (/wiki/United_States_Reports) 201 (https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/201/) (1954) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co.) , 376 (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_376) U.S. (/wiki/United_States_Reports) 225 (https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/225/) (1964) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc" (https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/11/star-athletica-l-l-c-v-varsity-brands-inc/) . Harvard Law Review . November 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 16, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17USC101_8-0) 17 U.S.C. (/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code) § 101 (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/101) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Robert Kastenmeier (/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier) (September 3, 1976). House of Representatives Report No. 94-1476 (https://www.copyright.gov/history/law/clrev_94-1476.pdf) (PDF) (Report). United States House of Representatives. p. 105 . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . Section 113 deals with the extent of copyright protection in "works of applied art." The section takes as its starting point the Supreme Court's decision in Mazer v. Stein , 347 U.S. 201 (1954), and the first sentence of subsection (a) restates the basic principle established by that decision. ^ a b c d e f g Fromer, Jeanne C.; McKenna, Mark P. (May 30, 2018). "Claiming Design". University of Pennsylvania Law Review . 167 . SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 3186762 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186762) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ginsburg, Jane C. (September 1, 2016). " (https://lawandarts.org/article/courts-have-twisted-themselves-into-knots-u-s-copyright-protection-for-applied-art/) 'Courts Have Twisted Themselves into Knots': US Copyright Protection for Applied Art" (https://lawandarts.org/article/courts-have-twisted-themselves-into-knots-u-s-copyright-protection-for-applied-art/) . The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts . 40 (1). Rochester, NY. SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 2837728 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2837728) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fisher, Daniel (May 2, 2016). "Supreme Court Dives Into Copyright Fight Over Cheerleader Uniforms" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfisher/2016/05/02/supreme-court-dives-into-copyright-fight-over-cheerleader-uniforms/#224b16325244) . Forbes . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "924.3(A) Clothing Designs". Compendium of US Copyright Office Practices, Third Edition (PDF) (Report). United States Copyright Office (/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office) . December 22, 2014. p. 41 . Retrieved July 11, 2018 . Clothing such as shirts, dresses, pants, coats, shoes, and outerwear are not eligible for copyright protection because they are considered useful articles. This is because clothing provides utilitarian functions, such as warmth, protection, and modesty.... Although the copyright law does not protect the shape or design of clothing...designs imprinted in or on fabric are considered conceptually separable from the utilitarian aspects of garments, linens, furniture, or other useful articles. Therefore, a fabric or textile design may be registered if the design contains a sufficient amount of creative expression. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kover, Amy (June 19, 2005). "That Looks Familiar. Didn't I Design It?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/19/business/yourmoney/that-looks-familiar-didnt-i-design-it.html?mtrref=undefined) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Telfer, Tori (September 3, 2013). "Fashion Designs Aren't Protected By Copyright Law, So Knockoffs Thrive as Designers Suffer" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/4527-fashion-designs-arent-protected-by-copyright-law-so-knockoffs-thrive-as-designers-suffer) . Bustle . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ a b c Brief of Council of Fashion Designers of America as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-866-respondent-amicus-CFDA-updated.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Bollier, David; Racine, Laurie (September 9, 2003). "Control of creativity? Fashion's secret" (https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0909/p09s01-coop.html) . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ a b Brief of Public Knowledge, the International Costumers Guild, Shapeways, Inc., the Open Source Hardware Association, Formlabs Inc., Printrbot Inc., the Organization For Transformative Works, the American Library Association, the Association of Research Libraries, and The Association of College and Research Libraries as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-866_amicus_pet_public_knowledge.pdf) Amici Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Morning Edition (September 10, 2012). "Why Knockoffs Are Good For The Fashion Industry" (https://www.npr.org/2012/09/10/160746195/why-knockoffs-are-good-for-the-fashion-industry) . NPR.org . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Raustiala, Kal; Sprigman, Christopher (January 26, 2006). "The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design" (https://www.virginialawreview.org/volumes/content/piracy-paradox-innovation-and-intellectual-property-fashion-design) . 92 : 1687. SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 878401 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=878401) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Zarocostas, John (August 2018). "The role of IP rights in the fashion business: a US perspective" (http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2018/04/article_0006.html) . www.wipo.int . WIPO Magazine . Retrieved August 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Trademark Law" (https://www.thefashionlaw.com/resource-center/trademark-law/) . The Fashion Law . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Samuelson, Pamela (/wiki/Pamela_Samuelson) ; Gergen, Mark P. (February 2019). "The Disgorgement Remedy of Design Patent Law" (https://www.californialawreview.org/print/disgorgement-remedy-design-patent-law/) . California Law Review . 108 . SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 3353536 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3353536) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Kane, Julie (June 3, 2016). "The Differences Between Design Patents and Trade Dress" (https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2016/06/03/differences-design-patents-trade-dress/id=69591/) . IPWatchdog.com : 371. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/thr.2019.0057 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fthr.2019.0057) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 258102688 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258102688) . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Tu, Kevin V. (2010). "Counterfeit Fashion: The Interplay between Copyright and Trademark Law in Original Fashion Designs and Designer Knockoffs" (https://tiplj.org/wp-content/uploads/Volumes/v18/v18p419.pdf) (PDF) . Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal . 18 (3). Rochester, NY: 433–436. SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 1681053 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1681053) . ^ a b c Giles, Shayna (2015). "Trade Dress: An Unsuitable Fit for Product Design in the Fashion Industry". SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 2715146 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2715146) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Burstein, Sarah (2016). "Costly Designs" (https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/77627) . Ohio State Law Journal . 77 : 107–157. hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1811/77627 (https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F77627) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-1572 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1572) . SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 2627065 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2627065) . ^ a b Reigstad, Leif (July 21, 2015). "Varsity Brands Owns Cheerleading and Fights to Keep it From Becoming an Official Sport" (http://www.houstonpress.com/news/varsity-brands-owns-cheerleading-and-fights-to-keep-it-from-becoming-an-official-sport-7606297) . Houston Press . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Kees, Laura A.; Shaw, Stephen (March 24, 2017). " (https://www.natlawreview.com/article/knock-offs-beware-scotus-makes-fashion-forward-decision) "Knock-Offs" Beware: SCOTUS Makes a Fashion-Forward Decision" (https://www.natlawreview.com/article/knock-offs-beware-scotus-makes-fashion-forward-decision) . National Law Review . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ a b c Barnes, Robert (October 31, 2016). "Supreme Court hears arguments in cases centering on cheerleading outfits and a goldendoodle service dog" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-hears-arguments-in-cases-centering-on-cheerleading-outfits-and-a-goldendoodle-service-dog/2016/10/31/5e486ce0-9f9d-11e6-a44d-cc2898cfab06_story.html) . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15, 2018 . ^ a b c d e Benson, Sara R. (2018). "Sports Uniforms and Copyright: Implications for Applied Art Educators from the Star Athletica Decision" (https://www.jcel-pub.org/jcel/article/view/6575) . Journal of Copyright in Education and Librarianship . 2 (1). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.17161/jcel.v2i1.6575 (https://doi.org/10.17161%2Fjcel.v2i1.6575) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2142/99551 (https://hdl.handle.net/2142%2F99551) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2473-8336 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2473-8336) . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-slipop1_32-0) Star Athletica , slip op. at 1. ^ a b c Smith, Erin Geiger (October 31, 2016). "Who Owns Cheerleader Uniform Designs? It's up to the Supreme Court" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/sports/who-owns-cheerleader-uniform-designs-its-up-to-the-supreme-court.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-slipop2quote_34-0) Star Athletica , slip op. at 2 (quoting 2014 WL 819422 (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=%22Star+Athletica%22&hl=en&as_sdt=40006&case=7992815185039286726&scilh=0) , *8-*9 (WD Tenn., Mar. 1, 2014)). ^ a b Brief of the Respondents (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-866-respondent-merits.pdf) (Sep. 14, 2016), Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc., No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ (#cite_ref-36) Varsity Brands, Inc. v. Star Athletica, LLC (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 1, 2014), Text (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-tnwd-2_10-cv-02508/pdf/USCOURTS-tnwd-2_10-cv-02508-9.pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Tewarie, Shrutih V. (April 30, 2014). "District Court Struggles With Copyright Protection For 'Cheerleading-Uniformness' (http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/310600/Copyright/District+Court+Struggles+With+Copyright+Protection+For+CheerleadingUniformness) " (http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/310600/Copyright/District+Court+Struggles+With+Copyright+Protection+For+CheerleadingUniformness) . Mondaq . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Varsity Brands, Inc. v. Star Athletica, LLC (6th Cir. Aug. 19, 2015), Text (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/15a0194p-06.pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Star Athletica , slip op. at 1; see also (https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/15-866.htm) No. 15-866 (docket), United States Supreme Court (https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/15-866.htm) (last visited April 15, 2017) ("May 2, 2016 Petition GRANTED limited to Question 1 presented by the petition.") ^ (#cite_ref-docket_40-0) No. 15-866 ( (https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/15-866.htm) Star Athletica docket), United States Supreme Court (https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/15-866.htm) (last visited July 20, 2018) ^ (#cite_ref-41) Brief of Public Knowledge, Royal Manticoran Navy, and International Costumer's Guild as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/brief-varsity-brands_final.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ (#cite_ref-42) Nicholas Datlowe, Cosplay Comes to SCOTUS on Halloween (https://www.bna.com/cosplay-comes-scotus-b57982079221/) , Bloomberg BNA (October 27, 2016) ^ (#cite_ref-43) ML-435: Policy Decision: Registrability of Costume Designs (https://cdn.loc.gov/copyright/history/mls/ML-435.pdf) (PDF) (Report). United States Copyright Office. October 29, 1991 . Retrieved January 4, 2020 . ^ a b Holt, Jake (May 25, 2016). "Comic-Con, Costumes, and Copyright Concerns" (https://thetmca.com/comic-con-costumes-and-copyright-concerns/) . The TMCA . Retrieved January 5, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Bacoyanis, Amanda (July 31, 2015). "Comic-Con Considerations: Cosplay, the Right of Publicity, and Copyright Concerns" (https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2015/07/31/comic-con-considerations-cosplay-the-right-of-publicity-and-copyright-concerns/id=60084/) . IP Watchdog . Retrieved January 5, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Madonia, Molly Rose (2016). "All's Fair in Copyright and Costumes: Fair Use Defense to Copyright Infringement in Cosplay" (https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1291&context=iplr) . Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review . 20 : 177–193. ^ a b AFP Relax News (October 31, 2016). "The Supreme Court Ponders Costumes and Copyright on Halloween" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/halloween-us-supreme-court-ponders-costumes-123803357.html) . Yahoo . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ a b Brief of Royal Manticoran Navy: The Official Honor Harrington Fan Association, Inc. as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15-866-tsac-TheRoyalManticoranNavy.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ a b Brief for the Petitioner (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-866-Pet-Merits-Brief.pdf) , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ (#cite_ref-50) Pietz, Morgan E.; Maxim, Trevor (April 1, 2017). "Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc" (http://www.gerardfoxlaw.com/news/legal-perspectives/star-athletica-llc-v-varsity-brands-inc/) . Gerard Fox Law . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Buchanan, Leigh (February 22, 2016). "Meet Rebel Athletic, the $20 Million Custom Cheerleading Uniform Startup Living Up to Its Name" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201603/leigh-buchanan/rebel-athletic-custom-cheerleading-uniforms-startup.html) . Inc.com . Retrieved July 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Masnick, Mike (July 26, 2016). "How A Supreme Court Case On Cheerleader Costumes & Copyright Could Impact Prosthetic Hands And Much, Much More" (https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160723/15225535049/how-supreme-court-case-cheerleader-costumes-copyright-could-impact-prosthetic-hands-much-much-more.shtml) . Techdirt . 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Retrieved May 29, 2020 . ^ a b Brief of Intellectual Property Professors as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Star-Athletica.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ a b c Brief of Fashion Law Institute as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-866-respondent-amicus-FLI.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ a b Brief of United States as (http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-866_amicus_respondent_united_states.pdf) Amicus Curiae , Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) ^ a b c Walsh, Mark (October 31, 2016). "A 'view' from the courtroom: Dress for success" (http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/10/a-view-from-the-courtroom-2/) . SCOTUSblog . 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Retrieved July 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Star Athletica , slip op. at 4-6. ^ (#cite_ref-68) Star Athletica , slip op. at 8-11. ^ a b Star Athletica , slip op. at 11. ^ a b Star Athletica , slip op. at 10. ^ a b c Star Athletica , slip op. at 7-8. ^ (#cite_ref-slipop12-15_72-0) Star Athletica , slip op. at 12-15. ^ a b Star Athletica , slip op. at 15-17. ^ (#cite_ref-74) Star Athletica , slip op. at 2-3 (Ginsburg, J., concurring in judgment) ^ (#cite_ref-75) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , No. 15-866, 580 U.S. ___ (2017), slip op. at 1 (Ginsburg, J., concurring in judgment) ^ (#cite_ref-76) 17 U.S.C. 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Arizona (/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Co._v._Arizona) (1945) Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison (/wiki/Dean_Milk_Co._v._City_of_Madison) (1951) Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland (/wiki/Miller_Bros._Co._v._Maryland) (1954) Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. (/wiki/Bibb_v._Navajo_Freight_Lines,_Inc.) (1959) National Bellas Hess v. Illinois (/wiki/National_Bellas_Hess_v._Illinois) (1967) Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (/wiki/Pike_v._Bruce_Church,_Inc.) (1970) Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. (/wiki/Hughes_v._Alexandria_Scrap_Corp.) (1976) Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (/wiki/Complete_Auto_Transit,_Inc._v._Brady) (1977) Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (/wiki/Hunt_v._Washington_State_Apple_Advertising_Commission) (1977) City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey) (1978) Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland (/wiki/Exxon_Corp._v._Governor_of_Maryland) (1978) Reeves, Inc. v. Stake (/wiki/Reeves,_Inc._v._Stake) (1980) Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (/wiki/Kassel_v._Consolidated_Freightways_Corp.) (1981) Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas (/wiki/Sporhase_v._Nebraska_ex_rel._Douglas) (1982) White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (/w/index.php?title=White_v._Mass._Council_of_Construction_Employers&action=edit&redlink=1) (1983) South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke (/wiki/South-Central_Timber_Development,_Inc._v._Wunnicke) (1984) Maine v. Taylor (/wiki/Maine_v._Taylor) (1986) Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (/w/index.php?title=Healy_v._Beer_Institute,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1) (1989) Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (/wiki/Quill_Corp._v._North_Dakota) (1992) Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (/wiki/Chemical_Waste_Management,_Inc._v._Hunt) (1992) Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon (/wiki/Oregon_Waste_Systems,_Inc._v._Department_of_Environmental_Quality_of_Oregon) (1994) C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (/wiki/C%26A_Carbone,_Inc._v._Town_of_Clarkstown) (1994) West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (/wiki/West_Lynn_Creamery,_Inc._v._Healy) (1994) Granholm v. Heald (/wiki/Granholm_v._Heald) (2005) United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority (/wiki/United_Haulers_Ass%27n_v._Oneida-Herkimer_Solid_Waste_Management_Authority) (2007) Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_of_Kentucky_v._Davis) (2008) Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Treasury_of_Maryland_v._Wynne) (2015) South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Wayfair,_Inc.) (2018) Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas (/wiki/Tennessee_Wine_and_Spirits_Retailers_Assn._v._Thomas) (2019) National Pork Producers Council v. Ross (/wiki/National_Pork_Producers_Council_v._Ross) (2023) Others Gibbons v. Ogden (/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden) (1824) Passenger Cases (/wiki/Passenger_Cases) (1849) Paul v. Virginia (/wiki/Paul_v._Virginia) (1869) Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson (/wiki/Cooper_Manufacturing_Co._v._Ferguson) (1885) Kidd v. Pearson (/wiki/Kidd_v._Pearson) (1888) In re Debs (/wiki/In_re_Debs) (1895) United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (/wiki/United_States_v._E._C._Knight_Co.) (1895) Champion v. Ames (/wiki/Champion_v._Ames) (1903) Southern Railway Co. v. United States (/wiki/Southern_Railway_Co._v._United_States) (1911) Hoke v. United States (/wiki/Hoke_v._United_States) (1913) Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (/wiki/Houston_East_%26_West_Texas_Railway_Co._v._United_States) (1914) Hammer v. Dagenhart (/wiki/Hammer_v._Dagenhart) (1918) Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen (/wiki/Board_of_Trade_of_City_of_Chicago_v._Olsen) (1923) A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (/wiki/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States) (1935) Gold Clause Cases (/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases) (1935) Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (/wiki/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan) (1935) Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (/wiki/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Co.) (1936) NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (/wiki/NLRB_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corp.) (1937) United States v. Carolene Products Co. (/wiki/United_States_v._Carolene_Products_Co.) (1938) McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (/wiki/McGoldrick_v._Berwind-White_Coal_Mining_Co.) (1940) United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (/wiki/United_States_v._Darby_Lumber_Co.) (1941) United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. (/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Wrightwood_Dairy_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1) (1942) Wickard v. Filburn (/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn) (1942) United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n (/wiki/United_States_v._South-Eastern_Underwriters_Ass%27n) (1944) North American Co. v. SEC (/wiki/North_American_Co._v._SEC) (1946) H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond (/wiki/H.P._Hood_%26_Sons_v._Du_Mond) (1949) Henderson v. United States (/wiki/Henderson_v._United_States_(1950)) (1950) Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan) (1951) Boynton v. Virginia (/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia) (1960) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States) (1964) Katzenbach v. McClung (/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung) (1964) Maryland v. Wirtz (/w/index.php?title=Maryland_v._Wirtz&action=edit&redlink=1) (1968) National League of Cities v. Usery (/wiki/National_League_of_Cities_v._Usery) (1976) Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (/w/index.php?title=Hodel_v._Virginia_Surface_Mining_%26_Reclamation_Association,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1) (1981) Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana (/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison_Co._v._Montana) (1981) EEOC v. Wyoming (/wiki/EEOC_v._Wyoming) (1983) Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (/wiki/Garcia_v._San_Antonio_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority) (1985) New York v. 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(1908) Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n (/wiki/Dun_v._Lumbermen%27s_Credit_Ass%27n) (1908) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus) (1908) Scribner v. Straus (/wiki/Scribner_v._Straus) (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (/wiki/Bong_v._Campbell_Art_Co.) (1909) Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. (/wiki/Henry_v._A.B._Dick_Co.) (1912) Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890) Straus v. American Publishers Association (/wiki/Straus_v._American_Publishers_Association) (1913) Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States (/wiki/Interstate_Circuit,_Inc._v._United_States) (1939) Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC) (1941) United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc.) (1948) Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. (/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc._v._CBS_Inc.) (1979) International Copyright Act of 1891 (/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891) Press Pub. Co. v. 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Morosco (/wiki/Manners_v._Morosco) (1920) Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles (/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Knowles) (1923) Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. (/wiki/Buck_v._Jewell-LaSalle_Realty_Co.) (1931) Douglas v. Cunningham (/wiki/Douglas_v._Cunningham) (1935) Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson (/wiki/Washingtonian_Pub._Co._v._Pearson) (1939) Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (/wiki/Sheldon_v._Metro-Goldwyn_Pictures_Corp.) (1940) Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons (/wiki/Fred_Fisher_Music_Co._v._M._Witmark_%26_Sons) (1943) F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. (/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Co._v._Contemporary_Arts,_Inc.) (1952) Mazer v. Stein (/wiki/Mazer_v._Stein) (1954) De Sylva v. Ballentine (/wiki/De_Sylva_v._Ballentine) (1956) Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co.) (1964) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States) (1973) Patent misuse (/wiki/Patent_misuse) case law Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co. (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Manufacturing_Co.) (1917) Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. (/wiki/Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co.) (1942) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914) Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC) (1941) Dowling v. United States (/wiki/Dowling_v._United_States_(1985)) (1985) Lanham Act (/wiki/Lanham_Act) Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc. (/wiki/Inwood_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Ives_Laboratories,_Inc.) (1982) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee) (1987) Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. (/wiki/Two_Pesos,_Inc._v._Taco_Cabana,_Inc.) (1992) Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. (/wiki/Qualitex_Co._v._Jacobson_Products_Co.) (1995) College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board (/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board) (1999) Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. (/wiki/Cooper_Industries,_Inc._v._Leatherman_Tool_Group,_Inc.) (2001) TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. (/wiki/TrafFix_Devices,_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays,_Inc.) (2001) Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (/wiki/Dastar_Corp._v._Twentieth_Century_Fox_Film_Corp.) (2003) Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (/wiki/Moseley_v._V_Secret_Catalogue,_Inc.) (2003) Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc. (/wiki/Lexmark_International,_Inc._v._Static_Control_Components,_Inc.#Scope_of_federal_statutory_torts:_2014_ruling_at_the_Supreme_Court) (2014) POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. (/wiki/POM_Wonderful_LLC_v._Coca-Cola_Co.) 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Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc.) (1994) Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. (/wiki/Lotus_Dev._Corp._v._Borland_Int%27l,_Inc.) (1996) Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc. (/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc.) (1998) Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (/wiki/Feltner_v._Columbia_Pictures_Television,_Inc.) (1998) New York Times Co. v. Tasini (/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Tasini) (2001) Eldred v. Ashcroft (/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft) (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd.) (2005) Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick (/wiki/Reed_Elsevier,_Inc._v._Muchnick) (2010) Golan v. Holder (/wiki/Golan_v._Holder) (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc.) (2013) Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (/wiki/Petrella_v._Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,_Inc.) (2014) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc.) (2014) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (2017) Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com (/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com) (2019) Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. (/wiki/Rimini_Street_Inc._v._Oracle_USA_Inc.) (2019) Allen v. Cooper (/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act) (2020) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc.) (2020) Other copyright cases (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law) American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister (/wiki/American_Lithographic_Co._v._Werkmeister) (1911) Ferris v. Frohman (/wiki/Ferris_v._Frohman) (1912) Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser (/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict_of_New_Jersey_v._Steinhauser) (1914) International News Service v. Associated Press (/wiki/International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press) (1918) L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. (/wiki/L._A._Westermann_Co._v._Dispatch_Printing_Co.) (1919) Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. (/wiki/Lumiere_v._Mae_Edna_Wilder,_Inc.) (1923) Educational Films Corp. v. Ward (/wiki/Educational_Films_Corp._v._Ward) (1931) Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Doyal) (1932) George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. (/wiki/George_v._Victor_Talking_Machine_Co.) (1934) KVOS v. Associated Press (/wiki/KVOS_v._Associated_Press) (1936) Gibbs v. Buck (/wiki/Gibbs_v._Buck) (1939) Buck v. Gallagher (/wiki/Buck_v._Gallagher) (1939) Commissioner v. Wodehouse (/wiki/Commissioner_v._Wodehouse) (1949) Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. (/wiki/Miller_Music_Corp._v._Charles_N._Daniels,_Inc.) (1960) Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover (/wiki/Pub._Affairs_Associates,_Inc._v._Rickover) (1962) Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc. (/wiki/Fortnightly_Corp._v._United_Artists_Television,_Inc.) (1968) Goldstein v. California (/wiki/Goldstein_v._California) (1973) Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting (/wiki/Teleprompter_Corp._v._Columbia_Broadcasting) (1974) Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken (/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Music_Corp._v._Aiken) (1975) Other patent cases (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_patent_case_law) Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. (/wiki/Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co.) (1908) Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde (/wiki/Minerals_Separation,_Ltd._v._Hyde) (1916) United States v. General Electric Co. (/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co.) (1926) United States v. Univis Lens Co. (/wiki/United_States_v._Univis_Lens_Co.) (1942) Altvater v. Freeman (/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman) (1943) Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. (/wiki/Sinclair_%26_Carroll_Co._v._Interchemical_Corp.) (1945) Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. (/wiki/Funk_Bros._Seed_Co._v._Kalo_Inoculant_Co.) (1948) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. (/wiki/Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Co._v._Supermarket_Equipment_Corp.) (1950) Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. (/wiki/Graver_Tank_%26_Manufacturing_Co._v._Linde_Air_Products_Co.) (1950) Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. (/wiki/Aro_Manufacturing_Co._v._Convertible_Top_Replacement_Co.) (1961) Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. (/wiki/Compco_Corp._v._Day-Brite_Lighting,_Inc.) (1964) Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther (/wiki/Wilbur-Ellis_Co._v._Kuther) (1964) Brulotte v. Thys Co. (/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co.) (1964) Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. (/wiki/Walker_Process_Equipment,_Inc._v._Food_Machinery_%26_Chemical_Corp.) (1965) Graham v. John Deere Co. (/wiki/Graham_v._John_Deere_Co.) (1966) United States v. Adams (/wiki/United_States_v._Adams) (1966) Brenner v. Manson (/wiki/Brenner_v._Manson) (1966) Lear, Inc. v. Adkins (/wiki/Lear,_Inc._v._Adkins) (1969) Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co. (/wiki/Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.) (1969) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. (/wiki/Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research,_Inc.) (1971) Gottschalk v. Benson (/wiki/Gottschalk_v._Benson) (1972) United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (/wiki/United_States_v._Glaxo_Group_Ltd.) (1973) Dann v. Johnston (/wiki/Dann_v._Johnston) (1976) Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. (/wiki/Sakraida_v._Ag_Pro_Inc.) (1976) Parker v. Flook (/wiki/Parker_v._Flook) (1978) Diamond v. Chakrabarty (/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty) (1980) Diamond v. Diehr (/wiki/Diamond_v._Diehr) (1981) Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. (/wiki/Bonito_Boats,_Inc._v._Thunder_Craft_Boats,_Inc.) (1989) Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. (/wiki/Eli_Lilly_%26_Co._v._Medtronic,_Inc.) (1990) Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. (/wiki/Markman_v._Westview_Instruments,_Inc.) (1996) Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. (/wiki/Warner-Jenkinson_Co._v._Hilton_Davis_Chemical_Co.) (1997) Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. (/wiki/Pfaff_v._Wells_Electronics,_Inc.) (1998) Dickinson v. Zurko (/wiki/Dickinson_v._Zurko) (1999) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank) (1999) J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (/wiki/J._E._M._Ag_Supply,_Inc._v._Pioneer_Hi-Bred_International,_Inc.) (2001) Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (/wiki/Festo_Corp._v._Shoketsu_Kinzoku_Kogyo_Kabushiki_Co.) (2002) Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (/wiki/Merck_KGaA_v._Integra_Lifesciences_I,_Ltd.) (2005) eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. (/wiki/EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange,_L.L.C.) (2006) Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works_Inc._v._Independent_Ink,_Inc.) (2006) LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. (/wiki/LabCorp_v._Metabolite,_Inc.) (2006) MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. (/wiki/MedImmune,_Inc._v._Genentech,_Inc.) (2007) KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc.) (2007) Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. (/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._AT%26T_Corp.) (2007) Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (/wiki/Quanta_Computer,_Inc._v._LG_Electronics,_Inc.) (2008) Bilski v. Kappos (/wiki/Bilski_v._Kappos) (2010) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (/wiki/Global-Tech_Appliances,_Inc._v._SEB_S.A.) (2011) Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (/wiki/Stanford_University_v._Roche_Molecular_Systems,_Inc.) (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership (/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._i4i_Ltd._Partnership) (2011) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (/wiki/Mayo_Collaborative_Services_v._Prometheus_Laboratories,_Inc.) (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt (/wiki/Kappos_v._Hyatt) (2012) Bowman v. Monsanto Co. (/wiki/Bowman_v._Monsanto_Co.) (2013) Gunn v. Minton (/wiki/Gunn_v._Minton) (2013) Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc.) (2013) FTC v. Actavis, Inc. (/wiki/FTC_v._Actavis,_Inc.) (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (/wiki/Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International) (2014) Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (/wiki/Akamai_Techs.,_Inc._v._Limelight_Networks,_Inc.#Supreme_Court) (2014) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. (/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals_USA,_Inc._v._Sandoz,_Inc.) (2015) Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC (/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC) (2015) Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. (/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.) (2016) TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC (/wiki/TC_Heartland_LLC_v._Kraft_Foods_Group_Brands_LLC) (2017) Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. (/wiki/Peter_v._NantKwest,_Inc.) (2019) Other trademark cases (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_trademark_case_law) G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. (/wiki/G._%26_C._Merriam_Co._v._Syndicate_Pub._Co.) (1915) Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. (/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co.) (1938) Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. (/wiki/Patent_and_Trademark_Office_v._Booking.com_B._V.) (2020) Necessary and Proper Clause (/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause) of Section VIII McCulloch v. Maryland (/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland) (1819) Lambert v. Yellowley (/wiki/Lambert_v._Yellowley) (1926) Sabri v. United States (/w/index.php?title=Sabri_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) (2004) Gonzales v. Raich (/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich) (2005) United States v. Comstock (/wiki/United_States_v._Comstock) (2010) United States v. Kebodeaux (/wiki/United_States_v._Kebodeaux) (2013) Habeas corpus Suspension Clause (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections) of Section IX (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Federal_power) Ex parte Bollman (/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman) (1807) Ex parte Merryman (/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman) (1861) Ex parte Endo (/wiki/Ex_parte_Endo) (1944) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr (/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._St._Cyr) (2001) Boumediene v. Bush (/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush) (2008) Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam (/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Thuraissigiam) (2020) No Bills of Attainder or (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections) Ex post facto Laws Clause (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections) of Section IX Calder v. Bull (/wiki/Calder_v._Bull) (1798) Sturges v. Crowninshield (/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield) (1819) Garner v. Board of Public Works (/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works) (1851) De Veau v. Braisted (/wiki/De_Veau_v._Braisted) (1860) Ex parte Garland (/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland) (1866) Hawker v. New York (/wiki/Hawker_v._New_York) (1898) Samuels v. McCurdy (/wiki/Samuels_v._McCurdy) (1925) Barr v. City of Columbia (/wiki/Barr_v._City_of_Columbia) (1964) Teague v. Lane (/wiki/Teague_v._Lane) (1989) Kansas v. Hendricks (/wiki/Kansas_v._Hendricks) (1997) Smith v. Doe (/wiki/Smith_v._Doe) (2003) Contract Clause (/wiki/Contract_Clause) of Section X (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States) Legal Tender Cases (/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases) Hepburn v. Griswold (/wiki/Hepburn_v._Griswold) (1870) Others Fletcher v. Peck (/wiki/Fletcher_v._Peck) (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (/wiki/Dartmouth_College_v._Woodward) (1819) Sturges v. Crowninshield (/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield) (1819) Ogden v. Saunders (/wiki/Ogden_v._Saunders) (1827) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (/wiki/Charles_River_Bridge_v._Warren_Bridge) (1837) Bronson v. Kinzie (/w/index.php?title=Bronson_v._Kinzie&action=edit&redlink=1) (1843) Stone v. Mississippi (/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1) (1880) Smyth v. Ames (/wiki/Smyth_v._Ames) (1898) Block v. Hirsh (/wiki/Block_v._Hirsh) (1921) Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell (/wiki/Home_Building_%26_Loan_Ass%27n_v._Blaisdell) (1934) W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh (/w/index.php?title=W.B._Worthen_Co._v._Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1) (1935) City of El Paso v. Simmons (/w/index.php?title=City_of_El_Paso_v._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1) (1965) U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey (/w/index.php?title=U.S._Trust_Co._of_N.Y._v._New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1) (1977) Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus (/w/index.php?title=Allied_Structural_Steel_Co._v._Spannaus&action=edit&redlink=1) (1978) Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. (/w/index.php?title=Energy_Reserves_Group_v._Kansas_P._%26_L._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1) (1983) Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Corp._v._Eagerton&action=edit&redlink=1) (1983) Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis (/wiki/Keystone_Bituminous_Coal_Ass%27n_v._DeBenedictis) (1987) Sveen v. Melin (/wiki/Sveen_v._Melin) (2018) Import-Export Clause (/wiki/Import-Export_Clause) of Section X Brown v. Maryland (/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland) (1827) Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan) (1951) Compact Clause (/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Compact_Clause) of Section X Florida v. Georgia (/wiki/Florida_v._Georgia_(1855)) (1855) Virginia v. West Virginia (/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia) (1871) Virginia v. Tennessee (/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee) (1893) Wharton v. Wise (/wiki/Wharton_v._Wise) (1894) Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors (/wiki/Bank_of_New_England#Formation_and_interstate_growth) (1985) New Jersey v. New York (/wiki/New_Jersey_v._New_York) (1998) Virginia v. Maryland (/wiki/Virginia_v._Maryland) (2003) Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez (/wiki/Polar_Tankers,_Inc._v._City_of_Valdez) (2009) Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado (/wiki/Texas_v._New_Mexico_and_Colorado) (2018) v t e Copyright law of the United States (/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States) 17 U.S.C. (/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code) Copyright Clause (/wiki/Copyright_Clause) United States Copyright Office (/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office) Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices) CARP (/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel) → CRB (/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board) Copyright Catalog (/wiki/Copyright_Catalog) Register of Copyrights (/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights) Section 108 Study Group (/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group) Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States (/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States) Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States (/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States) Statutes Pre-1976 Copyright Act of 1790 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790) Copyright Act of 1831 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831) Copyright Act of 1870 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870) International Copyright Act of 1891 (/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891) Printing Act of 1895 (/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895) Copyright Act of 1909 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909) 1970s Copyright Act of 1976 (/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976) 1980s Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988) 1990s Visual Artists Rights Act (/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act) (1990) Copyright Remedy Clarification Act (/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act) (1990) Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 (/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992) Audio Home Recording Act (/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act) (1992) Uruguay Round Agreements Act (/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act) (1994) No Electronic Theft Act (/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act) (1994) Copyright Term Extension Act (/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act) (1998) Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 (/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998) Digital Millennium Copyright Act (/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act) (1998) Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act) WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act (/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act) 2000s Family Entertainment and Copyright Act (/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act) (2005) 2010s Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act (/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act) (2014) Music Modernization Act (/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act) (2018) 2020s CASE Act (/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020) (2020) Precedents and rulings Supreme Court (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law) Wheaton v. Peters (/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters) (1834) Baker v. Selden (/wiki/Baker_v._Selden) (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases) (1879) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony) (1884) Banks v. Manchester (/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester) (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers) (1888) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus) (1908) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co.) (1908) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States) (1975) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc.) (1984) Feist v. Rural (/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co.) (1991) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc.) (1994) Quality King v. L'anza (/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc.) (1998) Eldred v. Ashcroft (/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft) (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd.) (2005) Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. (/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.) (2010) Golan v. Holder (/wiki/Golan_v._Holder) (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc.) (2013) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc.) (2014) Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands (2017) Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com (/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com) (2019) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc.) (2020) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc.) (2021) Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith) (2023) Appeals courts Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. (/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc.) (2d Cir. 1964) Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. (/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co.) (9th Cir. 1970) Eltra Corp. v. Ringer (/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer) (4th Cir. 1978) Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates (/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates) (9th Cir. 1978) Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. (/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc.) (7th Cir. 1983) Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. (/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp.) (3d Cir. 1983) Fisher v. Dees (/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees) (9th Cir. 1986) Whelan v. Jaslow (/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow) (3d Cir. 1986) Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. (/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd.) (5th Cir. 1988) Rogers v. Koons (/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons) (2nd Cir. 1992) Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc. (/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc.) (2d Cir. 1992) American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. (/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc.) (2nd Cir. 1995) Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc. (/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc.) (9th Cir. 1997) Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. (/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc.) (2d Cir. 1998) Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp. (/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp.) (9th Cir. 2000) Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. (/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp.) (1st Cir. 2000) A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. (/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc.) (9th Cir. 2001) Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l (/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l) (5th Cir. 2002) Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. (/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp.) (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) In re Aimster Copyright Litigation (/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation) (7th Cir. 2003) NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute (/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute) (2d Cir. 2004) BMG Music v. Gonzalez (/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez) (7th Cir. 2005) Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. (/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd.) (2nd Cir. 2006) Blanch v. Koons (/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons) (2nd Cir. 2006) Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc.) (9th Cir. 2006) Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. (/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc.) (2nd Cir. 2008) Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. (/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc.) (9th Cir. 2010) Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha (/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha) (2d Cir. 2011) Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. (/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc.) (9th Cir. 2012) Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc.) (2d Cir. 2012) Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc (/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc) (9th Cir. 2013) Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.) (2d Cir. 2015) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.) (9th Cir. 2015) Naruto v. Slater (/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute) (9th Cir. 2018) Lower courts Folsom v. Marsh (/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh) (C.C.D. Mass. 1841) Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc. (/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc.) (E.D.N.Y. 1973) Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc. (/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc.) (N.D. Cal. 1986) Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena (/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena) (M.D. Fla. 1993) Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp.) (S.D.N.Y. 1999) RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. (/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc.) (W.D. Wash. 2000) Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC (/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC) (S.D.N.Y. 2010) Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc. (/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc.) (S.D.N.Y. 2013) Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc. (/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc.) (C.D. Cal. 2015) Hachette v. 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Modeling agency Select Model Management Company type Private Industry fashion Founded 1977 Founder Clare Castagnetti Chrissie Castagnetti Tandy Anderson Headquarters London, UK Key people Matteo Puglisi (CEO) Owner Riccardo Silva (/wiki/Riccardo_Silva) Website www (http://www.selectmodel.com) .selectmodel (http://www.selectmodel.com) .com (http://www.selectmodel.com) Select Model Management is a global network of model and talent agencies. It was established in London in 1977, by founders Tandy Anderson and sisters Clare and Chrissie Castagnetti. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-BWMB-2) [3] (#cite_note-BAB-Chrissie-3) Company [ edit ] In their early days, Select was one of the first modelling agencies to find models by "scouting" them on the street. They adopted that method of recruitment to quickly establish a client list and reputation. [3] (#cite_note-BAB-Chrissie-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In the 1980s, competitor agencies also used the technique to grow their businesses. [5] (#cite_note-5) For two seasons (in 2005 and 2006), Anderson served as a judge on Make Me a Supermodel (/wiki/Make_Me_a_Supermodel_(UK_TV_series)) [6] (#cite_note-6) after which the winning competitors received a modelling contract with Select. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2011, the agency launched a mobile app to be used by prospective models. [8] (#cite_note-Gloss-Select-8) In 2019, Select Model Management announced a global expansion through an integration with MP Management. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Select has offices in 8 countries across the world; London, Milano, Paris, Stockholm, Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles and Miami. Select Model Management is part of the Silva International Investments (/wiki/Silva_International_Investments) portfolio, owned by Riccardo Silva (/wiki/Riccardo_Silva) . In September 2023, TGI Holdings led by Alfred Tagliaferro became a co-owner of the business [12] (#cite_note-12) Models [ edit ] See also: Category:Select Model Management models (/wiki/Category:Select_Model_Management_models) Select Model Management represents the likes of David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) , Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) , Jon Kortajarena (/wiki/Jon_Kortajarena) , Oliver Cheshire (/wiki/Oliver_Cheshire) , Camille Kostek (/wiki/Camille_Kostek) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Lucan Gillespie, Will Chalker, Marjan Jonkman, Shanelle Nyasiase, Aliet, and Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(politician)) . Models and talent currently represented include: Adam Senn (/wiki/Adam_Senn) Anna Selezneva (/wiki/Anna_Selezneva) Alexis André Jr. (/wiki/Alexis_Andr%C3%A9_Jr.) Alvin Reji (/w/index.php?title=Alvin_Reji&action=edit&redlink=1) Barbara Fialho (/wiki/Barbara_Fialho) Brad Kroenig (/wiki/Brad_Kroenig) Lewis Helim (/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Helim&action=edit&redlink=1) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) Camilla Rutherford (/wiki/Camilla_Rutherford) Camille Kostek (/wiki/Camille_Kostek) Daphne Groeneveld (/wiki/Daphne_Groeneveld) David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) Devon Aoki (/wiki/Devon_Aoki) Eliza Cummings (/wiki/Eliza_Cummings) Ellen Golding (/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Golding&action=edit&redlink=1) Fei Fei Sun (/wiki/Fei_Fei_Sun) Frederikke Sofie (/wiki/Frederikke_Sofie) Frida Aasen (/wiki/Frida_Aasen) Gracie Carvalho (/wiki/Gracie_Carvalho) Heather Marks (/wiki/Heather_Marks) Heloise Guerin (/wiki/Heloise_Guerin) Ieva Lagūna (/wiki/Ieva_Lag%C5%ABna) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Jessica Hart (/wiki/Jessica_Hart_(model)) Jon Kortajarena (/wiki/Jon_Kortajarena) Josh Cuthbert (/wiki/Josh_Cuthbert) Kirsten Owen (/wiki/Kirsten_Owen) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Lilah Parsons (/wiki/Lilah_Parsons) Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) Mickey Hardt (/wiki/Mickey_Hardt) Mila Miletic (/wiki/Mila_Miletic) Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) Nicole Neumann (/wiki/Nicole_Neumann) Noah Mills (/wiki/Noah_Mills) Oliver Cheshire (/wiki/Oliver_Cheshire) Oliver Stummvoll (/wiki/Oliver_Stummvoll) Patrick Kafka (/wiki/Patrick_Kafka) Paul Sculfor (/wiki/Paul_Sculfor) Pixie Geldof (/wiki/Pixie_Geldof) Primrose Archer (/wiki/Primrose_Archer) Rianne ten Haken (/wiki/Rianne_ten_Haken) Sam Webb (/wiki/Sam_Webb_(model)) Sofia Richie (/wiki/Sofia_Richie) Tasha Tilberg (/wiki/Tasha_Tilberg) Teddy Quinlivan (/wiki/Teddy_Quinlivan) Thom Morell (/w/index.php?title=Thom_Morell&action=edit&redlink=1) Tony Ward (/wiki/Tony_Ward_(model)) Tumi Fani-Kayode (/w/index.php?title=Tumi_Fani-Kayode&action=edit&redlink=1) Will Chalker (/wiki/Will_Chalker) Xenia Tchoumitcheva (/wiki/Xenia_Tchoumitcheva) See also [ edit ] List of modeling agencies (/wiki/List_of_modeling_agencies) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Relative Values: Clare and Chrissie Castagnetti" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131113030842/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/trends/article103367.ece) . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/trends/article103367.ece) on November 13, 2013 . Retrieved 10 Aug 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-BWMB_2-0) "Black Business Women - Tandy Anderson" (http://www.bwmb.org/women-of-the-month/tandy-anderson.aspx) . Black Women Mean Business . Retrieved 23 Nov 2014 . ^ a b "Meet Chrissie Castagnetti" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131113030033/http://www.babusinesslife.com/People/What-Ive-Learnt/Chrissie-Castagnetti.html) . British Airways Business Life. Archived from the original (http://www.babusinesslife.com/People/What-Ive-Learnt/Chrissie-Castagnetti.html) on 2013-11-13 . Retrieved 10 Aug 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kenny, Ursula (6 June 1999). "I'm Gonna Make You a Star" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/real-lives-im-gonna-make-you-a-star-1098423.html) . Independent . London . Retrieved 10 Aug 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bennett, Oliver (30 July 2005). "Be Prepared to be Scouted" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3351787/Be-prepared-to-be-scouted.html) . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 Aug 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "UK Game Shows- Make Me a Supermodel" (http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Make_Me_a_Supermodel) . UK Games Shows . Retrieved 25 Nov 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Make Me a Supermodel: A Closer Look" (http://www.buddytv.com/articles/make-me-a-supermodel/make-me-a-supermodel-a-closer-15171.aspx) . BuddyTV. 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 25 Nov 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gloss-Select_8-0) "Modeling Agency Select Launches App to Determine Your Model Potential" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141205014010/http://www.thegloss.com/2011/06/27/beauty/modeling-agency-select-launches-app-to-determine-your-model-potential/) . The Gloss. Archived from the original (http://www.thegloss.com/2011/06/27/beauty/modeling-agency-select-launches-app-to-determine-your-model-potential/) on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 Nov 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Select Model Management Goes Global, Merging With MP Management" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190702005559/en/Select-Model-Management-Global-Merging-MP-Management) . www.businesswire.com . 2019-07-03 . Retrieved 2019-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Select Model Management unites with MP Management" (https://www.diarydirectory.com/newsarticle/select-model-management-unites-with-mp-management/27640) . www.diarydirectory.com . Retrieved 2019-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Fashion Monitor" (https://www.fashionmonitor.com/free-blog/In-Conversation-With-Matteo-Puglisi/41) . www.fashionmonitor.com . Retrieved 2019-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/tgi-holdings-becomes-co-owner-of-select-model-management/2023092071657 (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/tgi-holdings-becomes-co-owner-of-select-model-management/2023092071657) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Camille Kostek | Los Angeles | Select Model Management" (https://selectmodel.com/los-angeles/model/camille-kostek) . Select Model . Retrieved 2019-11-03 . Bibliography [ edit ] Boyd, Marie Anderson: Model: The Complete Guide for Men and Women - Foreword by Clare Castagnetti . London: Collins & Boyd, 1997. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-8502-8396-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8502-8396-6) . External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://web.archive.org/web/20070909153125/http://www.selectmodel.com/site/select.aspx) Select Model Management (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/agencies/select-model-management/) in the Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Models.com: Top-ranked Models - Select Model Management (http://models.com/agency/Select-Model-Management/ranked) Models.com: Models - Select Model Management (http://models.com/agency/Select-Model-Management/models) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐rk8xk Cached time: 20240711054236 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.436 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1924/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27383/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1311/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49436/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6224166/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 400.696 1 -total 41.44% 166.039 1 Template:Reflist 28.43% 113.924 3 Template:Cite_news 28.15% 112.787 1 Template:Infobox_company 25.10% 100.583 1 Template:Infobox 17.15% 68.716 1 Template:Short_description 9.89% 39.633 2 Template:Pagetype 8.12% 32.540 9 Template:Cite_web 4.92% 19.713 1 Template:ISBN 4.72% 18.922 9 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40203002-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711054236 and revision id 1214824844. 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United Kingdom portal (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) This category describes traditional (/wiki/Traditional) and historic (/wiki/Historic) British (/wiki/United_Kingdom) clothing worn throughout the British Isles (/wiki/British_Isles) and its colonial states. Modern (/wiki/Contemporary_history) British fashion is listed under the category British fashion (/wiki/Category:British_fashion) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing of the United Kingdom (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_of_the_United_Kingdom) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐ncbmt Cached time: 20240721000443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.063 seconds Real time usage: 0.098 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 138/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3473/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 455/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.037/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1098893/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 86.707 1 -total 57.39% 49.762 1 Template:Commonscat 53.70% 46.559 1 Template:Sister_project 51.83% 44.939 1 Template:Side_box 42.42% 36.785 1 Template:Portal 6.58% 5.704 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5454831-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721000443 and revision id 1174787905. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. E English clothing (/wiki/Category:English_clothing) (1 C, 24 P) S Scottish clothing (/wiki/Category:Scottish_clothing) (4 C, 20 P) U British uniforms (/wiki/Category:British_uniforms) (1 C, 7 P) W Welsh clothing (/wiki/Category:Welsh_clothing) (3 P) Pages in category "British clothing" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Academic scarf (/wiki/Academic_scarf) Ascot cap (/wiki/Ascot_cap) B Bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) C Corteiz (/wiki/Corteiz) Crew Clothing (/wiki/Crew_Clothing) D Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) F Flat cap (/wiki/Flat_cap) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) G Guernsey (clothing) (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) J Joules (clothing) (/wiki/Joules_(clothing)) L Lewis Leathers (/wiki/Lewis_Leathers) M Mercery (/wiki/Mercery) S Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) W Winklepicker (/wiki/Winklepicker) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_clothing&oldid=1174787905 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_clothing&oldid=1174787905) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Culture of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
1920's women's subculture For other uses, see Flapper (disambiguation) (/wiki/Flapper_(disambiguation)) . Actress Louise Brooks (/wiki/Louise_Brooks) (1927) A flapper on board a ship (1929) Flappers were a subculture (/wiki/Subculture) of young Western (/wiki/Western_world) women prominent after the First World War (/wiki/World_War_I) and through the 1920s (/wiki/1920s) who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period), bobbed (/wiki/Bob_cut) their hair, listened to jazz (/wiki/Jazz#1920s_and_1930s) , and flaunted their disdain for prevailing codes of decent behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. [1] (#cite_note-1) As automobiles became more available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy. [2] (#cite_note-2) Flappers are icons of the Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) , a period of postwar social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange, as well as of the export of American jazz culture to Europe. More conservative people, who belonged mostly to older generations, reacted with claims that the flappers' dresses were "near nakedness" and that flappers were "flippant", "reckless", and unintelligent. [ citation needed ] While primarily associated with the United States, this "modern girl" archetype (/wiki/Archetype) was a worldwide phenomenon that had other names depending on the country, such as joven moderna in Argentina [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202033-3) or garçonne in France or moga (/wiki/Modern_girl) in Japan, although the American term "flapper" was the most widespread internationally. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202036-4) Etymology [ edit ] The slang term "flapper" may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean "teenage girl", referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail "flapped" on her back, [5] (#cite_note-5) or from an older word meaning "prostitute". [6] (#cite_note-6) The slang word "flap" was used for a young prostitute as early as 1631. [7] (#cite_note-7) By the 1890s, the word "flapper" was used in some localities as slang both for a very young prostitute, [8] (#cite_note-8) [ page needed ] [9] (#cite_note-teenage-9) and, in a more general and less derogatory sense, of any lively mid-teenage girl. [10] (#cite_note-10) Violet Romer (/wiki/Violet_Romer) in a flapper dress c. 1915 The standard non-slang usage appeared in print as early as 1903 in England and 1904 in the United States, when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life, Sandford of Merton : "There's a stunning flapper". [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1907, English actor George Graves (/wiki/George_Graves_(actor)) explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for acrobatic young female stage performers. [12] (#cite_note-Graves_1907-12) The flapper was also known as a dancer, who danced like a bird—flapping her arms while doing the Charleston (/wiki/Charleston_(dance)) move. This move became quite a competitive dance during this era. [13] (#cite_note-13) By 1908, newspapers as serious as The Times (/wiki/The_Times) used the term, although with careful explanation: "A 'flapper', we may explain, is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair 'up ' ". [14] (#cite_note-14) In April 1908, the fashion section of London's The Globe and Traveller contained a sketch entitled "The Dress of the Young Girl" with the following explanation: Americans, and those fortunate English folk whose money and status permit them to go in freely for slang terms ... call the subject of these lines the 'flapper.' The appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole-hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess ..., [and] in fact, would scarcely merit the honour of a moment of my attention, but for the fact that I seek in vain for any other expression that is understood to signify that important young person, the maiden of some sixteen years. The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt, "which has the waistline quite high and semi- Empire (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) , ... quite untrimmed, its plainness being relieved by a sash knotted carelessly around the skirt." [15] (#cite_note-15) An advertisement for the 1920 silent film (/wiki/Silent_film) comedy The Flapper (/wiki/The_Flapper) , with Olive Thomas (/wiki/Olive_Thomas) , before the look of the flapper had started to coalesce. By November 1910, the word was popular enough for A. E. James to begin a series of stories in the London Magazine (/wiki/London_Magazine) featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen-year-old girl and titled "Her Majesty the Flapper". [16] (#cite_note-16) By 1911, a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious "flapper" was an established stage-type. [17] (#cite_note-17) By 1912, the London theatrical impresario John Tiller (/wiki/John_Tiller) , defining the word in an interview he gave to The New York Times , described a "flapper" as belonging to a slightly older age group, a girl who has "just come out". [18] (#cite_note-18) Tiller's use of the phrase "come out" means "to make a formal entry into 'society' on reaching womanhood". [19] (#cite_note-19) In polite society at the time, a teenage girl who had not come out (/wiki/Debutante) would still be classed as a child. She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions and ought not to be the object of male attention. Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers, [20] (#cite_note-20) gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman. [a] (#cite_note-22) By late 1914, the British magazine Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)) was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England, being replaced by the so-called "Little Creatures." [22] (#cite_note-23) A Times article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce, following the end of World War One, was titled "The Flapper's Future". [23] (#cite_note-24) Under this influence, the meaning of the term changed somewhat, to apply to "independent, pleasure-seeking, khaki-crazy young women". [9] (#cite_note-teenage-9) In his lecture in February 1920 on Britain's surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war, Dr. R. Murray-Leslie criticized "the social butterfly type... the frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, a new hat, or a man with a car, were of more importance than the fate of nations". [24] (#cite_note-25) In May of that year, Selznick Pictures (/wiki/Selznick_International_Pictures) released The Flapper (/wiki/The_Flapper) , a silent comedy film starring Olive Thomas (/wiki/Olive_Thomas) . It was the first film in the United States to portray the "flapper" lifestyle. By that time, the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes. The use of the term coincided with a fashion among teenage girls in the United States in the early 1920s for wearing unbuckled galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) , [25] (#cite_note-26) and a widespread false etymology (/wiki/False_etymology) held that they were called "flappers" because they flapped when they walked, as they wore their overshoes or galoshes unfastened, showing that they defied convention in a manner similar to the 21st century fad for untied shoelaces. [26] (#cite_note-27) [ page needed ] [27] (#cite_note-28) [ page needed ] Another suggestion to the origin of the term, in relation to fashion, comes from a 1920s fashion trend in which young women left their overcoat unbuttoned to allow it to flap back and forth as they walked, appearing more independent and freed from the tight, Victorian Era style clothing (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) . [28] (#cite_note-29) By the mid-1930s in Britain, although still occasionally used, the word "flapper" had become associated with the past. In 1936, a Times journalist grouped it with terms such as "blotto" as outdated slang: "[blotto] evokes a distant echo of glad rags and flappers ... It recalls a past which is not yet 'period'." [29] (#cite_note-30) Influences [ edit ] "In all countries, the First World War weakened old orthodoxies and authorities, and, when it was over, neither government nor church nor school nor family had the power to regulate the lives of human beings as it had once done. One result of this was a profound change in manners and morals that made a freer and less restrained society. Women benefited from this as much as anyone else. Time-worn prescriptions concerning what was or was not proper behavior for them no longer possessed much credibility, and taboos about unaccompanied appearances in public places, or the use of liquor or tobacco, or even pre-marital sexual relationships had lost their force. ... [W]omen were no longer as vulnerable to the tyranny of society as they had been [before]." Historian Gordon A. Craig (/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig) [30] (#cite_note-31) One cause of the change in young women's behavior was World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , which ended in November 1918. The death of large numbers of young men in the war, and the Spanish flu (/wiki/Spanish_flu) pandemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20–40 million people, [31] (#cite_note-32) inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment. Therefore, young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than just staying at home and waiting for a man to marry them. [32] (#cite_note-33) Political changes were another cause of the flapper culture. World War I reduced the grip of the class system on both sides of the Atlantic, encouraging different classes to mingle and share their sense of freedom. [33] (#cite_note-mcg20to29-34) Women finally won the right to vote in the United States on August 26, 1920. [34] (#cite_note-35) Women wanted to be men's social equals and were faced with the difficult realization of the larger goals of feminism (/wiki/Feminism) : individuality, full political participation, economic independence, and 'sex rights'. [35] (#cite_note-36) They wanted to have freedoms like men and go smoking and drinking. [36] (#cite_note-37) In addition, many women had more opportunities in the workplace and had even taken traditionally male jobs such as doctors, lawyers, engineers and pilots. [37] (#cite_note-langley17-38) The rise of consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) also promoted the ideals of "fulfilment and freedom", [33] (#cite_note-mcg20to29-34) which encouraged women to think independently about their garments, careers, social activities. [37] (#cite_note-langley17-38) Society changed quickly after World War I. For example, customs, technology, and manufacturing all moved quickly into the 20th century after the interruption of the war. [38] (#cite_note-39) The rise of the automobile was an important factor in flapper culture, as cars meant a woman could come and go as she pleased, travel to speakeasies (/wiki/Speakeasy) and other entertainment venues, and use the large vehicles of the day for heavy petting or even sex. [39] (#cite_note-40) Also, the economic boom allowed more people the time and money to play golf and tennis and to take vacations, [40] (#cite_note-41) which required clothing adapted to these activities; the flapper's slender silhouette was very suitable for movement. [41] (#cite_note-42) Evolution of the image [ edit ] Actress Alice Joyce (/wiki/Alice_Joyce) , 1926 Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) in 1921, before she became a star The first appearance of the flapper style [b] (#cite_note-44) in the United States came from the popular 1920 Frances Marion (/wiki/Frances_Marion) film The Flapper (/wiki/The_Flapper) , starring Olive Thomas (/wiki/Olive_Thomas) . [43] (#cite_note-olive-45) Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917, though it was not until The Flapper that the term was used. In her final movies, she was seen as the flapper image. [44] (#cite_note-46) Other actresses, such as Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) , Louise Brooks (/wiki/Louise_Brooks) , Colleen Moore (/wiki/Colleen_Moore) and Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) would soon build their careers on the same image, achieving great popularity. [43] (#cite_note-olive-45) In the United States, popular contempt for Prohibition (/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) was a factor in the rise of the flapper. With legal saloons and cabarets closed, back alley speakeasies (/wiki/Speakeasy) became prolific and popular. This discrepancy between the law-abiding, religion-based temperance movement (/wiki/Temperance_movement) and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority. Flapper independence was also a response to the Gibson Girls (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) of the 1890s. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535-47) [46] (#cite_note-conor-48) Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style, their independence may have led to the flapper wisecracking tenacity 30 years later. Writers in the United States such as F. Scott Fitzgerald (/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald) and Anita Loos (/wiki/Anita_Loos) and illustrators such as Russell Patterson (/wiki/Russell_Patterson) , John Held, Jr. (/wiki/John_Held,_Jr.) , Ethel Hays (/wiki/Ethel_Hays) and Faith Burrows (/wiki/Faith_Burrows) popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, and flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless, and independent. Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer-critic Dorothy Parker (/wiki/Dorothy_Parker) , who penned "Flappers: A Hate Song" to poke fun at the fad. In 1922, Secretary of Labor James J. Davis (/wiki/James_J._Davis) denounced the "flippancy of the cigarette smoking, cocktail-drinking flapper". [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076-49) A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had "the lowest degree of intelligence" and constituted "a hopeless problem for educators". [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076-49) Another writer, Lynne Frame, said in her book that a large number of scientists and health professionals have analyzed and reviewed the degree of femininity of flappers' appearance and behavior, given the "boyishness" of the flapper look and behavior. Some gynecologists gave the opinion that women were less "marriageable" if they were less "feminine", as the husband would be unhappy in his marriage. In Frame's book, she also wrote that the appearance of flappers, like the short hair and short dress, distracted attention from feminine curves to the legs and body. These attributes were not only a fashion trend but also the expression of a blurring of gender roles. [48] (#cite_note-50) Image of youth [ edit ] The flapper stands as one of the more enduring images of youth and new women in the 20th century and is viewed by modern-day Americans as something of a cultural heroine. However, back in the 1920s, many Americans regarded flappers as threatening to conventional society, representing a new moral order. Although most of them were the daughters of the middle class, they flouted middle-class values. Lots of women in the United States were drawn to the idea of being a flapper. There were rival organizations of flappers – the National Flapper Flock and the Royal Order of the Flapper. [49] (#cite_note-51) Flappers shrugged off their chaperones, danced suggestively, and openly flirted with boys. "Flappers prized style over substance, novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue." [50] (#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-52) Ruth Gillettes, a 1920s singer, had a song titled "Oh Say! Can I See You Tonight?" which expresses the new behavior of girls in the 1920s. Before the 1920s, for a woman to call a man to suggest a date would be impossible. However, in the 1920s, many girls seemed to play a leading role in relationships, actively asking boys out or even coming to their homes. [51] (#cite_note-53) Magazines [ edit ] Woman depicted in typical flapper outfit in the cover art for The Plastic Age (/wiki/The_Plastic_Age) , 1924 In 1922, a small-circulation magazine – The Flapper , located in Chicago – celebrated the flapper's appeal. On the opening page of its first issue, it proudly declared flappers' break with traditional values. Also, flappers defended them by contrasting themselves with earlier generations of women whom they called "clinging vines". They mocked the confining fashions and demure passivity of older women and reveled in their own freedom. They did not even acknowledge that the previous generation of female activists had made the flappers' freedom possible. [50] (#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-52) In 1923, the flapper magazine Experience included an article on police reform, possibly indicating a concern for societal issues. [52] (#cite_note-historynewsnetwork.org-54) In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Girl"—the flapper. She was young and fashionable, financially independent, and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions. The magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones. [53] (#cite_note-55) Billie Dove (/wiki/Billie_Dove) on "Not for Old Fogies". The Flapper (cover). November 1922. Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle (/wiki/Ellen_Bernard_Thompson_Pyle) "The Flapper" Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post) (February 4, 1922) Although many young women in the 1920s saw flappers as the symbol of a brighter future, some also questioned the flappers' more extreme behavior. Therefore, in 1923, the magazine began asking for true stories from its readers for a new column called "Confessions of a Flapper". Some of these were lighthearted stories of girls getting the better of those who underestimated them, but others described girls betraying their own standards of behavior in order to live up to the image of flappers. There were several examples: a newlywed confessed to having cheated on her husband, a college student described being told by a boyfriend that she was not "the marrying kind" because of the sexual liberties she had permitted him, and a minister's daughter recounted the humiliation of being caught in the lie of pretending she was older and more sophisticated than she was. Many readers thought that flappers had gone too far in their quest for adventure. One 23-year-old "ex-vamp" declared: "In my opinion, the average flappers from 15 to 19 were brainless, inconsiderate of others, and easy to get into serious trouble." [50] (#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-52) So, among the readers of The Flapper , parts of them were celebrated for flappers' spirit and appropriation of male privilege, while parts of them acknowledged the dangers of emulating flappers too faithfully, with some even confessing to violating their own codes of ethics so as to live up to all the hype. [50] (#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-52) Behavior [ edit ] Advertisement for Prodigal Daughters (/wiki/Prodigal_Daughters) , 1923 Flappers' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women's roles. In the English media, they were stereotyped as pleasure-loving, reckless and prone to defying convention by initiating sexual relationships. [54] (#cite_note-56) Some [55] (#cite_note-Graves-57) have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular to young women was imported to England from Germany, where it originated "as a sexual reaction against the over-fed, under-exercised monumental woman, and as a compromise between pederasty (/wiki/Pederasty) and normal sex". [55] (#cite_note-Graves-57) In Germany, teenage girls were called " Backfisch ", which meant a young fish not yet big enough to be sold in the market. [56] (#cite_note-58) [57] (#cite_note-59) Although the concept of " Backfisch " was known in England by the late 1880s, the term was understood to mean a very demure social type [58] (#cite_note-60) unlike the flapper, who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention. The evolving image of flappers was of independent young women who went by night to jazz clubs (/wiki/Jazz_club) such as those in Harlem (/wiki/Harlem,_New_York) , which were viewed as erotic and dangerous, where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They were active, sporting, rode bicycles (/wiki/Bicycles#Female_emancipation) , drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition (/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) . [59] (#cite_note-61) With time, came the development of dance styles such as the Charleston (/wiki/Charleston_(dance)) , the Shimmy (/wiki/Shimmy) , the Bunny Hug (/wiki/Bunny_Hug) , and the Black Bottom (/wiki/Black_Bottom_(dance)) , which were considered shocking, but were a symbolic badge of the flapper's rejection of traditional standards. [60] (#cite_note-62) Overturning of Victorian roles [ edit ] Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women's traditional societal roles and the monolithic historical idea of women being powerless throughout social history. [61] (#cite_note-63) They were considered a significant challenge to traditional Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_era) gender roles, devotion to plain-living, hard work and religion. Increasingly, women discarded old, rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice, and were often described in terms of representing a "culture war" of old versus new. Flappers also advocated voting and women's rights. In this manner, flappers were a result of larger social changes – women were able to vote in the United States in 1920, and religious society had been rocked by the Scopes trial (/wiki/Scopes_trial) . [62] (#cite_note-64) For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles, however, many flappers were not engaged in politics. In fact, older suffragettes (/wiki/Suffragette) , who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win. [63] (#cite_note-65) Dorothy Dunbar Bromley (/wiki/Dorothy_Dunbar_Bromley) , a noted liberal writer at the time, summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as "truly modern", "New Style" feminists who "admit that a full life calls for marriage and children" and also "are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right". [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117-66) Petting parties [ edit ] " Petting (/wiki/Petting) " (" making out (/wiki/Making_out) " or foreplay (/wiki/Foreplay) or non-penetrative sex (/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex) ) became more common than in the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) , for example, with the rise in popularity of "petting parties". [65] (#cite_note-67) [66] (#cite_note-68) At these parties, promiscuity became more commonplace, breaking from the traditions of monogamy or courtship with their expectations of eventual marriage. [67] (#cite_note-69) This was typical on college campuses, where young people "spent a great deal of unsupervised time in mixed company". [68] (#cite_note-70) [69] (#cite_note-71) [70] (#cite_note-72) A flapper is featured on the poster for the 1924 film The Enemy Sex (/wiki/The_Enemy_Sex) Carolyn Van Wyck wrote a column for Photoplay (/wiki/Photoplay_(magazine)) , an upmarket magazine that featured articles on pop culture, advice on fashion, and even articles on helping readers channel their inner celebrity. In March 1926, an anonymous young woman wrote in describing petting as a problem, explaining, "The boys all seem to do it and don't seem to come back if you don't do it also. We girls are at our wits' end to know what to do. ... I'm sure that I don't want to marry anyone who is too slow to want to pet. But I want to discover what is right. Please help me." Van Wyck sympathized with the problem the writer faced and added, "It seems to me much better to be known as a flat tire and keep romance in one's mind than to be called a hot date and have fear in one's heart." [71] (#cite_note-73) In the 1950s, Life magazine depicted petting parties as "that famed and shocking institution of the '20s", and, commenting on the Kinsey Report (/wiki/Kinsey_Report) , said that they have been "very much with us ever since". [72] (#cite_note-74) In the Kinsey Report of 1950, there was an indicated increase in premarital intercourse for the generation of the 1920s. Kinsey found that of women born before 1900, 14 percent acknowledged premarital sex before the age of 25, while those born after 1900 were two and a half times more likely (36 percent) to have premarital intercourse and experience an orgasm. [73] (#cite_note-75) Slang [ edit ] Flappers were associated with the use of a number of slang words, including "junk", "necker", "heavy petting", and "necking parties", [74] (#cite_note-76) although these words existed before the 1920s. [75] (#cite_note-77) Flappers also used the word "jazz" in the sense of anything exciting or fun. Their language sometimes reflected their feelings about dating, marriage and drinking habits: "I have to see a man about a dog (/wiki/See_a_man_about_a_dog) " at this period often meant going to buy whiskey, and a "handcuff" or "manacle" was an engagement or wedding ring. Moreover, flappers invented slang terms like "hush money", which meant the allowance from a father or "dropping the pilot", which meant getting a divorce. [76] (#cite_note-78) Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval, such as "That's so Jake" [c] (#cite_note-80) (okay), "She/he's the bee's knees (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bee%27s_knees) " (a superb person), "Cake-eater" (a ladies' man), and the popular "the cat's meow (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_meow) " (anything wonderful). [78] (#cite_note-81) There were two more slang terms that reflected flappers' behaviors or lifestyles, which were " treating (/wiki/Treating_(dating)) " and "charity girls". In the social context of dating (/wiki/Dating) , treating was the practice of providing companionship and intimate activity in exchange for entertainment outings, gifts, and other items of monetary value. [79] (#cite_note-82) The activity was prevalent in the large urban areas of the United States (/wiki/United_States) from the 1890s to the 1940s and was most commonly engaged in by young working-class women (/wiki/Working_class) . As treating became more widespread, the activity acquired the label "charity," and the young women who engaged in the more risqué aspects of the practice were often called charity girls. [80] (#cite_note-sale-83) Appearance [ edit ] "Where there's smoke there's fire" by Russell Patterson (/wiki/Russell_Patterson) , showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s. In addition to their irreverent behavior, flappers were known for their style, which largely emerged as a result of French fashions, [81] (#cite_note-Rae-84) especially those pioneered by Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , the effect on dress of the rapid spread of American jazz, and the popularization of dancing that accompanied it. [82] (#cite_note-fashion-era-85) Called garçonne in French (/wiki/French_language) ("boy" with a feminine suffix), flapper style made girls look young and boyish: short hair, flattened breasts, and straight waists accentuated it. By at least 1913, the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public's mind. Lillian Nordica (/wiki/Lillian_Nordica) , commenting on New York fashions that year, referred to a thin little flapper of a girl donning a skirt in which she can hardly take a step, extinguishing all but her little white teeth with a dumpy bucket of a hat, and tripping down Fifth Avenue. [83] (#cite_note-86) Norma Shearer (/wiki/Norma_Shearer) in 1927 At this early date, it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique [84] (#cite_note-87) and close-fitting hat, but a hobble skirt (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) rather than one with a high hemline. [81] (#cite_note-Rae-84) Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers (straight waists, short hair and a hemline above or around the knee) did not fully emerge until 1925, [85] (#cite_note-88) there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance, outrageous behavior, and the word "flapper". A report in The Times of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing "short skirts, a hat of Parisian type [86] (#cite_note-89) and flapper-like hair". [87] (#cite_note-90) Despite the scandal flappers generated, their look became fashionable in a toned-down form among respectable older women. [88] (#cite_note-91) Significantly, the flappers removed the corset (/wiki/Corset) from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines, and popularized short hair (/wiki/Bob_cut) for women. Among actresses closely identified with the style were Tallulah Bankhead (/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead) , [89] (#cite_note-92) Olive Borden (/wiki/Olive_Borden) , Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) , Louise Brooks (/wiki/Louise_Brooks) , Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) , Bebe Daniels (/wiki/Bebe_Daniels) , Billie Dove (/wiki/Billie_Dove) , Leatrice Joy (/wiki/Leatrice_Joy) , Helen Kane (/wiki/Helen_Kane) , Laura La Plante (/wiki/Laura_La_Plante) , Dorothy Mackaill (/wiki/Dorothy_Mackaill) , Colleen Moore (/wiki/Colleen_Moore) , Norma Shearer (/wiki/Norma_Shearer) , Norma Talmadge (/wiki/Norma_Talmadge) , Olive Thomas (/wiki/Olive_Thomas) , and Alice White (/wiki/Alice_White) . Beginning in the early 1920s, flappers began appearing in newspaper comic strips; Blondie Boopadoop (/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)) and Fritzi Ritz (/wiki/Nancy_(comic_strip)) – later depicted more domestically, as the wife of Dagwood Bumstead and aunt of Nancy, respectively – were introduced as flappers. [90] (#cite_note-93) Apparel [ edit ] Actress Norma Talmadge (/wiki/Norma_Talmadge) Main article: 1920s in fashion (/wiki/1920s_in_fashion) Flapper dresses were straight and loose, leaving the arms bare (sometimes no straps at all) and dropping the waistline to the hips. Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters. Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927, allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a breeze, although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs. To enhance the view, some flappers applied rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) to their knees. [91] (#cite_note-94) [92] (#cite_note-95) Popular dress styles included the robe de style (/wiki/Robe_de_style) . High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) also came into vogue at the time, reaching 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) high. [81] (#cite_note-Rae-84) Favored shoe styles were Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) and T-straps in classic black, gold, silver, or nude shades. [93] (#cite_note-96) Lingerie [ edit ] Flappers did away with corsets and pantaloons in favor of "step-in" panties. Without the old restrictive corsets, flappers wore simple bust bodices to restrain their chest when dancing. They also wore new, softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips, smoothing the whole frame, giving women a straight up and down appearance as opposed to the old corsets that slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust. [81] (#cite_note-Rae-84) The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look. Adding an even more boyish look, the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an everyday bra. This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest. [81] (#cite_note-Rae-84) Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication. Hence, flat chests became appealing to women, although flappers were the most common to wear such bras. Hair and accessories [ edit ] French actress Polaire (/wiki/Polaire) in 1899 Boyish cuts were in vogue and released the weight of the tradition of women being required to grow their hair long, through popular cuts such as the bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) , Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) , and shingle bob (/wiki/Shingle_bob) . Finger waving (/wiki/Finger_wave) was used as a means of styling. Hats were still required wear, and popular styles included the newsboy cap (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) and cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) . Jewelry usually consisted of art deco (/wiki/Art_deco) pieces, especially many layers of beaded necklaces. Pins, rings, and brooches came into style. Horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) were also popular. Cosmetics [ edit ] Main article: Cosmetics in the 1920s (/wiki/Cosmetics_in_the_1920s) As far back as the 1890s, French actress Polaire (/wiki/Polaire) pioneered a look which included short, disheveled hair, emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) . [94] (#cite_note-97) [95] (#cite_note-98) The evolving flapper look required "heavy makeup" in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theater. With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors, bee-stung lips came into vogue. Dark eyes, especially kohl-rimmed, were the style. Blush (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process. Women shaped their eyebrows needle-thin and penciled them in dark, emulating such actresses as Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) . [96] (#cite_note-99) [97] (#cite_note-100) Originally, pale (/wiki/Pallor) skin was considered most attractive. However, tanned skin became increasingly popular after Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) showed off a tan after a holiday – it suggested a life of leisure, without the onerous need to work. Women wanted to look fit, sporty, and, above all, healthy. American banks and "flapper" employees [ edit ] According to a report in 1922, some banks across the United States started to regulate the dress and deportment of young female employees who were considered to be "flappers". It began with a complaint of a mother in New Jersey who felt dissatisfied because her son did business only with a young female employee, whom she considered illegally attractive. The incident was duly reported to the officials of the bank, and rules adopted regarding requirements in dress for female employees. Those rules included that the dress should not have a pattern, it should be bought from a specific store, it must be worn in either black, blue or brown, its sleeves must not be shortened above the elbow, and its hem must not be worn higher than 12 inches from the ground. After that, the anti-flapper code soon spread to the Federal Reserve, where female employees were firmly told that there was no time for them to beautify themselves during office hours. [33] (#cite_note-mcg20to29-34) Semiotics of the flapper [ edit ] Life Magazine cover "The Flapper" by Frank Xavier Leyendecker (/wiki/Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker) , 2 February 1922 Being liberated from restrictive dress, from laces that interfered with breathing, and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort. The new-found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house, and the flapper took full advantage. [98] (#cite_note-Kriebl_1998_113–128-101) The flapper was an extreme manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress. [99] (#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-102) Changes in fashion were interpreted as signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal. [100] (#cite_note-103) The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of emancipation. [101] (#cite_note-104) Signs of the moral revolution consisted of premarital sex, birth control (/wiki/Birth_control) , drinking, and contempt for older values. Before the War, a lady did not set foot in a saloon; after the War, a woman, though no more "a lady", entered a speakeasy (/wiki/Speakeasy) as casually as she would go into a railroad station. Women had started swearing and smoking publicly, using contraceptives, raising their skirts above the knee and rolling their hose below it. Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and, therefore, other kinds of independence from men. [99] (#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-102) The New Woman (/wiki/New_Woman) was pushing the boundaries of gender roles, representing sexual and economic freedom. She cut her hair short and took to loose-fitting clothing and low cut dresses. No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts, the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker, who no longer followed the conventions of those before her. [98] (#cite_note-Kriebl_1998_113–128-101) The flapper was an example of the prevailing conceptions of women and their roles during the Roaring 1920s. The flappers' ideal was motion with characteristics of intensity, energy, and volatility. She refused the traditional moral code. Modesty, chastity, morality, and traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity were seemingly ignored. The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending "demoralization" of the country. [99] (#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-102) The Victorian American conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged. Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible, better suiting the modern woman such as the flapper who wanted to engage in active sport. Women were now becoming more assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning. The flappers' costume was seen as sexual and raised deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized. [99] (#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-102) End of the flapper era [ edit ] An obituary for the "Flapper" ran on the front page of The New York Times at the end of 1928, suggesting that she was being replaced by the "Siren", a mysterious, stylish, "vaguely European" ideal woman. [102] (#cite_note-israel-105) The flapper lifestyle and look disappeared and the roaring '20s era of glitz and glamour came to an end in America after the Wall Street Crash (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash) of 1929. [103] (#cite_note-106) Unable to afford the latest trends and lifestyle, the once-vibrant flapper women returned to their dropped hemlines, and the flapper dress disappeared. A sudden serious tone washed over the public with the appearance of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . The high-spirited attitude and hedonism (/wiki/Hedonism) were less acceptable during the economic hardships of the 1930s. When hemlines began to rise again, numerous states took action, making laws that restricted women to wear skirts with hemlines no shorter than three inches (7.5 centimeters) above the ankle. The ever-popular bobbed haircut was the cause for some women being fired from their jobs. [104] (#cite_note-107) [ better source needed ] Transitioning into the 1930s was no easy task. Campaigns such as the "Make Do and Mend" slogan were becoming prevalent to ensure there was no overconsumption (/wiki/Overconsumption) throughout society. [105] (#cite_note-108) Fabric choices were among the many items to be cut back during this poverty-stricken time. Artificial fabrics were used instead of elegant fabrics such as silk, which were so popular in the early 1900s. No longer were party dresses adorned with decorative embellishments or made brightly colored. Instead, women headed to work to take over roles of men at war. The physically demanding jobs called for the creation and social acceptance of women's pants in society. See also [ edit ] Betty Boop (/wiki/Betty_Boop) Hawksian woman (/wiki/Hawksian_woman) Generation gap (/wiki/Generation_gap) Interbellum Generation (/wiki/Interbellum_Generation) Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) Lost Generation (/wiki/Lost_Generation) Modern girl (/wiki/Modern_girl) Thoroughly Modern Millie (/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie) , 1962 film and 2002 stage musical (/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_(musical)) 1929 United Kingdom general election (/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election) , "the flapper election" Youth Culture (/wiki/Youth_culture) Zelda Fitzgerald (/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-22) In a 1913 letter a man addressed his 21-year-old girlfriend as his "flapper". [21] (#cite_note-21) ^ (#cite_ref-44) The word itself was introduced earlier. [12] (#cite_note-Graves_1907-12) [42] (#cite_note-43) ^ (#cite_ref-80) First occurring as American criminal slang before 1914. [77] (#cite_note-79) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Flappers in the Roaring Twenties" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040825114116/http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/flappers.htm) . About.com (/wiki/About.com) . Archived from the original (http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/flappers.htm) on August 25, 2004 . Retrieved April 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Flappers" (https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/flappers) . HISTORY . Retrieved April 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202033_3-0) Tossounian 2020 (#CITEREFTossounian2020) , p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202036_4-0) Tossounian 2020 (#CITEREFTossounian2020) , p. 36. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Evans, Ivan H. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable) (rev. ed.) New York: Harper & Row, 1981 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-06-014903-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014903-5) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "flapper" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flapper) . Online Etymology Dictionary . April 26, 2007. . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mabbe, James (/wiki/James_Mabbe) . Celestina IX. 110 "Fall to your flap, my Masters, kisse and clip"; 112 "Come hither, you foule flappes." ^ (#cite_ref-8) Barrere; Leland (1889). Dictionary of Slang . Flippers, flappers, very young girls trained to vice . ^ a b Savage, Jon (/wiki/Jon_Savage) . Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture . New York: Viking, 2007. p. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-670-03837-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03837-4) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lowsley, Barzillai. A glossary of Berkshire words and phrases 1888 (E.D.S.): "Vlapper, .. applied in joke to a girl of the bread-and-butter age." ^ (#cite_ref-11) Oxford English Dictionary . 1989. {{ cite encyclopedia (/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ a b "The Comedy Old Man and His Troubles". The New York Times (interview with English comedy actor George Graves). February 3, 1907. What are 'flappers'? Why, they are the young girls with their hair still hanging down their backs. They are the sort that can climb up ropes hand over hand and pose at the top. ^ (#cite_ref-13) The Jazz Age. The 20s . Alexandria, Virginia.: Editors of the Time-Life Books. 1997. p. 38. ^ (#cite_ref-14) The Times . No. 38574. February 20, 1908. page 15, col F. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Dress of the Young Girl". The Globe and Traveller . April 11, 1908. ^ (#cite_ref-16) James, A. E. "Her Majesty the Flapper" (http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/f25.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091204031128/http://www.philsp.com/homeville/fmi/f25.htm) December 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . London Magazine (/wiki/London_Magazine) (November, 1910) ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Review of the 1911 comedy Lady Patricia ". The Times . No. 39540. March 23, 1911. p 10, col C. Now the 'flapper' is Miss Clare Lesley, the Dean's tomboy daughter... In the play a mature married couple, Patricia and Michael, vainly pursue slang-talking teenagers Billy and Clare, and so "Clare, out of the charity of youth for enamoured maturity, indulges Michael with a little mild flirtation" before at the end finding real love with Billy, who is her own age. The actress playing the flapper is characterized as "full of youth and 'go ' ". ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Some facts about the ballet". The New York Times . March 31, 1912. Mr. Tiller explained the difference between a "pony" and a "flapper". A pony, he said, is a small dancer who may be of any age. A flapper is a girl who has just "come out". She is at an awkward age, neither a child nor a woman, and she is just as likely to develop into a show girl as a pony. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Oxford English Dictionary ^ (#cite_ref-20) The Times . No. 40576. July 15, 1914. page 1, col B. The father of a young lady, aged 15 – a typical "FLAPPER" – with all the self assurance of a woman of 30 would be grateful for the recommendation of a seminary (not a convent) where she might be placed for a year or two with the object of taming her. It is not EDUCATION she requires, she has too much of that already... {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-21) "£600 Damages For Breach of Promise". The Times . No. 40344. October 16, 1913. p 15, col D. I cannot bear to think of my flapper without an engagement ring. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Anonymous (December 1914) "The Melancholy Passing of the Flapper" (http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/1914-FLAPPERS-pdf) Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)) ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Training demobilized women: the flapper's future". The Times . No. 42232. October 16, 1919. page 7, col B. ^ (#cite_ref-25) The Times . No. 42326. February 5, 1920. page 9, col A. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Flappers flaunt fads in footwear" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/29/107046892.pdf) (PDF) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . January 29, 1922 . Retrieved July 18, 2021 . But you have perhaps heard that there is a movie play, The Three Musketeers (/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1921_film)) , in which Douglas Fairbanks (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks) is the D'Artagnan. You may remember having seen, in the long ago, illustrated editions of Mr. Dumas's novel showing D'Artagnan in his musketeer costume. And you may possibly remember that he wore boots, with turned down tops, which flopped as he walked. It is merely that we girls are following the style set by D'Artagnan. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Basinger, Jeanne (2000). Silent Stars . Wesleyan. . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Strong, Marion in Brady, Kathleen (2001). Lucille: The life of Lucille Ball . Billboard. The more noise the buckles made, the better they flapped, that's why we were called flappers . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Corrigan, Jim. The 1920s Decade in photos: The Roaring Twenties . Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc, 2009, p. 19 ^ (#cite_ref-30) The Times (London, England): "Delivering Drunkards", December 2, 1936, p. 15 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Craig, Gordon A. (/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig) (1991) The Germans New York: Merdian. p.161. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780452010857 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452010857) ^ (#cite_ref-32) Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture . Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press. pp. 1 (https://archive.org/details/flappersguidetoa00sage/page/n26) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-37690-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Cellania, M. (2013, March 25). The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/ (https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/) ^ a b c McGlinchey, S. (2014) "History of Women's Fashion: 1920 to 1929" (https://glamourdaze.com/history-of-womens-fashion/1920-to-1929) Glamour Daze Retrieved April 12, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions . Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.16 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0764323199 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199) ^ (#cite_ref-36) Latham, Angela J. (2000). Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . Hanover NH: University Press of New England. p. 9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8195-6401-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions . Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.18 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0764323199 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199) ^ a b Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions . Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.17 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0764323199 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199) ^ (#cite_ref-39) Boland, J. (April 15, 2012) "1920s Fashion & Music" (http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/) . Retrieved April 12, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Cellania, M. (March 25, 2013) 6, "The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images" (https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/) . Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-41) Bramlett, L. A. (2010) "Vintage Sportswear" (http://fuzzylizzie.com/sportswear.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121432/http://fuzzylizzie.com/sportswear.html) April 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Fuzzylizzie Vintage Retrieved April 12, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-42) Stevenson, N. J. (2012) Fashion: A visual history from regency & romance to retro & revolution: A complete illustrated chronology of fashion from the 1800s to the present day (1st ed.). New York: The Ivy Press Limited. p.92-93 ^ (#cite_ref-43) New Brunswick Times . February 24, 1910. And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a "flapper."... {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ a b "Olive Thomas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130412055632/http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Olive%20Thomas/) . Memories of Olive . Assumption. Archived from the original (http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Olive%20Thomas/) on April 12, 2013. . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Long, Bruce (ed.). "Taylorology: A Continuing Exploration of the Life and Death of William Desmond Taylor" (http://www.public.asu.edu/~ialong/Taylor33.txt) . Arizona State University. . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535_47-0) De Castelbajac 1995 (#CITEREFDe_Castelbajac1995) , p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-conor_48-0) Conor, Liz. The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in The 1920s 2004. p. 301 ^ a b Zeitz 2007 (#CITEREFZeitz2007) , p. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-50) Reinsch, O. (2013). "Gender and Consumerism" (http://www.genderforum.org/issues/gender-and-consumerism/flapper-girls-feminism-and-consumer-society-in-the-1920) [ permanent dead link ] Gender Forum Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-51) Dalzell, Tom (2010). Flappers 2 Rappers . Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. p. 9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-47587-5 . ^ a b c d Ferentinos, S. (n.d.). Not for Old Fogies: The Flapper . Retrieved May 18, 2016, from http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html (http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html) ^ (#cite_ref-53) Langley, S. (2006). Roaring '20s fashions: Deco . Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, p. 16 ^ (#cite_ref-historynewsnetwork.org_54-0) Jason Ulysses Rose (August 7, 2022). A Primary Source Shows the Connection Between 1920s Flappers and Social Media Youth Organizers Today . Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183623 (https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183623) ^ (#cite_ref-55) Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s". Journalism Studies 8#4 (2007): 550–54. ^ (#cite_ref-56) Praga, Mrs. Alfred (July 29, 1917). " "Sporting" girls and the risks they run. An open letter to "The Flappers" of England". The Weekly Dispatch . p. 7. My dear "Flappers" – I wonder if any of you in your gay youthfulness ever realise what a lot of harm you are doing to your future happiness by the way you sometimes cheapen yourselves in the eyes of your men "pals", as you love to call them ... The article goes on to describe flappers haunting public venues in order to "get off" with men. ^ a b Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1994). The Long Week End: a Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939 . pp. 33–34. . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Backfisch . In: Sigi Kube: Wie kommt die Katze in den Sack und was weiß der Kuckuck davon?: Tierische Redewendungen und ihre Bedeutung . Heyne, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-641-05361-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-641-05361-1) (German) ^ (#cite_ref-59) New Brunswick Times . February 24, 1910. ... a typical German girl of the well to do class between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Before she gets to be fifteen she is simply a 'kid' as we say in this country. But for those two years she is a backfisch pure and simple. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] The article implies the girl is so designated to prevent someone no longer a child attempting to assume the airs of an adult woman: "These German frauleins dare not do so, because they know they are mere backfisches ." The article concludes "And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a 'flapper'. If I were still but fifteen I am sure I would prefer being a backfisch." ^ (#cite_ref-60) Pall Mall Gazette . Vol. 3, no. 2. August 29, 1891. Let us introduce the word 'Backfisch', for we have the Backfisch always with us. She ranges from fifteen to eighteen years of age, keeps a diary, climbs trees secretly, blushes on the smallest provocation, and has no conversation. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) , in the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989. [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-61) Mrs William Atherton du Puy (October 15, 1921). "Let Girls Smoke, Mrs Dupuy's Plea". The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Yes, girls do smoke, and there is no harm if they don't go to excess. It is not like the rush of girls to the cafés to drink which happened twenty years ago. It was that which brought about prohibition. . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Dumenil (1995) ^ (#cite_ref-63) Latham, Angela J. (2000). Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 7–8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8195-6401-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) Zeitz, 2007. "Here was where the modern culture could prove threatening to the Victorians. The ethos of the consumer market glorified not only self-indulgence and satisfaction, but also personal liberty and choice. It invited relativism in all matters ranging from color schemes and bath soap to religion, politics, sex and morality." ^ (#cite_ref-65) Zeitz, 2007. "Others argued, though, that flappers' laissez-faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation, the right having already been won."; p.107: "T[he Jazz Age flapper ... [was] [d]isengaged from politics..." ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117_66-0) Zeitz 2007 (#CITEREFZeitz2007) , p. 117. ^ (#cite_ref-67) Weeks, Linton (June 26, 2015). "When 'Petting Parties' Scandalized The Nation" (https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/05/26/409126557/when-petting-parties-scandalized-the-nation) . NPR (/wiki/NPR) . Retrieved December 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Mothers Complain that Modern Girls 'Vamp' Their Sons at Petting Parties". The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . February 17, 1922. . An earlier article in the same newspaper rebutted an attack on the behaviour of American girls made recently in the Cosmopolitan by Elinor Glyn (/wiki/Elinor_Glyn) . It admitted the existence of petting parties but considered the activities were no worse than those which had gone on in earlier times under the guise of "kissing games", adding that tales of what occurred at such events were likely to be exaggerated by an older generation influenced by traditional misogyny Dupuy, Mrs William Atherton (October 15, 1921). "Let Girls Smoke, Mrs. Dupuy's Plea; Penwomen's President Rises in Defense of Young Thing Who 'Parks Corsets' Before Dance. MRS.GLYN WRONG, SHE SAYS Declares Short-Skirt Girl of Today Who Goes to "Petting Parties" Is All She Should Be" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE2DC133EEE3ABC4D52DFB667838A639EDE&legacy=true) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . . ^ (#cite_ref-69) McArthur, Judith N; Smith, Harold L (2010). Texas Through Women's Eyes: The Twentieth-Century Experience . University of Texas Press. pp. 104–05. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-292-77835-1 . The spirit of the petting party is light and frivolous. Its object is not marriage – only a momentary thrill. It completely gives the lie to those sweet, old phrases, "the only man" and "the only girl". For where there used to be only one girl there may be a score of them now. ^ (#cite_ref-70) Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Huber, Patrick (2004). The 1920s . Greenwood Publishing. p. 45. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-32013-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) Nelson, Lawrence J (2003). Rumors of Indiscretion . University of Missouri Press. p. 39. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8262-6290-5 . . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Bragdon, Claude (2007). Delphic Woman . Cosimo. pp. 45–46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59605-430-1 . . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Dubois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2012). Through Women's Eyes (Third ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 561. ^ (#cite_ref-74) Havemann, Ernest. "The Kinsey Report on Women" (https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45) Life magazine (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) (August 24, 1953) ^ (#cite_ref-75) Duenil, Lynn (1995). The Modern Temper:American Culture and Society in the 1920s . New York, NY: Hill and Wang. p. 136. ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Shifters No Longer Appeal to Slackers". The New York Times . March 26, 1922. The epithets she has evolved from her own lexicon are "junk", "necker" and "heavy necker". "Junk" is anything she considers unimportant or unworthy of consideration. A "necker" is a "petter" who puts her arms around a boy's neck. A "heavy necker" is a "petter" who hangs heavily on said neck. "Necking parties" have superseded "petting parties. . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Oxford English Dictionary , online ed., March 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Flapper Slang: Talk the 1920s talk" (https://www.kcts9.org/article/flapper-slang-talk-1920s-talk) . KCTS 9 . November 5, 2019 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Jackson, Louis E; Hellyer, CR (1914). A dictionary of criminal slang . in Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). March 2012. . [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-81) The jazz age: the 20s . Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1998. pp. 32–33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7835-5509-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 39706802 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39706802) . ^ (#cite_ref-82) Clement, Elizabeth Alice. Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 3. ^ (#cite_ref-sale_83-0) Clement, Elizabeth Alice. Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 48–49. ^ a b c d e Kemper, Rachel (December 1977). History of Costume . New York: WW Norton & Co. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-88225-137-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashion-era_85-0) Thomas, Pauline Weston (May 21, 2021). "Flapper Fashion 1920s Fashion History" (https://fashion-era.com/1920s/flapper-fashion/) . Fashion-Era . Retrieved September 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". The New York Times . January 1, 1913. . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". The New York Times . January 1, 1913. ...when a lady of uncertain age and very certain development attempts the same little costume because it looks well on the thin little girl, well – " And Mme. Nordica left the result to the interviewer's imagination. ^ (#cite_ref-88) McEvoy, Anna (2009). The 1920s And 1930s . Facts On File (/wiki/Infobase) . p. 7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60413-383-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) The Times . December 23, 1915. p. 11. ...the jaunty little toque {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-90) "Pantomime At The Front, Soldier "Heroines" ". The Times . No. 41050. December 30, 1915. p 7, col E. There was, for instance, a Maid Marian in the cast, who was described as a "dainty dam'sell" because she was a sergeant. There was something ridiculously fascinating about that sergeant, for he was in blue short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair; and when she was instructing Ferdinand, a Bad Lad... in the use of the "glad eye", the great audience shouted with laughter. ^ (#cite_ref-91) Smith, Merril D. (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7591-2332-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Hughes, Kathryn. "Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation by Judith Mackrell – review" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/01/flappers-judith-mackrell-review) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) (June 1, 2013) ^ (#cite_ref-93) "Fritzi Ritz Before Bushmiller: She's Come a Long Way, Baby!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130523214534/http://cartoonician.com/fritzi-ritz-before-bushmiller-shes-come-a-long-way-baby/) . Hogan's Alley . September 22, 2017. Archived from the original (http://cartoonician.com/fritzi-ritz-before-bushmiller-shes-come-a-long-way-baby/) on May 23, 2013 . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Lowry, Helen Bullitt. "On the Knees of Our College Girls" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/12/98781527.pdf) The New York Times (February 2, 1922) ^ (#cite_ref-95) Bergstein, Rachelle. Women From the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us New York: HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-06-209707-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-209707-5) . ^ (#cite_ref-96) "Gatsby Party - Your Definitive Fashion Guide" (http://picvpic.com/fashion101/2015/gatsby-party-fashion/) . picVpic-Fashion101 . August 6, 2015 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-97) Jean Lorrain (1936). La Ville Empoisonnée . Paris: Jean Cres. p. 279. ...the great voracious mouth, the immense black eyes, ringed, bruised, discolored, the incandescence of her pupils, the bewildered nocturnal hair... ^ (#cite_ref-98) "Commons" (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polaire) . Polaire (category). Wikimedia. . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "A Brief History of 1920s Makeuop" (https://glamourdaze.com/history-of-makeup/1920s) Glamour Daze ^ (#cite_ref-100) Valenti, Lauren (April 10, 2014) "The History of Women and Their Eyebrows" (http://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/makeup/a9381/eyebrows-through-the-years/) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) ^ a b Kriebl, Karen J (1998). From bloomers to flappers: the American women's dress reform movement, 1840–1920 . Ohio State University. pp. 113–28. ^ a b c d Yellis, Kenneth A (1969). "Prosperity's Child: Some thoughts on the Flapper". The American Quarterly . pp. 44–64. ^ (#cite_ref-103) Lowry, Helen (January 30, 1921). "As the debutante tells it: more about Mrs Grundy and Miss 1921". The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-104) Freedman, Estelle B. (1974). "The New Woman: Changing views of Women in the 1920s". The Journal of American History . 61 (2): 372–93. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1903954 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1903954) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1903954 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1903954) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 155502077 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155502077) . ^ (#cite_ref-israel_105-0) Israel, Betsy (2002). Bachelor Girl . HarperCollins. pp. 137–138. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0380976498 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) "The Stock Market Crash of 1929 |" (http://www.thebubblebubble.com/1929-crash/) . www.thebubblebubble.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "Flappers – Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1919-1929/Flappers.html#ixzz3nJ0tToBB) . www.fashionencyclopedia.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) "Women's Fashion in War Work" (http://www.forgeofinnovation.org/Springfield_Armory_1892-1945/Themes/People/Women/World_War_II/Fashion_in_War_Work/index.html) . www.forgeofinnovation.org . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . Bibliography [ edit ] Abra, Allison. (September 2016) "Going to the palais: a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain, 1918–1960." Contemporary British History 30#3 pp. 432–433. Chadwick, Whitney (2003). The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars . Rutgers University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8135-3292-9 . . De Castelbajac, Kate (1995). The Face of the Century: 100 Years of Makeup and Style . Rizzoli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-1895-2 . . Dumenil, Lynn (1995) The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s . New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8090-1566-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1566-5) Fass, Paula S. (2007) The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s . 2007. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-502492-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502492-0) Gourley, Kathleen (2007) Flappers and the New American Woman: Perceptions of Women from 1918 Through the 1920s (Images and or of Women in the Twentieth Century) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8225-6060-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6060-9) Hudovernik, Robert (2006) Jazz Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7893-1381-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-1381-2) Latham, Angela J. (2000) Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8195-6401-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6) Lauber, Ellie (2000) Fashions of the Roaring '20s . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7643-0017-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-0017-2) Sagert, Kelly Boyer. Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture . Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-37690-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37690-0) Tossounian, Cecilia (2020). La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture . Gainesville: University of Florida Press (/wiki/University_of_Florida_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-6834-0116-2 . Zeitz, Joshua (2007). Flapper: a madcap story of sex, style, celebrity, and the women who made America modern . Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4000-8054-0 . Further reading [ edit ] Mackrell, Judith (2014) Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation . Clerkenwell, London, England: Pan MacMillan ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-330-52952-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52952-5) ( Diana Cooper (/wiki/Lady_Diana_Cooper) , Nancy Cunard (/wiki/Nancy_Cunard) , Tallulah Bankhead (/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead) , Zelda Fitzgerald (/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald) , Josephine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) , Tamara de Lempicka (/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka) ) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flappers (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flappers) . "1920s fashion & music" (http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/1920s-Flapper.html) . 1920s Flapper: Young Women in a Modern World . . "Slang of the 1920s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100618074534/http://local.aaca.org/bntc/slang/slang.htm) . AACA. Archived from the original (http://local.aaca.org/bntc/slang/slang.htm) on June 18, 2010. . "Flappers and fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100821210850/http://www.rambova.com/fashion/fash4.html) . Rambova. Archived from the original (http://www.rambova.com/fashion/fash4.html) on August 21, 2010 . Retrieved December 11, 2005 . "Thousands of photos of flappers can be viewed at Louise Brooks Fan Club on Facebook" (https://www.facebook.com/LouiseBrooksFanClub) . Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) . . v t e 1920s (/wiki/1920s) media culture (/wiki/Media_culture) Collective imaginary Flapper Betty Boop (/wiki/Betty_Boop) Modern girl (/wiki/Modern_girl) Torches of Freedom (/wiki/Torches_of_Freedom) Cosmetics in the 1920s (/wiki/Cosmetics_in_the_1920s) Theoreticians Walter Lippmann (/wiki/Walter_Lippmann) Edward Bernays (/wiki/Edward_Bernays) Other topics Tad Dorgan (/wiki/Tad_Dorgan) Federal Radio Commission (/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission) 1930s topics Mohawk Valley formula (/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula) Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937 (/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%931937) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fdzvt Cached time: 20240720163210 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.011 seconds Real time usage: 1.196 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10727/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 168122/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14431/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 332420/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.579/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8258366/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1060.174 1 -total 40.62% 430.627 2 Template:Reflist 14.83% 157.215 24 Template:Cite_news 11.03% 116.889 27 Template:Cite_book 10.90% 115.510 16 Template:Fix 7.17% 75.995 1 Template:Short_description 7.05% 74.708 1 Template:1920s_media_culture 6.88% 72.939 1 Template:Navbox 5.94% 63.019 16 Template:ISBN 5.87% 62.190 18 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:201140-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720163210 and revision id 1221023834. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flapper&oldid=1221023834 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flapper&oldid=1221023834) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Flappers (/wiki/Category:Flappers) 1920s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:1920s_fads_and_trends) 1920s fashion (/wiki/Category:1920s_fashion) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) Gender equality (/wiki/Category:Gender_equality) 1920s slang (/wiki/Category:1920s_slang) Slang terms for women (/wiki/Category:Slang_terms_for_women) Stereotypes of women (/wiki/Category:Stereotypes_of_women) Subcultures (/wiki/Category:Subcultures) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing title (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title) All articles with incomplete citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations) Articles with incomplete citations from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2019) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with incomplete citations from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_April_2024) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from January 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2014) Use American English from May 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2017) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from October 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2018) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
Former department store in London Harding, Howell & Co., a contender for the title of first department store (/wiki/Department_store) in the world Harding Howell and Company's Grand Fashionable Magazine was an 18th-century department store (/wiki/Department_store) at 89 Pall Mall (/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London) in St James's (/wiki/St_James%27s) , London (/wiki/London) . Open from 1796 to 1820, it could be considered a forerunner of the modern department store. [1] (#cite_note-1) The shop was divided into four departments, selling fur and fans, fabric for dresses, haberdashery, jewelry and clocks, perfume and millinery. [2] (#cite_note-BrewardEhrman2004-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "A history of the department store" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/bespoke/story/20150326-a-history-of-the-department-store/index.html) . BBC Culture (/wiki/BBC_Culture) . Retrieved 15 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-BrewardEhrman2004_2-0) Christopher Breward; Edwina Ehrman; Caroline Evans (2004). The London Look: Fashion from Street to Catwalk ; [published in Conjunction with the Museum of London Exhibition, The London Look: Fashion from Street to Catwalk, 19 October 2004] . Yale University Press. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-10399-1 . 51°30′22″N 0°08′05″W / 51.50613°N 0.13485°W / 51.50613; -0.13485 This article about a retailer in the United Kingdom is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harding,_Howell_%26_Co.&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐rz5q9 Cached time: 20240712235327 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.190 seconds Real time usage: 0.270 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 557/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11391/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 845/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13553/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.129/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3961541/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 251.886 1 -total 35.02% 88.210 1 Template:Reflist 27.82% 70.086 1 Template:Cite_web 25.73% 64.807 1 Template:Short_description 22.95% 57.819 1 Template:UK-retail-company-stub 22.40% 56.415 1 Template:Asbox 13.83% 34.826 2 Template:Pagetype 8.98% 22.612 1 Template:Coord 7.93% 19.966 4 Template:Main_other 7.19% 18.119 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39723297-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712235327 and revision id 1196956221. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harding,_Howell_%26_Co.&oldid=1196956221 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harding,_Howell_%26_Co.&oldid=1196956221) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct department stores of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Defunct_department_stores_of_the_United_Kingdom) Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Defunct_retail_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster (/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_the_City_of_Westminster) 18th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) Clothing retailers of England (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_England) Clothing companies of England (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_England) 1796 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1796_establishments_in_England) 1820 disestablishments in England (/wiki/Category:1820_disestablishments_in_England) British companies established in 1796 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1796) British companies disestablished in 1820 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_disestablished_in_1820) United Kingdom retail company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_retail_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020) Use British English from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2019) Coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5fc7b8464c‐fmscd Cached time: 20240709103819 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52993921-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709103819 and revision id 1220122113. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "British suit makers" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Alfred Dunhill Limited (/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill_Limited) Anderson & Sheppard (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) C Cad and the Dandy (/wiki/Cad_and_the_Dandy) Chester Barrie (/wiki/Chester_Barrie) D Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) G Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) H Hackett (clothing brand) (/wiki/Hackett_(clothing_brand)) Henry Herbert Tailors (/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Tailors) H. Huntsman & Sons (/wiki/H._Huntsman_%26_Sons) M Maurice Sedwell (/wiki/Maurice_Sedwell) N New Bespoke Movement (/wiki/New_Bespoke_Movement) P Henry Poole & Co (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) R Richard James (tailor) (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) S Savile Row tailoring (/wiki/Savile_Row_tailoring) T Ted Baker (/wiki/Ted_Baker) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_suit_makers&oldid=1220122113 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_suit_makers&oldid=1220122113) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_Kingdom) Suit makers (/wiki/Category:Suit_makers) British tailors (/wiki/Category:British_tailors) |
This category is intended to contain those designers who are either purely wedding dress designers, or are strongly known for producing them. It is not intended to list any designers who have merely produced a wedding dress. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐cdlsp Cached time: 20240714132554 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34843437-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714132554 and revision id 682862001. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Wedding dress designers" The following 53 pages are in this category, out of 53 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Amsale Aberra (/wiki/Amsale_Aberra) Alfred Angelo (/wiki/Alfred_Angelo) Mihailo Anušić (/wiki/Mihailo_Anu%C5%A1i%C4%87) Valentine Avoh (/wiki/Valentine_Avoh) B Berta Bridal (/wiki/Berta_Bridal) Lilly Brændgaard (/wiki/Lilly_Br%C3%A6ndgaard) Bonnie Broel (/wiki/Bonnie_Broel) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) C Caroline Castigliano (/wiki/Caroline_Castigliano) Georgina Chapman (/wiki/Georgina_Chapman) Matthew Christopher (/wiki/Matthew_Christopher) Lindka Cierach (/wiki/Lindka_Cierach) James Clifford (designer) (/wiki/James_Clifford_(designer)) Keren Craig (/wiki/Keren_Craig) Ito Curata (/wiki/Ito_Curata) D Inbal Dror (/wiki/Inbal_Dror) E David Emanuel (fashion designer) (/wiki/David_Emanuel_(fashion_designer)) Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) H Elizabeth Handley-Seymour (/wiki/Elizabeth_Handley-Seymour) Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera) Georges Hobeika (/wiki/Georges_Hobeika) House of CB (/wiki/House_of_CB) K Willie Otey Kay (/wiki/Willie_Otey_Kay) Clare Waight Keller (/wiki/Clare_Waight_Keller) Sandeep Khosla (/wiki/Sandeep_Khosla) Hedda Kleinfeld Schachter (/wiki/Hedda_Kleinfeld_Schachter) Rena Koh (/wiki/Rena_Koh) L Galia Lahav (/wiki/Galia_Lahav) Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) Ron LoVece (/wiki/Ron_LoVece) Ann Lowe (/wiki/Ann_Lowe) Vinka Lucas (/wiki/Vinka_Lucas) M Arefeh Mansouri (/wiki/Arefeh_Mansouri) Milla Nova (/wiki/Milla_Nova) Deborah Milner (/wiki/Deborah_Milner) N Sareh Nouri (/wiki/Sareh_Nouri) Nurmahali dress (/wiki/Nurmahali_dress) P Jenny Packham (/wiki/Jenny_Packham) Pronovias (/wiki/Pronovias) R Catherine Rayner (designer) (/wiki/Catherine_Rayner_(designer)) Helen Rose (/wiki/Helen_Rose) S Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) Gaby Saliba (/wiki/Gaby_Saliba) Katya Katya Shehurina (/wiki/Katya_Katya_Shehurina) Samantha Sleeper (/wiki/Samantha_Sleeper) Tomasz Starzewski (/wiki/Tomasz_Starzewski) Ian Stuart (designer) (/wiki/Ian_Stuart_(designer)) T Rosenthal Tee (/wiki/Rosenthal_Tee) Pnina Tornai (/wiki/Pnina_Tornai) V Édouard Vermeulen (/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vermeulen) W Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) Tony Ward (designer) (/wiki/Tony_Ward_(designer)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wedding_dress_designers&oldid=682862001 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wedding_dress_designers&oldid=682862001) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Wedding dresses (/wiki/Category:Wedding_dresses) Fashion designers by type (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_type) |
Los Angeles-based jewelry company The Giving Keys Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 2008 Founder Caitlin Crosby (/wiki/Caitlin_Crosby) Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. Products Jewelry Website www (https://www.thegivingkeys.com) .thegivingkeys (https://www.thegivingkeys.com) .com (https://www.thegivingkeys.com) The Giving Keys (TGK) is a Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) -based jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) company founded by singer-songwriter and actress Caitlin Crosby (/wiki/Caitlin_Crosby) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Working to repurpose old & new keys into modern jewelry and accessories, The Giving Keys stamps inspiring words on keys and then creates necklaces, bracelets, and have in the past created rings, earrings, and iPhone (/wiki/IPhone) cases with the engraved keys. Recipients of the accessories are encouraged to one day give their key away to someone who needs the message more than they do. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Giving Keys keeps an active blog of stories of customers who " pay it forward (/wiki/Pay_it_forward) " and give their key away. TGK employs local residents who are transitioning out of homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness) to create their product. [3] (#cite_note-3) TGK has partnered with Chrysalis, PATH, and United Way (/wiki/United_Way_of_America) to support homeless (/wiki/Homeless) populations in Los Angeles County (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The Giving Keys is headquartered in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) , and can be found in over 1200 retail locations worldwide, including Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , TOMS (/wiki/Toms_Shoes) Marketplace, [5] (#cite_note-5) Kitson (/wiki/Kitson_(store)) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Fred Segal (/wiki/Fred_Segal) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Sevenly (/w/index.php?title=Sevenly&action=edit&redlink=1) , [9] (#cite_note-9) and Altar'd State. [10] (#cite_note-10) History [ edit ] The Giving Keys was founded in 2008. Founder Caitlin Crosby (/wiki/Caitlin_Crosby) has detailed the origins of The Giving Keys in The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) and at a TEDx (/wiki/TEDx) event (TEDxBend). Crosby took to wearing an old hotel key as jewelry and one day asked a locksmith to engrave the word LOVE on the key. As friends and fans took interest in her key, she decided to make her own line of key necklaces with inspiring words on them to sell at her concerts. Shortly after launching the jewelry line, Crosby attended a movie screening by Invisible Children (/wiki/Invisible_Children) in Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) . Touched by the experience, she struck up conversation with a homeless couple (named Rob and Cera) outside the movie theater after the film. Crosby offered to take the couple out for a meal and complimented Cera on her necklace. Cera mentioned that she designed it herself, and in a moment of impulse, Crosby invited the couple to be her business partners and help her produce her high-demand jewelry. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Over the few years, the company has grown rapidly; as of August 2014 TGK has employed 19 people transitioning out of homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness) . The Giving Keys has been featured on The Today Show (/wiki/The_Today_Show) , [13] (#cite_note-13) and in Elle , [14] (#cite_note-14) People , [15] (#cite_note-15) E! News (/wiki/E!_News) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Last Call with Carson Daly (/wiki/Last_Call_with_Carson_Daly) , [17] (#cite_note-17) MTV (/wiki/MTV) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Relevant magazine (/wiki/Relevant_(magazine)) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Non-Profit Partnerships [ edit ] The Giving Keys has partnered with a Los Angeles-based non-profit called Chrysalis. Chrysalis helps The Giving Keys select appropriate jewelry makers from their client database. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In addition to supporting formerly homeless populations via Chrysalis, PATH and United Way (/wiki/United_Way_of_America) , The Giving Keys has partnered with various cause-based charities to help them raise funds. Partnerships have included Invisible Children, Project Semicolon [23] (#cite_note-23) 31 Bits, [24] (#cite_note-24) Keep A Breast (/wiki/Keep_A_Breast_Foundation) , [25] (#cite_note-25) So Worth Loving, [26] (#cite_note-26) Able Made, [27] (#cite_note-27) Liberty in North Korea (/wiki/Liberty_in_North_Korea) , [28] (#cite_note-28) Not for Sale (/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1) , [29] (#cite_note-29) and Saving Innocence. [30] (#cite_note-30) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Crosby, Caitlin. "Caitlin Crosby" (http://caitlincrosby.com/) . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Giving Keys: Pay It Forward" (http://www.shopkab.com/index/page/category/category_id/1697) . Keep A Breast Foundation . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Giving Keys" (http://www.savinginnocence.org/take-action/partners/giving-keys/) . Saving Innocence . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Caitlin Crosby and The Giving Keys" (http://hellogiggles.com/caitlin-crosby-and-the-giving-keys) . Hello Giggles . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Get To Know: The Giving Keys" (http://www.toms.com/marketplace/brand/view/name/The-Giving-Keys) . TOMS . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Create Key Necklace" (http://www.shopkitson.com/index.php?page=product&id=12476) . Kitson . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tishgart, Sierra. "Giving Back: Caitlin Crosby of The Giving Keys" (http://www.teenvogue.com/my-life/giving-back/2012-06/caitlin-crosby-the-giving-keys/?slide=1) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Giving Key Necklace" (http://www.anthropologie.com/anthro/product/accessories-jewelry/31162787.jsp) . Anthropologie . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Giving Keys: Give Giving Key Necklace" (http://www.sevenly.org/give-giving-key-necklace) . Sevenly . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Causes" (http://www.altardstate.com/our-story/causes/) . Altar'd State . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Crosby, Caitlin (13 January 2012). "The Giving Keys" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/caitlin-crosby/the-giving-keys_b_1199754.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Crosby, Caitlin (20 May 2013). "Love is the Key: Caitlin Crosby at TEDxBend" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0VJaPe2Amk) . TEDxBend . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Thomas, Bobbie (26 April 2013). "Bobbie's Buzz: Go Green in Style" (http://www.today.com/video/today/51675800) . The Today Show . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Valenti, Lauren (5 November 2013). "See What's in Store at the Just-Launched TOMS Marketplance" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/spotlight/giving-keys-gold-never-ending-bracelent#slide-5) . Elle . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Soper, John (18 December 2013). "Gifts That Give Back: This Stylish Accessory Helps Give Homeless People a 'Key' to a New Life" (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2013/12/18/gifts-that-give-back-selena-gomez-key-necklace/) . People Magazine . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bell, Kristen (6 December 2013). "Kristen Bell's 2013 Holiday Gift Guide" (http://www.eonline.com/photos/10524/kristen-bell-s-2013-holiday-gift-guide/333761) . E! News . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Daly, Carson (4 November 2013). "Caitlin Crosby" (http://www.nbc.com/last-call-with-carson-daly/video/caitlin-crosby/n42954/) . Last Call with Carson Daly . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Regis, Sian-Pierre (27 May 2011). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010717/http://act.mtv.com/posts/hard-times-cast-member-caitlin-crosby-paying-it-forward-with-the-giving-keys/) 'Hard Times' Cast Member Caitlin Crosby Talks 'The Giving Keys' (https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010717/http://act.mtv.com/posts/hard-times-cast-member-caitlin-crosby-paying-it-forward-with-the-giving-keys/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010717/http://act.mtv.com/posts/hard-times-cast-member-caitlin-crosby-paying-it-forward-with-the-giving-keys/) . MTV . Archived from the original (http://act.mtv.com/posts/hard-times-cast-member-caitlin-crosby-paying-it-forward-with-the-giving-keys/) on May 30, 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The Giving Keys" (http://www.relevantmagazine.com/reject-apathy/poverty/giving-keys) . Relevant Magazine . Jan–Feb 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Crosby, Caitlin (13 January 2012). "The Giving Keys" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/caitlin-crosby/the-giving-keys_b_1199754.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Moore, Brit. "The Giving Keys: Benefiting Others Through Business" (http://qideas.org/articles/the-giving-keys-benefiting-others-through-business/) . Qideas.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Who We Are" (http://www.changelives.org/about_us/who_we_serve) . Chrysalis . Retrieved 2013-12-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Project Semicolon" (http://www.projectsemicolon.org/) . PRoject Semicolon . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Celebrate With 31 Bits & The Giving Keys" (http://31bits.com/blog/celebrate-with-31-bits-the-giving-keys/) . 31 Bits . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "The Giving Keys: Pay It Forward" (http://www.shopkab.com/index/page/category/category_id/1697) . Keep A Breast Foundation . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Limited Edition" (http://blog.soworthloving.com/tag/the-giving-keys/) . So Worth Loving . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Able Made x The Giving Keys" (http://www.ablemadeshop.com/collections/able-made-x-the-giving-keys) . Able Made . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Liberty Key Necklace" (http://shop.libertyinnorthkorea.org/collections/accessories/products/liberty-key-necklace) . Liberty in North Korea . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Giving Keys Now Available" (http://www.notforsalecampaign.org/news/2014/01/08/giving-keys-now-available/) . Not for Sale . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Giving Keys" (http://www.savinginnocence.org/take-action/partners/giving-keys/) . Saving Innocence . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . 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Tuck Muntarbhorn ทัก มันตาภรณ์ Born January 1994 Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand Nationality Thai Tuck Muntarbhorn ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ทัก มันตาภรณ์ ; born January 1994 in Bangkok, Thailand) is a Thai artist, curator, contemporary art (/wiki/Contemporary_art) collector [1] (#cite_note-Dolciami2017-1) and entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) based in London and Bangkok. [2] (#cite_note-Cabasset2015-2) Muntarbhorn is Thailand's first contemporary art collector to produce and curate an art exhibition in the UK. [3] (#cite_note-Aesthetica2017-3) He co-founded the international fashion (/wiki/Fashion) brand Busardi (/wiki/Busardi) in 2009 with the intention of bridging the exclusivity of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) with the accessibility of prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-porter) (as 'semi-couture'). [2] (#cite_note-Cabasset2015-2) In 2015, it became the first Thai label to exhibit collections at the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Within the field of haute couture, Muntarbhorn's creations have been characterized among those that reflect designers' own personalities. [5] (#cite_note-5) Muntarbhorn views creativity as a spiritual practice: [6] (#cite_note-6) an awareness of thought, feeling, sensation, perception and intention; creating photography and sculpture to unite Eastern and Western symbols of spirituality (/wiki/Spirituality) to promote humanitarianism (/wiki/Humanitarianism) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Dolciami2017_1-0) Dolciami, Cristopher. "TEDxSOAS Theme: "A New Perspective" (https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21995) " (https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21995) . TED . TED . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ^ a b Cabasset, Patrick (June–July 2015). "Grand Soir" (http://www.styleconsulting.co.uk/press/tuck-muntarbhorn-in-lofficiel-paris-junejuly-2015-issue) (in French). No. 996. L'Officiel Paris . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Aesthetica2017_3-0) "Photographic Contemplation" (http://www.aestheticamagazine.com/photographic-contemplation/) . Aesthetica Magazine (/wiki/Aesthetica) . 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pitchitmarn, Parisa (22 October 2015). "DNA of Design" (http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/739304/) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kim, Ji U; Jun, Yuh Sun; Kim, Young Sam (31 October 2016). "A Study on the Style Types and Characteristics of Fashion Designers According to Pursuing in Brand Images of Haute Couture Fashion Show Finale" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311089614) . Fashion & Textile Research Journal (in Korean). 18 (5): 564–576. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5805/sfti.2016.18.5.564 (https://doi.org/10.5805%2Fsfti.2016.18.5.564) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1229-2060 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1229-2060) . Retrieved 27 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stanciu, Elena (2017). "Transparent Bodies and Luminous Selves. In conversation with Tuck Muntarbhorn" (http://www.petrieinventory.com/in-conversation-with-tuck-muntarbhorn) . petrieinventory.com . PETRIe . Retrieved 27 May 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.tuck.co/) This article about a Thai artist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Spanish clothing brand Fumarel S.L. Company type Sociedad limitada (/wiki/Sociedad_limitada) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1987 ; 37 years ago ( 1987 ) Founders Cosme Domecq y Gandarias Gabriel Narváez y Gandarias Headquarters Glorieta de Quevedo 8, Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) 28014 , Spain Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories Website www.fumarel.com (https://fumarel.shop/en/) Fumarel ( Spanish pronunciation: [fumaˈɾel] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) ), is a Spanish clothing company, specialising in technical sportswear. It takes its name from the black tern (/wiki/Black_tern) (chlidonias niger), a small seabird known in Spanish as fumarel . It was founded in 1987 by two cousins from distinguished families, with the aim of providing high-performance equipment for the outdoors while maintaining classic and timeless designs. [1] (#cite_note-1) As a brand dedicated to clothing for luxurious sports (i.e. skiing (/wiki/Skiing) , hunting (/wiki/Hunting) , polo (/wiki/Polo_(sport)) , or sailing (/wiki/Sailing_(sport)) ), Fumarel became strongly associated with the upper classes, [2] (#cite_note-2) and was commonly worn by the Spanish royal family (/wiki/Spanish_royal_family) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Bruno Gómez-Acebo, Infanta Pilar's (/wiki/Infanta_Pilar,_Duchess_of_Badajoz) second son, was one of its boardmembers. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2008, the firm filed for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) following a debt moratorium (/wiki/Debt_moratorium) as a result of the worldwide financial crash (/wiki/2008_financial_crash) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Since 2017, Fumarel has been relaunched by the co-founder's son, Pedro Domecq. [9] (#cite_note-9) History [ edit ] A Fumarel store in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , 1999 Fumarel was founded in 1987 by two maternal first cousins, Cosme Domecq, son of the 3rd Marquess of Casa Domecq (/wiki/Marquess_of_Casa_Domecq) , and Gabriel Narváez, grandchild of the 3rd Marquess of Oquendo (/wiki/Marquess_of_Oquendo) and a descendant of Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia (/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez,_1st_Duke_of_Valencia) . The latter would die in a car crash in Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) in 1995, at the age of 29. [10] (#cite_note-10) Since there weren't many brands specilising in a broad spectrum of luxurious sports, both aristocrats decided to produce high-end sporting equipment covering areas such as polo (/wiki/Polo) , horse-riding (/wiki/Horse_Riding) , golf (/wiki/Golf) , winter sports (/wiki/Winter_sports) , hunting (/wiki/Hunting) , sailing (/wiki/Sailing) , and padel (/wiki/Padel_(sport)) . The brand became notorious after it supplied the clothing for the 1989 expedition to the Himalayas (/wiki/Himalayas) sponsored by Motorola (/wiki/Motorola) and Banco Central Hispano (/wiki/Banco_Central_Hispano) . The firm grew in popularity and by 1999 it was the official purveyor of the national teams of padel (/wiki/Padel_Tennis) , sailing (/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Sailing_Federation) , golf (/wiki/Golf) , and winter sports (/wiki/Winter_sports) of Spain. [11] (#cite_note-11) The following year, it became the official sponsor of the Spanish Olympic Team (/wiki/Spain_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics) at the 2000 Sydney Olympics (/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) By the start of the 21st century, the brand had 20 stores of its own in Spain, and expanded its presence to the United States (/wiki/United_States) in 2003, after it was popularised in the universities of Harvard (/wiki/Harvard_University) , Yale (/wiki/Yale_University) , Princeton (/wiki/Princeton_University) , Stanford (/wiki/Stanford_University) , and South California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) . [14] (#cite_note-14) There were 3 official stores in Madrid, namely at the shopping malls (/wiki/Shopping_mall) of Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium) , La Moraleja (/wiki/La_Moraleja) , and Arturo Soria (/wiki/Arturo_Soria_(Madrid_Metro)) . The brand is nowadays primarily sold online or through stands at sporting events, following the closure of its last boutique in 2011. Products [ edit ] Apparel [ edit ] Fumarel sells a range of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) items, varying from men's and women's shirts (/wiki/Shirt) , polos (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) and accessories i.e. headgear (/wiki/Headgear) or towels. The first Fumarel item of apparel was a polo shirt, designed in 1987. A Fumarel piqué (/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)) polo shirt in jade (/wiki/Jade_(color)) . Introduced in 1987 In 2003, it cobranded the production of merchandising and apparel of the universities of Harvard (/wiki/Harvard_University) , Yale (/wiki/Yale_University) , Princeton (/wiki/Princeton_University) , Stanford (/wiki/Stanford_University) and South California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) . Sportswear [ edit ] Polo [ edit ] One of the main focuses of Fumarel has always been polo (/wiki/Polo) kits, and the associated equipment, having sponsored many polo clubs and competitions. The National team of Spain wore Fumarel until the mid 2000's. Horse-riding [ edit ] Fumarel was the official sponsor of the 2002 World Equestrian Games (/wiki/2002_FEI_World_Equestrian_Games) and produced equestrian garments but ceased to manufacture horse-riding equipment after insolvency. Golf [ edit ] Fumarel mainly produced gloves, tops and caps, although at one point it manufactured golf shoes (/wiki/Golf_shoes) as well. Winter sports [ edit ] The company was a pioneer in the Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) industry, and still produces coats and parkas (/wiki/Parka) . Fumarel developed its products mainly for skiing (/wiki/Ski) and snowboarding (/wiki/Snowboarding) purposes, although it also catered mushing (/wiki/Mushing) . In 2004, it sponsored the "Pirena" race, which consists in crossing the Pyrenees (/wiki/Pyrenees) with a sled pulled by dogs. Mushing (/wiki/Mushing) team sponsored by Fumarel in the Pyrenees (/wiki/Pyrenees) , 2004 Sailing [ edit ] Another of the strong areas of specialty was sailing equipment. It has sponsored the 2003 Women's Match Racing World Championship Invitational (/wiki/Women%27s_Match_Racing_World_Championship) at Newport Yacht Club (/w/index.php?title=Newport_Yacht_Club,_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1) . The Banco Espírito Santo (/wiki/Banco_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo) regatta (/wiki/Regatta) team won a series of championships in 2002 equipped with Fumarel. These were the National Championship of Spain, the Tournament of H.M. The Queen (/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain) and the Breitling Regatta (/wiki/Breitling_SA) . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Padel [ edit ] Fumarel still continues to produce padel (/wiki/Padel_(sport)) equipment, including racquets. It sponsored Spain's national team and association. See also [ edit ] Spain at the Olympics (/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Riano, P. (7 May 2012). "Las marcas de España en conflicto por los Juegos Olímpicos" (https://www.modaes.com/back-stage/las-marcas-de-espana-en-conflicto-por-los-juegos-olimpicos) . www.modaes.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Rodríguez, Félix (2002). El lenguaje de los jóvenes (in Spanish). Ariel. p. 211. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-84-344-4248-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Zavala, José María (2017-11-23). Pasiones regias: De los Saboya a los Borbones, las intrigas más desconocidas y escandalosas de la Historia (in Spanish). PLAZA & JANÉS. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-84-01-01974-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Abad, José García (2004). La soledad del rey: está la monarquía consolidada 25 años después de la constitución? (in Spanish). La Esfera de los Libros. p. 218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-84-9734-160-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "CRM destinó 1,5 millones de euros a una empresa cuando un primo de Esperanza Aguirre entró en su accionariado" (https://www.elsaltodiario.com/autonomicas-capital-riesgo/crm-15-millones-euros-primo-esperanza-claudio-aguirre) . www.elsaltodiario.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) González, Juan Luis Galiacho/David (2020-01-11). "Esos son los hijos varones de la Infanta Pilar: las peculiares vi" (https://elcierredigital.com/ventana-indiscreta/824638455/hijos-infanta-pilar-biografias.html) . elcierredigital.com . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Marco, Agustín (2011-07-05). "Rato ofrece a Claudio Aguirre el consejo de Bankia para ganar notoriedad" (https://www.elconfidencial.com/empresas/2011-07-05/rato-ofrece-a-claudio-aguirre-el-consejo-de-bankia-para-ganar-notoriedad_418286/) . elconfidencial.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Foro de Marcas Renombradas Españolas, (https://atlas.marcasrenombradas.com/wp-content/uploads/Libro_TOMO_2_ATLAS_MARCAS.pdf) Atlas of the Leading Brands of Spain: Analysis of Spain's International Presence , p. 48 (https://atlas.marcasrenombradas.com/wp-content/uploads/Libro_TOMO_2_ATLAS_MARCAS.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sevilla, Diario de (2018-11-14). "No pensamos en moda, sino en combinar rendimiento y polivalencia" (https://www.diariodesevilla.es/entrevistas/pensamos-moda-combinar-rendimiento-polivalencia_0_1300070487.html) . Diario de Sevilla (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "ABC MADRID 20-05-1995 página 96 - Archivo ABC" (https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19950520-96.html) . abc . 2019-08-28 . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Tiempo de hoy (in Spanish). Ediciones Tiempo, S.A. 1999. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Nast, Condé (2012-05-07). "Los controvertidos uniformes de nuestros olímpicos" (https://www.revistavanityfair.es/lujo/moda/galerias/uniformes-olimpicos-espanoles/8507) . Vanity Fair (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "El chándal olímpico español y el uniforme inaugural: de Barcelona 92 a Londres 2012" (https://www.abc.es/estilo/moda/abci-chandal-uniforme-olimpico-espanol-201207250000_noticia.html) . Diario ABC (in Spanish). 2012-07-25 . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fumarel, la marca de los amantes del deporte al aire libre, abre tienda online" (https://www.expansion.com/fueradeserie/moda-y-caprichos/2019/04/12/5ca4a0aae5fdea65068b45c1.html) . EXPANSION (in Spanish). 2019-04-12 . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ortiz, Juan Pérez (2002-07-08). "El 'Espirito Santo' bate en Valencia el récord de triunfos consecutivos al ganar el trofeo SM La Reina" (https://elpais.com/diario/2002/07/08/cvalenciana/1026155877_850215.html) . El País (in Spanish). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1134-6582 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582) . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "El Bribón se impone en la novena edición de la Regata Breitling-Illes Balears en Puerto Portals" (https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/20030720/51262778601/el-bribon-se-impone-en-la-novena-edicion-de-la-regata-breitling-illes-balears-en-puerto-portals.html) . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2003-07-20 . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "El «Lanjarón» ya lo hizo en el 92" (https://www.abc.es/deportes/abci-lanjaron-hizo-200207070300-111895_noticia.html) . Diario ABC (in Spanish). 2002-07-07 . Retrieved 2024-05-09 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fumarel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fumarel) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumarel&oldid=1225791743 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumarel&oldid=1225791743) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Spain (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Spain) Manufacturing companies based in Madrid (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Madrid) Clothing companies established in 1987 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1987) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Sporting goods manufacturers of Spain (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_Spain) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Spanish companies established in 1987 (/wiki/Category:Spanish_companies_established_in_1987) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Pages with Spanish IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
Malay or Indonesian headgear Tengkolok Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) man with a tengkolok headgear. Type Traditional Headgear (/wiki/Headgear) Material Songket (/wiki/Songket) Place of origin Maritime Southeast Asia (/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia) [1] (#cite_note-IDN_Tanjak-1) Manufacturer Malay people (/wiki/Malay_people) [2] (#cite_note-Binus_Tanjak-2) [3] (#cite_note-Palembang_Tourism_Tanjak-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Banjarese (/wiki/Banjar_people) , Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) , [5] (#cite_note-Kumparan_Minangkabau-5) Buginese (/wiki/Bugis_people) , Makassar (/wiki/Makassar_people) , Minahasa (/wiki/Minahasa) , Bajau (/wiki/Bajau_people) , Kadazandusun (/wiki/Kadazandusun) , Gorontalo (/wiki/Gorontalo_people) , Maguindanaon (/wiki/Maguindanao_people) and Brunei Malay (/wiki/Bruneian_Malays) people Tengkolok , also known as Tanjak , Destar ( Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_language) : Deta ; Kelantan-Pattani (/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay) : Semutar ) [6] (#cite_note-dewan_tengkolok-6) is a traditional Malay (/wiki/Malay_people) or Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesia) [7] (#cite_note-Tribun_Tanjak-7) and male headgear. It is made from long songket (/wiki/Songket) cloth folded and tied in a particular style ( solek ). Nowadays, it is usually worn in ceremonial functions, such as royal ceremonies by royalties, and wedding (/wiki/Wedding) ceremonies by grooms. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Name [ edit ] The terms tengkolok , Tanjak , and setanjak are synonyms; the word "tengkolok" also refers to "headgear or headcover worn by women", [6] (#cite_note-dewan_tengkolok-6) but the definition of women's headgear is rarely used today. [9] (#cite_note-Tribun_Tanjak_Melayu-9) However, some people [ who? ] say that tengkolok , tanjak , and destar are different in terms of cloth type or tying even though the purpose is the same, which the tengkolok is a headgear made from cloth of good quality and its tying has many layers and tapers to tip; destar has low tying and its tying layers are fewer than tengkolok ; tanjak has tying much like tengkolok , the only difference is that its cloth is simple and thin. Solek [ edit ] Further information: Regalia of Malaysia (/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia) Tengkolok is made in various forms, with different types and designs of cloth, depending on the social status of its dress. [10] (#cite_note-10) The general term for different forms of tengkolok is solek . Each solek also has its different special name, for instance: the tengkolok worn by Yang di-Pertuan Agong (/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong) during the coronation ceremony is known as Solek Dendam Tak Sudah (Persistent Vengeance Style). Every Malay king has their particular solek . For example, the Sultan of Selangor (/wiki/Selangor) wears a richly golden yellow Solek Balung Raja (Royal Crest Style) when attending a coronation ceremony or his birthday ceremony. Brunei [ edit ] The traditional attire of the Brunei Malay (/wiki/Bruneian_Malays) population, locally known as destar, represents the significance of Malay rulers (/wiki/Sultan) and nobility (/wiki/Nobility) throughout history. In addition, it served as a representation of the social structure (/wiki/Social_structure) of the time, separating commoners (/wiki/Commoner) from dignitaries (/wiki/Dignitary) until the head covering became the Malay custom (/wiki/Malay_customs) of dressing. [11] (#cite_note-11) Over two millennia (/wiki/Millennium) have passed since the discovery of Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) 's destar types, which include Destar Taruna, Helang Benari, Singa Menerpa, Layar Bahtera, Nakhoda Sailar, and Hulubalang Diraja. The destar's production process, it was previously known that a high-quality dastar requires a week to complete, which has a more adaptable notion, is what makes it distinctive. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Gallery [ edit ] "Dendam Tak Sudah" tengkolok wore by Yang di-Pertuan Agong during coronation ceremony Collection of Tengkolok worn by Sultan for all Malay states except Johor which Sultan of Johor wore a crown due to influence from the British Empire. Each tengkolok has different styles as there has to contain symbols and meanings. A Sumatran variant type of tengkolok worn by royal princes from Deli, Langkat and Serdang Kingdom of North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Tengkolok being worn by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah) Different types of Brunei tengolok on display See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Singapore portal (/wiki/Portal:Singapore) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Culture of Indonesia (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Culture of Malaysia (/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia) Culture of Brunei (/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) - Javanese people (/wiki/Javanese_people) counterpart Note [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-IDN_Tanjak_1-0) "Sering Salah Kira, Rupanya Ini Bentuk Tanjak Asli Palembang" (https://sumsel.idntimes.com/travel/journal/feny-agustin/sering-salah-kira-rupanya-ini-bentuk-tanjak-asli-palembang) . (Indonesian) ^ (#cite_ref-Binus_Tanjak_2-0) "Fashion Leadership Theory at Songket Lepus Palembang" (https://bnsd.binus.ac.id/fashion-design/2020/12/30/fashion-leadership-theory-at-songket-lepus-palembang/) . ^ (#cite_ref-Palembang_Tourism_Tanjak_3-0) "MENGENAL TANJAK PALEMBANG" (https://www.palembang-tourism.com/berita-795-mengenal-tanjak-palembang.html) . (Indonesian) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kanwil Sumsel (2019). "Sosialisasi SP2020 "Partisipasi Aktif Lembaga Pemerintah dan Swasta Dalam Menyukseskan Sensus Penduduk 2020" (https://sumsel.kemenkumham.go.id/berita-kanwil/berita-utama/3968-sosialisasi-sp2020-partisipasi-aktif-lembaga-pemerintah-dan-swasta-dalam-menyukseskan-sensus-penduduk-2020) " (https://sumsel.kemenkumham.go.id/berita-kanwil/berita-utama/3968-sosialisasi-sp2020-partisipasi-aktif-lembaga-pemerintah-dan-swasta-dalam-menyukseskan-sensus-penduduk-2020) . sumsel.kemenkumham.go.id (in Indonesian). Kantor Wilayah Sumatera Selatan - Kementerian Hukum dan Ham Republik Indonesia . Retrieved 7 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kumparan_Minangkabau_5-0) "Mendalami Suku Minang, dari Adat dan Budaya hingga Keseniannya" (https://m.kumparan.com/berita-hari-ini/mendalami-suku-minang-dari-adat-dan-budaya-hingga-keseniannya-1up1PyBShwy) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Carian Umum" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=tengkolok) . prpm.dbp.gov.my . Retrieved 2023-01-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tribun_Tanjak_7-0) "Mengenal Sejarah Tanjak Khas Palembang, Sudah Ada Sejak Abad Ke-8 Kerajaan Sriwijaya" (https://palembang.tribunnews.com/2020/10/02/mengenal-sejarah-tanjak-khas-palembang-sudah-ada-sejak-abad-ke-8-kerajaan-sriwijaya) . (Indonesia) ^ Jump up to: a b "Memartabatkan seni warisan tambatan dastar » Media Permata Online" (https://mediapermata.com.bn/memartabatkan-seni-warisan-tambatan-dastar/) . Memartabatkan seni warisan tambatan dastar . 2022-11-03 . Retrieved 2023-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tribun_Tanjak_Melayu_9-0) "Arti Tanjak Bagi Orang Melayu" (https://pekanbaru.tribunnews.com/2017/02/03/arti-tanjak-bagi-orang-melayu?page=2) . (Indonesian) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Tanjak Warisan Melayu (http://resam-melayu.com/2009/12/tanjak-warisan-melayu.html) , Resam Melayu. Diambil pada 3 Mac 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Penyolek tengkolok warisan » Media Permata Online" (https://mediapermata.com.bn/penyolek-tengkolok-warisan/) . Penyolek tengkolok warisan . 2017-05-13 . 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British drag performer (1993–2022) Cherry Valentine Cherry Valentine in 2022 Born George Ward ( 1993-11-30 ) 30 November 1993 Darlington (/wiki/Darlington) , England Died 18 September 2022 (2022-09-18) (aged 28) Hornsey (/wiki/Hornsey) , London, England Education University of Cumbria (/wiki/University_of_Cumbria) ( BSc (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) ) Occupations Drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) mental health nurse (/wiki/Mental_health_nurse) Television RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) series 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine:_Gypsy_Queen_and_Proud) George Ward (30 November 1993 – 18 September 2022), better known by the stage name Cherry Valentine , was an English drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) and mental health nurse (/wiki/Mental_health_nurse) who competed in the second series (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) of the television show RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) . Raised in a Romanichal (/wiki/Romanichal) community, Ward has been credited as the first contestant on the Drag Race franchise (/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)) to acknowledge his Romani (/wiki/Romani_people) heritage. In 2022, he addressed his background in the BBC (/wiki/BBC) documentary film Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine:_Gypsy_Queen_and_Proud) , and in an episode of the documentary series God Shave the Queens (/wiki/God_Shave_the_Queens) . Following Ward's suicide (/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides) in 2022, a memorial concert and fundraiser was held at London's Clapham Grand (/wiki/Clapham_Grand) . Early life and education [ edit ] George Ward was born on 30 November 1993 in Darlington (/wiki/Darlington) , County Durham, in the north-east of England (/wiki/North-east_of_England) ; [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) he grew up in an English Traveller (/wiki/Romani_people) community in Darlington. [3] (#cite_note-Ravindran-3) As his father had done, he was expected to develop a career as a mechanic. [4] (#cite_note-tele-obit-4) Ward was raised in a strict environment in which drag was not considered normal. [5] (#cite_note-Harvey-Day-2021-5) He came out (/wiki/Coming_out) to his parents by writing a letter before leaving home for a week, after which his parents individually took him for a drive and talked but did not discuss his sexual orientation after that incident. [4] (#cite_note-tele-obit-4) He said of his early life: "Growing up [being gay] did affect me. I don't think I was completely sane at all." [5] (#cite_note-Harvey-Day-2021-5) Ward was the first member of his family to attend university, studying mental health nursing (/wiki/Mental_health_nursing) [6] (#cite_note-:8-6) at the University of Cumbria (/wiki/University_of_Cumbria) , during which time he was introduced to Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) 's drag (/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)) scene. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Ward qualified (/wiki/Qualification_types_in_the_United_Kingdom) as a mental health nurse in 2015. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) He began performing as Cherry Valentine in 2016, while still working in a children's psychiatric intensive-care unit (/wiki/Psychiatric_intensive-care_unit) and with adults with Huntington's disease (/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease) . [4] (#cite_note-tele-obit-4) Ward chose the stage name "Cherry Valentine" for his drag alter ego (/wiki/Alter_ego) , after considering several options. [10] (#cite_note-10) The name was inspired by cherry-scented bath wash and his grandmother's liking for sherry (/wiki/Sherry) . According to The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) , "Valentine" was added because of his fondness for Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In December 2020, Cherry Valentine was announced as one of twelve contestants in the second series (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) of RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) . [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) In an interview for the show, she said working as a nurse "has put me in that right position where I'm able to understand people a bit more, and if you're a drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) , you're working with people. By understanding people, you're going the extra mile". [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Cherry Valentine failed to impress judges with her performance in the second episode's Rusical (/wiki/Rusical) . [13] (#cite_note-:6-13) By placing in the bottom two, she had to lip-sync (/wiki/Lip-sync) to " Memory (/wiki/Memory_(Cats_song)) " by Elaine Paige (/wiki/Elaine_Paige) from the musical Cats (/wiki/Cats_(musical)) (1981) against Tayce (/wiki/Tayce) . Cherry Valentine lost the lip-sync and was eliminated from the competition, placing twelfth. [4] (#cite_note-tele-obit-4) [14] (#cite_note-14) When filming for the show was halted during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England) , Ward returned to work in the National Health Service (/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)) (NHS) to assist in relief efforts and the UK's deployment of vaccines (/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines) . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In "Queens on Lockdown", a special episode of the series that explores the contestants' lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, Cherry Valentine discussed returning to work in the NHS. [17] (#cite_note-17) Alongside fellow eliminated contestants Joe Black (/wiki/Joe_Black_(drag_queen)) and Asttina Mandella (/wiki/Asttina_Mandella) , she appeared in the fifth episode—the first to be filmed post-lockdown—" The RuRuvision Song Contest (/wiki/The_RuRuvision_Song_Contest) " for a chance to return to the competition and replace Veronica Green (/wiki/Veronica_Green) , who was forced to withdraw after testing positive for COVID-19. The remaining contestants voted for Joe Black to return. [18] (#cite_note-18) All contestants appeared in the final episode to perform to RuPaul (/wiki/RuPaul) 's song " A Little Bit of Love (/wiki/A_Little_Bit_of_Love_(RuPaul_song)) " (1997). [19] (#cite_note-19) Cherry Valentine's last appearance on the series was in the grand finale alongside the entire cast. [20] (#cite_note-20) Sam Damshenas of Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) said her run on the show was "short-lived" but "the star won the hearts of viewers with her fierce aesthetic and charismatic confessionals, as well as her inspiring journey from traveller to drag superstar". [13] (#cite_note-:6-13) Following Drag Race UK , Cherry Valentine released the dance-pop (/wiki/Dance-pop) tracks "Aesthetic" and "Iconic" as singles (/wiki/Single_(music)) in 2021. [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) She also appeared in music videos for "My House" by Jodie Harsh (/wiki/Jodie_Harsh) , [22] (#cite_note-22) and " Good Ones (/wiki/Good_Ones) " by Charli XCX (/wiki/Charli_XCX) in 2021. [23] (#cite_note-23) In February 2022, she and the rest of the series's contestants embarked on RuPaul's Drag Race UK : The Official Tour. [24] (#cite_note-:4-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Cherry Valentine was the subject of the second series premiere of God Shave the Queens (/wiki/God_Shave_the_Queens) , a documentary about the tour. The episode saw Ward reflect on his 2022 documentary Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine:_Gypsy_Queen_and_Proud) about being raised as an English Traveller (/wiki/Romanichal) . [26] (#cite_note-26) It was the first time he had returned to the Traveller community since he left home at 18. [3] (#cite_note-Ravindran-3) He was "absolutely terrified" to make the film and was "unsure 'which route to go down' due to a significant lack of mainstream attention and education on LGBTQ+ Travellers", according to Damshenas, who also said the documentary "received widespread critical acclaim". [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) Ward has been credited as the first contestant on the Drag Race franchise (/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)) to address his Romani (/wiki/Romani_people) heritage ( series 1 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_1)) winner The Vivienne (/wiki/The_Vivienne) has since also acknowledged her Romani background). [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Personal life [ edit ] Described as genderfluid (/wiki/Genderfluid) [6] (#cite_note-:8-6) and queer (/wiki/Queer) , [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) Ward used he / they pronouns when not in drag. [30] (#cite_note-:3-30) As part of the LGBT community (/wiki/LGBT_community) , Ward hid his Traveller heritage because he feared he might receive "hate or backlash". [5] (#cite_note-Harvey-Day-2021-5) Death [ edit ] Iconic: The Cherry Valentine Memorial Concert was held at the Clapham Grand (/wiki/Clapham_Grand) in London. Ward died at his residence in the north London district of Hornsey (/wiki/Hornsey) on 18 September 2022, at the age of 28. [31] (#cite_note-31) A coroner's inquest (/wiki/Inquest) on 9 February 2023 recorded Ward's death as suicide (/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom) by hanging (/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging) . [32] (#cite_note-Hornsey-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Following the announcement of his death, many Drag Race contestants paid tribute to him, including fellow series 2 contestants Asttina Mandella (/wiki/Asttina_Mandella) , A'Whora (/wiki/A%27Whora) , Bimini Bon-Boulash (/wiki/Bimini_Bon-Boulash) , [34] (#cite_note-34) Ellie Diamond (/wiki/Ellie_Diamond) , Ginny Lemon (/wiki/Ginny_Lemon) , Joe Black (/wiki/Joe_Black_(drag_queen)) , Lawrence Chaney (/wiki/Lawrence_Chaney) , Sister Sister (/wiki/Sister_Sister_(drag_queen)) , Tayce (/wiki/Tayce) , and Tia Kofi (/wiki/Tia_Kofi) , as well as Baga Chipz (/wiki/Baga_Chipz) , [35] (#cite_note-35) Cheryl Hole (/wiki/Cheryl_Hole) , Priyanka (/wiki/Priyanka_(drag_queen)) , Sum Ting Wong (/wiki/Sum_Ting_Wong_(drag_queen)) , and The Vivienne (/wiki/The_Vivienne) . [36] (#cite_note-36) RuPaul described Ward as a "bright star and a lovely person" who would "always be in [their] hearts", [37] (#cite_note-37) and Drag Race judge Michelle Visage (/wiki/Michelle_Visage) said Ward was "one of a kind with a laugh as big as [his] heart". [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) A series 4 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_4)) episode of Drag Race UK featured an in memoriam segment (/wiki/In_memoriam_segment) following the regular credits, the Cherry's Legacy Fundraiser on GoFundMe (/wiki/GoFundMe) exceeded its £10,000 goal, and the organisers of RuPaul's DragCon UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_DragCon_UK) announced that a condolence book (/wiki/Condolence_book) would be dedicated to Cherry Valentine. In October 2022, Cherry Valentine's production company Throne Events announced a memorial concert to be held at Clapham Grand (/wiki/Clapham_Grand) in London in November. Tickets to Iconic: The Cherry Valentine Memorial Concert were made available at no cost, with donations benefitting his legacy fund and mental health charities. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) The livestreamed (/wiki/Livestreaming) concert featured performances by Drag Race UK contestants Elektra Fence (/wiki/Elektra_Fence) and Joe Black, as well as the group Traveller Pride. Attendees had the chance to pay their respects by scattering rose petals around Cherry Valentine's entrance look on the show. [42] (#cite_note-42) In 2024, Tia Kofi paid tribute to Cherry Valentine on series 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_UK_vs._the_World_(series_2)) of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs. the World (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_UK_vs._the_World) , by wearing an outfit inspired by the latter's red promo look for Drag Race UK . [43] (#cite_note-43) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] List of film credits Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2022 Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine:_Gypsy_Queen_and_Proud) Herself BBC documentary [44] (#cite_note-44) Television [ edit ] List of television credits Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2021 RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) ( series 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) ) Herself/Contestant 12th place [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) 2022 God Shave the Queens (/wiki/God_Shave_the_Queens) Herself Series 2 [45] (#cite_note-45) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Artist Ref. 2021 "My House" Jodie Harsh (/wiki/Jodie_Harsh) [46] (#cite_note-:7-46) 2021 "Aesthetic" Cherry Valentine [47] (#cite_note-Aesthetic-47) 2022 " Good Ones (/wiki/Good_Ones) " Charli XCX (/wiki/Charli_XCX) [48] (#cite_note-48) Discography [ edit ] Singles [ edit ] Title Year Album Ref. "Aesthetic" 2021 Non-album single [47] (#cite_note-Aesthetic-47) "Iconic" [49] (#cite_note-49) As a featured artist [ edit ] Title Year Album Ref. "A Little Bit of Love" (among The Cast of RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) , Series 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) ) 2021 Non-album single [50] (#cite_note-50) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lash, Jolie (23 September 2022). "Cherry Valentine, Star of Drag Race UK Season 2, Dies at 28" (https://www.thewrap.com/cherry-valentine-drag-race-uk-season-2-dies-28/) . TheWrap (/wiki/TheWrap) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220923181031/https://www.thewrap.com/cherry-valentine-drag-race-uk-season-2-dies-28/) from the original on 23 September 2022 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Vlessing, Etan (23 September 2022). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk-george-ward-dies-1235226155/) RuPaul's Drag Race U.K. Contestant George Ward, Known as Cherry Valentine, Dies at 28" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk-george-ward-dies-1235226155/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220926211553/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk-george-ward-dies-1235226155/) from the original on 26 September 2022 . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ a b Ravindran, Manori (23 September 2022). " (https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/cherry-valentine-dies-dead-drag-race-uk-1235381429/) RuPaul's Drag Race U.K. Contestant George Ward, Known as Cherry Valentine, Dies at 28" (https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/cherry-valentine-dies-dead-drag-race-uk-1235381429/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . 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" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d631f4cb-8f13-472e-a94a-5a0f873187e2) Drag Race UK ' s Cherry Valentine on the 'fabulous' Traveller women in their family who inspire their drag" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d631f4cb-8f13-472e-a94a-5a0f873187e2) . BBC Three (/wiki/BBC_Three) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125814/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d631f4cb-8f13-472e-a94a-5a0f873187e2) from the original on 22 January 2021 . Retrieved 7 May 2021 . ^ a b Gallier, Thea de (25 January 2022). "Cherry Valentine: 'My family know my sexuality, but we don't talk about it' (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d35e54ed-9297-46a2-a018-64e409b29856) " (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d35e54ed-9297-46a2-a018-64e409b29856) . BBC Three (/wiki/BBC_Three) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230228031426/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/d35e54ed-9297-46a2-a018-64e409b29856) from the original on 28 February 2023 . 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220310085729/https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/tv-and-film/rupaul-drag-race-vivienne/) from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_30-0) Frank, Jason P. (23 September 2022). "Cherry Valentine, (https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk.html) RuPaul's Drag Race U.K. Season-Two Competitor, Dead at 28" (https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk.html) . Vulture (/wiki/Vulture_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221117003745/https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/cherry-valentine-dead-rupauls-drag-race-uk.html) from the original on 17 November 2022 . Retrieved 15 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Cherry Valentine: (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63006004) Drag Race UK star George Ward dies" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63006004) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 23 September 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220923091200/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63006004) from the original on 23 September 2022 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hornsey_32-0) "Cherry Valentine: (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-64599013.amp) Drag Race star George Ward 'struggled with fame' – inquest" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-64599013.amp) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 10 February 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211024505/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-64599013.amp) from the original on 11 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Billson, Chantelle (10 February 2023). "Cherry Valentine struggled with Drag Race fame before death, inquest told" (https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/02/10/cherry-valentine-took-own-life-over-struggle-with-fame/) . PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230417004222/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/02/10/cherry-valentine-took-own-life-over-struggle-with-fame/) from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Bon-Boulash, Bimini (12 December 2022). "Cherry Valentine remembered by Bimini" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/12/obituaries-2022-cherry-valentine-remembered-by-bimini) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230508205701/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/12/obituaries-2022-cherry-valentine-remembered-by-bimini) from the original on 8 May 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Robledo, Jordan (31 December 2022). "Drag Race UK's Blu Hydrangea and Baga Chipz share new details about DragCon UK appearance" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/drag/drag-race-uks-blu-hydrangea-and-baga-chipz-share-new-details-about-dragcon-uk-appearance/) . Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230514032557/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/drag/drag-race-uks-blu-hydrangea-and-baga-chipz-share-new-details-about-dragcon-uk-appearance/) from the original on 14 May 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Duncan, Charlie (23 September 2022). "Drag Race UK queens pay heartfelt tribute to 'friend, artist and dear sister' Cherry Valentine" (https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/09/23/cherry-valentine-death-tributes-bimini-tia-kofi-ginny-lemon/) . PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175724/https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/09/23/cherry-valentine-death-tributes-bimini-tia-kofi-ginny-lemon/) from the original on 11 April 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Duncan, Charlie (23 September 2022). "RuPaul and Michelle Visage pay tribute to (https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/09/23/cherry-valentine-death-rupaul-michelle-visage-tribute/) Drag Race UK ' s Cherry Valentine, dead at 28" (https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/09/23/cherry-valentine-death-rupaul-michelle-visage-tribute/) . PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144653/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/09/23/cherry-valentine-death-rupaul-michelle-visage-tribute/) from the original on 23 September 2022 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Woodcock, Zara (23 September 2022). "Michelle Visage pays tribute to Cherry Valentine following their death" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michelle-visage-pays-tribute-drag-28067953) . Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230514023703/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michelle-visage-pays-tribute-drag-28067953) from the original on 14 May 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Earp, Catherine (23 September 2022). " (https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a41350879/rupauls-drag-race-queens-tribute-cherry-valentine/) RuPaul's Drag Race queens pay tribute to Cherry Valentine following tragic death" (https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a41350879/rupauls-drag-race-queens-tribute-cherry-valentine/) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220923135714/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a41350879/rupauls-drag-race-queens-tribute-cherry-valentine/) from the original on 23 September 2022 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Maskell, Emily (26 October 2022). "Cherry Valentine Memorial Concert to honour late (https://www.attitude.co.uk/news/uk/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-to-honour-the-late-drag-queen-416472/) Drag Race UK star" (https://www.attitude.co.uk/news/uk/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-to-honour-the-late-drag-queen-416472/) . Attitude . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211162213/https://www.attitude.co.uk/news/uk/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-to-honour-the-late-drag-queen-416472/) from the original on 11 February 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Duncan, Charlie (24 October 2022). "Memorial concert announced for late (https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/10/24/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-drag-race-uk/) Drag Race UK star Cherry Valentine, dead at 28" (https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/10/24/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-drag-race-uk/) . PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230124071106/https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/10/24/cherry-valentine-memorial-concert-drag-race-uk/) from the original on 24 January 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) " (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/drag-race-uk-stars-honour-cherry-valentine-in-heartfelt-memorial-concert/) Drag Race UK stars honour Cherry Valentine in heartfelt memorial concert" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/drag-race-uk-stars-honour-cherry-valentine-in-heartfelt-memorial-concert/) . Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) . 29 November 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221207183936/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/drag-race-uk-stars-honour-cherry-valentine-in-heartfelt-memorial-concert/) from the original on 7 December 2022 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Damshenas, Sam (16 February 2024). "Drag Race UK vs the World teases the end of Best Friend's Race" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/drag-race-uk-vs-the-world-episode-2-review/) . Gay Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240223155401/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/drag-race-uk-vs-the-world-episode-2-review/) from the original on 23 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Brocklehurst, Harrison (25 January 2022). "We spoke to (https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/25/cherry-valentine-gypsy-queen-and-proud-interview-237143) Drag Race UK ' s Cherry Valentine about her 'emotional' new documentary" (https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/25/cherry-valentine-gypsy-queen-and-proud-interview-237143) . The Tab (/wiki/The_Tab) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220125115651/https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/25/cherry-valentine-gypsy-queen-and-proud-interview-237143) from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Cherry Valentine – Season 2" (https://www.wowpresentsplus.com/god-shave-the-queens/season:2/videos/gstq-201) . WOW Presents Plus (/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220928202311/https://www.wowpresentsplus.com/god-shave-the-queens/season:2/videos/gstq-201) from the original on 28 September 2022 . Retrieved 28 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_46-0) Jodie Harsh – My House (Official Video) (Videotape). 5 March 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210312103332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W64DygsN3NI) from the original on 12 March 2021 . Retrieved 10 March 2023 – via YouTube. ^ a b Aesthetic – Official Lyric Video | Cherry Valentine (Videotape). 14 April 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210507214927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q1PsEpF_dQ) from the original on 7 May 2021 . Retrieved 10 March 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-48) Lavin, Will (1 November 2021). " (https://www.nme.com/news/music/rupauls-drag-race-uk-stars-share-halloween-performance-of-charli-xcxs-good-ones-3084637) RuPaul's Drag Race UK stars share Halloween performance of Charli XCX's 'Good Ones' (https://www.nme.com/news/music/rupauls-drag-race-uk-stars-share-halloween-performance-of-charli-xcxs-good-ones-3084637) " (https://www.nme.com/news/music/rupauls-drag-race-uk-stars-share-halloween-performance-of-charli-xcxs-good-ones-3084637) . NME (/wiki/NME) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055326/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rupauls-drag-race-uk-stars-share-halloween-performance-of-charli-xcxs-good-ones-3084637) from the original on 26 November 2021 . Retrieved 26 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Iconic" (https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Cherry-Valentine/dp/B09BKC5JMT) . Amazon Music (/wiki/Amazon_Music) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211162503/https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Cherry-Valentine/dp/B09BKC5JMT) from the original on 11 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "A Little Bit of Love (Cast Version) [feat. The Cast of (https://music.apple.com/us/album/little-bit-love-cast-version-feat-cast-rupauls-drag/1558742916?i=1558742925) RuPaul's Drag Race UK , Season 2] by RuPaul" (https://music.apple.com/us/album/little-bit-love-cast-version-feat-cast-rupauls-drag/1558742916?i=1558742925) . Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210505225404/https://music.apple.com/us/album/little-bit-love-cast-version-feat-cast-rupauls-drag/1558742916?i=1558742925) from the original on 5 May 2021 . Retrieved 10 March 2023 . External links [ edit ] George Ward (https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12156167/?ref_=m_ttfcd_cl12) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) Meet the Queens: Cherry Valentine on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) , WOW Presents Plus (/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus) v t e RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) Series 1 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_series_1) 2 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_series_2) 3 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_series_3) 4 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_series_4) 5 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_series_5) Contestants Winners The Vivienne (/wiki/The_Vivienne) Lawrence Chaney (/wiki/Lawrence_Chaney) Krystal Versace (/wiki/Krystal_Versace) Danny Beard (/wiki/Danny_Beard) Ginger Johnson (/wiki/Ginger_Johnson_(drag_queen)) A'Whora (/wiki/A%27Whora) Alexis Saint-Pete (/wiki/Alexis_Saint-Pete) Anubis (/wiki/Anubis_Finch) Asttina Mandella (/wiki/Asttina_Mandella) Baby (/wiki/Baby_(drag_queen)) Baga Chipz (/wiki/Baga_Chipz) Banksie (/wiki/Banksie) Bimini Bon-Boulash (/wiki/Bimini_Bon-Boulash) Black Peppa (/wiki/Black_Peppa) Blu Hydrangea (/wiki/Blu_Hydrangea) Cara Melle (/wiki/Cara_Melle) Charity Kase (/wiki/Charity_Kase_(drag_queen)) Cheddar Gorgeous (/wiki/Cheddar_Gorgeous) Cheryl Hole (/wiki/Cheryl_Hole) Cherry Valentine Choriza May (/wiki/Choriza_May) Copper Topp (/wiki/Copper_Topp) Crystal (/wiki/Crystal_(drag_queen)) Dakota Schiffer (/wiki/Dakota_Schiffer) DeDeLicious (/wiki/DeDeLicious) Divina de Campo (/wiki/Divina_de_Campo) Elektra Fence (/wiki/Elektra_Fence) Ella Vaday (/wiki/Ella_Vaday) Ellie Diamond (/wiki/Ellie_Diamond) Ginny Lemon (/wiki/Ginny_Lemon) Gothy Kendoll (/wiki/Gothy_Kendoll) Joe Black (/wiki/Joe_Black_(drag_queen)) Jonbers Blonde (/wiki/Jonbers_Blonde) Just May (/wiki/Just_May) Kate Butch (/wiki/Kate_Butch) Kitty Scott-Claus (/wiki/Kitty_Scott-Claus) Le Fil (/wiki/Le_Fil_(drag_queen)) Michael Marouli (/wiki/Michael_Marouli) Miss Naomi Carter (/wiki/Miss_Naomi_Carter) Pixie Polite (/wiki/Pixie_Polite) River Medway (/wiki/River_Medway_(drag_queen)) Scaredy Kat (/wiki/Scaredy_Kat) Scarlett Harlett (/wiki/Scarlett_Harlett) Sister Sister (/wiki/Sister_Sister_(drag_queen)) Sminty Drop (/wiki/Sminty_Drop) Starlet (/wiki/Starlet_(drag_queen)) Sum Ting Wong (/wiki/Sum_Ting_Wong_(drag_queen)) Tayce (/wiki/Tayce) Tia Kofi (/wiki/Tia_Kofi) Tomara Thomas (/wiki/Tomara_Thomas) Vanity Milan (/wiki/Vanity_Milan) Veronica Green (/wiki/Veronica_Green) Vicki Vivacious (/wiki/Vicki_Vivacious) Victoria Scone (/wiki/Victoria_Scone) Vinegar Strokes (/wiki/Vinegar_Strokes) Related The After Shave with Danny Beard (/wiki/The_After_Shave_with_Danny_Beard) Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud (/wiki/Cherry_Valentine:_Gypsy_Queen_and_Proud) Episodes (/wiki/List_of_RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_episodes) " The RuRuvision Song Contest (/wiki/The_RuRuvision_Song_Contest) " Frock Destroyers (/wiki/Frock_Destroyers) Frock4Life (/wiki/Frock4Life) " Break Up (Bye Bye) (/wiki/Break_Up_(Bye_Bye)) " God Shave the Queens (/wiki/God_Shave_the_Queens) RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs. the World (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_UK_vs._the_World) " UK Hun? (/wiki/UK_Hun%3F) " Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f5bf6ca5-9ba4-41eb-9fd1-abd288e222cb) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sw6nj Cached time: 20240713143705 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.734 seconds Real time usage: 0.874 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4954/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 134324/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3577/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 217889/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.440/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7822980/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 784.289 1 -total 45.12% 353.842 1 Template:Reflist 30.32% 237.774 35 Template:Cite_web 24.82% 194.658 1 Template:Infobox_person 8.18% 64.134 1 Template:Short_description 8.03% 62.988 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.50% 58.820 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.81% 53.430 20 Template:Main_other 6.37% 49.938 1 Template:RuPaul's_Drag_Race_UK 6.34% 49.708 11 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66120812-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713143705 and revision id 1234279487. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Hat (/wiki/Hat) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hats (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hats) . A hat (/wiki/Hat) is an item of clothing which is worn on the head – a kind of headgear (/wiki/Headgear) . Hats often have a brim, and may be either placed on the head, or in the case of some women's hats, secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hats) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qzbzb Cached time: 20240720165923 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.128 seconds Real time usage: 0.177 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 446/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23834/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2708/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4627/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.039/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1110833/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 163.988 1 -total 45.06% 73.897 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 43.71% 71.672 2 Template:Category_other 40.98% 67.206 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 36.62% 60.048 1 Template:Category_TOC 30.73% 50.391 1 Template:Commons_category 30.39% 49.828 1 Template:TOC_top 29.55% 48.463 1 Template:Sister_project 28.55% 46.823 1 Template:Side_box 24.05% 39.444 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:750958-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165923 and revision id 1190032386. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. B Bonnets (headgear) (/wiki/Category:Bonnets_(headgear)) (11 P) C Caps (/wiki/Category:Caps) (1 C, 103 P) Cockades (/wiki/Category:Cockades) (7 P) I Individual hats (/wiki/Category:Individual_hats) (4 C, 2 P) M Hatmaking (/wiki/Category:Hatmaking) (4 C, 17 P) Military hats (/wiki/Category:Military_hats) (49 P) P Pointed hats (/wiki/Category:Pointed_hats) (1 C, 20 P) Pages in category "Hats" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 207 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&pagefrom=Welsh+hat#mw-pages) ) Hat (/wiki/Hat) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) ! Hat cord (/wiki/Hat_cord) A American fiber helmet (/wiki/American_fiber_helmet) Animal hat (/wiki/Animal_hat) Anthony Eden hat (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Assamese headgear (/wiki/Assamese_headgear) B Baby bumper headguard cap (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Balzo headdress (/wiki/Balzo_headdress) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Beaver hat (/wiki/Beaver_hat) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Bergère hat (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Bicycle clip hat (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Black cap (/wiki/Black_cap) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blessed sword and hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bollenhut (/wiki/Bollenhut) Boonie hat (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Boyar hat (/wiki/Boyar_hat) Breton (hat) (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Bucket hat (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Busby (military headdress) (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Bycocket (/wiki/Bycocket) C Cabbage-tree hat (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Calgary White Hat (/wiki/Calgary_White_Hat) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Campaign hat (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Fur wedge cap (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Canterbury cap (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Cartwheel hat (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cavalier hat (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Chaperon (headgear) (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Chugurma (/wiki/Chugurma) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Church crown (/wiki/Church_crown) Cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Coal scuttle bonnet (/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet) Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Cocktail hat (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Coloured hat (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin cap (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork hat (/wiki/Cork_hat) Corno ducale (/wiki/Corno_ducale) Cowboy hat (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) D Deep Blue Sea (hat) (/wiki/Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)) Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doctoral hat (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Doll hat (/wiki/Doll_hat) Dolly Varden (costume) (/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)) Double Terai (/wiki/Double_Terai) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) E Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Eugénie hat (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) F Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Fila (hat) (/wiki/Fila_(hat)) Four Winds hat (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fruit hat (/wiki/Fruit_hat) G Gandhi cap (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (hat) (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) H Half hat (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo hat (/wiki/Halo_hat) Hard hat (/wiki/Hard_hat) Hardee hat (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hat brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Hat tax (/wiki/Hat_tax) Hat-trick (magic trick) (/wiki/Hat-trick_(magic_trick)) Hatmaking (/wiki/Hatmaking) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Hatstand (/wiki/Hatstand) Hattytown Tales (/wiki/Hattytown_Tales) Homburg hat (/wiki/Homburg_hat) I Iraghi (hat) (/wiki/Iraghi_(hat)) J Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) K Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Karakul (hat) (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Kasa (hat) (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Kofia (hat) (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kolah namadi (/wiki/Kolah_namadi) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (cap) (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) L Labbadeh (/wiki/Labbadeh) Lampshade hat (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Lidsville (/wiki/Lidsville) Lika cap (/wiki/Lika_cap) Liripipe (/wiki/Liripipe) Little Dude (Adventure Time) (/wiki/Little_Dude_(Adventure_Time)) Little Dude (character) (/wiki/Little_Dude_(character)) M Madhalla (/wiki/Madhalla) Mariner's cap (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Military tiara (/wiki/Military_tiara) Mobcap (/wiki/Mobcap) Mokorotlo (/wiki/Mokorotlo) Montera (/wiki/Montera) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mushroom hat (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) N Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) O Opera hat (/wiki/Opera_hat) P Pahlavi hat (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Pamela hat (/wiki/Pamela_hat) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Panamka (/wiki/Panamka) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen hat (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pava (Puerto Rico) (/wiki/Pava_(Puerto_Rico)) Peach basket hat (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Picture hat (/wiki/Picture_hat) Pilgrim's hat (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Pith helmet (/wiki/Pith_helmet) Pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) Pork pie hat (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Printer's hat (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Purple hat therapy (/wiki/Purple_hat_therapy) Pussyhat (/wiki/Pussyhat) S Sailor hat (/wiki/Sailor_hat) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Sanbenito (/wiki/Sanbenito) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Shepherd's hat (/wiki/Shepherd%27s_hat) Sherlock Holmes hat (/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_hat) Shovel hat (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Sidara (/wiki/Sidara) Side cap (/wiki/Side_cap) Ski cap (/wiki/Ski_cap) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Slouch hat (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) Stetson (/wiki/Stetson) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw hat (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun hat (/wiki/Sun_hat) T Tam cap (/wiki/Tam_cap) Tam o' shanter (cap) (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Tembel hat (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Terai hat (/wiki/Terai_hat) Thai farmer's hat (/wiki/Thai_farmer%27s_hat) Ti'i langga (/wiki/Ti%27i_langga) Tin foil hat (/wiki/Tin_foil_hat) Top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) Toque (/wiki/Toque) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Tyrolean hat (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) U Umbrella hat (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) Unangan hunting headgear (/wiki/Unangan_hunting_headgear) Upe (/wiki/Upe) V Visor (/wiki/Visor) W Wales bucket hat (/wiki/Wales_bucket_hat) (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&pagefrom=Welsh+hat#mw-pages) ) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&oldid=1190032386 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hats&oldid=1190032386) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 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NYC-based specialty custom-made shoe company Eneslow Industry Design and manufacture of shoes and foot products Founded 1909 Headquarters New York City, New York, United States Area served United States Key people Robert S. Schwartz (/wiki/Robert_S._Schwartz) Products Ready-made shoes, custom shoes, foot products, custom orthotics Revenue US$ 8 million ( 2009 ) Number of employees 55 ( 2010 ) Website www.eneslow.com/ (http://www.eneslow.com/) Eneslow (pronounced N-S-LOW, / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ɛ n . ɛ s . l oʊ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is a chain of shoe (/wiki/Shoe) stores in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) founded by the Low family in 1909. They are America’s largest pedorthic (/wiki/Pedorthic) retailer. [1] (#cite_note-COIredo1994NYT-1) In addition to its retail stores (/wiki/Retail_store) , Eneslow also manages the Eneslow Pedorthic Institute, a pedorthic education and training program. History [ edit ] Ed and Nellie Stone Low Early years [ edit ] Eneslow, originally known N.S. Low, was founded by Edward and Nellie Stone Low in 1909, selling trusses (/wiki/Trusses) surgical products and shoes on Avenue A (/wiki/Avenue_A_(Manhattan)) . In 1914, Nat Low joined Edward Low, and the business was incorporated. The shoe department flourished and by 1926 the shoe department became so big they decided to make it its own company – Eneslow. The shoe department introduction had been possible because Sol joined Eneslow. The same year, Eneslow moved to 220 East 23rd Street. By the 1940s, the company had attracted the attention of Paul Schwartz, who was a custom orthotics maker, and who owned the wholesale business Apex Foot Health Industries, which sold foot products, particularly orthotics (/wiki/Orthotics) and arch supports (/wiki/Arch_supports) . As a wholesaler, he sold his products to Eneslow. His goal was to have a package of feet, orthotics and shoes as a one-stop shop. 1968-1999 [ edit ] In 1968, Paul and Charles Schwartz bought the company Eneslow and moved its headquarters to 695 6th Avenue. At that time, Eneslow had two other locations, one in Brooklyn since 1949 and one in the Bronx since 1937. In 1973, Robert S. Schwartz joined Eneslow after a 10-year career in sales and marketing. In 1975, Robert S. Schwartz and his brother Richard B. Schwartz, each owned 50 percent of Eneslow and Apex. By the mid-1980s, when he and his brother, Richard, split the company he became the sole owner of the retail division and turned Eneslow into a regional chain with eight stores. But when New York State slashed Medicaid (/wiki/Medicaid) reimbursements for medical shoes and orthotics, the company lost 50 percent of its business and Schwartz shut all but his flagship store (/wiki/Flagship) located at 924 Broadway, NYC. In 1983, the two businesses – Eneslow and Apex – were split; Robert S. Schwartz bought out Richard B. Schwartz to get full ownership. In 1985, Eneslow bought Classic Mold Shoe Company, makers of custom molded and custom orthopedic dress shoes and sandals and merged it into the company. In 1995, Eneslow Pedorthic Institute (EPI) was founded by Dr. Justin Wernick, DPM and Robert S. Schwartz, C.Ped. [1] (#cite_note-COIredo1994NYT-1) 2001-present [ edit ] In 2003, the company bought a retail store from Selby Fifth Avenue at Horace Harding Expressway (/wiki/Horace_Harding_expressway) in Little Neck (/wiki/Douglaston%E2%80%93Little_Neck,_Queens) , Queens (/wiki/Queens) ; changed its name to Eneslow and opened its second store. In 2006, the company moved its long-time 924 Broadway headquarters location [2] (#cite_note-2) to Park Avenue South at 32nd Street. In 2009 Eneslow opened a third store on the Upper East Side of Manhattan (/wiki/Upper_East_Side) on Second Avenue between 78th and 79th streets. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2016, Michael and Rachel Schwartz – son and daughter of Robert Schwartz – are in the business with him, and as the next generation of Schwartz's are celebrating both 50 years of Schwartz Family ownership and 110 years of Eneslow. In 2019 Eneslow opened its current flagship location at 1319 Third Avenue between 75th and 76th Street. Education [ edit ] Eneslow's education efforts mainly target two audiences: people who mostly stand or walk while working [4] (#cite_note-StandingNYP-4) [5] (#cite_note-PostCOI_2004NYT-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) those who can diagnose walking disorders, or prescribe or repair specialized shoes (/wiki/Pedorthist) . [7] (#cite_note-7) The Eneslow Pedorthic Institute (EPI) was founded in 1995 by Eneslow and Dr. Justin Wernick, DPM and CEO Robert S. Schwartz for the design, manufacture, modification, and proper fit of shoes and foot orthoses (/wiki/Orthoses) . EPI hosts pedorthic courses, conventions and seminars. The institute trains pedorthists (/wiki/Pedorthist) , drawing students from around the world. In addition to pre-certification courses, it offers reviews for the pre-certification exam and teaches certified shoe-fitter (/wiki/Shop_fitting) courses. Podiatry students and orthopedic surgeons (/wiki/Orthopedic_surgeons) have attended the institute. The classes, which are accredited by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics and Pedorthics (ABC) and the Board of Certification/Accreditation, International (BOC), as pedorthic pre-certification courses, are taught by Robert S. Schwartz, C.Ped. and Eneslow staff and pedorthists, podiatrists (/wiki/Podiatrist) , orthopedic surgeons (/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery) , physical therapists (/wiki/Physical_therapy) , endocrinologists (/wiki/Endocrinology) , shoe designers and diabetes (/wiki/Diabetes) educators. [ citation needed ] Their custom department and shoe modification does structural and cosmetic modifications to all kinds of shoes; orthotics are fabricated as well. Charitable activity [ edit ] Eneslow is a supporter of the charity Soles4Souls (/wiki/Soles4Souls) . Eneslow also provides free footwear, socks, and insoles for relief workers (/wiki/Humanitarian_aid) , disaster victims, and the homeless (/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) . [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ a b Bruce Weber (December 15, 1994). "Suffering Soles; Shoes for All Sizes and Styles, Except Those Made of Clay" (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/15/nyregion/suffering-soles-shoes-for-all-sizes-and-styles-except-those-made-of-clay.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Steve Cuozzo (November 7, 2006). "EMI Will Move to Chelsea - Gets New Trendy Address" (https://nypost.com/2006/11/07/emi-will-move-to-chelsea-gets-trendy-address-emi-is-heading-downtown) . The New York Post (/wiki/The_New_York_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Eneslow Celebrates a Century" Women's Wear Daily (http://www.wwd.com/footwear-news/shop-talk-eneslow-hits-100-camuto-abroad-2160648?gnewsid=1c3d34d45eb3e9fdbbd507472bb046a3) ^ (#cite_ref-StandingNYP_4-0) Gabriel Cohen (March 26, 2012). "Standing Orders" (https://nypost.com/2012/03/26/standing-orders-3/) . The New York Post (/wiki/The_New_York_Post) . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-PostCOI_2004NYT_5-0) William Grimes (July 4, 2004). "The Masai Anti-Cellulite Plan" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/style/just-browsing-the-masai-anti-cellulite-plan.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kate Murphy (March 23, 2013). "Opinion: Mohsin Hamid" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/mohsin-hamid.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . cork inserts .. a real walking enabler ^ (#cite_ref-7) John O'Neil (June 26, 2001). "Program Puts Diabetics in Shoes That Fit" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/26/health/program-puts-diabetics-in-shoes-that-fit.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eneslow&oldid=1105968478 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eneslow&oldid=1105968478) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Companies based in New York City (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_New_York_City) American companies established in 1909 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1909) Retail companies established in 1909 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1909) 1909 establishments in New York City (/wiki/Category:1909_establishments_in_New_York_City) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use American English from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from September 2011 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2011) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2010) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) |
Swedish fragrance company Byredo Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Founded 2006 ; 18 years ago ( 2006 ) ; Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden Founder Ben Gorham Headquarters Sweden Area served Europe, North America, Asia Products Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) Byredo is a Swedish company that produces fragrances, leather goods, and accessories. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Byredo is a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of "By Redolence". [3] (#cite_note-Manzanita_buys-3) It was founded in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) in 2006 by Ben Gorham. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Its first collection of handbags (/wiki/Handbag) and other accessories debuted at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) in September 2017. [6] (#cite_note-LAUREN_JOSEPH-6) History [ edit ] In 2013, Gorham sold a majority stake of the company to London-based investment firm Manzanita Capital. [3] (#cite_note-Manzanita_buys-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) This company was invested in Diptyque (/wiki/Diptyque) and Malin + Goetz, [8] (#cite_note-Byredo_celebrates-8) and also owns Space NK (/wiki/Space_NK) . [3] (#cite_note-Manzanita_buys-3) In May 2022, Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) acquired a majority stake in Byredo . [9] (#cite_note-9) In November 2023, Byredo launched fine jewelry as a new permanent category for the brand. [10] (#cite_note-10) Collaborations [ edit ] Perfumer Jérôme Epinette has created some scents for the brand — Byredo . [8] (#cite_note-Byredo_celebrates-8) In 2016 Byredo collaborated with photographers Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) on a fragrance named "1996." [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2018, Byredo collaborated with Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) 's Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) on a fragrance named "Elevator Music." [13] (#cite_note-13) Byredo has also collaborated with IKEA (/wiki/IKEA) on a home fragrance [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) – releasing the OSYNLIG candle collection in 2020. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2021, Byredo launched the fragrance Space Rage in partnership with the singer Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In March 2022, Ben Ghoram (Byredo) and Isamaya Ffrench (/wiki/Isamaya_Ffrench) partner to launch their first make-up collection together. [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Luxury leather handbag collection • Made in Italy | BYREDO" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113301/https://www.byredo.com/us_en/leather-goods/bags/) . www.byredo.com . Archived from the original (https://www.byredo.com/us_en/leather-goods/bags/) on 2021-04-21 . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "About Byredo" (https://www.byredo.com/us_en/about) . www.byredo.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c Manzanita buys majority stake in Byredo (https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Manzanita_buys_majority_stake_in_Byredo/88117) 1 May 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Conlon, Scarlett (2020-01-18). "Ben Gorham: 'With Byredo I wanted a more inclusive approach to luxury' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/jan/18/ben-gorham-interview-with-byredo-i-wanted-more-inclusive-approach-to-luxury) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/jan/18/ben-gorham-interview-with-byredo-i-wanted-more-inclusive-approach-to-luxury) . The Observer . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0029-7712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712) . Retrieved 2023-07-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lisa Niven, Vogue Meets Byredo's Ben Gorham (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/interview-with-ben-gorham-byredo-founder) Vogue , 1 September 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-LAUREN_JOSEPH_6-0) Founder Ben Gorham continues to push Byredo out of its comfort zone. (http://www.surfacemag.com/articles/ben-gorham-pushes-byredo-into-lifestyle/) LAUREN JOSEPH, Surface magazine (/wiki/Surface_magazine) , October 20, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Manzanita Capital Buys Byredo Stake: The owner of SpaceNK and Diptyque has purchased a majority stake in the Swedish fragrance house. (http://wwd.com/business-news/financial/manzanita-capital-buys-byredo-stake-6913024/) Samantha Conti, April 29, 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Stocks, Name game: Byredo celebrates its tenth anniversary with a nameless fragrance (http://www.wallpaper.com/lifestyle/name-game-byredo-celebrates-its-tenth-anniversary-with-a-nameless-fragrance) wallpaper.com 6 Sep 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Puig snaps up majority stake in cool Swedish fragrance brand Byredo" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/beauty/puig-snaps-up-majority-stake-in-cool-swedish-fragrance-brand-byredo) . 31 May 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Weil, Jennifer (2023-11-20). "EXCLUSIVE: Byredo Is Launching Fine Jewelry" (https://wwd.com/accessories-news/jewelry/byredo-launching-fine-jewelry-1235934925/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Maria Ward, Party Like It’s 1996: Byredo and Inez and Vinoodh Celebrate Their Fragrance Collaboration (http://www.vogue.com/article/byredo-ben-gorham-inez-and-vinoodh-fragrance-collaboration-1996) Vogue , December 9, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-12) 1996 Inez & Vinoodh (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Byredo/1996-Inez-Vinoodh-19247.html) fragrantica.com ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Off-White and Byredo Just Launched a Perfume Called Elevator Music—And It's Already a Cult Obsession" (https://www.vogue.com/article/off-white-byredo-fragrance-elevator-music-clothing-collaboration-virgil-abloh-ben-gorham) . Vogue . 2018-03-03 . Retrieved 2022-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Dena Silver, The Fashionization of Ikea Includes Virgil Abloh, Byredo, and Stampd: The affordable Swedish Home Goods store is starting to appeal to the style set (https://observer.com/2017/06/the-fashionization-of-ikea-includes-virgil-abloh-byredo-and-stampd/) Observer.com (/wiki/Observer.com) 6/14/2017 ^ (#cite_ref-15) The sweet scent of IKEA and Byredo (http://ikea.today/sweet-scent-ikea-byredo/) IKEA (/wiki/IKEA) , 09.06.2017 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Madge Maril, Ikea and Byredo's Founder Just Launched a Candle Collection You Need to Buy (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/beauty/health/a34553096/ikea-candle-collection-byredo-ben-gorham/) Harpersbazaar.com (/wiki/Harpersbazaar.com) 9 November 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Walsh, Savannah (2021-01-19). "It's Lit! Travis Scott's Highly Popular Byredo Collaboration Has Just Been Restocked" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/a35254299/travis-scott-byredo-restocked/) . ELLE . Retrieved 2021-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Ben Ghoram (Byredo) et Isamaya Ffrench lancent une collection de maquillage" (https://www.lofficiel.com/beaute/ben-ghoram-byredo-et-isamaya-ffrench-lancent-une-collection-de-maquillage) . L'Officiel . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . 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McConnell (/wiki/David_H._McConnell) Luca Turin (/wiki/Luca_Turin) Edmond Roudnitska (/wiki/Edmond_Roudnitska) Companies Avon Products (/wiki/Avon_Products) Caron (/wiki/Parfums_Caron) Firmenich (/wiki/Firmenich) Frutarom (/wiki/Frutarom) Givaudan (/wiki/Givaudan) International Flavors & Fragrances (/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances) Mane SA (/wiki/Mane_SA) Robertet (/wiki/Robertet) Sensient Flavors & Fragrances Group (/wiki/Sensient_Technologies) Symrise (/wiki/Symrise) T. 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Turkish clothing company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/LC_Waikiki) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:LC_Waikiki) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and neutral (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LC_Waikiki&action=edit) by replacing them with more appropriate citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to reliable, independent, third-party sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources) . ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LC_Waikiki&action=edit) by removing references to unreliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) where they are used inappropriately. ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) LC Waikiki Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1988 Founder George Amoual Headquarters Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Number of locations 1200-1250 [1] (#cite_note-lcwaikiki.com-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Key people Mustafa Küçük (CEO) [3] (#cite_note-Mustafa_Kucuk-3) Products Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Revenue 34.1 Billion TL Owner LC Waikiki Mağazacılık [1] (#cite_note-lcwaikiki.com-1) Number of employees 54,000 [4] (#cite_note-corporate.lcwaikiki.com-4) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) XSIDE (/w/index.php?title=XSIDE&action=edit&redlink=1) Website www (http://www.lcw.com) .lcw (http://www.lcw.com) .com (http://www.lcw.com) LC Waikiki or also known as LCW , is an Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) based chain ready-to-wear fashion company with 54,000 employees. The company took its name from Waikiki Beach (/wiki/Waikiki) in Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) , and the initial letters of the French words " Les Copains (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/copain) ", meaning "the friends". Early history [ edit ] The company was founded in Paris, France in 1988. It became a Turkish organization in 1997 after being purchased by Tema Tekstil (/w/index.php?title=Tema_Tekstil&action=edit&redlink=1) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The brand gained popularity in the 1990s with clothes featuring its monkey mascot. [6] (#cite_note-6) Stores [ edit ] International [ edit ] Presence of the company in the world After being acquired by Tema Tekstil, the first store was opened in Romania. By March 2020, the company had 1,004 stores in 47 countries. [3] (#cite_note-Mustafa_Kucuk-3) In 2021, the company opened its first store in Latin America. [7] (#cite_note-7) Turkey [ edit ] Stores in Turkish provinces In Turkey, the company has more than 400 stores, spread out through 80 provinces. [8] (#cite_note-8) Other Stores [ edit ] LC Waikiki Home LC Waikiki Outlet LC Waikiki Dream LC Waikiki Baby LC Waikiki Steps LC Waikiki Look References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Hakkımız" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181023075840/http://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) . lcwaikiki.com. Archived from the original (http://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) on 23 October 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Group, Apparel (2022-08-11). "LC Waikiki - Fashion for Men, Women & Kids | APPAREL GROUP" (https://apparelgroupglobal.com/en/lc-waikiki/,%20https://apparelgroupglobal.com/en/lc-waikiki/) . Retrieved 2022-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Mustafa Kucuk" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/mustafa-kucuk/?sh=167c530e48e6) . Forbes . 2022-11-16 . Retrieved 2022-06-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-corporate.lcwaikiki.com_4-0) " (https://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) "Hakkımızda" (https://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) " (https://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) . lcwaikiki. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220308095806/https://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "LC Waikiki - Corporate | About Us" (https://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/en-US/about-us) . corporate.lcwaikiki.com . Retrieved 2023-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Akcan, Burçe; Kazaz, Arzu (2022). "Deneyimsel Pazarlama Stratejisi Olarak Oynanabilir Reklamlar" (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2371089) . Yeni Medya (in Turkish). 2022 (12). Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University (/wiki/Ankara_Haci_Bayram_Veli_University) : 53–78. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.55609/yenimedya.1102659 (https://doi.org/10.55609%2Fyenimedya.1102659) . eISSN (/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)) 2587-1285 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2587-1285) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 250290311 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250290311) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220706015917/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2371089) from the original on 6 July 2022 . Retrieved 16 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Perú: LC Waikiki llega al centro comercial Plaza Norte" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709161928/https://www.peru-retail.com/peru-lc-waikiki-centro-comercial-plaza-norte/) . Perú Retail (in Spanish). 2021-07-09. Archived from the original (https://www.peru-retail.com/peru-lc-waikiki-centro-comercial-plaza-norte/) on 2021-07-09 . Retrieved 2022-06-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "LCW Mağazaları" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200223111510/http://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) . lcwaikiki.com. Archived from the original (http://corporate.lcwaikiki.com/hakkimizda) on 2020-02-23 . Retrieved 2020-03-02 . 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Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) New Zealand portal (/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐vgrqf Cached time: 20240622152530 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.037 seconds Real time usage: 0.053 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1130/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 668356/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 42.295 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 42.295 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:8451613-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622152530 and revision id 788609297. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies of New Zealand" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Canterbury of New Zealand (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) H Huffer (/wiki/Huffer) I Icebreaker (clothing) (/wiki/Icebreaker_(clothing)) N NOM*d (/wiki/NOM*d) O Orca (company) (/wiki/Orca_(company)) P Pumpkin Patch (retailer) (/wiki/Pumpkin_Patch_(retailer)) R Rodd & Gunn (/wiki/Rodd_%26_Gunn) S Starfish (fashion label) (/wiki/Starfish_(fashion_label)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_New_Zealand&oldid=788609297 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_New_Zealand&oldid=788609297) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies of New Zealand by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_New_Zealand_by_industry) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) New Zealand fashion (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_fashion) |
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Submission declined on 28 March 2024 by CNMall41 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CNMall41) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:CNMall41) ). This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference) and learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Teneshia+Carr%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Teneshia+Carr%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Teneshia_Carr) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Teneshia_Carr&defaults=y) Declined by CNMall41 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CNMall41) 3 months ago. Last edited by CNMall41 (/wiki/User:CNMall41) 3 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:MaryTeresaDV&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Comment: This one is close in my opinion but not quite there. The WWD reference is strong as it covers here in-depth. The Forbes references seems good on the surface but falls under WP:FORBESCON (/wiki/Wikipedia:FORBESCON) . The other notable ones are Fashionista but this is an interview so cannot really be used for notability; and, The Garnette Report which seems in-depth but is only a few paragraphs. I looked online for additional but did not see anything suitable to show notability. If you know of a reference similar to WWD that covers her in-depth, please add to the draft. CNMall41 (/wiki/User:CNMall41) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:CNMall41) ) 20:15, 28 March 2024 (UTC) Magazine founder, fashion and diversity Teneshia Carr is a magazine editor and photographer. She founded Blanc Magazine (/wiki/Blanc_Magazine) in 2013. Biography [ edit ] Carr was born in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) . She received her Bachelor's Degree in Design and Visual Communications from London South Bank University (/wiki/London_South_Bank_University) . [1] (#cite_note-:4-1) She started her career as a photographer in 2005. She did photography work for brands such as Stephane St. Jaymes [2] (#cite_note-2) and also consulting for a Japanese lingerie brand. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) She applied "200 times" for a position at Conde Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) before creating the magazine Blanc in 2013 with a collectif of artists in London (/wiki/London) : "I created Blanc to be my Trojan horse. It was my way to be seen in a white world. It was a way for me to sell this idea, combined with my idea of inclusivity, back to the same people who would never see me." [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) 2,500 prints of the first issue were distributed in London's libraries through a deal with Comag. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) The first years running the magazine, her lack of network and her 'Afro' looks made it hard to connect and work with luxury brands. [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) In 2018, she confronted Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) about a clothing that resembled a blackface, [1] (#cite_note-:4-1) and started a collaboration with the brand. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In 2022, she recruited Kevin Martinez, former publisher of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Details (/wiki/Details_(magazine)) and Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) , to contribute to Blanc Magazine . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 2023, she launched the brand content agency Blanc Space. [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) By 2023, Blanc Magazine was a 100,000 prints-per-issue magazine distributed in 25 countries. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) In September 2023, she sponsored the Milan Fashion Hub for new and emerging designers along with the Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana (/wiki/Camera_Nazionale_della_Moda_Italiana) . [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "How Teneshia Carr Increased Representation For Black People In Fashion" (https://thegarnettereport.com/fashion/teneshia-carr-blanc/) . The Garnette Report . 2020-08-16 . Retrieved 2024-03-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Stephane St. Jaymes by Teneshia Carr" (https://www.designscene.net/2010/04/stephane-st-jaymes-by-teneshia-carr.html) . DSCENE . 2010-04-20 . Retrieved 2024-03-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bossi, Andrea (2023-03-27). "How 'Blanc' Founder Teneshia Carr Is Building a New Kind of Luxury Media Company" (https://fashionista.com/2023/03/teneshia-carr-blanc-magazine-career-interview) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b Edelson, Sharon. "Black Creatives In Fashion Speak Out On Inequality: We Need To Talk, And You Need To Listen" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/sharonedelson/2020/08/10/black-creatives-are-saying-we-need-to-talk-and-you-need-to-listen/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hopkins, Kathryn (2020-10-16). "How Teneshia Carr Built Fashion Magazine Blanc to Represent All" (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/how-teneshia-carr-built-independent-fashion-magazine-blanc-to-represent-all-medial-1234635952/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b WW, FashionNetwork com. "Teneshia Carr, Stefano Tonchi launch Blanc Space" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Teneshia-carr-stefano-tonchi-launch-blanc-space,1489499.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) AP (2023-09-25). "Milan fashion celebrated diversity and inclusion with refrain: Make more space for color and curves" (https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-09-25/milan-fashion-celebrated-diversity-and-inclusion-with-refrain-make-more-space-for-color-and-curves.html) . EL PAÍS English . Retrieved 2024-03-28 . Externl links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.teneshiacarr.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐h8jmp Cached time: 20240719231320 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.362 seconds Real time usage: 0.501 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1706/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 94191/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7994/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32560/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.210/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5881435/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 460.763 1 -total 49.73% 229.159 1 Template:AFC_submission 46.80% 215.626 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 45.48% 209.575 1 Template:Ombox 31.18% 143.681 7 Template:Cite_web 22.98% 105.883 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 22.46% 103.495 4 Template:Hidden 8.72% 40.177 1 Template:Find_sources 5.97% 27.502 1 Template:Short_description 4.61% 21.251 1 Template:Columns-list Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76392592-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719231320 and revision id 1216061172. 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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Necklines (/wiki/Necklines) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Necklines (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Necklines) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐cfm4m Cached time: 20240720184932 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.091 seconds Real time usage: 0.324 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3955/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 250/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.058/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1511780/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 311.069 1 -total 79.82% 248.288 1 Template:Commons_category 79.19% 246.327 1 Template:Sister_project 78.56% 244.385 1 Template:Side_box 72.14% 224.417 2 Template:If_then_show 13.42% 41.732 1 Template:Portal 6.66% 20.708 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5640053-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720184932 and revision id 1127516531. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Necklines" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Neckline (/wiki/Neckline) B Ballerina neckline (/wiki/Ballerina_neckline) Boat neck (/wiki/Boat_neck) C Cleavage (breasts) (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Collar (clothing) (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) Cowl neck (/wiki/Cowl_neck) Crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) G Grandfather shirt (/wiki/Grandfather_shirt) H Halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) M Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) P Polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) S Scoop neckline (/wiki/Scoop_neckline) U Upturned collar (/wiki/Upturned_collar) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Necklines&oldid=1127516531 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Necklines&oldid=1127516531) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Parts of clothing (/wiki/Category:Parts_of_clothing) Neckwear (/wiki/Category:Neckwear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
Dresses worn by Princess Anne at her weddings in 1973 and 1992, respectively Princess Anne (/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal) (only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) ) has been married twice, in 1973 and 1992: First wedding [ edit ] See also: Wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Mark_Phillips) The wedding dress worn by Princess Anne for her marriage to Captain Mark Phillips (/wiki/Mark_Phillips) on 14 November 1973 at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) was designed by Maureen Baker (/wiki/Maureen_Baker_(fashion_designer)) , the chief designer for the ready-to-wear label Susan Small (/wiki/Susan_Small_(fashion)) ; she had previously designed outfits for the princess. [1] (#cite_note-dresses-1) The train was embroidered by Lock's Embroiderers (/wiki/Hand_%26_Lock) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Princess Anne was said to have designed many aspects of the dress herself. [3] (#cite_note-3) It was reported that Princess Anne took inspiration from court dresses worn during the Elizabethan era (/wiki/Elizabethan_era) , and had a much simplistic design compared to prior more extravagant styles worn by other royals. [4] (#cite_note-4) The dress was an embroidered " Tudor-style (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_fashion) " wedding dress with a high collar and "mediaeval" trumpet sleeves (/w/index.php?title=Trumpet_sleeve&action=edit&redlink=1) , [1] (#cite_note-dresses-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) with white silk chiffon under sleeves edged with pearls and other jewels. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Her veil was made of silk net embroidered with floral sprays, and her "something borrowed" was the Queen Mary Fringe (/wiki/Jewels_of_Elizabeth_II#Queen_Mary_Fringe_Tiara) tiara. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Compared to previous royal wedding dresses, it was described as "simplistic" and was noted as being close to contemporary 1970s wedding fashions. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Second wedding [ edit ] For her marriage to Timothy Laurence (/wiki/Timothy_Laurence) on 12 December 1992 at Crathie Kirk (/wiki/Crathie_Kirk) , Princess Anne wore a white jacket over a high-necked white midi (/wiki/Midi_skirt) dress. [1] (#cite_note-dresses-1) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Charlie Elizabeth Culverhouse (22 March 2023). "Princess Anne's 'simplistic' wedding dress was inspired by one of history's most famous monarchs - and it's not Queen Elizabeth II" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/princess-annes-simplistic-wedding-dress-143049087.html) . Woman&Home . Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via Yahoo! Life. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Nina Grunfeld, The Royal Shopping Guide (W. Morrow, 1984) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Anne Matheson, Princess Anne: a royal girl of our time (Crown Publishers, 1973) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Culverhouse, Charlie Elizabeth (22 March 2023). "Princess Anne's 'simplistic' wedding dress was inspired by one of history's most famous monarchs - and it's not Queen Elizabeth II" (https://www.womanandhome.com/life/royal-news/princess-anne-simple-wedding-dress-inspired-by-infamous-monarch-not-queen-elizabeth-ii/) . Woman and Home Magazine . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "On this day...197: Crowds cheer marriage of Princess Anne" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/newsid_2519000/2519003.stm) . BBC. 14 November 1973 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Every Romantic Detail Of Note From Princess Anne's Wedding" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/princess-anne-wedding-mark-phillips) . British Vogue . 18 July 2020 . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alfred J. López, Postcolonial whiteness: a critical reader on race and empire (SUNY Press, 2005) 49 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Catherine Woram, Wedding dress style: the indispensable style-file for brides-to-be (Apple, 1993) 46 v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) This article related to the history of England (/wiki/History_of_England) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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< User:Avray131 (/wiki/User:Avray131) This is the user sandbox (/wiki/Help:My_sandbox) of Avray131 (/wiki/User:Avray131) . A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page (/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages) . It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article . Create or edit your own sandbox here (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyPage/sandbox&action=edit&preload=Template:User_sandbox/preload) . Other sandboxes: Main sandbox (/wiki/Draft:Sandbox) | Template sandbox (/wiki/Template:Template_sandbox) Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review! A masquerade ball (or bal masqué ) is an event in which the participants attend in costume (/wiki/Costume) (fancy dress) wearing a mask (/wiki/Mask) . (Compare the word " masque (/wiki/Masque) "—a formal written and sung court pageant.) Less formal " costume parties (/wiki/Costume_party) " may be a descendant of this tradition. A masquerade ball usually encompasses music and dancing. These nighttime events are used for entertainment and celebrations. [1] (#cite_note-1) Contents [ edit ] [[null hide]] 1History (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#History) 2Contemporary revival (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#Contemporary_revival) 3Cultural references (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#Cultural_references) 4TV (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#TV) 5Notes (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#Notes) History[edit] [ edit ] Part of a series on Costume (/wiki/Costume) Background [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Society and culture [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Design (/wiki/Costume_design) [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Elements and methods [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Traditional [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Theatrical [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Period [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Children [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Fictional [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Organizations [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Awards [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) People [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Museums [show] (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) v t e Masquerade balls were a feature of the Carnival (/wiki/Carnival) season in the 15th century, and involved increasingly elaborate allegorical Royal Entries (/wiki/Royal_Entry) , pageants, and triumphal processions celebrating marriages and other dynastic events of late medieval court life. The " Bal des Ardents (/wiki/Bal_des_Ardents) " ( "Burning Men's Ball" ) was held by Charles VI of France, and intended as a Bal des sauvages ( "Wild Men's Ball" ), a form of costumed ball ( morisco (/wiki/Morisco) ). It took place in celebration of the marriage of a lady-in-waiting (/wiki/Lady-in-waiting) of Charles VI of France (/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France) 's queen in Paris on January 28, 1393. The King and five courtiers dressed as wildmen of the woods ( woodwoses (/wiki/Woodwose) ), with costumes of flax (/wiki/Flax) and pitch (/wiki/Pitch_(resin)) . When they came too close to a torch, the dancers caught fire. (This episode may have influenced Edgar Allan Poe (/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe) 's short story " Hop-Frog (/wiki/Hop-Frog) ".) Such costumed dances were a special luxury of the Ducal Court of Burgundy (/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy) . Masquerade balls were extended into costumed public festivities in Italy during the 16th century Renaissance (Italian, maschera ). They were generally elaborate dances held for members of the upper classes, and were particularly popular in Venice (/wiki/Venice) . They have been associated with the tradition of the Venetian Carnival (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) . With the fall of the Venetian Republic at the end of the 18th century, the use and tradition of masks gradually began to decline, until they disappeared altogether. Masquerade ball at Château de Hattonchâtel (/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Hattonch%C3%A2tel) , France (/wiki/France) . They became popular throughout mainland Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, sometimes with fatal results. Gustav III of Sweden (/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden) was assassinated at a masquerade ball by disgruntled nobleman Jacob Johan Anckarström (/wiki/Jacob_Johan_Anckarstr%C3%B6m) , an event which Eugène Scribe (/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe) and Daniel Auber (/wiki/Daniel_Auber) turned into the opera Gustave III (/wiki/Gustave_III_(opera)) . The same event was the basis of Giuseppe Verdi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi) 's opera A Masked Ball (/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera) , although the censors in the original production forced him to portray it as a fictional story set in Boston. Most masks came from countries like Switzerland and Italy. John James Heidegger (/wiki/John_James_Heidegger) , a Swiss count who arrived in Italy in 1708, is credited with introducing to London the Venetian fashion of a semi-public masquerade ball, to which one might subscribe, with the first being held at Haymarket Opera House (/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre) . London's public gardens, like Vauxhall Gardens (/wiki/Vauxhall_Gardens) , refurbished in 1732, and Ranelagh Gardens (/wiki/Ranelagh_Gardens) , provided optimal outdoor settings, where characters masked and in fancy dress mingled with the crowds. The reputation for unseemly behavior, unescorted women and assignations motivated a change of name, to the Venetian ridotto , but as "The Man of Taste" observed in 1733; A standard item of masquerade dress was a "Vandyke", improvised on the costumes worn in the portraits of Van Dyck (/wiki/Van_Dyck) : Gainsborough's (/wiki/The_Blue_Boy) Blue Boy is the most familiar example, and a reminder of the later 18th-century popularity in England for portraits in fancy dress. Throughout the century, masquerade dances became popular in Colonial America (/wiki/Colonial_America) . Its prominence did not go unchallenged; a significant anti-masquerade movement grew alongside the balls themselves. The anti-masquerade writers (among them such notables as Samuel Richardson (/wiki/Samuel_Richardson) ) held that the events encouraged immorality and "foreign influence." While they were sometimes able to persuade authorities to their views, particularly after the Lisbon earthquake (/wiki/Lisbon_earthquake) of 1755, enforcement of measures designed to end masquerades was at best desultory, and the masquerades went on as semi-private "subscriptions." In the 1770s, fashionable Londoners went to the masquerades organized by Teresa Cornelys (/wiki/Teresa_Cornelys) at Carlisle House (/wiki/Carlisle_House,_Soho#Carlisle_House.2C_Soho_Square) in Soho Square (/wiki/Soho_Square) , and later to the Pantheon (/wiki/Pantheon,_London) . Masquerade balls were sometimes set as a game among the guests. The masked guests were supposedly dressed so as to be unidentifiable. This would create a type of game to see if a guest could determine each other's identities. This added a humorous effect to many masquerades and enabled a more enjoyable version of typical balls. One of the most noted masquerade balls of the 20th century was that held at Palazzo Labia (/wiki/Palazzo_Labia) in Venice (/wiki/Venice) on 3 September 1951, hosted by Carlos de Beistegui (/wiki/Carlos_de_Beistegui) . It was dubbed "the party of the century." Another famous ball was The Black and White Ball (/wiki/Black_and_White_Ball) . It held on November 28, 1966 at the Plaza Hotel in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Hosted by author Truman Capote (/wiki/Truman_Capote) , the ball was in honor of The Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) publisher Katharine Graham (/wiki/Katharine_Graham) .] Masquerade Masks [ edit ] Masquerade masks were worn by the prosperous class at balls. Masquerade masks had many uses including hiding one's identity, expressing one's freedom of speech, and voicing one's emotions and opinions without judgement. There were two types of base masquerade masks; black masks and white masks [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) . Designs and patterns were created over the base that was chosen. The main types of masks included masks with a stick, the head mask, the full-face mask, and the half face mask. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) From classics like The Phantom of the Opera (/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera) and Romeo and Juliet (/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet) to The Lone Ranger (/wiki/The_lone_ranger) and Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl) , masquerade masks have been, and are still used in many types of media today. [3] (#cite_note-3) Contemporary revival[edit] [ edit ] A new resurgence of masquerade balls began in the late 1990s in North America. More recently, the party atmosphere is emphasized and the formal dancing usually less prominent. In present times, masquerade masks are used for costumes during Halloween. Masquerade masks are sold in a wide range of stores in different designs, and colors. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Cultural references[edit] [ edit ] The picturesque quality of the masquerade ball has made it a favorite topic or setting in literature (/wiki/Literature) . Edgar Allan Poe (/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe) 's short story " The Masque of the Red Death (/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death) " is based at a masquerade ball in which a central figure turns out to be his costume. Another ball in Zürich (/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich) is featured in the novel Steppenwolf (/wiki/Steppenwolf_(novel)) by Hermann Hesse (/wiki/Hermann_Hesse) . A masquerade ball is central to the plot of Mikhail Lermontov (/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov) 's 1835 play Masquerade (/wiki/Masquerade_(play)) . The play was censored and never staged during Lermontov's lifetime, partly because of the implied criticism of the masquerade balls staged by the aristocratic Engelhardt family (/wiki/Engelhardt_family) . The book, musical and most film adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera (/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)) have a scene at a masked ball. The Phantom's (Erik's) costume is that of the Red Death from the aforementioned Edgar Allan Poe story The Masque of the Red Death . In the play Romeo and Juliet (/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet) by Shakespeare (/wiki/William_Shakespeare) , Romeo meets Juliet at a masquerade ball. The video game " Dishonored (/wiki/Dishonored) " has a mission called Lady Boyle's Last Party, taking place at a masquerade where the primary objective is discerning the identity of Lady Boyle, a masked party-goer. Ubisoft Game Assassins Creed II has a pivotal story line centred around a Venetian masquerade. TV[edit] [ edit ] In the 2003, The Haunted Mansion (/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion_(film)) filmed a masquerade ball scene. In the 2004 "Phantom Of The Opera" Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Notes[edit] [ edit ] Jump up^ (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#cite_ref-1) Aileen Ribeiro, "The exotic diversion: the dress worn at masquerades in eighteenth-century London", The Connoisseur 197 (January 1978:3-13. Jump up^ (/wiki/Masquerade_ball#cite_ref-2) Ribeiro 1978:3. ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The History of Masquerade Balls | Avas Flowers" (https://www.avasflowers.net/the-history-of-masquerade-balls) . www.avasflowers.net . Retrieved 2017-11-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The History of Masquerade Masks" (https://venetianmaskscollections.wordpress.com/2013/05/21/the-history-of-masquerade-masks/) . Venetian Masks Collections . 2013-05-21 . Retrieved 2017-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Recreate Masquerade balls from your favourite films" (http://www.samanthapeach.co.uk/wordpress/masquerades-from-the-movies/) . Samantha Peach Masquerade Masks . 2013-07-03 . Retrieved 2017-11-03 . 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American fashion designer Ron LoVece (late July 1939 – 19 July 2010) was an American fashion designer. He was especially noted for his bridal wear, [1] (#cite_note-Company1982-1) [2] (#cite_note-LLC1977-2) working with designers such as Christos (/w/index.php?title=Christos_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Alfred Angelo (/wiki/Alfred_Angelo) for the Michelle Piccione Collection, with The Diamond Collection, and in his later years with the Justin Alexander (/wiki/Justin_Alexander) collection. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Company1982_1-0) Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company. June 1982. p. 113. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0012-9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-LLC1977_2-0) New York Magazine . New York Media, LLC. 6 June 1977. p. 92 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Noted bridal designer Ron LoVece passes" (https://archive.today/20130209002148/http://vowsinsight.com/index.php/2010/12/noted-bridal-designer-ron-lovece-passes/) . Vows Magazine. Archived from the original (http://vowsinsight.com/index.php/2010/12/noted-bridal-designer-ron-lovece-passes/) on February 9, 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_LoVece&action=edit) . v t e This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_LoVece&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐gwsbq Cached time: 20240712195258 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.220 seconds Real time usage: 0.317 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 415/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11648/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 406/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19977/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.157/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4234446/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 299.008 1 -total 33.81% 101.088 1 Template:Reflist 26.84% 80.263 1 Template:Short_description 26.77% 80.050 2 Template:Cite_book 22.58% 67.518 1 Template:Fashion-designer-stub 22.56% 67.463 2 Template:Asbox 16.81% 50.277 2 Template:Pagetype 14.48% 43.284 1 Template:Authority_control 6.15% 18.377 3 Template:Main_other 5.41% 16.178 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37442697-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712195258 and revision id 1153545172. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_LoVece&oldid=1153545172 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_LoVece&oldid=1153545172) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) 1939 births (/wiki/Category:1939_births) 2010 deaths (/wiki/Category:2010_deaths) Wedding dress designers (/wiki/Category:Wedding_dress_designers) Fashion designer stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designer_stubs) Fashion biography stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_biography_stubs) American people stubs (/wiki/Category:American_people_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Green_Lake_Jewelry_Works&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Green+Lake+Jewelry+Works&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Green+Lake+Jewelry+Works) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Green_Lake_Jewelry_Works) for suggestions. ( June 2016 ) Green Lake Jewelry Works Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Jewelry Founded Seattle, Washington (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) (1996 ( 1996 ) ) Founder Jim Tuttle Jytte Tuttle Headquarters Seattle (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)) Number of locations 2 Key people Jim Tuttle, owner Krista Tuttle, sales executive Revenue $10,000,000 (2018) [1] (#cite_note-ReferenceUSA-1) Number of employees 67 (2016) [ citation needed ] 32 (2016) [1] (#cite_note-ReferenceUSA-1) Website www (http://www.greenlakejewelry.com) .greenlakejewelry (http://www.greenlakejewelry.com) .com (http://www.greenlakejewelry.com) Green Lake Jewelry Works is a Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) designer, manufacturer, and retailer. Selling mostly custom made jewelry, the company is known for a customer experience of personalized contact with traditional artisans that is profitably scaled up to a relatively large business operation, made possible by its use of computer-aided design (/wiki/Computer-aided_design) and manufacturing (/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing) (CAD/CAM), in combination with effective use of e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) technology. They maintain a relatively small physical inventory (/wiki/Inventory) that is augmented by a "virtual inventory" of renderings (/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)) of their offerings. [2] (#cite_note-ModernJeweler2009-2) [3] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-3) The company's sales volume grew quickly from about $2 million per year in the years 2003–2005 to over $7 million for 2006, passing $10+ million by 2018. [1] (#cite_note-ReferenceUSA-1) History [ edit ] The Seattle location, near Northgate Mall Jim and Jytte Tuttle opened Green Lake Jewelry Works in 1996 as a 500-foot store in the Green Lake neighborhood of Seattle. [4] (#cite_note-4) [3] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-3) In 2006, Green Lake Jewelry Works had 35 employees and moved into a 7,200-foot location in the Northgate neighborhood of Seattle. [5] (#cite_note-Seattlest-5) As of early 2012, Green Lake Jewelry Works had almost 50 artists on staff and has a biography page for each artist online. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2016 Green Lake Jewelry Works opened a second 5,750 square foot location in Bellevue, Washington. As in the existing Seattle location, the jewelers and jewelry designers built the majority of the showcases and hand painted elaborate designs on the floor. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2019, Green Lake Jewelry Works added the local Seattle Jewelry business, Facèré Jewelry Art Gallery, to each location. [8] (#cite_note-8) Operations [ edit ] In 2010, 90% of Green Lake Jewelry Works's business was custom pieces, [9] (#cite_note-JCK-9) primarily engagement and wedding rings. [10] (#cite_note-Puget_Sound-10) Green Lake Jewelry Works uses computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) as well as traditional techniques like hand engraving to produce its jewelry. [3] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-3) In 2009, the retailer was the largest user of Matrix software by Gemvision, CAD/CAM software for jewelry design. [11] (#cite_note-MJ_Blog-11) CAD/CAM, the process of designing three-dimensional objects using a computer and manufacturing them with a computer-controlled machine has long been used in other industries and is gaining importance in the jewelry industry, which still primarily using traditional techniques of craftsmanship. [12] (#cite_note-GIA-12) Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Green Lake Jewelry Works", Macmillan Reference USA (/wiki/Macmillan_Reference_USA) , – via Gale (publisher) (/wiki/Gale_(publisher)) (subscription required) , 2016 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : Missing or empty |url= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url) ) ^ (#cite_ref-ModernJeweler2009_2-0) "Creating A Custom Experience", Modern Jeweler , Cygnus Business Media (/wiki/Cygnus_Business_Media) , 2009 – via Highbeam (/wiki/Highbeam) ^ Jump up to: a b c Carlton Harrell, Debera (September 15, 2006). "Retail Notebook: Store again moves into bigger digs" (http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Retail-Notebook-Store-again-moves-into-bigger-1214761.php) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved January 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Heebner, Jennifer. "JCK TV: Interview With Jim Tuttle, Owner of Green Lake Jewelry Works" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102204102/http://www.jckonline.com/videos/2010/07/jck-tv-interview-jim-tuttle-owner-green-lake-jewelry-works) . JCK . Archived from the original (http://www.jckonline.com/videos/2010/07/jck-tv-interview-jim-tuttle-owner-green-lake-jewelry-works) on January 2, 2011 . Retrieved January 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seattlest_5-0) Hollenbach, Jack. "Moving the Lake to Northgate" (http://seattlest.com/2006/06/22/moving_the_lake_to_northgate.php) . Seattlest . Retrieved January 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Custom Designs With A Click" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220137/http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/retail-details/2012/01/26/custom-designs-click) . JCK Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/retail-details/2012/01/26/custom-designs-click) on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved September 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Custom Jewelry Store Opens in Bellevue - 425 Business" (http://425business.com/custom-jewelry-store-opens-in-bellevue/) . August 8, 2016 . Retrieved August 9, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Contact Information for Facèré Jewelry Art Gallery" (https://www.facerejewelryart.com/contact.php) . January 1, 2019 . Retrieved January 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-JCK_9-0) Heebner, Jennifer (June 2010). "You've Got It Made" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111228225608/http://www.jckonline.com/2010/05/25/you-ve-got-it-made) . JCK . Archived from the original (http://www.jckonline.com/2010/05/25/you-ve-got-it-made) on 2011-12-28 . Retrieved 2012-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puget_Sound_10-0) Gregg, Dierdre (April 9, 2006). "Green Lake Jewelry figures out how to compete against online retailers" (http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2006/04/10/smallb1.html?page=all) . Puget Sound Business Journal . Retrieved January 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-MJ_Blog_11-0) Kremkow, Cheryl. "Custom Design for All" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110418012129/http://blogs.modernjeweler.com/blog/2009/07/17/custom-design-for-all/) . Modern Jeweler's Jewelry Trends . Archived from the original (http://blogs.modernjeweler.com/blog/2009/07/17/custom-design-for-all/) on April 18, 2011 . Retrieved January 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-GIA_12-0) Workman, Steve. "Tips from the Bench" (http://www.gia.edu/research-resources/library/tips-from-the-bench/index.html) . Gemological Institute of America website . Gemological Institute of America . Retrieved 2012-01-27 . References [ edit ] "Dream Machines: Five Tools Jewelers Say They Can't Live Without", Modern Jeweler , Cygnus Business Media (/wiki/Cygnus_Business_Media) – via General OneFile (/wiki/General_OneFile) (subscription required) , p. 64, March 2009 "Instore Serves Up 'Bench Pressure Challenge' ", National Jeweler (/wiki/National_Jeweler) , Nielsen Business Media (/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media) – via General OneFile (/wiki/General_OneFile) (subscription required) , March 16, 2009 "Hundreds Of Applicants Turn Out For Gia Career Fair", New York Diamonds , no. 139, Reed Business Information (/wiki/Reed_Business_Information) – via General OneFile (/wiki/General_OneFile) (subscription required) , p. 30, November 2013 WikiMiniAtlas 47°42′31″N 122°19′15″W / 47.708744°N 122.320963°W / 47.708744; -122.320963 This Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Dress by Charles Frederick Worth Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt (/wiki/Alice_Claypoole_Vanderbilt) in her Electric Light dress on March 26, 1883 The Electric Light dress was a masquerade gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) made of gold and silver thread (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) that was designed by Charles Frederick Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) for Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt (/wiki/Alice_Claypoole_Vanderbilt) . It was made for a masquerade ball (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) that was held in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) on March 26, 1883. The ball was hosted by Alice Vanderbilt's sister-in-law, Alva Vanderbilt (/wiki/Alva_Belmont) , as a housewarming party (/wiki/Housewarming_party) for Alva and William K. Vanderbilt's new mansion at 660 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/William_K._Vanderbilt_House) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The dress was made of yellow satin, decorated with glass pearls and beads in a lightning (/wiki/Lightning) -bolt pattern. A built-in battery lit a light bulb she carried, which she could raise over her head like the Statue of Liberty (/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) This dress was one of several spectacular gowns that served to make the event the official start of Alva Vanderbilt's role as a leading socialite (/wiki/Socialite) in New York. [4] (#cite_note-4) The dress is preserved at the Museum of the City of New York (/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York) , [5] (#cite_note-5) having been donated in 1951 by Vanderbilt's youngest daughter Gladys, Countess Laszlo Szechenyi (/wiki/Gladys_Vanderbilt_Sz%C3%A9chenyi) . See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Soth, Amelia (2022-05-26). "Electrical Fashions" (http://daily.jstor.org/electrical-fashions/) . JSTOR Daily . Retrieved 2022-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "MCNY Collections Portal" (https://collections.mcny.org/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=MNYO28_4) . collections.mcny.org . Retrieved 2022-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Vanderbilt Ball | Museum of the City of New York" (https://www.mcny.org/story/vanderbilt-ball) . www.mcny.org . Retrieved 2022-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Page 192 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZRYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031011744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZRYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192) 2022-10-31 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) of the book The Vanderbilts and the Story of Their Fortune , by William Augustus Croffut, 1886 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "How a costume ball changed New York elite society" (http://blog.mcny.org/2013/08/06/vanderbilt-ball-how-a-costume-ball-changed-new-york-elite-society/) . 6 August 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160206075818/http://blog.mcny.org/2013/08/06/vanderbilt-ball-how-a-costume-ball-changed-new-york-elite-society/) from the original on 2016-02-06 . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Electric Light dress (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_Light_dress) at Wikimedia Commons Electric Light dress (http://collections.mcny.org/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=MNYO28_4) at the Museum of the City of New York website This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Clements Ribeiro Company type Private company Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Clements Ribeiro Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded London (/wiki/London) , England (1993) [1] (#cite_note-Indie_Montgomery-1) Founder Suzanne Clements, Inacio Ribeiro Headquarters London , England Area served Worldwide Key people Suzanne Clements, Inacio Ribeiro Website www.clementsribeiro.com (https://www.clementsribeiro.com) Clements Ribeiro is a London-based fashion house established in the early 1990s by husband and wife partnership Suzanne Clements and Inacio Ribeiro. It is known for its feminine designs, bold prints and luxurious knitwear. [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) [3] (#cite_note-Scotsman_Walker-3) Named as one of fashion's 'Magnificent Seven' by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) in 1997 (alongside Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) and Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) ), the label became popular among the Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) scene. [4] (#cite_note-SCMP-4) [5] (#cite_note-WWD_Jones-5) High-profile wearers of the brand have included Adele (/wiki/Adele) , Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) and Jarvis Cocker (/wiki/Jarvis_Cocker) . [3] (#cite_note-Scotsman_Walker-3) [6] (#cite_note-Elle-6) History [ edit ] Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilian_people) -born Inacio Ribeiro and British (/wiki/British_people) -born Suzanne Clements met on their first day at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , London where they had enrolled on the MA (/wiki/Master_of_Arts) in fashion led by Wendy Dagworthy (/wiki/Wendy_Dagworthy) . [7] (#cite_note-Treneman_Indie-7) Graduating in 1991 with Firsts (/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First-class_honours) and marrying a year later, they established their eponymous brand in 1993. [1] (#cite_note-Indie_Montgomery-1) [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) In a joint interview with The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) in 2010, Ribeiro said: "The creation of Clements Ribeiro was a real accident. When we graduated, it was impossible to get a job in London. We went to Milan and hated it, so doing our own thing made sense". [1] (#cite_note-Indie_Montgomery-1) In 1994, they were part of a trip to Japan sponsored by the UK's Department of Trade and Industry (/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)) ; Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) sponsored their early London fashion shows and, by 1997, their range was sold in some 15 countries. [4] (#cite_note-SCMP-4) The label became a stalwart of London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and won a New Generation Designers of the Year (NEWGEN) award in 1996. [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) [8] (#cite_note-Telegraph_Alexander-8) In the same year, the label was nominated for the British Designer of the Year award at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) , losing out to Alexander McQueen. [4] (#cite_note-SCMP-4) In 2000, the label was beaten to the title by Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) , who expressed surprise that Clements Ribeiro hadn't won. [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) Associations [ edit ] In 2000, Clements and Ribeiro became joint creative directors for French fashion house Cacharel (/wiki/Cacharel) . [9] (#cite_note-Guardian_Craik-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The seven-year association received critical acclaim and saw Cacharel expand its distribution and collaborate with names such as Celia Birtwell (/wiki/Celia_Birtwell) , Peter Saville (/wiki/Peter_Saville_(graphic_designer)) and Julie Verhoeven (/wiki/Julie_Verhoeven) . [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) [11] (#cite_note-GD_staff-11) They left Cacharel in summer 2007 and focused on relaunching Clements Ribeiro. [8] (#cite_note-Telegraph_Alexander-8) Design influences [ edit ] Clements Ribeiro is known for eclectic combinations, including bold multicoloured prints, historical references and lavish materials. [3] (#cite_note-Scotsman_Walker-3) [11] (#cite_note-GD_staff-11) In particular, the 'Punk Trousseau' collection of 1998 – an edgy reworking of traditional materials such as embroidery, tartan (/wiki/Tartan) and handmade lace at the height of the Cool Britannia (/wiki/Cool_Britannia) era in UK culture and fashion – garnered international attention and remains influential. [4] (#cite_note-SCMP-4) [12] (#cite_note-Elle_Lowthorpe-12) The label is also credited with making cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) popular with a younger audience and with creating one of the most imitated designs of the 1990s – the striped twinset (/wiki/Twinset) . [13] (#cite_note-V&A_Fashion_in_Motion-13) Clements has characterised their style as "clumsy couture"; the V&A (/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum) noted their tendency to: "use couture within a ready-to-wear context". [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) [13] (#cite_note-V&A_Fashion_in_Motion-13) Since 2008, Clements Ribeiro has undertaken a series of projects focused around upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) alongside its main collection. Projects have included dresses, skirts and shirts made of vintage scarves; 'collage' dresses that combine found fabrics and a collaboration with textile artist Karen Nicol to transform vintage cashmere knitwear with embroidery motifs. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-AM_Cope-15) [16] (#cite_note-FT_Qureshi-16) Maintaining its specialism in knitwear, Clements Ribeiro reintroduced a capsule collection of men's sweaters handmade in Scotland in 2013. [5] (#cite_note-WWD_Jones-5) [17] (#cite_note-Guardian_Chilvers-17) Collaborations [ edit ] Clements and Ribeiro have been described as "masters of designer collaborations". [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) In addition to working with Cacharel, and shoe designers Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) , Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd) and Christian Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) , the duo created designs for Nokia (/wiki/Nokia) in 2001. [11] (#cite_note-GD_staff-11) [18] (#cite_note-Guardian_Pavitt-18) The label has also collaborated with a number of other brands, including high-street chains Dorothy Perkins (/wiki/Dorothy_Perkins) and John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership) . [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_Craven-2) [19] (#cite_note-FT_Groom-19) Notably for a couture house, Clements Ribeiro began collaborating with plus-size (/wiki/Plus-size_clothing) high-street clothing retailer Evans (/wiki/Evans_(clothing)) in 2012, producing the Swan range. [20] (#cite_note-DT_Pithers-20) Fans of its diffusion range for Evans included Adele, who wore one of the designs for a concert in Canada. [21] (#cite_note-21) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Montgomery, Hugh (26 December 2010). "How We Met: Inacio Ribeiro & Suzanne Clements" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how-we-met-inacio-ribeiro-amp-suzanne-clements-2166291.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Craven, Jo (11 May 2011). "Who's Who: Clements Ribeiro" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/clements-ribeiro-biography) . Vogue . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Walker, Ruth (23 June 2013). "Clements Ribeiro: Couture with a cutting edge" (http://www.scotsman.com/news/clements-ribeiro-couture-with-a-cutting-edge-1-2973780) . The Scotsman . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d staff interview (6 July 1997). "Clements Ribeiro's rise to fashion fame is as sudden as this spring's" (http://www.scmp.com/article/202885/dynamic-duo) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Nina (31 January 2012). "Clements Ribeiro reviving men's line for Fall" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/clements-ribeiros-new-man-5588784) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elle_6-0) staff (12 February 2012). "Best Looks Adele" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/adele-best-red-carpet-looks-clements-ribeiro#slide-8) . Elle . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Treneman_Indie_7-0) Treneman, Ann (14 March 1998). "Profile: Wendy Dagworthy – Mentor a la mode" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/profile-wendy-dagworthy---mentor-a-la-mode-1150219.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Hilary (20 June 2007). "...and a fashion divorce" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG3360377/...and-a-fashion-divorce.html) . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_Craik_9-0) Craik, Laura (26 May 2000). "Pretend you know all about... Cacharel" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2000/may/26/fashion5) . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Case. "The Brand Council Case Studies: Cacharel" (https://archive.today/20140707073203/http://m.brandrepublic.com/article/172415/brand-council-case-studies-cacharel) . m.brandrepublic.com/article/172415/brand-council-case-studies-cacharel . Brand Republic, originally published in 2002 in Cool Brand Leaders. Archived from the original (http://m.brandrepublic.com/article/172415/brand-council-case-studies-cacharel) on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c staff. "Clements Ribeiro's fashion evolution" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150047/http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/people/clements-ribeiro) . fashion people . Grazia Daily. Archived from the original (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/people/clements-ribeiro) on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elle_Lowthorpe_12-0) Lowthorpe, Rebecca (2013). "What old school designers can teach kindergarten talent" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120335/http://www.elleuk.com/catwalk/designer-a-z/clements-ribeiro/autumn-winter-2013#image=1) . ELLE UK. Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/catwalk/designer-a-z/clements-ribeiro/autumn-winter-2013#image=1) on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fashion in Motion. "Fashion in Motion: Clements Ribeiro, July 2001" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/fashion-in-motion-clements-ribeiro/) . vam.ac.uk . Victoria & Albert Museum . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Bubble, Susie (2010). "Mania at Clements Ribeiro" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/6423/1/mania-at-clements-ribeiro) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-AM_Cope_15-0) Cope, Becky (2009). "Clements Ribeiro's Ethical Half and Half Project" (http://www.ameliasmagazine.com/fashion/clements-ribeiros-ethical-half-half-project/2009/10/14/) . Amelia's Magazine . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-FT_Qureshi_16-0) Qureshi, Afsun (14 February 2012). "On the green carpet:fabrics made from sustainable sources are stepping into the spotlight" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8e245a12-58dc-11e1-b9c6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz36UKPxHJy) . Financial Times . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_Chilvers_17-0) Chilvers, Simon (14 February 2012). "Men's fashion: smashing knits courtesy of Clements Ribeiro" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2012/feb/14/mens-fashion-knitwear-clements-ribeiro) . The Guardian (blog) . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_Pavitt_18-0) Pavitt, Jane (9 July 2001). "A brief history of brands: Nokia" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/jul/09/marketingandpr.g213) . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-FT_Groom_19-0) Groom, Avril (11 August 2012). "Clements Ribeiro's new range for John Lewis" (http://howtospendit.ft.com/womens-fashion/7859-clements-ribeiros-new-range-for-john-lewis) . Financial Times . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_Pithers_20-0) Pithers, Ellie (26 March 2012). "First look at Clements Ribeiro for Evans" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9167240/First-look-at-Clements-Ribeiro-for-Evans.html) . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pithers, Ellie (26 March 2012). "First look at Clements Ribeiro for Evans" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9167240/First-look-at-Clements-Ribeiro-for-Evans.html) . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://www.clementsribeiro.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐464jz Cached time: 20240715105045 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.388 seconds Real time usage: 0.452 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2027/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42061/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 843/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 82990/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5114423/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 413.777 1 -total 57.28% 236.996 1 Template:Reflist 47.61% 196.982 19 Template:Cite_news 38.20% 158.071 1 Template:Infobox_company 33.81% 139.881 1 Template:Infobox 3.18% 13.140 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.79% 11.538 2 Template:Cite_web 0.79% 3.286 1 Template:Template_other 0.59% 2.429 3 Template:Longitem 0.59% 2.423 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43214002-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715105045 and revision id 1153644355. 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Egyptian-Lebanese photographer (born 1969) Lara Baladi Born 1969 Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) , Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) Nationality Egyptian-Lebanese Known for Photography, Installation, Film, Curator Lara Baladi (born 1969 in Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) , Lebanon) is an acclaimed [1] (#cite_note-1) Egyptian (/wiki/Egyptian_people) - Lebanese (/wiki/Lebanese_people) photographer, archivist and multimedia artist. She was educated in Paris and London [2] (#cite_note-2) and currently lives in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Baladi exhibits and publishes worldwide. Her body of work encompasses photography, video, visual montages/collages, installations, architectural constructions, tapestries, sculptures and even perfume. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Much of her work reflects her "concerns with Egypt's extremely alarming sociopolitical context." [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Work [ edit ] Since 1997, she has been a member of the Arab Image Foundation (/wiki/Arab_Image_Foundation) (AIF), [5] (#cite_note-5) for which she directs magazine editorials and curates exhibitions and artist residencies. [6] (#cite_note-6) She curated the artist residency Fenenin el Rehal (Nomadic Artists) in Egypt's White Desert (/wiki/White_Desert) in 2006 [7] (#cite_note-7) and participated in workshops and conferences around the world. Baladi is represented by the Townhouse Gallery of Contemporary Art (/wiki/The_Townhouse_Gallery) in Cairo and Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde (/w/index.php?title=Gallery_Isabelle_van_den_Eynde&action=edit&redlink=1) (IVDE Gallery) in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) . Baladi received a Japan Foundation (/wiki/Japan_Foundation) Fellowship in 2003 to research manga (/wiki/Manga) and anime (/wiki/Anime) in Tokyo. Among other global locations, she participated in the VASL residency program in Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) , Pakistan in 2010. The breadth and variety of Baladi’s international experience influences her use of iconography drawn from numerous cultures. Photo-montage [ edit ] In 2000, she participated in The Desert , a group exhibition at Fondation Cartier (/wiki/Fondation_Cartier) in Paris with Om El Dounia (Mother of the World), [8] (#cite_note-8) a vast mosaic of photographs with highly saturated colors. [9] (#cite_note-9) This piece, while playful and with many references to pop culture, is also an exploration of the Biblical story of creation. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2007, Baladi presented a work called Justice for the Mother , which depicts leaders of Arab countries. She considers it part of a series she calls "anthropological photography," where she assembles series of photographs that tell a larger story. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In this piece, Baladi draws from influences from both Western and Islamic traditions, creating "fantastical, playful surveys of history, culture and personal reflection." [11] (#cite_note-:5-11) Sandouk el Dounia (The World in a Box), [12] (#cite_note-12) is a huge composition of hundreds of scanned photographs. [13] (#cite_note-13) The name of the piece references traditional street theater for children in Cairo. [11] (#cite_note-:5-11) Sandouk was presented in 2009 at the Queens Museum of Art (/wiki/Queens_Museum_of_Art) 's group exhibition Tarjama/Translation and in 2011 at the Venice Biennial (/wiki/Venice_Biennial) 's group show Penelope’s Labor: Weaving Words and Images. Reviewers called it "a giant tapestry version of a photo collage packed with images of action heroines". [14] (#cite_note-14) Installations [ edit ] An enormous installation titled "Al Fanous el Sehryn" (the Magic Lantern) was shown at the Townhouse Gallery (/wiki/Townhouse_Gallery) in Cairo in 2003. [15] (#cite_note-15) The work consists of "a large eight-pointed star constructed of steel--approximately 23 feet in diameter--and a series of light boxes containing saturated colored images produced from x-ray photographs of a pregnant doll giving birth". [16] (#cite_note-Thompson_2008-16) The art suggests a cyclical nature where the images of the doll endlessly grow up and then giving birth over and over. The star shape was inspired by the chandeliers which hang in the mosque of Mohammed Ali in the Cairo Citadel (/wiki/Cairo_Citadel) . [11] (#cite_note-:5-11) Her installation Roba Vecchia [17] (#cite_note-17) was presented in 2006 at the Townhouse Gallery in Cairo, [16] (#cite_note-Thompson_2008-16) in 2007 at the Sharjah Biennal [18] (#cite_note-18) and in 2009 at Arabesques , an exhibition of Arab contemporary art at the Kennedy Center (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts) in Washington [19] (#cite_note-Keating-19) and described as a "human-scale kaleidoscope", [20] (#cite_note-20) that "incorporated images from pop culture, then shattered them in constantly changing geometries", [19] (#cite_note-Keating-19) and in which "the participant becomes immersed in a psychedelic environment where rapidly yet systematically changing imagery engulfs the viewer". [16] (#cite_note-Thompson_2008-16) Borg el Amal (Tower of Hope), an ephemeral construction and sound installation, won the Grand Nile Award at the 2008/2009 Cairo Biennale. The inspiration for the tower comes from the slums surrounding Cairo known as ashwa'iyat (haphazard things). [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Her own tower in Borg el Amal was constructed of similar materials to the ashwa'iyat and allowed the audience to experience music under the oper sky. The entire installation is a challenge to "the censorship of the Mubarak (/wiki/Mubarak) era and addressed the state's ignorance of [that social plight]," which Baladi saw as a problem which she likened to a "ticking bomb about to explode." [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) She commissioned the Kiev Kamera Orchestra to perform the Donkey Symphony, Borg el Amal’s sound component, at the first Kiev Biennial in 2012. [21] (#cite_note-21) Coffee cups , [22] (#cite_note-22) presented in 2010 at Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde (/w/index.php?title=Gallery_Isabelle_van_den_Eynde&action=edit&redlink=1) in Dubai has been considered both "playful" and inviting the viewer "into a world of contemplation and reflection". [23] (#cite_note-23) Tahrir [ edit ] During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 (/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011) , Baladi co-founded two media initiatives: Radio Tahrir and Tahrir Cinema. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Both projects were inspired and informed by the eighteen days that toppled Egyptian leader, Hosni Mubarak (/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) ’s, leadership. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Radio Tahrir came about when Baladi and her friends, along with other like-minded people, started importing the equipment needed to start a pirate radio station. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Radio Tahrir was the first free online radio in Egypt. [24] (#cite_note-:4-24) Tahrir Cinema was co-founded with Mosireen, an Egyptian non-profit media initiative. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The project served as a public platform to build and share a video archive on and for the revolution. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The impetus to create Tahrir Cinema came from the chaos surrounding the second sit-in in Tahrir: "People were screaming and shouting on stages into microphones," she says, "there was so much diffused information floating around, but no focus." [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Her training as a visual artist helped her organize, show and share documents relating to the revolution using these platforms. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [25] (#cite_note-:1-25) Tahrir Cinema went live on July 14, 2011. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The public experienced Tahrir Cinema as film shown on a screen constructed of wood and plastic in the main thoroughfare of the square. Surrounding the screen were rugs for people to sit on and areas for a larger standing crowd to view the footage. [26] (#cite_note-:2-26) Lara Baladi created a collection of footage that included videos shot by activists directly involved in the revolution. [26] (#cite_note-:2-26) She was very broad in her collecting, even showing "solidarity protests" from London. [26] (#cite_note-:2-26) Being able to view and experience images and video taken by citizens in Egypt was an abrupt break with Mubarak's regime, where photography was prohibited in many areas of Egypt. [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) Baladi writes, "people in the square took photos because they felt the social responsibility to do so...The camera became a nonviolent weapon aimed directly at the state, denouncing it." [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) Continuing work [ edit ] Baladi received a Fellowship from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Open Documentary Lab for 2014 and 2015 in order to research, archive and create a transmedia (/wiki/Transmedia_storytelling) activism project called Vox Populi, Archiving a Revolution in the Digital Age . [24] (#cite_note-:4-24) Vox Populi is a multimedia documentary that consists of an archive of articles, images and videos that Baladi had been gathering since January 25, 2011. [25] (#cite_note-:1-25) Preserving the ephemera and the images of the revolution in Tahrir is important to Baladi. She writes that "most of the images of the 18 days [of protest] vanishing into a bottomless pit thanks to Google's PageRank algorithm, will the vision of a possible new world people glimpsed in [Tahrir] Square die along with its digital traces?" [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) This expression of the fleeting nature of the digital world informs her current work. Selected solo exhibitions [ edit ] 2015 Perspectives, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, DC, USA 2011 Hope, NY Abu Dhabi University Gallery, New York City, NY, USA 2010 Diary of the Future, Gallery Isabelle Van Den Eynde, Dubai, UAE 2008 Surface of Time, B21 Art Gallery, Dubai, UAE 2006 Towards the Light, 20 screen projections along one kilometer of the seashore on opening night of Image of the Middle East Festival, Copenhagen International Theatre, Denmark Roba Vecchia, Townhouse Gallery of Contemporary Art, Cairo, Egypt 2004-6 Kai’ro Lansmuseet, Vasternorrland, Harnosand, Sweden, 2005-6 Nikolai, Copenhagen Contemporary Art Centre, Denmark, 2005 Pori Museum, Pori, Finland, 2005 Bilmuseet, Umea, Sweden, 2004 2002 Al Fanous Al Sehry, Townhouse Gallery of Contemporary Art, Cairo, Egypt 2001 Sandouk Al Dounia El Nitaq Festival, Cairo, Egypt Ashkal Alwan (/wiki/Ashkal_Alwan) , Beirut, Lebanon References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hack, Susan (February 2011). "Hidden Pleasures Of The Nile". Conde Nast Traveler . Gale A250562110. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lara Baladi" (http://www.thefutureofapromise.com/index.php/artists/statement/lara_baladi#) . The Future of a Promise . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cotter, Holland (June 11, 1999). "Art in Review; 'Sampling' (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/11/arts/art-in-review-sampling.html?scp=4&sq=lara+baladi&st=nyt) " (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/11/arts/art-in-review-sampling.html?scp=4&sq=lara+baladi&st=nyt) . New York Times . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schoene, Dorothea (2012). "Art in a Revolution: A Conversation with Lara Baladi" (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=73918991&site=ehost-live) . Afterimage . 39 (5): 19 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Feldman, Hannah; Zaatari, Akram (2007). "Mining War: Fragments from a Conversation Already Passed". Art Journal . 66 (Summer, 2007): 54. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00043249.2007.10791254 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043249.2007.10791254) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 20068532 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20068532) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144640963 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144640963) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Issa, Rose; Krifa, Michket (2011). Arab Photography Now . Kehrer. p. 227. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Beyond the Image (http://www.ibraaz.org/projects/40) : Dorothy Schoene, 29 January 2013 at ibraaz.org; retrieved 6 October 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Om El Dounia" (http://www.factum-arte.com/eng/artistas/lara/desert.asp) . Factum Arte . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Riding, Alan Riding (August 29, 2000). "Fresh Eyes Find Timeless Magic Within the Desert's Sand" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/arts/arts-abroad-fresh-eyes-find-timeless-magic-within-the-desert-s-sand.html?scp=3&sq=lara+baladi&st=nyt) . New York Times . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Lara Baladi" (http://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/egypt/lara-baladi/) . Barjeel Art Foundation . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Arabesque: new Middle Eastern art: continued" (http://www.modernedition.com/art-articles/new-arabic-art/contemporary-arabic-art.html) . Modernedition.com . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Sandouk el Dounia" (http://www.factum-arte.com/eng/artistas/lara/sandouk_el_dounia.asp) . Factum Arte . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Conway Morris, Roderick (June 13, 2011). "Show Highlights the Return of the Loom" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/arts/14iht-rartconway14.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=lara+baladi&st=nyt) . New York Times . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Cotter, Holland (August 14, 2009). "Art in Review" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E5DA1430F937A2575BC0A96F9C8B63&scp=2&sq=lara+baladi&st=nyt) . New York Times . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Al Fanous el Sehry" (http://www.factum-arte.com/eng/artistas/lara/fanous_en.asp) . Factum Arte . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, Seth (September 2008). "Cairo's Avant-garde". Afterimage . Ebsco 34685129. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Roba Vecchia" (http://www.factum-arte.com/eng/artistas/lara/ROBA.asp) . Factum Arte . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Thompson, Seth (July–August 2007). "Notions of ecology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426021419/http://www.seththompson.info/html/news/sharjahbiennial8.htm) . Afterimage . Archived from the original (http://www.seththompson.info/html/news/sharjahbiennial8.htm) on April 26, 2012 . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Keating, Michael (May–June 2009). " "Arabesque": art at the crossroads". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . Gale A200066805. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Mazria-Katz, Marisa (March 7, 2009). "Middle Eastern cultural diplomacy" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/7a8618ea-091d-11de-b8b0-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz1fYxhIxsl) . Financial Times . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Moore, Rachel (12 November 2014). "Artist Lara Baladi to Speak about her Participation in 2011 Egyptian Uprisings" (http://vtdigger.org/2014/11/17/artist-lara-baladi-speak-participation-2011-egyptian-uprisings/) . VTDigger.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Coffee cups" (http://www.factum-arte.com/eng/artistas/lara/coffee_cups.asp) . Factum Arte . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Thompson, Seth (July 2010). "Beyond the frame" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120325202749/http://www.seththompson.info/html/news/baladi_at_ivde.htm) . Afterimage . Archived from the original (http://www.seththompson.info/html/news/baladi_at_ivde.htm) on March 25, 2012 . Retrieved December 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Lara Baladi Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065153/http://www.grimaldigavin.com/section/artists/lara-baladi/biography) . Camilla Grimaldi Gallery . Archived from the original (http://www.grimaldigavin.com/section/artists/lara-baladi/biography) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Lara Baladi" (http://opendoclab.mit.edu/lara-baladi) . MIT Open Documentary Lab . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Stuhr-Rommereim, Helen (20 July 2011). "Tahrir Cinema displays revolutionary power of archives" (http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/tahrir-cinema-displays-revolutionary-power-archives) . Egypt Independent . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Baladi, Lara (16 September 2013). "When Seeing Is Belonging: The Photography of Tahrir Square" (http://creativetimereports.org/2013/09/16/lara-baladi-photography-of-tahrir-square/) . Creative Time Reports . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . External links [ edit ] Video interview on the show (https://archive.today/20080924173548/http://www.seththompson.info/html/interviews/larabaladi.htm) Surface of Time Article in Nafas on Rituals of Hope Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde (http://ivde.net/artists/lara_baladi) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1797461/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000037468070X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/169374934) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycJryCQrGxKtJ4cBh4MP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/143742051) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007391313905171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001014436) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/319473) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/402157) ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500389014) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/181549115) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐zz9wk Cached time: 20240715115526 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.532 seconds Real time usage: 0.645 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2772/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48867/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1029/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 103142/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.385/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6129086/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 600.189 1 -total 41.85% 251.176 1 Template:Reflist 26.15% 156.962 11 Template:Cite_news 22.92% 137.579 1 Template:Infobox_artist 16.91% 101.465 1 Template:Authority_control 13.44% 80.648 1 Template:Short_description 7.70% 46.229 2 Template:Pagetype 7.29% 43.744 12 Template:Cite_web 6.33% 38.004 17 Template:Main_other 3.63% 21.778 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33956664-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715115526 and revision id 1228228489. 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Glenmuir (https://www.glenmuir.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235124/https://www.glenmuir.com/) 2020-08-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) is a famous golf knitwear and clothing company founded in 1891 in Lanark (/wiki/Lanark) , Scotland. For the past 25 years it has been the Preferred Supplier of shirts and knitwear to the European Ryder Cup Team. [1] (#cite_note-1) Glenmuir's factory and factory shop are located 27-29 Delves Road, Lanark, Scotland ML11 9DX. Their factory shop is open from 10am to 4pm (Mon-Sat, closed on Sun). [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] In 1891, local businessman Andrew MacDougall established a hosiery factory in the small village of Kirkfieldbank (/wiki/Kirkfieldbank) near Lanark, in the Clyde Valley. MacDougall’s first work force initially consisted of five women, all called Mary. MacDougall was the inventor of a new power-driven machine that greatly simplified the design and manufacture of fancy golf hose. Before the turn of the century the company moved to a new factory on Delves Road in Lanark, which remains its headquarters to this day, and soon the premises were extended to accommodate the growing business. From its beginnings as a hosiery and knitwear factory, the company’s Lanark site has developed over the years to provide a club, corporate, and event embroidery programme. The Ruia Group acquired Glenmuir in 2002. The Ruia Group, owners of Sock Shop (/wiki/Sock_Shop) is a family run textile business based in Lancashire. In November 2009, an agreement between Glenmuir and Sunderland of Scotland (https://www.glenmuir.com/sunderland) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231205123236/https://www.glenmuir.com/sunderland) 2023-12-05 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) meant Glenmuir became the official European distributor of Sunderland of Scotland golf products. Glenmuir and the Ryder Cup [ edit ] Glenmuir's long-standing association with the Ryder Cup (/wiki/Ryder_Cup) began in 1987, when Tony Jacklin (/wiki/Tony_Jacklin) captained the first-ever European Team to lift the trophy on ‘foreign soil’ at Muirfield Village, USA. Since that 15-13 victory the partnership between Glenmuir and the European Ryder Cup committee has been one of the longest-running in the world of high-profile professional sport, with Glenmuir the Preferred Supplier of shirts and knitwear from 1987 to 2014. Glenmuir and the Professional Golfer’s Association [ edit ] Glenmuir is the longest-running sponsor of the Glenmuir PGA Professional Championship, the largest annual competition for registered PGA Professionals, won in 2011 by Craig Goodfellow. In 2010, Glenmuir also received a 25-year service recognition from Sandy Jones, Chief Executive of the PGA of GB&I. Glenmuir is also a Corporate Partner of the PGAs of Europe and in 2011 was the Preferred Supplier to both teams in the Vivendi Seve Trophy (/wiki/Seve_Trophy) . External links [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ryder Cup (/wiki/Ryder_Cup) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Contact Us" (https://www.glenmuir.com/pages/customer/information/contact) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200727180323/https://www.glenmuir.com/pages/customer/information/contact) from the original on 2020-07-27 . Retrieved 2020-07-27 . Glenmuir official website (http://www.glenmuir.com/) GolfBusinessNews.com story (http://www.golfbusinessnews.com/news/corporate/glenmuir-super-summer-capped-by-vivendi-seve-trophy/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120406021410/http://www.golfbusinessnews.com/news/corporate/glenmuir-super-summer-capped-by-vivendi-seve-trophy/) 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Ruia Group Corporate Website (http://ruia.co.uk/products/associated-companies-3/glenmuir/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111122010350/http://ruia.co.uk/products/associated-companies-3/glenmuir/) 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) PGA Website (https://web.archive.org/web/20111112104729/http://www.pga.info/PGAProfessionalChampionship.aspx) PGA Website (https://web.archive.org/web/20111128222705/http://pga.info/News/40884674.htm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐f868h Cached time: 20240707040533 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.138 seconds Real time usage: 0.205 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 204/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3592/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 153/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4721/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.089/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2464974/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 189.730 1 -total 59.51% 112.914 1 Template:Reflist 49.00% 92.965 1 Template:Cite_web 24.95% 47.332 1 Template:Official_website 14.37% 27.264 4 Template:Webarchive 1.21% 2.304 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33675958-0!canonical and timestamp 20240707040533 and revision id 1227644815. 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A Spanish flannel cloth used for upholstery in the 14th to 17th centuries Segovienne was a Spanish flannel (/wiki/Flannel) cloth used for upholstery (/wiki/Upholstery) in the 14th to 17th centuries. It was produced in Segovia (/wiki/Segovia) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Weave [ edit ] Segovienne was a twilled weave structure with a hairy surface produced by using Spanish wool. [2] (#cite_note-2) Use [ edit ] However, apart from upholstery, Its use as everyday clothing and children's clothing expanded in the 18th century. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Montgomery, Florence M. (1984). Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth . Internet Archive. New York ; London : Norton. p. 344. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-393-01703-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tortora, Phyllis G.; Johnson, Ingrid (2013-09-17). The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles . A&C Black. p. 544. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60901-535-0 . v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) This article about textiles (/wiki/Textile) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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< Wikipedia talk:Featured topics (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics) This page serves as a project discussion for the Fully featured topic (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics) , Overview of Judy Ann Santos . Every article in this topic is featured if possible. Appropriate discussion on this page includes: Working definition of the topic. Vital improvements to articles necessary to maintain status for the topic. Potential improvements to the topic's member articles. Possible additions to the scope of the topic. General questions about maintaining good and featured topics can also be referred to Wikipedia talk:Good topics (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Good_topics) and Wikipedia talk:Featured topics (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics) . Topic milestones Date Process Result June 22, 2022 Featured topic candidate (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_and_good_topic_candidates/Overview_of_Judy_Ann_Santos/archive1) Promoted with articles Judy Ann Santos (/wiki/Judy_Ann_Santos) , List of awards and nominations received by Judy Ann Santos (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Judy_Ann_Santos) , and Judy Ann Santos filmography (/wiki/Judy_Ann_Santos_filmography) Current Status: Featured topic This project page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to multiple WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) . Biography (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Biography (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography) , a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. 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2012 fashion website based in London DIA-style.com Type of business E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Founded 2012 Headquarters London (/wiki/London) URL DIA-style.com (http://www.DIA-style.com) DIA-style.com was a social commerce website (/wiki/Website) for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) that focused on the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The site was in Arabic (/wiki/Arabic) and English (/wiki/English_(language)) and was best known as the first site offering Arabic speaking consumers the ability to shop online for ready-to-wear and accessories from luxury brands (/wiki/Luxury_brand) and designers in their own language. [3] (#cite_note-3) There were over 50,000 ready-to-wear and non-apparel pieces from over 1,200 designers, [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) with brands including Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Lanvin, Fendi, Peter Pilotto, Mary Katrantzou (/wiki/Mary_Katrantzou) and 3.1 Phillip Lim. [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] DIA-style.com, launched in 2012, was based in London (/wiki/London) and was part of the DIA Digital a group of online businesses. It was a complementary sister site to DIA-BOUTIQUE.com, a marketplace that promoted ready-to-wear and accessories by independent designers from around the world. [7] (#cite_note-7) DIA Digital and its constituent companies were founded by Rasha Khouri, an online fashion entrepreneur from the investment banking sector. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [ excessive citations ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Middle East full of promise for UK entrepreneurs" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/festival-of-business/10288650/Middle-East-full-of-promise-for-UK-entrepreneurs.html) The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "DIA-style.com Launches First Fully Arabic Luxury e-Commerce Site" (http://www.wamda.com/2012/02/dia-style-com-launches-first-fully-arabic-luxury-goods-shopping-site) WAMDA. Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Rasha Khouri" (http://hauteliving.com/2012/07/rasha-khouri/297928/) Haute Living . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion Tech Entrepreneur Rasha Khouri" (http://www.boemagazine.com/2013/06/fashion-tech-entrepreneur-rasha-khouri/) BOE . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Women of the Web | Online Entrepreneur Rasha Khouri" (http://emirateswoman.com/2013/10/01/online-entrepreneur-rasha-khouri/) Emirates Woman . Retrieved 24 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "In Her Shoes: Rasha Khouri" (http://shoesanddrama.com/in-her-shoes-rasha-khouri/#) Shoes and Drama . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Dia – Boutique’s Rasha Khouri" (http://ninunina.com/2012/04/25/dia-boutiques-rasha-khouri/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205243/http://ninunina.com/2012/04/25/dia-boutiques-rasha-khouri/) 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Ninunina . Retrieved 28 October 2013. [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rasha Khouri" (http://www.westlondonliving.co.uk/people/my-west-london-life/rasha-khouri/) West London Living . Retrieved 24 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Business Class with Rasha Kouri" (http://savoirflair.com/magazine/interview-rasha-kouri-business-class) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184631/http://savoirflair.com/magazine/interview-rasha-kouri-business-class) 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Savior Flair . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Style File: Rasha Khouri" (http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/style-file-rasha-khouri) The National . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Rasha Khouri inspires Saudi women" (http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20121202144658) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191247/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20121202144658) 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Saudi Gazette . Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Styling the Arab World: a Conversation with Rasha Khouri, CEO of DIA-Style" (http://muftah.org/?tag=rasha-khouri) MUFTAH . Retrieved 27 October 2013. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.DIA-style.com) The Elite Post (https://theelitepost.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004150303/https://theelitepost.com/) 2022-10-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) This website-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DIA-style.com&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American make-up artist Sir John Born Sir John Barnett ( 1982-07-01 ) July 1, 1982 Buffalo, New York, US Occupations Make-up artist executive activist influencer Years active 2001–present Awards Makeup Artist of the Year, InStyle (2016) Website www (http://www.sirjohnofficial.com/) .sirjohnofficial (http://www.sirjohnofficial.com/) .com (http://www.sirjohnofficial.com/) Sir John Barnett (born July 1, 1982), [1] (#cite_note-1) known professionally as Sir John , is a make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) , [2] (#cite_note-2) activist, [3] (#cite_note-3) influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) , [4] (#cite_note-4) and executive (/wiki/Executive_officer) . [5] (#cite_note-5) He is best known for being a creative collaborator and make-up artist of Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Among those he has done make-up work for include Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Naomi Osaka (/wiki/Naomi_Osaka) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Mary J Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Viola Davis (/wiki/Viola_Davis) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Erykah Badu (/wiki/Erykah_Badu) , [19] (#cite_note-19) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) , [20] (#cite_note-20) and Kat Graham (/wiki/Kat_Graham) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Sir John is a creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) for L'Oreal Paris USA (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Paris) and the Chief creative officer (/wiki/Chief_creative_officer) of CTZN Cosmetics. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-:0-23) [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) Early life [ edit ] Sir John was born in Buffalo, New York (/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York) . [25] (#cite_note-25) He took interest in art at early age—receiving formal training from the age of six. Sir John honed his skillset at the Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts (BAVPA). (/wiki/Buffalo_Academy_for_Visual_and_Performing_Arts) [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) At the age of eighteen, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta) , following his passion for art, to study art history (/wiki/Art_history) , printmaking (/wiki/Printmaking) , and sculpture at American InterContinental University (/wiki/American_InterContinental_University) . [27] (#cite_note-27) While in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Sir John serendipitously (/wiki/Serendipity) discovered a love for make-up. [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) His friend, a catalog model, invited him to accompany her to a photo shoot (/wiki/Photo_shoot) for an upcoming spread. The make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) for the shoot canceled at the last minute and the shoot photographer, recognizing that Sir John studied art, offered him the opportunity to do his friend's make-up. [28] (#cite_note-:2-28) The following week, the photographer invited Sir John to work on another photo shoot, and soon introduced Sir John to some of his friends in the cosmetic (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) industry; this led to his first full-time job at a local make-up counter for MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) . [23] (#cite_note-:0-23) At the age of 19, Sir John was transferred to work at MAC's SoHo (/wiki/SoHo,_Manhattan) Bloomingdales (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) location in New York City. [29] (#cite_note-Fogarty-29) At the age of 23, he pivoted into visual merchandising (/wiki/Visual_merchandising) and executed displays for Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , and Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . [30] (#cite_note-:4-30) Concurrently, he moonlighted as a make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) at the Riviera Gentlemen's Club in Astoria, Queens (/wiki/Astoria,_Queens) . [31] (#cite_note-31) Career [ edit ] Pat McGrath and Charlotte Tilbury [ edit ] In 2010, while on a lunch break, Sir John ran into his old friend Yadim Carranza—a make-up artist that he knew from his time at MAC (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) and a lead assistant of British make-up artist Pat McGrath (/wiki/Pat_McGrath_(make-up_artist)) . [32] (#cite_note-:3-32) This encounter led to an opportunity to work as a make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) under the wing of Pat McGrath (/wiki/Pat_McGrath_(make-up_artist)) —first in Bryant Park (/wiki/Bryant_Park) , New York City, and, shortly thereafter, during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [32] (#cite_note-:3-32) [33] (#cite_note-Masterclass-33) In Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Sir John served as a make-up artist at his first show ever, the Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) fashion show. He also worked Prada (/wiki/Prada) 's fashion show and, at Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) Hotel Milano, with his first celebrity client, Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) . [29] (#cite_note-Fogarty-29) Soon after working at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) , Sir John began assisting British make-up artist Charlotte Tilbury (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury) . [33] (#cite_note-Masterclass-33) In September 2010, Tilbury introduced him to Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , at Tom Ford's (/wiki/Tom_Ford_(brand)) first womenswear show during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [33] (#cite_note-Masterclass-33) At the Tom Ford show, Sir John made his debut as Beyoncé's make-up artist, at the same time that Beyoncé made her debut as a runway model. [33] (#cite_note-Masterclass-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2012, Sir John signed an agreement with Beyoncé to become her make-up artist. [30] (#cite_note-:4-30) Beyoncé [ edit ] As Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) 's make-up artist, Sir John designed dozens looks spanning her body of work, from music videos and magazine spreads, to the Super Bowl, world tours, and red carpet appearances. Beyoncé Album [ edit ] In 2013, Sir John created Beyoncé's looks for the Beyoncé (album) (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) . Her self-titled fifth studio album is a two-disc album that includes an audio disc (disc one) and a "visual album" (disc two), where all 18 tracks are accompanied by non-linear short films. Among other videos for the album, he created Beyoncé's looks for two videos that accompanied the two-part tracks " Haunted (/wiki/Haunted_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) " and " Partition (/wiki/Partition_(song)) ." He also did her make-up in " Pretty Hurts (/wiki/Pretty_Hurts) ," " Drunk in Love (/wiki/Drunk_in_Love) ," " Blow (/wiki/Blow_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " No Angel (/wiki/No_Angel_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " Formation (/wiki/Formation_(song)) ," " Jealous (/wiki/Jealous_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " Rocket (/wiki/Rocket_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " Mine (/wiki/Mine_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " XO (/wiki/XO_(song)) ," " Flawless (/wiki/Flawless_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " Superpower (/wiki/Superpower_(song)) ," " Heaven (/wiki/Heaven_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ," " Blue (/wiki/Blue_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_song)) ," and " Grown Woman (/wiki/Grown_Woman_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_song)) ." Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show [ edit ] In 2016, Sir John designed Beyoncé's make-up for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show) . [35] (#cite_note-35) Her make-up was lauded as an "insanely gorgeous coppery dream of a makeup look" by Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , [36] (#cite_note-36) "#flawless" by Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , [37] (#cite_note-37) and one of the "most memorable Super Bowl beauty moments" by Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) . [38] (#cite_note-38) During the Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show, Beyoncé announced her seventh concert tour, in support of her sixth studio album Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) , The Formation World Tour (/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour) . The Formation World Tour and Lemonade [ edit ] External Media Sir John Discusses Beyonce's Makeup for Formation World Tour (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71wcVseazzI) Sir John conceived and fine tuned her look for 49 sold-out shows, spanning 16 countries. The palette for The Formation World Tour (/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour) consisted of warmer tones—bronze and terracotta shades. [39] (#cite_note-:6-39) In alignment with Beyonce's 2016 Elle US (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , UK (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , and France (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine covers, Sir John focused on skin glow and naturalness. [39] (#cite_note-:6-39) "Beychella" [ edit ] In 2018, Sir John was responsible for Beyoncé's make-up during her performance at Coachella (/wiki/Coachella_(festival)) —dubbed " Beychella (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2018_Coachella_performance) "—when she became the first black woman to headline the event. [40] (#cite_note-40) According to Sir John, he wanted Beyoncé to " look like a college girl on campus", a look that was inspired by the 1988 film School Daze (/wiki/School_Daze) . [41] (#cite_note-41) 60th Annual Grammy Awards [ edit ] That same year he partnered with Beyoncé to help create three looks for the pre-Grammy Roc Nation Brunch, 2018 Clive Davis Recording Academy Gala, and the 60th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/60th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . [42] (#cite_note-42) American Beauty Star [ edit ] Sir John became an executive producer (/wiki/Executive_producer_(television)) (alongside Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Norton Herrick, and Ross Elliot) and in-show mentor for an American competition reality television series on Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) , American Beauty Star (/wiki/American_Beauty_Star) . [43] (#cite_note-43) The series ran for two seasons—Sir John was a mentor during both seasons—and featured Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) , Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) , Russell James (/wiki/Russell_James) , and Yu Tsai (/wiki/Yu_Tsai) . [44] (#cite_note-44) Executive leadership [ edit ] In 2015, Sir John was named a creative director for L’Oréal Paris USA (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Paris) , making him the brand's first Black creative director in the United States. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) In 2022, he was tapped as Chief creative officer (/wiki/Chief_creative_officer) of CTZN Cosmetics. [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) Make-up work [ edit ] Print [ edit ] Date Subject(s) Publication/Organization Media Editor/Stylist Photographer Hair Stylist Source July 2022 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) Cover and Editorial Edward Enninful (/wiki/Edward_Enninful) Rafael Pavarotti Jawara [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) June 2022 Naomi Osaka (/wiki/Naomi_Osaka) Dazed Magazine Cover and Editorial Ai Kamoshita Justin French Marty Harper [49] (#cite_note-49) March 2022 Emma Chamberlain (/wiki/Emma_Chamberlain) Harper's Bazaar Singapore Cover and Editorial Martina Nilsson Yu Tsai (/wiki/Yu_Tsai) Rob Talty [50] (#cite_note-50) October 2021 Cynthia Erivo (/wiki/Cynthia_Erivo) The Cut Cover and Editorial Jessica Willis Amber Pinkerton Coree Moreno [51] (#cite_note-51) March 2021 Chloe Bailey (/wiki/Chloe_Bailey) , Halle Bailey (/wiki/Halle_Bailey) Vogue Editorial Gabriella Karefa-Johnson Julie Dash Rachel Lee [52] (#cite_note-52) November 2020 Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) Narcisse Magazine Cover Olga Yanul Greg Swales Frederic Kebbabi [53] (#cite_note-53) October 2020 Gabrielle Union (/wiki/Gabrielle_Union) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) Cover Thomas Christos Kikis Djeneba Aduayom Larry Sims [54] (#cite_note-54) May 2020 Megan Thee Stallion (/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) Cover Memsor Kamarake Micaiah Carter Kellon Deryck [55] (#cite_note-55) February 2020 Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) , Storm Reid (/wiki/Storm_Reid) Love Magazine Cover and Editorial Law Roach Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Jawara [56] (#cite_note-56) January 2020 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Elle Cover and Editorial Karen Langley Melina Matsoukas (/wiki/Melina_Matsoukas) Neal Farinah [57] (#cite_note-57) September 2018 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Vogue Cover and Editorial Tonne Goodman Tyler Mitchell (/wiki/Tyler_Mitchell_(photographer)) – [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) February 2018 Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) New York Magazine Cover Law Roach René & Radka Larry Sims [60] (#cite_note-60) July 2017 Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) Glamour Cover Jillian Davison Nathaniel Goldberg Shon [61] (#cite_note-61) June 2017 Anais Mali (/wiki/Anais_Mali) , Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) Glamour Editorial Jillian Davison Victor Demarchelier David von Cannon [62] (#cite_note-62) March 2017 Alécia Morais, Amilna Estevao (/wiki/Amilna_Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o) Elle U.S. Editorial Samira Nasr Mark Seliger (/wiki/Mark_Seliger) Kevin Ryan [63] (#cite_note-63) December 2016 Aline Weber (/wiki/Aline_Weber) Harper's Bazaar Kazakhstan Cover and Editorial Anna Katsanis – Michael Silva [64] (#cite_note-64) October 2016 Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Elle U.S. Editorial Samira Nasr Liz Collins (/wiki/Liz_Collins) Kevin Ryan [65] (#cite_note-65) October 2016 Naomi Scott (/wiki/Naomi_Scott) Elle U.S. Editorial Samira Nasr Liz Collins (/wiki/Liz_Collins) Kevin Ryan [66] (#cite_note-66) August 2016 Pyper America Smith (/wiki/Pyper_America) Seventeen Magazine Editorial James Worthington Demolet – Thanos Samaras [67] (#cite_note-67) July 2016 Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) Glamour Cover Jillian Davison Norman Jean Roy (/wiki/Norman_Jean_Roy) Ursula Stephen [68] (#cite_note-68) June 2016 Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) Vogue Cover Tonne Goodman Mert and Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Shay Ashual [69] (#cite_note-69) May 2016 Katrin Thormann Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_Ukraine) Editorial Olga Yanul An Le Joey George [70] (#cite_note-70) May 2016 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Elle U.S. Cover and Editorial Samira Nasr Paola Kudacki Kim Kimble [71] (#cite_note-71) May 2016 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Elle UK Cover – Paola Kudacki – [72] (#cite_note-72) April 2016 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Elle France Cover – Paola Kudacki – [73] (#cite_note-73) April 2016 Viktoriya Sasonkina (/wiki/Viktoriya_Sasonkina) Marie Claire Russia Cover and Editorial Anna Rykova Jack Waterlot Olivier Lebrun [74] (#cite_note-74) March 2016 Georgia Fowler (/wiki/Georgia_Fowler) Marie Claire Russia Cover and Editorial Anna Rykova Jack Waterlot Olivier Lebrun [75] (#cite_note-75) February 2016 Anastasia Ivanova Elle Mexico Cover and Editorial – Santiago Ruisenor Cash Lawless [76] (#cite_note-76) February 2016 Emma Stern Nielsen Marie Claire Russia Cover and Editorial Anna Rykova – Olivier Lebrun [77] (#cite_note-77) January 2016 Anja Cihoric Elle Mexico Cover and Editorial – Santiago Ruisenor Cash Lawless [78] (#cite_note-78) October 2015 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Beat Magazine Editorial Karen Langley Ryan McGinley (/wiki/Ryan_McGinley) – [79] (#cite_note-79) September 2015 Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Vogue Mexico (/wiki/Vogue_Mexico) Cover and Editorial Sarah Gore Reeves Russell James Italo Gregorio [80] (#cite_note-80) September 2015 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Vogue Editorial Camilla Nickerson Anton Corbijn – [81] (#cite_note-81) August 2015 Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Sunday Style Australia Editorial – Todd Barry Jennifer Yepez [82] (#cite_note-82) June 2015 Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) Vanity Fair Italia (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_Italia) Cover and Editorial – Markus & Koala Chuckie Amos [83] (#cite_note-83) May 2015 Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Lucky Magazine Cover and Editorial Samantha Traina Miguel Reveriego Jennifer Yepez [84] (#cite_note-84) January 2015 Ilse De Boer Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_Ukraine) Cover and Editorial Amy Mach Jack Waterlot Jon Reyman [85] (#cite_note-85) December 2015 Alena Blohm The Coveteur Editorial Emma Cali Adam Franzino Sasha Nesterchuk [86] (#cite_note-86) October 2014 Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Self Magazine Cover and Editorial Melissa Ventosa Martin Patrick Demarchelier Jennifer Yepez [87] (#cite_note-87) May 2014 Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Time Magazine Cover and Editorial – Paola Kudacki – [88] (#cite_note-88) October 2013 Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Harper's Bazaar España Cover and Editorial Juan Cebrian Xevi Muntane – [89] (#cite_note-89) Awards [ edit ] In 2016, Sir John was crowned InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) Makeup Artist of the Year. [90] (#cite_note-90) Personal life [ edit ] Sir John currently resides in Hancock Park (/wiki/Hancock_Park,_Los_Angeles) , Los Angeles, California. [91] (#cite_note-91) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Barnett, Sir John (July 1, 2022). "Birthday energy ♋️♋️♋️♋️♋️ 7/1 baby" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cfc8ySfL1Ny/) . Instagram . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Alene, Dawson (May 12, 2016). "Q&A: Get summer beauty tips from Beyoncé's makeup artist Sir John Barnett" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-sir-john-20160509-snap-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Reminder: You're Worth It" (https://www.lorealparisusa.com/beauty-magazine/beauty-tips/beauty-trends/youre-worth-it-video) . L'Oréal Paris . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tietjen, Alexa (February 1, 2019). "Influence Peddler: Sir John Partners With Alleven" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/sir-john-beyonce-makeup-artist-1202992995/) . WWD . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Celebrity makeup artist Sir John on his new CCO role, makeup's comeback and why he's 'anti-trend' (https://www.glossy.co/beauty/celebrity-makeup-artist-sir-john-on-his-new-cco-role-makeups-comeback-and-why-hes-anti-trend/) " (https://www.glossy.co/beauty/celebrity-makeup-artist-sir-john-on-his-new-cco-role-makeups-comeback-and-why-hes-anti-trend/) . Glossy . May 31, 2022 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fogarty, Lisa (July 22, 2017). "Who Is Sir John, the Man Beyoncé May or May Not Have Named Her Baby After?" (https://www.popsugar.com/node/43747701) . POPSUGAR Beauty . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Walker, Harriet. "Interview with Sir John: Beyoncé's beauty guru" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/interview-with-sir-john-beyonces-beauty-guru-3pj75005m) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved July 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Celebrity makeup artist Sir John on his new CCO role, makeup's comeback and why he's 'anti-trend' (https://www.glossy.co/beauty/celebrity-makeup-artist-sir-john-on-his-new-cco-role-makeups-comeback-and-why-hes-anti-trend/) " (https://www.glossy.co/beauty/celebrity-makeup-artist-sir-john-on-his-new-cco-role-makeups-comeback-and-why-hes-anti-trend/) . Glossy . May 31, 2022 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Haskell, Rob (August 15, 2017). "Serena Williams on Pregnancy, Power, and Coming Back to Center Court" (https://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-pregnancy-vogue-september-issue-2017) . Vogue . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) McKenzie, Lesley (May 18, 2015). "The Secret to Chrissy Teigen's Multiple Makeup Looks at the BBMAs" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/chrissy-teigens-billboard-music-award-796548/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Priyanka Chopra's Makeup Artist Explains the Glass Skin Trend in 5 Steps" (https://www.eonline.com/news/921932/priyanka-chopra-s-makeup-artist-explains-the-glass-skin-trend-in-5-steps) . E! Online . March 20, 2018 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Margot Robbie and Alexander Skarsgård in Modern Tarzan and Jane Fashion" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/margot-robbie-alexander-skarsgard-summer-fashion) . Vogue . May 13, 2016 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Tommy Hilfiger X Zendaya F/W 19 Show" (https://models.com/work/tommy-hilfiger-tommy-hilfiger-x-zendaya-fw-19-show) . Models.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Naomi Osaka: 'Being unique is my strength' (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/56194/1/naomi-osaka-nike-tennis-interview-mental-health) " (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/56194/1/naomi-osaka-nike-tennis-interview-mental-health) . Dazed . May 31, 2022 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "This Is How Mary J. Blige Gets Her Red-Carpet Glow" (https://www.allure.com/story/mary-j-blige-red-carpet-glowy-skin-secret-body-mask) . Allure . March 5, 2018 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Chikhoune, Ryma (April 1, 2021). "Sir John Signs With CAA" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/sir-john-caa-1234791351/) . WWD . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Peden, Alana (April 2, 2019). "Céline Dion Reveals She's Leaving Las Vegas for an Album, a Tour & a Major Beauty Contract" (https://stylecaster.com/beauty/celine-dion-loreal-paris-commercial/) . StyleCaster . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Brown, Nikki (October 26, 2020). "Three Insanely Easy Makeup Tricks From Beyoncé's MUA" (https://www.essence.com/how-to/sir-john-makeup-hacks/) . Essence . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Celeb Makeup Artist Sir John's Top 6 InstaBeauty Looks" (https://www.essence.com/beauty/makeup/beyonces-makeup-artist-sir-john-joins-loreal-see-best-looks-his-instagram/) . Essence . October 27, 2020 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Joan Smalls and Sir John Talk Black Lipstick, Beyoncé, and Their Best-Kept Beauty Secrets" (https://www.allure.com/story/joan-smalls-sir-john-beauty-secrets) . Allure . September 3, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Calaor, Jesa Marie (March 2, 2019). "Beyoncé's Makeup Artist Is Launching a Beauty Line, and It Is a Need, Not a Want" (https://www.popsugar.com/node/45858578) . POPSUGAR Beauty . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Alexander, Jared (June 9, 2021). "Sir John opens up about activism, Black women in beauty and more" (https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/exclusive-sir-john-opens-activism-142636397.html) . Yahoo! Entertainment . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kay, Camilla (February 16, 2019). "MUA Sir John shares his secrets to 4 incredible new season looks – and if they're good enough for Beyoncé, we'll take the lot" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/sir-john-makeup-artist-hacks) . Glamour UK (/wiki/Glamour_UK) . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Widjojo, Conchita (April 27, 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Ctzn Cosmetics Appoints Sir John as Chief Creative Officer" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ctzn-cosmetics-appoints-sir-john-chief-creative-officer-1235166422/) . WWD . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Walker, Harriet (July 6, 2019). "Interview with Sir John: Beyoncé's beauty guru" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/interview-with-sir-john-beyonces-beauty-guru-3pj75005m) . The Times . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Guevarra, Corey (January 6, 2019). "An Interview With Beyoncé's Makeup Artist | The Sir John Feature For 26MAG | Director's Cut" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qw9MCzk0qTE&ab_channel=NickZaglmayr) . 26 MAG . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Kwarteng, Ama (February 7, 2022). "The Wonderful World of Sir John" (https://coveteur.com/sir-john-closet-home-tour) . Coveteur . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_28-0) Kwarteng, Ama (February 7, 2022). "The Wonderful World of Sir John" (https://coveteur.com/sir-john-closet-home-tour) . Coveteur . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fogarty, Lisa (July 19, 2017). "Who Is Sir John, the Man Beyoncé May or May Not Have Named Her Baby After?" (https://www.popsugar.co.uk/node/43761847) . POPSUGAR Beauty UK . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wischhover, Cheryl (July 22, 2015). "How Sir John, Makeup Artist to Beyoncé and Joan Smalls, Is Conquering Both the Red Carpet and Fashion" (https://fashionista.com/2015/07/sir-john-beyonce-makeup-artist-loreal) . Fashionista . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Makeup Artist Sir John Says Doing Makeup At The Strip Club Helped His Career" (https://www.essence.com/beauty/sir-john-says-strippers-helped-jumpstart-his-career/) . Essence . December 6, 2020 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kwarteng, Ama (February 7, 2022). "The Wonderful World of Sir John" (https://coveteur.com/sir-john-closet-home-tour) . Coveteur: Inside Closets, Fashion, Beauty, Health, and Travel . Retrieved July 13, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sir John's Career: A Brief Timeline of the Makeup Artist's Career" (https://www.masterclass.com/articles/sir-john#who-is-sir-john) . MasterClass . May 20, 2020 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "WATCH: Beyoncé, Julianne Moore Strut Down Tom Ford Catwalk" (https://okmagazine.com/news/watch-beyonce-julianne-moore-strut-down-tom-ford-catwalk/) . OK Magazine . January 4, 2011 . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Cardellino, Carly (February 8, 2016). "Exactly How Beyoncé Got Her Super Bowl 50 Glam" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/beauty/news/a53332/beyonce-makeup-super-bowl-50-performance/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Cardellino, Carly (February 8, 2016). "Exactly How Beyoncé Got Her Super Bowl 50 Glam" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/beauty/news/a53332/beyonce-makeup-super-bowl-50-performance/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Exclusive! We've Got All the Details About Beyonce's Super Bowl Makeup" (https://www.glamour.com/story/beyonce-super-bowl-50-performance-formation-makeup) . Glamour . February 7, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "These Are the 11 Best Super Bowl Beauty Moments" (https://www.allure.com/gallery/most-memorable-super-bowl-beauty-moments) . Allure . February 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b BTS: The Formation World Tour (Sir John) , retrieved July 17, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-40) Caramanica, Jon (April 15, 2018). "Review: Beyoncé Is Bigger Than Coachella" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/15/arts/music/beyonce-coachella-review.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Lebsack, Lexy. "How Beyoncé's Coachella Makeup Stayed So Flawless — Straight From Her Makeup Artist" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/04/196445/beyonce-coachella-makeup-sir-john-interview) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Belfiore, Emily (January 31, 2018). "Beyoncé Just Revealed Something MAJOR & We're Freaking Out!" (https://www.shefinds.com/collections/beyonce-glossier-new-product-grammys-2018/) . SheFinds . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Sir John" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10655070/) . IMDb . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Mallenbaum, Carly. "Beyonce's makeup artist Sir John explains what's wrong with the beauty industry" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/09/28/beyonce-makeup-artist-sir-john-american-beauty-star/710555001/) . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Widjojo, Conchita (April 27, 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Ctzn Cosmetics Appoints Sir John as Chief Creative Officer" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ctzn-cosmetics-appoints-sir-john-chief-creative-officer-1235166422/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 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Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Elle France April 2016 Cover" (https://models.com/work/elle-france-elle-france-april-2016-cover-1) . Models.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Viktoriya Sasonkina for Marie Claire Russia by Jack Waterlot" (https://www.designscene.net/2016/03/viktoriya-sasonkina-marie-claire-russia.html) . DSCENE . March 25, 2016 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Marie Claire Russia, Woke Up Like This" (https://models.com/work/marie-claire-russia-woke-up-like-this) . models.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Anastasia Ivanova for elle mexico | Uno models Barcelona & Madrid" (https://www.unomodels.com/en/news/5014-anastasia-ivanova-for-elle-mexico/) . www.unomodels.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Emma Stern Nielsen for Marie Claire Russia | Uno models Barcelona & Madrid" (https://www.unomodels.com/en/news/4774-emma-stern-nielsen-for-marie-claire-russia/) . www.unomodels.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "ELLE Mexico January 2016 Anja Cihoric by Santiago Ruisenor" (https://www.fashioneditorials.com/elle-mexico-january-2016-anja-cihoric-by-santiago-ruisenor/) . Fashion Editorials . January 8, 2016 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Beyonce for Beat Magazine by Ryan Mcginley" (https://www.designscene.net/2015/10/beyonce-beat-magazine.html) . DSCENE . October 22, 2015 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) Villett, Michelle (February 17, 2017). "Celebrity Makeup Artist Sir John on Working with Beyoncé, His Favourite Products and the Best Makeup Tricks" (https://theskincareedit.com/2017/02/17/beyonce-makeup-artist-sir-john) . The Skincare Edit . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "The Designers, Models, and Personalities Defining Our Era" (https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-designers-models-personalities-september-issue) . Vogue . August 17, 2015 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Joan Smalls for Sunday Style by Todd Barry" (https://www.designscene.net/2015/08/joan-smalls-sunday-style.html) . DSCENE . August 21, 2015 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) "Timeless Beauty: Iman Looks Breathtaking In 'Vanity Fair' Italia" (https://www.hypehair.com/50007/timeless-beauty-iman-looks-breathtaking-vanity-fair-italia/) . June 17, 2015 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Charlize Theron, Sasha Pivovarova, Carey Mulligan, Eva Green and Joan Smalls" (https://www.designscene.net/2015/04/covers-charlize-theron-sasha-pivovarova-carey-mulligan-eva-green-and-joan-smalls.html) . DSCENE . April 19, 2015 . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) "Vogue Ukraine: Winter Sport" (https://models.com/work/vogue-ukraine-winter-sport) . Models.com . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "The Coveteur: Holiday Glam" (https://models.com/work/various-editorials-the-coveteur--holiday-glam) . Models.com . 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Retrieved July 15, 2022 . 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Cross-dressing+in+American+television%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Cross-dressing_in_American_television) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Cross-dressing_in_American_television&defaults=y) Last edited (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Cross-dressing_in_American_television&diff=cur) by JuanGLP (/wiki/User:JuanGLP) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:JuanGLP) | contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/JuanGLP) ) 2 months ago. ( Update (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Cross-dressing_in_American_television&action=purge) ) Submit the draft for review! Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) History of cross-dressing (/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing) In wartime (/wiki/Wartime_cross-dressers) History of drag (/wiki/History_of_drag) Rebecca Riots (/wiki/Rebecca_Riots) Casa Susanna (/wiki/Casa_Susanna) Pantomime dame (/wiki/Pantomime_dame) Principal boy (/wiki/Principal_boy) Travesti (theatre) (/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)) Travesti (gender identity) (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) Key elements Passing (/wiki/Passing_(gender)) Transvestism (/wiki/Transvestism) Modern drag (/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)) culture Ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) Drag king (/wiki/Drag_king) Drag pageantry (/wiki/Drag_pageantry) Drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) Female queen (drag) (/wiki/Female_queen_(drag)) Sexual practices Femdom (/wiki/Dominatrix) Feminization (/wiki/Feminization_(activity)) Petticoating (/wiki/Petticoating) Transvestic fetishism (/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism) Other aspects Cross-gender acting (/wiki/Cross-gender_acting) Crossplay (cosplay) (/wiki/Crossplay_(cosplay)) Passing as male (/wiki/Methods_of_passing_as_male) Breast binding (/wiki/Breast_binding) Stand-to-pee device (/wiki/Stand-to-pee_device) Packing (/wiki/Packing_(phallus)) Passing as female (/wiki/Methods_of_passing_as_female) Breast forms (/wiki/Breast_form) Cleavage enhancement (/wiki/Cleavage_enhancement) Hip and buttock padding (/wiki/Hip_and_buttock_padding) Tucking (/wiki/Tucking) Gaff (/wiki/Gaff_(clothing)) Organizations Tri-Ess (/wiki/Tri-Ess) Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries) Books My Husband Betty (/wiki/My_Husband_Betty) She's Not The Man I Married (/wiki/She%27s_Not_The_Man_I_Married) The Boy in the Dress (/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Dress_(novel)) Theories Causes of gender incongruence (/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence) Social construction of gender (/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender) v t e Cross-dressing or drag in American television has followed a long history of female (/wiki/Drag_queen) / male (/wiki/Drag_king) impersonations on television. The most notable franchise involving cross-dressing in television is RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) , which is often credited for bringing cross-dressing into the " mainstream (/wiki/Mainstream_media) " media. With the competition series gaining attraction, it spawned over ten adaptations (/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)) , involving over 500 contestants (/wiki/List_of_Drag_Race_contestants) competing for a cash prize and the title of their country's next drag superstar. Comedy [ edit ] Netflix, a streaming service announced in May 2018, a series order consisting of ten episodes, starring American drag queen RuPaul as the executive producer and writer for the series. [1] (#cite_note-1) The first season of AJ and the Queen (/wiki/AJ_and_the_Queen) premiered on 10 January 2020, the premise showcase drag queen Ruby Red travels throughout the United States with recently orphaned Ariel-Jasmine ( Isabella Gaspersz (/wiki/Izzy_G.) ), where two cons are after them. In March 2020, it was announced the series was canceled. [2] (#cite_note-2) Documentary [ edit ] Sasha Velour (/wiki/Sasha_Velour) starred in her series with streaming platform Quibi (/wiki/Quibi) , showcasing her monthly revue highlighting the performers' personal stories and their creative process, premiering on April 6, 2020. [3] (#cite_note-3) The second season of NightGowns (/wiki/NightGowns) was renewed in August, [4] (#cite_note-4) until its streaming service was abruptly shut down in October of the same year. The future of its series is still unknown. [5] (#cite_note-5) Bob the Drag Queen (/wiki/Bob_the_Drag_Queen) , Eureka O'Hara (/wiki/Eureka_O%27Hara) , and Shangela (/wiki/Shangela) participated in six-part series announced by pay-television network HBO (/wiki/HBO) in November 2019. [6] (#cite_note-6) We're Here (/wiki/We%27re_Here) documents drag performers traveling across the country recruiting small-town residents to participate in one-night-only drag shows. [7] (#cite_note-7) After three seasons, it was revealed that Jaida Essence Hall (/wiki/Jaida_Essence_Hall) , Priyanka (/wiki/Priyanka_(drag_queen)) , Sasha Velour, and Latrice Royale (/wiki/Latrice_Royale) would replace the original cast for its fourth season. [8] (#cite_note-8) Trixie Mattel (/wiki/Trixie_Mattel) announced that she will have her television series with Discovery+ documenting the renovation of a rundown motel in Palm Springs, California (/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California) with her partner. [9] (#cite_note-9) Trixie Motel (/wiki/Trixie_Motel) premiered in June 2022 featuring various drag performers and celebrities helping the drag artist. The motel cost around $1.9 million to purchase the space and $500,000 to renovate it, enlisting designer Dani Dazey to collaborate on the project. [10] (#cite_note-10) Reality [ edit ] RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) premiered its first season (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_season_1) through basic cable channel Logo TV (/wiki/Logo_TV) , on February 2, 2009; RuPaul acted as host and executive producer. Every season, various contestants are given a main challenge where they get to showcase their charisma, uniqueness, nerve, and talent. [11] (#cite_note-11) The notable reality competition series is credited for bringing cross-dressing into the " mainstream (/wiki/Mainstream_media) " media, [12] (#cite_note-12) which spawned over ten adaptations (/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)) , involving over 500 contestants (/wiki/List_of_Drag_Race_contestants) competing for a cash prize and the title of their country's next drag superstar. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Boulet Brothers (/wiki/Boulet_Brothers) were revealed to be co-hosts and co-executive producers for a seven-episode (/wiki/The_Boulet_Brothers%27_Dragula_season_1) pilot series of The Boulet Brothers' Dragula (/wiki/The_Boulet_Brothers%27_Dragula) , released on October 31, 2016. The contestants are competing to be "The World's Next Drag Supermonster" and they are given a main challenge where they get to showcase their alternative drag varying from filth to horror, and glamour. [14] (#cite_note-14) The lowest scoring competitors are put up for "extermination" which are fear-based physical and psychological tests created to push the competitors to "face their fears" to remain on the series. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Daw, Stephen (May 11, 2018). "RuPaul lands starring role in new Netflix original series 'AJ and the Queen' (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455696/rupaul-netflix-series-aj-and-the-queen) " (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455696/rupaul-netflix-series-aj-and-the-queen) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Eldridge Industries (/wiki/Eldridge_Industries) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180512111948/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455696/rupaul-netflix-series-aj-and-the-queen) from the original on May 12, 2018 . Retrieved May 11, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Swift, Andy (March 6, 2020). "AJ and the Queen cancelled at Netflix" (https://money.yahoo.com/aj-queen-cancelled-netflix-163654199.html) . Yahoo! Money . Yahoo! Inc. (/wiki/Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200322064837/https://money.yahoo.com/aj-queen-cancelled-netflix-163654199.html) from the original on March 22, 2020 . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nolfi, Joey (February 6, 2020). "Watch Sasha Velour lead drag revolution in 'NightGowns' Quibi series teaser" (https://ew.com/tv/2020/02/06/sasha-velour-nightgowns-teaser-trailer-quibi/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Dotdash Meredith (/wiki/Dotdash_Meredith) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200207132928/https://ew.com/tv/2020/02/06/sasha-velour-nightgowns-teaser-trailer-quibi/) from the original on February 7, 2020 . Retrieved February 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 10, 2020). "Sasha Velour's 'NightGowns' docuseries renewed for season two at Quibi" (https://deadline.com/2020/08/sasha-velour-nightgowns-renewed-season-2-quibi-1203008507/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Penske Media Corporation (/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation) . Retrieved April 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Gartenberg, Chaim (October 21, 2020). "Quibi is shutting down" (https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/21/21527197/quibi-streaming-service-mobile-shutting-down-end-katzenberg) . The Verge (/wiki/The_Verge) . Vox Media (/wiki/Vox_Media) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201021201107/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/21/21527197/quibi-streaming-service-mobile-shutting-down-end-katzenberg) from the original on October 21, 2020 . Retrieved July 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Petski, Denise (November 5, 2019). "HBO orders unscripted drag show series 'We're Here' (https://deadline.com/2019/11/hbo-orders-unscripted-drag-show-series-were-here-1202778063/) " (https://deadline.com/2019/11/hbo-orders-unscripted-drag-show-series-were-here-1202778063/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Penske Media Corporation (/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191230102458/https://deadline.com/2019/11/hbo-orders-unscripted-drag-show-series-were-here-1202778063/) from the original on December 30, 2019 . Retrieved April 23, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Weldon, Glen (April 23, 2020). " (https://www.npr.org/2020/04/23/840146787/we-re-here-it-s-queer-you-could-get-used-to-it) 'We're Here': It's queer. You could get used to it" (https://www.npr.org/2020/04/23/840146787/we-re-here-it-s-queer-you-could-get-used-to-it) . National Public Radio (/wiki/NPR) . Retrieved April 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Nolfi, Joey (July 12, 2023). "We're Here season four to replace three Drag Race queens with new hosts Sasha Velour, Jaida Essence Hall, Priyanka" (https://ew.com/tv/were-here-season-4-replacing-drag-race-queen-cohosts/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Dotdash Meredith (/wiki/Dotdash_Meredith) . Retrieved July 12, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Street, Mikelle (May 20, 2021). "Trixie Mattel announces she's getting her own television show, 'Trixie Motel' (https://www.out.com/television/2021/5/20/trixie-mattel-announces-shes-getting-her-own-tv-show-trixie-motel) " (https://www.out.com/television/2021/5/20/trixie-mattel-announces-shes-getting-her-own-tv-show-trixie-motel) . Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) . Pride Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210520233638/https://www.out.com/television/2021/5/20/trixie-mattel-announces-shes-getting-her-own-tv-show-trixie-motel) from the original on May 20, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Street, Mikelle (March 28, 2022). "Trixie Mattel spent $2.4 million on her Palm Springs Trixie Motel" (https://www.out.com/drag/2022/3/28/trixie-mattel-spent-24-million-her-palm-springs-trixie-motel) . Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) . Pride Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220511203629/https://www.out.com/drag/2022/3/28/trixie-mattel-spent-24-million-her-palm-springs-trixie-motel) from the original on May 11, 2022 . Retrieved May 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Stanley, Alessandra (February 1, 2009). "Logo's new reality competition explores what it takes to be a drag star" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/02/arts/television/02drag.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . The New York Times Company (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231009001021/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/02/arts/television/02drag.html) from the original on October 9, 2023 . Retrieved November 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Abraham, Amelia (August 10, 2019). " (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/aug/10/how-drag-went-mainstream-rupaul-karen-from-finance-drag-sos) 'Finally! A sport for us gay people!': how drag went mainstream" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/aug/10/how-drag-went-mainstream-rupaul-karen-from-finance-drag-sos) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Guardian Media Group (/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190810062614/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/aug/10/how-drag-went-mainstream-rupaul-karen-from-finance-drag-sos) from the original on August 10, 2019 . Retrieved August 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Nolfi, Joey (July 27, 2023). "Every winner of 'RuPaul's Drag Race' (https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-winners/) " (https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-winners/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Dotdash Meredith (/wiki/Dotdash_Meredith) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221115142556/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-winners/) from the original on November 15, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Goodman, Elyssa (August 26, 2019). "Blood, Guts, and Glamour: How "Dragula" made drag dangerous again" (https://www.them.us/story/dragula-competition-show-season-three) . Them (/wiki/Them_(website)) . Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . Retrieved March 11, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Fontelieu, Jason (August 29, 2019). "If you're not watching Amazon Prime's 'Dragula,' you're missing out" (https://dbknews.com/2019/08/29/dragula-drag-queen-amazon-prime-recap-preview/) . The Diamondback (/wiki/The_Diamondback) . Maryland Media, Inc. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200507105310/https://dbknews.com/2019/08/29/dragula-drag-queen-amazon-prime-recap-preview/) from the original on May 7, 2020 . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . 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American fashion designer Kerby Jean-Raymond Born New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Nationality Haitian-American Education Hofstra University Label Pyer Moss Kerby Jean-Raymond is a Haitian American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) who is the founder of the menswear label Pyer Moss. Career [ edit ] Kerby Jean-Raymond first came into the spotlight for his presentation of Pyer Moss' Spring 2016 Menswear Collection during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . The show highlighted police brutality (/wiki/Police_brutality) , referencing the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement through videos, street art, and fashion. Jean-Raymond has publicly commented about his experience as a teenage victim of driving while black (/wiki/Driving_while_black) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Kerby Jean-Raymond collaborated with R&B singer and activist Erykah Badu (/wiki/Erykah_Badu) , who styled Jean-Raymond's Pyer Moss AW16 line for the 2016 New York Fashion Week show. [2] (#cite_note-2) The featured collection was titled "Double Bind." His brand, Pyer Moss, won the FGI Rising Star Award in the menswear category in 2014. That same year, he was a finalist in the DHL Exported Prize presented by IMG Worldwide. He was recognized by the Forbes "30 Under 30" list in 2015. Jean-Raymond was featured on Cultured Magazine (/wiki/Cultured_(magazine)) ' s fashion issue cover in April 2019. [3] (#cite_note-3) During Paris Fashion Week in February 2019, Odell Beckham Jr. (/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr.) wore a Pyer Moss Collection 2 hoodie. Others seen in Pyer Moss include producer Swizz Beatz (/wiki/Swizz_Beatz) , Kiandra Layne, Gabrielle Union-Wade (/wiki/Gabrielle_Union) , Colin Kaepernick (/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick) [4] (#cite_note-4) and First Lady Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In September 2020, Jean-Raymond was named Global Creative Director of Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) [7] (#cite_note-7) sportswear brand. His label Pyer Moss was also awarded the top prize at the fifteenth CFDA/ (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) Vogue Fashion Fund (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) awards that same month. [8] (#cite_note-8) In March 2022, he departed Reebok. [9] (#cite_note-9) Background [ edit ] Listed in Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) 2015 "30 Under 30" in Art And Style, [10] (#cite_note-10) Jean-Raymond began designing at a young age. He landed his first apprenticeship at 14 while still attending The High School of Fashion Industries (/wiki/High_School_of_Fashion_Industries) in Manhattan. He started his first fashion label, Mary's Jungle at the age of 15. [11] (#cite_note-11) Taught by Kay Unger (/wiki/Kay_Unger) , Jean-Raymond worked on Unger's first women's evening collection. [12] (#cite_note-12) He launched Pyer Moss in 2013. [13] (#cite_note-13) Jean-Raymond uses his brand to address racial tensions in the United States and intertwine social issues with the fashion world. He describes his brand, Pyer Moss, as an "art project" or "a timely social experiment" at times. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) A powerful show brought “Black Lives Matter” to the runway at New York Fashion Week (http://qz.com/500385/a-powerful-show-brought-black-lives-matter-to-the-runway-at-new-york-fashion-week/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dazed (2016-02-13). "Erykah Badu on art, activism and her NYFW debut" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/29792/1/erykah-badu-art-activism-nyfw-debut-pyer-moss-styling) . Dazed . Retrieved 2017-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pyer Moss Isn't a Fashion Brand It's a Life Raft" (https://www.culturedmag.com/pyer-moss/) . Cultured Magazine . 2019-04-11 . Retrieved 2019-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "TIME 100 Next 2019: Kerby Jean-Raymond" (https://time.com/collection/time-100-next-2019/5718848/kerby-jean-raymond/) . Time . Retrieved 2020-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "17 Celebrities Wearing Pyer Moss Prove This Brand Is For Everybody" (https://www.kolormagazine.com/fashion-1/2019/3/15/johyxrtaqi26ejovcxhhgxl7hlgdn6) . KOLOR MAGAZINE . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 2020-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) History, Future Black. "Future Black History" (https://fuse.tv/fbh2020-black-luxury-style-guide) . Fuse . Retrieved 2020-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Huber, Eliza (30 September 2020). "Reebok Taps Kerby Jean-Raymond Of Pyer Moss As Global Creative Director" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/09/10062233/kerby-jean-raymond-reebok-global-creative-director) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2020-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "CFDA" (https://cfda.com/news/breaking-news-kerby-jean-raymond-of-pyer-moss-wins-15th-cfda-vogue-fashion-fund) . cfda.com . Retrieved 2020-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Pyer Moss Founder Kerby Jean-Raymond Departs Reebok" (https://www.gq.com/story/kerby-jean-raymond-leaves-reebok) . GQ . 2022-02-03 . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Adams, Susan (April 24, 2015). "Forbes' 30 Under 30" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150106184312/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45ehmdj/kerby-jean-raymond-28/) . Forbes.com . Archived from the original (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45ehmdj/kerby-jean-raymond-28/) on January 6, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Miller, M. H. (2020-03-05). "The Designer Changing How We Think About Fashion and Race in America" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/t-magazine/pyer-moss-kerby-jean-raymond.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Marquez, Mark (September 12, 2013). "Pyer Moss Is Killer" (http://mi.lk/articles/2158-Pyer-Moss-Is-Killer/) . mi.lk. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Official Pyer Moss Website" (http://pyermoss.com/?page_id=68) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "About" (https://www.pyermoss.com/pages/about) . Pyer Moss . Retrieved 2022-10-06 . Further reading [ edit ] Friedman, Vanessa (June 6, 2020). "Beyond the Instagram Black Square" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/style/fashion-racism-actions.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion historian Sandy Schreier Born Sandy Miller Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan, US Nationality American Education University of Michigan (/wiki/University_of_Michigan) Occupation(s) Fashion historian and collector Known for World's largest private collector of couture clothing Spouse Sherwin Schreier (died 2014) Children 4 Sandy Schreier is an American fashion historian and collector of couture clothing, with over 15,000 items. She has been called "the world's largest private collector of couture clothing". [1] (#cite_note-AnOther-1) Her interest in fashion began as a child when she went with her father, a furrier, to the Russeks department store where he worked. She has lent items from her collection to museums around the world but does not reveal where her collection is stored in order not to upset her insurers. Early life [ edit ] Schreier was born and raised in Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan, the eldest of three daughters of Edward and Molly Miller. [1] (#cite_note-AnOther-1) [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Her father, Edward Miller, was a furrier (/wiki/Furrier) who worked for Russeks (/wiki/Russeks) department store. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) In the 1930s, Russeks relocated him to Detroit when they opened a new store there. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Her interest in fashion began as a child going along with her father to Russeks on Saturdays. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) She attended the University of Michigan (/wiki/University_of_Michigan) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Fashion collector and historian [ edit ] In 2012, Schreier owned about 15,000 items of couture clothing (/wiki/Haute_couture) , including "gowns, bags and shoes, muffs, lingerie and even designer sketches". [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) She never wears any of them, but will lend items to museums or show them to designers. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Schreier has lent clothes to exhibitions at museums including the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) , the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , the Hermitage Museum (/wiki/Hermitage_Museum) , the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , and the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago) . [4] (#cite_note-centmagazine-4) Her collection includes three Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) outfits owned by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , the Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) trouser suit worn by Claudia Cardinale (/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale) in the 1964 film The Pink Panther (/wiki/The_Pink_Panther) and the silver-mesh Roberto Rojas mini worn by Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) in a 1967 Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) photo. [5] (#cite_note-People-5) Richard Martin, curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) 's Costume Institute in New York City, has said, "It's the broadest and deepest of any private collection in the world ... it's like a small museum." [5] (#cite_note-People-5) The precise location of the warehouse where she stores the clothes is not disclosed, as "her insurance company could get cranky". [6] (#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal-6) Publications [ edit ] Schreier has written two books: [4] (#cite_note-centmagazine-4) Hollywood Dressed & Undressed: A Century of Cinema Style . Rizzoli International, New York, 1998. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780847821105 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847821105) Hollywood Gets Married . Clarkson Potter Publishers, New York, 2002. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780609808399 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780609808399) She has an autobiography in preparation which is provisionally titled Desperately Seeking Fashion . [7] (#cite_note-7) Personal life [ edit ] She was married to Sherwin Schreier, a lawyer and her "high school sweetheart" who she had been with since she was 13, and they had four children. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) [4] (#cite_note-centmagazine-4) [8] (#cite_note-FabOverFifty-8) He died on November 22, 2014, aged 78, [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) from cancer. [4] (#cite_note-centmagazine-4) She is Jewish, and lives in Southfield, Michigan (/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan) . [8] (#cite_note-FabOverFifty-8) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Singer, Olivia (April 16, 2015). "Sandy Schreier: A Detroit Legend" (http://www.anothermag.com/design-living/7263/sandy-schreier-a-detroit-legend) . AnOther . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g FABRIKANT, GERALDINE (May 4, 2012). "The Met Raids Her Closet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/fashion/michigan-womans-couture-collection-is-treasured-by-many.html) . New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) The Michigan Alumnus . UM Libraries. 1998. pp. 18–21. UOM:39015055427390. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Vivid: Fashion Goddesses and Their Lasting Legacies" (http://centmagazine.co.uk/vivid-fashion-goddesses-and-their-lasting-legacies/) . Cent Magazine . July 22, 2016 . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Espinoza, Galina (September 20, 1999). "A Century of Style" (https://people.com/archive/a-century-of-style-vol-52-no-11/) . People . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wall_Street_Journal_6-0) Kaufman, Joanne (December 18, 1998). "Couture's Closet Queen" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB913942611330104000) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Desperately Seeking Fashion: Meet Sandy Schreier, the World’s Largest Private Collector of Haute Couture. (https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/24/desperately-seeking-fashion-meet-sandy-schreier-the-worlds-largest-private-collector-of-haute-couture/) Ben Schulman, Newcitydesign, November 24, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b "Meet Sandy Schreier" (https://www.faboverfifty.com/women/blog/sandy-schreier/) . FabOverFifty.com . June 7, 2010 . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Funeral Details for Sherwin Schreier - Ira Kaufman Chapel" (https://www.irakaufman.com/mobile/detail.php?id=5643) . www.irakaufman.com . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Sherwin Schreier" (https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/detroitnews/obituary.aspx?n=sherwin-schreier&pid=180779926&fhid=16291) . Legacy.com . Retrieved June 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "SHERWIN SCHREIER Obituary » Michigan Death Notices » from Michigan.com . . " (http://deathnotices.michigan.com/view-single.php?id=34679743) . deathnotices.michigan.com . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Wilson, Eric (February 13, 2013). "Galliano's Presence at de la Renta May Be First Step in His Return" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/fashion/gallianos-presence-at-de-la-renta-may-be-a-first-step-in-his-return.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4, 2019 – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Phelan, Hayley (April 10, 2014). "Fashion Editors, Anti-Defamation League Rush to Galliano's Defense After 'Hasidic Outfit' Fall-Out" (https://fashionista.com/2013/02/as-anti-defamation-league-defends-gallianos-hasidic-looking-outfit-critics-wonder-if-designer-has-a-future) . Fashionista . Retrieved May 4, 2019 . 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Dress featured in the 1990 film Pretty Woman Red dress of Julia Roberts Designer Marilyn Vance (/wiki/Marilyn_Vance) Year 1990 Type Off-the-shoulder evening gown Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) wore a red dress in the 1990 romantic comedy film Pretty Woman (/wiki/Pretty_Woman) . The ensemble was created by costume designer Marilyn Vance (/wiki/Marilyn_Vance) , and is worn during a "transformative" scene in the film where Roberts' character accompanies her love interest to a night at the opera. Thirty years after the film's release, Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_France) called the off-the-shoulder evening gown as “iconic”, and said that it helped make the romantic comedy (/wiki/Romantic_comedy) "legendary". [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) Background and design [ edit ] Pretty Woman (1990) is a film depicting a sex worker who discovers high society while embarking on romance with a millionaire (/wiki/Millionaire) . [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) The ensemble is worn during a "transformative" scene in the film, in which Roberts' character, Vivian Ward, accompanies her love interest to a night at the opera. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) [2] (#cite_note-hr-2) The production studio had instructed Vance to make the gown black to prevent clashing with Roberts' red hair. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) But Vance pursued her concept, designing three dresses of various shades and putting Roberts through multiple screen tests (/wiki/Screen_test) to persuade director Garry Marshall (/wiki/Garry_Marshall) . [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) [3] (#cite_note-marie-3) Marshall was heavily involved with the fashion of the film and collaborated with Vance on the final look's design. [2] (#cite_note-hr-2) The dress is a scarlet red sculptural column evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) with a low back, off-the-shoulder detail, a plunging sweetheart neckline (/wiki/Sweetheart_neckline) , and a drape tied around the hips. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) The ensemble was accessorized with a complementary ruby diamond necklace and white opera gloves (/wiki/Opera_gloves) . [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) [3] (#cite_note-marie-3) [5] (#cite_note-grazia-5) [6] (#cite_note-bustle-6) It exhibited ruffled detailing and voluminous sleeves, in line with 1990s fashion trends. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-musical-8) In Pretty Woman , Roberts portrays Vivian Ward, a Hollywood Boulevard (/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard) prostitute who entertains older businessman Edward Lewis ( Richard Gere (/wiki/Richard_Gere) ) and subsequently falls in love with him. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) Vance used her style portray to character's evolution in the film as her fashion becomes more polished and minimalist, inspired by Edward. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) The dress was designed to be "diametrically opposite" to her revealing outfits at the beginning of the film. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) The gown is worn during a "pivotal transformation" sequence which presents [Vivian] as a "real lady" before to an evening at the opera. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) The scene where Roberts wears the gown has been referred to as cinematically significant and an "all-time movie moment", featuring improvisation intended by Gere for the film's gag reel (/wiki/Gag_reel) . In the film, Edward surprises Vivian by snapping a necklace case on her fingers, with Roberts letting out a "yelping" and "iconic" laugh. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-patch-12) Marshall later referred to it as "the trademark for the movie". [12] (#cite_note-patch-12) Reception and legacy [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and Grazia Daily (/wiki/Grazia_Daily) have called the gown as the most famous costume piece in the film. [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) [5] (#cite_note-grazia-5) Johanna Cox of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) described the piece as "one of the most famous red dresses in film history". [13] (#cite_note-elle-13) The gown was reproduced for the musical adaption (/wiki/Pretty_Woman:_The_Musical) of Pretty Woman , with a "more relaxed and less corset-like" design. [8] (#cite_note-musical-8) Los Angeles brand Reformation released a version of the gown in 2014, called 'the Bali dress'. [5] (#cite_note-grazia-5) [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) framed the gown as one of the most unforgettable pieces in cinema. [14] (#cite_note-14) Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) included it in a list describing "20 of pop culture's most show-stopping red dresses", while Parade (/wiki/Parade_(magazine)) featured the frock as one of the most iconic red dresses in film. [15] (#cite_note-ew-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) It was exhibited at the Victoria & Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum) in 2014. [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) Vance was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) in 1990 for her work on Pretty Woman . [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) Floriane Reynaud of Vogue Paris wrote that the dress was "eye-catching, incredibly sexy without losing an ounce of elegance… all of the attention is now focused on Vivian, who we now view from a different perspective: one of admiration instead of disdain." [1] (#cite_note-vogueparis-1) Writing for Harper's Bazaar , Kerry Pieri expressed that the gown echoed the spirit of Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) . [4] (#cite_note-bazaar-4) People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) declared that the dress "she wears when she goes from duckling to swan [..] has a wow factor that goes unmatched". [17] (#cite_note-17) Marie Claire described the dress as "gorgeously draped" and stated that "when Edward fell in love with [Vivian] that night, we did too." [3] (#cite_note-marie-3) In an analysis on red in film fashion, Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) wrote that Vivian "connotes new — and commanding — elegance in her red ballgown and opera gloves." [18] (#cite_note-18) Entertainment Weekly' s Mary Sollosi dubbed the piece as Vivian's "true Cinderella (/wiki/Cinderella) moment." [15] (#cite_note-ew-15) See also [ edit ] Green dress of Keira Knightley (/wiki/Green_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) Pink dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Reyand, Florain (August 14, 2020). "The secrets behind Julia Roberts' red dress in Pretty Woman" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/article/the-secrets-behind-julia-roberts-red-dress-in-pretty-woman) . Vogue Paris . ^ Jump up to: a b Vance, Marilyn (July 21, 2016). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/pretty-woman-costume-designer-remembers-913269/) 'Pretty Woman' Costume Designer Remembers Garry Marshall: "A Star Generator" Who Wasn't Fancy but Real" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/pretty-woman-costume-designer-remembers-913269/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Goldstone, Penny (November 14, 2019). "This legendary fashion moment from Pretty Woman almost never was" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/pretty-woman-dress-never-happened-674129) . Marie Claire UK . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pieri, Kerry (May 24, 2018). "The Red 'Pretty Woman' Dress Can Now Be Yours For $388" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a20898360/pretty-woman-red-dress/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Rosseinsky, Katie (January 6, 2018). "Cult Brand Reformation Has Recreated The Iconic 'Pretty Woman' Red Dress" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/reformation-pretty-woman-red-dress/) . Grazia Daily . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-bustle_6-0) Komar, Marlen (May 29, 2018). "A Brand Is Selling A Dress That Looks Exactly Like The Red 'Pretty Woman' Dress" (https://www.bustle.com/p/this-reformation-pretty-woman-dress-is-going-to-make-you-so-nostalgic-9227884) . Bustle . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Vivian Ward" (https://parade.com/738033/solanahawkenson/national-wear-red-day-17-of-the-most-iconic-red-dresses-in-film-tv/#gallery_738033-9) . Parade . February 2019 . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Halperin, Moze (August 24, 2018). " (https://observer.com/2018/08/pretty-woman-the-musical-is-a-sad-statement-on-women-and-fashion/) 'Pretty Woman: The Musical' Makes a Sad Statement About Gender, Class and Fashion" (https://observer.com/2018/08/pretty-woman-the-musical-is-a-sad-statement-on-women-and-fashion/) . Observer . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "As Julia Roberts turns 50, look back at her most stylish moments over the years" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/julia-roberts-style-best-fashion-looks/pretty-woman-red-dress/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Tobias, Scott (March 23, 2020). "Pretty Woman at 30: conservatism, materialism and glowing star power" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/23/pretty-woman-30-conservatism-materialism-glowing-star-power) . The Guardian . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Atad, Corey. "10 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About 'Pretty Woman' (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028031816/https://etcanada.com/photos/611926/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-pretty-woman/#image-612011) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028031816/https://etcanada.com/photos/611926/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-pretty-woman/#image-612011) . ET Canada . Archived from the original (https://etcanada.com/photos/611926/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-pretty-woman/#image-612011) on October 28, 2021. ^ Jump up to: a b "Director Reveals: Iconic Jewelry Box Scene From 'Pretty Woman' Was a Practical Joke Intended for the Film's Gag Reel" (https://patch.com/connecticut/orange/bp--director-reveals-iconic-jewelry-box-scene-from-prdc0b61a08b) . Patch . April 28, 2012 . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-elle_13-0) Cox, Johanna (March 23, 2010). "Happy Birthday, Pretty Woman" (https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/interviews/a10996/happy-birthday-pretty-woman-437978/) . Elle . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "20 Greatest Movie Dresses of All Time" (https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/g1398/greatest-movie-dresses-ever/) . Marie Claire . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sollosi, Mary. "20 of pop culture's most show-stopping red dresses" (https://ew.com/movies/pop-culture-iconic-red-dresses/?slide=8e4c9168-ce15-42a8-8982-3042962ffd2e#8e4c9168-ce15-42a8-8982-3042962ffd2e) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Solana, Salado (February 2019). "National Wear Red Day: 17 of the Most Iconic Red Dresses in Film & TV" (https://parade.com/738033/solanahawkenson/national-wear-red-day-17-of-the-most-iconic-red-dresses-in-film-tv/) . Parade . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Wurzburger, Andrea. "All of Julia Roberts' Outfits from Pretty Woman, Ranked" (https://people.com/style/pretty-woman-julia-roberts-outfits-ranked/) . People . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Jana, Rosalind. "From Rebecca To Moulin Rouge: The Femme Fatale Power Of A Red Dress" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/10/10111986/red-dress-in-movies-rebecca-meaning) . Refinery29 . Retrieved October 28, 2021 . 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Jamaican American fashion designer Andrea Pitter Nationality American Education Fashion Institute of Technology Website www (https://www.andreapitter.com/) .andreapitter (https://www.andreapitter.com/) .com (https://www.andreapitter.com/) Andrea Pitter is a New York-based Jamaican American (/wiki/Jamaican_American) fashion designer and the founder of Pantora Bridal. Known for inclusive design, she won the second season of American reality television series Making the Cut (/wiki/Making_the_Cut_(2020_TV_series)) . Life and career [ edit ] Pitter was raised in Crown Heights (/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn) neighbourhood of Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) by Jamaican immigrant parents. [1] (#cite_note-Solá-Santiago-1) She studied at the High School of Fashion Industries (/wiki/High_School_of_Fashion_Industries) and a graduate of the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [1] (#cite_note-Solá-Santiago-1) Pitter launched Pantora Bridal in 2009. [1] (#cite_note-Solá-Santiago-1) As a bridal designer she is known for inclusive design that focuses on Black women and those traditionally excluded from the wedding industry. [2] (#cite_note-Elitou-2) [3] (#cite_note-Kai-3) [4] (#cite_note-Leon-McCormack-4) In 2021 she joined the wedding planning company The Knot as a mentor for wedding professionals from underrepresented backgrounds. [5] (#cite_note-Olson-5) Pitter won the second season of Making the Cut . [6] (#cite_note-CastroMolina-6) [2] (#cite_note-Elitou-2) The win included a three-year lease of a storefront at the ROW DTLA. [7] (#cite_note-Tomlin-7) She used the appearance on the show to expand a ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) line of Pantora. [7] (#cite_note-Tomlin-7) [2] (#cite_note-Elitou-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Solá-Santiago, Frances. "Before Making The Cut, Andrea Pitter Was Already Disrupting The Bridal Industry" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2021/08/10622791/andrea-pitter-making-the-cut-interview) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Elitou, Tweety (9 August 2021). "Andrea Pitter Talks Winning 'Making The Cut' And How She's Investing $1M Into Her Blooming Bridal Business!" (https://www.bet.com/article/i4lt15/andrea-pitter-talks-winning-making-the-cut-and-more) . BET.com . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kai_3-0) Kai, Maiysha (17 September 2020). "Bringing Romance to Ready-to-Wear, Pantora Bridal Designer Andrea Pitter Campbell Debuts Pantora RTW" (https://www.theroot.com/bringing-romance-to-ready-to-wear-pantora-bridal-desig-1845090588) . The Root . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Leon-McCormack_4-0) Leon-McCormack, Myrdith (23 November 2020). "WBM Continues To Celebrate The New Iconic Designers- Andrea Pitter-Campbell Of Pantora Bridal" (https://worldbridemagazine.com/26542/wbm-continues-to-celebrate-the-new-iconic-designers-andrea-pitter-campbel-of-pantora-bridal/) . worldbridemagazine.com . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Olson_5-0) Olson, Alexandra (14 March 2021). "Bridal designer Andrea Pitter on celebrating Black women" (https://www.seattletimes.com/business/bridal-designer-andrea-pitter-on-celebrating-black-women/) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-CastroMolina_6-0) Marysol, Castro; Juan Carlos, Molina (10 August 2021). "Brooklyn designer talks 'Making the Cut' win" (https://pix11.com/news/morning/brooklyn-designer-talks-making-the-cut-win/) . PIX11 . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tomlin, Annika. " (http://www.ladowntownnews.com/arts_and_entertainment/beyond-the-cut-winner-to-open-row-dtla-store/article_375a1c5e-092f-11ec-89bc-47869f622f58.html) 'Beyond the Cut' winner to open ROW DTLA store" (http://www.ladowntownnews.com/arts_and_entertainment/beyond-the-cut-winner-to-open-row-dtla-store/article_375a1c5e-092f-11ec-89bc-47869f622f58.html) . Los Angeles Downtown News - The Voice of Downtown Los Angeles . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Israeli model (1955–1995) Tami Ben-Ami Ben-Ami in a Gottex (/wiki/Gottex) swimsuit (1980) Born 1955 ( 1955 ) Ramla (/wiki/Ramla) , Israel Died ( 1995-07-22 ) 22 July 1995 (aged 40) Resting place Rishon LeZion (/wiki/Rishon_LeZion) , Israel Nationality Israeli (/wiki/Israeli_Jews) Occupation model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Partner Aulcie Perry (/wiki/Aulcie_Perry) Tami Ben-Ami ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : תמי בן עמי ; 1955 – 22 July 1995 [1] (#cite_note-1) ) was an Israeli model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) She had a high-profile relationship with Aulcie Perry (/wiki/Aulcie_Perry) , an African American (/wiki/African_Americans) basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C (/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C.) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Ben-Ami died on 22 July 1995 at the age of 40 from cervical cancer (/wiki/Cervical_cancer) . [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The last ones standing" (https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/the-last-ones-standing-597185) . The Jerusalem Post . 30 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Model Businesswoman" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/218771720) . The Jerusalem Report . 19 May 1994. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Death of Israel's high priestess of fashion" (https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-the-death-of-israel-s-high-priestess-of-fashion-1.5199019) . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Retired American basketball player finds new home in Israel" (https://apnews.com/6f658e930a9eeb0fb041a2a4a5b65794) . AP. 6 February 1997. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bouncing Back" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/218741999/) . The Jerusalem Report . 6 February 1997. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Tami Ben-Ami dies of cancer" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/321171788) . The Jerusalem Post . 23 July 1995. Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/41156218336204740469) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007414844505171) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐nndw8 Cached time: 20240710161448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.464 seconds Real time usage: 0.603 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2254/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18549/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1995/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27177/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.333/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15970024/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 574.513 1 -total 26.10% 149.930 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.39% 128.626 1 Template:Reflist 18.75% 107.727 5 Template:Cite_news 17.64% 101.328 1 Template:Lang-he 15.53% 89.247 1 Template:Authority_control 13.18% 75.708 1 Template:Short_description 8.36% 48.053 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.76% 44.575 2 Template:Pagetype 6.07% 34.873 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65354969-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710161448 and revision id 1181915877. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tami_Ben-Ami&oldid=1181915877 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tami_Ben-Ami&oldid=1181915877) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1955 births (/wiki/Category:1955_births) Israeli female models (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_models) 1995 deaths (/wiki/Category:1995_deaths) Deaths from cervical cancer (/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cervical_cancer) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021) Use Oxford spelling from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_May_2021) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) |
Sotho (/wiki/Sotho_people) woman wearing a brown shweshwe dress Shweshwe ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ ʃ w ɛ ʃ w ɛ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a printed (/wiki/Textile_printing) dyed (/wiki/Dye) cotton (/wiki/Cotton) fabric (/wiki/Textile) widely used for traditional Southern African (/wiki/Southern_Africa) clothing. [2] (#cite_note-Rochlin-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Originally dyed indigo (/wiki/Indigo_dye) , the fabric is manufactured in a variety of colours and printing designs characterised by intricate geometric patterns. [4] (#cite_note-deVillemarette-4) [5] (#cite_note-Rovine-5) [6] (#cite_note-Davie-6) Due to its popularity, shweshwe has been described as the denim (/wiki/Denim) , [6] (#cite_note-Davie-6) or tartan (/wiki/Tartan) , of South Africa. [7] (#cite_note-MamaAfrika-7) Name [ edit ] Xhosa (/wiki/Xhosa_people) women in traditional costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) wearing indigo (/wiki/Indigo) shweshwe aprons Xhosa (/wiki/Xhosa_people) woman wearing a head scarf made from indigo (/wiki/Indigo) shweshwe (on the right) The local name shweshwe is derived from the fabric's association with Lesotho (/wiki/Lesotho) 's King Moshoeshoe I (/wiki/Moshoeshoe_I) , [8] (#cite_note-Kuper-8) [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) also spelled "Moshweshwe". Moshoeshoe I was gifted with the fabric by French missionaries in the 1840s and subsequently popularised it. [8] (#cite_note-Kuper-8) [10] (#cite_note-Futhwa-10) [11] (#cite_note-Joyce-11) It is also known as sejeremane or seshoeshoe in Sotho (/wiki/Sotho_language) as well as terantala (derived from Afrikaans tarentaal (/wiki/Helmeted_guineafowl) ), [10] (#cite_note-Futhwa-10) and ujamani in Xhosa (/wiki/Xhosa_language) , after 19th century German and Swiss settlers who imported the blaudruck ("blue print") fabric for their clothing and helped entrench it in South African and Basotho culture. [6] (#cite_note-Davie-6) [8] (#cite_note-Kuper-8) [11] (#cite_note-Joyce-11) [12] (#cite_note-Iziko-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Uses [ edit ] Shweshwe is traditionally used to make dresses, skirts, aprons and wraparound clothing. Shweshwe clothing is traditionally worn by newly married Xhosa (/wiki/Xhosa_people) women, known as makoti , and married Sotho (/wiki/Sotho_people) women. [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) [10] (#cite_note-Futhwa-10) [14] (#cite_note-Miti-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Xhosa women have also incorporated the fabric into their traditional ochre (/wiki/Ochre) -coloured blanket clothing. [7] (#cite_note-MamaAfrika-7) [16] (#cite_note-Bryant-16) Aside from traditional wear, shweshwe is used in contemporary South African fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) for women and men from all ethnic groups, [5] (#cite_note-Rovine-5) [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) [12] (#cite_note-Iziko-12) as well as for making accessories and upholstery. [17] (#cite_note-17) It is also used in the United States (/wiki/United_States) as a quilting (/wiki/Quilting) fabric. [4] (#cite_note-deVillemarette-4) [18] (#cite_note-Fulton-18) Production [ edit ] Chocolate brown shweshwe Shweshwe is manufactured with an acid discharge and roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) technique on pure cotton calico (/wiki/Calico_(textile)) . [4] (#cite_note-deVillemarette-4) [5] (#cite_note-Rovine-5) [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) [19] (#cite_note-19) It is printed in widths of 90 cm, in all-over patterns and A-shaped skirt panels printed side by side. The fabric is manufactured in various colours including the original indigo, chocolate brown and red, in a large variety of designs including florals, stripes, and diamond, square and circular geometric patterns. [7] (#cite_note-MamaAfrika-7) [11] (#cite_note-Joyce-11) The intricate designs are made using picotage, a pinning (/wiki/Pin) fabric printing technique rarely used by contemporary fabric manufacturers due to its complexity and expense, although the design effects have been replicated using modern fabric printing techniques. [4] (#cite_note-deVillemarette-4) Previously imported to Southern Africa from Europe, the trademarked (/wiki/Trademark) fabric has been manufactured by Da Gama Textiles in the Zwelitsha (/wiki/Zwelitsha) township (/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)) outside King William's Town (/wiki/King_William%27s_Town) in the Eastern Cape (/wiki/Eastern_Cape) since 1982. [8] (#cite_note-Kuper-8) [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) [10] (#cite_note-Futhwa-10) [11] (#cite_note-Joyce-11) In 1992, Da Gama Textiles bought the sole rights to Three Cats, the most popular brand of the fabric made by Spruce Manufacturing Co. Ltd in Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) , and the original engraved copper rollers were shipped to South Africa. [16] (#cite_note-Bryant-16) [20] (#cite_note-20) Da Gama Textiles has made shweshwe from cotton imported from Zimbabwe (/wiki/Zimbabwe) and grown locally in the Eastern Cape. [14] (#cite_note-Miti-14) [18] (#cite_note-Fulton-18) The local textile industry (/wiki/Textile_industry) , including shweshwe production by Da Gama Textiles, has been threatened by competition from cheaper inferior quality imitations (/wiki/Counterfeit_consumer_goods) made locally and imported from China (/wiki/China) and Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) . [9] (#cite_note-Holmes-9) [11] (#cite_note-Joyce-11) [14] (#cite_note-Miti-14) [21] (#cite_note-21) The genuine product can be recognised by feel, smell, taste, sound, a solid colour from dyeing and trademark logos on the reverse side of the fabric, a smaller than average 90 cm fabric width and stiffness of the new fabric from traditional starching (/wiki/Starch) which washes out. [4] (#cite_note-deVillemarette-4) [5] (#cite_note-Rovine-5) [6] (#cite_note-Davie-6) [12] (#cite_note-Iziko-12) As at November 2013, shweshwe production by Da Gama Textiles had reduced to five million metres per annum. [6] (#cite_note-Davie-6) In popular culture [ edit ] Jill Scott (/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)) , who portrayed the main character Mma Precious Ramotswe in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (/wiki/The_No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency_(TV_series)) TV series, wore outfits made from shweshwe for the production. [2] (#cite_note-Rochlin-2) [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] African waxprints (/wiki/African_waxprints) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "shwe-shwe or shweshwe" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shwe-shwe) . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rochlin, Margy (5 June 2009). "Jo Katsaras: 'No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency' (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html) . New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140124100251/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html?_r=0) from the original on 24 January 2014. But Ms. Katsaras always keeps the series's central character, the private investigator Precious Ramotswe (Jill Scott, above), the focus of attention with colorful dresses and head scarves made of shweshwe, the traditional South African fabric known for its pulsating motifs. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Grange, Helen (4 May 2011). "Stylish isishweshwe? Check" (http://www.thepost.co.za/stylish-isishweshwe-check-1.1064242#.UuKQ2NL8Ls0) . The Star . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140124161708/http://www.thepost.co.za/stylish-isishweshwe-check-1.1064242) from the original on 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky . The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rovine, Victoria L. (2012). "Handmade textiles: global markets and authenticity". In Dudley, Sandra H. (ed.). Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things . Oxon: Routledge. pp. 276–277. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781135721473 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa" (http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa) . Media Club South Africa . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140120212524/http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa) from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "A stylish ode to Mama Afrika" (http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0) . The Star . 27 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111230183238/http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657) from the original on 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013). "London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes" (http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes) . Mail & Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130525031602/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes) from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning" (http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning) . Mail & Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140120141942/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning) from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Futhwa, Fezekile (2012). Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System . Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa. pp. 107–115. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780620503952 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!" (http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0) . Daily News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131105185800/http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Isishweshwe Story: Material Women?" (http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women) . Iziko Museums. 23 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130329032234/http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women) from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Pheto-Moeti, B; Riekert, D.M.; Pelser, A.J. (2017). "Perceptions of Seshoeshoe fabric, naming and meanings of motifs on fabric" (https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jfecs/article/view/156131) . Journal of Consumer Sciences . 2 (2017): 24–39 – via African Journals Online. ^ Jump up to: a b c Miti, Siya (11 May 2013). "Textile sector threat to fabric of society" (http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/) . Daily Dispatch . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217101058/http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/) from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Event – Material women? The shweshwe story" (http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/material-women-the-shweshwe-story) . Iziko Museums. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140120164029/http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/material-women-the-shweshwe-story) from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bryant, Judy (June 2012). "Transplanted Culture Through Trade" (http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf) (PDF) . Cape Crafts & Design Institute : 21–22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140121075609/http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Lewis, Esther (28 March 2013). "IsiShweshwe: cut from a different cloth" (http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/isishweshwe-cut-from-a-different-cloth-1.1493251#.Ut-5AdL8Ls0) . Cape Argus . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140202184008/http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/isishweshwe-cut-from-a-different-cloth-1.1493251) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fulton, Claire (23 November 2006). "Cottoning on to Shweshwe chic" (http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0) . South Africa.info . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120114011121/http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm) from the original on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Home Sewing" (http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103%3Ahome-sewing&catid=42%3Adagama-general&Itemid=199) . Da Gama Textiles . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Some of our recognised brands include ... The Original Shweshwe ethnic printed 3 CATS, 3 LEOPARDS, TOTO and FANCY PRINTS, which are acid discharge prints on cotton calico. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "History of Shweshwe" (http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=164) . Da Gama Textiles. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130809184848/http://dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=164) from the original on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Sparg, Linda (15 January 2012). "Fabric firm wins with a focus on local flair" (http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/fabric-firm-wins-with-a-focus-on-local-flair-1.1212960#.Ut4Wu9L8Ls0) . Business Report . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140121064459/http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/fabric-firm-wins-with-a-focus-on-local-flair-1.1212960) from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Barbieri, Annalisa (3 April 2008). "All shapes and sizes" (http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2008/04/high-street-designers-film) . New Statesman . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081204150313/http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2008/04/high-street-designers-film) from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Further reading [ edit ] Ralfe, Liz (2004). "Love Affair with my Isishweshwe". In Weber, Sandra; Mitchell, Claudia (eds.). Not Just Any Dress: Narratives of Memory, Body, and Identity . New York: Peter Lang. pp. 211–218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8204-6118-2 . Pheto-Moeti, Mabokang Baatshwana (2005). An Assessment of Seshoeshoe Dress as a Cultural Identity for Basotho Women of Lesotho (M.Sc. thesis). University of the Free State. Archived from the original (http://etd.uovs.ac.za/cgi-bin/ETD-browse/view_etd?URN=etd-09012006-074550) on 22 January 2014. Maphangwa, Shonisani (2010). From Colonial to Post-Colonial: Shifts in Cultural Meanings in Dutch Lace and Shweshwe Fabric (M.A. thesis). University of Johannesburg. Archived from the original (https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/4516) on 22 January 2014. Moletsane, Relebohile; Mitchell, Claudia; Smith, Ann, eds. (2012). Was it Something I Wore?: Dress, Identity, Materiality . Cape Town: HSRC Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7969-2362-2 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |journal= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored) ) Rossouw, Mandy (23 September 2006). "Londen oorrompel deur SA se modes" (http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/09/23/B1/3/mrmode.html) [London taken over by SA's fashions]. Beeld (in Afrikaans). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140122144516/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/09/23/B1/3/mrmode.html) from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Lamprecht, Bettie (5 March 2013). "Ikoniese materiaal wat geen grense ken" (http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/03/05/B1/10/lapstorie-142.html) [Iconic material without borders]. Beeld (in Afrikaans). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140122102357/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/03/05/B1/10/lapstorie-142.html) from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Leeb-Du Toit, Juliette (2017). isiShweshwe: A History of the Indigenisation of Blueprint in South Africa . Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781869143145 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shweshwe . Look up shweshwe (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/shweshwe) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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Afghan women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Afghanistan portal (/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Afghan fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Afghan_fashion_designers) . It includes Afghan fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐fp29c Cached time: 20240720204856 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.101 seconds Real time usage: 0.132 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3993/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 299/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.054/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 935719/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 112.558 1 -total 48.14% 54.190 1 Template:Portal 39.52% 44.487 1 Template:Non-diffusing 31.53% 35.491 1 Template:Cmbox 12.11% 13.633 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.77% 11.001 2 Template:Category_other 7.02% 7.902 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.53% 5.095 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.52% 1.709 1 Template:Template_other 1.45% 1.634 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72292254-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204856 and revision id 1177796753. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Afghan women fashion designers" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . T Safia Tarzi (/wiki/Safia_Tarzi) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Afghan_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177796753 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Afghan_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177796753) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Afghan fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Afghan_fashion_designers) Afghan women artists (/wiki/Category:Afghan_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
Australian fashion designer This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) relies too much on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Misuse_of_primary_sources) . Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) or harmful. Find sources: "Sophia Tolli" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sophia+Tolli%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sophia+Tolli%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sophia+Tolli%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sophia+Tolli%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sophia+Tolli%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sophia+Tolli%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sophia Tolli is an Australian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) specializing in wedding (/wiki/Wedding) and special occasion gowns. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early years [ edit ] Sophia Tolli was born Sophia Apostolides in Australia (/wiki/Australia) . [2] (#cite_note-Bio-2) Tolli's beginnings in the fashion industry stemmed from her aunt, a gifted dressmaker. [3] (#cite_note-MonCheri-3) Tolli selected the fabrics for the clothes that her aunt would create, giving her an opportunity to develop a keen eye for styles, colors, and more. A seamstress since her early teens, Tolli began making custom prom, bridesmaids and bridal gowns from a young age. [3] (#cite_note-MonCheri-3) She continued her studies in design during college. Career [ edit ] After 10 years as head designer at Maggie Sottero, Tolli collaborated with Mon Cheri to design her own line in 2006. [2] (#cite_note-Bio-2) Her designs include strapless ball gowns, A-line dresses, halters and slim skirts. Her gowns are known for the impeccable fit, as well as draped and corset backs. Tolli enjoys naming her gowns after pop culture trends at the time; two of her most recent collections are named after characters from The Hunger Games (/wiki/The_Hunger_Games) and Game of Thrones (/wiki/Game_of_Thrones) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Tolli later launched a Special Occasion collection of cocktail dresses with Mon Cheri for bridesmaids, young mothers, homecomings and prom. [5] (#cite_note-5) Tolli's designs have been featured on the cover of Wedding Ideas Magazine . [6] (#cite_note-6) Awards and honours [ edit ] In 2010, Sophia Tolli gown Y2954 won Wedding Dress of the Year at the Harrogate Bridal Buyer Awards. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Sophia Tolli Wedding Dresses 2014 Sneak Peak" (http://sophiatolli.com/trending/wedding-dresses-2014-spring/) , sophiatolli.com, 21 May 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "Designers’ Biographies" (http://www.whatsupeurope.com/sub.php?Page=Text&PT=Other1) , What's Up Europe (/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Up_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1) ^ Jump up to: a b "Sophia Tolli" (http://moncheribridals.com/designers/sophia/) , moncheribridals.com ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hamilton. "Wedding Dress Collection Named After The Hunger Games" (http://www.myhungergames.com/wedding-dress-collection-named-after-the-hunger-games) , myhungergames.com, 15 February 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Sophia Tolli Special Occasion" (http://sophiatolli.com/dresses/special-occasion-dresses/) , sophiatolli.com ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Sophia Tolli Makes The Cover of Wedding Ideas Magazine" (http://sophiatolli.com/trending/sophia-tolli-makes-the-cover-of-wedding-ideas-magazine/) , sophiatolli.com, 21 May 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sophia Tolli Wins Dress of the Year" (http://moncheribridals.com/news/sophia-tolli-wins-dress-of-the-year/) , moncheribridals.com, 18 March 2010. 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Malaysian-Indian model, actress, director (b. 1996) Vanessa Cruez Born ( 1996-08-29 ) 29 August 1996 (age 27) Selangor (/wiki/Selangor) , Malaysia Nationality Malaysian Occupations Model actress director Years active 2016–present Vanessa Cruez (29 August 1996) is a Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysians) Indian model, actress and director who works in the Indian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) Kollywood (/wiki/Kollywood) industry. She was crowned World Miss University Malaysia 2018. She made her film debut with the Malaysian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) film Athaiyum Thaandi Punithamanathu in 2021. She also participated in the reality show Survivor (Tamil season 1) (/wiki/Survivor_(Tamil_season_1)) where she later emerged as the 2nd runner up of the show. Career [ edit ] At a young age when she was a MSU student in Malaysia, Vanessa was crowned the winner of World Miss University Malaysia 2018, defeating 32 other participants. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She made her film debut in the Malaysian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) film Athaiyum Thaandi Punithamanathu (2021) in which she announced that she will play the lead role in the film. [5] (#cite_note-5) She made her first television debut in India in the survival reality show Survivor (Tamil season 1) (/wiki/Survivor_(Tamil_season_1)) as a contestant. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Vanessa also played a small role in the television comedy show Kalyana Kumar in 2017. She has acted in various different small budget short films in Malaysia as a lead. [9] (#cite_note-9) She is the co founder of Vikadakavi productions which is a program for young learning models. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2021, Vanessa turned into a director and started directing a Malaysian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) drama, Nethraa which was released in July 2021. She was later crowned as Miss Fitness Asia International in 2021. [11] (#cite_note-11) She was also one of the top 15 finalists and represented her home state Selangor (/wiki/Selangor) in the beauty pageant, Miss Malaysia Kebaya . [12] (#cite_note-12) Filmography [ edit ] Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Film Year Film Role Notes 2016 Kabali (/wiki/Kabali) Singari 2020 Athaiyum Thaandi Punithamanathu (/w/index.php?title=Athaiyum_Thaandi_Punithamanathu&action=edit&redlink=1) Dr.Vanmathi Best Actress 2021 of Malaysia 2022 Agent Kannayiram (/wiki/Agent_Kannayiram) Television [ edit ] Year Show Channel Role Notes 2017 Kalyana Kumar Astro (/wiki/Astro_(television)) Vaishnavi Malaysian TV Network 2018 Vallavar Season 3 Astro (/wiki/Astro_(television)) Contenstant 1st Runner Up 2021 Annai Madi TV2 (/wiki/TV2_(Malaysian_TV_network)) Priya 2021 Nethraa Astro Vaanavil (/wiki/Astro_Vaanavil) As Director 2021 Survivor Tamil Season 1 (/wiki/Survivor_Tamil_(season_1)) Zee Tamil (/wiki/Zee_Tamil) Contenstant 2nd Runner Up 2022 Survivor Binge with Vanessa Zee5 (/wiki/Zee5) Host Talk show about Survivor Tamil Season 1 (/wiki/Survivor_Tamil_(season_1)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "MSU student takes pageant title" (https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/09/21/msu-student-takes-pageant-title/) . The Star . Malaysia. 21 September 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180921120018/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/09/21/msu-student-takes-pageant-title/) from the original on 21 September 2018 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "MSU student crowned World Miss University M'sia 2018" (https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/05/msu-student-crowned-world-miss-university-msia-2018/) . The Borneo Post (/wiki/The_Borneo_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174754/https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/05/msu-student-crowned-world-miss-university-msia-2018/) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Dari Malaysia ke India" (https://www.hmetro.com.my/geny/2017/11/288102/dari-malaysia-ke-india) . hmetro.com.my . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174754/https://www.hmetro.com.my/geny/2017/11/288102/dari-malaysia-ke-india) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "MSUrian is World Miss University Malaysia 2018" (https://www.msu.edu.my/news/Sep2018-food-service-technology-world-miss-university-malaysia-2018) . msu.edu.my . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211015105433/https://www.msu.edu.my/news/Sep2018-food-service-technology-world-miss-university-malaysia-2018) from the original on 15 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Survivor Tamil: Actors Vanessa Cruez and Inigo Prabhakaran to join the show as new contestants" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/survivor-tamil-actors-vanessa-cruez-and-inigo-prabhakaran-to-join-the-show-as-new-contestants/articleshow/86672013.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 1 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211001190103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/survivor-tamil-actors-vanessa-cruez-and-inigo-prabhakaran-to-join-the-show-as-new-contestants/articleshow/86672013.cms) from the original on 1 October 2021 . Retrieved 15 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Malaysian Actress Vanessa Cruez Joins Survivor Tamil!" (https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/malaysian-actress-vanessa-cruez-joins-survivor-tamil-210543) . astroulagam.com.my . 1 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174756/https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/malaysian-actress-vanessa-cruez-joins-survivor-tamil-210543) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Malaysian Actress Vanessa Cruez Makes Her Grand Entry In Survivor Tamil" (https://varnam.my/contest-contest/2021/47917/malaysian-actress-make-her-grand-entry-in-survivor-tamil/) . varnam.my . 3 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174755/https://varnam.my/contest-contest/2021/47917/malaysian-actress-make-her-grand-entry-in-survivor-tamil/) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Who is Survivor Tamil contestant contestant Vanessa Cruez" (https://thenewscrunch.com/who-is-survivor-tamil-contestant-contestant-vanessa-cruez/39320/) . thenewscrunch.com . 3 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007174755/https://thenewscrunch.com/who-is-survivor-tamil-contestant-contestant-vanessa-cruez/39320/) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Miss Asia 2017: Photoshoot" (https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/miss-asia-2017-photoshoot/vanessa-cruez/articleshow/61672473.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 16 November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007180626/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/miss-asia-2017-photoshoot/vanessa-cruez/articleshow/61672473.cms) from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Soaring high" (https://www.thesundaily.my/supplement/soaring-high-CF7263774) . The Sun . Malaysia. 16 March 2021 . Retrieved 8 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Soaring high in her chosen field" (https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20200116/281917365028187) . The Star . 16 January 2020 . Retrieved 9 October 2021 – via PressReader (/wiki/PressReader) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "All set for grand Miss Malaysia Kebaya 2013 finals with 15 contestants" (https://cj.my/92315/all-set-for-grand-miss-malaysia-kebaya-2013-finals-with-15-contestants/) . cj.my . Malaysia . Retrieved 21 October 2021 . External links [ edit ] Vanessa Cruez (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10628124/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Malaysia (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐w7r6d Cached time: 20240712230507 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.385 seconds Real time usage: 0.509 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2385/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30357/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2248/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51728/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.249/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6617768/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 480.325 1 -total 34.67% 166.531 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.55% 146.731 1 Template:Reflist 20.05% 96.283 5 Template:Cite_news 15.20% 72.988 1 Template:Short_description 12.30% 59.091 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 8.80% 42.251 2 Template:Pagetype 8.44% 40.546 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.59% 36.454 1 Template:Hlist 7.41% 35.585 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68917862-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712230507 and revision id 1186506606. 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Italian fashion designer (1900–1994) Olga di Grésy Olga di Grésy, c. 1960s Born Olga di Villarey 1900 Turin (/wiki/Turin) Died 1994 (aged 93–94) Novara (/wiki/Novara) Nationality Italian Known for Knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) Label Mirsa Spouse(s) Orazio Cisa Asinari di Grésy, Marquess of Grésy, 1922-1958 (his death) Awards Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) , 1953 Marchesa Olga di Grésy (1900–1994) was an Italian fashion designer specialising in knitwear, active between 1928 and 1984. Her company, Mirsa , was one of the most successful Italian knitwear companies of the immediately post-Second World War period, and she was the first woman to be made a Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_Labour) . Biography [ edit ] Olga di Villarey was born in Turin in 1900, the daughter of Count Rey di Villarey. [1] (#cite_note-capra-1) [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) In 1922, she married Orazio Cisa Asinari di Grésy, Marquess of Grésy, Lord of Soglio and Casasco, Co-Lord of Castagneto Po and Cimena (1897–1958); with whom she had two children - Alessandro (Sadro), who inherited his father's titles in 1958, and Vladimira (Mirella). [3] (#cite_note-3) [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) In 1926, Orazio lost the di Grésy fortune on the stock market, which meant that Olga had to work for a living. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) She started out by hand-knitting children's clothing, before setting up knitting machines in Milan in 1937. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) The name of her company, Mirsa, was constructed from the first few letters of her children's names, Mirella and Sadro. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) During the Second World War the Mirsa factory was relocated to Galliate (/wiki/Galliate) . [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) In 1948, the Mirsa workforce numbered 80 employees, which increased to 650 (and 350 machines) in 1970, and 653 in 1973. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) [4] (#cite_note-if-4) During the post-war boom in popularity of Italian knitwear among American buyers, Mirsa was one of the most desirable and widely recognised names. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1953, Olga di Grésy was awarded a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) . [6] (#cite_note-mcdowell-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1968, Italy awarded Olga di Grésy the Cavaliere del Lavoro (/wiki/Cavaliere_del_Lavoro) - an honor which recognised her success in business, and which was rarely awarded to women. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) She was the first woman to be awarded this title. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1970, garments produced by Mirsa and bearing Olga di Grésy's name were sold through I. Magnin (/wiki/I._Magnin) , Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) , and other department stores. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) di Grésy was known for her widely varied knitwear, including not just obvious knits, but knitted fabrics that resembled velvet (/wiki/Velvet) or patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) and were made from yarn spun and dyed by the company. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) di Grésy garments were versatile, intended to be wearable at any point in the day or evening with slight styling changes, and also to appeal to all ages. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) In 1970, di Grésy shared design responsibilities with her daughter-in-law, Louisa. [2] (#cite_note-nan-2) In March 1977 Mirsa entered receivership (/wiki/Receivership) , although it continued producing knitwear for others until 1984. [4] (#cite_note-if-4) Olga di Grésy died in Novara (/wiki/Novara) in 1994. [1] (#cite_note-capra-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b di Capra, Gianfranco (3 February 2019). "La marchesa Olga de Grésy" (https://www.lavocedinovara.com/storie-della-domenica/la-marchesa-olga-de-gresy/) . La voce di Novara (in Italian) . Retrieved 4 April 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Ickeringill, Nan (28 October 1970). "A Marchesa Went to Work And She Earned New Title" (https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/28/archives/a-marchesa-went-to-work-and-she-earned-new-title.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Cisa Asinari di Grésy" (http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/cisa.html) . genealogy.euweb.cz . ^ Jump up to: a b Bianchino, Gloria; Butazzi, Grazietta; Molfino, Alessandra Mottola (1987). Italian fashion . Electa. p. 293. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-0890-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) White, Nicola (2000). Reconstructing Italian Fashion: America and the Development of the Italian Fashion Industry . Bloomsbury Academic. p. 56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-336-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-mcdowell_6-0) McDowell, Colin (1984). McDowell's Directory of Twentieth Century Fashion . Frederick Muller. pp. 302–303. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Staff writer (25 October 2002). "The Neiman's Seal of Approval" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092533/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) . Women's Wear Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 – via Highbeam. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Dalle proprietà Rey di Villarey e Cisa Asinari di Grésy" (https://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2011/4/107596.html) . www.ilgiornaledellarte.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 4 April 2020 . 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(Redirected from Wedding dress of Princess Mary of the United Kingdom (/w/index.php?title=Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom&redirect=no) ) 1922 British royal wedding Wedding of Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles Date 28 February 1922 ; 102 years ago ( 28 February 1922 ) Venue Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) Location London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Participants Princess Mary (/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood) Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood) The wedding of Princess Mary (/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood) (later Princess Royal (/wiki/Princess_Royal) ), and Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood) (later 6th Earl of Harewood (/wiki/Earl_of_Harewood) ) took place on Tuesday, 28 February 1922, at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) . The bride was the only daughter of King George V (/wiki/King_George_V) , while the groom was a member of the Lascelles family (/wiki/Earl_of_Harewood) . Engagement [ edit ] Mary and Lascelles's relationship began after meeting at the Grand National (/wiki/Grand_National) and at a house party in 1921. [ citation needed ] After being invited to stay with the royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) at Balmoral Castle (/wiki/Balmoral_Castle) and Sandringham House (/wiki/Sandringham_House) , he proposed to her on 20 November 1921 at York Cottage (/wiki/York_Cottage) . [ citation needed ] Wedding [ edit ] Mary on her way to the abbey Their wedding was held at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) , and attracted large crowds along the route between the abbey and Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) . [1] (#cite_note-Pathe-wedding-1) It was the first wedding of the child of a monarch to be held at Westminster Abbey since Margaret of England (/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant) married John II, Duke of Brabant (/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Brabant) . [ citation needed ] Many spent the night on the streets despite the cold weather to catch a glimpse of the couple on the wedding day. [2] (#cite_note-The-Argus-2) Men wounded in the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) were provided with special accommodations to view the procession. [2] (#cite_note-The-Argus-2) Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) was accompanied by her sons Prince Albert (/wiki/George_VI) , Prince Henry (/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester) , and Prince George (/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent) on her way to the abbey. [3] (#cite_note-Pathe-168258-3) The Prince of Wales (/wiki/Edward_VIII) was not present at the ceremony. [2] (#cite_note-The-Argus-2) The bride and the King made their way to the abbey in the Glass coach (/wiki/Glass_coach) . [ citation needed ] The procession went along The Mall (/wiki/The_Mall,_London) , passed Admiralty Arch (/wiki/Admiralty_Arch) and went down Whitehall (/wiki/Whitehall) . [3] (#cite_note-Pathe-168258-3) The Household Cavalry (/wiki/Household_Cavalry) took part in the procession and the route was lined with battalions from the Grenadier Guards (/wiki/Grenadier_Guards) , Coldstream Guards (/wiki/Coldstream_Guards) , Scots Guards (/wiki/Scots_Guards) , and Welsh Guards (/wiki/Welsh_Guards) , and the representative detachments of the London territorial divisions. [1] (#cite_note-Pathe-wedding-1) [2] (#cite_note-The-Argus-2) 2,000 guests were invited for the wedding ceremony. There was "a stir and hurrying whisper" when Prime Minister David Lloyd George (/wiki/David_Lloyd_George) moved himself across the aisle to a prominent seat. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) Queen Alexandra (/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark) arrived first, followed by Queen Mary and her sons, and ultimately the King and his daughter Mary. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) The service began at 11:30 a.m. and was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Randall_Davidson) , the Archbishop of York (/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang) , the Bishop of London (/wiki/Arthur_Winnington-Ingram) , and the Dean of Westminster (/wiki/Herbert_Edward_Ryle) . [5] (#cite_note-order-service-5) The Gold used for making the wedding ring came from a mine in Wales. [6] (#cite_note-6) Vandyk (/wiki/Carl_Vandyk) took the formal photographs and Frank O. Salisbury (/wiki/Frank_O._Salisbury) was commissioned by the King to paint a picture of the ceremony at the abbey which took years to complete. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Music [ edit ] Psalm 67 (/wiki/Psalm_67) was sung to music by T. Tertius Noble (/wiki/T._Tertius_Noble) . [5] (#cite_note-order-service-5) After the Archbishop of Canterbury's address the hymn " Praise, my soul, the King of heaven (/wiki/Praise,_my_soul,_the_King_of_heaven) " was sung. [5] (#cite_note-order-service-5) Before the signing of the register the National Anthem (/wiki/God_Save_the_King) was sung. [5] (#cite_note-order-service-5) The recessional music was " Wedding March (/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)) " from A Midsummer Night's Dream (/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)) by Felix Mendelssohn (/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn) . [5] (#cite_note-order-service-5) Attendants [ edit ] Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles with the best man and the bridesmaids. Back row left to right: Lady Doris Gordon-Lennox, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) , Viscount Lascelles, Princess Mary, Major Sir Victor Mackenzie (/wiki/Victor_Mackenzie) , Lady Diana Bridgeman, Lady May Cambridge (/wiki/Lady_May_Abel_Smith) . Seated left to right: Lady Mary Cambridge (/wiki/Mary_Somerset,_Duchess_of_Beaufort_(sportswoman)) , Princess Maud (/wiki/Princess_Maud,_Countess_of_Southesk) , Lady Rachel Cavendish, Lady Mary Thynne. The bride's attendants were: [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) [2] (#cite_note-The-Argus-2) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) , daughter of the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk) , daughter of the Princess Royal (/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal) and the bride's paternal first cousin Lady Mary Cambridge (/wiki/Mary_Somerset,_Duchess_of_Beaufort_(sportswoman)) , daughter of the Marquess of Cambridge (/wiki/Adolphus_Cambridge,_1st_Marquess_of_Cambridge) and the bride's maternal first cousin Lady May Cambridge (/wiki/Lady_May_Abel_Smith) , daughter of the Earl of Athlone (/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone) and Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone) , and the bride's maternal first cousin and paternal second cousin Lady Diana Bridgeman, daughter of the Earl of Bradford (/wiki/Orlando_Bridgeman,_5th_Earl_of_Bradford) Lady Mary Thynne, daughter of the Marquess of Bath (/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_5th_Marquess_of_Bath) Lady Rachel Cavendish, daughter of the Duke of Devonshire (/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire) Lady Doris Gordon-Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Richmond (/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_8th_Duke_of_Richmond) This was the first royal occasion in which Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, a friend of Princess Mary, participated, as one of the bridesmaids. She later married Mary's brother, Prince Albert, and became queen consort of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Queen_consort_of_the_United_Kingdom) upon his accession in 1936. [9] (#cite_note-9) Attire [ edit ] Mary and Lascelles, along with Mary's parents, posing for a photograph Mary's wedding dress was designed by Messrs. Reville, Ltd. [10] (#cite_note-Vogue-Wedding-10) The dress was constructed of cloth of silver (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) , with an ivory silk (/wiki/Silk) train. It combined "youthful simplicity with royal splendour". It was designed to reflect "Britain's position as ruler of a vast empire; emblematic lotus-flower motifs embroidered in India featured alongside a domestic, yet equally symbolic, trellis work of roses in pearls and crystal beads." [10] (#cite_note-Vogue-Wedding-10) The silk was brought by Queen Mary from India when she visited the country in 1911. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) Embroidered on the overdress was the Tudor rose (/wiki/Tudor_rose) . [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) The train was four yards in length and of brocade (/wiki/Brocade) embroidered with lotus flower (/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera) for India, maple leaf (/wiki/Maple_leaf) for Canada, wattle (/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha) for Australia, and fern (/wiki/Fern) for New Zealand. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) At the shoulders, the train was trimmed with Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) gifted by Queen Mary. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) Instead of wearing a tiara, Mary wore three strands of orange blossom that secured a veil outlined with pearls. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) [11] (#cite_note-Yorkshire-11) In terms of jewellery, Mary wore a diamond and pearl brooch, a gift from the bridegroom; on her bodice she wore the brooch given to her by the Royal Scots (/wiki/Royal_Scots) . [12] (#cite_note-jewels-12) The bridesmaids all wore cloth of silver over ivory satin and identical brooches with the initials M and H given to them by Lascelles. [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) Their veils were secured by silver bands. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) The groom wore the uniform of the Grenadier Guards (/wiki/Grenadier_Guards) and the blue sash of the Order of the Garter (/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter) . [ citation needed ] The ceremony was the first royal wedding to be covered in fashion magazines, including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [10] (#cite_note-Vogue-Wedding-10) The "newly-conserved train of Princess Mary's wedding dress, embroidered with emblematic flowers of the British Empire, alongside her bridal slippers and a floral headdress" were on exhibition at Harewood House (/wiki/Harewood_House) , the seat of the Earls of Harewood (/wiki/Earl_of_Harewood) , in September 2019. [11] (#cite_note-Yorkshire-11) Gifts [ edit ] See also: 1922 Marys of the Empire (/wiki/1922_Marys_of_the_Empire) A gift fund was set up by the public ahead of the wedding. [14] (#cite_note-14) Guests had a private viewing of the gifts received by the couple at Buckingham Palace before they were exhibited at St James's Palace (/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace) . [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) Coverage [ edit ] The abbey authorities set up a camera to capture pictures of the couple as they left, with proceeds from selling them going to the abbey's Restoration Fund. [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) Pictures of the wedding were also shown at cinema halls. Westminster Hospital (/wiki/Westminster_Hospital) also put up a small stand to show pictures of the wedding and added £2,000 to its fund. [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) Aftermath [ edit ] After the wedding, the couple proceeded back to Buckingham Palace. The carriage carrying the bride and the groom stopped at The Cenotaph (/wiki/The_Cenotaph) , where Mary handed a bouquet of flowers to a Grenadier (/wiki/Grenadier_Guards) guard who placed it at the memorial's foot as crowds stood silent. [1] (#cite_note-Pathe-wedding-1) At the palace, they appeared on the balcony together with the King, the Queen, and Queen Alexandra. [1] (#cite_note-Pathe-wedding-1) The King also hosted 100 people for breakfast. [4] (#cite_note-Barrier-Miner-4) [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) The wedding cake had three tiers and featured floral decorations. [15] (#cite_note-15) In the afternoon the couple left for Paddington station (/wiki/Paddington_station) and boarded a train to Weston Park (/wiki/Weston_Park) , the ancestral seat of the groom's maternal family. [13] (#cite_note-Argus-April-13) They then travelled to Italy and France, where they stayed at the home of the 8th Earl of Granard (/wiki/Bernard_Forbes,_8th_Earl_of_Granard) in Paris. [ citation needed ] Mary was later quoted to have said: "It is a great happiness to me that I am to remain in my native land." [1] (#cite_note-Pathe-wedding-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wedding of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles" (https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/49231/) . British Pathé . 2 March 1922 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wedding of Princess Mary" (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4694319) . The Argus (/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)) . 1 March 1922 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 – via Trove (/wiki/Trove) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Wedding of Princess Mary to Viscount Lascelles (1922)" (https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/168258/) . British Pathé . 2 March 1922 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "The Royal Wedding: Princess Mary married to Viscount Lascelles at Westminster Abbey" (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48457541) . The Barrier Miner (/wiki/The_Barrier_Miner) . 1 March 1922 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 – via Trove. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Marriage of Her Royal Highness Princess Mary and The Viscount Lascelles, D.S.O., in Westminster Abbey" (https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5182/princess-mary-wedding-1922.pdf) (PDF) . Westminster Abbey . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Mining Gold for Princess Mary's Wedding Ring (1922)" (https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/173406/) . British Pathé . 20 January 1922 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw168344/The-Wedding-of-6th-Earl-of-Harewood-and-Princess-Mary) 'The Wedding of 6th Earl of Harewood and Princess Mary' (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw168344/The-Wedding-of-6th-Earl-of-Harewood-and-Princess-Mary) " (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw168344/The-Wedding-of-6th-Earl-of-Harewood-and-Princess-Mary) . Vandyk . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Marriage of Princess Mary, 28th February 1922" (https://www.rct.uk/collection/404482/the-marriage-of-princess-mary-28th-february-1922) . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Shawcross, William (/wiki/William_Shawcross) (2009), Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography , Macmillan, pp. 135–136, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4050-4859-0 ^ Jump up to: a b c "Royal Weddings In Vogue" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/royal-weddings-in-vogue) . Vogue . 16 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Newton, Grace (13 August 2019). "The Queen's Lost Family: TV documentary tells the story of the royal letters found in a Yorkshire country house" (https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage/the-queen-s-lost-family-tv-documentary-tells-the-story-of-the-royal-letters-found-in-a-yorkshire-country-house-1-9933196) . yorkshirepost.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-jewels_12-0) "Jewels- Wedding gifts to Mary, Princess Royal" (https://royal-magazin.de/england/mary-lascelles-harewood/princess-royal-mary.htm) . royal-magazin.de . Retrieved 15 August 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Princess Mary's Wedding: Pageant in Street and Abbey" (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4671031) . The Argus . 6 April 1922 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 – via Trove. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "For Princess Mary's Wedding Gift Fund (1922)" (https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/46201/) . British Pathé . 20 February 1922 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Royal Wedding Cake (aka The Royal Wedding Cake) (1922)" (https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/49223/) . British Pathé . 27 February 1922 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 . External links [ edit ] 1920s portal (/wiki/Portal:1920s) Order of Service for the wedding (https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5182/princess-mary-wedding-1922.pdf) v t e British royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) since 1840 19th century Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert) (1840) Princess Augusta and Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick William (/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge#Marriage) (1843) Princess Victoria and Prince Frederick (/wiki/Wedding_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal,_and_Prince_Frederick_of_Prussia) (1858) Princess Alice and Prince Louis (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Prince_Louis_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine) (1862) Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_Edward_and_Princess_Alexandra) (1863) Princess Mary Adelaide and Prince Francis (/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge#Marriage) (1866) Princess Helena and Prince Christian (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1866) Princess Louise and John Campbell (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Louise_and_John_Campbell,_Marquess_of_Lorne) (1871) Prince Arthur and Princess Louise Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn,_and_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Frederica and Alphons von Pawel-Rammingen (/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover#Marriage) (1880) Prince Leopold and Princess Helen (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany,_and_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg) (1885) Princess Louise and Alexander Duff (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Louise_and_Alexander_Duff,_Earl_of_Fife) (1889) Prince George and Princess Victoria Mary (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Victoria_Mary) (1893) Princess Maud and Prince Carl (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales_and_Prince_Carl_of_Denmark) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice and Prince Alexander (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alice_and_Prince_Alexander) (1904) Princess Margaret and Prince Gustaf Adolf (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_and_Princess_Margaret) (1905) Prince Arthur and Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Arthur_and_Princess_Alexandra) (1913) Princess Patricia and Alexander Ramsay (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Patricia_and_Alexander_Ramsay) (1919) Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles (1922) Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud and Charles Carnegie (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Maud_and_Charles_Carnegie) (1923) Prince George and Princess Marina (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Marina) (1934) Prince Henry and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Henry_and_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten) (1947) Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Margaret_and_Antony_Armstrong-Jones) (1960) Prince Edward and Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra and Angus Ogilvy (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alexandra_and_Angus_Ogilvy) (1963) Prince Richard and Birgitte van Deurs (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Richard_and_Birgitte_van_Deurs) (1972) Princess Anne and Mark Phillips (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Mark_Phillips) (1973) Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Andrew_and_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Timothy_Laurence) (1992) Prince Edward and Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Eugenie_and_Jack_Brooksbank) (2018) Princess Beatrice and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Beatrice_and_Edoardo_Mapelli_Mozzi) (2020) Category (/wiki/Category:British_royal_weddings) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐fqq6v Cached time: 20240722024454 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.495 seconds Real time usage: 0.621 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3201/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 62157/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5056/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 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Fashion designer The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Samantha Sleeper" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samantha+Sleeper%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Samantha Sleeper is an American fashion designer based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) known for her wedding dress designs. Biography [ edit ] Sleeper is from Highland Park (/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , [1] (#cite_note-Michigan_Ave_Magazine-1) where she graduated from Highland Park High School (/wiki/Highland_Park_High_School_(Highland_Park,_Illinois)) in 2005. Sleeper earned a BFA from Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) in 2009, where she majored in Fashion Design. [2] (#cite_note-2) [1] (#cite_note-Michigan_Ave_Magazine-1) Her first collection was featured on the cover of Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) as part of their 2010 article on "Globe Runners". [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) After launching her debut wedding dress collection, it was named a brand to watch by the bridal publication The Knot (/wiki/The_Knot_Inc.) : "Using luxe, eco-conscious materials and couture techniques, she creates pieces that are romantic and ladylike with an edgy, bohemian twist. In her debut collection, she plays with color, classic silhouettes, airy fabrics and lace to create dresses that are effortless, elegant and truly unique." [5] (#cite_note-5) The website Cool Hunting interviewed Sleeper in 2012 regarding her usage of "lace collaging", an "eco-conscious" design technique which involves using "remnants of the intricate fabric to create one-of-a-kind handmade pieces." [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2016, Sleeper launched her second company, Swan Bridesmaid, intended to focus on sustainability. [7] (#cite_note-7) Sleeper designed the wedding dresses for the 2019 wedding of country singer Carly Pearce (/wiki/Carly_Pearce) [8] (#cite_note-8) and the 2021 wedding of actress Jamie Gray Hyder (/wiki/Jamie_Gray_Hyder) . [9] (#cite_note-9) A 2019 New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) article on Brooklyn bridal boutiques featured Sleeper's "romantic and ethereal" wedding dresses at her store in Gowanus (/wiki/Gowanus,_Brooklyn) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2020, director of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum) Caroline Baumann was forced to resign after the museum's investigation into how she obtained the venue for her 2018 wedding and her Samantha Sleeper-designed wedding dress. Sleeper later told Women's Wear Daily that "On my end, there was no impropriety, no scandal, no story." The controversy resulted in Sleeper receiving more dress inquiries. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Later that year, Sleeper organized a face mask sewing and distribution service for healthcare providers in Brooklyn in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . Fashion designer Jamie McCarty later joined, with Smithsonian Magazine (/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine) writing in March 2020 that Sleeper and McCarty's "operation now has six neighborhood leaders, five runners and 34 sewers or potential sewers" and that "they had completed at least 163 masks and signed up to sew more than a thousand". [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Samantha Sleeper Launches Her Line at Sarca" (https://michiganavemag.com/samantha-sleeper) . Michigan Ave Magazine . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Rising Star: NPRPA's Samantha Sleeper" (http://www.7x7.com/rising-star-nprpas-samantha-sleeper-1779447586.html) . 7x7 Bay Area . June 2, 2010 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "BFA Fashion Design" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214715/http://fashion.parsons.edu/blog/category/bfa-fashion-design/page/18/) . Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . Archived from the original (http://fashion.parsons.edu/blog/category/bfa-fashion-design/page/18/) on November 27, 2016 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Globe Runners: Fresh Talent From Around the World" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/gallery/globe-runners-fresh-talent-from-around-the-world/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . April 27, 2010 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) MacCarthy, Libby. "11 Wedding Dress Designers to Watch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152828/https://www.theknot.com/content/new-wedding-dress-designers) . theknot.com . Archived from the original (https://www.theknot.com/content/new-wedding-dress-designers) on November 27, 2016 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Samantha Sleeper" (http://www.coolhunting.com/style/samantha-sleeper) . Cool Hunting . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Shopping Spy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153745/http://www.chicagosplash.com/2016/08/25/shopping-spy-128) . SPLASH . August 25, 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.chicagosplash.com/2016/08/25/shopping-spy-128) on November 27, 2016 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why Carly Pearce Chose Two (Short!) Wedding Dresses: 'It Felt Like Something Dolly Would Have Worn' (https://people.com/style/carly-pearce-two-wedding-dresses-photos/) " (https://people.com/style/carly-pearce-two-wedding-dresses-photos/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Jamie Gray Hyder and Michael Trotter's Wedding and Parade at NYC Pride" (https://www.brides.com/jamie-gray-hyder-michael-trotter-wedding-exclusive-5192321) . Brides (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Rohrlich, Marianne (January 1, 2019). "Brooklyn Bridal. It's a Thing. And a Place to Find Your Dress" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/fashion/weddings/brooklyn-bridal-its-a-thing-and-a-place-to-find-your-dress.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pogrebin, Robin (/wiki/Robin_Pogrebin) (February 17, 2020). "6 Cooper Hewitt Trustees Resign After Director's Removal" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/arts/design/cooper-hewitt-resignations.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Feitelberg, Rosemary (February 21, 2020). "Designer Samantha Sleeper Discusses Controversy Over Former Cooper Hewitt Director's Wedding Dress" (https://wwd.com/feature/designer-samantha-sleeper-discusses-controversy-over-former-cooper-hewitt-directors-wedding-dress-1203499516/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Pogrebin, Robin (/wiki/Robin_Pogrebin) (February 14, 2020). "Cooper Hewitt Chief Was Forced Out After Probe of Her Wedding" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/arts/design/caroline-baumann-cooper-hewitt-smithsonian.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kutner, Max (March 26, 2020). "As Face Mask Supply Dwindles, Fashion Designers Offer Their Assistance" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/face-mask-supply-dwindles-doctors-turn-fashion-designers-180974527/) . Smithsonian Magazine (/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine) . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . 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