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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing companies of Denmark (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Denmark) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐dhxz5 Cached time: 20240720213537 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.048 seconds Real time usage: 0.128 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2875/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 370/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1003775/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 121.797 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 121.797 1 -total 98.55% 120.037 1 Template:Sister_project 97.35% 118.574 1 Template:Side_box 73.45% 89.463 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23676550-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720213537 and revision id 1210676953. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. * Clothing companies of Greenland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Greenland) ‎ (2 C, 1 P) C Clothing companies based in Copenhagen (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_based_in_Copenhagen) ‎ (11 P) Clothing retailers of Denmark (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Denmark) ‎ (1 C, 8 P) S Shoe companies of Denmark (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Denmark) ‎ (2 P) T Textile mills in Denmark (/wiki/Category:Textile_mills_in_Denmark) ‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies of Denmark" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Armoire Officielle (/wiki/Armoire_Officielle) B Baum und Pferdgarten (/wiki/Baum_und_Pferdgarten) Bestseller (company) (/wiki/Bestseller_(company)) D Designers Remix (/wiki/Designers_Remix) DK Company (/wiki/DK_Company) F Fighters+Lovers (/wiki/Fighters%2BLovers) H Han Kjøbenhavn (/wiki/Han_Kj%C3%B8benhavn) Hummel International (/wiki/Hummel_International) I IC Group (/wiki/IC_Group) K Kopenhagen Fur (/wiki/Kopenhagen_Fur) M MASCOT Workwear (/wiki/MASCOT_Workwear) N Norse Projects (/wiki/Norse_Projects) S Saint Tropez (brand) (/wiki/Saint_Tropez_(brand)) STYLEPIT (/wiki/STYLEPIT) T Tonsure (brand) (/wiki/Tonsure_(brand)) W Wood Wood (/wiki/Wood_Wood) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Denmark&oldid=1210676953 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Denmark&oldid=1210676953) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Danish fashion (/wiki/Category:Danish_fashion) Design companies of Denmark (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_Denmark) Companies of Denmark by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Denmark_by_industry) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Python robe, a Chinese robe with 4-claw dragon-like creature Mangfu A form of mangfu in the Ming dynasty A court robe with mang (python) pattern in the Qing dynasty, c. 1890s Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 蟒服 Literal meaning Python clothing/ Python robe Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Mǎngfú Mangpao Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 蟒袍 Literal meaning Python robe Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Mǎngpáo Huayi Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 花衣 Literal meaning Flower clothing Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Huāyī English name English Python robe/ Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) Mangfu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 蟒服 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E6%9C%8D) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : mǎngfú ; lit. 'python clothing/python garment'), also known as mangpao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 蟒袍 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%A2%8D) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : mǎngpáo ; lit. 'python robe'), huayi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 花衣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%A1%A3) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Huāyī ; lit. 'flower clothing'), and python robe , sometimes referred as dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) although they are different garments, in English, is a type of paofu (/wiki/Paofu) , a robe (/wiki/Robe) , in hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) . The mangfu falls under the broad category of mangyi (/w/index.php?title=Mangyi&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 蟒衣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%A1%A3) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : mǎngyī ; lit. 'python clothes'), where the mangfu is considered as being the classic form of mangyi . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The mangfu was characterized by the use of a python embroidery called mang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : mǎng ; lit. 'python') although the python embroidery is not a python (/wiki/Python_(genus)) snake as defined in the English dictionary but a four-clawed Chinese dragon (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) -like creature. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The mangfu was derived from the longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 龙袍 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E8%A2%8D) ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 龍袍 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%A2%8D) ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : lóngpáo ; lit. ' dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) ') in order to differentiate monarchs and subjects; i.e. only the Emperor is allowed to wear the long (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) , five-clawed dragon, while his subjects wears mang . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18, 20 The mangfu was worn in the Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and Qing dynasties (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) They had special status among the Chinese court clothing as they were only second to the longpao . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) : 204 Moreover, their use were restricted, and they were part of a special category of clothing known as cifu (/w/index.php?title=Cifu_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 赐服 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 賜服 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : cìfú ; lit. 'bestowed clothing'), which could only be awarded by the Chinese Emperor (or by the Empress Dowager on the behalf of the Emperor) in the Ming and Qing dynasties, becoming "a sign of imperial favour". [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18, 20 People who were bestowed with mangfu could not exchange it with or gifted it to other people. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) They were worn by members of the imperial family below of crown prince, by military and civil officials, and by Official wives. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18, 20 As an official clothing, the mangfu were worn by officials during celebration occasions and ceremonial events. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18, 20 They could also be bestowed by the Emperor to people who performed extraordinary services to the empire as rewards, to the members of the Grand Secretariat (/wiki/Grand_Secretariat) and to prominent Daoist (/wiki/Taoism) patriarchs, imperial physicians, tributary countries and local chiefs whose loyalty were considered crucial to secure the borders. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The mangfu is also used as a form of xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) , theatrical costume, in Chinese opera (/wiki/Chinese_opera) , where it is typically found in the form of a round-necked robe (/wiki/Round_collar_robe) , known as yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) . [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) : 300 In Beijing opera, the mangfu used as xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) is known as Mang . [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) Mang embroidery design [ edit ] See also: Feiyu (/wiki/Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design) A man wearing long (/wiki/Chinese_dragons) pattern design. Gao Gong wearing a danmang pattern design Difference between long and mang decorative designs, Ming dynasty In ancient China, there is a clear difference between monarchs and subjects; therefore, the Emperor wears the long (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) , Chinese dragon patterns, on their clothing called longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) ( 龙袍 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E8%A2%8D) ; 龍袍 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%A2%8D) ; lóngpáo ; ' dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) ') while the officials, being the subjects of the Emperor, wear the mang ( 蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92) ; mǎng ; 'python'). [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The mang embroidery is actually an imaginary creature in the form of a four-clawed Chinese dragon (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) , [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) which was derived from the design of the long (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) , the imperial 5-clawed Chinese dragon pattern. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) : 204 In the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , Bian Yong, the Chief Censor of the Emperor Hongzhi (/wiki/Hongzhi_Emperor) , described the mang as having "no horns and legs" ; however, during his time: [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) the mang robe worn by internal officials (eunuchs) is very similar to the image of the dragon", therefore not fitting the regulations Shen Defu (/wiki/Shen_Defu) also described the mang as being similar to the long in appearance with the number of their claws as the main difference: [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) The mang robe is a garment with an image close to a dragon, similar to the dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) of the top authority (the emperor), except for the deduction of one claw. After the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , it was expressed that a long (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) ( lit. ' Chinese dragon ' ) would be demoted to a mang ( lit. ' python ' ) if it lost one of its claw. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Shen Defu also explained that the most valued form of mang pattern was the zuomang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 坐蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E8%9F%92) ; lit. 'seated python') which a frontal view mang on the back and front region of the robe; there were other form of mang pattern such as the danmang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 單蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%9F%92) ), which faces on the right side. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) History [ edit ] Duke Yanshen (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) wearing a mangfu with a danmang in a buzi (/wiki/Mandarin_square) , Ming dynasty In the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , the mangfu was a form of cifu (/w/index.php?title=Cifu_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) along with feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) and douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) ; [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) therefore, the right to bestow mangfu was only reserved to the Emperor who would bestow the robes to those he favoured. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) According to the Ming Shi (/wiki/History_of_Ming) 《 明史 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2) 》, the mangfu was prescribed for certain officials on specific occasions. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) When Emperor Yongle (/wiki/Yongle_Emperor) became emperor, he relaxed the clothing regulations for the eunuchs; therefore, the eunuchs around the emperor wore Yesa (/wiki/Yesa_robe) -style robes which were decorated with mang patterns and were tied with a luandai (/w/index.php?title=Luandai&action=edit&redlink=1) ( lit. ' Luan (/wiki/Luan_(mythology)) belt ' ), and even the eunuchs who were of high ranks were often found wearing mangfu . However, the wearing of mangfu by the eunuchs were improper. [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) According to Shen Defu (/wiki/Shen_Defu) , during the early reign of Zhengtong (/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming) , the mangpao was bestowed to foreign rulers. [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) In 1447, there was an imperial edict by Emperor Zhengtong which prohibited the production of mang patterns along with feiyu (/wiki/Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design) and douniu (/w/index.php?title=Douniu&action=edit&redlink=1) patterns by unauthorized people; it was therefore a capital offence for artisans: [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) There are clothing regulations for both officials and commoners. Now some people have custom-made robes embroidered with the prohibited patterns of four-clawed dragon [i.e. mang], five-clawed dragon [i.e. long], flying fish [i.e. feiyu (/wiki/Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design) ], and “Big Dipper bull” [i.e. douniu]. Put the artisans to death and send their families to frontier garrisons as soldiers. People who wear them are to be punished without pardon — Shen Dufu, Wanli yehuo bian [Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era], translated version from the 2019 article "Wearing The Hat Of Loyalty: Imperial Power And Dress Reform In Ming Dynasty China" by Chen Buyun, p. 422 According to the Wanli yehuo bian 《 萬厲野獲編 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%8E%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%8D%B2%E7%B7%A8) – lit. ' Miscellaneous notes of Wanli (/wiki/Wanli_Emperor) ' 》by Shen Defu, during this period, eunuchs were parading in the streets of the capital wearing mangfu and douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) while women (especially wives of the elite class) were wearing embroidered robes with designs, such as the qilin (/wiki/Qilin) , feiyu (/wiki/Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design) and zuomang ( 坐蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E8%9F%92) ; 'seated python') in front of the senior officials. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) According to Shen Dufu, the sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) were being trespassed and the fault was that of the Emperor who was failing at regulating the possession robes adorned with imperial insignia. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) During the 16th year of Emperor Hongzhi (/wiki/Hongzhi_Emperor) (1504), the customs of bestowing mangfu to the Grand Secretariat (/wiki/Grand_Secretariat) began. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The Jiajing emperor (/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor) also bestowed mangfu to prominent Daoist patriarchs several times during his reign. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) According to the Ming shi (/wiki/History_of_Ming) , in 1530, it was decreed that the Head of the jinyiwei (/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard) had to wear a red-coloured mangfu or feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) with a wushamao (/wiki/Futou) ( lit. ' black gauze hat ' ) and a phoenix belt on sacrificial and ceremonial occasions. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) In 1538, still under the rule of Emperor Jiajing, gradations of cifu (/w/index.php?title=Cifu_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) also stipulated that only ministers from the first to third rank were allowed to wear mangyi (/w/index.php?title=Mangyi&action=edit&redlink=1) , which consisted of the mangfu , the feiyu mangyi (/wiki/Feiyufu) , and the douniu mangyi (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) The mang patterns on the clothing insignia were also gradated based on a particular rank; according to Shen Defu, the most valued form of mang pattern was the zuomang ; other form of mang pattern which existed in his period also included the danmang ( 單蟒 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%9F%92) ). [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) In 1578, Great Empress Dowager Li bestowed mangfu to Zhang Juzhen (/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng) on behalf of the Emperor. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) During the reign under Emperor Wanli (/wiki/Wanli_Emperor) , many mangfu were bestowed. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) According to Xie Zhaozhe (/w/index.php?title=Xie_Zhaozhe&action=edit&redlink=1) in the Wu Zazu 《 五雜俎 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%9B%9C%E4%BF%8E) – lit. ' Five assorted offerings ' 》, more than 10,000 eunuchs were wearing mangfu and jade belts in the Forbidden City. [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) However, the mangfu did not become a common form of clothing. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Qing dynasty [ edit ] As jifu and chaofu [ edit ] Main articles: Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) and Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) See also: Terlig (/wiki/Terlig) Chaofu with horse hoof-shaped cuff Jifu with horse hoof-shaped cuff Types of mangfu worn by court officials, Qing dynasty The mangfu continued to be worn in the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) as part of the Qing dynasty official uniform (either as part of the jifu or as part of the chaofu ) and continued to be worn by only those who were awarded by the Emperor. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18, 20 The structure of the Manchu mangfu worn in the Qing dynasty differed from those worn in the Ming dynasty as the mangfu worn in the Qing dynasty was modified based on the early male clothing of the Manchu, thus retaining the original features while making new changes to the robes; for example, the Manchu mangfu had horse hoof (/wiki/Horse_hoof) -shaped cuff. [10] (#cite_note-10) Portrait of Yintang (1683–1726) Qing courtier Portrait of Oboi. 65th generation of Duke Yangsheng (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) Mang ao and Mang chu [ edit ] See also: Traditional Chinese wedding dress (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_dress) Wife of the 69th generation of Duke Yansheng, wearing mang ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) and skirt Construction and design [ edit ] There is also strict regulations on the robes' colour and the numbers of mang that were allowed to decorate the mangfu : [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) : 18 Characteristics of Court mangfu in the Qing dynasty Rank Number of mang Stipulated colour Crown prince 9 Apricot yellow Princes Golden Civil and military officials 1st rank Blue and azurite 2nd rank 3rd rank 4th rank 8 5th rank 6th rank 7th rank 5 8th rank 9th rank List of people bestowed with mangfu [ edit ] Liu Jian (劉健) (1433–1526), Grand Secretary from 1492 to 1513, was bestowed with a red mangfu . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) Li Dongyang (/wiki/Li_Dongyang) (1447–1516), Grand Secretary from 1494 to 1513, was bestowed with a red mangfu . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) Xie Qian (1450–1531), Grand Secretary from 1495 to 1506 and from 1527 to 1528, was bestowed with a red mangfu . [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) Shao Yuanjie (1450–1531), a Daoist patriarch, was bestowed a mangfu with a jade belt by Emperor Jiajing in 1536. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Zhang Juzhen (/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng) (1525–1582), a Ming dynasty imperial tutor and senior grand secretary; the mangfu were also bestowed to Zhang Juzhen's parents as a symbol of extreme favour. [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Theatrical costumes [ edit ] Main article: Chinese opera costume (/wiki/Chinese_opera_costume) A red theatrical mangfu used as xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) in Cantonese opera (/wiki/Cantonese_opera) The xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) , Chinese opera costumes (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) , were made based on the clothing style of the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) while also absorbing clothing features of the Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , Yuan (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , and Qing dynasties (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) On stage, the theatrical mangfu is typically in the appearance of a yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) . [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) : 300 In Chinese opera (/wiki/Chinese_opera) , the theatrical mangfu is the highest of formal, ceremonial robe worn by performers in the roles of emperors, princes, officials (ministers for specific occasions, such as court audience), and generals. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) : 300 The theatrical mangfu has a male and female version; the mangfu patterns on the robes vary and can be found in: mang medallions, front-viewed mang and flying dragon. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) When decorated with flying dragon patterns, the robe is typically also decorated with patterns of waves and mountain peaks. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) There is also strict regulations on the colours used in the theatrical mangfu ; the colours are divided into "upper five colours" and "lower five colours", minghuang (bright yellow) colour is exclusively reserved for imperial usage. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) Other colours included: red. In Beijing opera [ edit ] In Beijing opera (/wiki/Peking_opera) , the mangfu xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) is known as Mang . [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) The Mang is used to represent the emperor have a dragon with an open mouth, while the dragon used on the Mang of the ministers and generals have their mouth closed. [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) The dragons looked bold and mighty when used on the Mang of martial officials but gentle and quiet when used in the Mang of civil officials. [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) There is also other kind of Mang which are specially made for female actresses, laodan, and palace eunuchs. [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) The colours used in the Mang also have clear symbolism: red means majestic and noble; green means mighty and bold; white represents handsome young people; black is used to represent people who are upright and unconstrained. [8] (#cite_note-:9-8) Subtypes [ edit ] Jianmang ( lit. ' Arrow python robe ' ) – A mangfu in the style of a yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) for the role of Emperor Zhu Di of Ming invented by Ma Lianliang (/wiki/Ma_Lianliang) ; it is the combination of an arrow robe and a python robe. [12] (#cite_note-12) : 14 Depictions in entertainment media and literature [ edit ] Chinese opera (/wiki/Chinese_opera) Jin Ping Mei (/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei) [1] (#cite_note-:6-1) Similar clothing [ edit ] Jisün (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) Terlig (/wiki/Terlig) Yesa (/wiki/Yesa_robe) Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) Douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) See also [ edit ] Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Volpp, Sophie (2005). "The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) " (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 65 (1): 133–158. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/25066765 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0073-0548 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0548) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25066765 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066765) . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "It is not a real python, it is a dragon with five claws and a python with four claws, respected by apricot and golden yellow" (https://min.news/en/culture/055bd95a8018fee09cbb634cb242269c.html) . iMedia . 2022. ^ a b 刘冬. "Peking Opera Costumes: A Display of History, Culture, and Fine Craftsmanship" (http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/ich/202003/t20200310_800196460.html) . China Today . Retrieved 2022-03-17 . ^ a b c d e f Yang, Shaorong (2004). Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture (1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-59265-019-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 52775158 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52775158) . ^ a b c d e Chen, BuYun (2019-01-01). "Wearing The Hat Of Loyalty: Imperial Power And Dress Reform In Ming Dynasty China" (https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-history/509) . The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, C.1200–1800 : 416–434. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/9781108567541.017 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108567541.017) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781108567541 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 165356490 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165356490) . ^ a b Ma, Ning (2017). The age of silver : the rise of the novel East and West . New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-060656-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 951833097 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951833097) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ a b c d e "Man's Python Robe of Yellow Satin Woven with Pattern of Colored Clouds and Golden Dragons|The Palace Museum" (https://en.dpm.org.cn/collections/collections/2012-02-21/1556.html#:~:text=Python%20robe%20is%20opera%20costume,viewed%20dragon,%20to%20flying%20dragon.) . en.dpm.org.cn . Retrieved 2022-03-17 . ^ a b c d e f "Characteristics of Peking Opera Costumes" (http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_27354.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 2022-06-09 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yuan, Zujie (2007). "Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming Dynasty China" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x) . Frontiers of History in China . 2 (2): 181–212. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11462-007-0012-x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195069294 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195069294) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Robe with Python Design, Manchu" (https://www.shanghaimuseum.net/mu/frontend/pg/article/id/CI00004119) . www.shanghaimuseum.net . 2015 . Retrieved 2022-03-17 . ^ a b Lei, Daphne Pi-Wei (2006). Operatic China : staging Chinese identity across the Pacific . [New York]. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-06163-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 960815831 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960815831) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ye, Tan (2020). Historical dictionary of Chinese theater (Second ed.). Lanham. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5381-2064-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1128888776 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1128888776) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) 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Worn on March 5, 2006, to the 78th Academy Awards Saffron Vera Wang dress of Michelle Williams Designer Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) Year 2006 Type Saffron dress American actress Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) wore a saffron (/wiki/Saffron_(color)) -colored Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) dress to the 78th Academy Awards (/wiki/78th_Academy_Awards) on March 5, 2006, which was the subject of acclaim in the fashion press. [1] (#cite_note-Schott2006-1) Design [ edit ] Katherine E. Krohn (/wiki/Katherine_Elizabeth_Krohn) in her book Vera Wang: Enduring Style said as follows, "Wang has always loved paying close attention to the details and careful work needed for a couture garment. She brought this quality to the saffron yellow gown that she made for actress Michelle Williams. After making hundreds of sketches and working personally with the actress, Wang chose a final design for the dress. Then the gown was painstakingly cut and fit to William's body, using a mock-up fabric rather than a final cloth. At last, a skilful seamstress constructed the chiffon and tulle gown, which had a deep neckline and dramatic ruffles." [2] (#cite_note-Krohn2008-2) Reception [ edit ] Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) cited the dress as one of the best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, "Coupled with the bright red lips and wispy hair, Michelle's saffron Vera Wang dress makes her look like she's straight out of an old Hollywood film. The cut makes her body look amazing, especially considering that she had given birth to Matilda just three months before." [3] (#cite_note-3) The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) named the dress as one of the most memorable Oscar dresses of all time. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Schott2006_1-0) Schott, Ben (October 24, 2006). Schott's Almanac 2007 . Bloomsbury. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59691-171-0 . Retrieved May 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Krohn2008_2-0) Krohn, Katherine E. (September 1, 2008). Vera Wang: Enduring Style . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58013-572-6 . Retrieved May 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lowe, Victoria (February 25, 2011). "The Best and Worst Oscar Dresses Ever" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/news/g1310/best-and-worst-oscar-style/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved December 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A look back at the most memorable Oscars red carpet dresses of all time" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/events/best-oscars-dresses-style-outfits-fashion-looks-all-time-celebs/michelle-williams-bravely-donned-a-canary-yellow-vera-wang-to-at/) . The Daily Telegraph . February 9, 2020 . Retrieved December 7, 2020 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐p4dlx Cached time: 20240716054815 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.307 seconds Real time usage: 0.424 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 827/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36308/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1216/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30005/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4271071/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 386.083 1 -total 30.79% 118.869 1 Template:Reflist 25.40% 98.067 1 Template:Short_description 23.62% 91.187 1 Template:Red_carpet_fashion 23.41% 90.378 2 Template:Navbox 22.57% 87.124 2 Template:Cite_book 12.50% 48.262 2 Template:Pagetype 10.26% 39.595 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 9.75% 37.655 1 Template:Infobox 9.21% 35.563 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31872439-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716054815 and revision id 1212926139. 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Polish women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Poland portal (/wiki/Portal:Poland) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Polish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Polish_fashion_designers) . It includes Polish fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐49dbr Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.158 seconds Real time usage: 0.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3963/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 299/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937182/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 164.949 1 -total 48.18% 79.470 1 Template:Portal 41.40% 68.293 1 Template:Non-diffusing 35.87% 59.172 1 Template:Cmbox 10.23% 16.874 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 8.04% 13.255 2 Template:Category_other 6.01% 9.917 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.13% 5.157 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.46% 2.402 1 Template:Template_other 1.15% 1.899 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72303133-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177798932. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Polish women fashion designers" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Roma Gąsiorowska (/wiki/Roma_G%C4%85siorowska) H Joanna Horodyńska (/wiki/Joanna_Horody%C5%84ska) J Monika Jaruzelska (/wiki/Monika_Jaruzelska) M Ewa Minge (/wiki/Ewa_Minge) P Anna Potok (/wiki/Anna_Potok) S Aleksandra Szwed (/wiki/Aleksandra_Szwed) Z Xymena Zaniewska-Chwedczuk (/wiki/Xymena_Zaniewska-Chwedczuk) Karolina Zmarlak (/wiki/Karolina_Zmarlak) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Polish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798932 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Polish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798932) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Polish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Polish_fashion_designers) Polish women artists (/wiki/Category:Polish_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Men's fragrance Terre d'Hermès Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) Top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Orange grapefruit Heart notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Pepper pelargonium Base notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Patchouli cedar vetiver benzoin Released 2006 Website Terre d'Hermès (http://hermes.com/us/en/category/fragrances/men/) Terre d'Hermès is a fragrance launched by French luxury brand Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) in March 2006. It was created by Jean-Claude Ellena (/wiki/Jean-Claude_Ellena) , who was the exclusive in-house perfumier of Hermès. [1] (#cite_note-1) Overview [ edit ] Jean Claude Ellena, who was formerly the master perfumier for Hermès, claims that his inspiration for Terre d'Hermès was French author Jean Giono (/wiki/Jean_Giono) , whom, Ellena claims "He is a man who loves the richness of nature". [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) As a result of this, many of the scents found within the fragrance are vegetal and mineral based, including Cedar (/wiki/Cedrus) , Patchouli (/wiki/Patchouli) and Vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) . Ellena would also state that he decided not to use any Musk (/wiki/Musk) notes within the fragrance, as "Musk creates a mask on the skin", stating that his reasoning for not including this mask was to create a fragrance which was unique to each wearer. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Variations [ edit ] Originally released as an Eau de Toilette, Terre d'Hermès was reinterpreted as a Pure Parfum which was released in 2009, [3] (#cite_note-3) this was subsequently followed by a Tres Fraiche version 2014. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2018, a new variation called Eau Intense Vétiver, created by Christine Nagel (/wiki/Christine_Nagel) was released, and was described as being fresher than the original. [5] (#cite_note-fragrantica-5) The latest flanker was released in 2022 as Terre d'Hermès Eau Givrée Eau de Parfum, with main notes such as citron, timut pepper and juniper berries. [6] (#cite_note-6) Scent [ edit ] Terre d'Hermès is a fruity-spicy-woody fragrance, [7] (#cite_note-7) meaning it features fruity top notes, in this case Orange (/wiki/Orange_(fruit)) and Grapefruit (/wiki/Grapefruit) , its middle or heart notes are of pepper (/wiki/Black_pepper) and its woody base notes, include cedar, patchouli and vetiver. Terre d'Hermès Note Pyramid [8] (#cite_note-8) Top Orange Grapefruit Middle Pepper Pelargonium Flint Base Patchouli Cedar Vetiver Benzoin Reviews [ edit ] Terre d'Hermès ratings Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) [9] (#cite_note-basenotes-9) Fragrantica [10] (#cite_note-10) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)) [11] (#cite_note-11) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) [12] (#cite_note-12) Terre d'Hermès garnered generally favorable reviews from critics and the general public alike. The eau de toilette has a rating of 4 out of 5 stars on the fragrance website Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) based on an average of over 2000 votes, [13] (#cite_note-13) whilst the pure parfum distillation has a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5 across an average of 316 votes. [14] (#cite_note-14) Luca Turin (/wiki/Luca_Turin) rated it three out of five stars. [15] (#cite_note-15) Awards [ edit ] Terre d'Hermès won the Men's Fragrance of the Year - Luxe award at the 2007 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards#Men's_Fragrance_of_the_Year_-_Luxe) , and also won Best Classic (Men's) Fragrance for 2012 from Basenotes. [16] (#cite_note-16) Terre d'Hermès won a variety of awards from GQ (/wiki/GQ) magazine, including 'Launch of the decade' and the Readers Favourite fragrance in 2009. [ citation needed ] It was named Best Classic Fragrance from ShortList (/wiki/ShortList) magazine. [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hermès perfume: scents of beauty" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150811231823/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/80344/herm%C3%A8s-perfume-scents-of-beauty.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/80344/herm%C3%A8s-perfume-scents-of-beauty.html/) on 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ a b "Marc Jacobs Blush Intense, Summer Splash, more on Terre d'Hermes ~ new fragrances" (http://www.nstperfume.com/2006/01/06/marc-jacobs-blush-intense-summer-splash-more-on-terre-dhermes-new-fragrances/) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Terre d'Hermes Parfum Hermes for men - Fragrantica" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-d-Hermes-Parfum-8282.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kynaston, Lee (2014-03-11). "The 5 best new men's fragrances for spring - Telegraph" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion-and-style/10655428/The-5-best-new-mens-fragrances-for-spring.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-fragrantica_5-0) "Terre D'Hermes Eau Intense Vetiver Hermès cologne - a new fragrance for men 2018" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-D-Hermes-Eau-Intense-Vetiver-50672.html) . www.fragrantica.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Terre d'Hermès Eau Givrée: Frost on Green Spruce" (https://www.fragrantica.com/news/Terre-d-Hermes-Eau-Givree-Frost-on-Green-Spruce-16792.html) . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Terre d'Hermes Hermes for men cologne" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-d-Hermes-17.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Terre d'Hermes Hermes Cologne" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-d-Hermes-17.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-basenotes_9-0) "Terre d'Hermès by Hermès (2006)" (http://www.basenotes.net/ID26125219.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Terre d'Hermès Terre Hermès cologne" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-d-Hermes-17.html) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "HERMÈS Terre d'Hermès Eau de Parfum, 75ml - John Lewis" (https://www.johnlewis.com/hermes-terre-d%27herm-s-eau-de-parfum-75ml/p1407276?sku=233544477&kpid=233544477&s_kenid=e25b8e8a-4f87-41ed-94c4-05ed9ffd4480&s_kwcid=403x1363926&tmad=c&tmcampid=73) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "HERMÈS Terre d'Hermès - Nordstrom" (http://shop.nordstrom.com/s/hermes-terre-dhermes-eau-de-toilette/3135233?origin=related-3135233-0-2-PP_4_NRT-Data_Lab_Recommendo_V2-fbt_similar_items&recs_type=related&recs_productId=3135233&recs_categoryId=0&recs_productOrder=2&recs_placementId=PP_4_NRT&recs_source=Data_Lab_Recommendo_V2&recs_strategy=fbt_similar_items&recs_referringPageType=item_page) . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Terre d'Hermès by Hermès (2006)" (http://www.basenotes.net/ID26125219.html) . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Terre d'Hermès by Hermès (2009)" (http://www.basenotes.net/ID26132654.html) . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Jordan, Roy. "Malizia Discount" (https://www.malizia-discount.ch/) . Retrieved 30 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Basenotes Reader Awards 2013 - WINNERS" (http://www.basenotes.net/features/1103-winners-basenotes-reader-awards-2012) . 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Awards - Kenneth Green Associates)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170222143641/http://kennethgreenassociates.co.uk/our_story/awards/) . Archived from the original (http://www.kennethgreenassociates.co.uk/our_story/awards/) on 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . External links [ edit ] Terre d'Hermès (https://www.basenotes.net/ID26125219.html) at Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) Terre d'Hermès (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Hermes/Terre-d-Hermes-17.html) at Fragrantica Terre d'Hermès (https://www.parfumo.net/Perfumes/Hermes/Terre_d_Hermes_Eau_de_Toilette) at Parfumo v t e Perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) Overview History (/wiki/History_of_perfume) List of perfumes (/wiki/List_of_perfumes) Types Solid perfume (/wiki/Solid_perfume) Eau de Cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) Eau de toilette (/wiki/Eau_de_toilette) Essential oils (/wiki/List_of_essential_oils) Pomander (/wiki/Pomander) Chypre (/wiki/Chypre) Fougère (/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re) Ingredients (/wiki/Category:Perfume_ingredients) Plant sources (/wiki/Perfume#Plant_sources) including Herbal distillates (/wiki/Herbal_distillate) Animal sources (/wiki/Perfume#Animal_sources) Synthetic (/wiki/Aroma_compound) Science Aromachology (/wiki/Aromachology) Fragrance wheel (/wiki/Fragrance_wheel) Fragrance extraction (/wiki/Fragrance_extraction) Note (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Scentography (/wiki/Scentography) Professions Perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) Organizations Fragrance Museum (/wiki/Fragrance_Museum) Fragrances of the World (/wiki/Fragrances_of_the_World) International Fragrance Association (/wiki/International_Fragrance_Association) Musée du Parfum (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum) Osmothèque (/wiki/Osmoth%C3%A8que) Research Institute of Fragrance Materials (/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Fragrance_Materials) Théâtre-Musée des Capucines (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Capucines) The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) ISIPCA (/wiki/ISIPCA) Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) People Ernest Beaux (/wiki/Ernest_Beaux) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) François Coty (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty) Ernest Daltroff (/wiki/Ernest_Daltroff) Michael Edwards (/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(fragrance_expert)) Johann Maria Farina (/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina) Jacques Guerlain (/wiki/Jacques_Guerlain) Adolph Goetting (/wiki/Adolph_Goetting) David H. 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Retail flagship in Manhattan, New York Tiffany & Co. flagship store The Tiffany flagship in 2024 General information Type Retail Address 727 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) , Manhattan, New York City Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 40°45′45″N 73°58′26″W  /  40.7626°N 73.9738°W  / 40.7626; -73.9738 Completed 1940 Renovated 1980, 2001–2006, 2020–2023 Owner Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) Technical details Floor count 10 Design and construction Architect(s) Cross & Cross (/wiki/Cross_%26_Cross) The Tiffany & Co. flagship store is a ten-story retail building in Midtown Manhattan (/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) , New York City, within the luxury shopping district on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) between 49th and 60th Streets. The building, at 727 Fifth Avenue, has served as Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) 's sixth flagship store (/wiki/Flagship_store) since its completion in 1940. [1] (#cite_note-Young-1) It was designed by New York City architects Cross & Cross (/wiki/Cross_%26_Cross) in a "conservative modern" style. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) The building contains a facade of granite and limestone. Its five storefront displays, changed about eight times a year, have had various designers over their history. A 9-foot (2.7 m) statue of the mythological figure Atlas (/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)) is situated on the second story of the building's west facade, facing Fifth Avenue. The building's first-floor main salesroom, covering 8,400 sq ft (780 m 2 ) with a ceiling 24 ft tall (7.3 m), has no supporting columns in its superstructure (/wiki/Superstructure) . The upper floors were built with public and private showrooms. Prior to the building's construction, Tiffany & Co. had its flagship at 401 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Tiffany_and_Company_Building) , twenty blocks south. The site was leased from First National City Bank (/wiki/First_National_City_Bank) in May 1939 and the store opened on October 21, 1940; Tiffany's bought the underlying land in 1963. The building was notably featured in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) . The store, originally seven stories tall, was expanded in 1980 with a three-story rooftop addition designed by Peter Claman. Tiffany's sold the building in 1984 and reacquired it fifteen years later. The store was renovated during the early 2000s. As part of another renovation, including a replacement rooftop structure, the store was temporarily closed from 2020 to 2023. Site [ edit ] The Tiffany & Co. flagship store is at 727 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) in the Midtown Manhattan (/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) neighborhood of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [3] (#cite_note-Architect_2020_e499-3) The rectangular land lot (/wiki/Land_lot) is at the southeastern corner of Fifth Avenue to the west and 57th Street (/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)) to the north. [4] (#cite_note-ZoLa-4) [5] (#cite_note-aia5-5) The rectangular land lot covers approximately 11,000 square feet (1,000 m 2 ), with a frontage (/wiki/Frontage) of 85.5 feet (26 m) on Fifth Avenue and 125 feet (38 m) on 57th Street. [6] (#cite_note-1939nyt-6) [4] (#cite_note-ZoLa-4) The building is on the same city block as Trump Tower (/wiki/Trump_Tower) to the south and 550 Madison Avenue (/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue) to the east. Other nearby buildings include 3 East 57th Street (/wiki/3_East_57th_Street) to the north, the Bergdorf Goodman Building (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman_Building) and Solow Building (/wiki/Solow_Building) to the northwest, the Crown Building (/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)) to the west, 712 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/712_Fifth_Avenue) to the southwest, Corning Glass Building (/w/index.php?title=Corning_Glass_Building&action=edit&redlink=1) to the south, and 550 Madison Avenue (/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue) to the southeast. [4] (#cite_note-ZoLa-4) In the early 20th century, the section of Fifth Avenue south of 59th Street was becoming a commercial area. By the 1920s, the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street contained commercial buildings, including the Heckscher Building (/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)) and a branch of the New York Trust Company (/wiki/New_York_Trust_Company) , which were interspersed with 19th-century mansions, music shops, and art dealerships. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 The site of the current Tiffany's flagship had been occupied by Collis P. Huntington (/wiki/Collis_P._Huntington) 's mansion until 1926. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 [8] (#cite_note-8) Architecture [ edit ] Entranceway from Fifth Avenue Main salesroom, 2016 The original building is a seven-story structure designed by New York City architects Cross & Cross (/wiki/Cross_%26_Cross) in a "conservative modern" style and completed in 1940. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) The main contractor for the work was Turner Construction (/wiki/Turner_Construction) . [10] (#cite_note-nyt19410330-10) [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 438 Architectural historian Paul Goldberger (/wiki/Paul_Goldberger) cites it as an important retail building in New York City, and an important example of the transition from classicism to modernism in architecture. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) Upon the building's completion, a critic for Architectural Forum (/wiki/Architectural_Forum) magazine characterized it as a monumental structure with an "orthodox" exterior and a utilitarian interior. [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 435, 437 A three-story addition was built in 1980 [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) to designs by Peter Claman. [12] (#cite_note-Shenker_1978-12) A 2020s renovation replaced it with a similarly-sized new structure. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) As of 2023, the building contains 110,000 square feet (10,000 m 2 ) of retail space. [13] (#cite_note-Tremayne-Pengelly_2023-13) [14] (#cite_note-nyt-2024-05-03-14) The flagship contains about 114,000 pieces of jewelry, including a $2.475 million engagement ring. [1] (#cite_note-Young-1) The store has been featured in multiple works of film and literature, such as Truman Capote (/wiki/Truman_Capote) 's novella Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(novella)) (1958) and the films Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) (1961) and Sweet Home Alabama (/wiki/Sweet_Home_Alabama_(film)) (2002). [15] (#cite_note-Forbes-15) Exterior [ edit ] The original structure's facade contains a pink-granite base and limestone on its upper stories. [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 The main entrance, on the western facade, contains a rectangular limestone frame with a wheat-leaf pattern. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 The vertical bays (/wiki/Bay_(architecture)) contain windows that are separated horizontally by marble spandrels (/wiki/Spandrel) between each floor. [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) The window frames are made of stainless steel and are bounded by pieces of Alpine marble, which hold the facade's shatterproof glass windows in place. The top of the original building contains a scalloped parapet (/wiki/Parapet) . The use of limestone in the facade was intended to evoke older store buildings, but Cross & Cross used a more modernistic Art Deco style because it "better expressed the modern age". [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 The eighth through tenth stories are clad with a glass facade designed by Office for Metropolitan Architecture (/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture) . [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) [3] (#cite_note-Architect_2020_e499-3) The eighth and ninth stories contain flat glass panes without any exterior columns. The top floor's facade is made of two types of glass, which is inspired by the original building's parapet. [3] (#cite_note-Architect_2020_e499-3) The top floor uses flat panes of low emissivity (/wiki/Low_emissivity) glass to reduce energy use, as well as slumped glass panes that are more structurally sturdy and serve as one-way mirrors (/wiki/One-way_mirror) . [3] (#cite_note-Architect_2020_e499-3) [16] (#cite_note-designboom_2023_e709-16) The building's exterior windows include five storefront displays (two on Fifth Avenue and three on 57th Street), which are changed about eight times a year and are planned more than a year in advance. [17] (#cite_note-17) The displays have been designed by various designers over their history. Gene Moore (/wiki/Gene_Moore_(window_dresser)) designed the displays for nearly forty years using smaller materials to frame the more expensive jewelry. [18] (#cite_note-newsday20151217-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Other window dressers have included Rachel Zoe (/wiki/Rachel_Zoe) , who in 2012 designed displays depicting the "Hollywood glamour" of the mid-20th century, as well as Baz Luhrmann (/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann) and Catherine Martin (/wiki/Catherine_Martin_(designer)) , who designed Great Gatsby (/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)) - themed displays in 2013. [18] (#cite_note-newsday20151217-18) Atlas statue [ edit ] Statue of Atlas A 9-foot (2.7 m) statue of the mythological figure Atlas (/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)) is situated on the second story of the building's west facade, facing Fifth Avenue. The statue, shouldering a four-foot-wide clock, was built to stand atop the entranceway to the company's third flagship store in 1853. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) Charles Tiffany (/wiki/Charles_Lewis_Tiffany) commissioned his friend Henry Frederick Metzler, a carver of ship figureheads, to design the work. The statue has traveled as the company has relocated its flagship. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) The statue stood as an icon of the brand; the fifth flagship store did not have the name "Tiffany" appear on its facades, with only the statue and clock denoting the store's presence. [20] (#cite_note-20) The statue is of a bearded, thin man, wearing nothing except a crossed leather strap. The figure stands upright, unbent from how it appears to hold the large clock above it. His left foot is placed in front of him, partially off the statue's base. The work is a realistic impression of the human form. It was sculpted from wood of a fir tree, painted to resemble the patina of weathered bronze; the feet are made of solid lead. [21] (#cite_note-21) Tiffany & Co. has released products based on the statue's design, and has created replicas for its stores in other locations across the country. [22] (#cite_note-ICAA-22) Interior [ edit ] The building's first-floor main salesroom has 8,400 sq ft (780 m 2 ) and is 24 ft tall (7.3 m). It has no supporting columns in its superstructure (/wiki/Superstructure) . [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) [18] (#cite_note-newsday20151217-18) The ceiling is instead supported by three 100-ton trusses (/wiki/Truss) spanning the 85-foot (26 m) width of the building, each of which consists of upper and lower girders connected by crossbeams. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210, 214 [23] (#cite_note-23) Upon the building's completion, the floors and pilasters (/wiki/Pilaster) were made of teakwood, while the display cases were decorated in teak, walnut, and marble. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 214 Merchandise such as jewelry was placed in wooden display cases with stainless-steel frames. These cases rested on wood, stainless steel, or granite pedestals. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 214 The display cases and spaces were illuminated using indirect lighting fixtures. [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 441 [24] (#cite_note-24) The salesroom's most prominent permanent display is the Tiffany Yellow Diamond (/wiki/Tiffany_Yellow_Diamond) , a 128.54-carat gem. [25] (#cite_note-Silver_2023_v179-25) [15] (#cite_note-Forbes-15) Metalwork such as brass, copper, silver, and stainless steel is used throughout the interior. [25] (#cite_note-Silver_2023_v179-25) The upper floors were built with public and private showrooms. [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 439–440 The first four stories contained retail departments, while the upper stories contained offices, jewelers' studios, and a repair shop. The first mezzanine level contained three private showrooms, one each in the French, English, and Modern architectural styles. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 214 There were also five glass-enclosed buying rooms. [9] (#cite_note-NY1930-9) The flagship store includes a café on its fourth floor, Blue Box Cafe, operated by the restaurateur Daniel Boulud (/wiki/Daniel_Boulud) [14] (#cite_note-nyt-2024-05-03-14) and opened in 2017. The café has a breakfast, lunch, and tea menu and is decorated in Tiffany Blue (/wiki/Tiffany_Blue) , the color for which the brand is known. [26] (#cite_note-26) The fifth floor contains memorabilia such as photos of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) and a minidress that she wore in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) . [27] (#cite_note-Nast_2023-27) An oak staircase, with mirrors and transparent balustrades, runs from the first to the seventh floors. [28] (#cite_note-WSPglobal_2024_w904-28) Following the 2020s renovation, the floors above the eighth story were gutted and replaced. [28] (#cite_note-WSPglobal_2024_w904-28) The eighth and ninth stories became into an exhibit and event space. [3] (#cite_note-Architect_2020_e499-3) [14] (#cite_note-nyt-2024-05-03-14) Next to this space is an outdoor terrace with seats and a bar. [28] (#cite_note-WSPglobal_2024_w904-28) The store originally had forty artworks [25] (#cite_note-Silver_2023_v179-25) [27] (#cite_note-Nast_2023-27) [29] (#cite_note-French_2023-29) by artists including Damien Hirst (/wiki/Damien_Hirst) , Jenny Holzer (/wiki/Jenny_Holzer) , Rashid Johnson (/wiki/Rashid_Johnson) , and Richard Prince (/wiki/Richard_Prince) . [30] (#cite_note-nyt-2023-04-20-30) By 2024, the building had 58 works of art. [31] (#cite_note-Russeth_2024_m782-31) Among these are Jean-Michel Basquiat (/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat) 's painting Equals Pi (/wiki/Equals_Pi) , installed on the ground floor. [13] (#cite_note-Tremayne-Pengelly_2023-13) [30] (#cite_note-nyt-2023-04-20-30) The works also included a color-changing oval designed by James Turrell (/wiki/James_Turrell) , a cabinet by Damien Hirst (/wiki/Damien_Hirst) , a group of mirrored disks by Anish Kapoor (/wiki/Anish_Kapoor) , and animations for 14 window frames. [31] (#cite_note-Russeth_2024_m782-31) The eighth floor contains a sculpture of an apple, an allusion to New York City's nickname, the " Big Apple (/wiki/Big_Apple) ". [27] (#cite_note-Nast_2023-27) The building was one of the first major retail buildings built with central air conditioning in New York City. [32] (#cite_note-32) [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 440 A heating plant for the ground floor was placed in the basement, while the upper floors were heated and ventilated through the original double-story penthouse on the roof. [11] (#cite_note-AF_1941-06-11) : 440 History [ edit ] Construction [ edit ] The building in 1942 The flagship store is the sixth for the company, which moved uptown five times since its founding in 1837. Immediately prior to the construction of the building at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, Tiffany & Co. had its flagship at 401 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Tiffany_and_Company_Building) , twenty blocks south. [33] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1939-33) [34] (#cite_note-New_York_Herald_Tribune_1939-34) In May 1939, the company leased a site at 57th Street from First National City Bank (/wiki/First_National_City_Bank) , which acted as trustee for the William Waldorf Astor (/wiki/William_Waldorf_Astor) estate. [33] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1939-33) [34] (#cite_note-New_York_Herald_Tribune_1939-34) In a multi-part transaction, National City Bank acquired the 57th Street site from the previous owner of the Huntington site, as well as Tiffany's 37th Street building. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 210 Tiffany's then hired Cross and Cross to design a new flagship at that location. [33] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1939-33) [34] (#cite_note-New_York_Herald_Tribune_1939-34) That August, Cross and Cross filed plans for the 57th Street structure with the New York City Department of Buildings (/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings) . Turner Construction was awarded the general construction contract and had already started demolishing the previous four-story structure on the site. [35] (#cite_note-35) Prior to the 727 Fifth Avenue building's completion, Charles B. Driscoll wrote in April 1940: "The new Tiffany building is close enough to completion to indicate that it is to be one of the substantial ornaments to this part of town." [36] (#cite_note-36) The 727 Fifth Avenue store opened on October 21, 1940, without any fanfare; it was visited by 12,000 people in its first day of operation. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 214, 215 [37] (#cite_note-37) It had an estimated cost of $1 million. [6] (#cite_note-1939nyt-6) Upon the building's completion, the Fifth Avenue Association deemed it the "best new structure erected in the Fifth Avenue section during 1940". [10] (#cite_note-nyt19410330-10) Cross & Cross never designed another building in New York City and ultimately ceased operation in 1942. [7] (#cite_note-Pennoyer-7) : 215 20th century [ edit ] In 1961, the store's interior and exterior were filmed for Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) , a culturally significant film designated by the Library of Congress. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) Two years later, Tiffany's bought the land under its flagship location from First National City Bank, as well as the adjacent corner property that was occupied by Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) . The company paid $1.25 million for the store building and $2.8 million for the corner property. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-nyt19630904-39) The sale had been necessitated because Lord Astor of Hever (/wiki/Lord_Astor_of_Hever) , the beneficiary of the Astor trust that owned the lots, had recently moved to the United Kingdom. Astor had been forced to sell the lots because British law at the time forbade its subjects to own any property outside the United Kingdom. [39] (#cite_note-nyt19630904-39) By the late 1970s, the Tiffany's flagship had become overcrowded, in part because the company's overall success had resulted in increased sales. Tiffany & Co. president Walter Hoving (/wiki/Walter_Hoving) contemplated a proposal to move a portion of the store across the intersection, but rejected the idea because transporting the merchandise every day would have caused logistical issues. In 1978, Peter Claman was hired to design a 13,500-square-foot (1,250 m 2 ) expansion, which included constructing three stories on the roof. [12] (#cite_note-Shenker_1978-12) The expansion was completed in 1980. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) Tiffany's received a $5 million tax credit for completing the expansion, although the company's eligibility for the tax credit was subsequently investigated because the credit was not supposed to be given to retailers. [40] (#cite_note-40) Developer and future U.S. president Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) purchased the building's air rights (/wiki/Air_rights) for $5 million in 1979 while he was developing the neighboring Trump Tower (/wiki/Trump_Tower) . [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Trump had considered the Tiffany's flagship to be the city's best real-estate property, [43] (#cite_note-43) and he had wanted to prevent another developer from tearing down the store to build a taller building. [44] (#cite_note-44) Trump later named his daughter Tiffany Trump (/wiki/Tiffany_Trump) after the location; the air rights acquisition was reportedly one of his favorite deals. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) After Avon Products (/wiki/Avon_Products) acquired Tiffany's in the early 1980s, the building was sold in 1984 to a Texas investment syndicate, who paid $66.5 million and leased the space back to Tiffany's. The syndicate resold the building to Daiichi Real Estate in 1986 for $94.35 million. [47] (#cite_note-nyt19991123-47) Daiichi paid about $959 per square foot ($10,320/m 2 ), which at the time was the highest price per square foot for a commercial property in the United States. At the time, the property contained 98,000 square feet (9,100 m 2 ). [48] (#cite_note-48) Following the early 1990s recession (/wiki/Early_1990s_recession) , the property became unprofitable for Daiichi, which resold the building to Tiffany's in 1999 for $94 million. [47] (#cite_note-nyt19991123-47) In 1998, preservationists requested that the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission) (LPC) consider the Tiffany's flagship for city landmark status. According to preservationist John Jurayj, the LPC said it would take the designation into consideration, but it did not make any further comment on the issue. Preservationists sent another request to the LPC in 2001, requesting the Tiffany's store be considered for landmark status, but they again received no responses over the following several years. [49] (#cite_note-49) 21st century [ edit ] 6 East 57th Street 105-ton crane lifting a 66-ton crane to the building's roof during renovation Starting in 2001, Yabu Pushelberg (/wiki/Yabu_Pushelberg) redesigned portions of the flagship store, reworking its second and fourth floors, and opening its fifth and sixth into public spaces. The renovation involved moving office spaces to other locations, expanding retail space from 32,500 to 40,500 square feet (3,020 to 3,760 m 2 ). While the renovation was initially scheduled to be completed in 2004, [50] (#cite_note-50) it was not actually finished until late 2006. [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) A 2017 renovation added a cafe inside the building, quoted by news sources as finally allowing for a "breakfast at Tiffany"; the menu also includes a meal with that name. [1] (#cite_note-Young-1) [53] (#cite_note-53) 2020s renovation [ edit ] In 2019, as the company LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) was preparing to purchase the Tiffany Company, LVMH CEO Bernard Arnault (/wiki/Bernard_Arnault) toured the flagship store and was lost, which factored into his decision to remodel and brighten the store's interior. [54] (#cite_note-54) In 2020, Tiffany began a two-year renovation of 727 Fifth Avenue and relocated to a temporary store in the adjacent 6 East 57th Street, called The Tiffany Flagship Next Door. [55] (#cite_note-Barron_2020_z628-55) [1] (#cite_note-Young-1) The four-story building at 6 East 57th Street was built for Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) 's Niketown store, which occupied the space from 1996 to 2017, and had also been used by a Tiffany's pop-up store. At the time, the building was owned by the Trump Organization (/wiki/Trump_Organization) , which owns Trump Tower. [1] (#cite_note-Young-1) During January 2020, workers moved more than 114,000 pieces of jewelry between the two buildings; the relocations were done quietly to prevent robberies. [55] (#cite_note-Barron_2020_z628-55) Exterior renderings of the renovated building were revealed in August 2020. [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) [56] (#cite_note-Valinsky_2020_v679-56) The renovation process involved a redesign of the building's interior spaces, as well as the replacement of a three-story rooftop addition (built in 1980) with a similarly-sized addition designed by OMA (/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture) . [2] (#cite_note-renovation-2) The renovation necessitated lifting a crane onto the building's roof, only the fourth time in the city's history that had occurred. A 105-ton crane, with assistance from another and eight trucks as counterweights, lifted a 66-ton crane onto the structure. [57] (#cite_note-57) The project's interior designer, Peter Marino, added distinct design details within each room of the store. [25] (#cite_note-Silver_2023_v179-25) The main store reopened on April 27, 2023. [13] (#cite_note-Tremayne-Pengelly_2023-13) [58] (#cite_note-Spencer_2023-58) Tiffany & Co. hosted a two-day party to celebrate the reopening. [59] (#cite_note-Town_&_Country_2023-59) Upon the store's reopening, it was known officially as "The Landmark". [30] (#cite_note-nyt-2023-04-20-30) [29] (#cite_note-French_2023-29) Officials of LVMH said they intended for the store to cater to the "ultra-elite", [60] (#cite_note-Rascouet_2023-60) and Tiffany's CEO Anthony Ledru (/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ledru&action=edit&redlink=1) said, "For us, the Landmark is now the lighthouse of the brand." [30] (#cite_note-nyt-2023-04-20-30) The first art exhibit at the Landmark flagship store opened in March 2024. [61] (#cite_note-Meter_2024_i908-61) [62] (#cite_note-Hoeffner_2024_z732-62) See also [ edit ] 15 Union Square West (/wiki/15_Union_Square_West) , the company's fourth flagship store Tiffany and Company Building (/wiki/Tiffany_and_Company_Building) , the company's fifth flagship References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e "Tiffany's Makes Unprecedented Move Next Door to Flagship Store on Fifth Avenue" (https://untappedcities.com/2020/01/14/tiffanys-makes-unprecedented-move-next-door-to-flagship-store-on-fifth-avenue/) . Untapped Cities . January 14, 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210120132322/https://untappedcities.com/2020/01/14/tiffanys-makes-unprecedented-move-next-door-to-flagship-store-on-fifth-avenue/) from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 8, 2021 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gill, John Freeman (August 21, 2020). 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Store information page (https://www.tiffany.com/jewelry-stores/new-york-5th-avenue/) , Tiffany & Co. website Building history (https://press.tiffany.com/our-story/tiffany-flagship/) , Tiffany & Co. website v t e Midtown (42nd–59th Streets) (/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Buildings West of 5th Av 1 Worldwide Plz (/wiki/One_Worldwide_Plaza) 2 Columbus Cir (/wiki/2_Columbus_Circle) 5 Columbus Cir (/wiki/5_Columbus_Circle) 5 W 54th St (/wiki/5_West_54th_Street) 7 W 54th St (/wiki/7_West_54th_Street) 10 W 56th St (/wiki/10_West_56th_Street) 11 W 54th St (/wiki/11_West_54th_Street) 12 W 56th St (/wiki/12_West_56th_Street) 13–15 W 54th St (/wiki/13_and_15_West_54th_Street) 30 W 44th St (Penn Club) (/wiki/30_West_44th_Street) 30 W 56th St (/wiki/30_West_56th_Street) 46 W 55th St (/wiki/46_West_55th_Street) 53W53 (/wiki/53W53) 111 W 57th St (/wiki/111_West_57th_Street) 120 W 46th St (/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts) 125 W 55th St (/wiki/125_West_55th_Street) 130 W 57th St (/wiki/130_West_57th_Street) 140 W 57th St (/wiki/140_West_57th_Street) 165 W 57th St (/wiki/165_West_57th_Street) 200 Central Park S (/wiki/200_Central_Park_South) 218 W 57th St (/wiki/218_West_57th_Street) 220 Central Park S (/wiki/220_Central_Park_South) 224 W 57th St (/wiki/224_West_57th_Street) 240 Central Park S (/wiki/240_Central_Park_South) 500 5th Av (/wiki/500_Fifth_Avenue) 520 5th Av (/wiki/520_Fifth_Avenue) 608 5th Av (/wiki/608_Fifth_Avenue) 650 5th Av (/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue) 660 5th Av (/wiki/660_Fifth_Avenue) 712 5th Av (/wiki/712_Fifth_Avenue) 740 8th Av (/wiki/740_Eighth_Avenue) 750 7th Av (/wiki/750_Seventh_Avenue) 810 7th Av (/wiki/810_Seventh_Avenue) 888 7th Av (/wiki/888_Seventh_Avenue) 1166 6th Av (/wiki/1166_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1301 6th Av (/wiki/1301_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1345 6th Av (/wiki/1345_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1717 Broadway (/wiki/1717_Broadway) 1740 Broadway (/wiki/1740_Broadway) Aeolian Hall (/wiki/Aeolian_Building_(42nd_Street)) Alwyn Court (/wiki/Alwyn_Court) Americas Tower (/wiki/Americas_Tower) Axa Equitable Center (/wiki/Axa_Equitable_Center) Bank of America Tower (/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(Manhattan)) The Briarcliffe (/wiki/The_Briarcliffe) Brill Bldg (/wiki/Brill_Building) Calvary Baptist Church (/wiki/Calvary_Baptist_Church_(Manhattan)) Carnegie Hall Tower (/wiki/Carnegie_Hall_Tower) Central Park Place (/wiki/Central_Park_Place) Central Park Tower (/wiki/Central_Park_Tower) CBS Bldg (/wiki/CBS_Building) Church of St. Mary the Virgin (/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_the_Virgin_(Manhattan)) Crown Bldg (/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)) Coty Bldg (/wiki/Coty_Building) Deutsche Bank Center (/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Center) Executive Plz (/wiki/The_Michelangelo) Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church) Gainsborough Studios (/wiki/Gainsborough_Studios_(Manhattan)) Hampshire House (/wiki/Hampshire_House) Hearst Tower (/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)) Manufacturers Trust Bldg (/wiki/Manufacturers_Trust_Company_Building) Mark Hellinger Theatre (/wiki/Mark_Hellinger_Theatre) Times Square Church (/wiki/Times_Square_Church) Metropolitan Tower (/wiki/Metropolitan_Tower_(Manhattan)) New York City Bar Association Building (/wiki/House_of_the_New_York_City_Bar_Association) New York Yacht Club Building (/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club_Building) One57 (/wiki/One57) The Osborne (/wiki/The_Osborne) Paramount Plz (/wiki/Paramount_Plaza) Park House (/wiki/Park_House_(New_York_City)) Philippine Center (/wiki/Philippine_Center) Random House Tower (/wiki/Random_House_Tower) Rockefeller Apts (/wiki/Rockefeller_Apartments) Rodin Studios (/wiki/Rodin_Studios) St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church (/wiki/St._Malachy_Roman_Catholic_Church) St. Thomas Church (/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Church_(Manhattan)) Salmon Tower Bldg (/wiki/Salmon_Tower_Building) Solow Bldg (/wiki/Solow_Building) Tower 49 (/wiki/Tower_49) Tower Fifth (/wiki/Tower_Fifth) Trump Parc (/wiki/Trump_Parc) W. R. Grace Bldg (/wiki/W._R._Grace_Building) Rockefeller Center (/wiki/Rockefeller_Center) 1 Rockefeller Plz (/wiki/1_Rockefeller_Plaza) 10 Rockefeller Plz (/wiki/10_Rockefeller_Plaza) 30 Rockefeller Plz (/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza) 50 Rockefeller Plz (/wiki/50_Rockefeller_Plaza) 75 Rockefeller Plz (/wiki/75_Rockefeller_Plaza) 1211 6th Av (/wiki/1211_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1221 6th Av (/wiki/1221_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1251 6th Av (/wiki/1251_Avenue_of_the_Americas) 1271 6th Av (/wiki/1271_Avenue_of_the_Americas) British Empire Building (/wiki/British_Empire_Building) International Building (/wiki/International_Building_(Rockefeller_Center)) La Maison Francaise (/wiki/La_Maison_Francaise_(Rockefeller_Center)) Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) 1 Astor Plz (/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza) 1 Times Sq (/wiki/One_Times_Square) 3 Times Sq (/wiki/3_Times_Square) 4 Times Sq (/wiki/4_Times_Square) 11 Times Sq (/wiki/Eleven_Times_Square) 20 Times Sq (/wiki/20_Times_Square) 229 W 43rd St (/wiki/229_West_43rd_Street) 255 W 43rd St (/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel) 1500 Broadway (/wiki/1500_Broadway) 1501 Broadway (/wiki/1501_Broadway) 1540 Broadway (/wiki/1540_Broadway) 1552 Broadway (/wiki/1552_Broadway) 1585 Broadway (/wiki/1585_Broadway) TSX Broadway (/wiki/TSX_Broadway) East of 5th Av One Vanderbilt (/wiki/One_Vanderbilt) 3 E 57th St (/wiki/3_East_57th_Street) 7 E 44th St (/wiki/Hale_Building) 12 E 53rd St (/wiki/12_East_53rd_Street) 18 E 50th St (/wiki/18_East_50th_Street) 19 E 54th St (/wiki/19_East_54th_Street) 100 E 53rd St (Selene) (/wiki/Selene_(building)) 138 E 50th St (/wiki/138_East_50th_Street) 175 Park Av (/wiki/175_Park_Avenue) 252 E 57th St (/wiki/252_East_57th_Street) 245 Park Av (/wiki/245_Park_Avenue) 270 Park Av (/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(2021%E2%80%93present)) 277 Park Av (/wiki/277_Park_Avenue) 299 Park Av (/wiki/299_Park_Avenue) 345 Park Av (/wiki/345_Park_Avenue) 383 Madison Av (/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue) 399 Park Av (/wiki/399_Park_Avenue) 400 Madison Av (/wiki/400_Madison_Avenue) 425 Park Av (/wiki/425_Park_Avenue) 432 Park Av (/wiki/432_Park_Avenue) 450 Lexington Av (/wiki/450_Lexington_Avenue) 450 Park Av (/wiki/450_Park_Avenue) 488 Madison Av (Look Bldg) (/wiki/488_Madison_Avenue) 500 Park Av (/wiki/500_Park_Avenue) 525 Lexington Av (/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue) 550 Madison Av (Sony Bldg) (/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue) 569 Lexington Av (/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue) 590 Madison Av (IBM Bldg) (/wiki/590_Madison_Avenue) 599 Lexington Av (/wiki/599_Lexington_Avenue) 647 5th Av (/wiki/647_Fifth_Avenue) 689 5th Av (/wiki/689_Fifth_Avenue) 731 Lexington Av (/wiki/731_Lexington_Avenue) 919 3rd Av (/wiki/919_Third_Avenue) Apple Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue) Cartier Bldg (/wiki/Cartier_Building) CBS Studio Bldg (/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building) Central Synagogue (/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)) Charles Scribner's Sons Bldg (/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons_Building) Chrysler Bldg (/wiki/Chrysler_Building) Church of Sweden in New York (/wiki/Church_of_Sweden_in_New_York) Citigroup Ctr (/wiki/Citigroup_Center) CitySpire (/wiki/CitySpire) DuMont Bldg (/wiki/DuMont_Building) Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist (/wiki/Fifth_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(New_York_City)) Fred F. French Bldg (/wiki/Fred_F._French_Building) Fuller Bldg (/wiki/Fuller_Building) General Electric Bldg (/wiki/General_Electric_Building) General Motors Bldg (/wiki/General_Motors_Building_(Manhattan)) Graybar Bldg (/wiki/Graybar_Building) Helmsley Bldg (/wiki/Helmsley_Building) Lever House (/wiki/Lever_House) Lipstick Bldg (/wiki/Lipstick_Building) LVMH Tower (/wiki/LVMH_Tower) MetLife Bldg (/wiki/MetLife_Building) Modulightor Bldg (/wiki/Modulightor_Building) William H. Moore House (/wiki/William_H._Moore_House) Olympic Tower (/wiki/Olympic_Tower) Park Avenue Plz (/wiki/Park_Avenue_Plaza) Park Avenue Tower (/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tower) Ritz Tower (/wiki/Ritz_Tower) Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_store) St. Agnes Church (/wiki/St._Agnes_Church_(New_York_City)) St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)) St. Patrick's Cathedral (/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Midtown_Manhattan)) Seagram Bldg (/wiki/Seagram_Building) Sutton 58 (/wiki/Sutton_58) Tiffany & Co. Trump Tower (/wiki/Trump_Tower) Villard Houses (/wiki/Villard_Houses) William and Helen Ziegler House (/wiki/William_and_Helen_Ziegler_House) Former Grand Central Palace (/wiki/Grand_Central_Palace) Hotel Marguery (/wiki/Hotel_Marguery) Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont House (/wiki/Mrs._O._H._P._Belmont_House) Sherwood Studio Building (/wiki/Sherwood_Studio_Building) St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (/wiki/St._Nicholas_Collegiate_Reformed_Protestant_Dutch_Church) Studebaker Building (/wiki/Studebaker_Building_(Midtown_Manhattan)) Temple Emanu-El (/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_(New_York,_1868)) Union Carbide Building (/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)) Vanderbilt Triple Palace (/wiki/Vanderbilt_Triple_Palace) William K. Vanderbilt House (/wiki/William_K._Vanderbilt_House) West Presbyterian Church (/wiki/West_Presbyterian_Church) Theaters Broadway theaters (/wiki/List_of_Broadway_theaters) Ambassador (/wiki/Ambassador_Theatre_(New_York_City)) August Wilson (/wiki/August_Wilson_Theatre) Belasco (/wiki/Belasco_Theatre) Bernard B. Jacobs (/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs_Theatre) Booth (/wiki/Booth_Theatre) Broadhurst (/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre) Broadway (/wiki/Broadway_Theatre_(53rd_Street)) Circle in the Square (/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre) Ethel Barrymore (/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore_Theatre) Eugene O'Neill (/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theatre) Gerald Schoenfeld (/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre) Gershwin (/wiki/Gershwin_Theatre) Hayes (/wiki/Hayes_Theater) Hudson (/wiki/Hudson_Theatre) Imperial (/wiki/Imperial_Theatre) James Earl Jones (/wiki/James_Earl_Jones_Theatre) John Golden (/wiki/John_Golden_Theatre) Lena Horne (/wiki/Lena_Horne_Theatre) Longacre (/wiki/Longacre_Theatre) Lunt-Fontanne (/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne_Theatre) Lyceum (/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Broadway)) Lyric (/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Theatre_(Broadway)) Marquis (/wiki/Marquis_Theatre) Minskoff (/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre) Music Box (/wiki/Music_Box_Theatre) Neil Simon (/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre) Palace (/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Richard Rodgers (/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_Theatre) St. James (/wiki/St._James_Theatre) Samuel J. Friedman (/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre) Shubert (/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(Broadway)) Stephen Sondheim (/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim_Theatre) Studio 54 (/wiki/Studio_54) Todd Haimes (/wiki/Todd_Haimes_Theatre) Walter Kerr (/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre) Winter Garden (/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre) Other venues 55th Street Playhouse (/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse) Carnegie Hall (/wiki/Carnegie_Hall) Ed Sullivan Theater (/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater) The ImaginAsian (/wiki/The_ImaginAsian) New Victory Theater (/wiki/New_Victory_Theater) New York City Center (/wiki/New_York_City_Center) Paris Theater (/wiki/Paris_Theater_(Manhattan)) Radio City Music Hall (/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall) Sony Hall (/wiki/Sony_Hall) The Theater Center (/wiki/The_Theater_Center) The Town Hall (/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)) York Theatre (/wiki/York_Theatre) Closed/demolished 44th Street (/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre) 48th Street (/wiki/48th_Street_Theatre) Apollo (/wiki/Apollo_Theatre_(42nd_Street)) Center (/wiki/Center_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Capitol (/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Earl Carroll (/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre) Edison (/wiki/Edison_Theatre) Embassy (/wiki/Embassy_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Fulton (/wiki/Fulton_Theatre) George M. Cohan's (/wiki/George_M._Cohan%27s_Theatre) Loew's State (/wiki/Loew%27s_State_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Lyric (/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)) New Century (/wiki/New_Century_Theatre) Olympia (/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Roxy (/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(New_York_City)) Strand (/wiki/Strand_Theatre_(Manhattan)) Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square_Theater) Victoria (/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Hammerstein%27s)) Ziegfeld (1927) (/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)) Ziegfeld (1969) (/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1969)) Hotels Current Algonquin Hotel (/wiki/Algonquin_Hotel) Allerton Hotel for Women (/wiki/Allerton_Hotel_for_Women) The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York (/wiki/The_Benjamin_Royal_Sonesta_New_York) Cassa Hotel & Residences (/wiki/Cassa_Hotel_%26_Residences) The Chatwal New York (/wiki/The_Chatwal_New_York) Club Quarters, Midtown (/wiki/Webster_Hotel) Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan (/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Times_Square_Manhattan) Four Seasons Hotel New York (/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_New_York) Hotel Edison (/wiki/Hotel_Edison) Hotel Elysée (/wiki/Hotel_Elys%C3%A9e) Hotel Gerard (/wiki/Hotel_Gerard) Hyatt Grand Central New York (/wiki/Hyatt_Grand_Central_New_York) InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel (/wiki/InterContinental_New_York_Barclay_Hotel) JW Marriott Essex House (/wiki/JW_Marriott_Essex_House) The Iroquois New York (/wiki/The_Iroquois_New_York) Lexington Hotel (/wiki/Lexington_Hotel_(New_York_City)) Lombardy Hotel (/wiki/Lombardy_Hotel) Lotte New York Palace Hotel (/wiki/Lotte_New_York_Palace_Hotel) Luxor Hotel (/wiki/Luxor_Hotel_(New_York_City)) Mansfield Hotel (/wiki/Mansfield_Hotel) The Michelangelo (/wiki/The_Michelangelo) Millennium Times Square New York (/wiki/Millennium_Times_Square_New_York) New York Hilton Midtown (/wiki/New_York_Hilton_Midtown) New York Marriott Marquis (/wiki/New_York_Marriott_Marquis) Paramount Hotel (/wiki/Paramount_Hotel) Park Central Hotel (/wiki/Park_Central_Hotel) Park Lane Hotel (/wiki/Park_Lane_Hotel_(Manhattan)) The Peninsula New York (/wiki/The_Peninsula_New_York) Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Plaza_Hotel) The Quin (/wiki/The_Quin) The Ritz-Carlton New York, Central Park (/wiki/Hotel_St._Moritz) Roger Smith Hotel (/wiki/Roger_Smith_Hotel) Row NYC Hotel (/wiki/Row_NYC_Hotel) Royalton Hotel (/wiki/Royalton_Hotel) St. Regis New York (/wiki/St._Regis_New_York) Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel (/wiki/Sheraton_New_York_Times_Square_Hotel) Sofitel New York Hotel (/wiki/Sofitel_New_York_Hotel) Thompson Central Park New York Hotel (/wiki/Thompson_Central_Park_New_York_Hotel) Waldorf Astoria New York (/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York) Warwick New York Hotel (/wiki/Warwick_New_York_Hotel) Former DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Metropolitan New York City (/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue) Hotel Carter (/wiki/Hotel_Carter) Hotel Claridge (/wiki/Hotel_Claridge) Hotel Manhattan (/wiki/Hotel_Manhattan) Hotel Metropole (/wiki/Hotel_Metropole_(New_York_City)) New York Biltmore Hotel (/wiki/New_York_Biltmore_Hotel) New York Marriott East Side (/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue) Omni Berkshire Place (/wiki/Omni_Berkshire_Place) Pabst Hotel (/wiki/Pabst_Hotel) Ritz-Carlton Hotel (/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_(New_York_City)) Roosevelt Hotel (/wiki/Roosevelt_Hotel_(Manhattan)) Savoy-Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Savoy-Plaza_Hotel) Times Square Hotel (/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel) Weylin Hotel (/wiki/Weylin_Hotel) Windsor Hotel (/wiki/Windsor_Hotel_(Manhattan)) Other points of interest Restaurants/ nightlife 21 Club (/wiki/21_Club) 54 Below (/wiki/54_Below) Alto (/wiki/Alto_(restaurant)) Anthos (/wiki/Anthos_(restaurant)) Aureole (/wiki/Aureole_(restaurant)) Burger Heaven (/wiki/Burger_Heaven) Le Bernardin (/wiki/Le_Bernardin) Cafe Chambord (/wiki/Cafe_Chambord) Campbell Apartment (/wiki/Campbell_Apartment) La Caravelle (/wiki/La_Caravelle_(New_York_City)) Caviar Russe (/wiki/Caviar_Russe) Del Pezzo Restaurant (/wiki/Del_Pezzo_Restaurant) Ellen's Stardust Diner (/wiki/Ellen%27s_Stardust_Diner) Four Twenty Five (/wiki/Four_Twenty_Five) Gabriel Kreuther (/wiki/Gabriel_Kreuther) Gallagher's Steakhouse (/wiki/Gallagher%27s_Steakhouse) Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant (/wiki/Grand_Central_Oyster_Bar_%26_Restaurant) La Grenouille (/wiki/La_Grenouille_(restaurant)) Iridium Jazz Club (/wiki/Iridium_Jazz_Club) Le Jardinier (/wiki/Le_Jardinier) King Cole Bar (/wiki/King_Cole_Bar) Kurumazushi (/wiki/Kurumazushi) Latin Quarter (/wiki/Latin_Quarter_(nightclub)) Lespinasse (/wiki/Lespinasse_(restaurant)) Marea (/wiki/Marea_(restaurant)) Naro (/wiki/Naro_(restaurant)) The Pool and the Grill (/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant) Oceana (/wiki/Oceana_(restaurant)) The Original Soupman (/wiki/The_Original_Soupman) P. J. Clarke's (/wiki/P._J._Clarke%27s) Patsy's (/wiki/Patsy%27s) Le Pavillon (/wiki/Le_Pavillon_(Daniel_Boulud_restaurant)) Prime Burger (/wiki/Prime_Burger) The Quilted Giraffe (/wiki/The_Quilted_Giraffe) Rainbow Room (/wiki/Rainbow_Room) Restaurant Aquavit (/wiki/Restaurant_Aquavit) Rumpelmayer's (/wiki/Rumpelmayer%27s_(New_York_City)) Russian Tea Room (/wiki/Russian_Tea_Room) Sardi's (/wiki/Sardi%27s) Satsuki (/wiki/Satsuki_(restaurant)) Shun Lee Palace (/wiki/Shun_Lee_Palace) Stage Deli (/wiki/Stage_Deli) The Campbell (/wiki/The_Campbell) Museums/ cultural centers Austrian Cultural Forum New York (/wiki/Austrian_Cultural_Forum_New_York) Girl Scout Museum and Archives (/wiki/Girl_Scout_Museum_and_Archives) John M. Mossman Lock Museum (/wiki/John_M._Mossman_Lock_Museum) Korean Cultural Center New York (/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center_New_York) Madame Tussauds New York (/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_New_York) Museum of Arts and Design (/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design) Museum of Broadway (/wiki/Museum_of_Broadway) Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art) New York Transit Museum (/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum) Paley Center for Media (/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media#New_York) Rose Museum (/wiki/Rose_Museum) Spyscape (/wiki/Spyscape) Stores Argosy Book Store (/wiki/Argosy_Book_Store) Gotham Book Mart (/wiki/Gotham_Book_Mart) Clubhouses American Fine Arts Society (/wiki/American_Fine_Arts_Society) The Brook (/wiki/The_Brook) Century Association (/wiki/Century_Association) Cornell Club of New York (/wiki/Cornell_Club_of_New_York) Harvard Club of New York City (/wiki/Harvard_Club_of_New_York_City) New York Athletic Club (/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club) New York City Bar Association (/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association) New York Friars Club (/wiki/New_York_Friars_Club) New York Yacht Club (/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club) Penn Club of New York (/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York) Racquet and Tennis Club (/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club) University Club of New York (/wiki/University_Club_of_New_York) Women's National Republican Club (/wiki/Women%27s_National_Republican_Club) Yale Club of New York City (/wiki/The_Yale_Club_of_New_York_City) Clubhouses (former) Princeton Club of New York (/wiki/Princeton_Club_of_New_York) Green spaces Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden (/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller_Sculpture_Garden) Central Park (/wiki/Central_Park) Grand Army Plaza (/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)) Greenacre Park (/wiki/Greenacre_Park) Paley Park (/wiki/Paley_Park) Educational institutions 53rd Street Library (/wiki/53rd_Street_Library) Circle in the Square Theatre School (/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre_School) CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies (/wiki/CUNY_School_of_Labor_and_Urban_Studies) High School of Performing Arts (/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_High_School_for_International_Careers) Saint Thomas Choir School (/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Choir_School) SUNY College of Optometry (/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Optometry) Art galleries Galerie St. Etienne (/wiki/Galerie_St._Etienne) Rehs Galleries (/wiki/Rehs_Galleries) Transportation Subway (/wiki/New_York_City_Subway) stations Fifth Avenue/53rd Street (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue/53rd_Street_station) Fifth Avenue–59th Street (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue%E2%80%9359th_Street_station) Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_station_(IND_lines)) 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue (/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Bryant_Park/Fifth_Avenue_station) 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal (/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal_station) 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center (/wiki/47th%E2%80%9350th_Streets%E2%80%93Rockefeller_Center_station) 49th Street (/wiki/49th_Street_station_(BMT_Broadway_Line)) 50th Street (/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IND_lines)) 50th Street (/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)) 57th Street–Seventh Avenue (/wiki/57th_Street%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_station) 57th Street (/wiki/57th_Street_station_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)) 59th Street–Columbus Circle (/wiki/59th_Street%E2%80%93Columbus_Circle_station) Grand Central–42nd Street (/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station) Lexington Avenue/51st Street (/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/51st_Street_station) Lexington Avenue/59th Street (/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/59th_Street_station) Times Square–42nd Street (/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station) Railroad stations Grand Central Madison (/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison) Grand Central Terminal (/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal) Streets and intersections Third Avenue (/wiki/Third_Avenue) Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) Sixth Avenue (/wiki/Sixth_Avenue) Six and a Half Avenue (/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue) Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) Eighth Avenue (/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)) 42nd (/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)) 47th (/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)) 50th (/wiki/50th_Street_(Manhattan)) 51st (/wiki/51st_Street_(Manhattan)) 52nd (/wiki/52nd_Street_(Manhattan)) 53rd (/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)) 54th (/wiki/54th_Street_(Manhattan)) 55th (/wiki/55th_Street_(Manhattan)) 57th (/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)) 59th (/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)) Broadway (/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)) Columbus Circle (/wiki/Columbus_Circle) Duffy Square (/wiki/Duffy_Square) Grand Army Plaza (/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)) George Abbott Way (/wiki/George_Abbott_Way) Lexington Avenue (/wiki/Lexington_Avenue) Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) Park Avenue (/wiki/Park_Avenue) Park Avenue Viaduct (/wiki/Park_Avenue_Viaduct) Pershing Square (/wiki/Pershing_Square,_Manhattan) Shubert Alley (/wiki/Shubert_Alley) Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) Vanderbilt Avenue (/wiki/Vanderbilt_Avenue_(Manhattan)) Related topics Billionaires' Row (/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row) Little Brazil (/wiki/Little_Brazil,_Manhattan) Midtown South (/wiki/Midtown_South) Minnesota Strip (/wiki/Minnesota_Strip) See also: Manhattan Community Board 5 (/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5) v t e Structures on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) Below 34th Street (/wiki/34th_Street_(Manhattan)) 1 (/wiki/One_Fifth_Avenue_(Manhattan)) 47 (Salmagundi Club) (/wiki/Salmagundi_Club) 110 (Judge) (/wiki/Judge_Building) 153 (Scribner) (/wiki/Scribner_Building) 159–161 (/wiki/935%E2%80%93939_Broadway) 170 (Sohmer Piano) (/wiki/Sohmer_Piano_Building) 173 (Flatiron) (/wiki/Flatiron_Building) 200 (Toy Center) (/wiki/Toy_Center) 255 (Grand Madison) (/wiki/The_Grand_Madison) 272 (Marble Collegiate Church) (/wiki/Marble_Collegiate_Church) 276 (Holland House) 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(Redirected from Draft:Guo Pei dress of Rihanna (/w/index.php?title=Draft:Guo_Pei_dress_of_Rihanna&redirect=no) ) Chinese fashion designer (born 1967) In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is Guo (/wiki/Guo) . Guo Pei Pei in 2017 Born ( 1967-03-12 ) 12 March 1967 (age 57) Haidian District (/wiki/Haidian_District) , Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , China Nationality People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) Occupations dressmaker (/wiki/Dressmaker) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) Awards ACM Best Design Exhibition 2019, International Fashion and Accessories Fair Gold Awards, Beijing Olympics costume design award, China International Fashion Week Best Dress Design Award Guo Pei ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 郭培 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Guō Péi , Mandarin pronunciation: [ku̯ó (/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) pʰěɪ̯] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) , born 1967) is a Chinese fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . She is best known for designing dresses for Chinese celebrities, and in America for Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) 's trailing yellow gown at the 2015 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) . Guo is the first born-and-raised Asian designer to be invited to become a guest member of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture (/wiki/Chambre_Syndicale_de_la_Haute_Couture) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2016, Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) listed her as one of the World's 100 Most Influential People (/wiki/Time_100) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and early start [ edit ] A silk couture evening gown embroidered with gold by Guo Pei, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , New York City [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Guo was born in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) in 1967. Guo was born to two members of China's Communist Party (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) , her father being a former battalion leader of the People's Army (/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police) and her mother being a kindergarten teacher. In an interview with Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) magazine, she recalls her father having thrown away her sketches and paintings as a child. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In the same interview Guo says she got her start in sewing at the age of 2 years old, helping her mother make clothes for the winter and developed her love for dressmaking. During her childhood, Mao suits (/wiki/Mao_suit) were considered the only correct form of clothing and Guo Pei defied this with loose-fitting dresses. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Despite the otherwise oppressive fashion enforced, she still went to study and graduate from Beijing Second Light Industry School (/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Second_Light_Industry_School&action=edit&redlink=1) with a degree in fashion design in 1986. [6] (#cite_note-6) Guo Pei's graduation was also at a good time since post-Mao reforms were being implemented by Deng Xiaoping (/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) . Guo Pei found a job at one of China's first privately owned clothing brand manufacturers, Tianma. She states that there was a sudden demand for fashion that grew in China, with one of her most popular factory designs being a brightly colored winter coat with a hood. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) She left the company in 1997 to form her own fashion brand (/wiki/Brand) . [7] (#cite_note-NYT-7) Career [ edit ] Guo Pei says that she strived for something more as the fashion demand grew in China as well. In the early 2000s Guo Pei's reputation began to grow, she received commissions to create styles for the 2008 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics) as well as the annual Spring Festival Galas put on by China Central Television (/wiki/China_Central_Television) (CCTV). [8] (#cite_note-8) She is responsible for Song Zuying (/wiki/Song_Zuying) 's dress that she wore during her performance with Plácido Domingo at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony) . [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) The dress took two weeks overall to make and was covered with 200,000 Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystals. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Her "One Thousand and Two Nights" collection debuted in November 2009, during China Fashion Week (/wiki/China_Fashion_Week) . American model, Carmen Dell'Orefice (/wiki/Carmen_Dell%27Orefice) appeared in the show wearing an elaborate white embroidered fur-lined gown, with an escort of four to help carry its train. Dell'Orefice later went on to compare Guo to Charles James (/wiki/Charles_James_(designer)) . [7] (#cite_note-NYT-7) Guo was credited as a costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) on the set of the 2014 film The Monkey King (/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(2014_film)) . The film's makeup and costume departments were nominated for a Hong Kong Film Award (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Film_Award) the following year but lost out to Man Lim Chung, in The Golden Era (/wiki/The_Golden_Era_(film)) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2008, Guo conceived a canary yellow floor-length dress with a large circular train, edged with yellow coloured fur and embroidered with silver floral patterns. It took approximately 50,000 hours in 20 months [11] (#cite_note-bbc-11) for her design team to create and weighed about 25 kg (55 lb) on completion. [12] (#cite_note-12) Barbadian singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) came across the piece on the internet while researching a design for the China-themed New York Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) in 2015. According to Guo, when first asked she agreed to the proposal but was wary about whether the singer would be able to withstand the weight. Rihanna appeared on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) in the gown, followed by a three-person entourage to hold the large train. Early reactions to the dress design spawned viral memes on social media, with the eye catching yellow material and sizable train drawing comparisons to omelettes (/wiki/Omelettes) and pizzas (/wiki/Pizzas) . A photo of the design worn by the singer was featured on the front page of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) 's Met Gala edition. [11] (#cite_note-bbc-11) This media exposure made Guo more recognizable among Western audiences. Guo Pei's works were also exhibited at the annual exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, titled " China: Through the Looking Glass (/wiki/China:_Through_the_Looking_Glass) ". [13] (#cite_note-:4-13) In 2016, Guo Pei became a guest member of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture. [14] (#cite_note-14) Her first collection to be showcased as a part of Paris Fashion Week was her Spring Summer 2016 collection. Inspired by spring flowers for femininity and the phoenix for peace and purity, the collection had traditional Chinese influences like gold tassels, intricate threadwork embroidery over silk, bibs and long trains. [13] (#cite_note-:4-13) Her Spring 2017 haute couture collection, presented at La Conciergerie and titled "Legend", was inspired by the murals of the St. Gallen Cathedral (/wiki/St._Gallen_Cathedral) in Switzerland. [15] (#cite_note-15) Most recently Guo Pei's haute couture Spring/Summer show was considered to embody life through her use of forestry and roots in her runway setups to the designs of her clothing themselves. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) There was a recurring theme of dark blue embroideries hinting at the idea of dawn or dusk, the French idea of l'heure bleue . While watching her show, you can see models wearing this blue shade in almost all of the designs that come onto the runway, whether they be the main focus of a garment, or in the smaller details, the idea of l'heure bleue is everywhere. [17] (#cite_note-17) Guo Pei described her work as representing a life force of roots and flowers, explaining, "Roots are the source of life and vitality ... Without roots, there's not life. This world is a very mysterious place, but it's linked intimately with our lives. That's why the tree is onstage, and you'll see a lot of flowers." [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) One of the connecting pieces in Guo Pei's collections, however, is the use of gold in a lot of her shows. Guo Pei believes that not only does gold embody the top of terms of knowledge and wealth, but Guo Pei also believe that it is, "the color of our souls". [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) In 2022 Pei's work was featured at the San Francisco Legion of Honor (/wiki/San_Francisco_Legion_of_Honor) and displayed several of her works from the past two decades of her career in the fashion style of couture fantasy (/wiki/Couture_fantasy) [18] (#cite_note-18) from 16 April to 27 November. [19] (#cite_note-19) It became the most attended exhibition in 20 years at the museum. [20] (#cite_note-20) Guo Pei designed the costumes of the character of Chang'e (/wiki/Chang%27e) for the 2020 Netflix film Over The Moon (/wiki/Over_The_Moon_(2020_film)) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Personal life [ edit ] Guo is married to Cao Bao Jie, also known as Jack Tsao, who is a textile dealer. She credits him with introducing her to European fabrics and embroideries, and empowering her to recognise herself as an haute couturière instead of just a tailor. [22] (#cite_note-22) Guo's husband oversees the branding and business side of Guo's label. [23] (#cite_note-23) Guo Pei is a renowned Chinese fashion designer whose works have gained widespread acclaim and recognition. Guo Pei's most famous dress is Yellow Empress cape; the dress's remarkable design inspired parallels to omelets, and its creation took two years and over 50,000 hours. [24] (#cite_note-24) The annual exhibition at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art also featured pieces by Guo Pei. In 2016, she made history by being the first designer of Asian descent to be invited to join the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture as a guest member. [25] (#cite_note-25) Guo Pei uses intricate details, gold embroidery, and a recurring theme of l'heure bleue in her designs, signifying dawn or dusk. [26] (#cite_note-26) Her runway arrangement for her Spring/Summer 2021 haute couture presentation, which featured a forest and roots, was a demonstration of her ability to capture the essence of life in her creations. [27] (#cite_note-27) Rose Studio [ edit ] Rose Studio (/w/index.php?title=Rose_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) is the name of Guo Pei's showroom in the Chaoyang (/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing) district of Beijing, and is three stories in what would be considered a drab area near in an industrial park. [28] (#cite_note-:3-28) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) On the outside, it can be mistaken for a normal factory, but on the inside gold-speckled mirrors line the walls and ceilings. Guo Pei's designs are housed in displays like a museum. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) On the top floor, dozens of tailors, pattern cutters, shoemakers, and needlewomen work on the orders, with painstaking measures taken to make sure everything works in harmony with one another. [28] (#cite_note-:3-28) Guo Pei employs five hundred people at three locations outside of China's capital, most learning about their craft on the job, stating that Guo Pei is a good teacher. Guo Pei's clients are usually wealthy and well to do, but most of her older clients state that they are embracing a more Chinese style. [28] (#cite_note-:3-28) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Xinxian (n.d.). "Guo Pei: Royal Court to Paris Catwalk" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101509/http://www.parischerie.com/34835/chinese-couturier-guo-pei-shows-during-paris-haute-couture/) . Paris chérie . Archived from the original (http://www.parischerie.com/34835/chinese-couturier-guo-pei-shows-during-paris-haute-couture/) on 22 April 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Murdoch, Wendi (/wiki/Wendi_Murdoch) (21 April 2016). "The 100 Most Influential People: Guo Pei" (https://time.com/collection-post/4299994/guo-pei-2016-time-100/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gallery 208" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150531005421/http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/china-through-the-looking-glass/exhibition-galleries/208) . Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . Archived from the original (http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/china-through-the-looking-glass/exhibition-galleries/208) on 31 May 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Politeo, Tom. "China: Through the Looking Glass" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151220051025/http://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la-trb-metropolitan-museum-fashion-exhibition--001-photo.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la-trb-metropolitan-museum-fashion-exhibition--001-photo.html) on 20 December 2015. ^ a b c d e Haworth, Abigail (3 December 2015). "China's Queen Of Couture" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2015/12/03/chinas-queen-of-couture/#56760a8f73bb) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230531025412/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2015/12/03/chinas-queen-of-couture/?sh=1c3a4f5573bb) from the original on 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (20 January 2015). "Chinese Couturier Guo Pei Ready to Take on Paris" (http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1072775/chinese-couturier-guo-pei-ready-to-take-on-paris#) . Blouinartinfo (/wiki/Blouinartinfo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223205/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1072775/chinese-couturier-guo-pei-ready-to-take-on-paris) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ a b Horyn, Cathy (1 December 2010). "Year of the Couturière" (https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/year-of-the-couturiere/?_r=2) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191107015147/https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/year-of-the-couturiere/?_r=3) from the original on 7 November 2019 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Guo Pei, China's First Class Dress Designer" (https://archive.today/20160503150222/http://english.cri.cn/7146/2010/03/12/1361s555994.htm) . China Radio International (/wiki/China_Radio_International) . Archived from the original (http://english.cri.cn/7146/2010/03/12/1361s555994.htm) on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ a b Jansen, Chiu-Ti (17 September 2013). "New York Fashion Week Gets Chinese Flavor" (http://www.sothebys.com/en/news-video/blogs/all-blogs/chinese-elements/2013/09/new-york-fashion-week.html) . Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "List of Nominees and Awardees of The 34th Hong Kong Film Awards" (http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist.html) . Hong Kong Film Awards (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Film_Awards) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150815160941/http://hkfaa.com/winnerlist.html) from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ a b Sudworth, John (29 June 2015). "Guo Pei: Pop star Rihanna's fashion designer of choice" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33239852) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150814144643/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33239852) from the original on 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Thomas, Natalie (15 May 2015). "Rihanna's 25 kg Met dress thrusts Chinese designer Guo Pei into spotlight" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fashion-china-guopei-idUSKBN0O01BT20150515) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215951/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/15/us-fashion-china-guopei-idUSKBN0O01BT20150515) from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ a b Ahuja, Shilpa. "Guo Pei Spring Summer 2016 Couture Fashion Show Review" (http://shilpaahuja.com/fashion/fashion-week/guo-pei-spring-summer-2016-couture-fashion-show-review/) . Shilpa Ahuja . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Guo Peiis One of the 500 People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry in 2018" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/guo-pei) . The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) . Retrieved 10 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (March 2017). "Spring 2017 Haute Couture: Guo Pei's 'Legend' Collection" (https://couturenotebook.com/couture-news/guo-pei-spring-2017-couture-review) . CoutureNotebook . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b c Verner, Amy (25 January 2018). "Guo Pei Spring 2018 Couture Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2018-couture/guo-pei) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230207211004/https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2018-couture/guo-pei) from the original on 7 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Guo Pei | Haute Couture Spring Summer 2018 Full Show | Exclusive , FF Channel, 26 January 2018 , retrieved 10 March 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Maxine Wally (15 April 2022). "Guo Pei's "Couture Fantasy" Exhibition Bonds East and West" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/guo-pei-rihanna-legion-of-honor-exhibition-couture-fantasy-interview) . W Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Guo Pei: Couture Fantasy" (https://www.famsf.org/exhibitions/guo-pei) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Tom Campbell on Instagram: "Herewith, a few last delicious details from the "Guo Pei: Couture Fantasy" exhibition, which finishes tomorrow at the Legion of Honor" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Clcj7U5pLsP/) . Instagram . Retrieved 27 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Begum, Mumtaj (25 June 2020). "New animated film 'Over the Moon' features designs by Chinese couturier Guo Pei" (https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/06/25/new-animated-musical-039over-the-moon039-features-designs-by-chinese-couturier-guo-pei) . The Star (/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "How Guo Pei Created a Couture Business in China Against All Odds" (https://fashionista.com/2016/09/guo-pei-china-paris-couture-rose-studio) . Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) . 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Rihanna, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga Ready for Guo Pei's Designs" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/rihanna-beyonce-lady-gaga-ready-for-guo-pei-10431129/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Graham, Bre (18 October 2017). "Guo Pei: the Chinese designer who made Rihanna's omelette dress" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/oct/18/guo-pei-chinese-designer-who-made-rihanna-omelette-dress) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 24 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Brammer, Rebekah (May 2019). "FILM À LA MODE: Juxtaposing East and West in Yellow Is Forbidden" (https://libris.mtsac.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=136362399&site=ehost-live&scope=site) . Metro (200): 98–103. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Guo Pei Spring 2018 Couture Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2018-couture/guo-pei) . Vogue . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Guo Pei: Couture Fantasy to transform the Legion of Honor" (https://www.famsf.org/press-room/guo-pei-couture-fantasy-to-transform-the-legion-of-honor) . FAMSF . Retrieved 24 May 2023 . ^ a b c Thurman, Judith (/wiki/Judith_Thurman) (14 March 2016). "China's Homegrown High-Fashion Designer" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/21/guo-pei-chinas-homegrown-high-fashion-designer) . The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-792X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X) . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guo Pei (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guo_Pei) . Thurman, Judith (21 March 2016). "The empire's new clothes: China's rich have their first homegrown haute couturier" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/21/guo-pei-chinas-homegrown-high-fashion-designer) . Profiles. The New Yorker . Vol. 92, no. 6. pp. 54–65. v t e Members of the Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_la_Haute_Couture_et_de_la_Mode) Members Adeline André (/wiki/Adeline_Andr%C3%A9) Alexandre Vauthier (/wiki/Alexandre_Vauthier) Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) Bouchra Jarrar (/wiki/Bouchra_Jarrar) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Dior (/wiki/Dior) Frank Sorbier (/wiki/Frank_Sorbier) Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) Julien Fournié (/wiki/Julien_Fourni%C3%A9) Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) Maurizio Galante Schiaparelli (/wiki/Maison_Schiaparelli) Stéphane Rolland (/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Rolland) Invited, foreign and guest members See: List of grands couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grands_couturiers) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/3144153411874941700005) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4yCFMw8F3mv8K6VPfbd) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1164239724) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6jmhs Cached time: 20240720164853 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.544 seconds Real time usage: 0.707 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3531/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 71505/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3150/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 125854/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.349/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10882089/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 649.345 1 -total 33.46% 217.275 1 Template:Reflist 22.96% 149.095 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.73% 121.601 16 Template:Cite_web 9.83% 63.819 1 Template:Short_description 8.01% 52.019 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.05% 45.762 1 Template:Grands_couturiers 6.74% 43.777 1 Template:Navbox 5.69% 36.922 9 Template:Cite_news 5.61% 36.410 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47355765-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164853 and revision id 1231760454. 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American model (born 1991) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Hannah Holman" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hannah+Holman%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hannah+Holman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hannah+Holman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hannah+Holman%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hannah+Holman%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hannah+Holman%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hannah Holman Holman walks for Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) in 2010 Born ( 1991-03-12 ) March 12, 1991 (age 33) Leamington, Utah (/wiki/Leamington,_Utah) , U.S. Modeling information Height 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Hair color Blonde Eye color Blue Agency HEROES Model Management (New York) Oui Management (Paris) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (Milan) The Hive Management (London) VISION Los Angeles (Los Angeles) Priscilla's Model Management (Sydney) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hannah Holman (born March 12, 1991, in Leamington, Utah (/wiki/Leamington,_Utah) ) is an American model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . Early life [ edit ] The child of a schoolteacher mom and cattle rancher father. She was raised in a small (population approx 210) town of Leamington, Utah (/wiki/Leamington,_Utah) . She is the youngest of 4 children. She is skilled as a western horse rider, having helped her father for years. [2] (#cite_note-style.commodelslash-2) Holman was discovered at 15 at a shopping mall. [2] (#cite_note-style.commodelslash-2) Career [ edit ] She has appeared in editorials for i-D (/wiki/I-D) , V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) , Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_Magazine) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , and Japanese, British, Australian, Teen, American, Russian, Italian, and French Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and on the covers of French Revue de Modes , D , and Elle Portugal. Holman has appeared in campaigns for Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg) , Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Chloe (/wiki/Chloe) and Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) . She has walked in fashion shows for designers including Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Antonio Marras (/wiki/Antonio_Marras) , Betty Jackson (/wiki/Betty_Jackson) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moral%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Gaspard Yurkievich, Jaeger London (/wiki/Jaeger_London) , Jonathan Saunders (/wiki/Jonathan_Saunders) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marc Jacobs, Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_by_Marc_Jacobs) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) , Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Hogan, Iceberg, John Rocha (/wiki/John_Rocha) , Les Copains, Mary Katrantzou (/wiki/Mary_Katrantzou) , Pringle of Scotland (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) , Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) , Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) Unique, and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) Red Label. She has appeared in editorials for i-D (/wiki/I-D) , V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) , Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_Magazine) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , and Japanese, British, Australian, Teen, American, Russian, Italian, and French Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) In 2008, Holman appeared in the American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Spring 2008 campaign. [2] (#cite_note-style.commodelslash-2) [4] (#cite_note-Nymagmodelprofile-4) Her first major campaign was Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) Spring/Summer 2009, photographed by Mert and Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) . [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) [4] (#cite_note-Nymagmodelprofile-4) In the Spring/Summer 2010 season, Holman was the face of Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_by_Marc_Jacobs) (photographed by Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) ) and T by Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) (photographed by Daniel Jackson), and appeared in campaigns for Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) (photographed by Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) ), Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) Japan, See by Chloe (/wiki/Chloe) (photographed by Mario Sorrenti) and Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) (photographed by Ellen von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth) ). [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) [4] (#cite_note-Nymagmodelprofile-4) Holman appeared in campaigns for Ice Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg) and Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) in the Fall/Winter 2010 season. [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) For Spring/Summer 2011, she appeared in campaigns for the Marc Jacobs Daisy Eau so Fresh fragrance, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , [5] (#cite_note-fashionmodeldirectory-5) Holman appeared in the Fall/Winter 2011 campaign for Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) Cheap and Chic. [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) For Spring/Summer 2012, Holman appeared in the Marc Jacobs Daisy Eau so Fresh fragrance TV commercial along with Frida Gustavsson (/wiki/Frida_Gustavsson) and Sophie Srej (/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Srej&action=edit&redlink=1) , which was the first Marc Jacobs TV commercial. [6] (#cite_note-marcjacobsdaisytvnymag-6) The commercial was directed by TJ Wilcox and Juergen Teller. [6] (#cite_note-marcjacobsdaisytvnymag-6) Holman appeared in the Orla Kiely (/wiki/Orla_Kiely) Spring/Summer 2013 campaign. [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) Holman made her runway debut in 2009 for the Resort 2010 season, opening Miu Miu and closing Prada. [7] (#cite_note-7) In the Fall 2010 season, she opened and closed Jonathan Saunders (/wiki/Jonathan_Saunders) , and walking for designers such as Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Gaspard Yurkievich, Jaeger London (/wiki/Jaeger_London) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_by_Marc_Jacobs) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) , Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti and Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) . [4] (#cite_note-Nymagmodelprofile-4) For Autumn/Winter 2010, she walked in shows such as Antonio Marras, Betty Jackson (/wiki/Betty_Jackson) , Damir Doma (/wiki/Damir_Doma) , Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moral%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu) , Hogan (/wiki/Hogan) , Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg) , Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , John Rocha (/wiki/John_Rocha) , Jonathan Saunders, Les Copains, Louis Vuitton, Marc by Marc Jacobs, Marc Jacobs, Mary Katrantzou (/wiki/Mary_Katrantzou) , Missoni, Pringle of Scotland (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) , Roksanda Ilincic (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilincic) , Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) , Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) Unique, and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) Red Label for the Spring/Summer 2011 season, Holman opened Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , and walked in Emanuel Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) , Marc Jacobs, Marc by Marc Jacobs, Louis Vuitton, and Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) . [4] (#cite_note-Nymagmodelprofile-4) Holman walked in Cushnie et Ochs (/wiki/Cushnie_et_Ochs) , Marc by Marc Jacobs and PPQ in the Fall/Winter 2012 season. [3] (#cite_note-mdcprofile-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "StackPath" (https://models.com/models/hannah-holman) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Adams, Brittany (August 20, 2012). "Model-Slash: Outdoorswoman Hannah Holman" (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2012/08/model-slash-outdoorswoman-hannah-holman/) . style.com . Conde Nast Publications . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Hannah Holman-Model Profile" (http://models.com/models/hannah-holman) . models.com . models.com . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hannah Holman-Model Profile" (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/hholman/hannahholman/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashionmodeldirectory_5-0) "Hannah Holman - Fashion Model - Profile on FMD" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Hannah_Holman/) . Fashionmodeldirectory.com. December 20, 2008 . Retrieved November 18, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lim, James (November 30, 2011). "Video: Watch Marc Jacobs's First-Ever TV Commercial" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2011/11/watch-marc-jacobss-first-ever-tv-commercial.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lim, James (July 16, 2009). "Meet the New Girl: Hannah Holman" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2009/07/meet_the_new_girl_hannah_holma.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannah Holman (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hannah_Holman) . 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English socialite (1914–1982) "Pamela Smith" redirects here. For other uses, see Pamela Smith (disambiguation) (/wiki/Pamela_Smith_(disambiguation)) . The Right Honourable (/wiki/The_Right_Honourable) The Lady Hartwell Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Berry (née Smith), Lady Hartwell, by Bassano Ltd (/wiki/Alexander_Bassano) , 1938 Born Lady Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Smith 16 May 1914 London (/wiki/London) , England Died 7 January 1982 (1982-01-07) (aged 67) Other names Pamela Berry, Baroness Hartwell Known for One of the Bright Young Things (/wiki/Bright_Young_Things) Spouse Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell (/wiki/Michael_Berry,_Baron_Hartwell) ​ ​ ( m. 1936) ​ Children 4, including Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose (/wiki/Adrian_Berry,_4th_Viscount_Camrose) Parent(s) F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead) Margaret Eleanor Furneaux Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Berry, Baroness Hartwell ( née Smith ; 16 May 1914 [1] (#cite_note-1) – 7 January 1982), was an English socialite, known for her political salon (/wiki/Salon_(gathering)) . She was part of the Bright Young Things (/wiki/Bright_Young_Things) crowd, [2] (#cite_note-2) and Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) wrote an entry about her in his The Book of Beauty (/wiki/The_Book_of_Beauty) . She became one of Britain's museum leaders. [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) Born in London (/wiki/London) , the youngest child of F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead) , and Margaret Eleanor Furneaux, daughter of academic Henry Furneaux (/wiki/Henry_Furneaux) , she was called Lady Pamela. [4] (#cite_note-burkewwii-4) [5] (#cite_note-National_Portrait_Gallery-5) When she was still in her teens, Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) wrote of her and her sister Eleanor (/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Smith) in The Book of Beauty (/wiki/The_Book_of_Beauty) , "Pamela is like the little Robinetta of Sir Joshua Reynolds with the thrush on her raised shoulder." [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1936, she married Michael Berry (/wiki/Michael_Berry,_Baron_Hartwell) [5] (#cite_note-National_Portrait_Gallery-5) who held positions at London newspapers, as editor-in-chief and chairman of The Sunday Telegraph (/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph) and The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) He was briefly 3rd Viscount Camrose (/wiki/Viscount_Camrose) before disclaiming the title. The couple had four children: Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose (/wiki/Adrian_Berry,_4th_Viscount_Camrose) (1937–2016), Hon. Nicholas William Berry (1942–2016), Hon. Harriet Mary Margaret Berry (b. 1944), and Hon. Eleanor Agnes Berry (b. 1950). [7] (#cite_note-burke-7) Lady Pamela's interest in American politics led her to observing presidential candidates, travelling along with them on planes and buses after the 1950s. [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) In the 1970s, she sat on the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) 's advisory council (1973 to 1978) and was chairman of the British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) Society for four years before becoming a trustee of the museum in 1979. She also presided over the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) and was active in the British section of the Franco-British Council (/wiki/Franco-British_Council) , working to promote British fashions internationally. [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) She died on 7 January 1982. [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 1939 England and Wales Register (/wiki/1939_England_and_Wales_Register) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Eminent Victorians" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16583065/the_guardian/) . The Guardian : 19. 23 May 1928 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ a b c d e "Lady Hartwell Dies in Britain at Age 67; Friend of Statesmen" (https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/08/obituaries/lady-hartwel-l-dies-in-britain-at-age-67-friend-of-sta-tesmen.html) . The New York Times . 1982 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-burkewwii_4-0) Burke, Sir Bernard (/wiki/Bernard_Burke) , ed. (1939). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage) (97th ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 300. ^ a b "Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Berry (née Smith), Lady Hartwell" (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101851) . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 17 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Beaton, Cecil (1933). The Book Of Beauty . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-burke_7-0) Mosley, Charles (/wiki/Charles_Mosley_(genealogist)) , ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage) (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 674. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9711966-2-1 . External links [ edit ] Portraits of Lady Pamela Smith (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp101851) at the National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐bsxbl Cached time: 20240719204716 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.382 seconds Real time usage: 0.753 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2350/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19894/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4414/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25475/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6069616/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 670.883 1 -total 37.40% 250.902 1 Template:Infobox_person 26.07% 174.909 1 Template:Short_description 22.74% 152.533 1 Template:Reflist 15.48% 103.869 2 Template:Cite_journal 15.06% 101.049 17 Template:Main_other 13.92% 93.390 1 Template:Wikidata_image 12.04% 80.773 1 Template:SDcat 11.96% 80.226 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 11.13% 74.663 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56395888-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204716 and revision id 1166535499. 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British shoe designer Emma Hope Born Emma Mary Constance Hope July 1962 (age 61–62) Portsmouth (/wiki/Portsmouth) , England Education Sevenoaks School (/wiki/Sevenoaks_School) Alma mater Cordwainers College (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Occupation shoe designer Emma Mary Constance Hope MBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (born July 1962) is a British shoe designer. Early life [ edit ] Emma Hope was born in July 1962 [1] (#cite_note-Companies_House-1) in Portsmouth (/wiki/Portsmouth) . [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) Her father, who died in 2005, was a Captain in the Royal Navy, and her mother is a former fashion journalist. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) They lived in Singapore until she was five. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) She was educated at Sevenoaks School (/wiki/Sevenoaks_School) , [4] (#cite_note-Tatler-4) and Cordwainers College (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , London. [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) When Hope graduated, Harper's and Queen (/wiki/Harper%27s_and_Queen) named her alongside John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) as someone to be aware of. [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) Career [ edit ] Hope started out designing shoes for Laura Ashley (/wiki/Laura_Ashley) , Betty Jackson (/wiki/Betty_Jackson) and Jean Muir (/wiki/Jean_Muir) . [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) Her first shop was opened in Islington (/wiki/Islington) in 1985. [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) In 2002, she designed shoes for Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) , and opened two more shops in London, in Sloane Square (/wiki/Sloane_Square) and Notting Hill (/wiki/Notting_Hill) . [2] (#cite_note-independent-2) Hope's 1988 shoes featuring embroidered depictions of the dancer Josephine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) were exhibited by the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in 1990 as an example of the work of "one of Britain's leading young shoe designers." [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1995, Sandra Boler (/wiki/Sandra_Boler) , editor of Brides (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) magazine, chose a pair of Emma Hope shoes to accompany the Catherine Rayner (/wiki/Catherine_Rayner_(designer)) bridal gown selected to represent 1995 in the Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) collection at the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Personal life [ edit ] Hope goes "hunting every weekend during the season" and is a keen surfer. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Companies_House_1-0) "Emma Hope Shoes Limited" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/06248321/officers) . Companies House . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . ^ a b c d e f Philby, Charlotte (15 March 2008). "My Secret Life: Emma Hope, shoe designer, 41" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/my-secret-life-emma-hope-shoe-designer-41-794251.html) . Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ a b c d Albiston, Isabel (2 December 2006). "The world of... Emma Hope, shoe designer" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3656893/The-world-of...-Emma-Hope-shoe-designer.html) . Telegraph . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tatler_4-0) "Schools Guide 2016 > Public > Sevenoaks School" (https://www.tatler.com/guides/schools-guide/2016/public/sevenoaks-school) . Tatler . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Staff writer (22 January 1988). "Pair of "Josephine Baker" shoes by Emma Hope, 1988" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O72672/josephine-baker-pair-of-shoes-hope-emma/) . Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Dress of the Year" (http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/galleries/dress-year) . Fashion Museum, Bath . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . 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(Redirected from Template talk:WP Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:WP_Fashion&redirect=no) ) Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Template‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Template (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐844cd986b8‐5mwl5 Cached time: 20240722144304 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.005 seconds CPU time usage: 0.098 seconds Real time usage: 0.135 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4812/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4867/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.074/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1379164/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 118.046 1 -total 100.00% 118.046 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 1.65% 1.951 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10528328-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722144304 and revision id 965225818. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:WikiProject_Fashion&oldid=965225818 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:WikiProject_Fashion&oldid=965225818) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Template-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Hidden category: WikiProject banners without banner shells (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_banners_without_banner_shells)
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Mexican model In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is de Jesús and the second or maternal family name is Cosío . Daniela de Jesús Cosío Born ( 1986-01-11 ) January 11, 1986 (age 38) [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Modeling information Height 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Hair color Brown [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Eye color Green [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Agency New York Model Management (New York) MP Paris (Paris) Modellink (Gothenburg) [2] (#cite_note-2) MGM Models (Hamburg) Paragon Model Management (Mexico City) [3] (#cite_note-3) MP Miami (Miami) [4] (#cite_note-4) Daniela de Jesús Cosío (born January 11, 1986) is a Mexican model (/wiki/Fashion_model) and beauty pageant titleholder. She began modeling after participating in the national beauty pageant Nuestra Belleza Mexico 2005 (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Mexico_2005) , where she placed as the runner-up. Early life [ edit ] She was born on January 11, 1986, in La Paz, Baja California Sur (/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur) , Mexico. She has a brother Noel Abraham. Career [ edit ] She was contracted by Major Model Management in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . She subsequently appeared in international editions of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) [5] (#cite_note-5) and Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) As a runway model, she walked for designers such as Marchesa (/wiki/Marchesa) , Guess? (/wiki/Guess%3F) , Baby Phat (/wiki/Baby_Phat) , Chado Ralph Rucci (/wiki/Chado_Ralph_Rucci) , Mara Hoffman, Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , Georges Hobeika (/wiki/Georges_Hobeika) , Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg) , Marithé François Girbaud (/wiki/Marith%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois_Girbaud) , Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) , and Pamella Roland (/wiki/Pamella_Roland) . In 2010, Cosio was featured in Pantene (/wiki/Pantene) Shine Satisfaction commercial. [7] (#cite_note-7) Daniela was in the ad campaigns for Express (/wiki/Express_(clothing_retailer)) ' Spring/Summer 2012 collection [8] (#cite_note-8) Express Loyalty Fragrance Men's Fragrance S/S 2012, [9] (#cite_note-9) Love Express Fragrance Fragrance Campaign S/S 2012 [10] (#cite_note-10) Models.com ranked Cosio at number 25 on its "Money Girls" list. [11] (#cite_note-11) Advertisements [ edit ] Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) , Antica Murrina, Aubade (/wiki/Aubade) , Ava Strahl, Chilly, Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) , Demetrios International, Eckō Unltd. (/wiki/Eck%C5%8D_Unltd.) , Timepieces (/wiki/Timepieces) , Express (/wiki/Express_(clothing_retailer)) , Express 'Love Express' fragrance, Express 'Loyalty' fragrance, Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) , Goldenpoint, Guess? (/wiki/Guess%3F) , Henry Cotton's, L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Oreal) , La Senza (/wiki/La_Senza) , Lorimar (/wiki/Lorimar_Television) , Marsel, Newport Polarized, Pantene (/wiki/Pantene) , Penti, Philippe Matignon, Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) 'Big Pony' fragrances, Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , Vinni (/wiki/Vinni) ad Yamamay. Magazine Covers [ edit ] Vogue Gioiello - 2007; Maxim - April 2008; Grazia - January 2009 Mexico: Balance - 2006 Spain: Beauty Forum - May 2010 US: Simply the Best - January/February 2007; Palm Beach Illustrated - April 2007 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fashion Model Directory profile (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Daniela_de+Jesus/) . Retrieved on 2010-05-08. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Image" (http://modellink.se/female/image/?model=3800) . Modellink . 2016-04-11 . Retrieved 2018-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "SPECIAL BOOKING" (http://www.paragonmodelmanagement.com/specialbooking#/danieladejesus/) . Paragon Model Management . Retrieved 2018-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Daniela De Jesus - Model" (https://models.com/models/Daniela-De-Jesus) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) FashionModelDirectory.com, The FMD -. "Fashionmodeldirectory.com: The Fashion Model Directory (FMD)" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/info/modelofthemoment-daniela_cosio/) . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "maxim.it" (http://www.maxim.it/index.php/girls/article/maxim_girls_daniela_cosio/) . www.maxim.it . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "YouTube" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131130052800/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOhfId0Ax0) . www.youtube.com . Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOhfId0Ax0) on 2013-11-30. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Express S/S 12 Lookbook by Greg Kadel (Express)" (http://models.com/work/express-spring-2012-express-loyalty-ss-12) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Express Loyalty Fragrance for Men S/S 12 (Express)" (http://models.com/work/express-express-loyalty-fragrance-for-men-ss-12) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Love Express Fragrance Campaign S/S 12 (Express)" (http://models.com/work/express-love-express-fragrance-campaign) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "MODELS.com's The Money Girls" (http://models.com/rankings/money/list.html?fnumber=25&lnumber=21) . External links [ edit ] (in Spanish) Daniela Cosio, la paceña que desfilará para Etam in bcs noticias on February 26, 2014 (in Spanish) Daniela Cosío, una de las musas de Giorgio Armani in bcs noticias on September 1, 2014 (in Spanish) Daniela Cosío, primera sudcaliforniana en posar para Cosmopolitan (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071815/http://octavodia.mx/articulo/56292/daniela-cosio-primera-sudcaliforniana-en-posar-para-ltigtcosmopolitanltigt) in Octavo Día on November 8, 2014 (in Spanish) La bella sudcaliforniana Daniela Cosío ligó portada en Cosmpolitan México in El Sol de Puebla on November 8, 2014 (in Spanish) Daniela Cosío protagoniza campaña de Police con el futbolista Neymar in bcs noticias on December 6, 2014 (in Spanish) 10 Modelos latinas más famosas en la industria de la moda by Begoña De Ubieta, in viveUSA on April 9, 2015 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f7b7f4dcb‐rtgc8 Cached time: 20240710222634 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.433 seconds Real time usage: 0.555 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2441/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28688/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4232/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39806/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.334/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17940181/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 528.476 1 -total 38.56% 203.774 1 Template:Infobox_model 25.17% 133.015 1 Template:Reflist 19.38% 102.400 6 Template:In_lang 15.77% 83.365 1 Template:Cite_news 12.10% 63.935 1 Template:Short_description 7.93% 41.922 1 Template:Infobox 7.47% 39.460 2 Template:Pagetype 7.12% 37.634 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.94% 36.650 1 Template:Height Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27265326-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710222634 and revision id 1218124877. 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( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Lahore Fashion Week is the second largest fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) event in Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) (after Karachi Fashion Week (/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week) ) which is held annually in the city of Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) , also regarded as Pakistan's cultural and fashion capital. [ citation needed ] Pakistani fashion designer Mehmood Bhatti (/wiki/Mehmood_Bhatti) has praised the fashion week and called it an answer to the "futile efforts of extremists to enforce fear." [1] (#cite_note-1) Pantene Bridal couture Week Style 360 day 1 was held at Pearl Continental hotel Lahore on 15 October, In Style 360 Bridal couture Week day One Total of 13 Fashion Designers and 33 models participated in the fashion show. Bridal couture Week 360 2011 was sponsored by Pantene one of the leading Shampoo company in Pakistan and organized by Style 360 Pakistan's only Fashion Channel. Apart from the traditional fashion show, Bridal couture Week day 1 included a dance performance by Fia which was much appreciated by everyone. [2] (#cite_note-Events_Pakistan-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20100223015733/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/02/lahore-fashion-week-befitting-reply-terrorists.html) 'Lahore fashion week a befitting reply to terrorists' (https://web.archive.org/web/20100223015733/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/02/lahore-fashion-week-befitting-reply-terrorists.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20100223015733/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/02/lahore-fashion-week-befitting-reply-terrorists.html) . www.realbollywood.com . Archived from the original (http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/02/lahore-fashion-week-befitting-reply-terrorists.html) on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Events_Pakistan_2-0) Bridal Couture Week 2013 (http://www.awomenshub.com/pantene-bridal-couture-week-2013-lahore-last-day-collections) ,. v t e Pakistani fashion (/wiki/Pakistani_fashion) industry Designers (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_fashion_designers) Maheen Khan (/wiki/Maheen_Khan) Mehmood Bhatti (/wiki/Mehmood_Bhatti) Sadaf Malaterre (/wiki/Sadaf_Malaterre) Deepak Perwani (/wiki/Deepak_Perwani) Hassan Sheheryar Yasin (/wiki/Hassan_Sheheryar_Yasin) Shamoon Sultan (/wiki/Shamoon_Sultan) Fashion events Fashion Pakistan Week (/wiki/Fashion_Pakistan_Week) Islamabad Fashion Week (/wiki/Islamabad_Fashion_Week) Karachi Fashion Week (/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week) Lahore Fashion Week PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Fashion schools International Fashion Academy Pakistan (/wiki/International_Fashion_Academy_Pakistan) Lahore School of Fashion Design (/wiki/Lahore_School_of_Fashion_Design) Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design (/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Fashion_and_Design) Other Fashion Central (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Central_(Pakistani_magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) List of Pakistani models (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_models) This Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahore_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Formal black tie Highland regalia, kilt (/wiki/Kilt) and Prince Charlie jacket The Prince Charlie jacket is a formal black-tie (/wiki/Black_tie) jacket for Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) that was initially listed in tailor catalogs of the early 1920s as a coatee (/wiki/Coatee) . Over the next couple of decades it became called a Prince Charlie (PC). When introduced, it was marketed as an alternative to the regulation doublet and was to be worn with a black or white bow tie, else white lace jabot, as well as a tartan or red waistcoat (vest). Today the waistcoat is usually made of the same material as the coat. It is a formal evening jacket and not suitable to be worn for day dress with a long tie. It is a short-cut jacket with short tails in the back. Embellished with scallop cuffs and silver sleeve buttons, as well as silver buttons in the double-breast style on the front, the back tails also have scallop flaps and silver buttons. [1] (#cite_note-1) Prince Charles Stewart, namesake of the Prince Charlie jacket. The jacket is named for Prince Charles Edward Stuart (/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart) . There is a common belief the Prince Charlie was inspired by a tartan coat worn by its name sake, though there is little evidence to support this. Tailors in the early 20th century used the name Prince Charlie as a marketing tactic. [2] (#cite_note-2) Gallery [ edit ] View of black Prince Charlie jackets from the back showing silver buttons Clan Chief Sir William Macpherson (/wiki/Sir_William_Macpherson_(judge)) (right) with clan relative Commander Xerxes Z. in white Prince Charlie jacket (left) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Blane, David (10 October 2022). "Why Was Prince Charlie Named After a Jacket?" (https://scotlandkiltcollection.com/why-was-prince-charlie-named-after-a-jacket/) . Scotland Kilt Collection . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Why did Prince Charlie get a jacket named after him?" (https://macgregorandmacduff.co.uk/blogs/news/why-did-prince-charlie-get-a-jacket-named-after-him) . MacGregor and MacDuff . 13 December 2021 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Charlie_jacket&action=edit) . v t e This Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Charlie_jacket&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐72rjc Cached time: 20240712185442 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.185 seconds Real time usage: 0.242 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 415/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10631/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 451/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18460/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.120/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2847775/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 219.085 1 -total 45.16% 98.949 1 Template:Reflist 38.65% 84.674 2 Template:Cite_web 30.16% 66.075 2 Template:Asbox 30.08% 65.901 1 Template:Clothing-stub 11.21% 24.570 1 Template:Use_British_English 5.84% 12.803 2 Template:DMCA 4.45% 9.755 2 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 4.45% 9.751 1 Template:Use_DMY_dates 2.88% 6.313 2 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48408641-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185442 and revision id 1175245665. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Charlie_jacket&oldid=1175245665 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Charlie_jacket&oldid=1175245665) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Scotland stubs (/wiki/Category:Scotland_stubs) Jackets (/wiki/Category:Jackets) Highland dress (/wiki/Category:Highland_dress) Hidden categories: Use British English from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2023) Use dmy dates from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
English clothing company Sunspel Industry Fashion Founded 1860 Founder Thomas Arthur Hill (/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clothing_manufacturer)) Headquarters UK, Long Eaton, Derbyshire Products Clothing Website www (https://www.sunspel.com/) .sunspel (https://www.sunspel.com/) .com (https://www.sunspel.com/) Sunspel is an English luxury clothing brand, founded in England (/wiki/England) in 1860. The brand is best known for boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) , T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) and polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) . [1] (#cite_note-Gallagher-1) It is based in Long Eaton (/wiki/Long_Eaton) , near Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) , where it has its own factory. [2] (#cite_note-Website-2) History [ edit ] Early years [ edit ] Sunspel's origins date back to the mid-nineteenth century when the firm began crafting high-quality underwear in Nottingham - then the centre of the British lace and hosiery industry - from cotton, merino wool and silk. [3] (#cite_note-Mellors-3) The firm was previously named Thomas A. Hill Ltd after the owner, Thomas Hill (/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clothing_manufacturer)) who was a well-known industrialist. [4] (#cite_note-Nottingham&Notts-4) Hill moved the firm from its original factory in Back Lane, Nottingham to a much larger building in Castle Gate, Nottingham (/wiki/Castle_Gate,_Nottingham) . With Hill's innovative direction, the new factory brought several marked improvements to working conditions including factory lighting, sanitation and fire prevention systems. Hill was among the first to introduce state-of-the-art steam-powered machinery to Nottingham's hosiery industry. [4] (#cite_note-Nottingham&Notts-4) Under his guidance the company grew significantly and earned a reputation for exceptional quality. [3] (#cite_note-Mellors-3) Towards the end of the century, the brand began using Sea island cotton (/wiki/Sea_island_cotton) , the world's rarest and finest extra-long staple cotton. [1] (#cite_note-Gallagher-1) 20th Century [ edit ] At the beginning of the 20th century, the company began making and selling some of the world's first T-shirts. [5] (#cite_note-Sims-5) Originally undergarments, they were designed to be cool and comfortable in the heat of tropical climates and were made with a high-quality Sea island cotton (/wiki/Sea_island_cotton) jersey fabric. [6] (#cite_note-6) Upon Hill's death in 1909, he passed on the company to his son, also named Thomas Hill, and the business remained in the Hill family for the rest of the century. The brand continued its dedication to fabric innovation and in 1914, invented a unique cellular cotton fabric which was made on traditional lace machines and used for lightweight underwear, and it is still in the collection today. [2] (#cite_note-Website-2) In 1935, the company was officially renamed Sunspel. The name was inspired by the quality control stamp of Sea Island cotton (with which the brand had become synonymous), featuring a sunburst through clouds. The company moved its manufacturing base from Nottingham to nearby Long Eaton (/wiki/Long_Eaton) , Derbyshire (/wiki/Derbyshire) , in 1937 and it has remained in the same factory ever since. [7] (#cite_note-7) During the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) , Sunspel produced underwear and long johns for the war effort under the CC41 (/wiki/CC41) utility mark. [8] (#cite_note-Hodgkin-8) In 1947 John Hill, the great-grandson of founder Thomas Hill introduced the boxer short (/wiki/Boxer_short) to the United Kingdom. [5] (#cite_note-Sims-5) He discovered the underwear style on his honeymoon in the United States and modified the design by adding a back panel, flattening the seams and using the highest quality cotton. [9] (#cite_note-Prince-9) The underwear style gained widespread popularity after the 1985 Nick Kamen (/wiki/Nick_Kamen) Levi’s (/wiki/Levi%E2%80%99s) advert in which he wore Sunspel boxer shorts. [1] (#cite_note-Gallagher-1) From the 1950s, the brand was stocked in renowned department stores such as Liberty of London (/wiki/Liberty_of_London) , Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) and Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) . [2] (#cite_note-Website-2) 21st Century [ edit ] In 2005 Hill's great-grandson, Peter Hill, sold the company to a former barrister, Nicholas Brooke. He sought to modernise the brand, without losing the appeal of its historical heritage. [10] (#cite_note-Telegraph-10) Shortly afterwards, Sunspel was approached by the award-winning costume designer and stylist Lindy Hemming (/wiki/Lindy_Hemming) , whose brief was to update James Bond's (/wiki/James_Bond) style as part of a reboot to the franchise. She tailored Sunspel's Riviera Polo Shirt to fit Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) for Casino Royale (/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)) . [11] (#cite_note-Broeke-11) Craig wore Sunspel Riviera T-shirts which were also tailored to him. Hemming said of the brand: “[For Casino Royale], I thought it would be a perfect collaboration of quality and Britishness to ask Sunspel to create all [Bond's] T-shirts, polo shirts and underwear, which they duly did, excellently. He looks very sexy and happy in their clothing.” [11] (#cite_note-Broeke-11) Jonathan Anderson (/wiki/Jonathan_Anderson_(fashion_designer)) , who went on to become creative director for Loewe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) and founded his own eponymous fashion label JW Anderson (/wiki/JW_Anderson) , was the creative director for Sunspel between 2009 and 2014 and introduced the Loopback Sweatshirt to the collection. [12] (#cite_note-12) More recently, Sunspel has collaborated with several British artists and designers such as Paul Weller (/wiki/Paul_Weller) , [13] (#cite_note-13) David Shrigley (/wiki/David_Shrigley) , [14] (#cite_note-14) and Charlie Casely-Hayford (/wiki/Charlie_Casely-Hayford) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2022 it collaborated with supermodel Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) for a womenswear capsule. [16] (#cite_note-16) Sunspel has also collaborated with a number of leading brands including Comme des Garcons, [17] (#cite_note-17) Lemaire, [18] (#cite_note-18) and Paul Smith. [19] (#cite_note-19) To this day, Sunspel still operates from its Long Eaton factory where it has been based since 1937. The factory employs approximately 50 people and it is where Sunspel handmakes its Classic T-shirts. [8] (#cite_note-Hodgkin-8) The brand continues to be stocked in leading global retailers and has its own retail stores worldwide. Notable products [ edit ] T-shirts [ edit ] The earliest garments that Sunspel produced were tunics and undershirts, which were manufactured in their Nottingham factory at the height of the industrial revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) . Made from Sea island cotton (/wiki/Sea_island_cotton) , they were among the very first T-shirts ever made. [5] (#cite_note-Sims-5) Sunspel manufactures T-shirts in its Long Eaton factory and uses extra-long staple Supima (/wiki/Supima) cotton from California (/wiki/California) , which can be traced to the farm it comes from. [8] (#cite_note-Hodgkin-8) Boxer shorts [ edit ] Sunspel introduced the boxer short to the UK from the US in 1947 after John Hill, the great-grandson of founder Thomas Hill, discovered the style on his honeymoon in the US. [5] (#cite_note-Sims-5) He modified the design in the process, adding a back panel, flattening the seams and using the highest quality cotton. [9] (#cite_note-Prince-9) In 1985, a Levis advertisement (/wiki/Nick_Kamen#Career) saw English model Nick Kamen (/wiki/Nick_Kamen) wearing a pair of Sunspel boxer shorts. [20] (#cite_note-20) This advertisement is widely attributed as being the moment that brought this underwear style to mass popularity in the UK. [21] (#cite_note-Bischof-21) Polo shirts [ edit ] In 2006, Sunspel designed a custom polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) for Daniel Craig in his debut performance as James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) in Casino Royale . The shirt was based on a classic 1950s Sunspel polo shirt, which was selected and updated by award-winning stylist Lindy Hemming (/wiki/Lindy_Hemming) . [1] (#cite_note-Gallagher-1) The Riviera Polo Shirt is made from extra-long staple Supima (/wiki/Supima) cotton that can be traced to the Californian farm of origin. [22] (#cite_note-22) Film and media exposure [ edit ] In 1985 Nick Kamen (/wiki/Nick_Kamen) starred in a celebrated Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) advertisement, in which he removed his jeans in a launderette, to reveal a pair of white Sunspel boxer shorts. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2006 Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) wore a Sunspel Riviera polo shirt [21] (#cite_note-Bischof-21) and Riviera T-shirt in his first James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) film, Casino Royale . [24] (#cite_note-24) Christian Bale (/wiki/Christian_Bale) wore Sunspel in The Dark Knight Rises (/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises) . [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2013, the Rolling Stones (/wiki/Rolling_Stones) wore Sunspel T-shirts on their world tour. [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2016, the television football pundit Gary Lineker (/wiki/Gary_Lineker) undertook to present the season-opening edition of Match of the Day (/wiki/Match_of_the_Day) in his underpants if Leicester City (/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C.) became Premier League (/wiki/Premier_League) Champions. He performed his promise in a pair of Sunspel boxer shorts. [27] (#cite_note-27) See also [ edit ] Drake's (/wiki/Drake%27s_(haberdashers)) John Smedley (/wiki/John_Smedley_(brand)) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Jacob Gallagher, The Men's Book of Fashion (Phaidon, 2021), p.442 ^ a b c Sunspel official website, Our History (accessed, 8 June 2023) ^ a b Robert Mellors, Men of Nottingham and Nottinghamshire (Bell, 1924) ^ a b Nottingham & Notts Illustrated, "Up-to-Date" Commercial Sketches (Robinson, Son & Co. 1898) ^ a b c d Josh Sims, Icons of Men's Style (Lawrence King Publishers, 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kyle Thibodoux, Sunspel Polo Shirts and T-shirts: Is it worth it? , Gentlemen's Gazette, 24 April 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Factory floor: how Sunspel makes its signature T-shirt , Financial Times, 19 January 2018 ^ a b c Beatrice Hodgkin (April 30, 2020), Sunspel survived the war; we will survive this too , Financial Times ^ a b Bill Prince, The evolution of men's underwear: why boxer shorts are back , The Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-0) Sarah Shannon, Sunspel's Second Coming, Best of Fashion , Business of Fashion, 14 November 2017 ^ a b Teo van den Broeke, Bond's perfectly cut polo shirt is a timeless, covetable classic , GQ, 19 August 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Lauren Milligan, JW Anderson's Farewell Sunspel Collection , 26 February 2014, Vogue ^ (#cite_ref-13) Tim Chan, Style Council: Paul Weller unveils luxury capsule collection with Sunspel , 22 September 2022, Rolling Stone ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jonathan Evans, This collab will make you want to wear a suit again , 8 April 2022, Esquire ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pauline de Leon, Sunspel's new Christmas jumpers are an ode to environmental awareness , 17 November 2020, Hypebae ^ (#cite_ref-16) Sara Semic, What happens when a supermodel meets Sunspel , 27 September 2022 Financial Times ^ (#cite_ref-17) When Sunspel joins forces with the iconic brand Comme Des Garcons , Graduation Store (accessed on 8 June 2023) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Christel Divert, Lemaire collaborates with Veja and Sunspel for summer 2019 , 22 June 2018, Fashion Network ^ (#cite_ref-19) Justin Feller, Sunspel's New Collaboration With Lemaire Proves the French and the Brits Can Do Beautiful Things Together , 29 August 2019, Robb Report ^ (#cite_ref-20) Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/Q56M5OZS1A8) and the Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/web/20110724155846/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q56M5OZS1A8&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1) : Levi's 501 commercial with Nick Kamen (Laundrette) (1985) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ a b Felix Bischof, The story of James Bond's favourite T-shirt brand , 6 March 2018, The Week ^ (#cite_ref-22) Maverick Li, The 20 best polo shirts for men in 2023 (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19519678/best-polos-for-bar-or-beach/) , 1 May 2023, Men's Health ^ (#cite_ref-23) Simon Chilvers, Men's fashion: Sunspel launch design-it-yourself T-shirts , The Guardian, 18 November 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-24) Square Mile, Brand Watch: Sunspel , 25 June 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Adam Mansuroglu, Here's why I wear Sunspel's $90 Black T-shirt , 21 January 2020, Men's Health ^ (#cite_ref-26) Sunspel official website, Drumroll Please, Remembering Charlie Watts (accessed 8 June 2023) ^ (#cite_ref-27) Sarah Shannon, Sunspel's Second Coming, Best of Fashion , 14 November 2017, Business of Fashion External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.sunspel.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐m94lr Cached time: 20240715111037 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.235 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1751/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8934/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1365/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20940/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.120/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3707214/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 381.188 1 -total 33.10% 126.157 1 Template:Infobox_company 30.67% 116.899 1 Template:Infobox 29.72% 113.271 1 Template:Reflist 28.19% 107.462 1 Template:Short_description 24.41% 93.061 1 Template:Cite_AV_media 15.18% 57.883 8 Template:Main_other 14.43% 55.019 1 Template:SDcat 10.14% 38.663 2 Template:Pagetype 4.22% 16.095 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55823972-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715111037 and revision id 1203367594. 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Business and economics portal (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Germany portal (/wiki/Portal:Germany) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wq4lh Cached time: 20240714110920 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.034 seconds Real time usage: 0.047 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 25/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1954/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.018/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 738053/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 36.089 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 36.089 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37719838-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714110920 and revision id 757401439. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "German fashion businesspeople" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Hugo Boss (businessman) (/wiki/Hugo_Boss_(businessman)) Marty Brem (/wiki/Marty_Brem) G Harald Glööckler (/wiki/Harald_Gl%C3%B6%C3%B6ckler) H Leonie Hanne (/wiki/Leonie_Hanne) Melody Harris-Jensbach (/wiki/Melody_Harris-Jensbach) J Wolfgang Joop (/wiki/Wolfgang_Joop) K Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) L Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) Papis Loveday (/wiki/Papis_Loveday) Arno Lustiger (/wiki/Arno_Lustiger) Georg Lux (/wiki/Georg_Lux) O Elvir Omerbegovic (/wiki/Elvir_Omerbegovic) S Bruno Sälzer (/wiki/Bruno_S%C3%A4lzer) Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_fashion_businesspeople&oldid=757401439 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_fashion_businesspeople&oldid=757401439) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion) German businesspeople by industry (/wiki/Category:German_businesspeople_by_industry) German fashion (/wiki/Category:German_fashion)
British fashion designer (1931–2019) Gerald McCann Born ( 1931-11-11 ) 11 November 1931 [1] (#cite_note-National_Portrait_Gallery_McCann-1) England, UK Died 26 June 2019 (2019-06-26) (aged 87) Lancashire, England, UK Occupation Fashion designer Gerald McCann (5 November 1931 – 26 June 2019) was a British fashion designer who was considered among the leading lights of the Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) fashion scene, alongside names such as Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , subsequently moving to the United States to continue his career with Larry Levine (/wiki/Larry_Levine_(fashion_designer)) . After early commercial success designing for other brands, McCann established his own label in 1963. He attracted the attention of influential US fashion buyers in the mid 1960s and soon began designing for the American market, as well as for key British fashion retailers targeting the youth market. He moved to the US to work on New York's Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) in 1974, returning to Britain some two decades later, where he continued supplying UK fashion retailers. In a profile piece in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) in 1991, Liz Smith described him as: "a master of high style at low prices". [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) The Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) (V&A) described him as playing: "an influential role in the development of the UK fashion industry". [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) He died in June 2019 at the age of 87. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Background and early career [ edit ] McCann trained at the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) under Madge Garland (/wiki/Madge_Garland) during the early 1950s, also getting involved in designing dresses for debutantes (/wiki/Debutante) in the run up to the coronation (/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II) of the Queen. [6] (#cite_note-V&A_interview_with_McCann_2006-6) After graduating in 1953, McCann's first job was designing with Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) – he began creating designs for them while he was still a student. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) In a 2006 interview with the V&A, he recalled that this was a very smart job, involving trips to the Paris fashion shows to view haute-couture work by Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) and Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) . [6] (#cite_note-V&A_interview_with_McCann_2006-6) Although notable successes included a dress design for Marks & Spencer that sold a million copies – for which he received a cheque from Lord Marks (/wiki/Michael_Marks) – McCann decided this wasn't his long-term future and left to join the upmarket ready-to-wear house of Harry B. Popper. [6] (#cite_note-V&A_interview_with_McCann_2006-6) There, he was involved with designing and selling to private clients, including Princess Marina (/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) , and to high-end stores such as Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) . [6] (#cite_note-V&A_interview_with_McCann_2006-6) Harry B. Popper also supplied clothes to the Queen and Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy) [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) Mary Quant's husband Alexander Plunket Greene asked McCann to help stock their first Bazaar boutique on the King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) in 1955, and he took charge of the clothes while Quant handled the accessories. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) Establishment of own fashion house [ edit ] In 1963, Gerald McCann started his own business operation with a £600 bank loan. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) Although by this stage he had designed for a decade – everything from high-end to high-street – he was among the "brash new breed of British designers" photographed by Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) for a Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine feature on how to get the Chelsea look. Others featured in the article included Mary Quant, Jean Muir (/wiki/Jean_Muir) , David Sassoon (/wiki/David_Sassoon_(designer)) , Kiki Byrne (/wiki/Kiki_Byrne) , Marion Foale and Sally Tuffin (/wiki/Foale_and_Tuffin) . [7] (#cite_note-7) He opened a boutique on Upper Grosvenor Street, Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) (downstairs from Raphael and Leonard (/wiki/Leonard_of_Mayfair) 's House of Beauty), and his black crepe and organza dress was featured in The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) just before Christmas, with author Janey Ironside (/wiki/Janey_Ironside) noting that the design had: "the added advantage that you do not look as if you had gone to the party in your slip and it is just as suitable for dancing the Birdie or the Hitchhike as for standing jammed clutching a glass". [8] (#cite_note-The_Observer_Ironside-8) He became a key supplier to the hip boutique Woollands' 21, as well as Harrods and Peter Robinson's Top Shop (/wiki/Topshop) [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) [9] (#cite_note-The_Times_56365-9) [10] (#cite_note-V&A_Vanessa_Denza_interivew-10) The buyer at Woollands' 21 Vanessa Denza noted that his dresses were always top sellers. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) McCann was the only one of the young designers stocked by Woollands' 21 to have his own manufacturing base – he had a number of factories in Brewer Street (/wiki/Brewer_Street) and Poland Street, Soho (/wiki/Soho) – so could supply the larger orders (for instance, 350 of one item) with lead times of a week. [6] (#cite_note-V&A_interview_with_McCann_2006-6) McCann's designs frequently appeared in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) ' s 'Young Ideas' section, then supervised by Lady Rendlesham. [11] (#cite_note-The_Observer_Griggs-11) His bra-cut dresses in denim and gingham, gymslips with low pockets and men's shirt buttons, and trapeze dresses (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) with Peter pan collars (/wiki/Peter_pan_collar) were popular among stars such as Julie Christie (/wiki/Julie_Christie) , Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton) and Susannah York (/wiki/Susannah_York) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) He was also a preferred designer of The Colony Room (/wiki/The_Colony_Room) proprietor Muriel Belcher (/wiki/Muriel_Belcher) . [12] (#cite_note-Observer_Ian_Board-12) In 1965, he dressed Rita Tushingham (/wiki/Rita_Tushingham) in the British Palme d'Or (/wiki/Palme_d%27Or) -winning comedy The Knack (/wiki/The_Knack_...and_How_to_Get_It) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) He was also among the 'young design quartet' – alongside Jean Muir, Roger Nelson and Moya Bowler (/wiki/Moya_Bowler) – to produce shoes for Rayne (/wiki/Rayne_(shoe_company)) . [13] (#cite_note-Guardian_McCarthy-13) By 1966, the year in which Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) published its 'Swinging London' issue, McCann was a well-established name. [14] (#cite_note-Style_Capital_O'Byrne-14) McCann also made his name as a pattern designer for the growing home-sewing market, creating designs for Butterick (/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company) and appearing on the BBC (/wiki/BBC) sewing show Clothes That Count . [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) [15] (#cite_note-McCann_Clothes_that_Count-15) By 1970, he was also designing for the men's market. [16] (#cite_note-The_Observer_01031970-16) Designs for the United States [ edit ] McCann had early appeal for the American market – indeed, in time this would eclipse his reputation in the UK. A 1964 feature in The Observer entitled 'The Importance of Being British', singled him out, alongside Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) and Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) , as a name with cachet for foreign buyers, quoting the fashion director of Helen Whiting in New York who had said: "Everything Gerald had looked new for our market". [17] (#cite_note-The_Observer_Holland-17) His work was also spotted by Bloomingdales (/wiki/Bloomingdales) buyer Ida Sciolino, who asked him to make something for her. This subsequently appeared on the cover of Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) in the US and created a stir. [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) McCann took his clothes designs on "whistlestop tours" of America and attracted enough attention to be invited to appear on breakfast TV shows. Bloomingdales opened a Gerald McCann department, with the buyer reporting eight buyers for every coat on the rack. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) McCann commuted between London and New York between 1965 and 1973 before settling full-time as a designer in New York's Garment District (/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) . His designs had mass-market sales – one coat design for Larry Levine (/wiki/Larry_Levine_(fashion_designer)) earned him a five-figure royalty. [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) Alongside Bloomingdales, his clothes were stocked by Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) and Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) . [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) McCann recalled in a V&A interview that the numbers produced were on a different scale entirely: "there's no room for error because the amounts at stake are enormous, 140,000 of one style". [3] (#cite_note-V&A_Gerald_McCann_profile-3) Return to the UK [ edit ] McCann returned to the UK at the start of the 1990s and began designing clothes for department stores such as Fenwick (/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)) , Harrods and House of Fraser (/wiki/House_of_Fraser) . Speaking to The Times about his return to British fashion after two decades away, he described his exasperation with the industry's focus on young designers. "What they need is a good designer to do young clothes...the trouble is that the industry forces them too early. They are never given the chance to make their mistakes in the backroom." [2] (#cite_note-The_Times_Smith_64175-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-National_Portrait_Gallery_McCann_1-0) "Gerald McCann" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp61788/gerald-mccann) . npg.org.uk . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smith, Liz (12 November 1991). "Cutting Cloth to Suit the Pocket". The Times . No. 64175. ^ a b c d e f g "Gerald McCann" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/g/gerald-mccann-1931/) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) The Times: Gerald McCann obituary (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/gerald-mccann-obituary-wdgw6d3zp) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Gerald McCANN Obituary (http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=gerald-mccann&pid=193293370) ^ a b c d e "Interview with Gerald McCann" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/gerald-mccann/) . vam.ac.uk . Victoria & Albert Museum . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "US Girls can get the Chelsea look: brash new breed of British designers" (https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=gerald+mccann+%2B+fashion+designer&pg=PA79) . Life . 18 October 1963 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Observer_Ironside_8-0) Ironside, Janey (15 December 1963). "Dressing for Candlelight". The Observer . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_56365_9-0) "Devoted to Women: Reduced Guide to the Sales – II". The Times . No. 56365. 5 July 1965. ^ (#cite_ref-V&A_Vanessa_Denza_interivew_10-0) "Interview with Vanessa Denza MBE" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/vanessa-denza-mbe/) . vam.ac.uk . Victoria and Albert Museum. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Observer_Griggs_11-0) Griggs, Barbara (15 February 1987). "Ahead of every fashion". The Observer . ^ (#cite_ref-Observer_Ian_Board_12-0) Board, Ian (21 July 1991). "Room of My Own: Ian Board". The Observer . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_McCarthy_13-0) MacCarthy, Fiona (2 March 1966). "Shoe Group". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-Style_Capital_O'Byrne_14-0) O'Byrne, Robert (2009). Style City: How London Became a Fashion Capital . London: Francis Lincoln. p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780711228955 . ^ (#cite_ref-McCann_Clothes_that_Count_15-0) "Clothes that Count" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/whatwewore/5602.shtml) . BBC News . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Observer_01031970_16-0) "Ego and Shirley Conran: Vanity thy name isn't woman". The Observer . 1 March 1970. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Observer_Holland_17-0) Holland, Mary (12 July 1964). "The Importance of Being British". The Observer . External links [ edit ] Gerald McCann on BBC's (https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/whatwewore/5602.shtml) Clothes that Count in 1967 (begins 20.40) (https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/whatwewore/5602.shtml) David Bailey portrait of Gerald McCann in the V&A Museum archive (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O92752/david-baileys-box-of-pin-photograph-bailey-david/) Gerald McCann portraits at the National Portrait Gallery (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp61788/gerald-mccann) Gerald McCann dress similar to designs created for Butterick, from V&A archive (http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/7762) McCann label at Vintage Fashion Guild (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/mccann-gerald/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐rgfcp Cached time: 20240623234240 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.613 seconds Real time usage: 0.744 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2573/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23589/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1564/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 59339/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.385/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7232829/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 696.478 1 -total 38.50% 268.121 1 Template:Reflist 33.68% 234.574 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.44% 156.281 5 Template:Cite_web 16.29% 113.481 1 Template:Short_description 9.61% 66.949 2 Template:Pagetype 9.16% 63.785 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.10% 56.442 8 Template:Cite_news 7.95% 55.391 17 Template:Main_other 5.36% 37.321 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44331039-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623234240 and revision id 1150429997. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_McCann_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1150429997 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_McCann_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1150429997) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1931 births (/wiki/Category:1931_births) 2019 deaths (/wiki/Category:2019_deaths) 1950s fashion (/wiki/Category:1950s_fashion) 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) 1970s fashion (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) Alumni of the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Royal_College_of_Art) English fashion designers (/wiki/Category:English_fashion_designers) 20th-century English businesspeople (/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_businesspeople) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) EngvarB from April 2015 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2015) Use dmy dates from April 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2015) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
Australian fashion designer (born 1962) Peter Morrissey Morrissey in 2013 Born 1962 (age 61–62) Occupation Fashion designer Peter Morrissey (born 1962) is an Australian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . He collaborated with Leona Edmiston (/wiki/Leona_Edmiston) on the Morrissey Edmiston fashion label for 14 years before founding his own label, Morrissey, in 1997. Following the sale of the label in 2000 to Oroton Group (/wiki/Oroton) then to M Webster Holdings in 2006, it went defunct in 2009. In 2009, Morrissey began designing clothes for the mass market, before introducing homeware ranges in the 2010s. Early life [ edit ] Morrissey was born in 1962. [1] (#cite_note-1) He grew up in the Sutherland Shire (/wiki/Sutherland_Shire) with his twin sister and four brothers. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) He attended school at Our Lady of Fatima in Caringbah (/wiki/Caringbah) [3] (#cite_note-3) and De La Salle College, Cronulla (/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Cronulla) . [ citation needed ] Career [ edit ] Morrissey has been active in the Australian fashion industry since the 1980s. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) He worked with fellow designer Leona Edmiston (/wiki/Leona_Edmiston) on their Morrissey Edmiston fashion label for 14 years. The pair's partnership ended acrimoniously in 1997. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) After their split, Morrissey formed his eponymous fashion label in 1997 and enjoyed renewed success. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Millionaire Rene Rivkin (/wiki/Rene_Rivkin) supported Morrissey by buying a 60% stake in the label. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Rivkin sold the Morrissey business to Oroton Group (/wiki/Oroton) in 2000 which in turn sold it to M Webster Holdings in 2006. M Webster Holdings closed the business down in February 2009 due to the economic downturn. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Morrissey reacquired businesses and trademarks related to his name from M Webster Holdings in 2011. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [6] (#cite_note-6) Morrissey designed costumes for the 'Arrivals' segment of the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony) . The segment featured five large floats and performers representing the arrival of people from different continents; Morrissey designed costumes for the Oceania performers. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) GQ Australia (/wiki/GQ_Australia) named Morrissey 'Man of the Year – Designer' in 2002, while FHM (/wiki/FHM_Australia) bestowed the same title in 2003 and 2004. Cleo (/wiki/Cleo_(magazine)) named Morrissey 'Cleo Maybelline Designer of the Year' in 2004. [9] (#cite_note-9) Qantas (/wiki/Qantas) engaged Morrissey to design its uniforms in 2003. [10] (#cite_note-10) The uniforms featured the Wirriyarra print by Indigenous-owned design agency Balarinji and were used until 2013. Morrissey also designed the complimentary business class pyjamas provided from 2007 to 2016. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) He also acted as a mentor for the airline's Spirit of Youth Awards. This mentoring relationship ceased in 2009. [14] (#cite_note-14) Morrissey also designed uniforms for McDonald's (/wiki/McDonald%27s) , Novotel (/wiki/Novotel) and OPSM (/wiki/OPSM) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2009, Morrissey worked with Bruno Schiavi (/wiki/Bruno_Schiavi) to introduce a budget fashion range for Big W (/wiki/Big_W) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) He was a judge on the fourth season of Project Runway Australia (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia) which premiered in October 2012. [18] (#cite_note-18) Early in 2013, Morrissey launched the Home by Peter Morrissey home wares range available exclusively in Big W department stores throughout Australia. Personal life [ edit ] Morrissey was treated for a cerebral aneurysm in June 2009. [19] (#cite_note-19) He stayed in the hospital for four months following the surgery. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Powerhouse Collection - 'Nikki' costume used in Sydney Olympic Games Opening Ceremony" (https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/503259) . collection.powerhouse.com.au . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Neubauer, Ian Lloyd (11 May 2013). "At home with Peter Morrissey" (https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/at-home-with-peter-morrissey-20130511-2jeda.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Horton, Shelly (22 August 2009). "Fabulous resurrection of Morrissey" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/fabulous-resurrection-of-morrissey-20090822-euee.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Safe, Georgina (10 August 2011). "Morrissey's back ... as himself" (https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/morrisseys-back--as-himself-20110810-1imr5.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wells, Rachel (22 August 2009). "Morrissey the survivor" (https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/morrissey-the-survivor-20090824-evpp.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Casey, Marcus (11 August 2011). "Introducing brand new Peter Morrissey" (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/introducing-brand-new-peter-morrissey/news-story/3d3c02c620bcfca7b9c2142eb881e9f3) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Foley, Brett (12 August 2020). "From the archives: Seven secrets of the opening ceremony" (https://www.smh.com.au/sport/from-the-archives-seven-secrets-of-the-opening-ceremony-20200805-p55ir1.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/503158) 'Surfer Boy' costume used in Sydney Olympic Games Opening Ceremony" (https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/503158) . Powerhouse . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Biography (http://www.salonbiz.com.au/newpgs/speakers.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091213174828/http://www.salonbiz.com.au/newpgs/speakers.htm) 13 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Qantas in the black with new look" (https://www.smh.com.au/national/qantas-in-the-black-with-new-look-20030627-gdh06x.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . 27 June 2003 . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Traill-Nash, Glynis (25 November 2019). "100 years of Qantas: celebrating the connection between travel and style" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/100-years-of-qantas-celebrating-the-connection-between-travel-and-style/news-story/98f6090198a6fa5db9db2d080ee0a73b) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Masanauskas, John (23 March 2007). "Qantas' new classy goodies" (https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/qantas-new-classy-goodies/news-story/b7c955cb354ed86afbbd9052b5c00a8f) . Herald Sun . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The grey on grey Qantas pyjamas are being phased out" (https://fashionjournal.com.au/life/travel/the-grey-on-grey-qantas-pyjamas-are-being-phased-out/) . Fashion Journal . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Qantas Spirit drops Peter Morrissey (http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25651677-5012964,00.html) Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Novotel Dresses Up With Peter Morrissey Uniforms" (https://www.spicenews.com.au/spice-loves/special-events/novotel-dresses-up-with-peter-morrissey-uniforms/) . Spice News . 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Thomson, James (31 May 2009). "Big W recruits fashion designer Peter Morrissey" (https://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/economy/big-w-recruits-fashion-designer-peter-morrissey/) . SmartCompany . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Morrissey fashion designer working for Big W" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121003030938/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/fashion/morrissey-fashion-designer-working-for-big-w/story-e6frexm0-1225729327881) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . 8 June 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/fashion/morrissey-fashion-designer-working-for-big-w/story-e6frexm0-1225729327881) on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Atkinson, Frances (6 October 2012). "Running with scissors" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/running-with-scissors-20121006-275s6.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Brain op for Peter Morrissey" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/brain-op-for-peter-morrissey-20090629-d22s.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Peter Morrissey (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peter_Morrissey) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Victoria (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/22728/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7xgx9 Cached time: 20240719074050 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.464 seconds Real time usage: 0.884 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2745/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40102/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2481/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70958/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.295/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7567487/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 557.614 1 -total 32.37% 180.473 1 Template:Reflist 27.46% 153.134 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.25% 135.207 14 Template:Cite_web 14.64% 81.608 1 Template:Authority_control 11.49% 64.045 1 Template:Short_description 9.34% 52.102 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.67% 42.768 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 6.46% 36.005 2 Template:Pagetype 6.18% 34.448 1 Template:Citation_needed_span Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23426446-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719074050 and revision id 1209077941. 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Dress worn by Marion Cotillard at the 80th Academy Awards Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress of Marion Cotillard Designer Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) Year 2008 ( 2008 ) Type Ivory dress The Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress of Marion Cotillard refers to the custom white and silver mermaid dress worn by Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) at the 80th Academy Awards (/wiki/80th_Academy_Awards) on 24 February 2008. It was designed by Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) and custom made for Cotillard. [1] (#cite_note-rcfa-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) A golden version of the dress was presented on the catwalk at Jean Paul Gaultier's Spring/Summer 2008 Couture Show during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) on 23 January 2008. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine said the dress "was covered in hundreds of mermaid-like scales". [5] (#cite_note-Vogue170226-5) Numerous outlets, including Vogue , [5] (#cite_note-Vogue170226-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) , [7] (#cite_note-7) The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) , [10] (#cite_note-10) The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , and Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , [11] (#cite_note-11) cited the dress as one of the greatest Oscar gowns of all time. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2023, Vogue again cited the dress as one of the greatest Oscar dresses of all time, with Vogue senior beauty editor Lauren Valenti calling it one of her favourite fashion moments ever. [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-rcfa_1-0) "Runway To Red Carpet – Marion Cotillard In Jean Paul Gaultier" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220724223730/https://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2008/02/26/runway-to-red-carpet-marion-cotillard-in-jean-paul-gaultier/) . Red Carpet Fashion Awards . 26 February 2008. Archived from the original (https://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2008/02/26/runway-to-red-carpet-marion-cotillard-in-jean-paul-gaultier/) on 24 July 2022 . Retrieved 24 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Best Dressed at the 2008 Academy Awards" (https://people.com/celebrity/best-dressed-at-the-2008-academy-awards/?slide=2047755#2047755) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . 22 February 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A model presents a creation by French designer Jean-Paul Gaultier as part of his Spring/Summer 2008 Haute Couture fashion collection in Paris, 23 January 2008. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE)" (https://www.alamy.com/a-model-presents-a-creation-by-french-designer-jean-paul-gaultier-as-part-of-his-springsummer-2008-haute-couture-fashion-collection-in-paris-january-23-2008-reutersbenoit-tessier-france-image379880416.html) . Alamy (/wiki/Alamy) . 23 January 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jean Paul Gaultier Spring 2008 Couture Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2008-couture/jean-paul-gaultier/slideshow/collection#38) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Berrington, Katie; Hutchings, Lucy (26 February 2017). "Best-Ever Oscar Dresses | Marion Cotillard" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/best-oscar-dresses?image=5d54659980ce630008685ac8) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Allaire, Christian (6 February 2020). "The 39 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Best Oscar dresses through the years" (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/photos/best-oscar-dresses-years-36949377/image-marion-cotillard-jean-paul-gaultier-36979789) . ABC News . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Oscars Fashion: The 80 Best Dresses of All Time | Marion Cotillard" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/80-best-oscar-dresses-422169/21-marion-cotillard/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . 20 February 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Goldstone, Penny (9 February 2020). "A comprehensive list of the very best Oscar dresses of all time" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/shopping/best-oscar-dresses-of-all-time-best-oscar-dresses-best-dresses-best-dressed-oscars-academy-awards-best-dressed-193437) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bueno, Antoinette (22 February 2016). "The Best Oscar Dresses of All Time: Revisit Halle Berry, Michelle Williams, and Gwyneth Paltrow's Iconic Style" (https://www.etonline.com/news/182846_the_best_oscar_dresses_of_all_time) . ET Online (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The 47 Best Oscars Red-Carpet Dresses of All Time" (https://www.glamour.com/gallery/the-best-oscar-gowns-ever) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . 5 February 2020 . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "A look back at the most memorable Oscars red carpet dresses of all time" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/events/best-oscars-dresses-style-outfits-fashion-looks-all-time-celebs/then-still-relatively-unknown-french-actress-marion-cotillard-ch/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 9 February 2020 . Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Allaire, Christian (6 March 2023). "The 55 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) . Vogue . Retrieved 29 October 2023 . v t e Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) Filmography (/wiki/List_of_Marion_Cotillard_performances) Awards (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Marion_Cotillard) Producer Bigger Than Us (/wiki/Bigger_Than_Us_(documentary)) (2021) Charlotte (/wiki/Charlotte_(2021_film)) (2021) Songs " Take It All (/wiki/Take_It_All_(song)) " " The Eyes of Mars (/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Mars) " " Lily's Body (/wiki/Lily%27s_Body) " " Snapshot in LA (/wiki/Snapshot_in_LA) " " So May We Start (/wiki/Annette_(soundtracks)#"So_May_We_Start") " " We Love Each Other So Much (/wiki/Annette_(soundtracks)#We_Love_Each_Other_So_Much) " Fashion 2008 Oscar dress Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior#Advertising) Chanel No. 5 (/wiki/Chanel_No._5#Since_2000) Chopard (/wiki/Chopard#Recent_developments) Albums Nine (/wiki/Nine_(soundtrack)) (2009) Annette (/wiki/Annette_(soundtracks)) (2021) Related articles Niseema Theillaud (/w/index.php?title=Niseema_Theillaud&action=edit&redlink=1) Joan of Arc at the Stake (/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_b%C3%BBcher) The Next Day (/wiki/The_Next_Day_(song)#Music_video) WikiCommons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marion_Cotillard) v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f856f9b8b‐6rz7x Cached time: 20240716041714 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.353 seconds Real time usage: 0.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1156/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61497/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1274/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71447/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5502036/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 416.816 1 -total 34.66% 144.488 1 Template:Reflist 22.85% 95.252 3 Template:Navbox 22.67% 94.486 6 Template:Cite_web 21.80% 90.882 1 Template:Marion_Cotillard 16.02% 66.787 1 Template:Short_description 9.73% 40.571 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 9.22% 38.434 1 Template:Infobox 9.06% 37.777 2 Template:Pagetype 5.96% 24.846 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66044413-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716041714 and revision id 1232881683. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard&oldid=1232881683 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard&oldid=1232881683) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2008 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion) Outfits worn at the Academy Awards ceremonies (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) White dresses (/wiki/Category:White_dresses) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from July 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2023) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Nicaraguan fashion designer. Shantall Lacayo (born May 4, 1984) is a Nicaraguan fashion designer. She is known for being a contestant on Project Runway Latin America (/wiki/Project_Runway_Latin_America) and Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) , as well as for her design company and fashion shows. Early life [ edit ] Lacayo was born in Managua (/wiki/Managua) , Nicaragua on May 4, 1984. [1] (#cite_note-1) She began working as a fashion designer at the age of 17. In 2003, she attended U.A.M. (/wiki/American_University_(Nicaragua)) for marketing and publicity, finishing her studies in 2008. She subsequently moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina (/wiki/Buenos_Aires,_Argentina) to continue studying design and fabrics technology at Escuela Argentina de Moda (/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Argentina_de_Moda&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-huff-2) Career [ edit ] In 2009, Lacayo opened her first studio in San Telmo, Buenos Aires (/wiki/San_Telmo,_Buenos_Aires) . [2] (#cite_note-huff-2) In 2010, she was invited to compete on the first season of Project Runway Latin America (/wiki/Project_Runway_Latin_America) , [3] (#cite_note-3) where she made it to the finale. Lacayo, alongside Camila Ortega Murillo (/w/index.php?title=Camila_Ortega_Murillo&action=edit&redlink=1) , founded Nicaragua Diseña in 2012, a platform for promoting Nicaraguan designers. [4] (#cite_note-mh-4) In 2015, Lacayo dressed Nicaraguan filmmaker Gabriel Serra (/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Serra_Arg%C3%BCello) ] at the 87th Academy Awards (/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Lacayo settled in Miami, Florida (/wiki/Miami,_Florida) to help build her brand in the United States. [6] (#cite_note-6) In May 2018, her show at Miami Fashion Week (/wiki/Miami_Fashion_Week) was the subject of protests due to her association with Camila Ortega Murillo, the daughter of controversial Nicaraguan politicians Daniel Ortega (/wiki/Daniel_Ortega) and Rosario Murillo (/wiki/Rosario_Murillo) . Public figures such as Ana Navarro (/wiki/Ana_Navarro) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen) spoke out against Lacayo's participation. Lacayo subsequently cancelled her show. [4] (#cite_note-mh-4) That November, Lacayo also declined to participate in the Nicaragua Diseña event in solidarity against the Ortega regime. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2019, as part of the Fashion Designers of Latin America (FDLA), Lacayo participated in her first New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2021, Lacayo participated in season 19 (/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_19)) of the reality television series Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . Lacayo won the grand prize of the competition, the first Latin American woman to do so. [9] (#cite_note-9) She planned to move to New York following the win. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "FDLA NYFW" (https://www.fdla.co/designers) . Federación Diseńadores de Latinoamérica . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ a b Pavone, Ulie (23 January 2012). "Fashion Designer Shantall Lacayo Takes on Argentina and Managua" (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/fashion-designer-shantall-lacayo-takes-on-argentina-and-managua_b_1213858) . HuffPost . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Luz Romero, Dora (17 October 2010). "Vestir "un Shantall" (https://www.laprensani.com/magazine/reportaje/vestir-un-shantall/) " (https://www.laprensani.com/magazine/reportaje/vestir-un-shantall/) . La Prensa Nicaragua (in Spanish) . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ a b Moreno, Sarah (30 May 2018). "Nicaraguan pulls out of Miami Fashion Week amid controversy over Daniel Ortega's daughter" (https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article212186429.html) . Miami Herald . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Associated Press (18 February 2015). "Shantall Lacayo llevará moda nicaragüense al Oscar" (https://tucson.com/laestrella/gente/shantall-lacayo-llevar-moda-nicarag-ense-al-oscar/article_caef29bc-b79e-11e4-a95c-f3859ff93a03.html) . Arizona Daily Star (in Mexican Spanish) . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rogeau, Naomi (4 February 2022). " (https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a38970612/shantall-lacayo-project-runway-interview/) 'Project Runway' Winner Shantall Lacayo Is Ready for Act Two" (https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a38970612/shantall-lacayo-project-runway-interview/) . ELLE . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Luna, Yadar (6 November 2018). "International Designers Reject "Nicaragua Designs" Event" (https://havanatimes.org/features/international-designers-reject-nicaragua-designs-event/) . Havana Times . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Shantall Lacayo debutó en la New York Fashion Week" (https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/shantall-lacayo-debuto-la-new-york-fashion-week-n4172052) . Diario Las Americas (in Spanish). 14 February 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sandoval, Shireen; Kobrin, Samantha (4 July 2022). "Project Runway winner and Miami resident Shantall Lacayo launches new jewelry line" (https://wsvn.com/entertainment/deco-drive/project-runway-winner-and-miami-resident-shantall-lacayo-launches-new-jewelry-line/) . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Melas, Chloe (4 February 2022). "Shantall Lacayo wins 'Project Runway' season 19" (https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/04/entertainment/project-runway-season-19-winner-shantall-lacayo/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 29 May 2023 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantall_Lacayo&oldid=1220030798 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantall_Lacayo&oldid=1220030798) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1984 births (/wiki/Category:1984_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Nicaraguan women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Nicaraguan_women_fashion_designers) People from Managua (/wiki/Category:People_from_Managua) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Mexican_Spanish-language_sources_(es-mx)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
The Osmothèque Established April 26, 1990 ; 34 years ago ( April 26, 1990 ) Location 36 Rue du Parc de Clagny 78000 Versailles (/wiki/Versailles_(city)) Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 48°49′02″N 2°08′30″E  /  48.817178°N 2.141558°E  / 48.817178; 2.141558 Type Scent (/wiki/Scent) archive (/wiki/Archive) President Patricia de Nicolaï (/wiki/Patricia_de_Nicola%C3%AF) Public transit access Gare de Versailles-Rive-Droite (/wiki/Gare_de_Versailles-Rive-Droite) Website osmotheque.fr (http://www.osmotheque.fr/) The Osmothèque (from Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) osmē "scent" patterned on French (/wiki/French_language) bibliothèque "library") is the world's largest scent (/wiki/Scent) archive (/wiki/Archive) , a leading international research institution tracing the history of perfumery (/wiki/Perfume) , based in Versailles (/wiki/Versailles_(city)) with conference centers in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [1] (#cite_note-Little_Book-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Founded in 1990 by Jean Kerléo (/wiki/Jean_Kerl%C3%A9o) and other senior perfumers including Jean-Claude Ellena (/wiki/Jean-Claude_Ellena) and Guy Robert (/w/index.php?title=Guy_Robert&action=edit&redlink=1) , the Osmothèque is internationally responsible for the authentication, registration, preservation, documentation and reproduction of thousands of perfumes gathered from the past two millennia, archived at the Osmothèque repository and consultable by the public. [1] (#cite_note-Little_Book-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) Exclusive to the collection are countless rare masterpieces elsewhere discontinued or reformulated, including François Coty (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty) ’s Chypre (/wiki/Chypre) ( Coty (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) ), Paul Parquet (/wiki/Paul_Parquet) ’s Fougère Royale (/w/index.php?title=Foug%C3%A8re_Royale&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) ) and Aimé Guerlain's Jicky (/wiki/Jicky) ( Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) ) as well as numerous personalized fragrances worn by historical figures such as Elizabeth of Poland (/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Poland,_Queen_of_Hungary) , Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) and Eugénie de Montijo (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) . [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Since 2008, Patricia de Nicolaï (/wiki/Patricia_de_Nicola%C3%AF) has served as the institution's president. [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-6) History [ edit ] The founding of the world's first international scent archive was initially proposed to the Société Française des Parfumeurs in 1976 by Jean Kerléo (/wiki/Jean_Kerl%C3%A9o) , then head perfumer at Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) , in an effort to formally record and preserve the history of perfumery. [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-7) Kerléo envisioned reconstituting various discontinued classics according to their original formulae, working in collaboration with the world's foremost perfumers and perfume houses. [8] (#cite_note-8) An advisory committee was thus assembled, composed of experts Jean-François Blayn, Raymond Chaillan, Jean-Claude Ellena (/wiki/Jean-Claude_Ellena) , Yuri Gutsatz (/wiki/Yuri_Gutsatz) , Jeannine Mongin, Raymond Pouliquen, Guy Robert and Henri Sebag. [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-7) After successfully reproducing the discontinued perfumes of Jean Patou, Jean Kerléo and his team were entrusted in 1986 with the formulae of the defunct F. Millot (/w/index.php?title=F._Millot&action=edit&redlink=1) , among them the 1925 classic Crêpe de Chine by Jean Desprez (/wiki/Jean_Desprez) . [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-9) Kerléo's reconstitution, completed a year later with perfumer Aimable Duhayon (/w/index.php?title=Aimable_Duhayon&action=edit&redlink=1) , impressed many within the industry, a major catalyst for the launch of the proposed scent archive. When in 1988 the project won the support of both the Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Versailles and the Comité Français du Parfum (/w/index.php?title=Comit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ais_du_Parfum&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ais_du_Parfum) ] , a repository facility was provided on the premises of the Institut Supérieur International du Parfum, de la Cosmétique et de l'Aromatique alimentaire (/wiki/ISIPCA) . [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-9) There the Osmothèque was officially founded on 26 April 1990 with an initial collection of 400 perfumes, both those reproduced by the Osmothèque and those supplied by external perfumers at houses such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) and Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) . [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The collections [ edit ] Paul Parquet (/wiki/Paul_Parquet) 's Fougère Royale ( Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) ) - 1884 The Osmothèque is the world's largest scent archive, storing over 3,000 perfumes from the past and present, all preserved at a constant temperature under argon gas (/wiki/Argon_gas) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Perfumes accepted into the collection are either those reconstituted using archived formulae by the Osmothèque's internal perfumers (known as osmocurators) or those supplied by external perfume houses. [12] (#cite_note-12) As a legal deposit (/wiki/Legal_deposit) archive, the Osmothèque receives a supply of all new perfumes produced in France and much of the world, in addition to those obtained through its program for content acquisitions. [13] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-13) The role of chief archivist is currently filled by Patricia de Nicolaï (/wiki/Patricia_de_Nicola%C3%AF) , having assumed the presidency of the Osmothèque from Jean Kerléo (/wiki/Jean_Kerl%C3%A9o) in 2008. [14] (#cite_note-14) Fragrance materials [ edit ] The institution also maintains a substantial reference library of fragrance bases and aromatic sources, both natural and synthetic, historical and contemporary, as well as a vault inaccessible to the public containing historical perfume formulae, many unusable due to a lack of corresponding raw materials. [15] (#cite_note-15) Perfume formulations [ edit ] Rarities from the Osmothèque's collections include examples of ancient perfumery, such as the Parfum Royal of the Parthian (/wiki/Parthia) kings as described by Pliny the Elder (/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder) in the 1st century, medieval toilet waters (/wiki/Toilet_water) such as the 14th century Eau de la reine de Hongrie (/wiki/Hungary_water) of Elizabeth of Poland (/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Poland,_Queen_of_Hungary) and 18th century powders such as the Poudre de Chypre . [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-9) [16] (#cite_note-16) Equally unique is a major collection of 19th century perfumes from leading houses such as Farina (/wiki/Farina_gegen%C3%BCber) , Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) , Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) , Lubin (/wiki/Parfums_Lubin) , F. Millot, L. T. Piver (/w/index.php?title=L._T._Piver&action=edit&redlink=1) and Roger & Gallet (/wiki/Roger_%26_Gallet) . [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-9) [17] (#cite_note-17) Also from the period is the eau de cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_cologne) made for Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) in 1815 during his exile on Saint Helena (/wiki/Saint_Helena) . [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-4) [18] (#cite_note-18) The largest portion of the Osmothèque's archives is devoted to modern perfumery (beginning in the late 19th century), presenting innumerable original masterpieces now discontinued or reformulated, including: [19] (#cite_note-19) [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-6) [20] (#cite_note-20) Year Perfumer Name Company 1882 Paul Parquet (/wiki/Paul_Parquet) Fougère Royale Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) 1889 Aimé Guerlain (/w/index.php?title=Aim%C3%A9_Guerlain&action=edit&redlink=1) Jicky Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) 1900 Paul Parquet (/wiki/Paul_Parquet) Le Parfum Idéal Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) 1901 Paul Parquet (/wiki/Paul_Parquet) Peau d’Espagne Houbigant (/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)) 1916 Henri Alméras (/wiki/Henri_Alm%C3%A9ras) Le Fruit Défendu Rosine (/w/index.php?title=Parfums_de_Rosine&action=edit&redlink=1) 1917 François Coty (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty) Chypre Coty (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) 1925 Jean Desprez Crepe de Chine Millot 1921 François Coty (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty) Emeraude Coty (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) 1944 Germaine Cellier (/wiki/Germaine_Cellier) Bandit Robert Piguet (/wiki/Robert_Piguet) 1946-47 Vincent Roubert Iris Gris Jacques Fath (/wiki/Jacques_Fath) 1949 Edmond Roudnitska (/wiki/Edmond_Roudnitska) Diorama Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 1981 Jean-Yves Leroy Nombre Noir Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) 1999 Jean-Michel Duriez (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Duriez&action=edit&redlink=1) Yohji Homme Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) Other services [ edit ] The Osmothèque maintains an active website, including an online database detailing the institution's collections. [21] (#cite_note-21) Various conferences for professionals, researchers, students and members of the public are regularly offered at the Osmothèque's headquarters in Versailles (/wiki/Versailles_(city)) , as well as at conference centers at the Galerie de Nicolaï in Paris (/wiki/Paris) and the Academy of Perfumery & Aromatics (/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Perfumery_%26_Aromatics&action=edit&redlink=1) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) In addition, the Osmothèque frequently organizes partner exhibitions and conferences with museums around the world, including the Carrousel du Louvre (/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre) , the Palace of Versailles (/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles) and the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) . [13] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-13) The Osmothèque also publishes books on the subject of perfume, in addition to a bilingual periodical titled Les Nouvelles de l’Osmothèque , available online and at the Osmothèque's bookshop. [24] (#cite_note-24) See also [ edit ] Archives nationales (France) (/wiki/Archives_nationales_(France)) Bibliothèque nationale de France (/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France) Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) National Archives and Records Administration (/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration) List of archives (/wiki/List_of_archives) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Luca Turin (/wiki/Luca_Turin) , and Tania Sanchez. The Little Book of Perfumes: The 100 Classics . London: Profile, 2011. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Le Guérer, Annick. Le Parfum: Des Origines À Nos Jours. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2005. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Turin, Luca (August 2005), “The Perfume Museum”, Zürich: NZZ Folio (http://folio.nzz.ch/2005/august/perfume-museum) ^ Jump up to: a b [Stamelman, Richard Howard., and Michael Freeman. Perfume: Joy, Obsession, Scandal, Sin : A Cultural History of Fragrance from 1750 to the Present. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2006. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rowe, David J. Chemistry and Technology of Flavours and Fragrances. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b Turin, Luca, and Tania Sanchez. Perfumes: The Guide. London: Viking Press, 2008. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b Osmothèque. Paris: Comité français du parfum, 1990. Print ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dove, Roja. The Essence of Perfume . London: Black Dog, 2008. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Le Guérer, Annick, and Le Louarn, Michel. Si le parfum m'était conté-- . Paris: Garde-Temps, 2009. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Stone, Susan (November 5, 2006), "Perfume Gallery Preserves, Re-Creates Fragrances", (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6439429) All Things Considered (National Public Radio) (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6439429) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Turin, Luca. The Secret of Scent: Adventures in Perfume and the Science of Smell. New York City: HarperCollins, 2006. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Burr, Chandler (February 24, 2008), "L'Heir Du Temps", T: New York Times Style Magazine (New York Times Company) (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/style/tmagazine/24cmuseum.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0) ^ Jump up to: a b Colton, Sarah, "L’Osmothèque—Preserving The Past To Ensure The Future", Beauty Fashion (http://www.beautyfashion.com/archives/LOsmotheque.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174831/http://www.beautyfashion.com/archives/LOsmotheque.html) 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-14) “L'Osmotheque, a veritable vault of perfume memory”. Perfume Shrine. Web. 7 January 2009. (http://perfumeshrine.blogspot.fr/2009/01/losmotheque-veritable-vault-of-perfume.html) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Burr, Chandler. The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bataineh, Madiha, Byron and Nicholas Jackson. “The Osmotheque”. Atlas Obscura. Web. (http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-osmotheque) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Patricia de Nicolai - The Osmothèque. Alliance Française USA. Web. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Newman, Cathy. Perfume: The Art and Science of Scent. [Washington, D.C.]: National Geographic Society, 1998. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Turin, Luca (September 2005), "Le Parfum Idéal", Zürich: NZZ Folio ^ (#cite_ref-20) Visit to The Osmotheque Perfume Museum in Versailles. Bois de Jasmin. Web. 7 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Osmothèque - Conservatoire international des parfums. Official website. Web. 18 June 2013. (http://www.osmotheque.fr/) ^ (#cite_ref-22) Turin, Luca, and Tania Sanchez. The Little Book of Perfumes: The 100 Classics. London: Profile, 2011. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "L'Osmothèque. Office de tourisme de Versailles. Web. 18 June 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130921033956/http://www.versailles-tourisme.com/decouvrir/versailles-insolite/losmotheque.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.versailles-tourisme.com/decouvrir/versailles-insolite/losmotheque.html) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Osmothèque. Société Française des Parfumeurs. Web. 18 June 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131102025125/http://www.parfumeurs-createurs.org/gene/main.php?base=514) . Archived from the original (http://www.parfumeurs-createurs.org/gene/main.php?base=514) on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . External links [ edit ] (in French) The Osmothèque – Official website (http://www.osmotheque.fr/) (in French) "L'Osmothèque de Versailles" – Film presentation (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qHVNxVn_Eo) (in English) "L’Heir du Temps" – Article by Chandler Burr (T: The New York Times Style Magazine) (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/style/tmagazine/24cmuseum.html?pagewanted=all) (in English) "The Perfume Museum" – Article by Luca Turin (Neue Zürcher Zeitung Folio) (http://folio.nzz.ch/2005/august/perfume-museum) v t e Perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) Overview History (/wiki/History_of_perfume) List of perfumes (/wiki/List_of_perfumes) Types Solid perfume (/wiki/Solid_perfume) Eau de Cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) Eau de toilette (/wiki/Eau_de_toilette) Essential oils (/wiki/List_of_essential_oils) Pomander (/wiki/Pomander) Chypre (/wiki/Chypre) Fougère (/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re) Ingredients (/wiki/Category:Perfume_ingredients) Plant sources (/wiki/Perfume#Plant_sources) including Herbal distillates (/wiki/Herbal_distillate) Animal sources (/wiki/Perfume#Animal_sources) Synthetic (/wiki/Aroma_compound) Science Aromachology (/wiki/Aromachology) Fragrance wheel (/wiki/Fragrance_wheel) Fragrance extraction (/wiki/Fragrance_extraction) Note (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Scentography (/wiki/Scentography) Professions Perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) Organizations Fragrance Museum (/wiki/Fragrance_Museum) Fragrances of the World (/wiki/Fragrances_of_the_World) International Fragrance Association (/wiki/International_Fragrance_Association) Musée du Parfum (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum) Osmothèque Research Institute of Fragrance Materials (/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Fragrance_Materials) Théâtre-Musée des Capucines (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Capucines) The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) ISIPCA (/wiki/ISIPCA) Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) People Ernest Beaux (/wiki/Ernest_Beaux) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) François Coty (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty) Ernest Daltroff (/wiki/Ernest_Daltroff) Michael Edwards (/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(fragrance_expert)) Johann Maria Farina (/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina) Jacques Guerlain (/wiki/Jacques_Guerlain) Adolph Goetting (/wiki/Adolph_Goetting) David H. 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American model Salem Mitchell Born ( 1998-05-25 ) May 25, 1998 (age 26) San Diego, CA, US Nationality American Occupation Model Years active 2017-present Modeling information Height 5 ft 6.5 in (169 cm) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency Freedom Models LA Website www (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/) .instagram (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/) .com (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/) /salemmitchell (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/) / (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/) Salem Mitchell (born 1998) [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) is an American model. She is known for her numerous facial freckles. Mitchell was discovered through Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and is currently signed to Freedom Models LA. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and education [ edit ] Mitchell was born and raised in San Diego, California (/wiki/San_Diego) and is African American. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Her grandmother is Filipino. [4] (#cite_note-4) She studied dance at San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts (/wiki/San_Diego_School_of_Creative_and_Performing_Arts) and graduated in 2016. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) After high school she enrolled at San Diego State University (/wiki/San_Diego_State_University) to study business marketing. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] Mitchell amassed a large following through Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [6] (#cite_note-6) One day Mitchell posted a photo of herself on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) next to a bruised banana in response to trolls (/wiki/Internet_troll) who had compared her freckles to the overripe fruit. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) After the photo went viral, Paper Magazine (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) writer Maiya Toledano contacted Mitchell through Instagram and invited her to do a feature shoot. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Mitchell later signed to Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Mitchell has appeared in music videos for artists such as SZA (/wiki/SZA_(singer)) and Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) She has worked with retailers including GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) , and Savagex Fenty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) Her first cover was for Numéro Berlin . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) She was asked by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) to model official apparel related to Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) . [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) Mitchell is now represented by Freedom Models LA. [9] (#cite_note-9) Other work [ edit ] Mitchell has been the target of cyberbullying (/wiki/Cyberbullying) for her freckles and was once called "ghetto" by internet commenters. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) A response she wrote on Instagram Stories that discussed cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) and the devaluation of Black features on African American women was covered by Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2019 Mitchell collaborated with Known Supply to develop an eco-friendly limited edition collection of apparel called Only Human. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) She is an advocate for making the fashion industry more sustainable. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) Accolades [ edit ] 2019 - Nominee, Best of Social Media, Fashion, 11th Shorty Awards (/wiki/11th_Shorty_Awards) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Weinstock, Tish; Petty, Felix (2018-05-21). "this model hit back at trolls who compared her freckles to a bruised banana" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/8xegbx/this-model-hit-back-at-trolls-who-compared-her-freckles-to-a-bruised-banana) . I-D . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) https://www.freedommodels.com/losangeles/women/753-salem/ (https://www.freedommodels.com/losangeles/women/753-salem/) Portfolio at Freedom Models LA ^ a b c d e "Watch This Face: Salem Mitchell" (http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a43064/watch-this-face-salem-mitchell/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2017-08-17 . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Salem Mitchell Would Like To Recommend A Really Affordable Lip Balm" (https://intothegloss.com/2018/09/salem-mitchell-freckles-interview/) . Into The Gloss . 2018-09-17 . Retrieved 2020-05-04 . ^ a b "Salem Mitchell Is The Next Model Everyone Will Be Talking About" (https://nylon.com/articles/salem-mitchell-interview) . NYLON . 2017-02-16 . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "It-Model Salem Mitchell Reveals How SoCal Girls Do Winter Style" (https://www.vogue.com/article/salem-mitchell-california-socal) . Vogue . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Model Salem Mitchell takes us inside Rihanna's Savage X Fenty campaign shoot" (https://goodmorningamerica.com/style/story/model-salem-mitchell-takes-us-inside-shooting-rihannas-55148327) . ABC News . 2018-05-14 . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ a b c Bennett, Willa; Soloff, Jasper. "Salem Mitchell Is Making The Internet A Kinder Place" (https://www.nylon.com/model-salem-mitchell-interview-photos) . Nylon . Retrieved 2020-05-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://www.freedommodels.com/losangeles/women/753-salem/ (https://www.freedommodels.com/losangeles/women/753-salem/) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Model Salem Mitchell Had the Best Response to a Person Calling Her "Ghetto" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/model-salem-mitchell-cultural-appropriation-ghetto-response) " (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/model-salem-mitchell-cultural-appropriation-ghetto-response) . Teen Vogue . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Salem Mitchell - The Shorty Awards" (http://shortyawards.com/11th/salemmitchell) . shortyawards.com . Retrieved 2019-04-01 . External links [ edit ] Official Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/salemmitchell/?hl=en) Portfolio at Freedom Models LA (https://www.freedommodels.com/losangeles/women/753-salem/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐rr9p4 Cached time: 20240623101441 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.446 seconds Real time usage: 0.691 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2311/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23792/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1934/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 38899/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.324/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8013618/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 635.149 1 -total 47.17% 299.599 1 Template:Infobox_model 27.34% 173.651 1 Template:Reflist 23.29% 147.929 9 Template:Cite_web 20.03% 127.198 1 Template:Short_description 14.33% 91.009 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 14.02% 89.074 1 Template:Infobox 13.91% 88.347 19 Template:Main_other 10.86% 68.987 1 Template:SDcat 6.85% 43.515 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60382424-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623101441 and revision id 1221428014. 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Bobbin lace from Ipswich, Massachusetts Ipswich lace display in The Smithsonian Historical marker acknowledging the production of bobbin lace in Ipswich Massachusetts Ipswich lace is a historical fashion accessory, the only known American hand-made bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) to be commercially produced. Centered in the coastal town of Ipswich, Massachusetts (/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts) north of Boston (/wiki/Boston) , a community of lacemaking arose in the 18th century. Puritan (/wiki/Puritans) settlers to the area likely made and wore lace as early as 1634, because Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law#Colonial_America) from the early colonial records indicate this activity. In fact, the earliest known record of the act of lacemaking in the region comes from a court case in 1654 associated with the home of Governor John Endicott (/wiki/John_Endecott) . An indentured servant in the household accused the governor's son Zerubbabel with assault, which occurred while she was working at her lace cushion. [1] (#cite_note-1) Earliest known records of the commercial production indicate that lace produced by local women was used to barter for goods in the 1760s, as denoted by ledger account books belonging to local merchants. [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) These laces were sold in the region from Boston to Maine. Although some references presume that Ipswich lace represents an offshoot of the styles of British laces such as that known today as Bucks point lace (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) , and originated with English immigration, [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) [3] (#cite_note-Powys-3) other evidence points to continental influence. Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) is theorized to have developed from Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) , Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) , and other lace styles brought to England with Huguenot (/wiki/Huguenots) refugees. Early Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) region lace may be different from the characteristics of this lace in modern understanding. A key observation is that the footside of Ipswich lace sits to the left during production, contrary to English laces typically created with a footside to the right. [4] (#cite_note-EHnet-4) Ipswich bobbin lace is similar to European bobbin laces of the 18th century such as Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) and Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) , but developed characteristics and patterns of its own over the production period. They were made as borders and insertions to be added to clothing or household items. It is a continuous lace, meaning that the threads continue from the beginning to the end of the pattern, as opposed to non-continuous laces, where the threads that are used for the motifs (dense, decorative parts) are not the same threads as those used to make the fillings and grounds (the open parts connecting the motifs). [5] (#cite_note-5) The motifs in Ipswich lace are mostly surrounded with a thick gimp (/wiki/Gimp_(thread)) (outline) thread. Most of the motifs are constructed with the half stitch (Cross-Twist), and the ground of small meshes connecting the motifs consists of either some variation on the Torchon ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Torchon_ground) or the Kat-stitch (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Point_de_Paris) , also called Paris ground. A decorative edge of two-threaded picots (/wiki/Picot) (loops) are very common. The Point ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Point_ground) (cross, twist, twist, twist) as used in Bucks point and other similar laces were not used as a ground in the Ipswich laces, only as a decorative filling. History [ edit ] Typically the lace was produced from "prickings" or patterns created on parchment or pasteboard that were attached to a round bolster-style lace pillow (/wiki/Bobbin_lace#Types_of_pillow) . Bobbins (/wiki/Bobbin_lace#Bobbins) whittled from local wood or reeds were used to provide the thread repository and the appropriate tension for constructing the lace. Linen (/wiki/Linen) or silk (/wiki/Silk) thread was the material commonly used in the early period with cotton (/wiki/Cotton) employed only later after the development of mercerised cotton (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) improved thread characteristics. Imported and individually handmade pins (/wiki/Pin) provided the structural support for the patterns, until pin-making machines became available in the 1840s. Known lace examples are largely white linen or black silk threads. Preceding and during the American Revolutionary War (/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) , the purchase of luxury imported goods was problematic from social, political, and logistical perspectives. Hannah Adams (/wiki/Hannah_Adams) of Medfield (/wiki/Medfield,_Massachusetts) , who later became an eminent writer, described making bobbin lace herself during these years. The style or type of lace she made is unknown, but confirms that lace making was underway and profitable during this period in Massachusetts. During the American revolutionary war, I learned to weave bobbin lace, which was then saleable, and much more profitable to me than spinning, sewing or knitting, which had previously been my employment. At this period I found but little time for literary pursuits. But at the termination of the American war, this resource failed, and I was again left in a destitute situation. [6] (#cite_note-6) Dana Report of Ipswich Lace Production By the 1790s, over 600 women in the Ipswich area were producing significant quantities of lace for sale. Stored in the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) with the papers of Alexander Hamilton (/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton) , [7] (#cite_note-7) a report of this activity was submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury with actual samples of Ipswich lace. Reverend Joseph Dana (/wiki/Joseph_Dana) , author of the report, provided: [8] (#cite_note-8) A Return of Lace and Edging, manufactured in the Town of Ipswich, from August 1789 to August 1790. With the value of the whole, computed from the Bartering-Prices at which the different parcels of each have been sold. Rev. Dana reported 13483 yards of edgings and 28496 yards of lace, for a total of 41979 yards of Ipswich lace made by local women in that time frame. Section of a shopkeeper's advertisement from Newburyport MA in 1797, highlighting Ipswich lace. Courtesy of the Newburyport Public Library Lace making continued through the end of the century and into the early 1800s as a hand-made activity, and period advertisements for “American Laces” and “Ipswich Lace” indicate that the lace was available from local merchants, [9] (#cite_note-9) on par with competing European laces. Extant samples of Ipswich lace on garments can be found in various archives. For example, a mourning cap, [10] (#cite_note-10) silk hood [11] (#cite_note-11) and a cloak [12] (#cite_note-12) featuring Ipswich lace are found in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) . Martha Washington (/wiki/Martha_Washington) possessed a shawl [13] (#cite_note-13) made with Ipswich lace which is preserved in the Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) collection; the lace was reportedly purchased by George Washington (/wiki/George_Washington) on his post-election tour of the young United States. [14] (#cite_note-14) An additional lace segment is also at Mount Vernon. [15] (#cite_note-15) Lace adorning a man's Masonic (/wiki/Freemasonry) " Memento mori (/wiki/Memento_mori) " apron is also an Ipswich lace. [16] (#cite_note-16) The Museum of Old Newbury at The Cushing House (/wiki/Cushing_House_Museum_and_Garden) has a boy's garment, called the Eleazer Johnson dress, which appears to have rare blond Ipswich lace collar and cuff trims. [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) A "dressed miniature" of Sarah Hamlin Sage by Mary Way (/wiki/Mary_Way) (or her sister Betsy) is adorned with a shawl that appears to be a previously unknown Ipswich lace pattern. [17] (#cite_note-17) The lace has characteristics of typical Ipswich motifs, and represents a non-garment based use of the lace in an art piece which is novel. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Ipswich Historical Society (/wiki/Ipswich_Historical_Society) and Ipswich Museum [19] (#cite_note-19) have conserved artifacts of the lace-making activities. Historic New England displays an Ipswich pillow with bobbins and lace (https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/53540/) in progress on a pricking. In the 1820s, attempts to mechanize lace production (/wiki/Lace_machine) in Ipswich shifted activity away from hand made pillow laces to embroidery on lace bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) that was produced by machine. [20] (#cite_note-20) Although some lace makers continued to produce pillow lace, and samples of Ipswich lace were cherished and stored by traditional lace makers like Sarah Lakeman, [21] (#cite_note-21) hand-made lace making was no longer a widespread commercial practice. In the 1970s, a lace restorer and self-taught lace maker named Michael Auclair [22] (#cite_note-22) replicated the black Ipswich lace samples from the Library of Congress archives. By the 21st century, revived interest in this historical lace was supported by new scholarship and exhibition. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2001, an exhibit in The Smithsonian National Museum of American History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History) called Within These Walls [24] (#cite_note-24) displayed a historic house relocated from Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts) [25] (#cite_note-25) and included reproduction Ipswich lace and lacemaking tools. In addition, archived lace samples [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) that are stored in the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) have been re-created by Karen Thompson, and pattern working diagrams have been published that enable lace makers to accurately reproduce this lace today. [28] (#cite_note-28) Ipswich lace has also appeared in popular culture. A trilogy of fiction books by Brunonia Barry (/wiki/Brunonia_Barry) uses Ipswich lace as a plot device, and a major character is a maker of the lace in one of the books, The Lace Reader (/wiki/The_Lace_Reader) . [29] (#cite_note-29) The New England Lace Group (https://nelg.us/) has initiated a project to raise the profile of Ipswich lace and the historical lace makers of this region. A mobile exhibit of Ipswich lace history and tools, and reproduction laces, has been developed to educate and inform at local historic sites and craft fairs. [30] (#cite_note-30) Media coverage included discussion of the history of this textile and its cultural significance in the region. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) External links [ edit ] Knauer, Karl (September 18, 2018). "Preserving Martha Washington's Shawl" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow9icAYAJoA&t) (video) . youtube.com . George Washington's Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) . Isaac, Amanda (September 18, 2018). "RARE LOOK: Martha Washington's Shawl" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEn31F7dRGE) (video) . youtube.com . George Washington's Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) . Neumann, Kathleen (November 15, 2022). "The Story of Ipswich Lace" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edclWzhqbEQ) (video) . youtube.com . Maine Historical Society (/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society) . Gallery [ edit ] Samples of black silk Ipswich lace from Joseph Dana's report Samples of black silk Ipswich lace from Joseph Dana's report Ipswich lace pillow with bobbins Parchment patterns for Ipswich lace, and samples of lace Ipswich lace samples, made with white thread Reproduction Ipswich Lace bolster pillow with a reproduced copy of a black silk Ipswich bobbin lace Ipswich bobbin lace bobbins whittled from bamboo or wood The ends of Ipswich bobbins show the hollow stems Reproduction Ipswich lace made with historical pattern References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Colonial Massachusetts Paternity Cases: The Endicott Story, Part II" (https://blog.genealogybank.com/colonial-massachusetts-paternity-cases-the-endicott-story-part-ii.html) . GenealogyBank Blog . 2021-03-12 . Retrieved 2023-10-18 . ^ a b c Cotterell, Marta (1999). Benes, Peter (ed.). "Laces of Ipswich, Massachusetts: An American Industry 1750-1840" (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . Annual Proceedings (Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife) . 22 . UPNE: 82–99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58465-163-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 41178040 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . ^ (#cite_ref-Powys_3-0) Powys, Marian (1953). "Lace-Making in New York State" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23153315) . New York History . 34 (2): 224–233. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0146-437X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23153315 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23153315) . ^ (#cite_ref-EHnet_4-0) Miller, Marla R. "Review: The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840" (https://eh.net/book_reviews/the-laces-of-ipswich-the-art-and-economics-of-an-early-american-industry-1750-1840/) . eh.net . Economic History Association . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Earnshaw, Pat (1984). A Dictionary of Lace (2nd ed.). Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780852637005 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Adams, Hannah (1832). A memoir of Miss Hannah Adams, written by herself. With additional notices, by a friend . Boston: Boston, Gray and Bowen. p. 11. hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2027/yale.39002004865987 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fyale.39002004865987) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Thompson, Karen (8 May 2018). "What does Alexander Hamilton have to do with the lace industry in Ipswich, Massachusetts?" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/ipswich-lace) . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dana, Joseph. "Image 23 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=23&r=0.106,0.064,1.106,0.689,0) . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 1 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pike, Richard (11 July 1797). "Impartial Herald" (http://newburyport.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22richard%20pike%22&i=f&d=01011773-12311799&m=between&ord=k1&fn=impartial_herald_usa_massachusetts_newburyport_17970711_english_4&df=61&dt=70&cid=2710) . Newburyport MA. p. 4 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Woman's mourning cap" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/50167/) . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . 49.1003 . Retrieved 2021-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Woman's hood" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/313741/womans-hood) . collections.mfa.org . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Woman's hooded cloak" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/326482/womans-hooded-cloak) . collections.mfa.org . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Lavish Lace" (https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/martha-washingtons-style/lavish-lace/) . George Washington's Mount Vernon . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Philbrick, Nathaniel (2021). Travels with George : in search of Washington and his legacy . New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-525-56217-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1237806867 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237806867) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Unknown (c. 1790). "Lace trim" (https://emuseum.mountvernon.org/objects/20109/lace-trim) . Mount Vernon . W-5529 . Retrieved 12 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The North Shore Lace Industry" (https://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2017/01/the-north-shore-lace-industry.html) . Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Ehrlich, Brian (2021-11-08). "Dressed for Success" (https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/dressed-for-success/) . The Magazine Antiques . Retrieved 2021-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Mangan, Mary (2022-01-01). "Finding Ipswich Lace in an Unusual Way". The Bulletin . 42 (2). International Organization of Lace, Inc.: 14–15. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ipswich Museum (https://ipswichmuseum.org/) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Candee, Richard (1999). Benes, Peter (ed.). "Lace Schools and Lace Factories: Female Outwork in New England's Machine-Lace Industry, 1818-1838". Annual proceedings (Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife). Boston University: 100–126. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 41178040 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Vanderpoel, Emily Noyes (1924). American Lace and Lace-Makers . New Haven: Yale University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Barry, Ann (10 January 1985). "Preserving, Collecting, and Displaying Old Lace" (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/10/garden/perserving-collecting-and-displaying-old-lace.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Raffel, Marta Cotterell (2003). The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840 . Hannover: University Press of New England. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Within These Walls" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/within-these-walls) . National Museum of American History . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Kelly, John. "Perspective | This might be Washington's oldest house, but it came from New England" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/washington-oldest-house/2020/11/28/e27c3480-30d8-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Image 19 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=19) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Image 21 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=21&r=-0.248,-0.005,1.511,0.943,0) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Thompson, Karen H. (25 May 2017). The Lace Samples from Ipswich, Massachusetts, 1789-1790 : History, Patterns, and Working Diagrams for 22 Lace Samples Preserved at the Library of Congress (1st ed.). [Washington, DC]. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780999038505 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Barry, Brunonia (2009). The lace reader . New York: Harper. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-162477-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 433105997 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433105997) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Mangan, Mary (Spring 2023). "Ipswich Lace: Curating a Mobile Exhibit" (https://nelg.us/page-1857705) . The Bulletin: International Organization of Lace, Inc . 43 (3): 27–29. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Beland, Amanda; Dearing, Tiziana (2022-07-19). "How hundreds of men, women and children built a cottage lace industry in Ipswich" (https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2022/07/19/ipswich-lace-hidden-history) . Retrieved 2023-07-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Andrews, Jeanmarie (June 2023). "Lace Making in Ipswich" (https://www.ealonline.com/editorial/toc.php?id=2306) . Early American Life . 54 (3): 40–49. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1534-2042 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-2042) . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐gbdq9 Cached time: 20240720120850 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.409 seconds Real time usage: 0.506 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1917/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 83682/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 899/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 138584/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5095171/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 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Swedish entrepreneur and perfumer This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Antoinette_Nording##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Nording&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Antoinette Nording" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Antoinette+Nording%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Antoinette+Nording%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Antoinette+Nording%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Antoinette+Nording%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Antoinette+Nording%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Antoinette+Nording%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2024 ) Antoinette Nording Born Antoinette Wilhelmina Fahlcrantz 1814 ( 1814 ) Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden Died 1887 (aged 72–73) Occupation(s) Entrepreneur, perfumer Known for Founder of Antoinette W Nording (/wiki/Antoinette_W_Nording) ; first female perfumer in Sweden Spouse Johan Christian Nording ​ ​ ( m. 1838; died 1883) ​ Antoinette Wilhelmina Nording (1814-1887), was a Swedish entrepreneur. She founded the famous perfume company Antoinette W Nording (/wiki/Antoinette_W_Nording) , for a time the biggest perfume (/wiki/Perfume) company in Sweden, in 1847. She can be regarded as the first female perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) in Sweden, and as a female pioneer. Life [ edit ] Antoinette Nording was born to spice merchant Anders Fahlcrantz (1757-1823) and Brita Christina Bäckmanin in Stockholm and in 1838 married the spice merchant Johan Christian Nording (1807-1883). In 1846, the monopoly of the guilds (/wiki/Guild) were abolished in Sweden, and the following year, Antoinette Nording applied for a permit to manufacture and sell Eau de Cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) . Nording was granted her permit to manufacture and sell perfume in 1847. While a married woman was legally a minor under the guardianship of her spouse, she could engage in business with the permit of her spouse in accordance with the Handelsordningen (/wiki/Handelsordningen) . Until the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning (/wiki/Fabriks_och_Handtwerksordning) reform of 1846, perfume manufacture in Sweden had officially been the privilege of the Apothecary (/wiki/Apothecary) guild, which made Nording a pioneer as the perhaps first perfumer in the modern sense in Sweden. Female apothecaries (normally widows of apothecaries who inherited the privilege of their husbands) had with all certainty manufactured perfumes before, but there are no woman confirmed to have manufactured cosmetics in Sweden before Eva Ekeblad (/wiki/Eva_Ekeblad) , and no woman confirmed to have done so for commercial purposes until Nording, making her a pioneer also as the first female perfumer in Sweden, though she was quickly given competition: already in 1858, there were five perfumers only in Stockholm, only counting the female ones. Antoinette Nording became a successful business person. She manufactured as well as imported four kinds of Eau de Cologne, French liquor, French and English soap, pomades, powders, theater make up and a number of cosmetic products for "the sophisticated toilette", and imported essences from England and Provence. [1] (#cite_note-Du_Rietz,_Anita-1) She had an exclusive clientele, and her products were popular as Christmas gifts. [1] (#cite_note-Du_Rietz,_Anita-1) Legacy [ edit ] Nording had no children, and after the death of her spouse in 1883, she retired. She sold her company to Christina Charlotta Pettersson (1850-1932), her employee since a decade, in exchange for a pension from the company. She also made Pettersson her heir. Pettersson and her spouse (who took the name Nording) managed the company with continuing success and left it to their daughter Ida Maria "Maja" Charlotta Nording (1885-1979). It had thereby been managed by women for three generations. [1] (#cite_note-Du_Rietz,_Anita-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013 Sources [ edit ] Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013 Further reading [ edit ] Antoinette Nording (http://www.skbl.se/en/article/AntoinetteNording) at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists KulturNav (http://kulturnav.org/d9ed8acc-7c00-40be-a10a-998d0333bbde) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐5skgj Cached time: 20240719213435 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.408 seconds Real time usage: 0.625 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2159/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19444/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3164/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9884/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5032870/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 530.201 1 -total 48.04% 254.723 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.47% 119.143 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 17.33% 91.888 1 Template:Marriage 16.85% 89.321 1 Template:Authority_control 15.76% 83.556 1 Template:One_source 15.57% 82.528 1 Template:Short_description 14.57% 77.271 1 Template:Ambox 12.44% 65.936 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.79% 46.613 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48947491-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719213435 and revision id 1233451912. 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. - Fashion designers from Seattle (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Seattle) ‎ (5 P) : African-American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:African-American_fashion_designers) ‎ (83 P) + American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) ‎ (1 C, 421 P) A American fashion designers of Chinese descent (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers_of_Chinese_descent) ‎ (23 P) C American costume designers (/wiki/Category:American_costume_designers) ‎ (1 C, 289 P) M American milliners (/wiki/Category:American_milliners) ‎ (62 P) P Project Runway (American series) participants (/wiki/Category:Project_Runway_(American_series)_participants) ‎ (45 P) Puerto Rican fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_fashion_designers) ‎ (5 P) Pages in category "American fashion designers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 846 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:American_fashion_designers&pagefrom=Dugi%2C+Orlando%0AOrlando+Dugi#mw-pages) ) A A. & L. Tirocchi Gowns (/wiki/A._%26_L._Tirocchi_Gowns) Robert Abajian (/wiki/Robert_Abajian) Joseph Abboud (/wiki/Joseph_Abboud) Amsale Aberra (/wiki/Amsale_Aberra) Paul Abrahamian (/wiki/Paul_Abrahamian) Autumn Adeigbo (/wiki/Autumn_Adeigbo) Adolfo (designer) (/wiki/Adolfo_(designer)) Adrian (costume designer) (/wiki/Adrian_(costume_designer)) Ray Aghayan (/wiki/Ray_Aghayan) Yoon Ahn (/wiki/Yoon_Ahn) Steven Alan (/wiki/Steven_Alan) Larry Aldrich (/wiki/Larry_Aldrich) Jason Alkire (/wiki/Jason_Alkire) June Ambrose (/wiki/June_Ambrose) Cindy Ambuehl (/wiki/Cindy_Ambuehl) Mike Amiri (/wiki/Mike_Amiri) Soyon An (/wiki/Soyon_An) Kaylin Andres (/wiki/Kaylin_Andres) Spencer Antle (/wiki/Spencer_Antle) Charlese Antoinette Jones (/wiki/Charlese_Antoinette_Jones) Rachel Antonoff (/wiki/Rachel_Antonoff) Pegah Anvarian (/wiki/Pegah_Anvarian) Loren Aragon (/wiki/Loren_Aragon) Osceola Archer (/wiki/Osceola_Archer) Fabiola Arias (/wiki/Fabiola_Arias) Asspizza (/wiki/Asspizza) Lorencita Atencio (/wiki/Lorencita_Atencio) Bill Atkinson (designer) (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Brian Atwood (/wiki/Brian_Atwood) Jerry Lee Atwood (clothing designer) (/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Atwood_(clothing_designer)) Bonnie August (/wiki/Bonnie_August) Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) Jacqueline Ayer (/wiki/Jacqueline_Ayer) Anya Ayoung-Chee (/wiki/Anya_Ayoung-Chee) Lubov Azria (/wiki/Lubov_Azria) Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) B Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) Xenobia Bailey (/wiki/Xenobia_Bailey) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jeffrey Banks (/wiki/Jeffrey_Banks) Travis Banton (/wiki/Travis_Banton) ASAP Bari (/wiki/ASAP_Bari) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Robin Barnes (/wiki/Robin_Barnes) Odette Barsa (/wiki/Odette_Barsa) Tuesday Bassen (/wiki/Tuesday_Bassen) Michael Bastian (/wiki/Michael_Bastian) Stephen "Suede" Baum (/wiki/Stephen_%22Suede%22_Baum) Kathrine Baumann (/wiki/Kathrine_Baumann) Vanilla Beane (/wiki/Vanilla_Beane) Marjorie Bear Don't Walk (/wiki/Marjorie_Bear_Don%27t_Walk) Jen Beeman (/wiki/Jen_Beeman) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Jelena Behrend (/wiki/Jelena_Behrend) Bill Belew (/wiki/Bill_Belew) Hunter Bell (designer) (/wiki/Hunter_Bell_(designer)) Irina Belotelkin (/wiki/Irina_Belotelkin) Salehe Bembury (/wiki/Salehe_Bembury) Anna Ben-Yusuf (/wiki/Anna_Ben-Yusuf) Henri Willis Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Willis_Bendel) Stacey Bendet (/wiki/Stacey_Bendet) Fira Benenson (/wiki/Fira_Benenson) Laura Bennett (/wiki/Laura_Bennett) Fonzworth Bentley (/wiki/Fonzworth_Bentley) Chris Benz (/wiki/Chris_Benz) Robyn Berkley (/wiki/Robyn_Berkley) JoAnn Berman (/wiki/JoAnn_Berman) Danielle Bernstein (/wiki/Danielle_Bernstein) Drew Bernstein (/wiki/Drew_Bernstein) James Pasqual Bettio (/wiki/James_Pasqual_Bettio) Jonas Bevacqua (/wiki/Jonas_Bevacqua) Christopher Bevans (/wiki/Christopher_Bevans) Lois Bewley (/wiki/Lois_Bewley) Jeanne Bice (/wiki/Jeanne_Bice) Ashley Biden (/wiki/Ashley_Biden) BillyBoy* (/wiki/BillyBoy*) Cleopatra Broumand (/wiki/Cleopatra_Broumand) Stanley Blacker (/wiki/Stanley_Blacker) Hazel Rodney Blackman (/wiki/Hazel_Rodney_Blackman) Richard Blackwell (/wiki/Richard_Blackwell) Brandon Blackwood (/wiki/Brandon_Blackwood) Bob Bland (/wiki/Bob_Bland) Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) Mildred Blount (/wiki/Mildred_Blount) Main Bocher (/wiki/Main_Bocher) Emily Adams Bode Aujla (/wiki/Emily_Adams_Bode_Aujla) Stevie Boi (/wiki/Stevie_Boi) Waraire Boswell (/wiki/Waraire_Boswell) Tony Bowls (/wiki/Tony_Bowls) Barbara Bradley Baekgaard (/wiki/Barbara_Bradley_Baekgaard) Rosemary Brantley (/wiki/Rosemary_Brantley) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Dianne Brill (/wiki/Dianne_Brill) Helen Brockman (/wiki/Helen_Brockman) Bonnie Broel (/wiki/Bonnie_Broel) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) Sabrina Bryan (/wiki/Sabrina_Bryan) Joy Bryant (/wiki/Joy_Bryant) Sophie Buhai (/wiki/Sophie_Buhai) Georgia Bullock Lloyd (/wiki/Georgia_Bullock_Lloyd) Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) Kenny Burns (radio host) (/wiki/Kenny_Burns_(radio_host)) Stephen Burrows (designer) (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jon Buscemi (/wiki/Jon_Buscemi) Lauren Bush (/wiki/Lauren_Bush) Amanda Bynes (/wiki/Amanda_Bynes) C Jean Cacicedo (/wiki/Jean_Cacicedo) Lillian Cahn (/wiki/Lillian_Cahn) Joan Calabrese (/wiki/Joan_Calabrese) Sarah Calhoun (/wiki/Sarah_Calhoun) Eva Camacho-Sánchez (/wiki/Eva_Camacho-S%C3%A1nchez) Jeanne S. 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Canadian creative director, activist, poet and fashion designer Aurora James Born 1984 (age 39–40) Guelph (/wiki/Guelph) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada Known for Fashion design Notable work 15 Percent Pledge (/wiki/15_Percent_Pledge) Awards 2020 The Bloomberg 50 (/wiki/50_Most_Influential_(Bloomberg_ranking)) 2021 Time 100 (/wiki/Time_100) Website brothervellies (https://brothervellies.com/) .com (https://brothervellies.com/) Aurora James is a Canadian creative director, activist (/wiki/Activist) , and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . In 2013, she founded the fashion label Brother Vellies, with the goal of promoting traditional African design practices and techniques. In 2020, James founded the 15 Percent Pledge (/wiki/15_Percent_Pledge) as a non-profit organization to support Black-owned businesses (/wiki/Black-owned_businesses) . Her memoir Wildflower was released in 2023. Early life [ edit ] James was born to a Ghanaian (/wiki/Ghanaian) father and a Canadian mother in Guelph (/wiki/Guelph) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada. [1] (#cite_note-Okwudo-1) [2] (#cite_note-Segran_2021-2) Her childhood was split between Canada and Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica) . [1] (#cite_note-Okwudo-1) [3] (#cite_note-Holman-3) In 2010, James relocated to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and later to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Career and brand [ edit ] After traveling across Africa [4] (#cite_note-Zarella-4) in 2011, James spent the next few years experimenting with design, testing designs at local markets in New York and working with various artisan groups. [1] (#cite_note-Okwudo-1) She launched Brother Vellies in January 2013, [4] (#cite_note-Zarella-4) started with $3,500 in savings, [3] (#cite_note-Holman-3) with a goal of promoting the work of African artisans. [2] (#cite_note-Segran_2021-2) The first formal Brother Vellies collection was produced for the spring 2014 season and was created entirely with shoemakers in South Africa. James later expanded to working in other countries within Africa and beyond, including Mexico and Honduras, to continue producing desert boots, shoes, slippers, and sandals. [5] (#cite_note-Milch-5) [2] (#cite_note-Segran_2021-2) In 2015, James began producing handbags for Brother Vellies, the same year she won the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America#CFDA/Vogue_Fashion_Fund) prize. In 2020, James was featured on the cover of the September issue of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine, in a portrait by Jordan Casteel (/wiki/Jordan_Casteel) . [6] (#cite_note-Laing-6) [7] (#cite_note-Kazanjian-7) In 2022, she was unanimously elected as a Vice Chair of the CFDA. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) In 2023, James was presented the Honorary Clio Award (/wiki/Clio_Awards) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Brother Vellies has been worn by activists, celebrities, artists and musicians, including Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , [4] (#cite_note-Zarella-4) Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , [13] (#cite_note-Ho-13) and Elaine Welteroth (/wiki/Elaine_Welteroth) . [14] (#cite_note-Regensdorf-14) James designed the "Tax the Rich" dress worn by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez) at the 2021 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) . [15] (#cite_note-Testa_2021-15) [16] (#cite_note-Abel_2021-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [2] (#cite_note-Segran_2021-2) The 15 Percent Pledge [ edit ] Main article: 15 Percent Pledge (/wiki/15_Percent_Pledge) In 2020, in the wake of the murder of George Floyd (/wiki/George_Floyd) and the wave of Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) activism that followed, James launched an initiative called the 15 Percent Pledge (/wiki/15_Percent_Pledge) , [18] (#cite_note-Kent-18) [19] (#cite_note-Robinson-19) with an Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) post on May 29 that Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) writes "immediately went viral and resulted in an outpouring of interest." [1] (#cite_note-Okwudo-1) The 15 Percent Pledge Foundation was then created as a non-profit organization to urge major retailers to commit 15 percent of their shelf-space to Black-owned businesses. [3] (#cite_note-Holman-3) [20] (#cite_note-Rougeau-20) The foundation offers large corporations accountability and strategy suggestions [21] (#cite_note-21) as well as consulting services. [20] (#cite_note-Rougeau-20) The goal of the foundation is to advocate on behalf of Black-owned businesses and to build generational wealth in Black communities; [22] (#cite_note-Duffy-22) according to its website, the initiative "was born from seeing multiple acts of social injustice and police brutality in the United States, with a lack of corporate accountability for the systemic issues at play." [23] (#cite_note-23) Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine writes that James wanted to "find a way that companies could make a tangible change", and "from there, the 15 Percent Pledge was born." Cam Wolf writes in GQ (/wiki/GQ) magazine that "James is careful to note that the 15 Percent Pledge is not the only solution", and that James said, "This is a really tough time for everyone, and people shopping is by no means going to ease the pain of the lives that we have lost ... There are also a lot of other things that we need people to be doing, like donating to bail funds (/wiki/Bail_fund) ." [24] (#cite_note-24) Memoir [ edit ] In May 2023, James' memoir Wildflower was released. [25] (#cite_note-Kirkus-25) According to a review in Kirkus Reviews (/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews) , "Throughout the text, James is vulnerable and frank, cultivating a narrative voice that is both intimate and captivating; on the line level, her language is impressively lyrical." [25] (#cite_note-Kirkus-25) Bianca Betancourt writes in Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , "James doesn't hold back. She movingly intertwines memories of her youth with deeply honest accounts of the life she leads today as a designer and entrepreneur." [26] (#cite_note-26) Cat Woods writes in Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) , "While reading Wildflower , it can sometimes be hard to see how James conjured up the resolve and determination to carry on in an industry notoriously defined by privilege, exploitation and savage competition." [27] (#cite_note-27) In Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) , Andrea Bossi writes, "Sure, a fashion lover can appreciate how James takes the reader through learning about the footwear trade, but the book speaks to a broader audience. Specifically, it appeals to anyone who has ever questioned their path and purpose, especially women and women of color." [28] (#cite_note-28) Awards and honors [ edit ] 2015 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund – Winner [29] (#cite_note-29) 2016 Inductee to the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA) [30] (#cite_note-CFDA_Profile-30) 2016 CFDA Awards, Swarovski Award for Accessory Design – Nominee [31] (#cite_note-31) 2016 Vogue Talents Award – Winner 2016-2018 CFDA Fashion Incubator Member [30] (#cite_note-CFDA_Profile-30) 2018 CFDA Awards, Swarovski Award for Emerging Talent – Nominee [32] (#cite_note-32) 2019 Planned Parenthood (/wiki/Planned_Parenthood) Influencer Award [33] (#cite_note-Greene-33) 2019 CAFA Award: International Canadian Designer Award – Winner [34] (#cite_note-34) 2019, Crain's New York Business 40 Under 40 [35] (#cite_note-35) 2020 British Fashion Award (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) , People [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) 2020 The Bloomberg 50 (/wiki/50_Most_Influential_(Bloomberg_ranking)) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) 2020 Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) Person of the Year [40] (#cite_note-Butler-Young_2020-40) 2021 Time 100 (/wiki/Time_100) , Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) ' s annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world [41] (#cite_note-41) 2021 Founder's Award at the CFDA Awards [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) 2022 Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) Woman of the Year [44] (#cite_note-44) 2022 Vice Chair of the CFDA [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) 2023 CAFA Vanguard Award [45] (#cite_note-45) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Okwudo, Janelle (August 26, 2020). "Aurora James on Fashion, Feminism, and the Fifteen Percent Pledge" (https://www.vogue.com/article/aurora-james-september-issue-2020-15-percent-pledge) . VOGUE . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Segran, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). "Meet the visionary designer behind AOC's Tax the Rich dress" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90676272/meet-the-visionary-designer-behind-aocs-tax-the-rich-dress) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) . Retrieved 14 September 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Holman, Jordyn (December 7, 2020). "Aurora James, the Founder Seeking Shelf Space" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-03/aurora-james-founder-of-fifteen-percent-pledge-foundation-bloomberg-50-2020) . Bloomberg . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zarrella, Katharine K. (June 12, 2020). "Meet Aurora James, a Designer Advocating for Black-Owned Businesses" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet-aurora-james-a-designer-advocating-for-black-owned-businesses-11591977188) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Milch_5-0) Milch, Nora (March 25, 2016). "Brother Vellies' Aurora James Just Wants Women to be Comfortable in their Shoes" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/brother-vellies-aurora-james-accessories-interview/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Laing_6-0) Laing, Sarah (August 25, 2020). "Why Aurora James being on Vogue's September cover is so significant" (https://www.thestar.com/life/fashion_style/2020/08/25/why-aurora-james-being-on-vogues-september-cover-is-so-significant.html) . The Toronto Star . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kazanjian_7-0) Kazanjian, Dodie (August 25, 2020). "The Making of Vogue's September 2020 Covers" (https://www.vogue.com/article/september-issue-cover-2020-global-hope) . Vogue . Retrieved 25 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "CFDA" (https://cfda.com/news/the-cfda-board-elects-new-vice-chairs-treasurer-secretary) . cfda.com . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Creativity in Conversation: A Q&A with 2023 Honorary Clio Award Recipient Aurora James" (https://clios.com/content/creativity-conversation-qa-2023-honorary-clio-award-recipient-aurora-james) . Clios . 2023-06-12 . Retrieved 2024-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Honorary Award Recipient" (https://clios.com/the-muse/clio-awards-female-quotient-honoray-award-presentation) . Clios . 2023-06-12 . Retrieved 2024-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Creativity in Conversation: A Q&A with 2023 Honorary Clio Award Recipient Aurora James , retrieved 2024-02-14 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Salam, Maya; Bromwich, Jonah Engel; Safronova, Valeriya; Shutler, Natalie (2018-06-28). "Met Gala 2018: See Photos From the Red Carpet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/07/fashion/met-gala-red-carpet.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ho_13-0) Ho, Jason (November 19, 2020). "How Canadian designer Aurora James is persuading retailers to support Black-owned businesses" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/aurora-james-interview-the-national-1.5804670) . CBC News . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Regensdorf_14-0) Laura, Regensdorf (June 12, 2020). "Aurora James on This Week's Big Win for the 15 Percent Pledge and Black-Owned Brands" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/06/aurora-james-15-percent-pledge-sephora-black-owned-brands) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Testa_2021_15-0) Testa, Jessica (September 22, 2021). "A.O.C.'s Met Gala Designer Explains Her 'Tax the Rich' Dress" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/16/style/aoc-designer-tax-the-rich-dress.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Abel_2021_16-0) Abel, Katie (September 14, 2021). "Everyone's Talking About AOC's 'Tax the Rich' Dress, But Aurora James' Designs Have Been Making Powerful Statements for Years" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/everyone-talking-aoc-tax-rich-155706167.html) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Yahoo News . Retrieved 14 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The Best Met Gala 2021 Red Carpet Photos" (https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2021/09/13/style/met-gala-photos-red-carpet/) . The New York Times . September 13, 2021 . Retrieved 14 September 2021 . Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York sent a message with her gown by Aurora James. The back of her dress was emblazoned with the words "Tax the Rich" in red. Her bag had the same phrase. ^ (#cite_ref-Kent_18-0) Kent, Sarah; Lieber, Chavie (May 31, 2020). "Designer Aurora James Calls on Retailers to Commit to Black-Owned Businesses" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/retail/george-floyd-minneapolis-black-fashion-designers-aurora-james) . Business of Fashion . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Robinson_19-0) Robinson, Roxanne (June 16, 2020). "Aurora James, The Designer Behind The #15PercentPledge, On Supporting Black-Owned Businesses Long Term" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/roxannerobinson/2020/06/16/aurora-james-the-designer-behind-the-15percentpledge-on-supporting-black-owned-businesses-long-term/?sh=6fa1492da34d) . Forbes . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rougeau, Naomi (September 15, 2020). "How Aurora James Took the 15 Percent Pledge From an Instagram Post to a 501(c)(3)" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/a33966286/aurora-james-15-percent-pledge/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Interested in taking the Pledge?" (https://www.15percentpledge.org/pledge) . Fifteen Percent Pledge . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Duffy_22-0) Duffy, Clare (June 7, 2020). "15% Pledge calls on Target, Whole Foods and other retailers to dedicate shelf space to black-owned businesses" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/07/business/15-percent-pledge-black-owned-businesses/index.html) . CNN Business . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "FAQ for businesses" (https://www.15percentpledge.org/faq) . Fifteen Percent Pledge . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Wolf, Cam. "This Initiative Could Direct Billions of Dollars to Black-Owned Businesses" (https://www.gq.com/story/15-percent-pledge) . GQ . Retrieved 2021-03-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "WILDFLOWER" (https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/aurora-james/wildflower-james/) . Kirkus Reviews (/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews) . March 1, 2023 . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Betancourt, Bianca (9 May 2023). "Aurora James Has Never Claimed to Be Perfect" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a43723428/aurora-james-wildflower-memoir-interview/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Woods, Cat (8 May 2023). "Aurora James Is Breaking the Fairytale Founder Memoir Mold" (https://observer.com/2023/05/aurora-james-memoir-wildflower-review/) . Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Bossi, Andrea (22 May 2023). "There's Something for Everyone to Learn in Aurora James' Memoir" (https://fashionista.com/2023/05/aurora-james-wildflower-memoir-book-interview) . Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Codinha, Alessandra. "Breaking News! Brother Vellies, Gypsy Sport, and Jonathan Simkhai to Share 2015 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Win" (https://www.vogue.com/article/2015-cfda-vogue-fashion-fund-winners-brother-vellies-gypsy-sport-jonathan-simkhai) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-08-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Aurora James Profile" (https://cfda.com/members/profile/aurora-james-brother-vellies) . CFDA . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "The 2016 CFDA Fashion Awards Nominees and Honorees" (https://cfda.com/news/the-2016-cfda-fashion-awards-nominees-honorees) . CFDA . March 17, 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The 2018 CFDA Fashion Awards Nominees & Honorees Are In!" (https://cfda.com/news/the-2018-cfda-fashion-awards-nominees-honorees-are-in) . CFDA . March 15, 2018 . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Greene_33-0) Greene, Greg (September 21, 2019). "Honoring the Black Women Who Stand Up for Reproductive Health Care" (https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/blog/honoring-the-black-women-who-stand-up-for-reproductive-health-care) . Planned Parenthood Blog . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "2019 International Canadian Designer Award Recipient – Aurora James" (https://www.cafawards.ca/2019/03/18/official-2019-international-canadian-designer-award-recipient/) . www.cafawards.ca . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200805214250/https://www.cafawards.ca/2019/03/18/official-2019-international-canadian-designer-award-recipient/) from the original on 2020-08-05 . Retrieved 2020-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "40 Under 40 - Aurora James" (https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/40-under-40-2019-aurora-james) . Crain's New York Business . 2019-03-24 . Retrieved 2020-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "The Fashion Award 2020 Winners Share Their Hopes for the Future of the Fashion Industry" (https://www.vogue.com/article/the-fashion-award-2020-winners) . Vogue . December 3, 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Marriott, Hannah (December 3, 2020). "British Fashion Awards: move online heralds different set of priorities" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/dec/03/british-fashion-awards-move-online-heralds-different-set-of-priorities) . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Aurora James Brings the Fifteen Percent Pledge to Store Shelves" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2020-12-04/aurora-james-brings-the-fifteen-percent-pledge-to-store-shelves-video) . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . December 4, 2020 . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "The Bloomberg 50" (https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-bloomberg-50/) . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . December 7, 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Butler-Young_2020_40-0) Butler-Young, Sheena (December 7, 2020). "FNAA Person of the Year Aurora James Is Fashion's Vitamin Supplement — Why It Needs Her Bold, Brilliant Energy Daily" (https://footwearnews.com/2020/business/awards/aurora-james-fnaa-2020-person-year-2-1203080870/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Retrieved 14 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Dewberry, Sarah (September 16, 2021). "TIME unveils list of 100 most influential people of 2021" (https://www.ksby.com/entertainment/time-unveils-list-of-100-most-influential-people-of-2021) . KSBY (/wiki/KSBY) . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Christopher John Rogers And Emily Bode-Aujla Take Top Honora At The CFDA Awards – See All The Winners" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/2021-cfda-award-winners) . British Vogue . 2021-11-11 . Retrieved 2024-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "All of the CFDA Fashion Award Winners" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a38223879/cfda-fashion-awards-2021-winners/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2021-11-11 . Retrieved 2024-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Ogunnaike, Lola (October 25, 2022). "With the Fifteen Percent Pledge, Aurora James Is Offering Corporate America a Deal" (https://www.glamour.com/story/aurora-james-glamour-women-of-the-year-2022) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 2, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Inside the 10th Annual Canadian Arts & Fashion Awards" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/10th-annual-canadian-arts-and-fashion-awards) . Vogue . 2023-10-16 . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . 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Term for the branding of militant jihadism to attract young people Jihad Cool is a term used by American security experts [1] (#cite_note-nypost-1) concerning the rebranding of militant jihadism (/wiki/Jihadism) into something fashionable, or " cool (/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)) " to younger people through social media (/wiki/Social_media) , magazines, [2] (#cite_note-2) rap videos (/wiki/Jihadism_and_hip_hop) , [3] (#cite_note-3) clothing, [4] (#cite_note-4) propaganda videos, [5] (#cite_note-5) and other means. [6] (#cite_note-6) It is a subculture mainly applied to individuals in developed nations (/wiki/Developed_nations) who are recruited to travel to conflict zones on Jihad. For example, Jihadi rap videos make participants look "more MTV than Mosque", according to NPR (/wiki/NPR) , which was the first to report on the phenomenon in 2010. [1] (#cite_note-nypost-1) [7] (#cite_note-npr-7) Addressing the issue of Jihad Cool has been identified as one of the best ways to tackle Islamic extremism. [8] (#cite_note-Holden-8) See also [ edit ] Aestheticization of politics (/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics) Communist chic (/wiki/Communist_chic) Che Guevara in fashion (/wiki/Che_Guevara_in_fashion) Jihobbyist (/wiki/Jihobbyist) Nazi chic (/wiki/Nazi_chic) Reappropriation (/wiki/Reappropriation) Jihadism and hip hop (/wiki/Jihadism_and_hip_hop) References [ edit ] ^ a b Laura Italiano (June 20, 2014). "American Muslims flocking to jihadist group" (https://nypost.com/2014/06/20/us-muslims-flocking-to-jihadist-group-isis/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Steve Emerson (April 15, 2013). "Jihad is Cool: Jihadist Magazines Recruit Young Terrorists" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150311032304/http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/jihad-is-cool-jihadist-magazines-recruit-young-terrorists) . Family Security Matters . Archived from the original (http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/jihad-is-cool-jihadist-magazines-recruit-young-terrorists) on March 11, 2015 . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) J. Dana Stuster (April 29, 2013). "9 Disturbingly Good Jihadi Raps" (https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/29/9_disturbingly_good_jihadi_raps) . Foreign Policy (/wiki/Foreign_Policy) . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Picart, Caroline Joan S. (April 22, 2015). " (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc5020354) "Jihad Cool/Jihad Chic": The Roles of the Internet and Imagined Relations in the Self-Radicalization of Colleen LaRose (Jihad Jane)" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc5020354) . Societies . 5 (2): 354–383. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/soc5020354 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc5020354) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jytte Klausen (2012). "The YouTube Jihadists: A Social Network Analysis of Al-Muhajiroun's Propaganda Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133824/http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/klausen-et-al-youtube-jihadists/html) . Perspectives on Terrorism . 6 (1). Archived from the original (http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/klausen-et-al-youtube-jihadists/html) on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cheryl K. Chumley (June 27, 2014). "Terrorists go 'Jihad Cool,' use rap to entice young Americans" (http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jun/27/terrorists-go-jihad-cool-and-use-rap-entice-young-/) . Washington Times (/wiki/Washington_Times) . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-npr_7-0) Dina Temple-Raston (March 6, 2010). "Jihadi Cool: Terrorist Recruiters' Latest Weapon" (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382) . National Public Radio (/wiki/National_Public_Radio) . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Holden_8-0) “Defeat al Qaeda by removing its "cool" image; The way to beat al Qaeda and stop Islamist groups gaining recruits to violent causes is to remove their "cool" image and make fun of terrorists instead, according to a major international study published on Friday,” (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63E6JT20100415) Michael Holden, April 15, 2010, Reuters. This article about cultural studies (/wiki/Cultural_studies) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihad_Cool&action=edit) . v t e This terrorism (/wiki/Terrorism) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Henry Clarke (c. 1917 – April 26, 1996) was an American fashion photographer, known particularly for his work for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [1] (#cite_note-independent1-1) [2] (#cite_note-nytimes1996-2) Clarke was born in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) in about 1917. [1] (#cite_note-independent1-1) He worked in the 1940s as a window dresser for I. Magnin (/wiki/I._Magnin) , luxury department store in San Francisco before becoming a background and accessorising assistant at the Vogue New York studio, where he learned to photograph by observing the different styles of Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) and Horst P. Horst (/wiki/Horst_P._Horst) . [2] (#cite_note-nytimes1996-2) He died on April 26, 1996, at the Anglo-American Hospital in Le Cannet (/wiki/Le_Cannet) , France, at the age of 77. [2] (#cite_note-nytimes1996-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b Val Williams (May 12, 1996). "Obituary: Henry Clarke" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-henry-clarke-1347159.html) . The Independent . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . ^ a b c Enid Nemymay (May 5, 1996). "Henry Clarke, 77, Photographer of High Fashion for Magazines - The New York Times" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/05/nyregion/henry-clarke-77-photographer-of-high-fashion-for-magazines.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/489466/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000054251340) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/27084805) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHKQRGmGYWdGGTCdgtKd) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12052029p) 2 (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14448392g) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12052029p) 2 (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14448392g) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/124011330) Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV020721) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003011389) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072795816) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/293652) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/257786) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/071337229) This article about an American photographer is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) 2011 Victoria's Secrets 2011 Angels Campaign (left to right in each row) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) , Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , and Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) . The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) is an annual fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) sponsored by Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , a brand of lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) , such as current Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angel) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) , Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) , Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , and Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) . Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) also received billing (/wiki/Billing_(filmmaking)) . The 16th fashion show featured some the new Angels (Karlie Kloss being the only newcomer to walk three times since 2006) and also the returning Angels. There were special performances by Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) , Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , and Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) . Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers (millions) Performers Previous Next November 9, 2011 (recorded); November 29, 2011 New York City CBS 10.30 Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) , Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , and Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2012 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012) Fashion show segments [ edit ] Segment 1: Ballet [ edit ] Artist(s) Song(s) Status Leona Lewis (/wiki/Leona_Lewis) " Brave (/wiki/Brave_(Leona_Lewis_song)) " Remixed Recording The Pretty Reckless (/wiki/The_Pretty_Reckless) " Make Me Wanna Die (/wiki/Make_Me_Wanna_Die) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) Polish (/wiki/Polish_people) Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) W 2009–2011 American (/wiki/Americans) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) W 2009–2017 4 Angel (2010–2018) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) American (/wiki/Americans) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) 2009–2011 4 Angel (2010–2011) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) W 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) • Comeback German (/wiki/Germans) Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) W 2011–2013 • 2018 Newcomers Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) 2011–2018 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) 2010–2011 • 2013–2018 Featured Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) 2011–2012 • 2014 Newcomer Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) • Comeback Segment 2: Super Angels [ edit ] Performer Song Status Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) " Stronger (/wiki/Stronger_(Kanye_West_song)) " Live Performance Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Americans (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) W 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) 2008–2011 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) W 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) American (/wiki/Americans) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) 2011–2014 • 2017 Newcomers Puerto Rican (/wiki/Puerto_Ricans) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) W 2011–2016 Estonian (/wiki/Estonians) Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) W 2011 Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) W 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–present) • P Spokesmodel (2008-2011) Polish (/wiki/Polish_people) Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) 2009–2011 American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) W 2008–2013 4 Angel (2010–2012) Special Performance [ edit ] Performer Song Status Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) • Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) " Homies In Paris (/wiki/Niggas_In_Paris) " Live Performance Segment 3: Passion [ edit ] Performer Song Status Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) " California King Bed (/wiki/California_King_Bed) " Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) SW 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) • Swarovski Outfit South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) Belarusian (/wiki/Belarusians) Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) 2008–2011 • 2013 British (/wiki/British_people) Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) 2010–2016 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) W 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) • Comeback German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) 2005–2011 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) 2011–2012 • 2014 Newcomer Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) W 2010–2011 • 2013–2018 Featured Flavia de Oliveira (/wiki/Flavia_de_Oliveira) W 2006–2008 • 2010–2011 Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Segment 4: Aquatic Angels [ edit ] Performer Song Status Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) " Moves Like Jagger (/wiki/Moves_Like_Jagger) " Live Performance Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) W 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) • Comeback Wearing "Fantasy Treasure Bra" (Value: $2,500,000) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) 2011–2018 Newcomer French (/wiki/French_people) Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) 2010–2015 Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) 2005–2011 American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) W 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Russian (/wiki/Russians) Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) 2008 • 2010–2011 Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) 2009–2012 • 2016–2018 French (/wiki/French_people) Anais Mali (/wiki/Anais_Mali) 2011 Newcomer American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) W 2008–2013 4 Angel (2010–2012) Puerto Rican (/wiki/Puerto_Ricans) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) W 2011–2016 Newcomer Belarusian (/wiki/Belarusians) Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) W 2008–2011 • 2013 American (/wiki/Americans) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) W 2011–2014 • 2017 Newcomer Segment 5: I Put a Spell On You [ edit ] Performer Song Status OneRepublic (/wiki/OneRepublic) Secrets (/wiki/Secrets_(OneRepublic_song)) Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) • Comeback Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) Estonian (/wiki/Estonians) Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) 2011 Newcomer British (/wiki/British_people) Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) W 2010–2016 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) W 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) German (/wiki/Germans) Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) 2011–2013 • 2018 Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Emanuela de Paula (/wiki/Emanuela_de_Paula) W 2008 • 2010–2011 American (/wiki/Americans) Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) W 2011–2012 Newcomer South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) • Wing Recycled in 2015 Australian (/wiki/Australians) Shanina Shaik (/wiki/Shanina_Shaik) 2011–2012 • 2014–2015 • 2018 Newcomer Polish (/wiki/Polish_people) Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) 2009–2011 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) W 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2012) • Comeback Segment 6: Club Pink [ edit ] Performer Song Status Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) " Super Bass (/wiki/Super_Bass) " Live Performance Lyn Collins (/wiki/Lyn_Collins) " Think (About It) (/wiki/Think_(About_It)) " Sampling (/wiki/Woo!_Yeah!) ( bridge (/wiki/Bridge_(music)) for Nicki Minaj) Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) 2008–2013 4 Angel (2010–present) Latvian (/wiki/Latvians) Ieva Lagūna (/wiki/Ieva_Lag%C5%ABna) 2011–2014 Newcomer Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) W 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–present) • P Spokesmodel (2008-2011) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) 2010–2011 • 2013–2018 Featured American (/wiki/Americans) Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) W 2008–2011 New Zealander (/wiki/New_Zealanders) Jessica Clarke (/wiki/Jessica_Clarke_(model)) 2011 Newcomers Danish (/wiki/Danes) Caroline Brasch Nielsen (/wiki/Caroline_Brasch_Nielsen) 2011 • 2013 American (/wiki/Americans) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) W 2009–2011 4 Angel (2010–2011) Last walk Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) 2011–2018 P Spokesmodel (2011-2014) • Newcomer Americans (/wiki/Americans) Jacquelyn Jablonski (/wiki/Jacquelyn_Jablonski) 2010–2015 Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) 2009–2017 4 Angel (2010–present) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) W 2011–2014 • 2017 Newcomer Finale [ edit ] Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) and Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) led the finale. Performer Song Status Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)) Mixed Recording Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) S&M (/wiki/S%26M_(song)) Mixed Recording Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) Run The World (Girls) (/wiki/Run_The_World_(Girls)) Mixed Recording Index [ edit ] Symbol Meaning 2 2nd Generation Angels 3 3rd Generation Angels 4 4th Generation Angels P PINK Spokesmodel W Wings SW Swarovski Wings External links [ edit ] VSFS 2011 Gallery (http://vsholic.com/gallery/2011/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103180924/http://vsholic.com/gallery/2011/) 2017-01-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2011 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdUCT8Jes5k&list=UUVsXjwCHwYVBYuecfTs2T4Q/) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) v t e Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2001 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003) 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2011 2012 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d7979cbdd‐w2x2l Cached time: 20240715233836 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.449 seconds Real time usage: 0.578 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 12920/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 84264/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17618/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9385/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.119/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1253511/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 383.512 1 -total 60.03% 230.236 73 Template:Flagicon 20.93% 80.271 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Shows 20.44% 78.395 1 Template:Navbox 7.87% 30.188 73 Template:Flag_icon/core 6.83% 26.198 1 Template:Multiple_image 5.68% 21.787 73 Template:Yesno-no 4.53% 17.354 69 Template:Font_color 4.35% 16.695 20 Template:Country_data_USA 3.98% 15.247 73 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38972020-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715233836 and revision id 1234750725. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐6vg2x Cached time: 20240720103728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.082 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60709149-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720103728 and revision id 896154943. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. F Filipino milliners (/wiki/Category:Filipino_milliners) ‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Filipino businesspeople in fashion" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Ben Chan (Filipino businessman) (/wiki/Ben_Chan_(Filipino_businessman)) L Ann Li (/wiki/Ann_Li) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Filipino_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896154943 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Filipino_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896154943) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Filipino businesspeople by industry (/wiki/Category:Filipino_businesspeople_by_industry) Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion)
Nigerian fashion entrepreneur Ireti Zaccheaus Born Iretidayo Morenikeji Zaccheaus Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) Nationality Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) Citizenship Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) Alma mater University of Manchester (/wiki/University_of_Manchester) Cass Business School (/wiki/Cass_Business_School) Occupation Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Years active 2018–present Known for Street Souk (/wiki/Street_Souk) Parents Teni Zaccheaus Sr. (father) Yewande Zaccheaus (mother) Relatives Teezee (/wiki/Teezee) ( Brother ) Iretidayo Zaccheaus , mononymously (/wiki/Mononymously) known as Ireti , is a British (/wiki/British_people) - Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) fashion entrepreneur. She is best known as the creator of Street Souk (/wiki/Street_Souk) , [1] (#cite_note-1) an urban fashion convention held in Lagos, Nigeria since 2018. Ireti also serves as the community manager at Metallic Inc, and the fashion curator for Our Homecoming (/wiki/Our_Homecoming) music festival in affiliation with Street Souk. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2020, CNN (/wiki/CNN) profiled Ireti as one of The young West Africans finding their voice through streetwear. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2022, Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in collaboration with Nataal Magazine, profiled her as one of the new waves of streetwear coming out of Cape Town and Lagos. [4] (#cite_note-4) On 22 February 2023, The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) named Ireti as one of The Gatekeepers to Nigeria’s Fashion Market. [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life and education [ edit ] Iretidayo Morenikeji Zaccheaus was born in Lagos. She graduated from the University of Manchester (/wiki/University_of_Manchester) in International Business Finance and Economics in 2020, with a Master’s degree in Marketing Strategy and Innovation at Cass Business School (/wiki/Cass_Business_School) , London. [6] (#cite_note-6) Ireti cited her brother Teezee, and her cousins as one of her earliest inspirations and love for streetwears. [7] (#cite_note-GUAP-7) In conversation with GUAP, Ireti cited her mom for inspiring her streetwear convention, after she attended her mom's fashion convention in Nigeria. [7] (#cite_note-GUAP-7) Career [ edit ] In 2018, Ireti founded Street Souk (/wiki/Street_Souk) , [8] (#cite_note-8) a streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) convocation co-signed by Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In the same year, she served as the creative director for The Native (/wiki/The_Native) limited edition jerseys in partnership with Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . In 2022, Ireti was on the panel for LFW (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) AW22. [10] (#cite_note-10) On 11 August 2023, Ireti spoke on cross-cultural collaboration at Our Homecoming Festival (/wiki/Our_Homecoming) Building Empowered Narratives Panel Talk. [11] (#cite_note-11) Personal life [ edit ] Ireti is the Nigerian record executive Teezee (/wiki/Teezee) sister. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Seward, Mahoro. "Inside Street Souk, Lagos' leading streetwear convention" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/dyp3em/street-souk-lagos) . i-d.vice.com . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Get Ready Fashionistas as Pan-African Fashion and Music Festival, Homecoming returns to Lagos | April 15th-17th" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/04/homecoming-2/) . BellaNaija . 16 April 2022 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Obi, Ify (18 August 2020). "The young West Africans finding their voice through streetwear" (https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/west-africa-streetwear-nigeria-ghana-africa-avant-garde/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Gen next: Africa Fashion · V&A" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/gen-next-africa-fashion) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Miller, Daniel-yaw (22 February 2023). "The Gatekeepers to Nigeria's Fashion Market" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-markets/the-gatekeepers-to-nigerias-fashion-market/) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Iretidayo Zaccheus is the founder of Street Souk, putting Africa's Streetwear fashion on a global scale" (https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/lifestyle/article/iretidayo-zaccheus-is-the-founder-of-street-souk-putting-africas-streetwear-fashion-on-a-global-scale/) . Businessday NG . 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ a b Rafael, Eyram (8 March 2023). "Meet Ireti: The Avatar Of Africa's Thriving Streetwear Scene" (https://guap.co/meet-ireti-the-avatar-of-africas-thriving-streetwear-scene/) . GUAP . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) C.J., Nelson. "The Powerhouse Behind Nigeria's Biggest Streetwear Event - Okayplayer" (https://www.okayafrica.com/street-souk-nigeria/) . www.okayafrica.com . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) C.j, Nelson (9 January 2023). "Photos from Street Souk, the Lagos streetwear fair championing home talent" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/57895/1/street-souk-lagos-nigeria-streetwear-fair-2022-mowalola-wafflesncream-vivendii) . Dazed . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "LFW AW22" (https://nataal.com/lfw-aw22) . nataal.com . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Mayers, Kacion. "What went down at Lagos' Homecoming festival" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/59663/1/what-went-down-at-homecoming) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . 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Indian textile conservator Martand Singh Born 10 February 1947 Died 25 April 2017 (2017-04-25) (aged 70) Nationality Indian Education The Doon School (/wiki/The_Doon_School) St. Stephen's College, Delhi (/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi) Known for Textile conservation (/wiki/Textile_conservator) , Conservation of Indian arts and crafts Relatives Sita Devi, Maharani of Kapurthala (/wiki/Sita_Devi_(Maharani_of_Kapurthala)) (mother) Jagatjit Singh (/wiki/Jagatjit_Singh) (grandfather) Awards Padma Bhushan (/wiki/Padma_Bhushan) Martand "Mapu" Singh (10 February 1947 – 25 April 2017) was an Indian textile conservator (/wiki/Textile_conservator) , curator, and cultural historian (/wiki/Cultural_historian) who championed the revival of traditional Indian textiles, weaving (/wiki/Weaving) and dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) traditions. He served as the director of Calico Museum of Textiles (/wiki/Calico_Museum_of_Textiles) in Ahmedabad (/wiki/Ahmedabad) and was one of the founder members, and former head, of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (/wiki/Indian_National_Trust_for_Art_and_Cultural_Heritage) (INTACH). [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) He was a trustee of the Mehrangarh Museum (/wiki/Mehrangarh_Museum) in Jodhpur. [3] (#cite_note-auto2-3) Singh has been described as India's "best-known textile revivalist". [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) In a 1997 interview in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Singh said about the Indian crafts community: "People assume that we will always have these craftspeople, but at the current rate of change, these skills may soon be a thing of the past." [5] (#cite_note-5) Biography [ edit ] Singh was born in Kapurthala (/wiki/Kapurthala_State) , a former princely state in Punjab, to Sita Devi, Maharani and Karamjit Singh Maharaja of Kapurthala (/w/index.php?title=Sita_Devi,_Maharani_and_Karamjit_Singh_Maharaja_of_Kapurthala&action=edit&redlink=1) , . [6] (#cite_note-6) He attended The Doon School (/wiki/The_Doon_School) in Dehradun, and then went to St. Stephen's College, Delhi (/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1985, he was the co-curator, along with Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) , of the celebrated exhibition Costumes of Royal India , at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Along with Pupul Jayakar (/wiki/Pupul_Jayakar) and Rajeev Sethi (/wiki/Rajeev_Sethi) , Singh documented the diversity of textiles and weaves across India, and all three were in the organising committee of the Festival of India, a state-sponsored six-month exhibition of Indian art and culture, held in London in 1982. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2018, the Japanese designer Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) held the exhibition, Khadi: Indian Craftsmanship, Homage to Martand Singh , at his Tribeca (/wiki/Tribeca) store in New York, which came about as the textile director of Miyake Design Studio, Makiko Minagawa, had earlier worked with Singh and was greatly influenced by his efforts in textiles and design conservation. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Before his death in 2017, Singh was working as the chief consultant for the exhibition Peacock in the Desert: The Royal Arts of Jodhpur , which was displayed at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston) , Seattle Art Museum (/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum) and Royal Ontario Museum (/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum) ; the shows, which opened in 2018 after his death, were dedicated to his memory. [15] (#cite_note-15) Vishwakarma exhibitions [ edit ] Between 1982 and 1992, Singh curated a series of seven exhibitions, titled "Vishwakarma" (Hindi for "all-creating", meaning the personification of the ultimate reality, and in the current context "master artisan"), which for the first time captured the diversity of Indian textile arts under one roof. [3] (#cite_note-auto2-3) The 1981 exhibition, which brought together textiles from every Indian state, travelled to London as part of the state-sponsored cultural programme Festivals of India . The later exhibitions toured Russia, Japan, France, Italy, Sweden, China and the United States. [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) The exhibitions, as a whole, systematically showcased India's textile heritage for the first time, and were instrumental in reviving interest in handmade textiles, weaving and dyeing traditions of the country. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Awards [ edit ] Singh was awarded the Padma Bhushan (/wiki/Padma_Bhushan) by the Government of India, for his contributions in the field of Indian arts and culture. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Bibliography [ edit ] Singh, Martand; Chishti, Rta Kapur (1985). Saris of India: Madhya Pradesh . Wiley (/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788122401875 . Singh, Martand; Chishti, Rta Kapur (1985). Saris of India: Bihar & West Bengal . Wiley (/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788122408300 . Singh, Martand; Chishti, Rta Kapur (2000). Handcrafted Indian Textiles: Tradition and Beyond . Roli Books (/wiki/Roli_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788174360847 . Singh, Martand; Chishti, Rta Kapur; Kelkar, Renuka (2010). Saris of India: Tradition and Beyond . Roli Books (/wiki/Roli_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788174363749 . References [ edit ] ^ a b Aatish Taseer (16 February 2018). "Martand Singh revisited" (https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/oCKD77DOOy93Moo26A48bL/Martand-Singh-revisited.html) . Livemint.com . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Trebay, Guy (21 November 2004). "Fine Crafts in India Go the Way of Fairy Soap" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/fashion/fine-crafts-in-india-go-the-way-of-fairy-soap.html) . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ a b Sharma, Komal (12 May 2017). "Martand Singh: The man who gave us Vishwakarma" (https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/RaPpbXIt9dDRpfKyI4RxNM/Martand-Singh-The-man-who-gave-us-Vishwakarma.html) . Livemint . ^ a b "Weaving a Legacy" (https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/heritage/weaving-a-legacy/) . 21 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Trebay, Guy (27 April 1997). "Losing the Thread" (https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/27/magazine/losing-the-thread.html) . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ritika Kochhar (28 April 2017). "Martand Singh: The master of weaves | Business Standard News" (https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/martand-singh-the-master-of-weaves-117042801456_1.html) . Business-standard.com . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Laila Tyabji (28 April 2017). "The Textile Man Who Understood Both Tradition and Technique" (https://thewire.in/culture/martand-singh-textile-man-understood-tradition-technique) . Thewire.in . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Textile exhibition: Remembering the life and times of Martand Singh – art and culture" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/textile-exhibition-remembering-the-life-and-times-of-martand-singh/story-zPSCobLkjdhHSMRoq0YahJ.html) . Hindustan Times. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hyde, Nina (/wiki/Nina_Hyde) (23 December 1985). "Where All That Giltters is Gold" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/12/23/where-all-that-giltters-is-gold/8a177ea5-c603-4aa8-885f-3291cb80e767/) – via www.washingtonpost.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bandana Tewari (7 August 2017). "An ode to beloved textile conservationist, Mapu" (https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/why-the-death-of-martand-singh-has-been-an-immense-loss-to-fashion/) . Vogue.in . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Contentdm" (https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/195530/) . Libmma.contentdm.oclc.org . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) site admin (15 August 1981). "Festival of India: The selling of India" (https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19810815-festival-of-india-biggest-longest-jamboree-of-indian-art-and-culture-to-open-in-london-773150-2013-11-14) . Indiatoday.in . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (https://www.isseymiyake.com/en/news/5096) "Khadi: Indian Craftsmanship" exhibition started at Issey Miyake / New York" (https://www.isseymiyake.com/en/news/5096) . Issey Miyake Inc . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "India's fabric of freedom in America: Japanese designer Issey Miyake brings Khadi to New York" (https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/indias-fabric-of-freedom-in-america-japanese-designer-issey-miyake-brings-khadi-to-new-york-4186151.htm) . cnbctv18.com . 16 August 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Smee, Sebastian. "Review | 'Peacock in the Desert' offers a rare look at Indian art and a royal court" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/peacock-in-the-desert-offers-a-rare-look-at-indian-art-and-a-royal-court/2018/05/17/6a1e4ee4-58ca-11e8-b656-a5f8c2a9295d_story.html) . Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "In Mapu's Memory: Discover Indigenous Handlooms In Delhi At This Exhibition" (http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/delve-into-mapus-memory-of-indigenous-handlooms-in-delhi) . Verve Magazine . 12 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The Registry of Sarees puts on a new iteration of khadi with the exhibition, Meanings, Metaphors" (https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/2019/jan/21/the-saree-registry-puts-on-a-new-iteration-of-khadi-with-the-exhibition-meanings-metaphors-12329.html) . www.indulgexpress.com . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Remembering the legacy of textile revivalist Martand 'Mapu' Singh" (https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/exhibition-martand-mapu-singh-national-handicrafts-handloom-museum-new-delhi/) . Architectural Digest India . 18 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "An exhibition of textiles presents the range of experiments done in pattern and material in Varanasi" (https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/weaving-gilt-into-tradition-6007834/) . Indianexpress.com. 19 September 2019 . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Union Minister of State for Culture (IC) Shri Prahlad Singh Patel inaugurates the exhibition PRA-KASHI on finest trends of contemporary weaving" (http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1584565) . pib.gov.in . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000034204002) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/66528588) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434344205171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89102255) Academics CiNii (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05061771?l=en) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/031662498) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐zm58g Cached time: 20240715032313 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.464 seconds Real time usage: 0.602 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2476/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49035/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1301/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89702/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.311/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6682476/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 564.251 1 -total 23.13% 130.499 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.21% 108.401 4 Template:Cite_book 18.63% 105.140 1 Template:Authority_control 17.68% 99.752 1 Template:Reflist 16.12% 90.950 1 Template:Short_description 10.69% 60.310 17 Template:Cite_web 10.16% 57.305 2 Template:Pagetype 6.68% 37.717 17 Template:Main_other 3.94% 22.222 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:64095131-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715032313 and revision id 1195432866. 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Luxury skincare and makeup brand Clé de Peau Beauté is a Japanese luxury skincare and makeup brand. It was launched in 1982 in Japan. The brand is available in 23 countries and regions worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is part of Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) , the Japanese multinational cosmetic company. Founding and history [ edit ] Clé de Peau Beauté was started by Shiseido as a luxury line in 1982 in Japan. [2] (#cite_note-gcimagazine-2) By adopting a French name and distinct from the Shiseido identity, the brand leveraged France's association with beauty and perfume to appeal to consumers. [3] (#cite_note-Resilience-3) This premiumization (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premiumization) tactic aimed to enhance consumer perception of quality through the product's implied country of origin in addition to Japanese standards. [3] (#cite_note-Resilience-3) In 2010, it was reported that Shiseido was repositioning the brand by fusing global and domestic marketing to improve its competitiveness in the "high prestige" segment of the global cosmetics market. [2] (#cite_note-gcimagazine-2) At the time the brand was available primarily in Asia (China, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam and Indonesia) along with the United States and Canada totaling 11 global markets including the Japanese home market. [2] (#cite_note-gcimagazine-2) In 2012, Clé de Peau Beauté announced a new brand campaign with Amanda Seyfried (/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried) as its new face and the slogan "The Radiance of Joy". The brand included the launch of a series of high-tech innovations which it introduced aiming to balance its product appeal between color and skincare across different markets. [4] (#cite_note-4) It entered the UK market in 2019 available through an exclusive partnership with Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) . [5] (#cite_note-sheerluxe.com-5) Ambassadors and celebrity endorsements [ edit ] Clé de Peau Beauté has relied on a number of celebrity ambassadors as part of its global branding strategy. These ambassadors have included Amanda Seyfried (/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried) , Zhang Ziyi (/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi) , and Felicity Jones (/wiki/Felicity_Jones) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2022, as part of its 40th anniversary celebration, Clé de Peau Beauté announced Dakota Fanning (/wiki/Dakota_Fanning) , Diana Silvers (/wiki/Diana_Silvers) , and Ella Balinska (/wiki/Ella_Balinska) as its newest ambassadors. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) , Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) , Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) , Emma Roberts (/wiki/Emma_Roberts) , and Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) are among the celebrities reported to be fans of the brand. [5] (#cite_note-sheerluxe.com-5) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) UNICEF partnership [ edit ] Since 2019, Clé de Peau Beauté has been a UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) corporate partner focusing on the education and skill development of girls (/wiki/Gender_equality) , with the initiative reaching over 3.5 million girls between 2019 and 2022. [15] (#cite_note-15) The partnership, which was renewed in 2023 for another three years, includes an $8.7 million pledge from Clé de Peau Beauté to support UNICEF's Gender Equality Program, aiming to benefit a further 5.7 million girls through 2025. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ltd, Shiseido Co. "CLÉ DE PEAU BEAUTÉ CELEBRATES 40 YEARS BY UNVEILING THE NEXT CHAPTER | NEWS RELEASE | Shiseido Company" (https://corp.shiseido.com/en/news/detail.html?n=00000000003296) . corp.shiseido.com (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Shiseido Repositions Its Clé de Peau Beauté Brand for Global Luxury Market" (https://www.gcimagazine.com/brands-products/news/news/21856122/shiseido-repositions-its-cle-de-peau-beaute-brand-for-global-luxury-market) . Global Cosmetic Industry . 2010-11-15 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lojacono, Gabriella; Ru Yun Pan, Laura (2021). Resilience of Luxury Companies in Times of Change . Walter de Gruyter (/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter) . p. 118. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Born, Pete (2012-01-19). "Clé de Peau Beauté Steps Into the Spotlight" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/cl-de-peau-beaut-maps-an-action-plan-5530742/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Japanese Beauty Brand To Know: Clé de Peau Beauté | SheerLuxe" (https://sheerluxe.com/beauty/japanese-beauty-brand-know-cle-de-peau-beaute) . sheerluxe.com . 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Cle de Peau Beaute Announces Amanda Seyfried as New Spokesperson" (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ape9b_dEsD5o) . Bloomberg . October 28, 2010 . Retrieved 2015-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) WW, FashionNetwork com. "Clé de Peau Beauté snaps up Zhang Ziyi for new campaign" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Cle-de-peau-beaute-snaps-up-zhang-ziyi-for-new-campaign,1010084.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Felicity Jones named as new face of Cle de Peau Beaute" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/makeup/2017111744086/felicity-jones-new-face-cle-de-peau-beaute/) . HELLO! . 2017-11-17 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Wetherille, Kelly (2018-09-05). "Zhang Ziyi Named Global Brand Ambassador for Clé de Peau Beauté" (https://wwd.com/feature/ziyi-zhang-named-global-brand-ambassador-cle-de-peau-beaute-1202784333/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Wightman-Stone, Danielle (2022-01-25). "Clé de Peau Beauté celebrates 40 years with new ambassadors" (https://fashionunited.com/news/people/cle-de-peau-beaute-celebrates-40-years-with-new-ambassadors/2022012545318) . FashionUnited (/wiki/FashionUnited) . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Service, Luxury Daily News (2022-01-13). "Clé de Peau Beauté introduces new brand ambassadors" (https://www.luxurydaily.com/cle-de-peau-beaute-dakota-fanning/) . Luxury Daily . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Chrissy Teigen Is the Latest Celebrity to Profess Her Love for This Splurge-Worthy Concealer" (https://people.com/style/chrissy-teigen-cle-de-peau-concealer/) . Peoplemag . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lex Goodman (2020-02-20). "Kate Hudson's Makeup Artist Has the Best Tip for Doing Eye Makeup in a Hurry" (https://www.purewow.com/beauty/kate-hudson-eye-makeup-trick) . PureWow . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Herndon, Ayana (2023-02-23). "Emma Roberts Opts for Pastel Colors at Prada's Fall 2023 Milan Fashion Week Show" (https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/emma-roberts-prada-fall-2023-milan-fashion-week-show-1235544959/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Clé de Peau Beauté | UNICEF" (https://www.unicef.org/partnerships/cle-de-peau-beaute) . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Clé de Peau Beauté announces multi-year global partnership with UNICEF" (https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/cl%C3%A9-de-peau-beaut%C3%A9-announces-multi-year-global-partnership-unicef) . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Kee, William KC (2023-06-03). "Beauty brand Clé de Peau Beauté and UNICEF renew partnership to address gender inequality" (https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2023/06/03/beauty-brand-cle-de-peau-beaute-and-unicef-renew-partnership-to-address-gender-inequality/72263) . Malay Mail (/wiki/Malay_Mail) . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clé_de_Peau_Beauté&oldid=1196160912 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clé_de_Peau_Beauté&oldid=1196160912) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies of Japan (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_Japan) Japanese brands (/wiki/Category:Japanese_brands) Cosmetics brands (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Personal care brands (/wiki/Category:Personal_care_brands) Makeup (/wiki/Category:Makeup) Hidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
American businesswoman and author Chrystal Bougon Chrystal Bougon at her boutique Known for Curvy Girl Lingerie (CEO) BlissConnection (CEO) Notable work The Curvy Girl Playbook Chrystal Bougon is the owner of Curvy Girl Lingerie, a plus-size lingerie store, and the CEO of BlissConnection. She is the author of The Curvy Girl Playbook , and executive co-producer of the reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) show Plus Life . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She is also the host of the radio show Everyone Wants to Have Better Sex . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Chrystal Bougon runs what she claims is the only plus-size lingerie boutique in the US, called Curvy Girl Lingerie. The store was vandalized three times in 2015. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Bougon also started BlissConnection, which is a woman-owned romance store that sells toys, lubricants (/wiki/Lubricants) , oils, and costumes. BlissConnection also offers information related to sex products for enhancing intimate relationships. [11] (#cite_note-11) She has written an essay in the Jes Baker's book Things No One Will Tell Fat Girls titled "Hot Sex & The Curvy Girl". [12] (#cite_note-12) She is the host of the radio show titled Bliss Talks . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) She is the author of several books including The Curvy Girl Playbook . [15] (#cite_note-15) She and Adryenn Ashley (/w/index.php?title=Adryenn_Ashley&action=edit&redlink=1) are the executive producers of the reality TV show Plus Life . The show centers on Bougon's Curvy Girl Lingerie boutique. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) She regularly writes articles and columns for Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) and YourTango . [20] (#cite_note-20) Before starting her own ventures, Bougon used to work for technology companies in Silicon Valley. [21] (#cite_note-21) Regular women un-Photoshopped campaign [ edit ] Bougon started the campaign by asking women of all shapes and sizes to post pictures of themselves in lingerie on her Curvy Girl Facebook Page. Bougon says she wanted to connect with the "regular" people out there in the Internet world and show them that: "For most Curvies, they have rolls, bumps, lumps, scars, stretch marks, surgery scars, breasts that are natural and that have breast-fed babies. And they can still be stunning and beautiful." After fitness advocate Maria Kang (/wiki/Maria_Kang) criticized the campaign in a post on Kang's Facebook page, Bougon and other people reported Kang's comments as "hate speech" to Facebook's administration, which blocked Kang's accounts for two days. Kang and Bougon subsequently debated their opposing views over social and broadcast media. Bougon made numerous appearances in shows like CNN (/wiki/CNN) , the Today Show (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) , Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) , and The Bethany Show to defend her campaign. [22] (#cite_note-22) COVID-19 and obesity [ edit ] Bougon was first inoculated against COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) at age 53, only days after vaccine eligibility in California was broadened to people with underlying conditions, which included a body-mass index of 40 or more (233 pounds for an adult who is 5 feet 4 inches tall). "The virus has underscored yet another serious inequity" but "finally, being fat actually paid off". [23] (#cite_note-23) Studies link higher body mass index, or BMI, to increased risk for severe COVID-19 symptoms. In 2013, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a disease. [24] (#cite_note-24) The fat-acceptance movement nevertheless argues it is possible to be healthy at any size. [25] (#cite_note-25) FatProductReview YouTube channel [ edit ] Bougon runs a YouTube channel (/wiki/YouTube_channel) by the name FatProductReview , self-described as "fat products reviewed by fat people for fat people". [26] (#cite_note-26) Awards [ edit ] As a radio show host, Bougon received the "Top Talker" and "Frontier Fifty" awards from Talker magazine along with Laura Schlessinger (/wiki/Laura_Schlessinger) , Rush Limbaugh (/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh) , and Sean Hannity (/wiki/Sean_Hannity) in the same year. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Fat Babe, Spooky. "Meet Chrystal Bougon: A Chat About Body Positivity, Sex, & Her New TV Show!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133644/http://www.donutsanddissent.com/wicked-women/2015/11/13/meet-chrystal-bougon) . donutsanddissent . Archived from the original (http://www.donutsanddissent.com/wicked-women/2015/11/13/meet-chrystal-bougon) on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Southard Ospina, Marie. "Chrystal Bougon of Curvy Girl Lingerie Talks Plus Size Fashion, Fat Sex and Reality TV" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/56777-chrystal-bougon-of-curvy-girl-lingerie-talks-plus-size-fashion-fat-sex-and-reality-tv) . Bustle.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123150759/http://www.bustle.com/articles/56777-chrystal-bougon-of-curvy-girl-lingerie-talks-plus-size-fashion-fat-sex-and-reality-tv) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sidney, Emiley. "Chrystal Bougon / Curvy Girl / Bliss Connection" (http://www.threegirlsmedia.com/2013/11/20/chrystal-bougon/) . threegirlsmedia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151002164139/http://www.threegirlsmedia.com/2013/11/20/chrystal-bougon/) from the original on 2015-10-02 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Chrystal Bougon" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chrystal-bougon/) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134922/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chrystal-bougon/) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Curvy Girl Chrystal Bougon, Author" (http://www.yourtango.com/experts/BlissConnection) . yourtango . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044135/http://www.yourtango.com/experts/BlissConnection) from the original on 2015-12-08 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fernandez, Lisa. " (http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Fit-Mom-vs-Curvy-Girl-Battle-Weight-Sexiness-On-Air-Online-234465481.html) 'Fit Mom' Maria Kang vs. 'Curvy Girl' Chrystal Bougon – Battle Weight, Sexiness On-Air, Online" (http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Fit-Mom-vs-Curvy-Girl-Battle-Weight-Sexiness-On-Air-Online-234465481.html) . NBCBayArea.com . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133728/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Fit-Mom-vs-Curvy-Girl-Battle-Weight-Sexiness-On-Air-Online-234465481.html) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "ChrystalBougon" (https://about.me/ChrystalBougon) . About.me . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123143631/https://about.me/ChrystalBougon) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Small businesses lose traffic as Facebook pares updates" (http://www.dallasnews.com/business/small-business/20150905-small-businesses-lose-traffic-as-facebook-pares-updates.ece) . dallasnews . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123140910/http://www.dallasnews.com/business/small-business/20150905-small-businesses-lose-traffic-as-facebook-pares-updates.ece) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Curvy Girl Lingerie's Stars of 'Plus Life' Embrace Their Size Despite Internet Trolls" (http://www.wdrb.com/story/30525644/curvy-girl-lingeries-stars-of-plus-life-embrace-their-size-despite-internet-trolls) . wdrb . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123142037/http://www.wdrb.com/story/30525644/curvy-girl-lingeries-stars-of-plus-life-embrace-their-size-despite-internet-trolls) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "South Bay lingerie store for plus-sized women targeted by vandals" (http://www.ktvu.com/news/4635538-story) . ktvu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123182826/http://www.ktvu.com/news/4635538-story) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Jones, Georgina. "Curvy Girl Lingerie Launches 'Plus Life', a New Body Positive Reality TV Show" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/121091-curvy-girl-lingerie-launches-plus-life-a-new-body-positive-reality-tv-show-video) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123153647/http://www.bustle.com/articles/121091-curvy-girl-lingerie-launches-plus-life-a-new-body-positive-reality-tv-show-video) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Zinko, Carolyne. "Reality TV show 'Plus Life' celebrates big & beautiful" (http://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/Reality-TV-show-Plus-Life-celebrates-big-6627646.php) . sfchronicle . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134733/http://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/Reality-TV-show-Plus-Life-celebrates-big-6627646.php) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Unapproachable (Chrystal Bougon)" (http://findingourhunger.com/2015/10/14/unapproachable/) . FindingOurHunger.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123135420/http://findingourhunger.com/2015/10/14/unapproachable/) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fattitude Body Love Badass: Chrystal Bougon" (https://fattitudethemovie.wordpress.com/2015/06/23/the-summer-of-big-fat-love-chrystal-bougon-owner-curvy-girl-lingerie/) . FattitudeTheMovie . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123161756/https://fattitudethemovie.wordpress.com/2015/06/23/the-summer-of-big-fat-love-chrystal-bougon-owner-curvy-girl-lingerie/) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Curvy Girl Lingerie's Stars of 'Plus Life' Embrace Their Size Despite Internet Trolls" (http://www.khq.com/story/30525644/curvy-girl-lingeries-stars-of-plus-life-embrace-their-size-despite-internet-trolls) . KHQ.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123140335/http://www.khq.com/story/30525644/curvy-girl-lingeries-stars-of-plus-life-embrace-their-size-despite-internet-trolls) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Plus Life: Reality TV" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4941254/) . imdb . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180918200557/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4941254/) from the original on 2018-09-18 . Retrieved 2018-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Plus Life" (http://pluslifetv.com/) . PlusLifeTV.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123160431/http://pluslifetv.com/) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Jones, Georgina. "Living the Plus Life" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/121091-curvy-girl-lingerie-launches-plus-life-a-new-body-positive-reality-tv-show-video) . Bustle.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123153647/http://www.bustle.com/articles/121091-curvy-girl-lingerie-launches-plus-life-a-new-body-positive-reality-tv-show-video) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Penn, Stephaine. "Curvy Girl Lingerie's Owner Chrystal Bougon Wants to Create a Reality Show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132839/http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2014/12/24/curvy-girl-lingeries-owner-chrystal-bougon-wants-create-reality-show/) . DailyVenusDiva.com . Archived from the original (http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2014/12/24/curvy-girl-lingeries-owner-chrystal-bougon-wants-create-reality-show/) on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Cruz, Marcy. "Curvy Girl Lingerie Debuts Sizzle Reel For Their New Reality TV Show" (http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2015/11/curvy-girl-lingerie-debuts-sizzle-reel-for-their-new-reality-tv-show/) . plus-model-mag . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133815/http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2015/11/curvy-girl-lingerie-debuts-sizzle-reel-for-their-new-reality-tv-show/) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Curvy Girl Lingerie's Stars of 'Plus Life' Embrace Their Size Despite Internet Trolls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134057/http://www.consumerelectronicsnet.com/article/Curvy-Girl-Lingeries-Stars-of-Plus-Life-Embrace-Their-Size-Despite-Internet-Trolls-4170136) . consumerelectronicsnet . Archived from the original (http://www.consumerelectronicsnet.com/article/Curvy-Girl-Lingeries-Stars-of-Plus-Life-Embrace-Their-Size-Despite-Internet-Trolls-4170136) on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Stewart, Dodai. "Fit Mom to Curvy Girl: You Can 'Just Tell' If a Person Is Unhealthy" (http://jezebel.com/fit-mom-to-curvy-girl-you-can-just-tell-if-a-person-1474820560) . jezebel . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151226071941/http://jezebel.com/fit-mom-to-curvy-girl-you-can-just-tell-if-a-person-1474820560) from the original on 2015-12-26 . Retrieved 2015-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Institutional racism, inequity fuel high minority death toll from coronavirus, L.A. officials say" (https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-11/institutional-racism-inequity-high-minority-death-toll-coronavirus) . Los Angeles Times . 2020-05-11. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235523/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-11/institutional-racism-inequity-high-minority-death-toll-coronavirus) from the original on 2024-04-05 . Retrieved 2024-07-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "What changes now that doctors have declared obesity a 'disease'?" (https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-obesity-disease-ama-20130619-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2013-06-19. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240115210843/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-obesity-disease-ama-20130619-story.html) from the original on 2024-01-15 . Retrieved 2024-07-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Fat shaming, BMI and alienation: COVID-19 brought new stigma to large-sized people" (https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-05-08/analyzing-covid-vaccine-inequity-through-obesity-lens) . Los Angeles Times . 2021-05-08. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210531075648/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-05-08/analyzing-covid-vaccine-inequity-through-obesity-lens) from the original on 2021-05-31 . Retrieved 2021-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "FatProductReview" (https://www.youtube.com/c/FatProductReview/videos) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602222602/https://www.youtube.com/c/FatProductReview/videos) from the original on 2021-06-02 . Retrieved 2021-06-02 – via YouTube. External links [ edit ] Chrystal Bougon (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5613274/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Curvy Girl (http://curvygirlinc.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/35171395496430520928) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2024039287) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐8698f5b84d‐zvczs Cached time: 20240717210104 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.531 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2916/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58461/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1691/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105109/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.273/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6310047/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 496.317 1 -total 39.38% 195.463 1 Template:Reflist 32.50% 161.310 25 Template:Cite_web 20.30% 100.754 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.44% 86.577 1 Template:Authority_control 11.02% 54.716 1 Template:Short_description 6.55% 32.500 2 Template:Pagetype 6.45% 32.028 1 Template:Citation_needed 5.56% 27.587 1 Template:Fix 5.04% 24.999 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48091649-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717210104 and revision id 1235135744. 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Traditional Andalusian wide-brimmed hat Cordovan hat Sombreros cordobeses Type Hat Material Wool (/wiki/Wool) felt (/wiki/Felt) Place of origin Córdoba (/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain) , Spain The Cordovan hat (in Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) , sombrero cordobés ) is a traditional hat made in the city of Córdoba (/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) and traditionally worn in a large part of Andalusia (/wiki/Andalusia) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In the Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) -speaking world outside of Andalusia, the term can simply mean "wide-brimmed hat". [ citation needed ] Characteristics [ edit ] Although the sombrero cordobés has no standard sizes, the height of the crown can vary from 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in), and the width of the brim can vary from 8 to 12 centimetres (3.1 to 4.7 in). [ citation needed ] Although the most traditional color is black, other common colors include red, pearl gray, sea green, and navy blue. [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] The origin of the style is unclear. Drawings as early as the 17th century show day laborers wearing this sort of hat. The style became more widespread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [ citation needed ] Among the people who have worn the sombrero cordobés are Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , [2] (#cite_note-2) flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) vocalist Juanito Valderrama (/wiki/Juanito_Valderrama) , the rejoneador (/wiki/Rejoneador) Antonio Cañero (/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ca%C3%B1ero&action=edit&redlink=1) —so identified with the style that the hat is sometimes called a cañero —and the matador (/wiki/Matador) Manolete (/wiki/Manolete) . It can also be seen in the paintings of Julio Romero de Torres (/wiki/Julio_Romero_de_Torres) . [ citation needed ] The Beatles (/wiki/Beatles) , on their visit to Spain, wore it as a symbol of the country. Former football (/wiki/Association_football) player Finidi George (/wiki/Finidi_George) of Real Betis (/wiki/Real_Betis) always wore it when celebrating after scoring during his time there. [ citation needed ] The fictional characters Zorro (/wiki/Zorro) and Black Hat (from the 2011 film Priest (/wiki/Priest_(2011_film)) ) are often depicted wearing this style of hat. [ citation needed ] Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Definition of (http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?origen=RAE&LEMA=sombrero&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No#sombrero_cordob%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés , Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española (/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola) (DRAE) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Picasso in Cordoban hat and Spanish cloak (1958 black-and-white photograph by David Douglas Duncan) – The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. (https://art.nelson-atkins.org/objects/60292/picasso-in-cordoban-hat-and-spanish-cloak;jsessionid=0304F46AEE9B740E4E726651D7A9F97C?ctx=7f2e7822-c45e-400f-a807-1d4900cf0b87&idx=30) Retrieved October 17, 2023. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sombrero cordobés (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sombrero_cordob%C3%A9s) . (in Spanish) Miguel García Capilla, El Sombrero Cordobés (http://www.arrakis.es/~mcapilla/sombrerocordobes/index2.html) Sea Also [ edit ] Boater (/wiki/Boater) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge 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(/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordovan_hat&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9l7cz Cached time: 20240720171609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.457 seconds Real time usage: 0.608 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2071/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 81246/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5152/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17143/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.298/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17253545/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 504.694 1 -total 20.16% 101.738 5 Template:Navbox 20.07% 101.306 1 Template:In_lang 18.57% 93.709 1 Template:Hats 17.21% 86.846 7 Template:Fact 15.86% 80.061 1 Template:Short_description 14.28% 72.081 7 Template:Fix 9.42% 47.567 2 Template:Pagetype 8.34% 42.093 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 7.97% 40.210 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27232780-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171609 and revision id 1233059582. 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American fashion designer Peggy Noland is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in Kansas City, Missouri (/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri) and Los Angeles, CA (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . She has been a teacher in the Fiber Department at the Kansas City Art Institute (/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute) since 2008. [1] (#cite_note-dazed-1) [2] (#cite_note-fiber-2) Biography [ edit ] Shop front of Peggy Noland Kansas City Noland is originally from Independence, Missouri (/wiki/Independence,_Missouri) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She is the daughter of artist Garry Noland. [4] (#cite_note-4) She majored in Religious Studies (/wiki/Religious_Studies) at Rockhurst University (/wiki/Rockhurst_University) , [2] (#cite_note-fiber-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) then worked as a production manager for a New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) clothing company in 2006. On returning to Kansas City, at age 23, Noland opened a boutique in the Crossroads, Kansas City (/wiki/Crossroads,_Kansas_City) , called Peggy Noland Kansas City which has since closed as of 2018. [1] (#cite_note-dazed-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) Kansas City's The Pitch (/wiki/The_Pitch_(newspaper)) awarded her with their Design/Fashion MasterMind Award in 2006. [7] (#cite_note-7) In August 2009, Noland opened a second boutique for a month in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Germany with the help of the Kansas City Artists Coalition (/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Artists_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1) [8] (#cite_note-berlin-8) and a grant from the Lighton International Artist Exchange Program. [1] (#cite_note-dazed-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) Clothing Label [ edit ] The aesthetic of the Peggy Noland brand has been described as "white trash meets high class". [10] (#cite_note-nymag.com-10) Her aesthetic is commonly referred to [ by whom? ] as a mixed style of meth addicts from her hometown in Independence, Missouri combined with an eccentric, Parisian old-lady. She is notorious for taking corporate logos and morphing them into an art form of their own. Her belief in consumerism and branding has led to a "mix of LA pop art and KC gutter-punk". [11] (#cite_note-fader-11) Her work uses bright colors, full-body leotards and patterns. [12] (#cite_note-12) Her designs have been worn by several musicians, including Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) , [10] (#cite_note-nymag.com-10) Lovefoxxx (/wiki/Lovefoxxx) from Brazilian band CSS (/wiki/CSS_(band)) , [13] (#cite_note-pitch-13) [14] (#cite_note-teen-14) Kianna Alarid (/wiki/Kianna_Alarid) from the Omaha, Nebraska (/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska) band Tilly and the Wall (/wiki/Tilly_and_the_Wall) , [13] (#cite_note-pitch-13) Fischerspooner (/wiki/Fischerspooner) , [14] (#cite_note-teen-14) Chicks on Speed (/wiki/Chicks_on_Speed) and The Ssion (/wiki/The_Ssion) . [8] (#cite_note-berlin-8) Actress Alia Shawkat (/wiki/Alia_Shawkat) has also bought one of her works. [13] (#cite_note-pitch-13) In 2009, she worked with Bec Stupak (/wiki/Bec_Stupak) . [1] (#cite_note-dazed-1) Her work has appeared in fashion and music magazines including WWD , [13] (#cite_note-pitch-13) Elle , Elle Japan , Dazed and Confused , [1] (#cite_note-dazed-1) Vogue , British Vogue , Nylon , Nylon Japan , Spin , Rolling Stone , and Missbehave , [15] (#cite_note-15) as well as fashion blogs (/wiki/Fashion_blogs) , like TeenVogue [14] (#cite_note-teen-14) and StyleBubble. [16] (#cite_note-16) From 2015 to 2019, Peggy owned a storefront in Echo Park that adorned such art installations as giant, green styrofoam hands and "cartoony body-building babe figures". [17] (#cite_note-17) Personal Style [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Peggy Noland" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peggy+Noland%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peggy+Noland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peggy+Noland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peggy+Noland%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peggy+Noland%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peggy+Noland%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) She is known for her distinctive hairstyles, which have changed over the years. Early in her career, the hair was shaved on top, while leaving the back and sides long. Before 2013, she had the sides and back shaved, wearing long hair on top. From 2013 until 2017, she only shaved the top bald. [11] (#cite_note-fader-11) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bubble, Susie (November 9, 2009). "Peggy does the Polka" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/Fashion/article/5697/1/Peggy_does_the_Polka) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fiber Faculty" (http://www.kcai.edu/about-kcai/administration-faculty/fiber) . Kansas City Art Institute . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Braverman, Rebecca (March 30, 2006). "MasterMind Award, design/fashion Peggy Noland" (https://www.pitch.com/2006-03-30/calendar/mastermind-award-design-fashion-peggy-noland/) . The Pitch . Kansas City . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Under the Influence: Peggy And Garry Nolanddios | The Art Assignment" (https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/peggy-garry-nolanddios-artassign-1019/peggy-garry-nolanddios-art-assignment/) . PBS LearningMedia . Retrieved August 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Host, Vivian (August 22, 2008). "Peggy Noland: Fashion Fabulousness" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100913155348/http://www.xlr8r.com/features/2008/08/peggy-noland-fashion-fabulousnes#) . XLR8R . Archived from the original (http://www.xlr8r.com/features/2008/08/peggy-noland-fashion-fabulousnes) on September 13, 2010 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gish, Sarah (August 27, 2019). "Homecoming queen: Artist Peggy Noland is returning to Kansas City to wrap cars in art" (https://www.kansascity.com/makercity-kc/article234424307.html) . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved August 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Meet Our MasterMinds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080515193628/http://www.pitch.com/2006-03-30/calendar/meet-our-masterminds/) . The Pitch . Kansas City. March 30, 2006. Archived from the original (https://www.pitch.com/2006-03-30/calendar/meet-our-masterminds/) on May 15, 2008 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Paul (/wiki/Paul_Gorman) (August 31, 2009). "Berlin's big bear-hug for dazzling Peggy Noland" (http://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=183) . The Look . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Liaep" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212640/http://www.kansascityartistscoalition.org/grants/liaep/liaep_recipients_list.html) . Kansas City Artists Coalition . Archived from the original (http://www.kansascityartistscoalition.org/grants/liaep/liaep_recipients_list.html) on July 26, 2011 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Allison (November 14, 2013). "Oprah: Skinny, Naked, and Screaming on Your Dress" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/11/oprah-skinny-naked-screaming-on-your-dress.html) . The Cut . Retrieved March 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Peters, John. "Peggy Noland: Popping Off" (http://www.thefader.com/2013/11/04/peggy-noland-interview-designer) . Fader . Retrieved March 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Wiebe, Crystal K. (July 25, 2007). "Star Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090703214937/http://www.pitch.com/2007-07-19/calendar/star-designer/) . The Pitch . Kansas City. Archived from the original (https://www.pitch.com/2007-07-19/calendar/star-designer/) on July 3, 2009 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dress You Up" (https://archive.today/20130131151458/http://www.pitch.com/kansascity/dress-you-up/Content?oid=2185226) . The Pitch . Kansas City. May 9, 2007. Archived from the original (https://www.pitch.com/2007-05-10/news/dress-you-up/) on January 31, 2013 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Spiridakis, Elizabeth (July 28, 2008). "Kansas City: Girl Crush & Must Have Label Alert: Peggy Noland" (http://www.teenvogue.com/style/blogs/fashion/2009/07/kansas-city-girl-crush-must-have-label-alert-peggy-noland.html) . TeenVogue . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Goo Goo Ga Ga Peggy Noland" (http://www.missbehavemag.com/?p=10521) . Missbehave . April 29, 2009 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bubble, Susie (August 14, 2009). "Thoughts for Peggy" (http://www.stylebubble.co.uk/style_bubble/2009/08/thoughts-for-peggy.html) . StyleBubble . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Peggy Noland Rolls Outrageously Into the Art Car World" (https://www.laweekly.com/peggy-noland-rolls-outrageously-into-the-art-car-world/) . LA Weekly . August 16, 2019 . Retrieved August 24, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.peggynoland.com/) Wowsugi, Naoko (June 2008). "Peggy Noland" (http://www.shift.jp.org/en/archives/2008/06/peggy_noland.html) . Shift . Japan . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . Peterson, Leann (January 18, 2008). "My Town: Kansas City, Missouri: Peggy Noland on Fashion & a Cat-Eating Goat-Dog" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090316042657/http://www.psychopedia.com/dailynews/2008/01/my_town_kansas_city_missouripe.html) . PsychoPedia . Archived from the original (http://www.psychopedia.com/dailynews/2008/01/my_town_kansas_city_missouripe.html) on March 16, 2009 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . 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Hair styling technique François Marcel marcelling his wife's hair, 1922 Marcelling is a hair styling (/wiki/Hair_styling) technique in which hot curling tongs (/wiki/Curling_tongs) are used to induce a curl into the hair. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-1920-30-2) Its appearance was similar to that of a finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) but it is created using a different method. Marcelled hair was a popular style for women's hair in the 1920s, [2] (#cite_note-1920-30-2) often in conjunction with a bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) . [2] (#cite_note-1920-30-2) For those women who had longer hair, it was common to tie the hair at the nape of the neck and pin it above the ear with a stylish hair pin or flower. One famous wearer was Josephine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) . [3] (#cite_note-encyc-of-hair-3) History [ edit ] Accounts vary about the invention of the style, but Marcel Grateau (October 18, 1852 – May 31, 1936) is widely credited with inventing the hair styling technique in the 1870s (differing accounts report 1872 or 1875). [3] (#cite_note-encyc-of-hair-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The inventor and stylist emigrated to the United States and changed his name to François Marcel Woelfflé , sometimes reported as François Marcel . [6] (#cite_note-uspatent1277739-6) [2] (#cite_note-1920-30-2) He was granted U.S. patents for implements for performing the technique; the first, U.S. patent 806386, entitled "Curling-Iron", was published in 1905, [7] (#cite_note-7) and the second, entitled "Hair-Waving Iron", for an electric version, under the name François Marcel, was published in 1918. [6] (#cite_note-uspatent1277739-6) His obituary appeared under the name Francois Marcel Grateau in 1936. [2] (#cite_note-1920-30-2) In popular culture [ edit ] In the 1914 song " By the Beautiful Sea (/wiki/By_the_Beautiful_Sea_(song)) ", the female protagonist is said to have a job marcelling hair. [8] (#cite_note-8) The song " Keep Young and Beautiful (/wiki/Keep_Young_and_Beautiful) ", popular in 1934, references the hairstyle. [9] (#cite_note-9) The doo-wop (/wiki/Doo-wop) group the Marcels (/wiki/The_Marcels) were named after the hairstyle. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) British comedian Kenny Everett (/wiki/Kenny_Everett) portrayed an over the top French stereotype by the name of Marcel Wave in his TV series. In the film Some Like It Hot (/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot) , actor Tony Curtis (/wiki/Tony_Curtis) stood up his girl who complains she just had her hair marcelled. See also [ edit ] Permanent wave (/wiki/Permanent_wave) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] Citations ^ (#cite_ref-1) Staples, Dorothy (2010). Time revisited : a memoir . S.l: Iuniverse Inc. p. 18. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4502-2902-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Marcel Wave" (http://www.1920-30.com/fashion/hairstyles/marcel-wave.html) . 1920-30.com . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sherrow 2006 (#CITEREFSherrow2006) , p. 257 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/257) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Vetica, Robert (2009). Good to Great Hair: Celebrity Hairstyling Techniques Made Simple . Beverly, Mass: Fair Winds Press. p. 77 (https://archive.org/details/goodtogreathairc0000veti/page/77) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59233-357-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Marcel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092436/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/marcel) . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/marcel) on 5 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b US patent 1277739 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1277739) ^ (#cite_ref-7) US patent 806386 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US806386) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "By the Beautiful Sea, Lyrics" (http://parlorsongs.com/content/b/bythebeausea-lyr.php) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sherrow 2006 (#CITEREFSherrow2006) , p. 258 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/258) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Morrow, Cousin Brucie; Maloof, Rich (2007). Doo Wop: The Music, the Times, the Era . New York: Sterling Pub. p. 152 (https://archive.org/details/doowopmusictimes00morr/page/152) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4027-4276-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Goldberg, Marv (2009). "The Marcels" (http://www.uncamarvy.com/Marcels/marcels.html) . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Works cited Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33145-6 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Marceled hair (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marceled_hair) at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of marcelling at Wiktionary hide v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet 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Type of cotton sari from Tamil Nadu, India Kandangi Saree Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) Description Cotton saris (/wiki/Sari) from Chettinad (/wiki/Chettinad) region Type Handicraft Area Chettinad (/wiki/Chettinad) , Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) Country India Registered 2019–20 Material cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , vegetable dyes (/wiki/Vegetable_dye) Kandangi is a type of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) saree (/wiki/Sari) from the Chettinad (/wiki/Chettinad) region of the Indian state (/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India) of Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It was declared as a Geographical indication (/wiki/List_of_geographical_indications_in_India) in 2019–20. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Description [ edit ] The Chettinadu Kandangi saree (/wiki/Chettinad#Local_Crafts) is native to the Chettinad (/wiki/Chettinad) region and has been in existence for over 150 years. [4] (#cite_note-4) Kandangi saris were traditionally made of silk (/wiki/Silk) . Later, cotton (/wiki/Cotton) was used for convenience. The saris are known for its checkered pattern using multiple colors with thick contrasting borders. Earthen colors and hues are used, mostly obtained from vegetable dyes (/wiki/Vegetable_dye) . The sari is coarse and made with a 40 thread count (/wiki/Thread_count) typically, to ensure longetivity. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Report-6) Process [ edit ] The cotton yarn (/wiki/Cotton_yarn) is dyed to different colors as per requirement. After drying, the yarn is spun (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) and collected in spools. The spools are warped (/wiki/Warp_(weaving)) , where the threads are separated and wound into warps. Cotton yarn is also hand spun (/wiki/Hand_spinning) to be used for wefting. The warps and wefts are loaded into a handloom (/wiki/Handloom) , where the cloth is weaved (/wiki/Weaving) . [6] (#cite_note-Report-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Application details" (https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/422) . Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Geographical indications in India (https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm) (Report). Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm) from the original on 3 December 2023 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) M, Aashutosh (30 August 2019). "Kandangi saree and Dindigul lock get GI tag" (https://maharashtranews.com/en/2019/featured/6895/GI-tag-Kandangi-Sari-Dindigul-locks-tamilnadu-handwoven-sarees-lock-city-geographical-indication.htm) . Maharashtra News . Retrieved 30 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Tamil Nadu to help weavers of Kandangi sarees" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-to-help-weavers-of-kandangi-sarees/article4627284.ece) . The Hindu Business Line . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "TN's Kandangi sari gets GI tag" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tns-kandangi-sari-gets-gi-tag-what-does-this-mean-for-the-states-handloom-market/articleshow/71092224.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 12 September 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ a b Kandangi Saree (https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/422-kandangi-saree.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) . February 2022 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . v t e Sari (/wiki/Sari) Central (/wiki/Central_India) Chanderi (/wiki/Chanderi_sari) Kosa (/wiki/Tussar_silk) East (/wiki/East_India) Baluchari (/wiki/Baluchari_sari) Berhampuri (/wiki/Berhampur_Patta) Bhagalpur (/wiki/Bhagalpur_sari) Bomkai (/wiki/Bomkai_sari) Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhaniakhali (/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari) Garad (/wiki/Garad_Saree) Habaspuri (/wiki/Habaspuri_sari) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Mekhela (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Murshidabad (/wiki/Murshidabad_silk) Pasapali (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Rajshahi (/wiki/Rajshahi_silk) Sambalpuri (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Shantipuri (/wiki/Shantipuri_sari) Tangail (/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)) Tant (/wiki/Tant_sari) Tussar (/wiki/Tussar_silk) North (/wiki/North_India) Banarasi (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Shalu (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) South (/wiki/South_India) Arani (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Coimbatore (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Gadwal (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Gollabhama (/wiki/Gollabhama_sari) Ilkal (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari) Kandangi Kuthampully (/wiki/Kuthampully_Saree) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Mangalagiri (/wiki/Mangalagiri_Sarees_and_Fabrics) Molakalmuru (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum Neriyathum (/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum) Mysore (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Pochampally (/wiki/Pochampally_sari) Salem (/wiki/Salem_silk) Thirubuvanam (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) Uppada Jamdani (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_Sari) Venkatagiri (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) West (/wiki/West_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Kasta (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Patola (/wiki/Patola_sari) Related topics Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) v t e Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu (/wiki/List_of_geographical_indications_in_India) 2005-06 Bhavani Jamakkalam (/wiki/Bhavani_Jamakkalam) Coimbatore Wet Grinder (/wiki/Coimbatore_Wet_Grinder) Kanchipuram Silk (/wiki/Kanchipuram_Silk) Madurai Sungudi (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Salem Fabric (/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Salem) 2007-08 Alleppey Green Cardamom (/wiki/Alleppey_Green_Cardamom) Arani Silk (/wiki/Arani_Silk) East India Leather (/wiki/East_India_Leather) Kovai Cora Cotton Sarees (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Malabar Pepper (/wiki/Malabar_pepper) Salem Venpattu (/wiki/Salem_silk) Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil (/wiki/Temple_Jewellery_of_Nagercoil) Thanjavur Art Plate (/wiki/Thanjavur_Art_Plate) Thanjavur Paintings (/wiki/Thanjavur_Paintings) 2008-09 Eathomozhy Tall Coconut (/wiki/Eathomozhy_Tall_Coconut) Nilgiri tea (/wiki/Nilgiri_tea) Sirumalai Hill Banana (/wiki/Sirumalai_Hill_Banana) Swamimalai Bronze Icons (/wiki/Swamimalai_Bronze_Icons) Thanjavur Doll (/wiki/Thanjavur_Doll) Virupakshi Hill Banana (/wiki/Virupakshi_Hill_Banana) 2012-13 Chettinad Kottan (/wiki/Chettinad_Kottan) Madurai Malli (/wiki/Madurai_Malli) Nachiarkoil Lamp (/wiki/Nachiarkoil_lamp) Pattamadai Mat (/wiki/Pattamadai_Mat) Thanjavur Veenai (/wiki/Thanjavur_Veenai) Toda Embroidery (/wiki/Toda_Embroidery) 2017-18 Mahabalipuram Stone Sculpture (/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram) 2018-19 Erode Turmeric (/wiki/Erode_Turmeric) Thirubuvanam Silk Sarees (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) 2019-20 Dindigul (/wiki/Dindigul) Locks (/wiki/Lock_and_key) Kandangi Saree Kodaikanal (/wiki/Kodaikanal) Malai Poondu (/wiki/Garlic) Kovilpatti (/wiki/Kovilpatti) Kadalai Mittai (/wiki/Chikki) Palani Panchamirtham (/wiki/Palani_Panchamirtham) Srivilliputhur (/wiki/Srivilliputhur) Palkova (/wiki/List_of_Indian_sweets_and_desserts) 2020-21 Arumbavur (/wiki/Arumbavur) Wood Carving (/wiki/Wood_Carving) Kallakurichi (/wiki/Kallakurichi) Wood Carving (/wiki/Wood_Carving) Kanniyakumari (/wiki/Kanniyakumari) Clove (/wiki/Clove) Karuppur (/wiki/Karuppur,_Kumbakonam) Kalamkari Paintings (/wiki/Kalamkari) Narasinghapettai (/wiki/Thanjavur_district) Nagaswaram (/wiki/Nagaswaram) Thanjavur (/wiki/Thanjavur) Netti Works (/wiki/Aeschynomene_aspera) 2022-23 Authoor (/wiki/Athur,_Thoothukudi) Vetrilai (/wiki/Betel) Cumbum (/wiki/Cumbum_valley) Panneer Thratchai (/wiki/Grape) Manamadurai (/wiki/Manamadurai) Pottery (/wiki/Pottery) Manapparai Murukku (/wiki/Manapparai_Murukku) Marthandam (/wiki/Marthandam) Honey (/wiki/Honey) Myladi (/wiki/Myladi,_Tamil_Nadu) Stone Carvings (/wiki/Sculpture) Negamam (/wiki/Periya_Negamam) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Saree (/wiki/Saree) Ooty Varkey (/wiki/Ooty_varkey) Ramnathapuram (/wiki/Ramnathapuram) Mundu Chilli (/wiki/Chili_pepper) Salem (/wiki/Salem,_India) Sago (/wiki/Sago) Sholavandan (/wiki/Sholavandan) Vetrilai (/wiki/Betel) Thaikkal (/wiki/Kollidam_block) Rattan Craft (/wiki/Rattan) Vellore (/wiki/Vellore) Spiny Brinjal (/wiki/Brinjal) 2023-24 Chedibutta (/wiki/Chettinad) Saree (/wiki/Saree) Jaderi (/wiki/Cheyyar_block) Nama (/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra) katti (/wiki/Chalk) Kanyakumari (/wiki/Kanyakumari) Matti Banana (/wiki/Banana) Udangudi (/wiki/Udangudi) Panangkarupatti (/wiki/Jaggery) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Jewelry retailer based in Mumbai, India Gitanjali Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Diamond (/wiki/Gemstone) and Jewellery Founded 1966 ; 58 years ago ( 1966 ) Fate Bankruptcy Headquarters Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , India [1] (#cite_note-gitanjaligroup1-1) Key people Mehul Choksi (/wiki/Mehul_Choksi) (Chairman) [2] (#cite_note-2) Products Diamond, jewellery, retail & lifestyle and infrastructure Revenue ₹ 135 billion (US$1.6 billion) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-business-standard1-4) Website www (http://www.gitanjaligroup.com/) .gitanjaligroup (http://www.gitanjaligroup.com/) .com (http://www.gitanjaligroup.com/) now defunct and dead link Gitanjali Group was one of the largest branded jewellery retailers in the world. It was headquartered in Mumbai, India (/wiki/Mumbai) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Gitanjali used to sell its jewellery through over 4,000 Points of Sale and held a market share of over 50 per cent of the overall organised jewellery market in India. Prominent brands housed by the group included Nakshatra, D'damas, Gili, Asmi, Sangini, Maya, Giantti, World of Solitaire and Shuddhi. It was closed following Punjab National Bank Fraud (/wiki/Punjab_National_Bank_Scam) more commonly known as Nirav Modi Fraud. Listing [ edit ] The company was listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange) with script code 532715, National Stock Exchange of India (/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India) script name Gitanjali 2018 Investigation [ edit ] Further information: Punjab National Bank Scam (/wiki/Punjab_National_Bank_Scam) Mehul Choksi (/wiki/Mehul_Choksi) , the founder and managing director [6] (#cite_note-6) of ‘Gitanjali Gems’ and the maternal uncle of Nirav Modi (/wiki/Nirav_Modi) has come under the radar of various investigating agencies, following the Enforcement Directorate (ED) (/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate) filing a case against the latter for conducting fraudulent transactions from the Punjab National Bank (/wiki/Punjab_National_Bank) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) This case is claimed to be India's biggest bank fraud wiping out 14,000 crore rupees. [9] (#cite_note-9) Mehul Choksi fled India along with his nephew after the F.I.R was filed about the bank scam. [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Nirav Modi (/wiki/Nirav_Modi) Punjab National Bank Scam (/wiki/Punjab_National_Bank_Scam) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-gitanjaligroup1_1-0) "Gitanjali Group" (http://www.gitanjaligroup.com/contact/contact_write_to_us.html) . Gitanjali Group . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Gitanjali seeks patents for 25 new diamond cuts" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120601880600.htm) . The Hindu Business Line. 6 December 2003 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "NSE - Financial Results Details" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120331030343/http://www.nseindia.com/marketinfo/companyinfo/eod/results.jsp?param=01-APR-200931-MAR-2010ANANCCEGITANJALI&seq_id=75031&viewFlag=N) . Archived from the original (https://www.nseindia.com/marketinfo/companyinfo/eod/results.jsp?param=01-APR-200931-MAR-2010ANANCCEGITANJALI&seq_id=75031&viewFlag=N) on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-business-standard1_4-0) "Gitanjali Group eyes Rs 10K cr turnover in two years" (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/gitanjali-group-eyes-rs-10k-cr-turnover-in-two-years/87492/on) . Business-standard.com. 4 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Gitanjali Gems Head Office | Gitanjali Gems Headquarters Details - The Economic Times" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/gitanjali-gems-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-17840.cms) . economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 25 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Board of Directors – Gitanjali Group" (http://www.gitanjaligroup.com/board-of-directors/) . www.gitanjaligroup.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "L'affaire Nirav Modi: Mehul Choksi, Gitanjali Gems under Sebi scanner" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/laffaire-nirav-modi-mehul-choksi-gitanjali-under-sebi-scanner/articleshow/62935694.cms) . The Economic Times . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pandey, Devesh K. (16 February 2018). "PNB fraud case: CBI registers fresh case against Gitanjali Group" (http://www.thehindu.com/business/pnb-fraud-case-cbi-registers-fresh-case-against-gitanjali-group/article22772498.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "PNB Scam" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pnb-scam-properties-worth-rs-500-cr-of-nirav-modi-firms-restored-to-bank/articleshow/85691573.cms) . Economic Times . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chauha, Neeraj (24 July 2018). "Fugitive Mehul Choksi flees to Antigua, acquires local passport" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65122628.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180821002601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fugitive-mehul-choksi-flees-to-antigua-acquires-local-passport/articleshow/65122628.cms) from the original on 21 August 2018. v t e Gitanjali Group Jewellery companies Gitanjali Gems D'damas (/w/index.php?title=D%27damas&action=edit&redlink=1) Nakshatra Jewellery (/wiki/Nakshatra_Jewellery) Asmi Sangini Lucera Calgaro Rivaaz Desire Stefan Hafner Kashvi Ezee Diamonds Aakanksha Maya Diya Rosato Watch brands Morellato Philip Marvin Everlast Iris NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐fzjgd Cached time: 20240712171636 Cache expiry: 1665806 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.396 seconds Real time usage: 0.518 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2124/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33838/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2326/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47330/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.254/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6364931/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 488.557 1 -total 28.92% 141.309 1 Template:Infobox_company 27.67% 135.194 1 Template:Reflist 26.66% 130.238 1 Template:Infobox 20.67% 100.974 6 Template:Cite_web 19.90% 97.214 1 Template:Gitanjali_Group 17.45% 85.264 1 Template:Navbox 14.24% 69.585 1 Template:Short_description 7.97% 38.923 2 Template:Pagetype 4.54% 22.183 1 Template:INRConvert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30168386-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171636 and revision id 1177471408. 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Italian designer and jeweler (1987) Delfina Delettrez Fendi Born 1987 Nationality Italian (/wiki/Italians) Occupation Jeweler designer Delfina Delettrez Fendi (born 1987) is an internationally known Italian designer and jeweler based in Rome. Career [ edit ] The fourth-generation heiress of the Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) [1] (#cite_note-1) family, the Italian luxury fashion house, Delettrez founded her own company, Delfina Delettrez, in 2007, with the help of her father, Bernard Delettrez, a well known jewellery maker who gave her his own brand symbol (and the know-how) which was designed by Karl Lagerfeld for him many years before. In the same year, the trendsetting Paris store Colette staged a show of the pieces Delettrez had made for herself. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) By January 2009, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) in Paris had acquired two of her pieces for its permanent collection. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Her works have led to numerous design collaborations with brands such as Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) , Miami-based concept store The Webster, [3] (#cite_note-3) Dover Street Market, [4] (#cite_note-4) Diamond Foundry, Fendi; [5] (#cite_note-5) made from precious metals and gemstones, Delettrez's designs consist of figurative surrealism and natural iconography including animals, hands and lips, alongside her new signature eye design. [6] (#cite_note-businessoffashion.com-6) Delettrez has also presented solo exhibitions at the Antonella Villanova Gallery in Miami [7] (#cite_note-7) as well as the Galleria O in Rome, and in March 2012 she showcased her Metalphysic collection at the Louvre's Musée (/wiki/Louvre) des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, [8] (#cite_note-8) becoming the youngest designer to be showcased at the venerated museum. In 2013 she was chosen to become part of BoF 500 – The people shaping the global fashion industry. [6] (#cite_note-businessoffashion.com-6) In 2016, she was named in Forbes Magazine "30 Under 30" list [9] (#cite_note-9) that celebrates the youngest and brightest entrepreneurs. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Delfina Delettrez Fendi is a jewellery maker with pedigree" (http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/delfina-delettrez-fendi-is-a-jewellery-maker-with-pedigree-8824514.html) . The Independent . 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ a b Beckett, Kathleen (10 February 2020). "Delfina Delettrez on Twisting the Rules" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/10/fashion/jewelry-defina-delettrez-fendi-rome.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fendi × Delfina Delettrez × The Webster" (https://thewebster.us/play/must-read/fendi-x-delfina-delettrez-fendi-x-webster/) . The Webster . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Matthams, Kate. "Diamond Foundry x Dover Street Market Lab-Grown Diamond Collaboration Has Dropped" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/katematthams/2019/04/24/the-diamond-foundry-x-dover-street-market-collaboration-just-dropped/) . Forbes . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) UK, FashionNetwork com. "Delfina Delettrez Fendi brings her surrealist design to Fendi watch collection" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/delfina-delettrez-fendi-brings-her-surrealist-design-to-fendi-watch-collection,672474.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ a b "Delfina Delettrez is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/delfina-delettrez) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Solomon Mines Luxury Jewish Magazine Delfina Fendi" (https://www.solomonmines.com/delfa-fendi) . Solomon mines . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Delfina Delettrez Fendi on growing up in the fashion world" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/delfina-delettrez-fendi-on-growing-up-in-the-fashion-world/article34581169/) . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Delfina Delettrez" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/delfina-delettrez/) . Forbes . Retrieved 24 April 2020 . 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Cheap ready-made clothing In 16th to 19th century Europe and North America, the slop trade was the manufacture and sale of slop , cheap ready-made clothing that was made by slop-workers and sold in slop-shops by slop-sellers . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1892SLOP-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Slop [ edit ] The name "slop" was originally naval slang (/wiki/Naval_slang) for the cheap ready-made clothing that a naval rating (/wiki/Naval_rating) would purchase in lieu of an official uniform (which ratings in the British Royal Navy (/wiki/Royal_Navy) , at least, did not have until 1857) sometimes from a "slop chest" maintained on board ship by the purser (/wiki/Purser) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20156-5) The trade [ edit ] The trade originated in government purchases of uniforms for soldiers and sailors; said uniforms being standardized and mass-produced rather than tailored to individuals, made to official specifications with rules about materials and shapes. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20156-5) The rise in the slop trade was particularly spurred on by wartime orders for military clothing, such as during the Nine Years War (/wiki/Nine_Years_War) and the War of the Spanish Succession (/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20156-5) The slop trade was flourishing by the 18th century, as slop-sellers realized that they could sell to the general public as well as to the army and navy, and also received a boost from the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) . [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20157-6) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200010-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) Slop work became organized into a system of large clothing warehouses subcontracting out to small workshops or individuals. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200010–11-9) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffen198444–45-10) In the 19th century, however, "slop" was to gain a negative connotation, because of an economic conflict with the older bespoke tailoring industry. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20157-6) In the U.K. the rise of industrialization led to a growing workforce of largely female slop-worker labour, working on piecework, paid by the item, from home, which grew to outnumber the largely male workforce of craft tailors who in contrast worked in a master tailor's workshop and were paid by time worked. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20157-6) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) In 1824 the ratio of the former to the latter in London was 4:1, but by 1849 it was 3:20. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) The gender disparity had been created by exclusionary practices in the craft tailoring trade in the late 18th and early 19th century, as male tailors sought to exclude women. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) Similar factors were at work elsewhere; such as in Baltimore (/wiki/Baltimore) in the United States, where large tailoring enterprises such as Thomas Sheppard and Nathaniel Childs took to styling themselves "tailor and slop seller". [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffen198445-11) An increasingly female population with a growing number of female household heads provided a ready workforce of cheaper lesser-skilled female labour. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffen198445-11) In London, cheap ready-made clothing gained a wider market through increased middle-class and working-class incomes in the latter part of the century, [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1995160-12) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20157–8-13) and a succession of strikes organized by tailors unions (in 1827, 1830, and 1834) largely failed. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) The women slop-workers were seen as, and sometimes used as, strike-breakers (/wiki/Strike-breaker) , particularly in the London Tailors' Union strike of 1834 (which sought better wages, shorter hours, and a prohibition of the piecework and homework that slop-work involved); [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200011-14) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) and contemporary commentators (such as Henry Mayhew (/wiki/Henry_Mayhew) who interviewed clothes sellers and Charles Kingsley (/wiki/Charles_Kingsley) in both his Cheap Clothes and Nasty and Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet (/wiki/Alton_Locke) ) painted the traditional tailoring trade's view of the situation as the "honourable" traditional tradesmen (also known as "Flints") versus the "dishonourable" slop-workers (named "Dungs") who worked in sweat-shops (/wiki/Sweat-shop) , and the de-skilling of what was once skilled labour. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20157-6) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200011-14) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2008268-8) [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNBR1851408-15) The clothing, also, was criticized for its poor quality, especially those slops that were made of shoddy (/wiki/Shoddy) , and for its exploitation of mainly the low-skilled women workers in the industry whose jobs involved minute parts of the overall process of the production of the clothes. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToplis20158-16) See also [ edit ] Parramatta cloth (/wiki/Parramatta_cloth) was one type of slop cloth made of woolen, and there were flax linen cloths for convict clothing that women convicts made at the Parramatta Female Factory (/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Cross-reference [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1892SLOP_1-0) Alden 1892 (#CITEREFAlden1892) , SLOP. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Definition of SLOPSELLER" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slopseller) . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2021-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Company, Cassell & (1884). German Pronouncing Dictionary in Two Parts: German-English, English-German: With an Appendix, Containing the Most Important Changes Introduced Into German Orthography in the Year 1880 by the Prussian Minister of Education . Cassell. p. 460. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Latham, Robert Gordon (1876). "A" Dictionary of the English Language: Founded on that of Samuel Johnson as Edited by H. J. Todd ; with Numerous Emendations and Additions ; in Two Volumes. RELU - ZYMO . Longmans, Green, & Company. p. 955. ^ a b c Toplis 2015 (#CITEREFToplis2015) , p. 6. ^ a b c d Toplis 2015 (#CITEREFToplis2015) , p. 7. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200010_7-0) Honeyman 2000 (#CITEREFHoneyman2000) , p. 10. ^ a b c d e f g Burnette 2008 (#CITEREFBurnette2008) , p. 268. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoneyman200010–11_9-0) Honeyman 2000 (#CITEREFHoneyman2000) , pp. 10–11. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteffen198444–45_10-0) Steffen 1984 (#CITEREFSteffen1984) , pp. 44–45. ^ a b Steffen 1984 (#CITEREFSteffen1984) , p. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1995160_12-0) Green 1995 (#CITEREFGreen1995) , p. 160. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToplis20157–8_13-0) Toplis 2015 (#CITEREFToplis2015) , pp. 7–8. ^ a b Honeyman 2000 (#CITEREFHoneyman2000) , p. 11. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNBR1851408_15-0) TNBR 1851 (#CITEREFTNBR1851) , p. 408. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToplis20158_16-0) Toplis 2015 (#CITEREFToplis2015) , p. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-17) fionas (2017-07-13). " (https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/convict-sydney/slop-clothing) 'Slop' clothing" (https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/convict-sydney/slop-clothing) . Sydney Living Museums . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . Sources [ edit ] Toplis, Alison (2015). The Clothing Trade in Provincial England, 1800–1850 . Perspectives in Economic and Social History. Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317323051 . Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 . Pasold studies in textile history. Vol. 11. Pasold Research Fund. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780199202379 . Burnette, Joyce (2008). Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain . Cambridge Studies in Economic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781139470582 . Alden, John Berry (1892). Alden's Manifold Cyclopedia of Knowledge and Language . Vol. 34. New York: The Columbia Publishing Company. Steffen, Charles G. (1984). The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 . Working class in American history. University of Illinois Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780252010880 . Green, David R. (1995). From Artisans to Paupers: Economic Change and Poverty in London, 1790–1870 . Scolar Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781859280331 . " London Labour and the London Poor by Henry Mayhew". The North British Review . Vol. 14. Edinburgh: W. P. Kennedy. 1851. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d7979cbdd‐jcmg8 Cached time: 20240715213558 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38665690-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715213558 and revision id 972638389. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. M Fashion events in Malawi (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Malawi) ‎ (1 P) N Fashion events in Nigeria (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Nigeria) ‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Fashion events in Africa" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards 2018 (/wiki/Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards_2018) Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards 2019 (/wiki/Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards_2019) Afri art fashion show (/wiki/Afri_art_fashion_show) C Caftan Show (/wiki/Caftan_Show) H Hot Pink Catwalk (/wiki/Hot_Pink_Catwalk) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Africa&oldid=972638389 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Africa&oldid=972638389) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : African fashion (/wiki/Category:African_fashion) Fashion events (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events) Events in Africa (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Africa)
This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Hickies_(shoes)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Hickies+%28shoes%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Hickies+%28shoes%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Hickies_(shoes)) for suggestions. ( August 2016 ) HICKIES Company type Private held company Founded 2011 Founder Gaston Frydlewski and Mariquel Waingarten Headquarters New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Area served North America (/wiki/North_America) , South America (/wiki/South_America) , Asia (/wiki/Asia) , Europe (/wiki/Europe) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Products Hickies Lacing System Brands Hickies Owner Gaston Frydlewski and Mariquel Waingarten Website https://www.hickies.com (https://www.hickies.com) HICKIES, Inc is a footwear accessories company headquartered in Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) , [1] (#cite_note-Forbes-1) producing a no-tie shoelace alternative which is currently sold in over 40 countries. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) The company was founded in 2011 [3] (#cite_note-3) by Gaston Frydlweski [4] (#cite_note-4) and Mariquel Waingarten. [5] (#cite_note-5) Frydlewski is CEO (/wiki/CEO) and Waingarten as chief marketing officer (/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer) . [1] (#cite_note-Forbes-1) The name HICKIES is from the cheeky term for a mark of affection. The founders believe the world needs more “marks of affection”, and they wanted to leave a mark of affection on everyone's footwear. [6] (#cite_note-Kickstarter-6) History [ edit ] Hickies launched its first product with a Kick starter (/wiki/Kick_starter) campaign in 2012 that raised US$159,167, [6] (#cite_note-Kickstarter-6) six times more than the $25,000 goal. Following the Kick starter campaign, the company opened office in Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) and began production in Taiwan. After initial funding, Hydra Ventures (/wiki/Hydra_Ventures) , along with other investment funds, then invested US$6.2 million in the company. [1] (#cite_note-Forbes-1) In October 2012, Brookstone (/wiki/Brookstone) introduced the product to the footwear market. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2015, Argentine apparel manufacturer and distributor Topper (sports) (/wiki/Topper_(sports)) signed an agreement with Hickies. In Argentina and other South American countries, Topper (sports) (/wiki/Topper_(sports)) handles the distribution and sales of Hickies Lacing System. [8] (#cite_note-8) Products [ edit ] HICKIES designs, produces and markets a product called the Hickies Lacing System. The lacing system replaces traditional shoelaces in footwear. The lacing system also helps people with impaired fine motor skills, such as cerebral palsy and autism wear shoes that require lacing. [9] (#cite_note-9) Hickies laces are made from a plastic Elastomer (/wiki/Elastomer) and the head is fashioned from a Polycarbonate (/wiki/Polycarbonate) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Individual strap and head combinations are inserted into the shoe's eyelets in a number of pre-established lacing patterns in order to adjust the fit to the user. [11] (#cite_note-11) Endorsements [ edit ] Hickies products have been featured or worn by pro-golfer Danny Willett (/wiki/Danny_Willett) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Whoopi Goldberg (/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg) , [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) Chloë Grace Moretz (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz) , [1] (#cite_note-Forbes-1) [14] (#cite_note-14) designer Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) . [1] (#cite_note-Forbes-1) In May 2016, HICKIES signed golfer Danny Willett on a two-year endorsement deal that will include creation of a Danny Willett signature golf HICKIES Lacing System. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Feldman, Amy(2016-04-08) "Hate Shoelaces? Hickies Founder Does Too And Is Building A $10 Million Business Replacing Them" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2016/04/18/hate-shoelaces-hickies-founder-does-too-and-is-building-a-10-million-business-replacing-them/2/#2e7f9f9047f2) Forbes . Retrieved on 5 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-:2_2-0) "Hickies Releases New Era Of Shoelaces And Continues To Lead The Active Movement Through Design And Innovation" (http://www.pressreleaserocket.net/hickies-releases-new-era-of-shoelaces-and-continues-to-lead-the-active-movement-through-design-and-innovation/455352/) . Press Release Rocket . June 1, 2016 . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Company Overview of Hickies Inc" (https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=257525021) . Bloomberg . Bloomberg. 2016 . Retrieved 2016-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bell, Jennie (November 10, 2014). "Hickies Says Tie No More" (http://footwearnews.com/2014/business/news/hickies-says-tie-no-more-144567/) . Footwear News . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kang, Crystal (2016-06-07). "At Hickies, A 'Life Without Laces' Ties a Couple Together" (https://creator.wework.com/personal-profiles/hickies-life-without-laces-ties-couple-together/) . Creator . WeWork . Retrieved 2016-07-15 . ^ a b "Hickies - turn your kicks into slip-ons" (https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/hickies/hickies-turn-your-kicks-into-slip-ons) . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Brook stone Introduces HICKIES® to Kick Shoes Up a Notch" (Press release). Brook stone. PR News wire. 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2016-02-08. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Topper lanza en Argentina su nueva tecnología: Hickies" (http://co.fashionmag.com/news/Topper-lanza-en-Argentina-su-nueva-tecnologia-Hickies,672605.html#.V37UqI6CxOA) . Fashion Mag . March 21, 2016 . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Boy's shoelace trouble turns into act of kindness" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/humankind/2015/12/07/boys-shoelace-trouble-turns-into-act-kindness/76931914/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . 2015-12-07 . Retrieved 2016-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pereyra, Celeste (2016-04-25). "Hickies: cordones modernos con un fin social" (http://www.musaargentina.com.ar/moda/hickies-cordones-modernos-con-un-fin-social) . MUSA Argentina . MUSA . Retrieved 2016-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Brunning, Karla (2013-08-10). "Review: Hickies Elastic Lacing System For Shoes" (http://www.runkarlarun.com/2013/10/08/review-hickies-elastic-lacing-system/) . Notes From a Running Nerd . Retrieved 2016-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Carballo, Charlie (2016-04-11). "Danny Willett Wins 2016 Masters Tournament In FootJoy Golf Shoes" (http://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic-outdoor/danny-willett-wins-2016-masters-tournament-footjoy-golf-shoes-210748/) . Retrieved 2016-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_13-0) Feitelberg, Rosemary (2014-10-14). "Whoopi Goldberg Lends a Hand to Story NYC's Pitch Night" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/whoopi-goldberg-lends-a-hand-to-story-nycs-pitch-night-7979806/) . Retrieved 2016-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) @ChloeGMoretz (2014-11-18). "Wearing @hickies on set makes my days..." (https://x.com/ChloeGMoretz/status/534693505231499264) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 2016-08-12 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pady, Dan (May 12, 2016). "Hickies Lacing System Signs Endorsement Deal With Masters Champion Danny Willett, Adds The Duran Group To Manage U.S. Golf Market Sales Expansion" (http://www.thegolfwire.com/story/325098) . Golf Wire . Golf Week . Retrieved 2016-07-10 . External links [ edit ] US site (https://www.hickies.com/) (English) Argentinian site (http://hickies.topper.com.ar/new/) (Spanish) Japanese site (http://www.hickies.jp/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5gl8s Cached time: 20240714130937 Cache expiry: 1507824 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.266 seconds Real time usage: 0.353 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1643/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35216/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1979/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53076/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5293364/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 324.270 1 -total 49.41% 160.219 1 Template:Reflist 33.27% 107.872 11 Template:Cite_web 26.93% 87.326 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.97% 74.498 1 Template:Infobox 21.25% 68.913 1 Template:Orphan 17.03% 55.237 1 Template:Draft_other 16.41% 53.210 1 Template:Ambox 5.68% 18.434 1 Template:Cite_tweet 2.01% 6.526 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51005616-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714130937 and revision id 1217116654. 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Paraguayan model and actress In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Riquelme and the second or maternal family name is Frutos . Larissa Riquelme Riquelme in 2010 Born Larissa Mabel Riquelme Frutos ( 1985-02-22 ) 22 February 1985 (age 39) Asunción (/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n) , Paraguay Occupations Model actress Years active 2010–present Partner Jonathan Fabbro (/wiki/Jonathan_Fabbro) (2011–2019) Modeling information Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Larissa Mabel Riquelme Frutos (born 22 February 1985) is a Paraguayan model and actress. She is one of the highest-paid models in Paraguay. [1] (#cite_note-globo-1) Biography [ edit ] A famous model and actress in Paraguay, Riquelme rose to international prominence during the 2010 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup) . [2] (#cite_note-peck-2) A supporter of both the Paraguay national football team (/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team) and the club Cerro Porteño (/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o) , she was first pictured in international media celebrating a goal during the game between Paraguay and Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia_national_football_team) with her Nokia (/wiki/Nokia) mobile phone between her breasts and she was wearing a T-shirt with Paraguay's colors (as part of a promotion for a mobile phone company [2] (#cite_note-peck-2) ). Riquelme is the face of the deodorant brand Axe (/wiki/Axe_(brand)) in Paraguay [3] (#cite_note-3) and at a later Paraguay game in the World Cup she was also seen with the word "Axe" written on her chest as advertising for the deodorant brand. [4] (#cite_note-metro-4) After becoming one of the most searched people on the Internet, [5] (#cite_note-5) she was named "World Cup's Girlfriend" by Marca (/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)) , the largest Spanish sports newspaper. [6] (#cite_note-gracias-6) She was also described as the most famous fan of the World Cup. [6] (#cite_note-gracias-6) Following her rise to fame, and after Argentina (/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team) 's coach Diego Maradona (/wiki/Diego_Maradona) promised to run naked through Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) if Argentina won the 2010 World Cup, Riquelme matched the offer and promised that she would run naked (wearing only body paint (/wiki/Body_paint) in the colors of Paraguay) through Asunción (/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n) if Paraguay won the World Cup, or even if they reached the semi-finals by beating Spain (/wiki/Spain_national_football_team) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Paraguay eventually lost its match against Spain, but Riquelme announced that she would fulfill her promise anyway, [4] (#cite_note-metro-4) a promise that she kept. [8] (#cite_note-8) That same year, Riquelme did a nude pictorial for the September 2010 issue of Playboy Brazil (/wiki/Playboy_(Brazil)) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Apart from modelling and acting, Riquelme has also participated in Bailando por un Sueño (/wiki/Bailando_por_un_Sue%C3%B1o_(Argentine_TV_series)) , the Argentinian version of Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars) . [1] (#cite_note-globo-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Musa da Copa, Larissa Riquelme é a modelo mais bem paga do Paraguai" (http://ego.globo.com/Gente/Noticias/0,,MUL1604459-9798,00-MUSA+DA+COPA+LARISSA+RIQUELME+E+A+MODELO+MAIS+BEM+PAGA+DO+PARAGUAI.html) . O Globo (/wiki/O_Globo) . globo.com. 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . ^ a b Peck, Brooks (30 June 2010). "Larissa Riquelme is incredibly popular for some reason" (https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/larissa-riquelme-incredibly-popular-reason--soccer.html) . Dirty Tackle . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Homepage of Axe in Paraguay" (http://www.axe.com.py) . Axe Paraguay . axe.compy . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . ^ a b "Lingerie model Larissa Riquelme to strip naked despite Paraguay defeat" (http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/834040-lingerie-model-larissa-riquelme-to-strip-naked-despite-paraguay-defeat) . Metro (/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)) . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Phillips, Tom. "World Cup Superfan Larissa Riquelme To Run From The Police Naked If Paraguay Wins" (http://bleacherreport.com/articles/413240-world-cup-wag-larissa-riquelme-to-run-naked-if-paraguay-wins#page/1) . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . ^ a b "Larissa Riquelme: "Gracias a Marca por bautizarme 'novia del mundial'"" (http://www.marca.com/blogs/el-otro-mundial/2010/07/02/larissa-riquelme-gracias-a-marca-por.html) . Marca (/wiki/Diario_Marca) . Marca.com. 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Paraguay can make Larissa Riquelme's dream come true" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100706065827/http://www.indianews.org.in/paraguay-can-make-larissa-riquelmes-dream-come-true/archives/1676) . Game On! . indianews.org.in. 3 July 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.indianews.org.in/paraguay-can-make-larissa-riquelmes-dream-come-true/archives/1676) on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Model Larissa Riquelme strips naked for Paraguay – as promised" (http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/834495-larissa-riquelme-strips-naked-for-paraguay-as-promised) . Metro (/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)) . metro.co.uk. 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Larissa Riquelme assina contrato com a 'Playboy' e será capa de setembro" (http://ego.globo.com/Gente/Noticias/0,,MUL1609138-9798,00-LARISSA+RIQUELME+ASSINA+CONTRATO+COM+A+PLAYBOY+E+SERA+CAPA+DE+SETEMBRO.html) (in Portuguese). EGO (/wiki/Rede_Globo) . 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larissa Riquelme . 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A Choga is a long sleeved robe that is worn loosely around the bodice amongst Rajasthani (/wiki/Rajasthan) men. External links [ edit ] Rajasthan Blog: Choga – A Royal and Aristocratic Rajasthani Men’s Garment (http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/09/03/choga-a-royal-and-aristocratic-rajasthani-mens-garment/) Harris Museum & Art Gallery: The Textile Manufactures of India (Choga, garment) (http://tmoi.org.uk/catalogue.html?keyword=Choga%2C+garment&Search=Search&page=shop.browse) This article related to Rajasthan (/wiki/Rajasthan) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choga_(garment)&action=edit) . v t e This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choga_(garment)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐s5vxc Cached time: 20240712224243 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.103 seconds Real time usage: 0.136 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 181/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6333/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 193/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8214/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.067/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 976918/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 120.751 1 -total 64.13% 77.435 1 Template:Rajasthan-stub 62.94% 75.999 2 Template:Asbox 31.52% 38.062 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 9.33% 11.266 1 Template:DMCA 6.95% 8.387 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 4.82% 5.823 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME 4.14% 4.997 1 Template:Clothing-stub 3.46% 4.181 1 Template:Ns_has_subpages 1.44% 1.738 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33924730-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712224243 and revision id 1223550960. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choga_(garment)&oldid=1223550960 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choga_(garment)&oldid=1223550960) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indian fashion (/wiki/Category:Indian_fashion) Rajasthani culture (/wiki/Category:Rajasthani_culture) Rajasthan stubs (/wiki/Category:Rajasthan_stubs) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Montera_picona) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Montera picona" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Montera+picona%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Montera+picona%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Montera+picona%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Montera+picona%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Montera+picona%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Montera+picona%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A boy wearing a montera picona The montera picona is a traditional Asturian (/wiki/Asturian_people) hat, made of dark wool (/wiki/Wool) and worn by men. It features a pointed tip that was once used to cover the face against the cold, though it is now largely ornamental. It is less commonly worn, but remains a symbol of Asturian culture, part of the traditional Asturian costume (the paxellu ) worn by bagpipe (/wiki/Bagpipe) bands. 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Mexican style of dress Charro suit from early 20th century. A charro or charra outfit or suit ( traje de charro , in Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) ) [1] (#cite_note-Britannica-1) is a style of dress originating in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) and based on the clothing of a type of horseman, the charro (/wiki/Charro) . The style of clothing is often associated with charreada (/wiki/Charreada) participants, mariachi (/wiki/Mariachi) music performers, Mexican history (/wiki/History_of_Mexico) , and celebration in festivals. The charro outfit is one that is associated with Mexico around the world. It is seen as a national emblem and a way to express personal pride in Mexican heritage. Charro outfits can be worn by men or women and have various levels of formality from work-wear to very expensive formal attire. The outfits consist of tight, decorated pants or a long skirt, short jackets, silk ties and are often worn with a wide-brimmed sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) and other accessories as appropriate. About [ edit ] Charra outfit designed by Malena Cano (/wiki/Malena_Cano) . A basic charro outfit worn by men consists of long, tight pants covered with decoration on the sides. [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) The coat worn by both men and women is short and embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) . [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) These coats are also known as bolero jackets or chaquetillas . [3] (#cite_note-GERay-3) [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) Embroidery often depicts plant life, Aztec (/wiki/Aztecs) motifs or other themes. [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) Traditionally, the embroidery was made of metallic thread (/wiki/Metallic_fiber) or of pitea fiber. [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) Charro outfits also consist of a wide-brimmed hat ( sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) ) and silk tie. [1] (#cite_note-Britannica-1) [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) The charra outfit for women is similar, with women wearing a long, embroidered skirt, reaching the ankles, instead of the pants. [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) The skirt is typically full enough to allow the woman to ride sidesaddle (/wiki/Sidesaddle) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Other aspects of the outfit may include a dress shirt, chaps (/wiki/Chaps) , serape (/wiki/Serape) and pitea belt. [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) The outfits are often colorful. [8] (#cite_note-8) The footwear is either a high-heeled boot, or a leather shoe. [9] (#cite_note-Taboo-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Different versions of the charro outfit are ranked based on a 1960 decision of the National Charro Federation (/w/index.php?title=National_Charro_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1) . [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) The least formal is known as the faena or work outfit. [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) The next levels are media gala , gala , gran gala and etiqueta or formal. [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) Mariachi (/wiki/Mariachi) performers wear a version of a charro outfit called the "gala version" and is most often black with silver, though modern mariachis wear more colorful outfits. [12] (#cite_note-12) The faena outfit is unadorned and typical of working charros. [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) An expensive charro outfit was reported in a 1942 edition of the Arizona Republic (/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic) that was decorated in silver and "evaluated at 10,000 pesos (/wiki/Peso) ." [3] (#cite_note-GERay-3) In 1985, Victor Almaraz of California made a charro outfit consisting mainly of around 2,500 interlocking aluminum can (/wiki/Aluminum_can) pull tabs (/wiki/Drink_can#Pop-tab) . [13] (#cite_note-13) The charro outfit is seen as a representative symbol (/wiki/Symbol) of Mexican culture. [14] (#cite_note-Inaugurates-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The outfit and other charro imagery is often incorporated in tourist (/wiki/Tourism) advertisements and has become one of the "most universally recognized emblem of Mexican identity around the world." [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway201768-16) The charro suit can be worn to express pride for Mexican heritage. [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) [17] (#cite_note-17) History [ edit ] The origins of the charro outfit may be traced back to Salamanca (/wiki/Salamanca) of the 16th century. [2] (#cite_note-Survives-2) Spanish conquistadors (/wiki/Conquistador) brought this type of clothing with them to Mexico. [18] (#cite_note-18) When Spain (/wiki/Spain) colonized Mexico, the government initially made it illegal for indigenous Mexicans to ride horses without Spanish landowner permission. [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) This was part of a system that created the casta or caste system (/wiki/Caste) in Mexico. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMárquez201835-19) When the Spanish allowed lower classes to ride, they were required to wear clothing that differentiated themselves from the Spanish, which led to a new fashion. [4] (#cite_note-HCFashion-4) The wide brim of the sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) worn by charros (/wiki/Charro) protected them both from the sun and, due to the hard crown, from head injuries. [9] (#cite_note-Taboo-9) The pants were worn tight to prevent snagging on brush, or chaparral (/wiki/Chaparral) and the coat worn short to provide better access to weaponry. [9] (#cite_note-Taboo-9) Charros were considered part of the lower class in 17th century Mexico. The word charro was a derogatory term, originally meant to indicate their class status. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMárquez201835-36-20) When President Benito Juárez (/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez) created the first national police force of Mexico, Los Rurales (/wiki/Rurales) (the Rural Police) in 1861 their official uniform was based on the charro outfits of the infamous Platenados (silver) bandit gangs. In fact, many bandits enlisted in this new police force, primarily because President Juárez and his Constitutional government, whose funds were limited, had to enlist bandit gangs to fight, first in the Civil War of Reform (1857-1860) (/wiki/Reform_War) and then against the ensuing French Intervention (1861-1867) (/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico) . The charro uniform was all about maintaining a special macho image. The wearer of a charro outfit was supposed to be seen as an excellent horseman, marksman, and lover, although very few Rurales actually were all three, according to historians like Paul J. Vanderwood. [21] (#cite_note-21) For decades it was believed that General Porfirio Díaz, the "presidential dictator" of Mexico for thirty-five years (1876-1911) created the Rurales until the truth about Juárez's role was discovered in the national archives. Therefore, one can argue that the charro uniform was important in Mexican culture prior to the Mexican Revolution (1911-1920). The Rurales were disbanded in 1914 by President Venustiano Carranza, during the Mexican Revolution. After the Mexican Revolution (/wiki/Mexican_Revolution) , the imagery of the charro became important to Mexican culture. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway201769-22) Mexican president, Porfirio Díaz (/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz) , influenced mariachi (/wiki/Mariachi) performers to adopt the charro costume in the early 1900s. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-Magic-24) Mariachi musicians would accompany ranchera (/wiki/Ranchera) singers starting in the 1930s and in the 1940s ranchera musicians adopted the charro suit. [24] (#cite_note-Magic-24) [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway201771-25) Since 1934, September 14 is the national holiday known as the Día Nacional del Charro (National Day of the Charro) and is celebrated throughout Mexico to recognize the importance of horsemen and women to the culture of the country. [26] (#cite_note-26) Festivities include parades and shows of horsemanship, with riders in the iconic traditional costume. [27] (#cite_note-27) Spanish poet Manuel Benítez Carrasco, in describing the importance of the outfit stated, "Vestirse de charro es como vestirse de México" (Dressing as a charro is like dressing up as Mexico). [ citation needed ] The outfit was further popularized by actors who wore the charro suit in movies made during the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema (/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema) . [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) In 2002, police officers in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) began to wear charro outfits on patrol in the city's historic districts. [28] (#cite_note-28) The officers were meant to both "entertain and protect the tourists that flood the Central Alameda area." [14] (#cite_note-Inaugurates-14) During the 2011 Pan American Games Parade of Nations (/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games_Parade_of_Nations) , charro outfits were the uniform for the Games' Mexican home team (/wiki/Mexico_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games) . Theirs had white bolero jackets, green, white, and red (/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico) striped ties, white sombreros, brown belts, and black pants (men) or skirts (women). In popular culture [ edit ] Charro outfits were worn in the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema (/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema) by actors such as Jorge Negrete (/wiki/Jorge_Negrete) , Pedro Infante (/wiki/Pedro_Infante) , Emilio Fernández (/wiki/Emilio_Fern%C3%A1ndez) , Pedro Armendáriz (/wiki/Pedro_Armend%C3%A1riz) and Luis Aguilar (/wiki/Luis_Aguilar_(actor)) . [11] (#cite_note-Mexico.mx-11) The character, Gordo (/wiki/Gordo_(comic_strip)) , in the eponymous comic strip by Gustavo Arriola (/wiki/Gus_Arriola) , was portrayed dressed in charro outfits. [29] (#cite_note-29) The children's story, La Fiesta y el Mariachi by Marta Arroyo, describes traditional Mexican clothing, including the charro outfit. [30] (#cite_note-30) An annual celebration known as Charro Days (/wiki/Charro_Days) in Brownsville, Texas (/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas) incorporates the charro outfit among many participants and attendees. [31] (#cite_note-31) See also [ edit ] Charreada (/wiki/Charreada) Charro Days (/wiki/Charro_Days) Mariachi (/wiki/Mariachi) Ranchera (/wiki/Ranchera) Michoacán (/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n) Jalisco (/wiki/Jalisco) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b "Mariachi" (https://www.britannica.com/art/mariachi#ref878892) . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ a b c d e f Gurza, Agustin (14 September 1999). "The Charro Spirit Survives and Suits Us Well" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22981801/) . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Ray, Grace Ernestine (10 May 1942). "Rodeo: It's a Violent Sport South of the Border" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22983175/) . Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f "Charro: A Brief History Of How The Mexican Cowboy Became a National Fashion Symbol – Haute Culture Textile Tours" (https://hauteculturefashion.com/charro-mexican-cowboy-costume/) . Haute Culture Textile Tours . 2018-05-08 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hernández-Ehrisman, Laura (2008). Inventing the Fiesta City: Heritage and Carnival in San Antonio . Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. p. 143. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8263-4310-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) England, Nelson (16 September 1986). "Devotion to the Charreada Must Come From the Heart" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22982958/) . Austin American-Statesman . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Martinón-Torres, Lucas (2010). "The Mexican Charro Suit, A Uniform of Tradition" (http://www.revistasexcelencias.com/en/caribbean/again/reportaje/mexican-charro-suit-uniform-tradition) . Caribbean (37). ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22983109/) 'Charro Days Will Give" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22983109/) . The Brownsville Herald . 7 March 1938 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Rodriguez, Raul (17 May 1931). "Do You Know That... A Tour of Mexico in Los Angeles" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22985754/) . The Los Angeles Times . p. 7 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. and "Did You Know That" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22985651/) . The Los Angeles Times . 17 May 1931. p. 18 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Cowboy Boots Taboo With Charro Outfit" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22985912/) . The Brownsville Herald . 9 February 1947 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f "The charro suit: Mexican tradition" (https://www.mexico.mx/en/articles/the-charro-suit-mexican-tradition) . Mexico . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mariachi Attire" (https://mariachimusic.com/about/history/mariachi-attire/) . Mariachi Music . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hendricks, Dan (6 September 1985). "El Charro" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22982815/) . The San Bernardino County Sun . Retrieved 2018-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Mexico City Inaugurates 'Charro' Cops" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22986121/) . Newspapers.com . 10 December 2002 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Chang, Daniel (9 December 2000). "Something Different" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22995034/) . El Paso Times . Retrieved 2018-08-21 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway201768_16-0) Conway 2017 (#CITEREFConway2017) , p. 68. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Salinas, Claudia Melendez (26 April 2007). "Many in Latino Community Shocked" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180908132517/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162698789.html) . The Monterey County Herald . Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162698789.html) on 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Just What Is a Charro? Charlie Explains It All" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22994922/) . The Brownsville Herald . 16 February 1944 . Retrieved 2018-08-21 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMárquez201835_19-0) Márquez 2018 (#CITEREFMárquez2018) , p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMárquez201835-36_20-0) Márquez 2018 (#CITEREFMárquez2018) , p. 35-36. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Paul J.Vanderwood, pages 54-55 "Disorder and Progress - Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development", ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8420-2438-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2438-7) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway201769_22-0) Conway 2017 (#CITEREFConway2017) , p. 69. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Betz, Virginia Marie (1995). Sands, Kathleen Mullen (ed.). "On the History of the Mexican Charro: A Review Essay". Journal of the Southwest . 37 (3): 512. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 40169936 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40169936) . ^ a b Marquez, Letisia (1 October 2013). "The Magic of Mariachi" (http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/the-magic-of-mariachi/) . UCLA Magazine . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway201771_25-0) Conway 2017 (#CITEREFConway2017) , p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Mexico celebrates Día del Charro" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180823145924/https://www.vallartadaily.com/mexico-celebrates-charro-tradition/) . Puerto Vallarta, Mexico: Vallarta Daily News. September 14, 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.vallartadaily.com/mexico-celebrates-charro-tradition/) on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Celebran Día del Charro en Monumento a la Patria" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180823150321/http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/saladeprensa/ver_nota.php?id=200932) [Celebrate the Day of the Charro at the Monument of Patrimony] (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico: Government of the State of Yucatan. September 14, 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/saladeprensa/ver_nota.php?id=200932) on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Police Donning 'Charro' Outfits" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22981507) . Newspapers.com . 14 September 2002 . Retrieved 2018-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Rourke, Mary (6 February 2008). "Cartoonist Drew 'Gordo,' Celebrating Hispanics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174203/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174315538.html) . The Virginian-Pilot . Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174315538.html) on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Sáinz, Pablo Jaime (13 July 2007). "A Mariachi Crash-Course for Children and Grown Ups, Too!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210347/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1324695641.html) . La Prensa San Diego . Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1324695641.html) on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Charro Costumes Are Cheap and Easy to Make" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22960706/) . The Brownsville Herald . 10 February 1942 . Retrieved 2018-08-21 – via Newspapers.com. Sources [ edit ] Conway, Christopher (2017). "Charros: A Critical Introduction" (https://muse.jhu.edu/book/55235) . In Day, Stuart A. (ed.). Modern Mexican Culture: Critical Foundations . Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780816537532 . – via Project MUSE (subscription required) Márquez, Beatriz Aldana (2018). "Shift in Social Character:Charro Cultural Representations in Mexican Popular Culture" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/696184) . Studies in Latin American Popular Culture . 36 : 30–46. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7560/SLAPC3603 (https://doi.org/10.7560%2FSLAPC3603) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 150002983 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150002983) . – via Project MUSE (subscription required) External links [ edit ] La sastrería más antigua de trajes de charro (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g0dF7SlKuQ) (2014 video in Spanish) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐sn6v2 Cached time: 20240717180533 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.540 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2279/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49804/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1547/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 107395/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.273/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6992714/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 483.755 1 -total 52.95% 256.152 1 Template:Reflist 34.56% 167.163 20 Template:Cite_news 15.50% 75.000 1 Template:Short_description 9.64% 46.652 5 Template:Sfn 9.07% 43.870 2 Template:Pagetype 7.64% 36.970 1 Template:Citation_needed 6.60% 31.918 1 Template:Authority_control 6.43% 31.128 1 Template:Fix 4.52% 21.852 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58203303-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717180533 and revision id 1213126872. 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British fashion house "John Redfern" redirects here. For the author, see Edith Pargeter (/wiki/Edith_Pargeter) . An 1885 advertisement for the New York branch of the English tailoring house of Redfern. Gilda Darthy (/wiki/Gilda_Darthy) in a dinner dress and coat by Redfern, Les Modes , February 1908 Redfern & Sons (later Redfern Ltd ) was a British tailoring firm founded by John Redfern (1820-1895) in Cowes (/wiki/Cowes) on the Isle of Wight (/wiki/Isle_of_Wight) that developed into a leading European (/wiki/Europe) couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) house (active: 1855–1932; 1936–1940). By the early 1890s the business had branches in London (/wiki/London) , Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . The Paris extension was operated as a couture establishment while its other branches functioned primarily as tailors and importers. History [ edit ] John Redfern (11 November 1820 – 22 November 1895) started out as a tailor in Cowes (/wiki/Cowes) in 1855, following in the sartorial footsteps of his father, also John Redfern, who first opened a Cowes specialty clothing shop in 1811. [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) [2] (#cite_note-doll-2) With the support of sons Ernest Redfern and Charles Poynter Redfern (1853-1929), John Redfern opened tailoring houses in London and Paris in 1881, followed by two shops in New York in 1884–85, one for tailoring, the other for furs. The Redferns are credited with making tailored clothing chic for women. Previously resigned to utilitarian wear, finely tailored dresses and suits, as introduced by Redfern, quickly became a craze among sporting aristocrats on holiday at Cowes, spreading soon to Paris. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the 1870s the Redfern yachting suit or dress was swiftly becoming the most recognizably English mode of fashionable apparel. In this way, the Redfern label was essentially the first high-end sportswear brand. By the early 1890s, due largely to the patronage of British and European royalty, Redfern's Paris house had developed into a full scale couture business. [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) [2] (#cite_note-doll-2) [4] (#cite_note-suit-4) Ernest directed the London and New York branches, while Charles, and later, John Poynter Redfern, ran the Paris salon. [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) [2] (#cite_note-doll-2) From 1892, when Redfern's sons took control of the business, the house became known as Redfern Ltd. The firm's American outlet, however, did not prove a success and was eventually partly sustained by a commercial sideline for ready-made corsets. [5] (#cite_note-5) The house in New York also did not function as a couture establishment but as an importer of other Parisian fashion brands which were sold alongside its own products. [6] (#cite_note-6) Like the Paris salon, the New York branch was originally advertised as a ladies' tailoring concern. [7] (#cite_note-7) The first English-based couturier to open full-scale American branches in the U.S. and to enjoy a lengthy success there was Lucile (/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon) in the 1910s and '20s. [8] (#cite_note-8) It was in 1871 that the house of Redfern first expanded its tailoring business to include the design and sale of silk dresses and mourning clothes (/wiki/Mourning#United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) But it was tailored garments for women who rode (/wiki/Equestrianism) , played tennis (/wiki/Tennis) and went yachting (/wiki/Yachting) that remained the Redfern specialty. Although intended for specific sporting pursuits, these tailored dresses and suits were increasingly adopted as everyday wear by influential Redfern clients. [4] (#cite_note-suit-4) For example, in 1879 the house created a simple jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) traveling dress for Lillie Langtry (/wiki/Lillie_Langtry) , the noted beauty and actress popularly known as the "Jersey Lily," a name deriving from her birthplace in Jersey (/wiki/Jersey) . [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) The dress was widely copied and remained a favorite in the Redfern line for many years. In 1888, Redfern was formally named Dressmaker By Royal Appointment to Her Majesty the Queen (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and H.R.H. The Princess of Wales (/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark) . Redfern Ltd. was credited with helping popularize the high-waisted, so-called Grecian style of 1908. [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) In the early 1910s, the house's designs were often illustrated in Gazette du Bon Ton (/wiki/La_Gazette_du_Bon_Ton) along with six other leading Paris couturiers – Cheruit (/wiki/Louise_Ch%C3%A9ruit) , Doeuillet (/wiki/Georges_Doeuillet) , Doucet (/wiki/Jacques_Doucet_(fashion_designer)) , Paquin (/wiki/Jeanne_Paquin) , Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , and Worth (/wiki/Charles_Worth) . In 1916 Redfern created the first officially designated women's uniform for the Red Cross (/wiki/Red_Cross) . [1] (#cite_note-goh-1) The Paris headquarters of Redfern closed in 1932, briefly reopened in 1936, and closed again in 1940. [4] (#cite_note-suit-4) Gallery [ edit ] Redfern designs as illustrated in La Gazette du Bon Ton , 1912–14. 'Blanc et Noir'. Theatre coat. 1912–1913. 'De la Pomme aux Levres'. Serpent fancy-dress costume. February 1913 'Vous Dites... Cancan II'. Dress for the races. March 1913 'Une Rose Parmi Les Roses'. Garden-party dress. April 1913 'Sera-t-Il Vainqueur, ou Les Angoisses d'une Joueuse' Suit for the races, July 1913 'Les Préparatifs de Noel'. Afternoon dress. January 1914 'Rugby'. Hobble-skirted suit. April 1914 Further reading [ edit ] North, Susan (2008) "John Redfern and Sons, 1847 to 1892" Costume 42: pp. 145–68 North, Susan (2009) "Redfern Limited, 1892 to 1940" Costume 43: pp. 85–108 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Callan, Georgina O'Hara (1998), The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers , London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-500-20313-X ^ Jump up to: a b c "1890 Doll" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/80097111?rpp=20&pg=1&ao=on&ft=dress+dolls&img=0) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum, New York; Harper's Bazaar , October 1916, p. 37 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Harper's Bazaar , October 1916, p. 37. ^ Jump up to: a b c Redfern suit, circa 1911 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/objectid/O154069) in the collections database of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London ^ (#cite_ref-5) Newark Daily Advocate , April 13, 1885; Women's Wear Daily , April 8, 1915; Harper's Bazaar , May 1916, p. 96. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Vogue , October 1, 1915, p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Vogue , November 9, 1893, p. 511. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bigham, Randy Bryan, Lucile - Her Life by Design (2012), pp. 19, 273; Vogue , April 15, 1910, p. 27. External links [ edit ] Redfern evening dress in Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database (https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/3B74414D-2B4B-4B05-8CE8-531716704943) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redfern (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Redfern) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redfern_(couture)&oldid=1191713741 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redfern_(couture)&oldid=1191713741) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_designers) Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Notable clothing (/wiki/Clothing) companies (/wiki/Company) disestablished in 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018_disestablishments) . See also: Category:Clothing companies established in 2018 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2018) 2013 2014 2015 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015) 2016 2017 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2017) 2018 2019 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2019) 2020 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2020) 2021 2022 2023 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐9thxq Cached time: 20240718101745 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.132 seconds Real time usage: 0.256 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 77/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3519/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 44/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 26/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4440/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1302720/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 241.715 1 -total 74.01% 178.890 1 Template:Navseasoncats 16.64% 40.223 1 Template:Portal 7.96% 19.236 1 Template:See_also 1.27% 3.073 1 Template:C Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57183799-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718101745 and revision id 981760071. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies disestablished in 2018" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D Dash (boutique) (/wiki/Dash_(boutique)) N Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2018&oldid=981760071 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2018&oldid=981760071) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Design companies disestablished in 2018 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_disestablished_in_2018) Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2018 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_disestablished_in_2018) Clothing companies by year of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_disestablishment) Clothing companies disestablished in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_the_21st_century)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rings (jewellery) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rings_(jewellery)) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Ring (jewellery) (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) . Articles relating to rings (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) , round bands, usually of metal (/wiki/Metal) , worn as ornamental jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) . The term "ring" by itself always denotes jewellery worn on the finger; when worn as an ornament elsewhere, the body part is specified within the term, e.g., earrings (/wiki/Earring) , neck rings (/wiki/Neck_ring) , arm rings (/wiki/Arm_ring) , and toe rings (/wiki/Toe_ring) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐qnqh9 Cached time: 20240720171220 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.071 seconds Real time usage: 0.561 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 151/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3033/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 298/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.042/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1225822/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 550.452 1 -total 96.16% 529.309 1 Template:Commonscat 95.55% 525.969 1 Template:Sister_project 95.22% 524.115 1 Template:Side_box 69.61% 383.159 2 Template:If_then_show 3.82% 21.012 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:805645-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171220 and revision id 1127519202. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. C Championship rings (/wiki/Category:Championship_rings) ‎ (6 P) I Individual rings (/wiki/Category:Individual_rings) ‎ (1 C, 15 P) Pages in category "Rings (jewellery)" The following 59 pages are in this category, out of 59 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Ring (jewellery) (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) A Acrostic ring (/wiki/Acrostic_ring) Anglo-Saxon runic rings (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runic_rings) Arm ring (/wiki/Arm_ring) B Brass ring (/wiki/Brass_ring) C Championship ring (/wiki/Championship_ring) Chatter ring (/wiki/Chatter_ring) Claddagh ring (/wiki/Claddagh_ring) Class ring (/wiki/Class_ring) Cock ring (/wiki/Cock_ring) Cramp-ring (/wiki/Cramp-ring) CTR ring (/wiki/CTR_ring) D Doctoral ring (/wiki/Doctoral_ring) E Ecclesiastical ring (/wiki/Ecclesiastical_ring) Engagement (sculpture) (/wiki/Engagement_(sculpture)) Engagement ring (/wiki/Engagement_ring) Engineer's Ring (/wiki/Engineer%27s_Ring) Eternity ring (/wiki/Eternity_ring) F Fáinne (/wiki/F%C3%A1inne) Fede ring (/wiki/Fede_ring) G Rings in early Germanic cultures (/wiki/Rings_in_early_Germanic_cultures) Gimmal ring (/wiki/Gimmal_ring) I Iron Ring (/wiki/Iron_Ring) J Ring Pop (/wiki/Ring_Pop) K Kakute (/wiki/Kakute) Kara (jewellery) (/wiki/Kara_(jewellery)) L Lock ring (/wiki/Lock_ring) M MIT class ring (/wiki/MIT_class_ring) Mood ring (/wiki/Mood_ring) Mourning ring (/wiki/Mourning_ring) N Namejs Ring (/wiki/Namejs_Ring) Neck ring (/wiki/Neck_ring) NTH Ring (/wiki/NTH_Ring) P Pinky ring (/wiki/Pinky_ring) Poison ring (/wiki/Poison_ring) Posie ring (/wiki/Posie_ring) Pre-engagement ring (/wiki/Pre-engagement_ring) Purity ring (/wiki/Purity_ring) Puzzle ring (/wiki/Puzzle_ring) R Regards ring (/wiki/Regards_ring) Ring enhancer (/wiki/Ring_enhancer) Ring of O (/wiki/Ring_of_O) Ring size (/wiki/Ring_size) Russian wedding ring (/wiki/Russian_wedding_ring) S Scarab ring (/wiki/Scarab_ring) Seal (emblem) (/wiki/Seal_(emblem)) Signet ring (/wiki/Signet_ring) Silsden Hoard (/wiki/Silsden_Hoard) Smart ring (/wiki/Smart_ring) Sovereign ring (/wiki/Sovereign_ring) SS-Ehrenring (/wiki/SS-Ehrenring) T Tension ring (/wiki/Tension_ring) Texas A&M ring (/wiki/Texas_A%26M_ring) Thumb ring (/wiki/Thumb_ring) Titanium ring (/wiki/Titanium_ring) Toe ring (/wiki/Toe_ring) Tucum ring (/wiki/Tucum_ring) U United States Military Academy class ring (/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_class_ring) W Wedding ring (/wiki/Wedding_ring) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Rings_(jewellery)&oldid=1127519202 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Rings_(jewellery)&oldid=1127519202) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Award items (/wiki/Category:Award_items) Fingers (/wiki/Category:Fingers) Types of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Types_of_jewellery) Handwear (/wiki/Category:Handwear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Jacket originally worn by militaries This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blouson) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Blouson" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blouson%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blouson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blouson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blouson%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blouson%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blouson%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Look up blouson (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blouson) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. An Austrian Bundespolizei blouson. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) A modern nylon MA-1 flight jacket. A blouson or blouse jacket is a jacket that is drawn tight at the waist, causing it to blouse out and hang over the waistband (/wiki/Waistband) . Originating in military uniforms of the mid-20th century, versions continue to be used as part of military, paramilitary and law enforcement uniforms in many places. As a piece of civilian clothing, it is considered to be both sportswear and casual clothing. History [ edit ] During World War II, British soldiers wore Battledress (/wiki/Battledress) uniforms that featured a jacket with an integrated belt to cinch the jacket tightly at the waist. These in turn inspired the creation of the United States Army's M-1944 field jacket, better known after its principal advocate as the Eisenhower jacket (/wiki/Eisenhower_jacket) . The MA-1 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket) was originally designed for the US military during the 1950s. The MA-2 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-2_bomber_jacket) has now taken its place. The Black jacket was popularized by Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) and was donned by some music groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Modern flight jackets (/wiki/Flight_jacket) have been popular with skinheads (/wiki/Skinhead) and scooterboys (/wiki/Scooterboy) from the 1980s onwards. In 1993, a blouson was worn as the national costume of the United States for the APEC (/wiki/APEC) meeting held in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Washington. In the early 2000s, the jacket was popular casual wear in hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) . Gallery [ edit ] Advert for Battledress NZ issue Battledress jacket An Israeli Border Police (/wiki/Israeli_Border_Police) soldier in a fur collared blouson An Austrian Gendarmerie blouson [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) A modern fashion blouson/bomber jacket A punk (/wiki/Punk_subculture) style blouson A Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) Dienstkleidung der Bundeszollverwaltung blouson References [ edit ] ^ a b http://www.sbg.ac.at/ver/links/bgbl/2004b529.pdf (http://www.sbg.ac.at/ver/links/bgbl/2004b529.pdf) [ permanent dead link ] v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) 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(Redirected from Cleavage Tops (/w/index.php?title=Cleavage_Tops&redirect=no) ) Separation between human breasts A woman's cleavage Cleavage is the narrow depression or hollow between the breasts (/wiki/Breast) of a woman. The superior (/wiki/Superior_(anatomy)) portion of cleavage may be accentuated by clothing such as a low-cut neckline (/wiki/Neckline) that exposes the division, and often the term is used to describe the low neckline itself, instead of the term décolletage . Joseph Breen (/wiki/Joseph_Breen) , head of the U.S. film industry's Production Code Administration (/wiki/Production_Code_Administration) , coined the term in its current meaning when evaluating the 1943 film The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) , starring Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) . The term was explained in Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine on August 5, 1946. It is most commonly used in the parlance of Western female fashion (/wiki/Western_fashion) to refer to necklines that reveal or emphasize décolletage (display of the upper breast area). The visible display of cleavage can provide erotic pleasure (/wiki/Erotic_pleasure) for those who are sexually attracted to women, though this does not occur in all cultures. Explanations for this effect have included [ according to whom? ] evolutionary psychology (/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology) , a patriarchal (/wiki/Patriarchal) revolution, and dissociation from breastfeeding (/wiki/Breastfeeding) . Since at least the 15th century, women in the Western world have used their cleavage to flirt, attract, make political statements (such as in the Topfreedom (/wiki/Topfreedom) movement), and assert power. In several parts of the world, the advent of Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) and Islam (/wiki/Islam) saw a sharp decline in the amount of cleavage which was considered socially acceptable. In many cultures today, [ clarification needed ] cleavage exposure is considered unwelcome or is banned legally. In some areas like European beaches and among many indigenous populations across the world, cleavage exposure is acceptable; conversely, even in the Western world it is often discouraged in daywear or in public spaces. In some cases, exposed cleavage can be a target for unwanted voyeuristic photography (#downblouse) or sexual harassment (/wiki/Sexual_harassment) . Cleavage-revealing clothes started becoming popular in the Christian West (/wiki/Christian_West) as it came out of the Early Middle Ages (/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages) and enjoyed significant prevalence during Mid- Tang-era (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) China, Elizabethan era (/wiki/Elizabethan_era) England, and France over many centuries, particularly after the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . But in Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) England and during the flapper period (/wiki/Flapper) of Western fashion, it was suppressed. Cleavage came vigorously back to Western fashion in the 1950s, particularly through Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)) celebrities and lingerie brands. The consequent fascination with cleavage was most prominent in the U.S., and countries heavily influenced by the U.S. With the advent of push-up (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs#Shape) and underwired bras (/wiki/Underwired_bra) that replaced corsets (/wiki/Corset) of the past, the cleavage fascination was propelled by these lingerie manufacturers. By the early 2020s, dramatization of cleavage started to lose popularity along with the big lingerie brands. At the same time cleavage was sometimes replaced with other types of presentation of clothed breasts, like sideboobs (#sideboob) and underboobs (#underboob) . Many women enhance their cleavage through the use of things like brassières (/wiki/Brassi%C3%A8re) , falsies (/wiki/Falsies) and corsetry, as well as surgical breast augmentation (/wiki/Breast_augmentation) using saline or silicone implants (/wiki/Breast_implant) and hormone therapy (/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy_(male-to-female)) . Workouts, yoga, skin care, makeup, jewelry, tattoos and piercings (/wiki/Body_piercing) are also used to embellish the cleavage. Male cleavage (also called heavage ), accentuated by low necklines or unbuttoned shirts, is a film trend in Hollywood and Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) . Some men also groom their chests. Etymology [ edit ] Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) in The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) (1943). Director Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) ' overemphasizing of her cleavage prompted the Motion Picture Association of America (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America) to take actions against the film and make the first use of the term cleavage in association with breasts. [1] (#cite_note-etymo-1) [2] (#cite_note-Time-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Hughes and Russell are considered pioneers of exaggerated cleavage in movies. [4] (#cite_note-4) For the film, Hughes designed a prototype for an underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) to give Russell "five and one-quarter inches" long cleavage. [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) The word cleavage (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleavage) was first used in the early 19th century in geology and mineralogy (/wiki/Mineralogy) to mean the tendency of crystals (/wiki/Crystal) , minerals, and rocks to split along definite planes (/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)) . By the mid-19th century, it was generally used to mean splitting along a line of division into two or more parts. [1] (#cite_note-etymo-1) [6] (#cite_note-MeWe-6) In the 1940s, Joseph Breen (/wiki/Joseph_Breen) , head of the U.S. Production Code Administration (/wiki/Production_Code_Administration) , applied the term to breasts in reference to actor Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) 's costumes and poses in the 1943 movie The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) . The term was also applied in the evaluation of the British films The Wicked Lady (/wiki/The_Wicked_Lady) (1945), starring Margaret Lockwood (/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood) and Patricia Roc (/wiki/Patricia_Roc) ; Bedelia (/wiki/Bedelia_(film)) (1946), also starring Lockwood; and Pink String and Sealing Wax (/wiki/Pink_String_and_Sealing_Wax) (1945), starring Googie Withers (/wiki/Googie_Withers) . This use of the term was first covered in a Time article titled "Cleavage & the Code" on August 5, 1946, as a " Johnston Office (/wiki/Eric_Johnston) (the popular name for Motion Picture Association of America (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America) office at the time [7] (#cite_note-SelfReg-7) ) trade term for the shadowed depression dividing an actress' bosom into two distinct sections." [1] (#cite_note-etymo-1) [2] (#cite_note-Time-2) [8] (#cite_note-Dunk-8) [9] (#cite_note-Slide-9) The word cleavage is made of the root verb cleave 'to split' (from Old English (/wiki/Old_English) clifian and Middle English (/wiki/Middle_English) clevien ; cleft in the past tense) and the suffix -age 'the state of, the act of'. [6] (#cite_note-MeWe-6) [10] (#cite_note-MeWe-age-10) While the division of the breasts is a cleavage, the opening of a person's garments to make the division visible is called a décolletage (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9colletage) , a French word that is derived from décolleter 'to reveal the neck'. [11] (#cite_note-11) The term was first used in English literature before 1831 [12] (#cite_note-auto2-12) and was the preferred term among educated people in the English-speaking world before cleavage became the popular term. [8] (#cite_note-Dunk-8) Décolletage (or décolleté in adjectival form) refers to the upper part of the female torso, consisting of the neck, shoulders, back and chest, which is exposed by the neckline (/wiki/Neckline) , the edge of a dress or shirt that goes around the neck, especially at the front of a woman's garment. [13] (#cite_note-13) The neckline and collar are often the most attention-grabbing parts of a garment, effected by bright or contrasting colors, or by décolletage. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The term is most commonly applied to a neckline that reveals or emphasizes cleavage [16] (#cite_note-auto-16) and is measured as extending about two hand-breadths from the base of the neck down; both in the front and the back. [17] (#cite_note-17) In anatomical terms, the cleft in the human body between the breasts is known as the intermammary cleft (/wiki/Intermammary_cleft) or intermammary sulcus . [18] (#cite_note-18) Typology [ edit ] While there has been much work done to classify breasts based on their shapes, contours and sizes, there has not been much work done to classify their cleavage, [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-MAAK-20) despite its prominence in aesthetic determination. [20] (#cite_note-MAAK-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Culture [ edit ] See also: Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) , Breast fetishism (/wiki/Breast_fetishism) , Modesty (/wiki/Modesty) , and Voyeurism (/wiki/Voyeurism) A fashion model in a décolleté gown (/wiki/Gown) at a fashion show Parvathy Omanakuttan (/wiki/Parvathy_Omanakuttan) in a décolleté sari (/wiki/Sari) at a fashion show In most cultures, men typically find female breasts attractive. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Women sometimes use décolletage that exposes the cleavage to enhance their physical (/wiki/Physical_attractiveness) and sexual attractiveness (/wiki/Sexual_attractiveness) , and to improve their sense of femininity. Display of cleavage with a low neckline is often regarded as a form of flirting (/wiki/Flirting) or seduction (/wiki/Seduction) , as much as for its aesthetic or erotic effect. According to Kinsey Reports (/wiki/Kinsey_Reports) , most men derive erotic pleasure from seeing a woman's cleavage. [26] (#cite_note-26) When designing costumes, creating shapes that draw attention to the face or the chest helps distract the gaze from body parts that are considered less desirable. [27] (#cite_note-27) Male cross-dressers (/wiki/Cross-dressing) and trans women (/wiki/Trans_women) often want female-like cleavage to make their bodies look more feminine. Convincing cleavage may distract attention from less-feminine aspects of the appearance and improve the ability to pass (/wiki/Passing_(gender)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) The amount of cleavage exposure that is acceptable in public differs significantly between cultures and societies. [30] (#cite_note-30) In contemporary Western society, the extent to which a woman may expose her breasts depends on the social and cultural context. Displaying any part of the female breast may be considered inappropriate and may be prohibited in some settings, such as workplaces, churches, and schools, while in other spaces, such as parties, beaches and pools, it may be permissible to show as much cleavage as possible. [31] (#cite_note-LedD-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Art historian James Laver (/wiki/James_Laver) noted the changing standards of cleavage are mostly applicable to evening wear rather than to day wear. [33] (#cite_note-33) The exposure of nipples (/wiki/Nipple) and areolae (/wiki/Areolae) is almost always considered immodest (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immodest) and in some instances is viewed as indecent behavior (/wiki/Indecent_exposure) . [31] (#cite_note-LedD-31) Cultural distribution [ edit ] Somono (/w/index.php?title=Somono&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somono) ] women of Mali (/wiki/Mali) do not consider breasts to be sexual The fascination with female breasts and cleavage is widespread but not universal. It is more prevalent in Western and Westernized cultures (/wiki/Western_culture) , particularly in the U.S. and countries that are heavily influenced by the U.S. [34] (#cite_note-McAn-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-CarLat-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) Many people in Western culture, both male and female, consider breasts to be an important female secondary sex characteristic (/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic) [39] (#cite_note-39) and an aspect of femininity. The flaunting of cleavage became an aggressive statement of gender. [ citation needed ] Films like Erin Brockovich (/wiki/Erin_Brockovich_(film)) , in which Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) was required to wear a silicone gel (/wiki/Silicone_gel) -filled bra to increase her cleavage, [40] (#cite_note-40) demonstrated cleavage as a woman's right and an application of feminine attributes as "a source of power". [41] (#cite_note-41) Across history and cultures, other parts of women's bodies have sometimes been viewed as more enticing than breasts, including buttocks, legs, necks, ankles, hair, and feet. [42] (#cite_note-42) American anthropologist Clellan S. Ford (/wiki/Clellan_S._Ford) and ethologist Frank A. Beach (/wiki/Frank_A._Beach) said in their 1951 book Patterns of Sexual Behavior (/wiki/Patterns_of_Sexual_Behavior) that only 13 of 130 cultures in a cross-cultural survey perceived female breasts as sexually attractive. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) In some cultures, for example in African communities, it is not unusual to see uncovered breasts, which are not considered titillating. [34] (#cite_note-McAn-34) Documentarian Carolyn Latteier said in Jennifer (/wiki/Jennifer_Berman) and Laura Berman (/wiki/Laura_Berman) 's TV program All About Breasts , "I interviewed a young anthropologist working with women in Mali (/wiki/Mali) , a country in Africa where women go around with bare breasts. They're always feeding their babies. And when she told them that in our culture men are fascinated with breasts there was an instant of shock. [34] (#cite_note-McAn-34) According to Rosie Sayers, "Breasts have retained their primary biological function [in Mali] and hold no sexual connotations or stimulus." [45] (#cite_note-45) Evolutionary psychologist David M. Buss (/wiki/David_M._Buss) observed that "Americans are probably the most extreme in viewing the breast as a sexual signal." [46] (#cite_note-KaKe-46) American cultural anthropologist Katherine Ann Dettwyler, editor of Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives , found parallels between the modern American practice of breast enlargement and the past Chinese practice of foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) . She suggests that both are "culturally sanctioned mutilations of the female body" for the purpose of "male sexual pleasure", and both "compromise a woman's health" and make her body "nonfunctional". [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) During adolescence, some girls become obsessed with breast shape and cleavage, [49] (#cite_note-Ashlea-49) while others try to resist the growth of their breasts during puberty (/wiki/Puberty) by binding down their breasts (/wiki/Breast_binding) , wearing loose clothes that disguise them or adopting a hunched or stooped posture. [49] (#cite_note-Ashlea-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) A study found that girls whose breasts develop early may be ashamed and embarrassed because of unwanted staring. [51] (#cite_note-51) There is historical evidence that some cultures, including classical antiquity (/wiki/Classical_antiquity) , [52] (#cite_note-EloVau-52) strongly discouraged cleavage or any hint of a bosom. [53] (#cite_note-harari-53) During the Middle Ages and up to the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) , a woman's stomach was often the central symbol of her sexuality, rather than the breasts. [37] (#cite_note-CarLat-37) Early English Puritans (/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_James_I) used a tight bodice (/wiki/Bodice) to completely flatten breasts, while 17th-century Spaniards put lead plates across the chests of pubescent girls to prevent their bosoms from developing. [53] (#cite_note-harari-53) India [ edit ] In India, women's traditional clothing ( saris (/wiki/Sari) and cholis (/wiki/Choli) ) generally exposes more midriff than cleavage. [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) Gagra choli (/wiki/Gagra_choli) , a dress taken as very chaste in India, also exposes significant amount of midriff and cleavage. [56] (#cite_note-56) Cholis customized for Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) movies have particularly deep décolletage. [57] (#cite_note-57) Women of the Bishnoi (/wiki/Bishnoi) people wear kanchli (/wiki/Kanchli) blouses with very deep necklines that are embellished with frills and bells to draw attention to their cleavage. [58] (#cite_note-58) Other women wear angia (/wiki/Angia_(garment)) , a small, bikini-like top that is tied at the back with a string, often with the front open enough to show deep cleavage. [59] (#cite_note-59) In the late-20th-century India, cleavage became a staple point of attraction in Bollywood movies. [60] (#cite_note-60) In a 2006 study conducted among young people in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) both male and female respondents believed that women wearing cleavage-revealing filmi (movie-like) clothes may be more prone to become victims of sexual violence (/wiki/Sexual_violence) . [63] (#cite_note-63) By the 2010s, Indian men and women wearing décolleté clothes was seen as a fashion statement and not, as in the past, a sign of desperation. [64] (#cite_note-64) At the same time, the allure of on-screen cleavage waned as cleavage-revealing clothes became more commonplace. [65] (#cite_note-65) Islamic view [ edit ] Muslim women are required to cover their bosoms. The Muslim religious dress code for a woman's cleavage is derived from two Quranic verses ( ayat (/wiki/Ayat) ) – verse 31, Sura 24 ( An-Nūr (/wiki/An-Nur) ; Arabic: الْنُّور ; "The Light") and verse 59, Surah 33 ( Al-Aḥzāb (/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b) ; Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : الأحزاب ; "The Clans"). [66] (#cite_note-DimDab-66) Verse 31 of Sura 24 says, "Say to the believing women [...] that they should draw their veils ( khumur , s. khimar (/wiki/Khimar) ) over their bosoms ( juyub , s. jayb ) and not display their beauty" [ Quran (/wiki/Quran) 24:31–32 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D31) ( Translated (/wiki/Quran_translations) by Yusuf Ali (/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali) )] . Only the mahram (/wiki/Mahram) (unmarriageable) relatives are exempt from this strict code. [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) Verse 59 of Sura 33 says, "Tell [...] the believing women, that they should cast their outer garments ( jalabib , s. jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) ) over their persons" [Quran 33:59–60 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D33%3Averse%3D59) ( Translated (/wiki/Quran_translations) by Yusuf Ali (/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali) )] . Jilbab and khimar are the only two women's clothing items mentioned in the Quran. [69] (#cite_note-Moghs-69) Women used to wear clothes that were parted at the front to expose the breasts when the verses were revealed. [70] (#cite_note-EmbMoMed-70) [69] (#cite_note-Moghs-69) [71] (#cite_note-RLSM589-71) [72] (#cite_note-ZiaSar-72) These verses were later interpreted as requiring the complete covering of women's bodies. [69] (#cite_note-Moghs-69) [71] (#cite_note-RLSM589-71) [72] (#cite_note-ZiaSar-72) Some Islamic clerics and scholars, including Ibn Taymiyyah (/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah) , argued that the entire female body is "a shameful part" ( awrah (/wiki/Awrah) ) and therefore is to be covered entirely, with a niqab (/wiki/Niqab) or burqa (/wiki/Burqa) , centuries after the time of Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad) . [66] (#cite_note-DimDab-66) [70] (#cite_note-EmbMoMed-70) According to Egyptian historian Sayyid-Marsot (/wiki/Afaf_Lutfi_al-Sayyid-Marsot) , male Islamic scholars ( ulama (/wiki/Ulama) , s. alim ) since the 18th century started interpreting that a woman's whole body needs to be entirely covered. [69] (#cite_note-Moghs-69) But as late as in the 1980s, women of the Al-Akhdam (/wiki/Al-Akhdam) (servant) class in Yemen and baladi (/wiki/Baladi) (folk) women of Egypt still wore cleavage revealing clothes as the Islamic dress codes were not universally applied. [69] (#cite_note-Moghs-69) [71] (#cite_note-RLSM589-71) In the early 21st century Muslim world (/wiki/Muslim_world) , there is a popular consensus that modesty requires coverage of any cleavage. [73] (#cite_note-73) Breastfeeding practices [ edit ] Further information: Breastfeeding in public (/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public) Breastfeeding advocate Maria Miller argued that the American obsession with breasts is caused by American men's and women's unfamiliarity with the extraordinary variety of normal breasts and their ignorance of "what the breast is really for". [74] (#cite_note-74) In Alexandre Guillaume Mouslier de Moissy (/wiki/Alexandre_Guillaume_Mouslier_de_Moissy) 's 1771 play La Vraie Mère ("The True Mother"), the title character rebukes her husband for treating her as an object for his sexual gratification; "Are your senses so gross as to look on these breasts—the respectable treasures of nature—as merely an embellishment, destined to ornament the chest of women?". [75] (#cite_note-75) In the 18th century, biologists and philosophers like Carl Linnaeus (/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau) attempted to popularize the idea of breastfeeding of one's own children as natural and fashionable. [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) According to Valerie Steele (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) , director of Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , "For centuries (even in the Judeo-Christian (/wiki/Judeo-Christian) and Islamic worlds), the sight of a woman nursing was accepted as normal. This factor contributed to the fairly rapid acceptance of dresses with low necklines, which were introduced in the fifteenth century." [77] (#cite_note-77) Since emerging in the Christian West (/wiki/Christian_West) , the early décolleté dresses—which were termed by French court historian Jean Froissart (/wiki/Jean_Froissart) as "the smile of the bustline"—had increasingly plunging necklines because the Renaissance celebrated the beauty of the unclothed human body. Moralists (/wiki/Moralism) , who blamed any number of chest illness on bare cleavage, were shocked by the development. [78] (#cite_note-78) Downblouse [ edit ] " Downblouse " is the act of looking down a woman's dress or top to observe or photograph her cleavage or breasts. It may occur as a form of voyeurism (/wiki/Voyeurism) or sexual fetishism (/wiki/Sexual_fetishism) . In some jurisdictions it is a sexual offense (/wiki/Sexual_offense) . The issue has been publicly discussed during the 21st century, [79] (#cite_note-Luppi-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) although the term downblouse has been used in English since 1994. [81] (#cite_note-81) The popularity of covert (/wiki/Covert_photography) downblouse and upskirt (/wiki/Upskirt) photography has increased with the proliferation of camera phones (/wiki/Camera_phone) since 2000. [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) [84] (#cite_note-Aggra-84) NASUWT (/wiki/NASUWT) , a UK teachers' union, reported an upward trend in such pictures at schools in 2018. [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) Many of these covertly taken pictures are uploaded to websites, [84] (#cite_note-Aggra-84) [87] (#cite_note-PWright-87) including pornographic websites (/wiki/Pornographic_websites) like Pornhub (/wiki/Pornhub) , XVideos (/wiki/XVideos) and xHamster (/wiki/XHamster) , [87] (#cite_note-PWright-87) as well as subreddits (/wiki/Subreddit) like r/CreepShots (/wiki/R/CreepShots) . [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-Merino-89) Some websites host tutorials on taking downblouse and upskirt pictures. [90] (#cite_note-90) As early as 2004, Google (/wiki/Google_Search) listed about four million websites that were tagged with "upskirt" and "downblouse". [91] (#cite_note-91) Some jurisdictions, including the UK, Germany, and a number of American [89] (#cite_note-Merino-89) and Australian states, have statutes that prohibit such covert photography. [79] (#cite_note-Luppi-79) [92] (#cite_note-92) In the UK, people who take such pictures and post them online can be listed on the sex offender registry (/wiki/Sex_offender_registry) , [87] (#cite_note-PWright-87) and in Japan the government has pressured mobile phone manufacturers to make their phones produce a warning sound whenever such pictures are taken. [79] (#cite_note-Luppi-79) These types of offenses "largely [go] unreported" and, according to Maria Miller (/wiki/Maria_Miller) , chair of the Women and Equalities Committee (/wiki/Women_and_Equalities_Committee) , the legal provisions are inadequate. [87] (#cite_note-PWright-87) [89] (#cite_note-Merino-89) [93] (#cite_note-93) Controversies [ edit ] Despite a long history (#History) , display of cleavage can still be controversial. [94] (#cite_note-94) UK women's magazine Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) in 2017 and Indian newspaper Mid-Day (/wiki/Mid-Day) in 2019 reported " cleavage shaming (/wiki/Slut-shaming) " was commonplace in news and social media. [95] (#cite_note-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) Female Bollywood actors Disha Patani (/wiki/Disha_Patani) , Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) , Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , Nargis Fakhri (/wiki/Nargis_Fakhri) and others were trolled (/wiki/Internet_trolling) and shamed for wearing cleavage-baring outfits in social and new media, including in the Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . [97] (#cite_note-97) Extraordinary attention was generated when politicians Angela Merkel (/wiki/Angela_Merkel) , Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) and Jacqui Smith (/wiki/Jacqui_Smith) wore cleavage-revealing outfits even from media outlets The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) As late as the 2010s, reports from many different states and countries showed female students, especially non-white students, had been expelled and banned from schools, and punished for wearing dresses that reveal cleavage and legs. [101] (#cite_note-101) [102] (#cite_note-102) [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-104) At the same time, there also has been reports of passengers of airlines, including Southwest Airlines (/wiki/Southwest_Airlines) , Spirit Airlines (/wiki/Spirit_Airlines) and EasyJet (/wiki/EasyJet) , were instructed against and evicted for showing "too much cleavage". [105] (#cite_note-105) In 2014, a television series called The Empress of China (/wiki/The_Empress_of_China) was taken off-air in China days after its premier because of too much cleavage; the show was aired again after much censorship. [106] (#cite_note-Empress-106) In the next year, organizers of ChinaJoy (/wiki/ChinaJoy) , the largest gaming and digital entertainment exhibition held in China, [107] (#cite_note-107) levied a fine of US$800 on women who revealed "more than two centimeters of cleavage". [108] (#cite_note-108) As of 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleavage_(breasts)&action=edit) , women in Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan were required to completely cover their bodies; [109] (#cite_note-109) Iranian law required the wearing of a chador (/wiki/Chador) (over-cloak) or a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) (head scarf), [110] (#cite_note-110) and in Egypt, the exposure of cleavage in the media was considered to be nudity. [111] (#cite_note-111) Various other presentation of clothed breasts, like side cleavage (#sideboob) and bottom cleavage (#underboob) , are also regulated by law in some U.S. counties (/wiki/County_(United_States)) . [112] (#cite_note-Bussel-112) Both were banned by CBS (/wiki/CBS) as "bare sides or under curvature of the breasts is also problematic" at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/55th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) in 2013. [113] (#cite_note-Parker-113) Underboob was banned in Springfield, Missouri (/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri) in 2015 after a Free the Nipple (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple) rally. [114] (#cite_note-Spara-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) Thailand banned selfies showing underboob with provisions for up to five years in jail in 2016. [116] (#cite_note-Thai-116) Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) subsidiary Twitch (/wiki/Twitch_(service)) , a live video streaming service, banned underboobs and instructed on the amount of cleavage permissible in 2020. [117] (#cite_note-117) Theories [ edit ] See also: Evolutionary psychology (/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology) Perceived fertility ratings as a function of breast size and intermammary cleft distance. This was investigated by having participants of both sexes rate manipulated images of female breasts on how fertile they appeared. [118] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-118) Hypothetically, non- paraphilic (/wiki/Paraphilic) sexual attraction to breasts is a result of their function as a secondary sex characteristic. The breasts play roles in both sexual pleasure and reproduction. [119] (#cite_note-119) According to the American Psychiatric Association (/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association) 's DSM-5 (/wiki/DSM-5) , sexual attraction to breasts is normal unless it is highly atypical and is therefore a form of partialism (/wiki/Partialism) . [120] (#cite_note-120) According to psychiatrist Larry Young, attraction to breasts "is a brain organization effect that occurs in straight males when they go through puberty." [121] (#cite_note-NWSP-121) According to sociologist Anthony Joseph Paul Cortese, the cleavage area between the breasts is "perhaps the epicentre" of display of female sexual attractiveness and stimulation of male sexual interest. [122] (#cite_note-122) According to social historian David Kunzle, waist confinement and décolletage are the primary sexualization (/wiki/Sexualization) devices of Western costume. [123] (#cite_note-craik-123) According to music writer Ben Watson (/wiki/Ben_Watson_(music_writer)) in Art, Class and Cleavage ( Quartet Books (/wiki/Quartet_Books) , 1998), the deployment of cleavage punctures through art's "spiritual pretensions" and alerts about the bodily roots of all culture. [124] (#cite_note-124) Vincenz Czerny (/wiki/Vincenz_Czerny) , one of the early surgeons to perform a breast surgery, believed the aesthetics of cleavage to be a sign of symmetry and hence beauty. [125] (#cite_note-125) A study published in 2020 found intermammary distance (IMD), or cleavage gap, is one of the major influences on people's perception about a woman's fertility, health and age; accordingly, surgeon Gregory Evans recommends an intermammary distance between 2 and 3 centimetres (0.79 and 1.18 in). [118] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-118) [126] (#cite_note-Gregory_Evans_page_360-126) Another study found women who display cleavage are more often identified as "voluptuous" than women who do not. [127] (#cite_note-127) Evolutionary perspective [ edit ] Zoologist and ethologist Desmond Morris (/wiki/Desmond_Morris) , author of The Naked Ape , theorized that female human breasts as a sexual signal imitates the cleft between the buttocks that is a prevalent signal among other apes. [128] (#cite_note-128) Evolutionary psychologist David M. Buss explains that female humans evolved to have permanently enlarged mammary glands, unlike all other 222 primates. [46] (#cite_note-KaKe-46) Functional anatomist Owen Lovejoy (/wiki/Owen_Lovejoy) ("The origin of man", 1981) suggests, partly based on speculations by Morris, that prominent breasts among female Australopithecines (/wiki/Australopithecine) helped attract males and cement the pair-bond (/wiki/Pair-bond) necessary for further physical and cultural evolution toward modern humanity. [129] (#cite_note-129) Evolutionary psychologists theorize humans' permanently enlarged breasts, in contrast to other primates' breasts—which only become enlarged during ovulation (/wiki/Ovulation) —allowed females to "solicit male attention and investment even when they are not really fertile". [130] (#cite_note-130) Hence breast and buttock cleavages, sharing a similarity between their appearances, are considered to be erotic in many societies. [131] (#cite_note-131) Another school of thought in evolutionary psychology (/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology) supports the view, that it was 'Nature's plan" to make large-breasted females to appear more attractive to males, because large breasts have an evolutionary advantage in providing breast milk (/wiki/Breast_milk) to their off-springs. [132] (#cite_note-132) Historical perspective [ edit ] American cultural anthropologist Katherine Ann Dettwyler (/wiki/Katherine_Ann_Dettwyler) , proposed that men are not necessarily biologically drawn to breasts as "humans can learn to view breasts as sexually attractive." [133] (#cite_note-133) [121] (#cite_note-NWSP-121) Author Elizabeth Gould Davis (/wiki/Elizabeth_Gould_Davis) said breasts, along with phalluses (/wiki/Phallus) , were revered by the women of Çatalhöyük (/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk) as instruments of motherhood but after a " patriarchal (/wiki/Patriarchy) revolution", when men had appropriated both phallus worship and "the breast fetish" for themselves, these organs "acquired the erotic significance with which they are now endowed". [134] (#cite_note-134) Some scholars argue that it is important that the breast is partly or fully covered to be erotic. [135] (#cite_note-135) French semiotician (/wiki/Semiotics) Roland Barthes (/wiki/Roland_Barthes) observed, "Woman is desexualized at the very moment when she is stripped naked"; [136] (#cite_note-136) while historical commentator Susan L. Stanton observes, "There is no mystery in a naked breast, there is no need to fantasize about what is beneath the clothing." [137] (#cite_note-137) According to author Marilyn Yalom (/wiki/Marilyn_Yalom) in A History of the Breast , around these times, [ timeframe? ] male thinkers decided a nursing mother's breasts were both erotic and a source of nourishment for future citizens of the nation. [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) According to psychologist Richard D. McAnulty, when breasts are hypersexualized, they are not perceived as a body part to breastfeed infants. Therefore, exposure of the breast, such as in public breastfeeding, is considered embarrassing. [123] (#cite_note-craik-123) Science journalist Natalie Angier (/wiki/Natalie_Angier) shifts from using the term "functional" to using the term "maternal" to describe the "non-aesthetic breast" in her book Woman: An Intimate Geography (1999). [138] (#cite_note-138) In the same book, she argues human fascination with full cleavage may be a result of our fascination with round objects and attraction towards well-defined curves. [139] (#cite_note-139) History [ edit ] Main article: History of cleavage (/wiki/History_of_cleavage) Ancient [ edit ] Princess Nofret (/wiki/Nofret) (27th century BCE) of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) Minoan snake goddess (/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines) (17th century BCE) In 2600 BCE (/wiki/Common_Era) , princess Nofret (/wiki/Nofret) of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) was depicted wearing a V-neck (/wiki/V-neck) gown with a plunging neckline that exposed ample cleavage that was further emphasized by an elaborate necklace and prominently protruding nipples. [140] (#cite_note-olson-140) [141] (#cite_note-141) In ancient Minoan culture (/wiki/Minoan_culture) , women wore clothes that complemented slim waists and full breasts. One of the better-known features of ancient Minoan fashion is breast exposure; women wore tops that could be arranged to completely cover or expose their breasts, with bodices to accentuate their cleavage. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) In 1600 BCE, snake goddess (/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines) figurines with open dress-fronts revealing entire breasts, were sculpted in Minos (/wiki/Minos) . [140] (#cite_note-olson-140) By that time, Cretan women in Knossos (/wiki/Knossos) were wearing ornamental fitted bodices with open cleavage, sometimes with a peplum (/wiki/Peplos) . [144] (#cite_note-144) Another set of Minoan figurines from 1500 BCE show women in bare-bosomed corsets. [145] (#cite_note-145) [146] (#cite_note-146) Ancient Greek women adorned their cleavage with a long pendant necklace called a kathema . [147] (#cite_note-147) The ancient Greek goddess Hera (/wiki/Hera) is described in the Iliad (/wiki/Iliad) to have worn something like an early version of a push-up bra festooned with "brooches of gold" and "a hundred tassels" to increase her cleavage to divert Zeus (/wiki/Zeus) from the Trojan War (/wiki/Trojan_War) . [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) Women in Greek and Roman civilizations had at times used breastbands like taenia in Rome to enhance smaller busts but more often, women of the masculine Greco-Roman world, where unisex clothes were often preferred, used breastbands like apodesmes in Greece, and fascia or mamillare in Rome to suppress their breasts. Among these mamillare was a particularly strict leather corset for suppressing women with big busts. [148] (#cite_note-148) [52] (#cite_note-EloVau-52) A silver coin that was found in South Arabia in the 3rd century BCE shows a buxom foreign ruler with much décolletage and an elaborate coiffure (/wiki/Coiffure) . [149] (#cite_note-149) Rabbi Aha b. Raba (/wiki/Aha_b._Raba) ( c. 5th century ) and Nathan the Babylonian (/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian) ( c. 2nd century ) measured the appropriate size of the cleavage as "of one hand-breadth (/wiki/Hand-breadth) between a woman's breasts". [150] (#cite_note-150) Medieval [ edit ] Courtiers in China during the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) ( c. 706 ), when the décolletage was quite liberal. [151] (#cite_note-Hins-151) 2014 Chinese TV series The Empress of China (/wiki/The_Empress_of_China) was briefly pulled off-air for showing the abundance of cleavage in Tang courts. [106] (#cite_note-Empress-106) During the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (7th to 9th centuries), women in China were increasingly freer than before and by the mid-Tang, their décolleté dresses became quite liberated. [152] (#cite_note-152) The Tang women inherited the traditional ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) gown and modified it by opening up the collar to expose their cleavage, which had previously been unimaginable. [153] (#cite_note-153) Rather than the conservative garments worn by earlier Chinese women, women of the Tang era deliberately emphasized their cleavage. [151] (#cite_note-Hins-151) The popular style of the era was long gowns of soft fabrics that were cut with a pronounced décolletage and very wide sleeves, or a décolleté knee-length gown that was worn over a skirt. [154] (#cite_note-154) Between the 11th and 16th centuries, the prevailing décolleté clothes of women of Punjab (/wiki/Punjab) , Gujarat (/wiki/Gujarat) and Rajasthan (/wiki/Rajasthan) in India were replaced with covered bosoms and long veils as the region increasingly came under foreign control. [155] (#cite_note-155) During this period, elaborate, opulent courtly dresses with wide décolletage became popular in the Italian maritime states of Venice (/wiki/Republic_of_Venice) , Genoa (/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa) and Florence (/wiki/Republic_of_Florence) . [156] (#cite_note-MaryBig-156) Until the 12th century, the Christian West was not cleavage friendly but a change in attitude occurred by the 14th century with France leading the way, [157] (#cite_note-CFors-157) when necklines were lowered, clothes were tightened and breasts were once again flaunted. [158] (#cite_note-histoire_mode-158) Décolleté gowns were introduced in the 15th century. [159] (#cite_note-159) In a breast-rating system that was invented at the time, the highest rating was given to breasts that were "small, white, round like apples, hard, firm, and wide apart". [157] (#cite_note-CFors-157) Women started squeezing the breasts and applying makeup to make their cleavage more attractive; [160] (#cite_note-160) cleavage was termed the "smile of the bustline" by contemporaneous Belgian chronicler Jean Froissart. [161] (#cite_note-161) A contemporaneous French courtesy manual La Clef d'Amors advised, "If you have a beautiful chest and a beautiful neck do not cover them up but your dress should be low cut so that everyone can gaze and gape after them". Contemporaneous poet Eustache Deschamps (/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps) advised "a wide-open neckline and a tight dress with slits through which the breasts and the throat could be more visible". [157] (#cite_note-CFors-157) The French Catholic Church (/wiki/French_Catholic_Church) , however, tried to discourage the flaunting of cleavage. It mandated the cleavage, which it referred to as "the gates of hell", and the opening on woman's bodices be laced. French priest Oliver Maillard (/wiki/Oliver_Maillard) said women who exposed their breasts would be "strung up in hell by their udders". Monarchs like Charles VII of France (/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France) ignored the church. It was common for women in his court to wear bodices through which their breasts, cleavage and nipples could be seen. [157] (#cite_note-CFors-157) In 1450, Agnès Sorel (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel) , mistress to Charles VII, started a fashion trend when she wore deep, low, square décolleté gowns with fully bared breasts in the French court. [158] (#cite_note-histoire_mode-158) Early modern [ edit ] Rajput painting (/wiki/Rajput_painting) of Chitrashala Dancer from Bundi (/wiki/Bundi) ( c. 1640s ) showing exposed underboob (#underboob) , which remained banned by laws and policies as late as 2020 in many places from the U.S. to Thailand [112] (#cite_note-Bussel-112) [113] (#cite_note-Parker-113) [114] (#cite_note-Spara-114) [116] (#cite_note-Thai-116) Across Europe, décolletage was often a feature of the dress of the late Middle Ages; this continued through the Victorian period (/wiki/Victorian_period) . Gowns that exposed a woman's neck and the top of her chest were very common and uncontroversial in Europe from at least the 11th century until the mid-19th century. Ball gowns and evening gowns especially had low, square décolletage that was designed to display and emphasize cleavage. [162] (#cite_note-Gernsheimpp-162) [163] (#cite_note-DesmondMorris-163) In many European societies between the Renaissance and the 19th century, wearing low-cut dresses that exposed one or both breasts was more acceptable than it is in the early 21st century; bared female legs, ankles and shoulders were considered to be more risqué than exposed breasts. [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-165) Portrait of an unknown woman, with breast exposed, c. 1670 by Peter Lely (/wiki/Peter_Lely) In aristocratic and upper-class circles, the display of breasts was at times regarded as a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) ; a sign of beauty, wealth and social position. [166] (#cite_note-166) The bared breast invoked associations with nude sculptures of classical Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) that influenced the art, sculpture and architecture of the period. [167] (#cite_note-Nigel_Llewellyn_1660-167) In mid-16th-century Turkey, during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) , respectability regulations allowed "respectable" women to wear fashionable dresses with exposed cleavage; this privilege was denied to "prostitutes" so they could not draw attention to their livelihoods. [168] (#cite_note-168) The entari (/w/index.php?title=Entari&action=edit&redlink=1) , a popular women's garment of the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) , resembled the corseted bodice of Europe without the corset; its narrow top and narrow, long, plunging décolletage exposed a generous cleavage. [169] (#cite_note-169) [170] (#cite_note-170) Around this time, cleavage-revealing gambaz (/w/index.php?title=Gambaz&action=edit&redlink=1) gowns became accepted among married women in the Levant (/wiki/Levant) , where bosoms were regarded as a sign of maternity. [171] (#cite_note-171) In 16th-century India, during the Mughal Empire (/wiki/Mughal_Empire) , Hindu women started emulating the overdressed conquerors by covering their shoulders and breasts, [172] (#cite_note-172) though in contemporaneous paintings, women of Mughal palaces were often portrayed wearing Rajput-style cholis [173] (#cite_note-173) and breast jewelry. [174] (#cite_note-174) Mughal paintings (/wiki/Mughal_painting) often portrayed women with extraordinarily daring décolletage. [175] (#cite_note-175) Contemporaneous Rajput paintings (/wiki/Rajput_painting) often depict women wearing semi-transparent cholis that cover only the upper part of their breasts. [176] (#cite_note-176) In the 16th century, when Spanish conquistadors (/wiki/Conquistador) colonized the Inca Empire (/wiki/Inca_Empire) , traditional cleavage-revealing and colorful Inca dresses were replaced by high necks and covered bosoms. [177] (#cite_note-177) In European societies during the 16th century, women's fashions with exposed breasts were common across the class spectrum. Anne of Brittany (/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany) has been painted wearing a dress with a square neckline. Low, square décolleté styles were popular in 17th-century England; Queen Mary II (/wiki/Mary_II_of_England) and Henrietta Maria (/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France) , wife of Charles I of England (/wiki/Charles_I_of_England) , were depicted with widely bared breasts. Architect Inigo Jones (/wiki/Inigo_Jones) designed a masque (/wiki/Masque) costume for Henrietta Maria (/wiki/Henrietta_Maria) that widely revealed both of her breasts. [167] (#cite_note-Nigel_Llewellyn_1660-167) [178] (#cite_note-178) Cleavage-enhancing corsets, which used whalebone (/wiki/Whalebone) and other stiff materials to create a desired silhouette—a fashion that was also adopted by men for their coats—were introduced in the mid-16th century. [179] (#cite_note-179) [180] (#cite_note-180) Anne of Austria (/wiki/Anne_of_Austria) , Queen of France, was an early 17th century fashion icon wearing dresses that showcased her cleavage. [181] (#cite_note-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) Throughout the 16th century, shoulder straps stayed on the shoulders but as the 17th century progressed, they moved down the shoulders and across the top of the arms, and by the mid-17th century, the oval neckline of the period became commonplace. By the end of the century, necklines at the front of women's garments started to drop even lower. [183] (#cite_note-183) During the extreme décolletage of the Elizabethan era (/wiki/Elizabethan_era) , necklines were often decorated with frills and strings of pearls, and were sometimes covered with tuckers and partlets (/wiki/Partlet) (called a tasselo in Italy [184] (#cite_note-184) and la modiste in France). [185] (#cite_note-185) [186] (#cite_note-186) [187] (#cite_note-187) Late Elizabethan corsets, with their rigid, suppressive fronts, manipulated a woman's figure into a flat, cylindrical silhouette (/wiki/Silhouette#Fashion_and_fitness) with a deep cleavage. [188] (#cite_note-188) Around 1610, flat collars started replacing neck trims, allowing provocative cleavage that was sometimes covered with a handkerchief. [189] (#cite_note-189) During the Georgian era (/wiki/Georgian_era) , pendants became popular as décolletage decoration. [190] (#cite_note-190) Anne of Austria (/wiki/Anne_of_Austria) , along with female members of her court, was known for wearing very tight bodices and corsets (/wiki/Corset) that forced breasts together to make deeper cleavage, very low necklines that exposed breasts almost in entirety above the areolae, and pendants lying on the cleavage to highlight it. [140] (#cite_note-olson-140) After the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) décolletage become larger at the front and reduced at the back. [191] (#cite_note-191) During the fashions of 1795–1820 (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_fashion) , many women wore dresses that bared necks, bosoms and shoulders. [140] (#cite_note-olson-140) Increasingly, the amount of décolletage became a major difference between day-wear and formal gowns. [192] (#cite_note-192) Cleavage was not without controversy. In 1713, British newspaper The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian_(1713)) complained about women forgoing their tuckers (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tucker) , and keeping their necks and tops of breasts uncovered. English poet and essayist Joseph Addison (/wiki/Joseph_Addison) complained about décolletage so extreme "the neck of a fine woman at present take in almost half the body". Publications advised women against "unmasking their beauties". 18th-century news correspondents wrote that "otherwise polite, genteel women looked like common prostitutes". [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) During the French Enlightenment (/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment) , there was a debate about whether female breasts were merely a sensual enticement or a natural gift to be offered from mother to child. Not all women in France wore the open-neck style without modifications; a self-portrait by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Labille-Guiard) (France, 1785) shows the painter in a fashionable décolleté dress while her pupils have their bosoms accessorized with gauzy handkerchiefs. [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) Nearly a century later, also in France, a man from the provinces who attended a court ball at the Tuileries (/wiki/Tuileries) in Paris in 1855 was disgusted by the décolleté dresses and is said to have said; "I haven't seen anything like that since I was weaned!". [193] (#cite_note-Gernsheim,_Alison_page_43-193) In 1890, the first breast augmentation was performed using an injection of liquid paraffin (/wiki/Liquid_paraffin_(drug)) . [194] (#cite_note-Weinz-194) Late modern [ edit ] Detail of Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) (1884) by John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) , whose cleavage caused enough controversy for Sargent to re-paint and make the cleavage less daring. [195] (#cite_note-195) By the end of the 18th century in Continental Europe (/wiki/Continental_Europe) , cleavage-enhancing corsets grew more dramatic, pushing the breasts upward. [196] (#cite_note-196) The tight lacing of corsets worn in the 19th and early 20th centuries emphasized both cleavage and the size of the bust and hips. Evening gowns and ball gowns were especially designed to display and emphasize the décolletage. [162] (#cite_note-Gernsheimpp-162) [163] (#cite_note-DesmondMorris-163) Elaborate necklaces decorated the décolletage at parties and balls by 1849. [197] (#cite_note-197) There was also a trend of wearing camisole (/wiki/Camisole) -like clothes and whale-bone corsets that gave the wearer a bust without a separation or any cleavage. [198] (#cite_note-198) Despite the contemporaneous popularity of décolletage dresses, complete exposure of breasts in portraits was limited to two groups of women; the scandalous (mistresses and prostitutes), and the pure (breastfeeding mothers and queens). [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) In North America, the Gilded Age (/wiki/Gilded_Age) saw women adorning their cleavage with flowers attached to clothes and carefully placed jewelry. [199] (#cite_note-199) During the Victorian period (/wiki/Victorian_era) of the mid-to-late 19th century, social attitudes required women to cover their bosoms in public. High collars were the norm for ordinary wear. Towards the end of this period, the full collar was in fashion, though some décolleté dresses were worn on formal occasions. [193] (#cite_note-Gernsheim,_Alison_page_43-193) For that purpose, the Bertha neckline (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)#Collar_styles) , which lay below the shoulders and was often trimmed with three to six inches (7.6 to 15.2 cm) of lace or other decorative material, became popular with upper and middle-class women but it was socially unacceptable for working-class women to expose that much skin. [200] (#cite_note-200) [201] (#cite_note-201) Multiple pearl necklaces were worn to cover the décolletage. [202] (#cite_note-202) Along with the Bertha neckline, straps were removed from corsets and shawls were made essential. [203] (#cite_note-AO-203) By 1904, necklines of evening attire were lowered, exposing the shoulders, sometimes without straps but the neckline still ended above the cleavage. [204] (#cite_note-204) Clergymen all over the world were shocked when dresses with modest round or V-shaped necklines became fashionable around 1913. In the German Empire (/wiki/German_Empire) , Roman Catholic bishops joined to issue a pastoral letter attacking the new fashions. [205] (#cite_note-205) In the Edwardian era (/wiki/Edwardian_era) , extreme uplift with no hint of cleavage was as common as a bow-fronted look that was also popular. [206] (#cite_note-206) In 1908, a single rubber pad or a "bust form" was worn inside the front of the bodice to make cleavage virtually undetectable. [207] (#cite_note-207) The Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) generation of 1920s flattened their chests to adopt the fashionable "boy-girl" look by either bandaging their breasts or by using bust latteners. [208] (#cite_note-Komar-208) Corsets started to go out of fashion by 1917, when metal was needed to make tanks and munitions for World War I [209] (#cite_note-JForbes-209) and due to the vogue for boyish figures. [210] (#cite_note-JFields-210) In New Zealand, the early appearance of décolleté clothes in 1914 was soon superseded by the "flat" fashion. [211] (#cite_note-211) Breast suppression prevailed in the Western world so much the U.S. physician Lillian Farrar attributed "virginal atrophic prolapsed breasts" to the fashion imperatives of the time. [212] (#cite_note-212) In 1920, paraffin was replaced for breast augmentation with fatty tissue taken from the abdomen and buttocks. [194] (#cite_note-Weinz-194) Italian soprano (/wiki/Soprano) Lina Cavalieri (/wiki/Lina_Cavalieri) , known for her décolletage as much as her talent, [213] (#cite_note-213) at the turn of the 20th century. Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , in Some Like It Hot (/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot) (1959). She was voted a cleavage queen 50 years after her death. [214] (#cite_note-214) In 1914, New York socialite Mary Phelps Jacob (better known as Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) ) patented the garment as "the backless brassiere"; after making a few hundred garments, she sold the patent to The Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Corset_Company) for US$1,500. In the next 30 years, Warner Brothers made more than US$15 million from Jacob's design. [209] (#cite_note-JForbes-209) [215] (#cite_note-Deccan-215) [216] (#cite_note-MKetch-216) During the next century, the brassière industry went through many ups and downs, often influenced by the demand for cleavage. [217] (#cite_note-HillRuby-217) With a return to more womanly figures in the 1930s, corsetry maintained a strong demand, even at the height of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . [210] (#cite_note-JFields-210) From the 1920s to the 1940s, corset manufacturers constantly tried training young women to use corsets [218] (#cite_note-218) but fashions became more restrained in terms of décolletage while exposure of the leg became more accepted in Western societies during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) and remained so for nearly half a century. [219] (#cite_note-219) In the Republic of China (/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)) in the early 20th century, qipao (/wiki/Qipao) , a dress that shows the legs but no cleavage, became so popular many Chinese women consider it as their national dress. [220] (#cite_note-220) [221] (#cite_note-221) In the 1940s, a substantial amount of fabric in the center of brassières created a separation of breasts rather than a pushed-together cleavage. [222] (#cite_note-222) In 1947, Frederick Mellinger (/wiki/Frederick_Mellinger) of Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) created the first padded brassière followed a year later by an early push-up version dubbed "The Rising Star". [209] (#cite_note-JForbes-209) [215] (#cite_note-Deccan-215) In that decade, Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) introduced the " New Look (/wiki/Dior#"New_Look") " that included elastic corsets, pads and shaping girdles to widen hips, cinch waists and lift breasts. [223] (#cite_note-223) Under the Motion Picture Production Code (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code) , which was in effect in the U.S. between 1934 and 1968, the depiction of excessive cleavage was not permitted. [2] (#cite_note-Time-2) [9] (#cite_note-Slide-9) Many female actors defied those standards; other celebrities, performers and models followed suit and the public was not far behind. Low-cut styles of various depths were common. [224] (#cite_note-Pelling-224) In the post-war period, cleavage became a defining emblem; according to writer Peter Lewis; "The bust, bosom or cleavage was in the Fifties the apotheosis of erogenous zones. The breasts were the apples of all eyes." [225] (#cite_note-225) Around this time, the American word "cleavage" started to be used to define the space between the breasts. [226] (#cite_note-ACart-226) Early contemporary [ edit ] Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) at a Victoria's Secret fashion show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) . Lingerie manufacturers controlled and constructed the conventional bustline of the 1990s. [227] (#cite_note-227) In their heyday, Wonderbra sponsored a National Cleavage Day (/wiki/National_Cleavage_Day) in South Africa every year, [228] (#cite_note-228) [229] (#cite_note-229) and the webcast (/wiki/Webcast) of the Victoria's Secret fashion show became one of the Internet's biggest events. [230] (#cite_note-230) According to an urban American woman, during the 1950s, "At night... our shoulders were naked, our breasts half-bare". [231] (#cite_note-MJohns-231) Dramatic necklaces that emphasized the cleavage became popular at balls and parties in France. [232] (#cite_note-232) In the U.S., television shows tried to mask exposed cleavage with tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) [233] (#cite_note-233) and even sketches, illustrations and short stories in Reader's Digest (/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest) and Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post) depicted women with tiny waists, big buttocks and ample cleavage. [231] (#cite_note-MJohns-231) In this decade, Hollywood and the fashion industry successfully promoted large, cloven bustlines and falsies (/wiki/Falsies) , [224] (#cite_note-Pelling-224) the brassière industry started experimenting with the half-cup bra (/wiki/Demi-bra) (also known as demi-cup or shelf bra) to facilitate décolletage. [217] (#cite_note-HillRuby-217) Polyvinyl (/wiki/Polyvinyl) sacs were often the preferred implant to augment breasts into a fuller, more projected appearance. [194] (#cite_note-Weinz-194) Despite these developments, open presentation of cleavage was mostly limited to well-endowed female actors like Lana Turner (/wiki/Lana_Turner) , Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) (who was attributed with the revelation of America's "mammary madness" by journalist Marjorie Rosen (/wiki/Marjorie_Rosen) [234] (#cite_note-234) ), Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) , Jane Russell, Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , Jayne Mansfield (/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield) and Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) , who were as celebrated for their cleavage as for their beauty. While these movie stars significantly influenced the appearance of women's busts in this decade, the stylish 1950s sweaters were a safer substitute for many women. [224] (#cite_note-Pelling-224) [235] (#cite_note-235) [226] (#cite_note-ACart-226) Lingerie manufacturer Berlei (/wiki/Berlei) launched the "Hollywood Maxwell" brassière, claiming it to be a "favourite of film stars". [226] (#cite_note-ACart-226) Modern augmentation mammaplasty (/wiki/Breast_augmentation) began when Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow developed the first silicone gel-filled breast prosthesis (/wiki/Breast_prosthesis) with Dow Corning Corporation (/wiki/Dow_Corning_Corporation) , and the first implanting operation took place the following year. [194] (#cite_note-Weinz-194) In the late 1960s, attention began to shift from the large bust to the trim lower torso, reasserting the need to diet, especially as new clothing fashions—brief, sheer, and close fitting—prohibited heavy reliance on foundation lingerie. Legs were comparatively less emphasized as elements of beauty. [236] (#cite_note-236) In the 1960s, driven by second-wave feminism (/wiki/Second-wave_feminism) , liberal politics (/wiki/Liberal_politics) and the free love (/wiki/Free_love) movement, a bra burning (/wiki/Bra_burning) movement arose to protest against—among various patriarchal imperatives—constructed cleavage and disciplined breasts. Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) and U.S. designer Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) experimented with a bra-less look on the runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) . [224] (#cite_note-Pelling-224) [208] (#cite_note-Komar-208) The increasingly casual styles of the 1960s led to a bra-less look when women who were unwilling to give up bras turned to soft bras that did not lift and "were as light and discreet as possible" but still provided support. [237] (#cite_note-237) [238] (#cite_note-238) Canadian government industry statistics (during the period sales figures were compiled by Industry Canada (/wiki/Industry_Canada) ), panties were considered "lingerie," rather than so-called "foundation undergarments" and are not part of this data set. From the 1960s, changes in fashion leaned towards increased displays of cleavage in films and television; Jane Russell and Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) were the biggest stars who led the fashion. [239] (#cite_note-239) In everyday life, low-cut dress styles became common, even for casual wear. [240] (#cite_note-240) Lingerie and shapewear manufacturers like Warner Brothers, Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) and Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) took the opportunity to market plunge bras (#Corsetry_and_bras) with a lower gore (/wiki/Gore_(fabrics)) that was suitable for low-cut styles. [241] (#cite_note-241) In the early 1970s, it became common to leave top buttons on shirts and blouses open to display pectoral muscles (/wiki/Pectoral_muscles) and cleavage. [242] (#cite_note-AsSeen-242) Daring women and men of all ages wore tailored, buttoned-down shirts that were open from the breast-point to the navel in a " groovy (/wiki/Groovy) " style, with pendants, beads or medallions dangling on the chest, displaying a firm body achieved through exercise. [243] (#cite_note-SamB-243) [244] (#cite_note-AmyT-244) As a new masculine style evolved, gay men adopted a traditionally masculine or working-class style with "half-unbuttoned shirt above the sweaty chest" and tight jeans. [245] (#cite_note-Jim_Elledge_page_254-245) [246] (#cite_note-Joseph_P._Goodwin_page_18-246) During the 1980s, deep, plunging cleavage became more common and less risqué as the popularity of work-outs (/wiki/Work-out) and masculine shoulder-padded blazers increased. [208] (#cite_note-Komar-208) In 1985, designer Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) re-introduced the corset as a trendy way to enhance cleavage. [247] (#cite_note-247) It was followed in 1989 by Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , who dressed Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) in a pink corset. Soon, Westwood introduced an elastic-sided variant that worked as a balcony to push up the cleavage. [248] (#cite_note-248) The push-up bra and exaggerated cleavage became popular in the 1990s. In 1992, the bra and girdle industry in America posted sales of over US$1 billion. [217] (#cite_note-HillRuby-217) The Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) brand, which had existed elsewhere, entered the U.S. market in 1994 with a newly designed, cleavage-enhancing bra. [249] (#cite_note-249) [250] (#cite_note-250) [251] (#cite_note-SStall-251) Driven by a controversial advertising campaign that featured model Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) 's cleavage, one Wonderbra was sold every 15 seconds shortly after the brand's launch, leading to first-year sales of US$120 million. [251] (#cite_note-SStall-251) [252] (#cite_note-252) [253] (#cite_note-253) The hypersexualized styles of Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) became a " zeitgeist (/wiki/Zeitgeist) " in the 1990s. [254] (#cite_note-SethS-254) By 2013, Victoria's Secret had captured one-third of the women's underwear market in the U.S. [254] (#cite_note-SethS-254) In the early 1990s, Sara Lee Corporation (/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation) —hen owner of the Wonderbra and Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) brands—along with UK lingerie manufacturer Gossard Limited, introduced a bra for Asian women who, according to Sara Lee, are "less buxom [and have] narrower shoulders". [255] (#cite_note-255) Traditional brands like Maidenform (/wiki/Maidenform) produced similar styles. [256] (#cite_note-256) Late contemporary [ edit ] "Sideboob" redirects here. For the English Teacher song, see This Could Be Texas (/wiki/This_Could_Be_Texas) . Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actress Alia Bhatt (/wiki/Alia_Bhatt) wearing a sideboob (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sideboob) gown Cosplayer (/wiki/Cosplay) dressing as Yoko Littner (/wiki/Yoko_Littner) in an underboob (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underboob) bikini top Underwire bras (/wiki/Underwire_bra) , the most popular cleavage-boosting lingerie, accounted for 60% of the UK bra market in 2000 [257] (#cite_note-257) and 70% in 2005. [258] (#cite_note-258) About 70% of women who wear bras wear a steel underwire bra according to underwear manufacturer S&S Industries of New York in 2009. [259] (#cite_note-Goo-259) In 2001, 70% (350 million) of the bras sold in the U.S. were underwire bras. [260] (#cite_note-Tucek-260) [259] (#cite_note-Goo-259) As of 2005, underwire bras were the fastest-growing segment of the market. [261] (#cite_note-261) Corsets also experienced a resurgence in the 2010s; this trend was driven by photographs on social media. According to fashion historian Valerie Steele, "The corset did not so much disappear as become internalised through diet, exercise and plastic surgery". [262] (#cite_note-Saner-262) By the turn of the 21st century, some of the attention given to cleavage and breasts started to shift to buttocks, especially in the media, [263] (#cite_note-263) while corsetry returned to mainstream fashion. [262] (#cite_note-Saner-262) According to dietician Rebecca Scritchfield, the resurgent popularity of corsets is driven by "the picture on Instagram of somebody with a tiny waist and giant boobs". [262] (#cite_note-Saner-262) At the same time alternatives to décolletage, which were often still called cleavages, emerged from Western cleavage culture. [264] (#cite_note-264) Modern corset By the early 2000s, " sideboob" (also known as "side cleavage" [265] (#cite_note-Dun-265) [266] (#cite_note-lot-266) ), i.e. the exposure of the side of the breast had become popular. One writer called it the "new cleavage". [112] (#cite_note-Bussel-112) [266] (#cite_note-lot-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) [268] (#cite_note-268) In 2008, Armand Limnander (/wiki/Armand_Limnander) wrote in The New York Times the " underboob" (also known as "bottom cleavage" and "reverse cleavage" [265] (#cite_note-Dun-265) [266] (#cite_note-lot-266) ) was "a newly fetishized anatomical zone where the lower part of the breast meets the torso, popularized by 80s rock chicks in cutoff tank tops". [269] (#cite_note-269) It was further popularized by dancer-singer Teyana Taylor (/wiki/Teyana_Taylor) in the music video for Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's 2016 song " Fade (/wiki/Fade_(Kanye_West_song)) ". [270] (#cite_note-270) Supermodels, including Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , and Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , contributed to the trend, [271] (#cite_note-271) which has appeared at beaches, on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) , and in social media posts. [272] (#cite_note-272) In the 2010s and early 2020s, cleavage-enhancing bras began to decline in popularity. [273] (#cite_note-273) [274] (#cite_note-274) Bralettes (/wiki/Bralette) and soft bras gained market share at the expense of underwire and padded bras, [275] (#cite_note-275) sometimes also serving as outerwear. [276] (#cite_note-Dyett-276) Some bralettes have plunging designs, light padding or bottom support. [277] (#cite_note-277) In November 2016, the UK version of fashion magazine Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) said "Cleavage is over"; this statement was widely criticized. [278] (#cite_note-278) Soft bras and sideboobs became popular over prominent cleavages. Soft bras consisted 30% of online retailer Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) 's bra sales by 2016. [279] (#cite_note-279) In 2017, the sales of cleavage-boosting bras fell by 45% while at Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , sales of wire-free bras grew by 40%. [280] (#cite_note-280) Jess Cartner-Morley (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) , fashion editor of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , reported in 2018 many women were dressing without bras, producing a less-dramatic cleavage, which she called "quiet cleavage". [281] (#cite_note-281) According to Sarah Shotton, creative director of Agent Provocateur (/wiki/Agent_Provocateur_(lingerie)) , "Now it's about the athletic body, health and wellbeing" rather than the male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) . [282] (#cite_note-282) According to lingerie designer Araks Yeramyan, "It was #MeToo (#MeToo) that catapulted the bralette movement into what it is today". [276] (#cite_note-Dyett-276) During the COVID-19 lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) , CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) reported a drop of 12% in bra sales across 100 retailers while YouTubers (/wiki/YouTuber) made tutorials on re-purposing bras as face masks; this trend was sometimes called a "lockdown liberation". [76] (#cite_note-TRob-76) Enhancement [ edit ] Throughout history, women have used many methods, including accentuation and display of breasts within the context of cultural norms of fashion and modesty, to enhance their physical attractiveness and femininity. Fetishization of breasts results in significant anxiety in women about having the correct breasts and resulting cleavage. All kinds of exercises, brassières and other methods of bust improvement have been recommended and advertised to cater for this need. [283] (#cite_note-283) Corsetry and bras [ edit ] See also: List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) Marie Tucek's "breast supporter" (1893), made of metal or cardboard plates covered with silk or canvas, from original patent application (/wiki/Patent_application) [260] (#cite_note-Tucek-260) [284] (#cite_note-284) Mary Phelps Jacob's (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) "backless brassiere" (1914), made of two handkerchiefs and some ribbon, from original patent application Corsetry and bras are often used to enhance cleavage; author Nan McNab claims that “it has been said the quickest way for a woman to change her breasts is to buy a bra”. [285] (#cite_note-285) Before the brassière became popular, the bust was encased in corsets and structured garments called " bust improvers (#Tape_and_inserts) ", which were made of boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) and lace. [286] (#cite_note-286) [287] (#cite_note-287) When corsets became unfashionable, brassières and padding helped to project, display and emphasize the breasts. These were initially manufactured by small companies and supplied to retailers. Women had the choice of long-line bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, Lastex (/wiki/Lastex) , firm bands under the cup, and light boning. [288] (#cite_note-288) In 2020, several lingerie and shapewear manufacturers, among them Wonderbra, Frederick's of Hollywood, Agent Provocateur and Victoria's Secret, produce bras that enhance cleavage and offer more than 30 types of bra, including underwire, padded, plunge and push-up bras. [289] (#cite_note-289) [290] (#cite_note-290) Development of underwire bras started in the 1930s [291] (#cite_note-291) but they did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) freed metal for domestic use. [292] (#cite_note-292) [293] (#cite_note-293) In an underwire bra, a thin strip of metal, plastic or resin—usually with a nylon coating at both ends—is sewn into the bra fabric and under each cup from the center gore to the armpit. The insert helps to lift, separate, shape and support the breasts. [259] (#cite_note-Goo-259) [294] (#cite_note-294) Underwire bras can rub and press against the breast, causing skin irritation and breast pain (/wiki/Mastodynia) , and the wire of a worn bra can protrude from the fabric. [295] (#cite_note-295) Padded bras have extra material, which may be foam, silicone, gel, air or fluid, in the cups to help the breasts look fuller. [296] (#cite_note-296) Different designs provide coverage and support, hide nipples, add shape to breasts that are far apart, and add comfort. Graduated padding has more padding at the bottom of the cups and gradually tapers towards the top. [297] (#cite_note-297) Plunge bra covers the nipples and the lower part of the breasts while leaving the top part bare, making it suitable for low-cut tops and deep V-necks. Plunge bras also have a lower, shorter and narrower center gore that maintains support while increasing cleavage by allowing the gore to drop several inches below the middle of the breasts. [298] (#cite_note-298) [299] (#cite_note-CHarr-299) [300] (#cite_note-300) [301] (#cite_note-301) Plunge bras may be padded or push the breasts together to create cleavage. [299] (#cite_note-CHarr-299) [302] (#cite_note-302) Push-up bras (/wiki/Push-up_bras) , which emerged in the mid-20th century, are designed to press the breasts upwards and closer together to give a fuller appearance with help of padded cups, differing from other padded bras in location of the pads. [303] (#cite_note-303) [251] (#cite_note-SStall-251) [304] (#cite_note-304) It leaves the upper and inner area of breasts uncovered adding more cleavage. Most of the push-up bras have underwires for added lift and support, while the padding is commonly made of foam. Wonderbra used to have 54 design elements in their push-up bras, including a three-part cup, underwires, a precision-angled back, rigid straps, and removable "cookies". [251] (#cite_note-SStall-251) In some forms of exercise, breasts unsupported by a sports bra are exposed to greater risk of droopiness (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) . [305] (#cite_note-305) [306] (#cite_note-306) Author Taffy Brodesser-Akner claims that long hours wearing a sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) or a push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) that presses breasts together can cause cleavage wrinkles, as does spending long hours sleeping on the side, during which the top breast bend past the body's midline. The deep vertical creases of these wrinkles stay longer as the collagen (/wiki/Collagen) in skin start to break down with age and exposure to sun. Women with bigger breasts, either natural or surgically enhanced, suffer more from cleavage wrinkles. [307] (#cite_note-taffy-307) There have been claims of bra designs that minimize cleavage wrinkles. [308] (#cite_note-308) Cleavage wrinkles can also be reduced with botox (/wiki/Botox) [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) [307] (#cite_note-taffy-307) and, according to Samantha Wilson, founder of skincare product manufacturer Skin Republic, by intense pulsed light (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) (IPM), collagen induction therapy (/wiki/Collagen_induction_therapy) (CIT) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (/wiki/High-intensity_focused_ultrasound) . [309] (#cite_note-Hempen-309) In 2009, Slovenian lingerie manufacturer Lisca (/wiki/Lisca_(company)) introduced a high-tech "Smart Memory Bra" that was supposed to push breasts further when its wearer becomes sexually aroused. [310] (#cite_note-310) [311] (#cite_note-311) Tape and inserts [ edit ] Cotton and silk bust improver (/wiki/Falsies) , c. 1890 Accessories, including lingerie tapes or duct tapes, removable gel pads, fabrics, silicone or microfiber inserts, and clothing—including socks—are used to enhance cleavage. [312] (#cite_note-312) [313] (#cite_note-313) [314] (#cite_note-314) Many women, such as beauty pageant participants and transgender (/wiki/Transgender) people, create cleavage by placing tape underneath and across their breasts, bending forward, tightly pulling them together and up. [315] (#cite_note-315) [316] (#cite_note-apaige-316) [317] (#cite_note-A&IV2-317) Types of tape used include lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) , surgical tape (/wiki/Surgical_tape) and athletic tape (/wiki/Athletic_tape) . Some use a strip of moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) under the breasts; this is held in place with tape. Use of the wrong techniques or tape with too strong an adhesive can cause injuries such as rashes, blisters and torn skin. [316] (#cite_note-apaige-316) [317] (#cite_note-A&IV2-317) Falsies, small silicone-gel pads that are similar to the removable pads sold with some push-up bras, are sometimes referred to colloquially as "chicken fillets". [318] (#cite_note-318) Falsies evolved from the bosom pads of the 17th century that were often made of stiff rubber. [319] (#cite_note-319) [320] (#cite_note-kharris-320) By the mid 1800s, "bust improvers" were made using soft fabric pads of cotton and wool or inflatable rubber. [320] (#cite_note-kharris-320) [321] (#cite_note-vcumming-321) In 1896, celluloid falsies were advertised and in the 20th century, soft foam rubber (/wiki/Foam_rubber) pads became available. [321] (#cite_note-vcumming-321) Young women, some as young as 15, were expected to wear falsies to fill out their bodices. [322] (#cite_note-scoop-322) [ page needed ] For cross-dressers or trans women who have not undergone hormone therapy (/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy_(male-to-female)) or breast augmentation, semi-rigid pieces of material such as plastic is sometimes applied to the skin using surgical tape, surgical adhesive, specialist adhesives or even general-purpose craft glue to get a feminine cleavage. [317] (#cite_note-A&IV2-317) [323] (#cite_note-323) [324] (#cite_note-324) [325] (#cite_note-325) Surgery [ edit ] See also: Breast augmentation (/wiki/Breast_augmentation) and Breast implant (/wiki/Breast_implant) Breasts before and after mammaplasty (/wiki/Mammaplasty) , with scars visible Cleavage, from a surgical perspective, is a combination of the intermammary distance and the degree of "fill" in the medial portion of the breast. [326] (#cite_note-326) Some flat-chested women feel self-conscious about their small breasts and want to improve their sexual attractiveness by seeking breast augmentation. [327] (#cite_note-327) According to plastic surgeon Gerard H. Pitman, "you can't have cleavage with an A cup (/wiki/Bra_size) . You have to be at least a B or a C." [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) It is easier to push big breasts together to accent the hollow between them. [322] (#cite_note-scoop-322) Implants filled with sterile saline solution (/wiki/Saline_(medicine)) and implants filled with viscous silicone (/wiki/Silicone) gel are used for breast reconstruction (/wiki/Breast_reconstruction) , and for the augmentation and enhancement of aesthetics—size, shape, and texture—of breasts. [328] (#cite_note-328) [329] (#cite_note-329) Plastic surgeons changed from using bodily tissues to these newer technologies in the 1950s. [330] (#cite_note-330) Sometimes, fat is injected into the subcutaneous plane (/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue) to narrow the gap of the cleavage [331] (#cite_note-331) and is grafted onto wide-chested individuals. [332] (#cite_note-332) During breast reconstruction, surgeons are normally careful to preserve the natural cleavage of the breasts. [333] (#cite_note-333) Attempts to create or increase cleavage by loosening the medial borders of the breasts could result in symmastia (/wiki/Symmastia) (also called a "uniboob"), a confluence of the breast tissue (/wiki/Breast_tissue) of both breasts across the midline in front of the sternum, creating a lack of defined cleavage. [334] (#cite_note-334) About 3 cm of cleavage distance is recommended while augmenting breasts, to avoid medial perforation, compromised soft tissues, visible implants, rippling and symmastia. [335] (#cite_note-335) [126] (#cite_note-Gregory_Evans_page_360-126) A high surgical release of pectoralis major muscles can enhance cleavage at the risk of the implant showing through soft tissues. [336] (#cite_note-336) Saline-filled breast implants Silicone gel-filled breast implants A 2016 paper reported breast augmentation was one of the most common aesthetic surgery procedures performed by plastic surgeons. Annually, an estimated 8,000–20,000 surgeries are done in the UK and over 300,000 in the U.S. According to the paper, in the U.S., 4% of women had breast implants at the time. It reported annual sales of 300,000 implants in South America and estimated the global number of women with breast implants to be between five and ten million. [337] (#cite_note-337) Women seeking breast augmentation often request a specific form of cleavage enhancement and often produce photographs of desired cleavage shapes and appearances. [20] (#cite_note-MAAK-20) Many of those who seek breast augmentation want "full cleavage" which, according to plastic surgeon Jeffrey Weinzweig, "in reality results only from external forces, such as a brassier. Attempts to create such full cleavage require unacceptable compromise to other aesthetic factors of the breast." [338] (#cite_note-338) The width of cleavage is determined at the point at which the breast tissue attaches to the periosteal bone membrane (/wiki/Periosteum) that covers the sternum and by the medial attachments of the pectoralis major (/wiki/Pectoralis_major) (chest muscle). [20] (#cite_note-MAAK-20) By modern cultural values, cleavage is considered more attractive when breasts are close together. [339] (#cite_note-339) A narrow cleft between the breasts is identified as unusual anatomy. [340] (#cite_note-340) Plastic surgeon John B. Tebbetts finds creating a narrow intermammary distance is not a priority over other aspects. [341] (#cite_note-341) He says if a patient wishes a gluteal (/wiki/Intergluteal_cleft) appearance for her cleavage, she should use "an appropriate push up brassiere", avoiding "the temptation to create it surgically". [342] (#cite_note-342) Because large breasts are not always closer together than smaller ones, and because implants change only the volume of the breasts, not their position, implants cannot produce a tight cleavage if the gap between the breasts is wide. [343] (#cite_note-343) Wide-set breasts will have a wide cleavage even after surgery because implants cannot correct the condition. [344] (#cite_note-344) It is difficult to produce sufficiently feminine cleavage for trans women, even with breast augmentation surgery, because people assigned male at birth (/wiki/Assigned_male_at_birth) have nipple-areolar complexes set farther apart on their chests than those assigned female at birth (/wiki/Assigned_female_at_birth) do. [345] (#cite_note-345) [346] (#cite_note-346) [347] (#cite_note-347) Fat grafting (/wiki/Breast_augmentation#Fat-graft_injection) may be used to reduce the width of cleavage in trans women. [348] (#cite_note-348) Exercise and supplements [ edit ] See also: Upper body exercise (/wiki/Upper_body_exercise) , Yoga (/wiki/Yoga) , and Breast enlargement supplement (/wiki/Breast_enlargement_supplement) Exercise on a machine fly (/wiki/Machine_fly) , a recommended way to develop cleavage [349] (#cite_note-349) [350] (#cite_note-350) Bhujangasana (/wiki/Bhujangasana) (cobra pose) is one of the most recommended yoga poses for cleavage improvement [351] (#cite_note-poses-351) [352] (#cite_note-Lapis-352) Regular exercise of the muscles and fibers of the pectoral complex, which lies just under the fatty tissues of the breast, helps prevent droopiness, creates the illusion of larger and firmer breasts, and enhances cleavage. [353] (#cite_note-bmars-353) [354] (#cite_note-354) [355] (#cite_note-355) Exercise does not enlarge the breasts but developing the pectoral muscles on the chest can give them a fuller appearance. [356] (#cite_note-356) Training the chest does not change the structure of the breasts because breast tissue is fat, which cannot be shaped; chest training can, however, prevent breasts from drooping and sagging by firming the muscles that surround the sternum. [357] (#cite_note-357) Even in moderately athletic women, the pectoralis major muscles on either side of the cleavage become more prominent with exercise. [358] (#cite_note-358) The most effective exercises for developing breasts and improving cleavage are incline chest press (/wiki/Press_(exercise)) , chest fly (/wiki/Fly_(exercise)) and chest dip (/wiki/Dip_(exercise)) . [359] (#cite_note-359) [360] (#cite_note-360) [361] (#cite_note-Bapt-361) Weight training (/wiki/Weight_training) , nautilus machines (/wiki/Nautilus,_Inc.) , push-ups and chest presses are helpful, as are exercise balls (/wiki/Exercise_ball) , dumbbells (/wiki/Dumbbell) , rowing and basketball. [353] (#cite_note-bmars-353) [361] (#cite_note-Bapt-361) [352] (#cite_note-Lapis-352) Flat chest dumbbell pullovers and dumbbell flyers on incline bench is recommended for beginners, while the advanced exercisers may include bench press movements, flyers, pullovers, Pec Decs (/wiki/Pec_Dec) and push-ups at least twice a week. [362] (#cite_note-362) Pilates (/wiki/Pilates) , tai chi (/wiki/Tai_chi) and yoga (/wiki/Yoga) boost cleavage by improving posture and strengthening the chest muscles. Hunching, tightening and closing off of the chest in yoga asanas (/wiki/Asana) are particularly helpful, along with breathing exercises (/wiki/Pranayama) like deep breathing ( sama vritti (/wiki/Sama_vritti) or kapalabhati (/wiki/Kapalabhati) ) and retention ( kumbhaka (/wiki/Kumbhaka) ). [363] (#cite_note-363) [364] (#cite_note-364) [365] (#cite_note-365) The most recommended asanas to develop cleavage are backbends like cobra (/wiki/Bhujangasana) , bow (/wiki/Dhanurasana) , camel (/wiki/Ustrasana) , bridge (/wiki/Setu_bandhasana) and locust (/wiki/Salabhasana) ; twisted poses like cow face (/wiki/Gomukhasana) and lord of the fishes (/wiki/Matsyendrasana) ; front bends like plough (/wiki/Halasana) and resting child (/wiki/Balasana) ; standing poses like tree (/wiki/Vriksasana) and warrior (/wiki/Virabhadrasana) ; and leg stretches like raised leg (/w/index.php?title=Uttanpadasana&action=edit&redlink=1) and inverted leg stretch (/wiki/Viparita_karani) . [351] (#cite_note-poses-351) Supplements are frequently portrayed as natural means to increase breast size with the suggestion they are free from risk. [366] (#cite_note-MythAndReality-366) : 1330 Commonly used ingredients include black cohosh (/wiki/Actaea_racemosa) , [366] (#cite_note-MythAndReality-366) : 1330 (shown to have no estrogenic effect [366] (#cite_note-MythAndReality-366) : 1330 ) dong quai (/wiki/Angelica_sinensis) , [366] (#cite_note-MythAndReality-366) : 1331 hops (/wiki/Hops) , [367] (#cite_note-367) : 4914 kava (/wiki/Kava) [368] (#cite_note-Bust-368) : 1347 (may cause liver damage (/wiki/Hepatotoxicity) [368] (#cite_note-Bust-368) : 1347 ) and zearalenone (/wiki/Zearalenone) [369] (#cite_note-ZEN-369) (increases probability of estrogen-dependent breast cancer and may reduce fertility [369] (#cite_note-ZEN-369) ) among others. [366] (#cite_note-MythAndReality-366) : 1330 [368] (#cite_note-Bust-368) : 1345 Despite folklore about using herbs for breast enlargement, there is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of any breast enlargement supplement. [368] (#cite_note-Bust-368) [370] (#cite_note-370) In the United States, both the Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) and the Food and Drug Administration (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) have taken action against the manufacturers of these products for fraudulent practices. [371] (#cite_note-371) Grooming and makeup [ edit ] Sunburnt (/wiki/Sunburn) upper décolletage (neck and shoulder) Using facial mask (/wiki/Facial_mask) in cleavage area According to Samantha Wilson of Skin Republic, dermatologist Paul Jarrod Frank, and Philippa Curnow of Elizabeth Arden (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden) , compared with the epidermis (/wiki/Epidermis) on the face, the epidermis on the cleavage and neck has fewer hair follicles (/wiki/Hair_follicle) and oil glands, little subcutaneous fat (/wiki/Subcutaneous_fat) cushioning the area, a limited number melanocytes (/wiki/Melanocyte) , and is much thinner and more fragile. [309] (#cite_note-Hempen-309) [372] (#cite_note-Tromans-372) [373] (#cite_note-Danic-373) [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) Skin in these areas can suffer from damage resulting in cleavage wrinkles, uneven skin tone, age spots (/wiki/Age_spot) , scars from heat rash (/wiki/Heat_rash) , and female chest hairs, [373] (#cite_note-Danic-373) and may show loss of elasticity sooner. [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) Some perfumes and colognes can cause a phototoxic (/wiki/Phototoxicity) rashes on the neck, wrists and cleavage that leaves patterned hyperpigmentation when healed. [374] (#cite_note-374) According to Curnow, the skin of the cleavage area often ages more quickly because it experiences more exposure to ultraviolet radiation (/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation) (UV) and environmental factors like pollution than skin that remains covered in many cultures, while moisturizers and sunscreens are used more on the face and neck. [372] (#cite_note-Tromans-372) According to Marnina Diprose, founder of skin care clinic Aroze Dermal Therapies, ultraviolet radiation can break down collagen and cause pigment (/wiki/Pigment) deposition, leading to mottled pigmentation on the cleavage. [309] (#cite_note-Hempen-309) The skin of the cleavage area may also show loss of elasticity more quickly. [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) Dermatoheliosis (/wiki/Dermatoheliosis) (photo aging) is a problem when cleavage skin is exposed for prolonged periods to UV radiation in sunlight; it is characterized by hyperpigmentation (/wiki/Hyperpigmentation) , leathery texture, roughness, wrinkles, lentigines (/wiki/Lentigo) (age spots), actinic elastosis (/wiki/Actinic_elastosis) and telangiectasias (/wiki/Telangiectasia) (spider veins). [375] (#cite_note-375) For protection, regular use of high-factor sunscreen on the cleavage area is recommended by reconstructive surgeon Anh Nguyen and others. [5] (#cite_note-divide-5) [309] (#cite_note-Hempen-309) Products routinely used on the face, including vitamin A (/wiki/Vitamin_A) , vitamin B3 (/wiki/Vitamin_B3) , and vitamin C (/wiki/Vitamin_C) , masks (/wiki/Facial_mask) , cleansers (/wiki/Cleanser) , moisturizers, and exfoliators (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) , are also applied to the cleavage, [373] (#cite_note-Danic-373) [376] (#cite_note-Cahn-376) [377] (#cite_note-377) though products specifically designed for the cleavage and neck and also available. [372] (#cite_note-Tromans-372) Additionally body oils like shea butter (/wiki/Shea_butter) , coconut oil and almond oil, [378] (#cite_note-CDavis-378) and bronzers (/wiki/Bronzer) are also used to achieve a "glowing" cleavage. [376] (#cite_note-Cahn-376) Splashing cold water on the cleavage also helps. [379] (#cite_note-379) According to Victoria's Secret model Taylor Hill (/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(model)) , most professional models use makeup to better define their cleavage. [380] (#cite_note-380) Makeup artist Stephen Dimmick recommends using a luminizer on the clavicle area. [378] (#cite_note-CDavis-378) Makeup with shading (/wiki/Contouring) effects is used to make cleavage appear deeper and the breasts look fuller. The middle of the cleavage is made to look deeper by using a shade of makeup color that is darker than the base color of the skin, while the most prominent areas of the breasts are made to look larger or more protruding by the use of a paler color. [317] (#cite_note-A&IV2-317) [381] (#cite_note-381) An illuminator on the collar bones and bronzing below them is used for more accent. [382] (#cite_note-382) Beauty journalist Zoe Weiner describes a more elaborate process of outlining the breasts with a contouring stick that is slightly darker than the skin tone then highlighting inside the contour lines with a highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) slightly lighter than skin tone, followed by blending with a contouring brush in circular motions. [383] (#cite_note-383) Embellishments [ edit ] Cleavage piercing Cleavage tattoo Bright colors, ornaments and accessories, including ruffles (/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)) and glitters (/wiki/Glitter) that add detail to the cleavage area, help to make breasts look bigger and draw attention to them. Using the cleavage as a canvass, a recommended way of adornment is to layer necklaces and chokers (/wiki/Choker) with a pendant (/wiki/Pendant) as a centerpiece of the cleavage. [384] (#cite_note-384) [385] (#cite_note-385) Georgian era-style rivière necklaces are also popular items with which to dress the décolletage. [386] (#cite_note-386) According to celebrity tattoo artist and tattoo historian Lyle Tuttle (/wiki/Lyle_Tuttle) , sternum tattoos became popular with women's liberation (/wiki/Women%27s_liberation) . [387] (#cite_note-387) Singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) was a major driver in popularizing cleavage tattoos. [388] (#cite_note-388) According to tattooist Mira Mariah, "Since most sternums are a flat plane, there are really good opportunities for detail". [389] (#cite_note-389) Underboob tattoos are generally done under the breasts but could wrap around the sternum, cleavage, side boob and ribs. [390] (#cite_note-390) Cleavage piercings, also known as chest piercings and sternum piercings—one of the most-admired body piercings (/wiki/Body_piercing) —is done on the cleavage area vertically or horizontally. [391] (#cite_note-391) [392] (#cite_note-392) A sternum piercing can be located anywhere along the sternum and can be either a surface piercing (/wiki/Surface_piercing) or a dermal piercing (/wiki/Dermal_piercing) . The jewelry, generally flexible rods made of hypoallergenic (/wiki/Hypoallergenic) metal like surgical titanium (/wiki/Titanium#Medical) , surgical stainless steel (/wiki/Surgical_stainless_steel) , niobium (/wiki/Niobium) or gold ( 14 karat (/wiki/Fineness#Measure) and above), is placed vertically or horizontally between the breasts. Male cleavage [ edit ] Italy 1974 Germany 1980 In the 1970s, daring women and men of all ages left top buttons on shirts and blouses open to display pectoral muscles (/wiki/Pectoral_muscles) , cleavage and a firm body in a " groovy (/wiki/Groovy) " style. [242] (#cite_note-AsSeen-242) [243] (#cite_note-SamB-243) [244] (#cite_note-AmyT-244) Male cleavage (also known as "heavage"), a result of low necklines or unbuttoned shirts, has been a movie trend since the 1920s. Douglas Fairbanks (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks) revealed his chest in films including The Thief of Bagdad (/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1924_film)) (1924) and The Iron Mask (/wiki/The_Iron_Mask) (1929), and Errol Flynn (/wiki/Errol_Flynn) showed his male cleavage in movies like The Adventures of Robin Hood (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood) (1938). This aesthetic continued into the 1950s and 1960s with movie stars like Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) , who also displayed his chest in The Adventures of Robin Hood , and Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) in many James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) movies; but it went out of fashion after the 1970s, which according to fashion historian Robert Bryan was "the golden age of male chest hair", epitomized by John Travolta (/wiki/John_Travolta) in Saturday Night Fever (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever) (1977). [393] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-393) Musician Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) wearing a jacket (/wiki/Jacket) that displays his cleavage at a 2022 Love on Tour (/wiki/Love_On_Tour) concert in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) This look was also popular with celebrities like Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and Burt Reynolds (/wiki/Burt_Reynolds) in the 1970s, and Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) , Jude Law (/wiki/Jude_Law) , Simon Cowell (/wiki/Simon_Cowell) and Kanye West in the 2010s. [394] (#cite_note-Saten-394) [395] (#cite_note-Ode-395) Throughout the 1970s, more men unbuttoned their shirts as both men and women took an anti-fashion approach to clothing and the rise of the leisure wear, and adopted comfortable, unisex styles. [396] (#cite_note-396) [397] (#cite_note-397) [398] (#cite_note-398) As a new masculine style evolved, gay men adopted a traditionally masculine or working-class style with "half-unbuttoned shirt above the sweaty chest" and tight jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , rejecting the idea that gay men want to be women. [245] (#cite_note-Jim_Elledge_page_254-245) [246] (#cite_note-Joseph_P._Goodwin_page_18-246) In India, male cleavage became popular with Bollywood movie stars Salman Khan (/wiki/Salman_Khan) (who was named "the king of cleavage" by The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) [399] (#cite_note-399) ), Shekhar Suman (/wiki/Shekhar_Suman) in the 1990s, and Shahid Kapoor (/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor) and Akshay Kumar (/wiki/Akshay_Kumar) in the 2000s. [400] (#cite_note-Sabhar-400) [401] (#cite_note-401) [402] (#cite_note-402) Many male K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) stars are also known for their cleavage. [403] (#cite_note-403) Man cleavage came back into style in the 2010s, especially among hipsters (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) and Hispanic and Latino Americans (/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) . [393] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-393) [394] (#cite_note-Saten-394) [395] (#cite_note-Ode-395) Stylist Christiaan Choy attributes its resurgence to fit physiques and the urge for personal styles. [404] (#cite_note-404) Fashion entrepreneur Harvey Paulvin said a men's V-neck should be between "two to four inches from the collar". [405] (#cite_note-405) Some men groom their chest hair to improve the male cleavage look (sometimes known as " manscaping (/wiki/Manscaping) "). [406] (#cite_note-406) [393] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-393) [394] (#cite_note-Saten-394) [395] (#cite_note-Ode-395) [400] (#cite_note-Sabhar-400) Many still considered the look inappropriate for most situations. [400] (#cite_note-Sabhar-400) [407] (#cite_note-407) Male bra [ edit ] Main article: Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Some men who crossdress choose to wear bras among other articles of clothing. [408] (#cite_note-408) Bras may be worn for the feel of it or the silhouette it creates. [409] (#cite_note-409) A man bra may provide a "filling" inside the cups to create a cleavage. [410] (#cite_note-410) By the end of the 2000s, man bras were briefly popular with Japanese men as an online purchase item. [411] (#cite_note-411) Most cases of male breast development are attributed to gynecomastia (/wiki/Gynecomastia) , an endocrine disorder (/wiki/Endocrine_disorder) that causes breast development in males (also known as man boobs or moobs ). [412] (#cite_note-Rohr-412) [413] (#cite_note-413) [414] (#cite_note-numerous-414) [415] (#cite_note-415) Seeing as how the disorder can cause psychological distress, [416] (#cite_note-416) some men wear a male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) (also known as "compression bra" or "compression vest"), [414] (#cite_note-numerous-414) [417] (#cite_note-Genev-417) [418] (#cite_note-418) to flatten the cleavage rather than giving it a lift. [419] (#cite_note-419) Exercises like cardio (/wiki/Aerobic_exercise) and strength training (/wiki/Strength_training) are also recommended in reducing male breasts. [420] (#cite_note-420) In more severe cases, medical treatment may include surgical intervention. [421] (#cite_note-421) According to British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (/wiki/British_Association_of_Aesthetic_Plastic_Surgeons) (BAAPS), 323 men had breast reduction surgery in 2008 in the UK, which is 44% more than in 2007. [412] (#cite_note-Rohr-412) See also [ edit ] Backless dress (/wiki/Backless_dress) – Type of dress Toplessness (/wiki/Toplessness) – Having a woman's torso exposed above the waist Toe cleavage (/wiki/Toe_cleavage) – property of footwear that allows the intertoe division to be glimpsed Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Buttock cleavage (/wiki/Buttock_cleavage) – Minor exposure of the buttocks Pai slash (/wiki/Pai_slash) – Breasts bisected by a diagonal strap References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Cleavage" (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cleavage) . Etymology Online . ^ a b c "Cleavage & the Code" (http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,777076,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_magazine) . Vol. 48, no. 6. August 5, 1946. p. 98. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Waters, Florence (2011-03-01). "Jane Russell: the poster controversy that made a star" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8354765/Jane-Russell-the-poster-controversy-that-made-a-star.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110304140344/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8354765/Jane-Russell-the-poster-controversy-that-made-a-star.html) from the original on 2011-03-04 . Retrieved 2020-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Schumach, Murray (1964). The Face On The Cutting Room Floor . Da Capo Press (/wiki/Da_Capo_Press) . p. 61. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0306706035 . Retrieved 2020-10-15 . ^ a b c d e f g h Merkin, Daphne (/wiki/Daphne_Merkin) (August 28, 2005). "The Great Divide" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/style/tmagazine/the-great-divide.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ a b "cleavage" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cleavage) . Merriam-Webster Dictionary (/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary) online . 16 May 2023. "cleavage" (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cleavage) . Cambridge Dictionary (/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary) online . ^ (#cite_ref-SelfReg_7-0) Ruth A. Inglis (1947). "Need for Voluntary Self-Regulation". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 254 : 153–159. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/000271624725400124 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271624725400124) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1026154 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1026154) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143679258 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143679258) . ^ a b Dunkling, Leslie (/wiki/Leslie_Dunkling) (2005). When Romeo Met Juliet . Trafford Publishing (/wiki/Trafford_Publishing) . p. 55. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1412055437 . ^ a b Slide, Anthony (/wiki/Anthony_Slide) (1998). Banned in the U.S.A.: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933–1960 . Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1860642548 . ^ (#cite_ref-MeWe-age_10-0) "cleave" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cleave) . Merriam-Webster Dictionary (/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary) online . "-age" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/age) . Merriam-Webster Dictionary (/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary) online . 18 May 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "décolleté" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/d%C3%A9collet%C3%A9) . The Free Dictionary (/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary) . ^ (#cite_ref-auto2_12-0) Barnhart, Robert K. (/wiki/Robert_Barnhart) , ed. (1994). Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0062700841 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "neckline" (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/neckline) . Cambridge Dictionary (/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary) online . "neckline" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/neckline) . Collins Dictionary (/wiki/Collins_Dictionary) online . "cleave" (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/neckline?s=t) . Dictionary.com . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kefgen, Mary; Touchie-Specht, Phyllis (1971). Individuality in Clothing Selection and Personal Appearance . Macmillan (/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers) . p. 167. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0023621901 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ironside, Janey (/wiki/Janey_Ironside) (1968). A fashion alphabet . Joseph. p. 48. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0859655514 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_16-0) Barnhart, Robert K. (/wiki/Robert_Barnhart) , ed. (1994). Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (first ed.). New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0062700841 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Rudofsky, Bernard (/wiki/Bernard_Rudofsky) (1984). The Unfashionable Human Body (Repr. d. Ausg. ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (/wiki/Van_Nostrand_Reinhold_Co.) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0442276362 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Moore, Keith (2018). Clinically oriented anatomy (eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 318–321. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1496347213 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) D. v. Heimburg; K. Exner; G. Lemperle (1996). "The tuberous breast deformity: classification and treatment" (https://www.jprasurg.com/article/S0007-1226(96)90000-4/pdf) . British Journal of Plastic Surgery . 49 (6): 339–345. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90000-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0007-1226%2896%2990000-4) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 8881778 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881778) . ^ a b c d Muhammad Adil Abbas Khan; Ammar Asrar Javed; Nigel Mercer (15 January 2016). "Cleavage classification: categorizing a vital feminine aesthetic landmark" (https://parjournal.net/article/view/1262#B3) . 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Further reading [ edit ] Listen to this article ( 8 minutes ) This audio file (/wiki/File:Cleavage_(breasts).ogg) was created from a revision of this article dated 6 January 2010 ( 2010-01-06 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help (/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) · More spoken articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles) ) The Future of Reputation, Gossip, Rumour and Privacy on the Internet , Daniel J. Solove, Yale University Press (/wiki/Yale_University_Press) , 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300124989 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300124989) , p. 166 Sex in Consumer Culture , Tom Reichert, Jacqueline Lambiase, Routledge, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0805850902 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805850902) Sex Crimes Investigation: Catching and Prosecuting the Perpetrators , Robert L. Snow, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0275989348 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275989348) , p. 146 Gernsheim, Alison (1981 [1963]). Victorian and Edwardian Fashion. A Photographic Survey . Mineola: Dover Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0486242056 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486242056) Glazier, Stephen D. (/wiki/Stephen_D._Glazier) ; Flowerday, Charles (2003). Selected Readings in the Anthropology of Religion: Theoretical and Methodological Essays . Greenwood Publishing Group (/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0313300905 . Morris, Desmond (/wiki/Desmond_Morris) (1997). Manwatching. A Field Guide to Human Behavior . New York: Harry N. Abrams (/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 081091310-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/081091310-0) Morris, Desmond (2004). The Naked Woman. A Study of the Female Body . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0312338538 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312338538) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleavage (breasts) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleavage_(breasts)) . "Gender and Electronic Privacy" (https://www.epic.org/privacy/gender/) . Electronic Privacy Information Center (/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center) . "Sargent's Portraits" (http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=g&p=a&a=i&ID=424) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110628151801/http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=g&p=a&a=i&ID=424) 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , an article including a mention of the scandal caused by the portrayal of cleavage in John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) 's " Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) ". "The Great Divide" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/style/tmagazine/TW1792179.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , August 28, 2005 Sarah E. Reynolds, Boobs Out! 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French fashion model Cora Emmanuel Cora Emmanuel walking the runway for Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Born ( 1992-10-01 ) 1 October 1992 (age 31) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique) , France (/wiki/France) Modeling information Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) (New York) Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) (Paris, Los Angeles) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (worldwide) Premier Model Management (London) Modelwerk (Hamburg) MP Management (/wiki/MP_Management) (Stockholm) Vivien’s Model Management (Sydney) [1] (#cite_note-1) Cora Emmanuel (born 1 October 1992) is a French fashion model. Early life [ edit ] Her father is a former architect and current architecture teacher; her mother is a history and geography teacher. [2] (#cite_note-2) She has an older sister and younger half-brother. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Emmanuel's mother encouraged her to do the Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) contest and she signed with Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) in 2008. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) where she signed with New York Models. In 2011, she signed with Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) , her current agency. After having switched to Ford, she walked for Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo) , Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) , Akris (/wiki/Akris) and Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) (which she opened and closed). [7] (#cite_note-7) She has also walked for Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Mugler (/wiki/Mugler) , Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Marni (/wiki/Marni) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , for whom she did a campaign. [8] (#cite_note-VogueParis-8) She has also walked for Diane von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_Furstenberg) , Donna Karen (/wiki/Donna_Karen) , Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , Jason Wu (/wiki/Jason_Wu) , and Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Emmanuel has been on the cover of H&M (/wiki/H%26M) magazine, [10] (#cite_note-10) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) Sweden, [11] (#cite_note-11) Elle Norway, Elle France, and Vogue Mexico. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) And has appeared in magazines including CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) , [8] (#cite_note-VogueParis-8) Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . [16] (#cite_note-16) She has done ads for Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) , Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and NARS Cosmetics (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Emmanuel was ranked on models.com's "Money Girl" and "Top 50 Models" lists. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Cora Emmanuel - Model" (https://models.com/models/cora-emmanuel) . Models.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Reborn, Stars (2022-01-24). "Cora Emmanuel: Bio, Height, Weight, Age, Measurements" (https://starsreborn.com/cora-emmanuel-bio-height-weight-age-measurements/) . Stars Reborn . Retrieved 2022-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Meet the New Girl: Cora Emmanuel Thought Modeling Was 'Stupid' (https://www.thecut.com/2011/11/mtng_cora_emmanuel.html) " (https://www.thecut.com/2011/11/mtng_cora_emmanuel.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Cora Emmanuel" (http://www.marieclaire.co.za/fashion/cora-emmanuel) . Marie Claire South Africa . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Success Stories - Elite Model Look" (https://www.elitemodellook.com/int/en/success-stories/index.htm) . Elite Model Look . Cora's long limbs and sparkling personality made her a muse at Chanel. She followed in Karolina Kurkova and Freja Beha Erichsen 's footsteps to open and close the Bottega Veneta show. For 2015, she is the face of M.A.C.'s 2015 holiday campaign. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Model Wall: Cora Emmanuel" (https://www.vogue.com/article/model-wall-cora-emmanuel) . 2 December 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Model from Martinique: Cora Emmanuel" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/cora-emmanuel-13-2013) . 2012-12-03. ^ Jump up to: a b "Cora Emmanuel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319200414/http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/cora-emmanuel/1148) . Vogue.fr . Archived from the original (https://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/cora-emmanuel/1148) on March 19, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2019 . In September of 2011 and at only 19 years old, Cora Emmanuel was spotted on the runway for Alexander Wang, Tommy Hilfiger, Michael Kors, Kenzo, Elie Saab, Akris and Bottega Veneta's Spring/Summer 2012 collections, for whom she opened and closed the show, an honor bestowed previously upon Karolina Kurkova. Her stunning look gained even more success and by February of 2012, Cora Emmanuel had become a face to follow at the Fall/Winter 2012-2013 Fashion Week. She walked for Valentino, Givenchy, Miu Miu, Louis Vuitton, Mugler, Jean Paul Gaultier, Stella McCartney, Marni, Dolce & Gabbana and Chanel, of which she also faced the Fall/Winter 2012-2013 advertising campaign. In September of 2012, the French beauty continued to make appearances during the Spring/Summer 2013 ready-to-wear Fashion Week for houses like Moschino, Roberto Cavalli, Michael Kors, Jason Wu, Blumarine, Bottega Veneta, Michael Kors, Vera Wang, Tommy Hilfiger and Prabal Gurung. A month later, the model made her debut appearance in Vogue Paris in the November 2012 issue dedicated to beauty at every age, alongside two other models on the rise, Nadja Bender and Kati Nescher. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "NYFW black models" (https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/the-black-blog/2013/02/black-models-nyfw-aw-13) . Vogue Italia . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Cora Emmanuel - H&M Magazine Summer 2014" (https://www.elitemodellook.com/gp/fr/home/cora-emmanuel--hm-magazine-summer-2014/index.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "CORA EMMANUEL WEARS SPORTY SWIMSUIT LOOKS IN ELLE SWEDEN" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/cora-emmanuel-swimsuits-elle-sweden/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 2016-07-22. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "STYLE FILE Cora Emmanuel" (https://www.vogue.mx/vip/style-file/galerias/cora-emmanuel/4856) . Vogue Mexico . 27 May 2016. Model on the rise and muse of the cover of June Vogue Mexico and Latinomérica ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Cora Emmanuel - Gallery with 9 magazine covers - Fashion Model | Models | the FMD | Page 1" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/cora_emmanuel/covers/) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Wilson, Julee (2013-05-21). "Cora Emmanuel & Maria Borges Pose for CR Fashion Book, Proving Again Black is Beautiful (PHOTOS)" (https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_3313704) . Huffington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "This Designer Painted His Models' Parts GOLD for His Couture Show" (https://www.allure.com/story/jean-paul-gaultier-models-gold-hair-fall-2017-couture) . Allure . 6 July 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "RAMI MALEK AND CORA EMMANUEL MODEL FALL'S SLICKEST LOOKS" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/a39077/rami-malek-and-cora-emmanuel-elle-editorial/) . Elle . 8 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "TIFFANY & CO'S NEW CAMPAIGN STARS A BEAUTIFUL SAME SEX COUPLE FOR THE FIRST TIME" (https://fashionista.com/2015/01/tiffany-engagement-campaign) . Fashionista . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "ADDING MULTIMEDIA Tommy Hilfiger Announces Global Fall 2013 Ad Campaign" (https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/adding-multimedia-tommy-hilfiger-announces-global-fall-2013-ad-campaign-2013-07-23) . MarketWatch . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Campaign Buzz: Alexander Wang, Valentino, and Balmain Debut Fall Ads" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a16914/fall-2013-campaigns-alexander-wang-valentino-balmain/) . Elle . 2013-07-18. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "🔥 OBSESSED! New "Orgasm" by @narsissist w/ @jujujuxiaowen 🖤 many thanks to a killer team" (https://www.instagram.com/p/BwaPyQqF_Xd/) . Instagram . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "StackPath" (https://models.com/models/Cora-Emmanuel/10) . models.com . Retrieved 2022-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Money Girls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150109073318/http://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls-All/9288#9288) . Models.com . Archived from the original (https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls/) on January 9, 2015 . Retrieved March 3, 2019 . Radiant beauty and a timeless appeal, Cora Emmanuel was destined for high fashion success. Balancing work for fashion's iconic luxury labels like Chanel and Balmain, with posing for mass market powerhouses Gap, H&M; and Diesel, Cora showcases the best of both worlds. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Top 50 Models" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140328013529/http://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/9288#9288) . models.com . Archived from the original (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/) on March 28, 2014 . Retrieved March 3, 2019 . 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New Zealand fashion designer and businesswoman Dame Denise L'Estrange-Corbet DNZM (/wiki/Dame_Companion_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit) L'Estrange-Corbet in 2014 Born 1959 or 1960 (age 63–64) Nationality New Zealander Occupation(s) Fashion designer and businesswoman Known for Founded WORLD Dame Denise Ann L'Estrange-Corbet DNZM (/wiki/Dame_Companion_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit) (born 1959 or 1960) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) is a New Zealand fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and businesswoman. She founded WORLD, a fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) , in 1989 with her then husband, Francis Hooper (/wiki/Francis_Hooper) . Personal life [ edit ] L'Estrange-Corbet published her autobiography, All That Glitters , in 2008, in which she discussed her childhood in London and her history of depression. [2] (#cite_note-2) At the age of 3 her mother took her and her sister to England to escape an abusive alcoholic father, and she was raised in London (/wiki/London) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) She appeared in a Ministry of Health (/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_Zealand)) campaign aimed at reducing the stigma of suffering from depression. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) L'Estrange-Corbet and Francis Hooper are the parents of gossip columnist Pebbles Hooper. [4] (#cite_note-4) Honours and awards [ edit ] L'Estrange-Corbet with Francis Hooper at an investiture dinner in 2014, following Hooper's appointment as a MNZM In 1995 WORLD's designs won the Avant Garde category at the Benson & Hedges Fashion Design Award, a $5000 prize. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours (/wiki/2002_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)) , L'Estrange-Corbet was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit (/wiki/New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit) (MNZM), for services to fashion design. [5] (#cite_note-5) She was promoted to Dame Companion (/wiki/Dame) (DNZM) of the same order in the 2018 New Year Honours (/wiki/2018_New_Year_Honours_(New_Zealand)) , for services to fashion and the community. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She won the Westpac New Zealand Women of Influence Award (/wiki/New_Zealand_Women_of_Influence_Award) in 2017 in the category Art and Culture. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In 2015 WORLD became the first fashion brand to be endorsed by the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Controversy [ edit ] In May 2018, online news platform The Spinoff criticised L'Estrange-Corbet's brand WORLD for selling imported clothes with a label attached saying "Made in New Zealand" in French, after she herself had made frequent criticisms of labour conditions of imported products. [9] (#cite_note-9) The brand had not been rated by TEAR Fund's labour standards ratings scheme because of the claim all the products were made in New Zealand. L'Estrange-Corbet defended WORLD's practices, calling the story "gutter journalism" and a "beat-up", [10] (#cite_note-10) and saying that the "clothing tags that say 'Made in NZ' are made in NZ, so there is nothing misleading about this". [11] (#cite_note-11) Publications [ edit ] L'Estrange-Corbet, Denise (2008). All That Glitters . Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1869790424 . References [ edit ] ^ a b c Mann, Britt (30 December 2017). "WORLD's Denise L'Estrange-Corbet made Dame Companion of The New Zealand Order of Merit" (https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/fashion/100179031/WORLDs-Denise-L-Estrange-Corbet-made-Dame-Companion-of-The-New-Zealand-Order-of-Merit) . Stuff (/wiki/Stuff.co.nz) . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mackay, Jenetta (17 January 2018). "Denise L'Estrange-Corbet Isn't Afraid to Make a Statement - Viva" (http://www.viva.co.nz/article/fashion/dame-denise-lestrange-corbet/) . www.viva.co.nz . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ a b c Theunissen, Matthew (30 December 2017). "New Year Honour: Dame Denise L'Estrange-Corbet" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11966673) . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "12 Questions: Pebbles Hooper" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/twelve-questions-pebbles-hooper/NYB36BF6XYCI5S3ZLFN4GWXTKI/) . The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee honours list 2002" (https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-and-golden-jubilee-honours-list-2002) . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "New Year honours list 2018" (https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2018) . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ a b "Denise L'Estrange–Corbet" (https://www.womad.co.nz/artists/denise-lestrange-corbet/) . WOMAD . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "About the WORLD" (https://www.worldbrand.co.nz/pages/about-the-world) . WORLD . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Chapman, Madeleine (/wiki/Madeleine_Chapman) (7 May 2018). "T-Shirts from Bangladesh. Sequin patches from China. Sold by WORLD as 'Made in New Zealand' (https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/07-05-2018/t-shirts-from-bangladesh-sequin-patches-from-china-all-sold-by-world-as-made-in-nz/) " (https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/07-05-2018/t-shirts-from-bangladesh-sequin-patches-from-china-all-sold-by-world-as-made-in-nz/) . The Spinoff . Retrieved 12 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/05/that-s-not-me-dame-denise-l-estrange-corbet-comes-out-swinging-at-misleading-label-claims.html) 'That's not me': Dame Denise L'Estrange-Corbet comes out swinging at 'misleading label' claims" (https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/05/that-s-not-me-dame-denise-l-estrange-corbet-comes-out-swinging-at-misleading-label-claims.html) . Newshub . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Those WORLD T-shirts: Dame Denise L'Estrange-Corbet responds" (https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/07-05-2018/those-world-t-shirts-dame-denise-lestrange-corbet-responds/) . The Spinoff . 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 12 October 2019 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Furs (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Furs) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐bbdrt Cached time: 20240720214144 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.054 seconds Real time usage: 0.102 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2351/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 221/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946125/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 93.970 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 93.970 1 -total 95.59% 89.823 1 Template:Sister_project 93.23% 87.608 1 Template:Side_box 6.53% 6.136 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2220717-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720214144 and revision id 620794783. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. Furriers (/wiki/Category:Furriers) ‎ (13 P) F Furs (/wiki/Category:Furs) ‎ (2 P) T Fur trade (/wiki/Category:Fur_trade) ‎ (19 C, 246 P) Pages in category "Fur" The following 38 pages are in this category, out of 38 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Fur (/wiki/Fur) Guard hair (/wiki/Guard_hair) A American Legend Cooperative (/wiki/American_Legend_Cooperative) B Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Beaver hat (/wiki/Beaver_hat) Boyar hat (/wiki/Boyar_hat) C Conservation and restoration of fur objects (/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects) D Samantha De Reviziis (/wiki/Samantha_De_Reviziis) Le Déjeuner en fourrure (/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_en_fourrure) E Environmental impacts of fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) F Fake fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) Fur Act (/wiki/Fur_Act) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) Fur farming (/wiki/Fur_farming) Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002 (/wiki/Fur_Farming_(Prohibition)_(Scotland)_Act_2002) Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000 (/wiki/Fur_Farming_(Prohibition)_Act_2000) I International Fur & Leather Workers Union (/wiki/International_Fur_%26_Leather_Workers_Union) K Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) L Sebastian Lotzer (/wiki/Sebastian_Lotzer) M Mantle (royal garment) (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) Fur massage (/wiki/Fur_massage) Miniver (/wiki/Miniver) Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat (/wiki/Mrs._Bixby_and_the_Colonel%27s_Coat) Muff (handwarmer) (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) N Nutria fur (/wiki/Nutria_fur) P Possum-skin cloak (/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak) S Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Striped hyena fur (/wiki/Striped_hyena_fur) T Tabbaard (/wiki/Tabbaard) Tibetan fur (/wiki/Tibetan_fur) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) List of types of fur (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) U Umqhele (/wiki/Umqhele) Z Zamarra (coat) (/wiki/Zamarra_(coat)) Zibellino (/wiki/Zibellino) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fur&oldid=620794783 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fur&oldid=620794783) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Animal hair products (/wiki/Category:Animal_hair_products) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Mammal anatomy (/wiki/Category:Mammal_anatomy) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American fashion designer Michelle Laine is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) [1] (#cite_note-1) and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) [2] (#cite_note-Harper_Collins_-_City_of_Style_by_Melissa_Magsaysay-2) based in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) . [3] (#cite_note-The_Jewelry_Issue:_California_Gold_-_LA's_Irit_Ehrlich_and_Michelle_Laine_light_up_the_scene.-3) Laine designed the costume's for the 2020 feature film Archenemy (film) (/wiki/Archenemy_(film)) , [4] (#cite_note-IMDb-4) as well as music videos for Floria Sigismondi (/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi) , [3] (#cite_note-The_Jewelry_Issue:_California_Gold_-_LA's_Irit_Ehrlich_and_Michelle_Laine_light_up_the_scene.-3) John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) , [5] (#cite_note-Artistry_Agency_|_Costume_Designers-5) Phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix_(band)) , [5] (#cite_note-Artistry_Agency_|_Costume_Designers-5) A-Trak (/wiki/A-Trak) [6] (#cite_note-6) The Chainsmokers (/wiki/The_Chainsmokers) , and Yves Tumor (/wiki/Yves_Tumor) . [5] (#cite_note-Artistry_Agency_|_Costume_Designers-5) Her jewelry and fashion designs have been worn by Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , [7] (#cite_note-www.michellelaine.com-7) Elle Fanning (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) , [7] (#cite_note-www.michellelaine.com-7) Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , [7] (#cite_note-www.michellelaine.com-7) Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , [8] (#cite_note-An_Interview_with_Designer_Michelle_Laine-8) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Kristen Stewart (/wiki/Kristen_Stewart) , [3] (#cite_note-The_Jewelry_Issue:_California_Gold_-_LA's_Irit_Ehrlich_and_Michelle_Laine_light_up_the_scene.-3) Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) , [10] (#cite_note-10) and Brandy (/wiki/Brandy_Norwood) . [8] (#cite_note-An_Interview_with_Designer_Michelle_Laine-8) She is the daughter of extreme water-sports athlete Randy Laine (/wiki/Randy_Laine) . [4] (#cite_note-IMDb-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) WWD (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/michelle-laine-rtw-spring-2012-5303060) ^ (#cite_ref-Harper_Collins_-_City_of_Style_by_Melissa_Magsaysay_2-0) Harper Collins - "City of Style" by Melissa Magsaysay (https://books.google.com/books?id=f3DhyUPOZ1MC&pg=PT127) Source: Google Books ^ a b c The Jewelry Issue: California Gold - LA's Irit Ehrlich and Michelle Laine light up the scene. (http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/24/image/la-ig-lajewelry-20110424) Source: Los Angeles Times, April 24, 2011 ^ a b IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2340418/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1) ^ a b c Artistry Agency | Costume Designers (http://artistry.net/clients/costume-designers/michelle-laine) ^ (#cite_ref-6) A-Trak "We All Fall Down" (https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2016/02/11/trak-we-all-fall-down-nicolas-randall-dir) Source: Videostatic ^ a b c www.michellelaine.com (http://www.michellelaine.com/PRESS.html) ^ a b An Interview with Designer Michelle Laine (http://thefwblog.wordpress.com/2011/04/02/1650/) Source: Fashionware Technologies, April 2, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Alessandra Ambrosio - Agate Necklace (http://michellelainedesigns.blogspot.com/2011/09/alessandra-ambrosio.html) ^ (#cite_ref-10) 30 Seconds To Mars - Jared Leto 2011 Tour Costumes (http://michellelainedesigns.blogspot.com/2011/06/30-seconds-to-mars.html) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐687d5b87c4‐7j4w2 Cached time: 20240709221943 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.077 seconds Real time usage: 0.156 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 390/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1566/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 442/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8186/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1586698/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 141.586 1 -total 47.79% 67.668 1 Template:Short_description 36.29% 51.382 1 Template:Authority_control 25.33% 35.866 2 Template:Pagetype 15.24% 21.575 3 Template:Main_other 13.83% 19.575 1 Template:SDcat 11.13% 15.760 1 Template:Reflist 1.25% 1.766 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33511102-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709221943 and revision id 1171456336. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Laine&oldid=1171456336 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Laine&oldid=1171456336) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American women bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_women_bloggers) American bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_bloggers) 21st-century American women artists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_artists) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
Bellville Sassoon Industry Clothing Founded 1953 Founder Belinda Bellville Headquarters Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) London, SW1 (/wiki/SW_postcode_area) United Kingdom Key people Belinda Bellville , David Sassoon (/wiki/David_Sassoon_(designer)) , Lorcan Mullany Bellville Sassoon is a high end British fashion salon originally based on Pavilion Road (/wiki/Pavilion_Road) , Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) , London, now located at 18 Culford Gardens in Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) . History [ edit ] Bellville Sassoon was founded in 1953 by Belinda Bellville, who retired in 1981. [1] (#cite_note-2013_FMD_Bellville_Sassoon-1) It became Bellville Sassoon by name in 1970 after David Sassoon (/wiki/David_Sassoon_(designer)) , who had joined the company in 1958 and remained for some 50 years. [2] (#cite_note-SassoonStemp2009-2) [3] (#cite_note-Ed1999-3) The company is currently run by Irish fashion designer Lorcan Mullany. [1] (#cite_note-2013_FMD_Bellville_Sassoon-1) Bellville Sassoon actually has its origins in Belinda Bellville's grandmother, Cuckoo Leith, who ran a dress-shop in the 1920s. [4] (#cite_note-Honeycombe1982-4) Belinda Bellville invited David Sassoon to join the firm in 1958. [5] (#cite_note-JC-5) Due to Sassoon's Jewish roots, Bellville Sassoon has become a notable Jewish fashion house, and according to Sassoon the salon has done "a tremendous amount for weddings and barmitzvahs (/wiki/Barmitzvah) , because Jewish women like to dress up for these occasions. They have been very big business for us over the years." [5] (#cite_note-JC-5) Late 20th century [ edit ] Bellville counts numerous socialites and the royal family as amongst its clientele and was the most prolific of Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana) 's early designers. [4] (#cite_note-Honeycombe1982-4) [6] (#cite_note-McDowell2007-6) [7] (#cite_note-Owen1983-7) Bellville Sassoon designed her "Gonzaga dress", amongst numerous other items of clothing. Sassoon has said, "When she got engaged, her mother brought her in to us and asked us to make the going-away outfit." [8] (#cite_note-Clehane1998-8) Aside from Diana, Bellville Sassoon has designed clothes for Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) , Princess Michael of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent) , the Duchess of York (/wiki/Duchess_of_York) . Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) , Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) , Anita Baker (/wiki/Anita_Baker) , Melanie Griffith (/wiki/Melanie_Griffith) , Helen Mirren (/wiki/Helen_Mirren) , Ivana Trump (/wiki/Ivana_Trump) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) , Jada Collins and Melissa Brown and his designs have appeared on the covers of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Harper's Magazine (/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine) . [5] (#cite_note-JC-5) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Company1985-10) [11] (#cite_note-Company2005-11) 21st century [ edit ] In recent years, due to old age, Sassoon has increasingly given responsibility to Irish designer Lorcan Mullany in the running of the company. [5] (#cite_note-JC-5) The firm won the Export Award in 2005. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Bellville Sassoon" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/bellville-sassoon/) . FMD . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-SassoonStemp2009_2-0) Sassoon, David; Stemp, Sinty (25 January 2009). The glamour of Bellville Sassoon . ACC Editions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85149-575-7 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ed1999_3-0) 63rd Ed (1 January 1999). International Who's Who 2000 . Europa. p. 1372. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85743-050-9 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Honeycombe, Gordon (1982). The year of the princess . M. Joseph. pp. 104–6. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7181-2146-4 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "David Sassoon has been an A-list favourite since the sixties. Now, he's ready to take a back seat" (http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/interview-david-sassoon) . The Jewish Chronicle . 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-McDowell2007_6-0) McDowell, Colin (1 July 2007). Diana style . Aurum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84513-200-2 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Owen1983_7-0) Owen, Jane (1983). Diana, Princess of Wales: the book of fashion . Greenwich House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-517-42981-5 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Clehane1998_8-0) Clehane, Diane (September 1998). Diana: The Secrets of Her Style . Gt Pub Corp. p. 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57719-348-7 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Bellville Sassoon" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/bellville-sassoon/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Company1985_10-0) "Jet" (https://books.google.com/books?id=9LADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16) . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company: 16. 30 September 1985. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0021-5996 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996) . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Company2005_11-0) "Jet" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32) . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company: 32. 24 October 2005. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0021-5996 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996) . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Designer David Sassoon at Buckingham Palace . Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . External links [ edit ] Fashion Model Directory article (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/bellville-sassoon/) Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bellville-Sassoon/158116964231149) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/234376864) WikiMiniAtlas 51°29′31″N 0°09′39″W  /  51.491979°N 0.160898°W  / 51.491979; -0.160898 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐q5mwl Cached time: 20240715114324 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.426 seconds Real time usage: 0.598 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1757/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30412/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1002/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52617/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.289/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5299886/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 492.368 1 -total 35.35% 174.043 1 Template:Reflist 30.82% 151.728 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.64% 141.010 1 Template:Infobox 19.86% 97.769 3 Template:Cite_web 19.07% 93.881 1 Template:Authority_control 7.71% 37.980 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 6.70% 32.986 6 Template:Cite_book 4.22% 20.765 1 Template:Coord 3.58% 17.643 2 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34843860-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715114324 and revision id 1184644877. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellville_Sassoon&oldid=1184644877 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellville_Sassoon&oldid=1184644877) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Knightsbridge (/wiki/Category:Knightsbridge) Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_the_Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea) Clothing brands of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_Kingdom) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Clothing companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_based_in_London) Clothing companies established in 1953 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1953) 1953 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1953_establishments_in_England) Clothing companies of England (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_England) Clothing retailers of England (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_England) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Use dmy dates from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019) EngvarB from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2019) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata)
Not-for-profit social movement This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Fashion Revolution" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+Revolution%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+Revolution%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+Revolution%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+Revolution%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+Revolution%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+Revolution%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Protestors holding "Who Made My Clothes" signs Fashion Revolution is a not-for-profit global movement represented by Fashion Revolution CIC with teams in over 75 countries around the world. [1] (#cite_note-auto4-1) [ non-primary source needed ] Fashion Revolution campaigns for reform of the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) industry with a focus on the need for greater transparency (/wiki/Transparency_(trade)) in the fashion supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) . [1] (#cite_note-auto4-1) [ non-primary source needed ] Starting in 2014, Fashion Revolution marks the anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster (/wiki/Rana_Plaza_disaster) in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) with Fashion Revolution Week and holds events each year. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Between 2014 and 2020, millions of people around the world called on brands to answer the question Who Made My Clothes? The hashtag (/wiki/Hashtag) #WhoMadeMyClothes became the no.1 global trend on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . [4] (#cite_note-4) They have faced criticisms specifically about the Global Fashion Transparency Index. [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] Fashion Revolution was founded in 2013 in response to the Rana Plaza (/wiki/2013_Dhaka_garment_factory_collapse) disaster in Bangladesh by Carry Somers (/wiki/Carry_Somers) and Orsola de Castro (/wiki/Orsola_de_Castro) . [6] (#cite_note-6) The organization is funded by private foundations, institutional grants, commercial organizations, and donations from individuals. Somers and de Castro launched the #WhoMadeMyClothes hashtag in 2014. [7] (#cite_note-auto3-7) Carry Somers, founder, shares her work with Fashion Revolution. Fashion Revolution Day / Fashion Revolution Week [ edit ] The first Fashion Revolution Day took place on 24 April 2014. Fashion Revolution's hashtag #insideout was the no. 1 global trend on Twitter. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) The second Fashion Revolution Day took place on 24 April 2015. The global reach from online news and broadcast media was 16.5 billion and 63 million people from across 76 countries made the hashtag #WhoMadeMyClothes the number one trend on Twitter [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) The YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) video The 2 Euro T-Shirt - A Social Experiment had over 6.5 million views and won a Cannes Lions (/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Festival_of_Creativity) award. [12] (#cite_note-12) [ non-primary source needed ] In its third year, Fashion Revolution activities took place over a week, from 18 to 24 April 2016 in over 90 countries around the world. This Fashion Revolution Week began with Fashion Question Time at the UK Houses of Parliament (/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament) . [13] (#cite_note-marycreagh.com-13) and the launch of the first edition of the Fashion Transparency Index, which scored 40 large fashion companies on the information they disclose to stakeholders and the public about social and environmental issues across their supply chains. [14] (#cite_note-14) [ non-primary source needed ] [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) 70,000 people around the world asked brands #whomademyclothes with 156 million impressions of the hashtag on social media. G-Star Raw (/wiki/G-Star_Raw) , American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) , Fat Face (/wiki/Fat_Face) , Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) , Massimo Dutti (/wiki/Massimo_Dutti) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , and Warehouse (/wiki/Warehouse_(clothing)) were among more than 1200 fashion brands and retailers that responded with photographs of their workers saying #imadeyourclothes. [17] (#cite_note-17) In its fourth year, Fashion Revolution Week took place from 24 to 30 April 2017. On 24th April, the second edition of the Fashion Transparency Index was launched, with a review of the transparency of 100 large global fashion brands. [18] (#cite_note-18) [ non-primary source needed ] [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) 66,000 people attended around 1,000 Fashion Revolution events and there were 533 million impressions on social media posts using one of Fashion Revolution's hashtags during April. Over 2000 brands and producer groups responded, answering #imadeyourclothes. [21] (#cite_note-Home-21) [ non-primary source needed ] [22] (#cite_note-22) In its fifth year, Fashion Revolution Week took place from 23 to 29 April 2018. [23] (#cite_note-23) Over 1000 Fashion Revolution events were held around the world, including Fashion Open Studio and Fashion Question Time at the Houses of Parliament (/wiki/Houses_of_parliament) . In April, the third edition of the Fashion Transparency Index was launched, ranking 150 brands on how much they disclose about their policies, practices, procedures and social and environmental impact. [24] (#cite_note-24) Fashion Revolution Week continued in both 2019 and 2020. In 2020 Fashion Revolution launched a new hashtag #whatsinmyclothes focused on fabric composition and the chemicals used in textile production, linked to Carry Somers (/wiki/Carry_Somers) participation in Exxpedition (https://exxpedition.com/) , an all-women round-the-world sailing voyage to investigate microplastic and chemical pollution in the oceans. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Events [ edit ] During Fashion Revolution Week, hundreds of events take place around the world. Fashion Revolution has organized high-level roundtable events on ethics (/wiki/Ethics) , sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) , and transparency (/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)) in the fashion industry. 2014 [ edit ] May 12: Roundtable Debate in UK House of Lords (/wiki/House_of_Lords) . [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) 2015 [ edit ] February 26: Fashion Question Time in the UK House of Commons (/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom) with Mary Creagh (/wiki/Mary_Creagh) MP, Lily Cole (/wiki/Lily_Cole) , Jenny Holdcroft, policy director of IndustriALL Global Union (/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union) Catarina Midby, Global Head of Sustainable Communications, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) 's Dilys Williams, Head, Centre for Sustainable Fashion, and Anas Sarwar (/wiki/Anas_Sarwar) . [29] (#cite_note-29) [ non-primary source needed ] [30] (#cite_note-30) June 29: Ethical Fashion 2020: a New Vision for Transparency in UK House of Lords (/wiki/House_of_Lords) . [31] (#cite_note-31) December 2: EU roundtable and White Paper called 'It's Time for a Fashion Revolution' about transparency launched in Brussels. [21] (#cite_note-Home-21) [ non-primary source needed ] 2016 [ edit ] April 18: Fashion Question Time at the Houses of Parliament. [13] (#cite_note-marycreagh.com-13) [21] (#cite_note-Home-21) [ non-primary source needed ] 2017 [ edit ] March 23: Fashion Revolution made their debut at Cape Town Fashion Week [32] (#cite_note-32) April 24: Fashion Question Time at the Houses of Parliament. [33] (#cite_note-33) April 24: Launch of Open Studios, a week-long series of events in London, New York, Athens, Prato, LA and Jakarta. [34] (#cite_note-34) April 24: Avery Dennison partnered with Fashion Revolution to create some branded patches (made with up to 90% recycled yarns) [35] (#cite_note-35) April 24: Collaborated with AEG/Electrolux on the Loved Clothes Last project and launched a video looking at mass production, consumerism, and the tragedy of modern-day landfills. 2018 [ edit ] November 6: The "Who Made My Clothes" campaign film directed by MJ Delaney and produced by Futerra [36] (#cite_note-36) was awarded the Best Green Fashion Film award at the 2018 Fashion Film Festival Milano (/wiki/Fashion_Film_Festival_Milano) Hashtag Movements. [37] (#cite_note-37) 2020 [ edit ] April 24: Fashion Question Time was live-streamed on YouTube to discuss trends in mass consumption. [38] (#cite_note-38) April 24: Fashion Revolution launched Fashion Open Studio, an international fashion showcase produced digitally to comply with COVID-19 stay at home orders. [39] (#cite_note-39) 2021 [ edit ] Fashion Revolution co-founder Orsola de Castro published her first book "Loved Clothes Last." [40] (#cite_note-40) 2022 [ edit ] May 24–28: A Textile Garden for Fashion Revolution at RHS Chelsea Flower Show (/wiki/RHS_Chelsea_Flower_Show) designed by Lottie Delamain won silver gilt medal. [41] (#cite_note-41) Hashtag Movements [ edit ] #InsideOut [ edit ] Women wear clothing inside out to support the #InsideOut movement and showcase where their clothes were produced. For the first Fashion Revolution Day, the hashtag, #InsideOut, was created. #InsideOut became a #1 global trend on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) and celebrities including Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) , Livia Firth and Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) posted with the hashtag on their social media platforms. The hashtag encouraged people to wear their clothes inside out to reveal tags showing where the piece of clothing was made. [42] (#cite_note-42) [ non-primary source needed ] Additionally, British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) ran a #InsideOut street style gallery on April 24, 2014. [43] (#cite_note-43) #Haulternative [ edit ] In 2015, Fashion Revolution came up with #Haulternative, a new movement to promote sustainable fashion by encouraging people to purchase used clothing over new clothing. [44] (#cite_note-44) [ non-primary source needed ] The goal was to encourage the purchase of used clothes to mitigate the effects of the fashion manufacturing processes on the environment. There are several key aspects to the #haulternative campaign. [45] (#cite_note-45) [ non-primary source needed ] These aspects are: Love story: fall back in love with the things you already own Broken & beautiful: share the story about an item of clothing that has become damaged or broken, but that you love and will cherish forever Fashion fix: make your clothes last longer by repairing them when necessary 2hand: recreate your favorite looks for a fraction of the price by buying from your local charity shops Swap: do a clothes swap with a friend DIY: turn your clothes to become something new by tailoring clothes to a different shape, adding new embellishments, or dying it with a different colour Vintage: going vintage gives you personal style and means you'll be reusing, repurposing and extending the life of beautiful clothes Slow: appreciate the beauty and true value of the handmade fashion items The movement was promoted mainly through YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) where Fashion Revolution worked with YouTube fashion vloggers to promote purchase of used clothes. The #Haulternative campaign, in conjunction with The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , features fashion vloggers (/wiki/Vloggers) filming themselves doing an alternative fashion haul. [46] (#cite_note-46) Haulers who participated included CutiePieMarzia (/wiki/CutiePieMarzia) , [47] (#cite_note-47) Noodlerella (/wiki/Noodlerella) , Bip Ling, Grav3yardgirl (/wiki/Grav3yardgirl) , and Shameless Maya [48] (#cite_note-48) with combined views of 2 million on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Besides the promotion through YouTube, Fashion Revolution also promoted #Haulternative by creating events with seasonal second-hand clothing pop-up stores in selected cities. In November 2019, Fashion Revolution collaborated with student ambassadors at Glasgow Clyde College (/wiki/Glasgow_Clyde_College) to take students on guided walking tours across different second-hand clothing shopping routes. [49] (#cite_note-49) [ non-primary source needed ] Fashion Revolution publications and podcasts [ edit ] Fashion Transparency Index (2016 & 2017) ranks the biggest global fashion companies (40 in 2016, 100 in 2017) according to their level of transparency based on a questionnaire and publicly available information about supply chain issues. [50] (#cite_note-50) Money, Fashion, Power (2017) is a zine which comprises 72 pages of poetry, illustrations, photography, graphic design and editorials exploring the hidden stories behind clothing, pricing, and the purchasing power of consumers. [51] (#cite_note-51) Collectible hard copies could be purchased and a free digital version was published online. Schools, colleges and universities [ edit ] In 2014, Fashion Revolution published a quiz and an education pack for school, college and university teachers, and students. In 2015, a new quiz and separate education worksheets were produced for primary schools (7–11 years), secondary schools (11–16 years), further education colleges (16–18 years) and universities (18+). [52] (#cite_note-52) These were published in English and translated into Spanish, Finnish and other languages by Country Coordination teams. In July 2015, a collection of social media postings showing how teachers and students got involved the Fashion Revolution was published on Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) , [53] (#cite_note-53) along with a 'who made my clothes?' film library, [54] (#cite_note-54) and a collection of 'imaginative ways in which the work of artists, activists and others can be used to inspire and engage people in the Fashion Revolution'. [55] (#cite_note-55) In August 2016, three sessions were organized at the Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society (with Institute of British Geographers) (/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society) conference in London with academic and activist speakers talking to the theme of "Scholar activism and the Fashion Revolution: 'who made my clothes?'" Session one focused on connecting producers and consumers, [56] (#cite_note-56) session two on slow sustainable fashion in practice [57] (#cite_note-57) and session three on engaging publics. [58] (#cite_note-58) In June–July 2017, a free 3-week online course called 'Who Made My Clothes' was created in collaboration with the University of Exeter (/wiki/University_of_Exeter) . [59] (#cite_note-59) Run by and featuring members of Fashion Revolution's Global Coordination Team - Ian Cook, Orsola de Castro, Sarah Ditty and Joss Whipple - the course included over 8,000 learners worldwide, and covered topics such as the pay and conditions of people working in the global garment industry. In May 2020, a free 4-week online course called ' Fashion's Future: The Sustainable Development Goals (https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/fashion-s-future-and-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-) ' was created by and featuring members of Fashion Revolution's Global Coordination Team - Sarah Ditty, Ilishio Lovejoy and Sienna Somers - the course covered topics such as how the fashion industry works, how we interact with it and the impacts it has on people and planet, how the Sustainable Development Goals relate to the clothes we wear and many more interesting topics. Criticisms [ edit ] In 2016, various fashion brands criticized Fashion Revolution by questioning the methods that the organization and the website Ethical Consumer (/wiki/Ethical_Consumer) used for the Fashion Transparency Index. In an article written by The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Ruth Stokes, author of The Armchair Activist's Handbook, says that meaningful change in the fashion industry can start with a Fashion Revolution Day hashtag campaign, but must go beyond it. [60] (#cite_note-60) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "ABOUT" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/about/) . Fashion Revolution . Retrieved 2020-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Muzaffar, Zareen (27 April 2015). "2 Years Later, Bangladesh's Rana Plaza Debacle Continues to Resonate Globally" (https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/2-years-later-bangladeshs-rana-plaza-debacle-continues-to-resonate-globally/) . The Diplomat . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dearden, Lizzie (24 April 2015). 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Retrieved 2020-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "AC2016 - Scholar activism and the Fashion Revolution: 'who made my clothes?' (1): connecting producers and consumers" (http://conference.rgs.org/AC2016/157) . conference.rgs.org . Retrieved 2020-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "AC2016 - Scholar activism and the Fashion Revolution: 'who made my clothes?' (1): connecting producers and consumers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051004/http://conference.rgs.org/AC2016/191) . conference.rgs.org . Archived from the original (http://conference.rgs.org/AC2016/191) on 2018-11-26 . Retrieved 2020-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "AC2016 - Scholar activism and the Fashion Revolution: 'who made my clothes?' (1): connecting producers and consumers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051010/http://conference.rgs.org/AC2016/225) . conference.rgs.org . Archived from the original (http://conference.rgs.org/AC2016/225) on 2018-11-26 . Retrieved 2020-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) FutureLearn. "Fashion Revolution: Who Made My Clothes? - Online Course" (https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/who-made-my-clothes) . FutureLearn . Retrieved 2020-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Hepburn, Stephanie (2015-04-14). "Can a hashtag change the fashion industry?" (https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2015/apr/14/can-a-hashtag-change-the-fashion-industry) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-04-15 . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Icon_brand) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Icon brand" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Icon+brand%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Icon+brand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Icon+brand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Icon+brand%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Icon+brand%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Icon+brand%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) An icon brand is a symbol-intensive brand (/wiki/Symbol-intensive_brand) that carry powerful universal values making it instantly recognisable thanks to ownable and distinctive codes. Becoming an icon is the peak of the marketing (/wiki/Marketing) . Icon brands include various luxury brands (/wiki/Luxury_brand) and fashion brands (/wiki/Fashion_brand) , though any brand—regardless of its origins and sector—can become an icon brand if marketed competently. Description [ edit ] An icon brand is a symbol-intensive brand (/wiki/Symbol-intensive_brand) that carry powerful universal values making it instantly recognisable thanks to ownable and distinctive codes. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) Icons are summarised myths and these myths generally evoke the tension between people's individualistic ideas and the prevailing ideology of the society. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Examples for icon brand myths include Nike's Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) shoes as they symbolize individual achievement through perseverance [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) and Harley-Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) , which symbolizes rebel bikers. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) As a consequence of these ideologies, desires to look for a myth start to emerge within people. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) This results in the creation of myth markets in which brands compete to become icons. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Characteristics of icon brands [ edit ] Icon brands have their own unique characters that differentiate them from other brands. They inspire passion and loyalty. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) They are not only instantly recognizable but also are admired and meaningful in a way for society. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Meaning is very valuable for successful brands it is a way to communicate with the people. An example for this is Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) 's depiction of happiness. By creating this image, Coca-Cola represents a fraction from the lives of its customers and as a result is able to get a powerful response from them. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Iconic brands are successful as they develop powerful identity myths, which are delivered tangibly to make the myth more accessible. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) These powerful myths address people's desires and anxieties. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Myths created by brands (generally through advertisements), lead people to believe that products embody the myth, which are ultimately consumed as those brands are purchased. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In general, icon brands: [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Focus on national contradictions. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) - Icons do not differentiate between different segments of consumers; they target the society as a whole through making a connection with national ideology. Employ myths that direct culture [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) – Icons lead pop-culture. They have high market-power because they create myths in order to repair culture when it is necessary. They give existing values new purposes. Sound like a rebel [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) – Icons target those who want to live according to alternative ideals rather than the national ideology in order to create a challenge to the national identity. Their purpose is to understand their point of views and to communicate people like a rebel. Draw on political authority in order to rebuild the myth [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) – Icons do not have a certain identity and as the ideology that surrounds them changes, they have to change and adopt. However, one thing that always stays is their political authority. Even if an icon's myth loses its importance, constituency always expects the icon to be as effective as always since they see icons as trustworthy and committed advocates. Draw on cultural knowledge [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) – Icon brands use culture in order to respond to the needs of customers in an emotional way. Differences between brands and icon brands [ edit ] Icon brands are significantly different than other brands. They are built by different principles than those of conventional marketing, as their first priority is not customer satisfaction. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) For icon brands, what the brand stands for is more important than the performance of the brand. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The main difference is that brands address rational world whereas icons address emotional world. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Brands can also be associated with reliability, value, customer service, price and aesthetics. In contrast with this, icons can be associated with adventure, independence, originality, comfort and nostalgia. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) It is often a common mistake to think that identity brand and icon brand to have the same meaning. Identity brands target to facilitate character recognition by connecting to brand personalities. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) Their personality constantly changes as they aim to reflect societal changes. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) Examples for identity brands include American Express and Tango. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) Icon brands, on the other hand, have very strong identities that separate them from identity brands as they target emotions and culture instead. [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) Iconic brands possess three major features that separate them from other big, well-known brands: [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) Cultural roots that allows them to connect with society's values. They are easily recognizable due to their physical or symbolic features. They have forceful stories and they always manage to remain loyal to their original values. How brands become icons [ edit ] Becoming an icon is reaching the top of the marketing world. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Icon brands are the most successful, distinctive, and famous of the brands. As a result, all brands seek to become icons in order to maximize their sales and reputation however only a few is able to become icons. [8] (#cite_note-8) Research shows that if marketed competently, any brand, regardless of its origins and sector can become an icon brand. [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) Airey, in his book, states that in order to be called an icon, a brand must be simple, relevant, enduring, distinctive, memorable and adaptable. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) A good brand look and being able to satisfy public demands create attention from the public [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) and help the brand establish strong and emotional bonds with its customers whereas simplicity makes the brand more memorable for the customer. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) Although they can endure wear by time, if an ideology shift occurs, the myth of the brand must be reinvented accordingly, in order to protect its status. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The logo (/wiki/Logo) of the brand must be relevant and distinctive. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) It must be permanent as it helps to establish a good brand image. For example, Kellogg's’ logo has never changed since 1906, and this has created trust and loyalty for the brand. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) The status of a brand should be determined before attempting to develop it into an icon brand. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) There are two types of brands, as they possess either rational or emotional associations. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Emotional brands include icon brands and cult brands. Big and emotional brands such as Nike are icon brands whereas cult brands are the smaller emotional brands. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) For example, somebody's favorite restaurant is a cult brand for him. On the other hand, rational brands are mass brands and niche brands. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Large and rational brands such as Toyota are named as mass brands. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) A niche brand is the brand, which can be associated with tangible assets or values by a specific group. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) The Bank of New York can be regarded as an example for this type. According to Hollis, managers need to take the following five steps before attempting to turn their brands into icons: [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Being loyal to the brand's purpose. Scrutinizing the brand experience that the brand delivers. Identifying any icon elements in the brand. Being both authentic and modern at the same time. Being focused. Examples of icon brands [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Icon_brand) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Typical icon brands are luxury brands (/wiki/Luxury_brands) such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) or Prada (/wiki/Prada) , or globally admired jewellers such as Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) , Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)) and Tiffany (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) . Fashion brands (/wiki/Fashion_brands) can become iconic (/wiki/Cultural_icon) by delivering universal values and iconic elements that allow them to remain successful over time, like Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) or Dolce&Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce%26Gabbana) . The same ability to offer hetero-directed (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterodirectional) emotional benefits can be associated with only one product ( Absolut Vodka (/wiki/Absolut_Vodka) ) or a product line that insists on a very limited market segment, as in the event of Mini (/wiki/Mini) or Vespa (/wiki/Vespa) . These are "icon products". Icon brands often come from a position of authority (/w/index.php?title=Authority_brand&action=edit&redlink=1) or cult brand (/wiki/Cult_brand) , extending the range of products and their popularity outside a restricted circle of followers. Other examples include Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Apple (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) Harley-Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) Oreos (/wiki/Oreo) Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) Why icon brands are more successful [ edit ] Icon brands are very valuable for consumers as they have a crucial role in the society. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) A major reason for their success is not the possible services and benefits they can offer in terms of customer satisfaction or technology, but the fact that they have connections with culture. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) A proof of this is the fact that Coca-Cola and Nike are more popular and loved even than the United States according to a survey. [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) Icon brands’ symbolic meaning is another factor that makes them more successful than the other brands. The symbols in logos such as Harley Davidson's eagle triggers imagination and connects it with ideas and values. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Customer perceptions also favour icon brands, as a research states that icon brands have a higher top-of mind awareness. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) This shows that iconic brands are the first brands to come to a customer's mind when they think of a specific product. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) This familiarity makes the likelihood of purchase higher for icon brands than the other brands. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) Also if brand is an icon; people do not tend to doubt its quality and prestige. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:9_1-0) Saviolo, Stefania; Marazza, Antonio (2012). Lifestyle Brands - A Guide to Aspirational Marketing . Palgrave Macmillan (/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Douglas B., Holt (2003). "What becomes an icon most?" (https://hbr.org/2003/03/what-becomes-an-icon-most) . Harvard Business Review . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083056/https://hbr.org/2003/03/what-becomes-an-icon-most) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 1, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g h Hollis, Nigel. "What can we learn from Iconic Brands?" (https://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/default-source/insight-documents/points-of-view/millward-brown_pov_iconic-brands.pdf) (PDF) . Millward Brown. pp. 1–4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103231/https://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/default-source/insight-documents/points-of-view/millward-brown_pov_iconic-brands.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 1, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Lessons From Cultural Icons" (https://www.mitodesign.com/pedroguitton/phd_knowledge_center/pdf/LessonsIcons.pdf) (PDF) . Harvest Communications LLC. 2002. pp. 1–17. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123453/https://www.mitodesign.com/pedroguitton/phd_knowledge_center/pdf/LessonsIcons.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ a b c de Chernatony, Leslie (1997). "Integrated brand building using brand taxonomies" (https://www.hdm-stuttgart.de/~britsch/nmdesdev/downloads/article/branding_1.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of Product and Brand Management . 6 (1). MCB University Press: 56–63. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043141/https://www.hdm-stuttgart.de/~britsch/nmdesdev/downloads/article/branding_1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_6-0) Gunelius, Susan. "Building a Brand into an Icon – Part 1" (https://aytm.com/blog/research-junction/building-a-brand-into-an-icon-part-1/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203314/https://aytm.com/blog/research-junction/building-a-brand-into-an-icon-part-1/) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 2, 2015 . ^ a b c d Hollis, Nigel (2007). "What makes an Iconic Brand?" (http://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/default-source/insight-documents/points-of-view/MillwardBrown_POV_WhatMakesIconicBrand.pdf) (PDF) . Millward Brown. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724075942/http://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/default-source/insight-documents/points-of-view/MillwardBrown_POV_WhatMakesIconicBrand.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-24 . Retrieved 2015-11-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Torelli, Carlos (2013). Globalisation, Culture, and Branding: How to Leverage Cultural Equity for Building Iconic Brands in the Era of Globalisation . New York: Palsgrave Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-33331-5 . ^ a b Silvester, Simon (n.d.). "How to become an icon?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062234/http://emea.yr.com/icon.pdf) (PDF) . Y&R EMEA. pp. 1–51. Archived from the original (http://emea.yr.com/icon.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-05-13 . Retrieved 2015-10-31 . ^ a b c d Airey, David (2010). Logo Design Love: A Guide to Creating Iconic Brand Identities . Berkeley: New Riders. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-321-66076-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_11-0) Holt, Douglas (2003). "How to build an iconic brand" (http://douglasholt.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Holt_How-to-Build-an-Iconic-Brand.pdf) (PDF) . Market Leader. pp. 35–42. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724091015/http://douglasholt.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Holt_How-to-Build-an-Iconic-Brand.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-24 . Retrieved 2015-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jan-Benedict Steenkamp (/wiki/Jan-Benedict_Steenkamp) ; Rajeev Batra; Dana L. Alden (2003). "How Perceived Brand Globalness Creates Brand Value". Journal of International Business Studies . 34 (1). Palgrave Macmillan Journal: 53–65. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400002 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8400002) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3557139 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3557139) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 166885279 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166885279) . 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Indian actress (born 1991) In this Indian name (/wiki/Indian_name) , the name Pethuraj is a patronymic (/wiki/Patronymic) , and the person should be referred to by the given name (/wiki/Given_name) , Nivetha . Not to be confused with Nivetha Thomas (/wiki/Nivetha_Thomas) . Nivetha Pethuraj Nivetha in 2023 Born ( 1991-11-30 ) 30 November 1991 (age 32) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai) , Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) , India Alma mater Heriot Watt University (/wiki/Heriot_Watt_University) , Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) Occupations Actress model Years active 2016-present Nivetha Pethuraj (born 30 November 1991) is an Indian actress who appears in Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) and Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) films. She made her acting debut with the Tamil film Oru Naal Koothu (/wiki/Oru_Naal_Koothu) (2016). She then made her Telugu debut with Mental Madhilo (/wiki/Mental_Madhilo) (2017). [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Her notable productions include Chitralahari (/wiki/Chitralahari_(film)) (2019), Paagal (/wiki/Paagal) (2020), Das Ka Dhamki (/wiki/Das_Ka_Dhamki) (2023) and the crime thriller television series Paruvu (/wiki/Paruvu) . Early life [ edit ] Nivetha was born on 30 November 1991 [4] (#cite_note-HBNP1-4) [5] (#cite_note-HBNP2-5) in Madurai (/wiki/Madurai) , Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) and has Tamil (/wiki/Tamils) ancestry from her mother while a shared Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_people) ancestry from her father. Her mother tongue is Tamil. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) After her birth, her family moved to Kovilpatti (/wiki/Kovilpatti) , where she did completed her early schooling. [8] (#cite_note-Spotlight-8) At the age of 11, she relocated to Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) with her parents and studied in Crescent English High School. She lived in Dubai for about 10 years. She obtained her management degree from Heriot-Watt University (/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University) , Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) . [8] (#cite_note-Spotlight-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2015, Nivetha was crowned Miss India UAE (/wiki/Miss_India_Worldwide_2015#Contestant) and went on to participate in Miss India Worldwide 2015 (/wiki/Miss_India_Worldwide_2015) , where she became a finalist and finished in the top 5. [10] (#cite_note-Khaleej-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Career [ edit ] Debut and early work (2016–2020) [ edit ] Nivetha made her acting debut with the Tamil film Oru Naal Koothu (/wiki/Oru_Naal_Koothu) in 2016, where she portrayed an IT professional opposite Dinesh (/wiki/Attakathi_Dinesh) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) termed her performance as "engaging", [13] (#cite_note-13) while Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) noted, "Nivetha is impressive in her debut." [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2017, she appeared in two films. First she starred in Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam (/wiki/Podhuvaga_Emmanasu_Thangam) opposite Udhayanidhi Stalin (/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Deccan Chronicle (/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle) commented that, "Nivetha Pethuraj looks good, but hardly makes an impact in a poorly etched character." [16] (#cite_note-16) She then made her Telugu debut with Mental Madhilo (/wiki/Mental_Madhilo) , where she portrayed a straight forward girl opposite Sree Vishnu (/wiki/Sree_Vishnu) , a successful venture. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Firstpost (/wiki/Firstpost) noted, "A terrific actress, Nivetha Pethuraj easily gives one of the best performances of the year. She becomes the voice of reason in the film and anchors the whole film with her verve." [19] (#cite_note-19) Nivetha had two releases in 2018. She first portrayed an army official alongside Jayam Ravi (/wiki/Jayam_Ravi) in Tik Tik Tik (/wiki/Tik_Tik_Tik_(2018_film)) , which was a commercial success at the box office. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) said, "Nivetha Pethuraj as Captain Swathi is one positive in the film". [22] (#cite_note-22) She then appeared as a Sub-Inspector opposite Vijay Antony (/wiki/Vijay_Antony) in Thimiru Pudichavan (/wiki/Thimiru_Pudichavan) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Cinema Express (/wiki/Cinema_Express) said, "Nivetha Pethuraj pulls off the Madras slang and seems to handle comedy well." [24] (#cite_note-24) However her next film Party (/wiki/Party_(upcoming_film)) , despite having completed filming, remains unreleased. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2019, Nivetha had three releases. She portrayed a corporate executive alongside Sai Dharam Tej (/wiki/Sai_Dharam_Tej) in Chitralahari (/wiki/Chitralahari_(film)) , which was a commercial success. [27] (#cite_note-27) Deccan Chronicle (/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle) said that she "performs well" among the two female leads. [28] (#cite_note-28) Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) stated, "Nivetha Pethuraj plays her unapologetic stone-cold corporate honcho role with perfection." [29] (#cite_note-29) Nivetha was also the part of Tamil film Sangathamizhan (/wiki/Sangathamizhan) starring Vijay Sethupathi (/wiki/Vijay_Sethupathi) directed by Vijay Chander, which opened to mixed reviews from critics. [30] (#cite_note-30) Continued career (2020–present) [ edit ] In 2020, Nivetha was part of the Telugu film Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (/wiki/Ala_Vaikunthapurramuloo) . [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2021, she appeared in another Telugu film titled Red , directed by Kishore Tirumala (/wiki/Kishore_Tirumala) , co-starring Ram Pothineni (/wiki/Ram_Pothineni) , Malvika Sharma (/wiki/Malvika_Sharma) , and Amritha Aiyer (/wiki/Amritha_Aiyer) . [32] (#cite_note-32) She also starred in another Telugu film alongside Vishwak Sen (/wiki/Vishwak_Sen) . Later in the same year, she appeared in a Tamil film alongside Prabhudeva (/wiki/Prabhu_Deva) titled Pon Manickavel . Pradeep Kumar of The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) noted, "Nivetha Pethuraj fits the ‘Tamil ponnu’ billing to a T." [33] (#cite_note-33) In 2022, Nivetha had continuous releases in Telugu films including Bloody Mary as lead, Virata Parvam (/wiki/Virata_Parvam) where she made a special appearance. Her major 2023 release was Das Ka Damki where she acted alongside Vishwak Sen for the second time after Paagal (/wiki/Paagal) . [34] (#cite_note-34) She then starred in the crime thriller television series Paruvu (/wiki/Paruvu) , which premiered on ZEE5 (/wiki/ZEE5) in June 2024. Her performance was praised by the critics. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) Filmography [ edit ] Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Films [ edit ] Year Title Role Language Notes Ref. 2016 Oru Naal Koothu (/wiki/Oru_Naal_Koothu) Kavya Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) [37] (#cite_note-37) 2017 Podhuvaga En Manasu Thangam (/wiki/Podhuvaga_En_Manasu_Thangam) Leelavathi Tamil [38] (#cite_note-38) Mental Madhilo (/wiki/Mental_Madhilo) Swetcha Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) [39] (#cite_note-39) 2018 Tik Tik Tik (/wiki/Tik_Tik_Tik_(2018_film)) Lt. M. Swathi Tamil [40] (#cite_note-40) Thimiru Pudichavan (/wiki/Thimiru_Pudichavan) SI (/wiki/Sub-inspector) Madonna Tamil [41] (#cite_note-41) 2019 Chitralahari (/wiki/Chitralahari_(film)) K. Swecha Telugu [42] (#cite_note-42) Brochevarevarura (/wiki/Brochevarevarura) Shalini Telugu [43] (#cite_note-43) Sangathamizhan (/wiki/Sangathamizhan) Thenmozhi "Thenu" Tamil [44] (#cite_note-44) 2020 Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (/wiki/Ala_Vaikunthapurramuloo) Nandini "Nandu" Telugu [45] (#cite_note-45) 2021 Red (/wiki/Red_(2020_film)) SI (/wiki/Sub-inspector) Yamini Telugu [46] (#cite_note-46) Paagal (/wiki/Paagal) Theera Telugu [47] (#cite_note-:1-47) Pon Manickavel (/wiki/Pon_Manickavel_(film)) Anbarasi Manickavel Tamil [48] (#cite_note-48) 2022 Bloody Mary (/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(2022_film)) Mary Telugu [49] (#cite_note-49) Virata Parvam (/wiki/Virata_Parvam) Dr. Sarala / Saralakka Telugu Cameo appearance [50] (#cite_note-:0-50) 2023 Das Ka Dhamki (/wiki/Das_Ka_Dhamki) Keerthi Telugu [51] (#cite_note-51) Boo (/wiki/Boo_(2023_film)) Nivetha Tamil Telugu [52] (#cite_note-52) TBA Party (/wiki/Party_(upcoming_film)) Kalki Tamil Unreleased [53] (#cite_note-53) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Network Language Ref. 2023 Kaala (/wiki/Kaala_(TV_series)) Sitara "Tara" Disney+ Hotstar (/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar) Hindi [54] (#cite_note-54) 2024–present Paruvu (/wiki/Paruvu) Pallavi "Dolly" ZEE5 (/wiki/ZEE5) Telugu [55] (#cite_note-55) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 2018 7th South Indian International Movie Awards (/wiki/7th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards) Best Female Debut – Telugu (/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut_%E2%80%93_Telugu) Mental Madhilo (/wiki/Mental_Madhilo) Nominated [56] (#cite_note-56) Zee Telugu Apsara Awards (/wiki/Zee_Telugu) Fresh Face of the Year Won [57] (#cite_note-57) 2021 9th South Indian International Movie Awards (/wiki/9th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards#2019_winners_and_nominees) Best Supporting Actress – Telugu (/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_%E2%80%93_Telugu) Chitralahari (/wiki/Chitralahari_(film)) Nominated [58] (#cite_note-58) 2022 10th South Indian International Movie Awards (/wiki/10th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards) Red (/wiki/Red_(2021_film)) Nominated [59] (#cite_note-59) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nivetha Pethuraj's fan tattooes [sic] her name on his hand" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nivetha-pethurajs-fan-tattooes-her-name-on-his-hand/articleshow/79476280.cms) . The Times of India . 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Actress Nivetha Pethuraj Looks Nothing Short of Goddess In Latest Photoshoot" (https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/nivetha-pethuraj-looks-nothing-short-of-goddess-in-latest-photoshoot-6360427.html) . News18 India . 11 November 2022 . Retrieved 20 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "I will be seen as an upright cop in Red, says Actor Nivetha Pethuraj" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jan/06/i-will-be-seen-as-an-upright-cop-in-red-saysactor-nivetha-pethuraj-2245976.html) . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 12 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-HBNP1_4-0) "Happy Birthday, Nivetha Pethuraj! 7 photos of the Sangathamizhan actress that will leave you in awe" (https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/happy-birthday-nivetha-pethuraj-7-photos-of-the-sangathamizhan-actress-that-will-leave-you-in-awe-article-87987815/amp) . Zoom TV . Retrieved 30 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-HBNP2_5-0) "Happy Birthday, Nivetha Pethuraj: బ్యూటీఫుల్ నివేథా పేతురాజ్ లేటెస్ట్ ఫోటోస్." (https://telugu.news18.com/amp/photogallery/nivetha-pethuraj-turns-28-today-wish-her-happy-birthday-sr-386340.html) News18 Telugu . Retrieved 30 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nivetha Pethuraj and Rentala Jayadeva (14 January 2021). Nivetha Pethuraj Sankranti Special Interview . Sakshi TV (/wiki/Sakshi_TV) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "I would love to work with Mani Ratnam" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090616/i-d-love-to-work-with-mani-ratnam-nivetha-pethuraj.html) . Deccan Chronicle . 9 June 2016. ^ a b Exclusive Interview with Nivetha Pethuraj . Sun Music . Retrieved 13 February 2020 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Records of Heriot-Watt College" (https://web.archive.org/web/20020906072325/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0582-HWC&view=basic) . NAHSTE. Archived from the original (http://www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0582-HWC&view=basic) on 6 September 2002 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Khaleej_10-0) "Beauty call with Miss India UAE Nivetha Pethuraj" (https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/beauty-call-with-miss-india-uae-nivetha-pethuraj) . City Times . Retrieved 14 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Dubai's Nivetha Pethuraj to Represent UAE in Miss India Worldwide" (https://emirateswoman.com/dubais-miss-india-uae-nivetha-pethuraj-represent-uae-miss-india-worldwide/) . Emirates Woman . 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Miss India UAE girl for 'Attakathi' Dinesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150528011855/http://www.sify.com/movies/miss-india-uae-girl-for-attakathi-dinesh-news-tamil-pf1oB3idadbch.html) . Sify . Archived from the original (http://www.sify.com/movies/miss-india-uae-girl-for-attakathi-dinesh-news-tamil-pf1oB3idadbch.html) on 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Oru Naal Koothu Movie Review: A refreshing change from blood 'n sickle dance" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/oru-naal-koothu-review-a-refreshing-change-from-blood-n-sickle-dance/story-joYDrwz939lr4N2ebzByZJ.html) . Hindustan Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Oru Naal Koothu Movie Review: A feel good film but the filmi touches doesn't work" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-naal-koothu/movie-review/52699448.cms) . Times of India . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) James, Merin. "Nivetha Pethuraj pairs up with Udhayanidhi Stalin" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090916/nivetha-pethuraj-pairs-up-with-udhayanidhi-stalin.html) . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Subramanian, Anupama. "PET movie review: Enjoyable, but only in parts" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120817/pet-movie-review-enjoyable-but-only-in-parts.html) . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "How Is Mental Madhilo A Profitable Venture?" (http://www.gulte.com/movienews/62540/How-Is-Mental-Madhilo-A-Profitable-Venture) . gulte.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180103023454/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/62540/How-Is-Mental-Madhilo-A-Profitable-Venture) from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Teaser Talk: Only Confusion" (http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/teaser-talk-only-confusion-82685.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170714025408/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/teaser-talk-only-confusion-82685.html) from the original on 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Mental Madhilo movie review: Love trumps confusion in Vivek Athreya's sparkling debut" (https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mental-madhilo-movie-review-love-trumps-confusion-in-vivek-athreyas-sparkling-debut-4224157.html) . Firstpost . 23 November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180325004050/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mental-madhilo-movie-review-love-trumps-confusion-in-vivek-athreyas-sparkling-debut-4224157.html) from the original on 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Jayam Ravi, Nivetha Pethuraj in Kollywood's version of Armageddon" (https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tik-tik-tik-trailer-jayam-ravi-nivetha-pethuraj-in-kollywoods-version-of-armageddon-4227399.html) . Firstpost . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Sun TV snaps space thriller, 'Tik Tik Tik' (https://web.archive.org/web/20170719201909/http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-snaps-space-thriller-tik-tik-tik-news-tamil-rhsp61gbajhci.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20170719201909/http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-snaps-space-thriller-tik-tik-tik-news-tamil-rhsp61gbajhci.html) . Sify (/wiki/Sify) . 18 July 2017. Archived from the original (http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-snaps-space-thriller-tik-tik-tik-news-tamil-rhsp61gbajhci.html) on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Tik Tik Tik Movie Review: Jayam Ravi film is a race against common sense" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tik-tik-tik-movie-review-jayam-ravi-film-is-a-race-against-common-sense/story-oeMb7WIAZRh0GQZtWXtJrL.html) . Hindustan Times . 22 June 2018 . 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Cinema Express . 8 October 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Venkat Prabhu's next film to have a stellar cast. Here are all the deets" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/party-venkat-prabhu-next-film-to-have-a-stellar-cast-here-are-all-the-deets-watch-video-4719654/) . The Indian Express . 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Venkat Prabhu's Party shot completely in Fiji Islands" (http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/venkat-prabhus-party-shot-completely-in-fiji-islands.html) . Behindwoods . 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (9 April 2019). "Design principles" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-waiting-her-second-telugu-film-chitralahari-discusses-how-her-education-in-architecture-helps-her-acting-career/article26779686.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 18 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Kavirayani, Suresh (14 April 2019). "Chitralahari movie review: 'Chitralahari' is about a failure person's success story!" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140419/chitralahari-movie-review-chitralahari-is-about-a-failure-perso.html) . Deccan Chronicle . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190517201310/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140419/chitralahari-movie-review-chitralahari-is-about-a-failure-perso.html) from the original on 17 May 2019 . Retrieved 11 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Chitralahari Movie Review: Sai Dharam Tej, Kalyani Priyadarshan and Nivetha Pethuraj save the day" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chitralahari/movie-review/68846793.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Vijay Sethupathi's next is a love story!" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-next-is-a-love-story/article26510649.ece) . The Hindu . 12 March 2019. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 27 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo movie release: Highlights" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-movie-review-and-release-live-updates-allu-arjun-6209747/) . The Indian Express . 12 January 2020 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Spotted: Ram Pothineni, Nivetha Pethuraj, Malvika Sharma, Amritha Aiyer, and Kishore Tirumala at the pre-release event of RED" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-ram-pothineni-nivetha-pethuraj-malvika-sharma-amritha-aiyer-and-kishore-tirumala-at-the-pre-release-event-of-red/articleshow/80237198.cms) . The Times of India . 12 January 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Kumar, Pradeep (6 April 2019). "Nivetha Pethuraj: Anyone who thinks they're the next Nayanthara are fools" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivetha-pethuraj-anyone-who-thinks-theyre-the-next-nayanthara-or-tamannaah-are-fools/article26755612.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 27 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Today, Telangana (12 April 2023). "Das Ka Dhamki releases in Hindi on April 14" (https://telanganatoday.com/das-ka-dhamki-releases-in-hindi-on-april-14) . Telangana Today . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (14 June 2024). " (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paruvu-web-series-review-this-socio-political-drama-is-a-binge-worthy-addition-to-the-telugu-digital-space/article68281002.ece) 'Paruvu' web series review: This socio-political drama is a binge-worthy addition to the Telugu digital space" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paruvu-web-series-review-this-socio-political-drama-is-a-binge-worthy-addition-to-the-telugu-digital-space/article68281002.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 21 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Paruvu Telugu Movie Review" (https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/paruvu-telugu-web-series-on-zee5.html) . 123telugu.com . 15 June 2024 . Retrieved 21 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Rangan, Baradwaj (10 June 2016). "Oru Naal Koothu: like a little dance of life" (https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Oru-Naal-Koothu-like-a-little-dance-of-life/article14422173.ece) . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "PODHUVAGA EN MANASU THANGAM" (https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/podhuvaga-en-manasu-thangam-film) . British Board of Film Classification (/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification) . Retrieved 30 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) " (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/nov/25/mental-madhilo-review-keeping-it-real-1710231.html) 'Mental Madhilo' review: Keeping it real" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/nov/25/mental-madhilo-review-keeping-it-real-1710231.html) . The New Indian Express . 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Nivetha Pethuraj: We had no references in India for Tik Tik Tik" (https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jun/25/nivetha-pethuraj-we-had-no-references-in-india-for-tik-tik-tik-6670.html) . Cinema Express . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Nivetha Pethuraj roped in for Vijay Antony's 'Thimiru Pudichavan' (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivetha-pethuraj-roped-vijay-antony-s-thimiru-pudichavan-76059) " (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivetha-pethuraj-roped-vijay-antony-s-thimiru-pudichavan-76059) . The News Minute . 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Kalyani Priyadarshan and Nivetha Pethuraj to star in Sai Dharam Tej's 'Chitralahari' (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivetha-pethuraj-star-sai-dharam-tej-s-chitralahari-92051) " (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivetha-pethuraj-star-sai-dharam-tej-s-chitralahari-92051) . The News Minute . 22 November 2018 . 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"Vishwak Sen's 'Das Ka Dhamki' releasing worldwide in theatres on March 22" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230311104155/https://telanganatoday.com/vishwak-sens-das-ka-dhamki-releasing-worldwide-in-theatres-on-march-22) . Archived from the original (https://telanganatoday.com/vishwak-sens-das-ka-dhamki-releasing-worldwide-in-theatres-on-march-22) on 11 March 2023 . Retrieved 11 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Rakul Preet Singh's 'Boo' gets release date" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakul-preet-singhs-boo-gets-release-date/article66889290.ece) . The Hindu . 24 May 2023 . Retrieved 27 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Party teaser: The stage is set for a Venkat Prabhu hangover" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/party-teaser-the-stage-is-set-for-a-venkat-prabhu-hangover-4980575/) . The Indian Express . 13 December 2017 . 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Archived from the original (http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html) on 5 June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018: Kajal Aggarwal, Tamannaah, Lavanya Tripathi and Nivetha Pethuraj win honours" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK_amp.html) . Hindustan Times . 9 April 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-58) Bureau, ABP News (20 August 2021). "SIIMA Awards 2021 Nominations: The Award Ceremony To Be Held In Hyderabad On September 11, 12" (https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2021-nominations-south-indian-international-movie-awards-asuran-kumbalangi-nights-maharshi-1477353) . ABP Live . 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External links [ edit ] Nivetha Pethuraj (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8205920/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Films (/wiki/Portal:Films) Nivetha Pethuraj at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nivetha_Pethuraj) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24565120) from Wikidata NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐4lmqk Cached time: 20240719050856 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.775 seconds Real time usage: 0.979 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4580/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 119472/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2668/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 228110/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.495/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7538947/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 894.595 1 -total 41.38% 370.212 1 Template:Reflist 20.62% 184.444 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.92% 160.315 17 Template:Cite_news 17.19% 153.776 40 Template:Cite_web 11.37% 101.681 1 Template:Short_description 9.12% 81.592 1 Template:Subject_bar 7.64% 68.362 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.61% 68.066 2 Template:Pagetype 4.69% 41.929 21 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50772485-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719050856 and revision id 1230243111. 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Italian fashion brand CURIEL Industry Fashion Founded 1908 Founder Ortensia Curiel Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Products Women's ready to wear, accessories Website curiel.it Curiel is an Italian fashion (/wiki/Fashion) brand. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It was founded in 1908 in Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) , an Italian seaport city by Ortensia Curiel and is based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) History [ edit ] In 1945, Gigliola Curiel, made several customized costumes for the premieres of Teatro alla Scala (/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala) in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) La Scala, was one of the most notable theatres at that time. [4] (#cite_note-:6-4) In 1964, the Curiellino little black dress was introduced, and Gigliola also presented her first collection in New York at Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , and Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) of London in 1965. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) In 1965, Raffaella Curiel, the third heir, draws the first collection and in 1970 opens her atelier (/wiki/Atelier) in Corso Matteotti. Raffaella follows the French school by Pierre Balmain and she was active in the fashion field since the seventies. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Raffaela Curiel's works combined fashion and art, earning the nickname of "The intellectual of italian fashion". [4] (#cite_note-:6-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) In 1992 Rafaella Curiel opened a showroom in New York. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1994, her daughter Gigliola Castellini Curiel, started working with Raffaella in the atelier. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1995 and 1997, Raffaella Curiel received the Ambrogino d'Oro and the Cavalry of the Great Cross of the Italian Republic respectively. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) In 1998, Gigliola Castellini Curiel started her own collection line, Gigliola CURIEL. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) In 2016, RedStone Haute Couture and storied Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) and couture house Curiel Srl have signed a joint venture. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Aristocratic origin [ edit ] Curiel is a fashion house that has been designing haute couture for women of different nationalities and cultural backgrounds. Many of these designs are still preserved in the studio located in Via Montenapoleone 13 in Milan. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) CURIEL and Dance [ edit ] Carla Fracci (/wiki/Carla_Fracci) (20 August 1936 - 27 May 2021), was a renowned Italian ballerina, actress, and ballet director. Widely regarded as one of the most exceptional ballerinas of the 20th century, she held the position of principal dancer at the Teatro alla Scala Ballet in Milan. Following her tenure there, she embarked on a freelance career, collaborating with esteemed international companies such as the Royal Ballet of London (/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet) , the Stuttgart Ballet (/wiki/Stuttgart_Ballet) , the Royal Swedish Ballet (/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Ballet) , and the American Ballet Theatre (/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre) . Fracci gained acclaim for her captivating portrayals of the leading roles in various Romantic ballets, including The Witch, Giselle, Swan Lake, and Romeo and Juliet. Additionally, she showcased her talent in productions such as Nijinsky and The Complete Bell Telephone Hour. [18] (#cite_note-18) One of Fracci's close friends and allies in the world of La Scala Theater was Raffaella Curiel, who not only served as her stylist but also shared a deep bond with her. Curiel fondly remembers Fracci as someone who was born to dance, possessing the humility that distinguishes great individuals. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Made in Italy [ edit ] In the fashion drama Made in Italy , which aired in 2020, every episode delves into the narrative of an influential Italian designer and the iconic brand they established. Episode four specifically focuses on the story of CURIEL. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "CURIEL" (https://edizione2019.apritimoda.it/en/maison/curiel/) . ApritiModa . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Showcasing a century of class[3]- Chinadaily.com.cn" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-10/28/content_27200267_3.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Curiel: tra passato, presente e futuro di uno dei simboli del Made in Italy nel mondo" (https://www.apritimoda.it/en/news/1698/curiel%3a_tra_passato%2c_presente_e_futuro_di_uno_dei_simboli_del_made_in_italy_nel_mondo) . www.apritimoda.it . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Curiel Maison: When Fashion Shows the Elegance and Timeless Beauty of Curiel Ladies celebreMagazine" (https://www.celebremagazine.world/style/curiel-maison-when-fashion-shows-the-elegance-and-timeless-beauty-of-curiel-ladies/) . 2019-07-10 . Retrieved 2024-01-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b Made-in-Italy.com (2017-11-28). "Italian Fashion Brands: Raffaella Curiel | Made-In-Italy.com" (https://www.made-in-italy.com/italian-fashion/designers-and-brands/raffaella-curiel/) . Made In Italy . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Network, Be Global Fashion. "Curiel Couture Spring-Summer 2015 collection at AltaRomaAltaModa fashion week" (https://beauty.bgfashion.net/article/10392/35/Curiel-Couture-Spring-Summer-2015-collection-at-AltaRomaAltaModa-fashion-week) . beauty.bgfashion.net . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Azzurro style - Italian Fashion of the 70s" (https://www.amalfistyle.com/2020/07/04/azzurro-style-italian-fashion-of-the-70s/) . amalfistyle . 2020-07-04 . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Curiel Maison: When Fashion Shows the Elegance and Timeless Beauty of Curiel Ladies celebreMagazine" (https://www.celebremagazine.world/style/curiel-maison-when-fashion-shows-the-elegance-and-timeless-beauty-of-curiel-ladies/) . 2019-07-10 . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "CURIEL" (https://www.curiel.it/aboutUs/) . www.curiel.it . Retrieved 2024-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Made-in-Italy.com (2017-11-28). "Italian Fashion Brands: Raffaella Curiel | Made-In-Italy.com" (https://www.made-in-italy.com/italian-fashion/designers-and-brands/raffaella-curiel/) . Made In Italy . Retrieved 2023-12-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ilari, Alessandra (2016-05-27). "RedStone Haute Couture Forms Joint Venture With Raffaella Curiel" (https://wwd.com/feature/redstone-haute-couture-raffaella-curiel-joint-venture-10438888/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Binkley, Christina (2016-09-29). "Chinese Investor Has Plans for Italy's Curiel" (http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-investor-has-plans-for-italys-curiel-1475176248) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Chinese firm enters Italian couture house" (https://www.ecns.cn/business/2016/06-03/213120.shtml) . www.ecns.cn . Retrieved 2023-12-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "CURIEL" (https://www.curiel.it/aboutUs/nobility) . www.curiel.it . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) 李齐. "Timeless style" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201611/04/WS5a2b72a8a310eefe3e9a03a4.html) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Curiel SPA" (https://www.apritimoda.it/en/event/10/curiel_spa) . www.apritimoda.it . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "CURIEL Studio in Milano opened in 2017_CURIEL" (https://www.curiel.it/News/inner/229) . www.curiel.it . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Zum Tod der Primaballerina Carla Fracci - WELT" (https://www.welt.de/kultur/klassik/article231417711/Zum-Tod-der-Primaballerina-Carla-Fracci.html) . DIE WELT (in German). 2021-05-28 . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "CURIEL" (https://www.curiel.it/aboutUs/LASCALA) . www.curiel.it . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Morta Carla Fracci, la stilista e amica Raffaella Curiel: "Aveva l'umiltà dei grandi: il bianco dei vestiti rifletteva la sua anima e l'amore per l'arte e il balletto" (https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/05/27/news/carla_fracci_stilista_raffaella_curiel_ricordo-303048760/) " (https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/05/27/news/carla_fracci_stilista_raffaella_curiel_ricordo-303048760/) . la Repubblica (in Italian). 2021-05-27 . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "CURIEL" (https://www.curiel.it/aboutUs/Italian) . www.curiel.it . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Lucini, Luca; Panini, Ago (2019-09-23), Episode #1.4 , Made in Italy, Greta Ferro, Margherita Buy, Fiammetta Cicogna , retrieved 2024-01-22 ^ (#cite_ref-23) SemiColonWeb. "FormatBiz | Canale 5 to air Made in Italy about the birth of Italian fashion in the '70s" (https://www.formatbiz.it/dettNews.aspx?id=7426) . www.formatbiz.it . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Keslassy, Elsa (2018-11-08). "Federation Picks Up 1970s-Set Fashion Series 'Made in Italy' (https://variety.com/2018/tv/global/federation-entertainment-acquisition-greta-ferrofashion-series-made-in-italy-1203022988/) " (https://variety.com/2018/tv/global/federation-entertainment-acquisition-greta-ferrofashion-series-made-in-italy-1203022988/) . Variety . Retrieved 2024-01-22 . 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Peruvian fashion designer and costumer In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Graña and the second or maternal family name is Garland . Rosa Graña Garland Born Rosa Angélica Graña Garland ( 1909-03-01 ) 1 March 1909 Lima (/wiki/Lima) , Peru Died 27 June 2003 (2003-06-27) (aged 94) Lima, Peru Other names Mocha Graña Occupation(s) fashion and costume designer Years active 1938–2003 Rosa Graña Garland , known during her lifetime as Mocha Graña (1 March 1909 – 27 June 2003) was a noted Peruvian fashion designer and costumer. Known as the first fashion designer of Peru, she designed wedding gowns, school uniforms and theatrical costumes. She was awarded Peru's second highest honor, Order of Merit for Distinguished Services (/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Services&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_por_Servicios_Distinguidos) ] on her ninetieth birthday. Early life [ edit ] Rosa Angélica Graña Garland was born on 1 March 1909 in Lima, Peru to Enriqueta Garland and Francisco Graña Reyes (/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Gra%C3%B1a_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Medina2009-1) As a child, she cut her own hair, leaving her head bare, and earned the nickname "Mocha" (which is slang for head). Her father was a distinguished surgeon, who had performed brain surgery in 1953 using an ancient Incan technique, [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''195356-2) and was at one time the president of the International College of Surgeons (/wiki/International_College_of_Surgeons) . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolley2004-3) She was one of seven siblings, which included Francisco Graña Garland, the editor of La Prensa (/w/index.php?title=La_Prensa_(Per%C3%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Prensa_(Per%C3%BA)) ] , who was murdered in 1947. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) Though mostly raised in Lima, the family traveled widely, and lived in exile for five years (1930–1935) in Panama after the coup d'état (/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) toppled President Augusto B. Leguía (/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa) , under whose regime Francisco had served as vice president of the Peruvian Congress (/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru) . [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle''19297-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Larraín2017-6) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Larraín2017-6) After her time in Panama, Graña lived briefly in Spain before returning to Peru. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) Career [ edit ] In 1938, Graña co-founded the Association of Amateur Artists (/wiki/Association_of_Amateur_Artists) , along with Elvira Miró Quesada and Corina Garland. Though she could not act, she participated in dancing and sang in the choir, but began to work behind the scenes, cleaning the theater and developing costumes for the performers. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2015-7) She particularly enjoyed ballet and encouraged Alicia Alonso (/wiki/Alicia_Alonso) , Dimitri Rostoff, and Oleg Tupine to come to Peru to perform, pressing for the formation of a Peruvian ballet. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) She also was a supporter and coordinator of Lima's Ancón Festival ( Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) : Festival de Ancón ) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisman2017b-8) and designed costumes for the 1969 Hispanoamerican Festival of Song and Dance, held in Argentina, featuring the Peruvian musical ensemble Perú Negro (/wiki/Per%C3%BA_Negro) . Both Graña and Perú Negro were brought in to the Argentinian festival by Chabuca Granda (/wiki/Chabuca_Granda) , [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006143-9) who had dedicated her waltz Señora y dueña to Graña in 1960. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisman2017b-8) Graña was self-taught in fashion design and opened a workshop in downtown Lima, catering to sophisticated, cosmopolitan tastes for bridal and evening wear. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisman2017a-10) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Caretas''2008-11) At the time, there were few boutiques or department stores in Lima and Graña, developed her ideas by draping fabric on her customers following their body lines. She never used patterns, and was a poor at drawing, but was able to communicate what she envisioned to her seamstresses. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2015-7) In the mid-1950s, she located her store, called Rose Bercis in the Miraflores District (/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima) , employing thirty seamstresses. She organized annual fashion shows at the Gran Hotel Bolivar (/wiki/Gran_Hotel_Bolivar) , catering to her exclusive clients, [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisman2017a-10) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Caretas''2008-11) like First Lady of Peru (/wiki/First_Lady_of_Peru) , Clorinda Málaga Bravo de Prado (/w/index.php?title=Clorinda_M%C3%A1laga&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorinda_M%C3%A1laga_de_Prado) ] . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelásquez201533-12) In 1967, the Peruvian government began to explore a mandatory school uniform, trying several different designs between 1967 and 1970. Graña was consulted and she proposed a gray material for the girls' jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) or pinafore, with a single box-pleat (/wiki/Pleat#box) in the center of the skirt front and straps which formed an H in the front and crossed in the back. Boys' trousers (/wiki/Trousers) were the same gray and had no front folds or pleats, though elementary boys pants were knee-length (/wiki/Shorts) , while upperclassmen wore ankle-length trousers. All uniforms included a white, short-sleeved, poplin (/wiki/Poplin) shirt and were worn with gray socks, which for girls came to the knee (/wiki/Knee_socks) . For winter attire, a gray sweater with a v-neck (/wiki/V-neck) and long sleeves was added. She chose the fabrics based on their durability and colour fastness (/wiki/Colour_fastness) , though public sentiment did not always like the "rat gray" uniform. Government decree implemented on 30 November 1970, made the standardized uniform mandatory for all students for the next thirty years. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatalla2013-13) In the 1970s, Graña was in charge of costuming for the Teatro Nacional Popular [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisman2017b-8) as well as the National Ballet. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2015-7) In addition to advising the Museum of the Nation (/wiki/Museum_of_the_Nation) on Peruvian style and culture, she continued staging fashion shows, such as her One Hundred Years of Clothing in Peru , which she coordinated in 1999. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) That same year, Graña was awarded with the Order of Merit for Distinguished Services by Minister Fernando de Trazegnies Granda (/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_Trazegnies_Granda&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Trazegnies_Granda) ] . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Medina2009-1) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamariz_L.1999-4) In 2003, shortly before her death, she was honored by the Metropolitan Council of Lima for International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) . [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastañeda_Lossio2003-14) Death and legacy [ edit ] She died after being hospitalized at the Anglo American Clinic (/w/index.php?title=Anglo_American_Clinic&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%ADnica_Anglo_Americana) ] in Lima on 27 June 2003. In the Barranco District (/wiki/Barranco_District) of Lima, the Teatro Mocha Graña was named in her honor. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Siempre_Latina''2017-15) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b García Medina 2009 (#CITEREFGarcía_Medina2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''195356_2-0) Time 1953 (#CITEREFTime1953) , p. 56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolley2004_3-0) Holley 2004 (#CITEREFHolley2004) . ^ a b c d e f g h Tamariz L. 1999 (#CITEREFTamariz_L.1999) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle''19297_5-0) The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1929 (#CITEREFThe_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle1929) , p. 7. ^ a b Rodríguez-Larraín 2017 (#CITEREFRodríguez-Larraín2017) . ^ a b c Medrano 2015 (#CITEREFMedrano2015) . ^ a b c Vaisman 2017b (#CITEREFVaisman2017b) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006143_9-0) Feldman 2006 (#CITEREFFeldman2006) , p. 143. ^ a b Vaisman 2017a (#CITEREFVaisman2017a) . ^ a b Caretas 2008 (#CITEREFCaretas2008) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelásquez201533_12-0) Velásquez 2015 (#CITEREFVelásquez2015) , p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatalla2013_13-0) Batalla 2013 (#CITEREFBatalla2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastañeda_Lossio2003_14-0) Castañeda Lossio 2003 (#CITEREFCastañeda_Lossio2003) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Siempre_Latina''2017_15-0) Siempre Latina 2017 (#CITEREFSiempre_Latina2017) . Bibliography [ edit ] Batalla, Carlos (11 March 2013). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20170611231531/http://www.arkivperu.com/uniforme-escolar-unico-1971/) 'Uniforme escolar único' (1971)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170611231531/http://www.arkivperu.com/uniforme-escolar-unico-1971/) ["Unique School Uniform" (1971)]. Arkivperu (in Spanish). Sweden. Archived from the original (http://www.arkivperu.com/uniforme-escolar-unico-1971/) on 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Castañeda Lossio, Luis (7 March 2003). "Decreto de Alcaldia No. 098" (http://www.munlima.gob.pe/formularios-del-tupa/doc_download/29444-decreto-de-alcaldia-098) [Mayoral Decree #098]. Munlima.gob.pe (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Feldman, Heidi (2006). Black Rhythms of Peru: Reviving African Musical Heritage in the Black Pacific . Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8195-6815-1 . García Medina, Miguel (1 March 2009). "Un día como hoy hace 100 años nació Mocha Graña" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106155513/http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/dia-como-hoy-hace-100-anos-nacio-mocha-grana-noticia-252932) [On a day like today 100 years ago Mocha Graña was born]. El Comercio (/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)) (in Spanish). Lima, Peru. Archived from the original (http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/dia-como-hoy-hace-100-anos-nacio-mocha-grana-noticia-252932) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Holley, Joe (9 July 2004). "Surgeon Manuel Bonnemaison Dies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106180015/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37999-2004Jul8.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Washington, D.C. Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37999-2004Jul8.html) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Medrano, Romina (13 October 2015). "Mocha Graña: Icono de Moda en el Perú" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106203623/http://limasocialdiary.com/people-party/mocha-grana-icono-de-moda-en-el-peru/) [Mocha Graña: Fashion Icon in Peru] (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Lima Social Diary. Archived from the original (http://limasocialdiary.com/people-party/mocha-grana-icono-de-moda-en-el-peru/) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Rodríguez-Larraín, Fernando Barrantes (18 December 2017). "247. Francisco Graña Reyes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106184317/http://rostrosdevida.blogspot.com/2017/12/247-francisco-grana-reyes-medico.html) . Rostros de Vida (in Spanish). Lima, Peru. Archived from the original (http://rostrosdevida.blogspot.com/2017/12/247-francisco-grana-reyes-medico.html) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Tamariz L., Domingo (23 February 1999). "Mocha De Lima" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106162254/http://www2.caretas.pe/1999/1556/mocha/mocha.htm) [Mocha of Lima]. Caretas (/wiki/Caretas) (in Spanish) (1556). Lima, Peru: Editora Novolexis. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0576-7423 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0576-7423) . Archived from the original (http://www2.caretas.pe/1999/1556/mocha/mocha.htm) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Vaisman, Rebeca (26 May 2017a). "Mocha Graña, la primera diseñadora de modas del Perú" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170606115422/https://cosas.pe/moda/63549/mocha-grana-disenadora-modas/) [Mocha Graña, the first fashion designer of Peru]. Novias (in Spanish) (16). Lima, Perú: Editorial COSAS. Archived from the original (https://cosas.pe/moda/63549/mocha-grana-disenadora-modas/) on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Vaisman, Rebeca (6 September 2017b). "Peruanas de avanzada: personajes femeninos que revolucionaron en Perú del siglo XX" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106203643/https://cosas.pe/personalidades/80052/peruanas-revolucionaron-peru-siglo-xx/) [Peruvian innovators: female personalities who revolutionized in Peru during the twentieth century]. Cosas (in Spanish). Lima, Perú: Editorial Letras e Imágenes SAC. Archived from the original (https://cosas.pe/personalidades/80052/peruanas-revolucionaron-peru-siglo-xx/) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Velásquez, Renato (22 July 2015). "Clorinda Una Primer Dama en los Tiempos de la Oligarquía" (https://issuu.com/cosasperu/docs/cosas_-_ed_573/33) [Clorinda, A First Lady in the Times of the Oligarchy]. Novias (in Spanish) (573). Lima, Perú: Editorial Letras e Imágens S.A.C.: 25–34 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . "Echo of the Incas" (http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=c6665482-c2f5-41f6-9230-5010fffa2328%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=54174077&db=f6h) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Vol. LXII, no. 17. New York City, New York: Time Inc. 26 October 1953. p. 56. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0040-781X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X) . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . – via EBSCO (https://www.ebsco.com/) 's Academic Search Complete (subscription required) "Moda de Invierno: 1962" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180107212537/http://www2.caretas.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&idE=793&idS=132#.WlKQczdG3IU) [Winter Fashion: 1962]. Caretas (/wiki/Caretas) (in Spanish) (2044). Lima, Peru: Editora Novolexis. 13 September 2008. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0576-7423 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0576-7423) . Archived from the original (http://www2.caretas.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&idE=793&idS=132) on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . "Rosa Graña Garland" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106162118/http://siemprelatina.com/latinas_destacadas/rosa-grana-garland/) . Los Angeles,California: Siempre Latina. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original (http://siemprelatina.com/latinas_destacadas/rosa-grana-garland/) on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . "(untitled)" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16311413/untitled_the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/) . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle) . Brooklyn, New York. 24 May 1929. p. 7 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . 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American fashion designer (1919–1980) Anne Fogarty Anne Fogarty wearing one of her own dresses, on the first edition of her book Wife Dressing (1959) Born ( 1919-02-02 ) February 2, 1919 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania) , U.S. Died January 15, 1980 (1980-01-15) (aged 60) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Education Allegheny College (/wiki/Allegheny_College) , Carnegie Institute of Technology (/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology) , East Hartman School of Design Label Anne Fogarty Spouses Tom Fogarty ​ ​ ( m. 1940, divorced) ​ Richard Kollmar (/wiki/Richard_Kollmar) ​ ​ ( m. 1967; died 1971) ​ Wade O'Hara ​ ​ ( m. 1977, divorced) ​ Children 2 Awards Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) , Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) Suzy Parker (/wiki/Suzy_Parker) wearing Anne Fogarty, 1952 Anne Fogarty (February 2, 1919 – January 15, 1980) was an American fashion designer, active 1940–1980, who was noted for her understated, ladylike designs that were accessible to American women on a limited income. [1] (#cite_note-scrib-1) She started out as a model in New York in 1939, working for Harvey Berin on Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) , before studying fashion design. She eventually secured a full-time design job in 1948, and became well-known for full-skirted designs with fitted bodices, inspired by Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's New Look. Fogarty's clothes were easy to wear, practical, and made with casual fabrics, following the American sportswear (/wiki/American_sportswear) tradition. She ran her own label from 1962 to 1974, and worked as a freelance designer until her death. In 1959, Fogarty published a style manual, Wife Dressing: The Fine Art of Being a Well-Dressed Wife , which emphasized femininity, neatness, and always being suitably dressed as desirable qualities. [2] (#cite_note-wsj-2) Wife Dressing was rediscovered in the early 21st century, and has become a key resource for designers and fashion historians looking to explore the 1950s ideology of ultra-feminine dressing. Early life [ edit ] Anne Fogarty was born in 1919 in Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) , Pennsylvania, to Robert and Marion Whitney, who had immigrated in 1909 from Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) as part of a large Lithuanian Jewish community in South Africa (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa#The_1820s_through_1880s) who had apparently changed their names from Robert and Henrietta Gruskin, at the time of their immigration in 1908. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-popobit-4) Her eldest sister, Lillian, would become better known as the food writer Poppy Cannon (/wiki/Poppy_Cannon) (who was married to the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (/wiki/NAACP) , Walter F. White (/wiki/Walter_F._White) ), and Fogarty and Canon also had a sister and a brother born between the dates of their births. [1] (#cite_note-scrib-1) [4] (#cite_note-popobit-4) [5] (#cite_note-beinecke-5) Anne wore clothes handed down from her older sisters' cast-off clothing, which she remodeled to suit herself. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) She graduated from high school and entered Allegheny College (/wiki/Allegheny_College) in 1936. The following year, she transferred to the Carnegie Institute of Technology (/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology) (now part of Carnegie Mellon University (/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University) ) to study drama, as she wanted to be an actress. In 1939, after Poppy moved to New York City, Anne decided to follow her there. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) While looking for acting work, she became a model for Harvey Berin, a Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) -based womenswear manufacturer. [1] (#cite_note-scrib-1) Berin recognized Anne's talent after seeing her responses to the clothes that his designers made using her as a model, and offered to subsidize her training to be a fashion designer. [7] (#cite_note-th-7) Anne went to the East Hartman School of Design, although she paid her own way. [7] (#cite_note-th-7) After Harvey Berin, Anne worked as a model and designer for the Sheila Lynn company. In 1940, she married the artist Thomas E. Fogarty. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) Although the marriage eventually ended in divorce, Anne retained his surname professionally. She modeled and worked as a stylist and publicist, including styling Rolls-Royce (/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited) advertisements, until, in 1948, she secured a design job for Youth Guild , a new company that specialized in teenage fashion. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) [7] (#cite_note-th-7) Career [ edit ] Gold lace evening dress illustrating Fogarty's "paper doll" silhouette and worn by the designer to receive an award in Philadelphia, c. 1953 [8] (#cite_note-8) ( PMA (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) ) While at Youth Guild , Fogarty developed one of her signature looks, the tight-bodied dress with a very full skirt worn over a stiffened nylon petticoat, influenced by Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's New Look (/wiki/The_New_Look_(style)) . [9] (#cite_note-nyf50s-9) As Fogarty was a junior size 7, with her small 22-inch waist and modeling experience, she was able to wear and show her own designs to advantage. [10] (#cite_note-shirtdress-10) [11] (#cite_note-roe-11) Some of her dresses were featured in a double-page spread in Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) In 1950, Fogarty was offered a design job at Margot Dresses , a company specializing in junior fashion. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) She worked there for seven years, designing not just dresses, but accessories, lingerie and outerwear. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) In 1957, Fogarty moved to Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , where she was one of the main designers. [12] (#cite_note-vfg-12) She launched her own firm, Anne Fogarty Inc. , in 1962, and in the mid-1960s, launched several spin-off labels including A.F. Boutique , Collector's Items by Anne Fogarty , and Clothes Circuit . [12] (#cite_note-vfg-12) [13] (#cite_note-nyf60s-13) She retired in 1974 and closed her business. Despite this, she worked up until her death as a free-lance designer, with her last collection created for Shariella Fashions in 1980. [12] (#cite_note-vfg-12) Fogarty did not follow the latest fashion fads, but focused on staple, stylish designs. She was a disciplined designer whose clothes were designed to be versatile and easy to wear. [14] (#cite_note-14) Her designs were rarely trimmed as she focused instead on good cut and silhouette, and she favored casual fabrics such as flannel (/wiki/Flannel) , velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) , printed cotton, denim and linen, which appealed to a younger audience. [9] (#cite_note-nyf50s-9) [15] (#cite_note-obit-15) In 1954, she designed her first shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) , a combination of a masculine shirt extending into a full skirt worn over multiple petticoats. This became one of her favorite designs. [10] (#cite_note-shirtdress-10) One of her most successful designs, a high-waisted dress with a full skirt and scooped neckline (/wiki/Scoop_neck) , has been described as the "Paper Doll" dress and was available in both day and evening versions. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) However, the fashion historian Caroline Rennolds Milbank states that the "paper-doll" silhouette describes Fogarty's earliest full-skirted designs. [9] (#cite_note-nyf50s-9) In the mid-1950s, in addition to her full-skirted designs, which always had separate crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) petticoats for ease of movement and traveling, Fogarty developed new slimline designs such as the fitted sheath dress (/wiki/Sheath_dress) . [9] (#cite_note-nyf50s-9) She is also credited with being one of the first American fashion designers to market the bikini (/wiki/Bikini) . [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) In 1960, Fogarty offered casual sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) including dresses with removable waistcoats to alter their look, and coat-and-dress sets in boldly contrasting colors. [16] (#cite_note-16) During the 1960s she produced A-line dresses and, after the miniskirt became established, designed peasant-inspired dresses in both mini- and maxi-lengths. Her new favorite silhouette, replacing full skirts, was the straight-skirted, high-waisted Empire line (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) dress with tiny puff sleeves and low neckline. [13] (#cite_note-nyf60s-13) Her designs in the later 1960s and 1970s became quite adventurous, including trouser suits and caftans (/wiki/Kaftan) . [13] (#cite_note-nyf60s-13) In 1971 she designed midriff tops paired with wrap skirts, and knickerbockers paired with pinafores, alongside more conservative designs such as flounced maxi dresses and taffeta and satin shirtdresses. [7] (#cite_note-th-7) She also offered hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) ensembles with long skirts and ruffled blouses. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) Fogarty won a number of awards for her design work. In 1951 she was awarded a Merit Award from Mademoiselle magazine and a Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) award, and received a special Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) for the "prettiest dresses". [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) [17] (#cite_note-17) The following year, Fogarty won a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) and received an award from the Philadelphia Fashion Group. In 1955 she received an honor from the International Silk Association and in 1957, won a Cotton Fashion Award. [6] (#cite_note-pbd-6) Following the Cotton Fashion Award ceremony, a fashion show showing Fogarty's Summer collection for that year was held. [11] (#cite_note-roe-11) Called "Goldfish Safari," it presented cotton daywear, activewear, cocktail and evening wear in goldfish colors designed especially for travel and holiday wear. [11] (#cite_note-roe-11) At the time, Fogarty said of her work: Everyone's on the move. And so they need clothes that look right anywhere in the world, pack well, and are easy to care for. But most of all, today's women want clothes that make them look their best. That's what I try to give them. [11] (#cite_note-roe-11) Her clients included Tricia Nixon (/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox) [15] (#cite_note-obit-15) and the journalist and television personality Dorothy Kilgallen (/wiki/Dorothy_Kilgallen) . Kilgallen's last public appearance, on a live network telecast of What's My Line? (/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F) approximately four hours before her death, was in one of Fogarty's chiffon cocktail dresses. [18] (#cite_note-jordan-18) Personal life and death [ edit ] Fogarty had two children with her first husband, Tom Fogarty. They were married for over 17 years. Tom Fogarty worked as an art teacher at Pratt Institute (/wiki/Pratt_Institute) in Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) . [19] (#cite_note-massow-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) The marriage ended in divorce. Dorothy Kilgallen's funeral, which occurred less than four days after she wore an original Fogarty dress on a live network telecast of What's My Line? , was attended by Fogarty. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 1967, she married Kilgallen's widower Richard Kollmar (/wiki/Richard_Kollmar) . According to a 1971 interview she did with the syndicated newspaper columnist Marian Christy, Kollmar broke his shoulder in an accident at home on New Year's Day 1971, which caused a blood clot to develop, and he died "a month later" on Anne's birthday, [7] (#cite_note-th-7) which was February 2. The New York Times , The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) and other newspapers, however, ran obituaries for Kollmar on January 9 and 10 of that year. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-wp-23) The Washington Post reported on January 10 that Kollmar had "died in his sleep late Thursday [January 7]." [23] (#cite_note-wp-23) Fogarty was married a third time in 1977, to Wade O'Hara, but this marriage ended in divorce. [24] (#cite_note-24) On January 15, 1980, she died of a heart attack in her apartment in the high-rise building at 200 East 64th Street in Manhattan. [25] (#cite_note-books.google.com-25) [15] (#cite_note-obit-15) She is buried, not next to any of her husbands, at Green-Wood Cemetery (/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery) in Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) . [25] (#cite_note-books.google.com-25) Wife Dressing [ edit ] Wife Dressing: The Fine Art of being a Well-Dressed Wife was first published in 1959. [2] (#cite_note-wsj-2) [26] (#cite_note-26) It is considered Fogarty's best known work. [27] (#cite_note-27) In 2008, Rosemary Feitenberg (a writer for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) ) rediscovered the book and had it republished. [2] (#cite_note-wsj-2) [28] (#cite_note-28) A facsimile reprint was issued in 2011 by the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . [29] (#cite_note-29) This latter was enthusiastically reviewed by the Belfast Telegraph (/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph) who declared it "prim, dated and anachronistic, but still a delight". [30] (#cite_note-30) Fogarty's principles continue to be cited by designers and historians such as Valerie Steele (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) who has explained how they informed the costuming of Mad Men (/wiki/Mad_Men) . [31] (#cite_note-31) In reference to Fogarty and Wife Dressing , Steele had earlier stated that the 1950s "ideology of ultra-feminine fashion was most clearly defined by a woman." [32] (#cite_note-32) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960s (https://archive.today/20130125113119/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3436600175.html) (preview) Accessed February 17, 2012. ^ a b c Brinkley, Christina (March 20, 2008). "Does This Book Make Me Look Chic?" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120597049502050273) . Wall Street Journal (subscription required) . Retrieved March 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon Papers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170320232922/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/african-american-studies-beinecke-library/2009/06/02/walter-francis-white-and-poppy) . beinecke.library.yale.edu . Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Archived from the original (http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/african-american-studies-beinecke-library/2009/06/02/walter-francis-white-and-poppy) on March 20, 2017 . Retrieved March 20, 2017 . ^ a b van Gelder, Lawrence (April 2, 1975). "Poppy Cannon White, 69, Dead; Writer Was Authority on Food" (https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/02/archives/poppy-cannon-white-69-dead-writer-was-authority-on-food.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-beinecke_5-0) "Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon Papers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170320232922/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/african-american-studies-beinecke-library/2009/06/02/walter-francis-white-and-poppy) . beinecke.library.yale.edu . Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Archived from the original (http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/african-american-studies-beinecke-library/2009/06/02/walter-francis-white-and-poppy) on March 20, 2017 . Retrieved March 20, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Onofrio, Jan. Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary . North American Book Dist LLC. pp. 403–5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-403-09950-4 . ^ a b c d e Christy, Marian. Anne Fogarty designs for leisure living , The Telegram-Herald , July 1, 1971 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Woman's Evening Dress and Petticoat" (https://www.philamuseum.org/collection/object/186017) . philamuseum.org . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ a b c d Milbank, Caroline Rennolds (1989). New York Fashion: The Evolution of American Style . Abrams. p. 188. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-1388-7 . ^ a b "Popular Shirt Dress Combines Tailored Top with Ruffly Skirt", Reading Eagle , June 30, 1954, page 26 ^ a b c d Roe, Dorothy, "Anne Believes In Showing Waist", Kentucky New Era , May 22, 1957, page 11 ^ a b c Anne Fogarty (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/fogarty-anne/) at the Vintage Fashion Guild Label Resource. Accessed February 21, 2012 ^ a b c Milbank, Caroline Rennolds (1989). New York Fashion: The Evolution of American Style . Abrams. p. 222. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-1388-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Anne Fogarty: Day dress and coat (C.I.63.47.3ab)" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.63.47.3ab) . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 2006) Accessed July 14, 2023 ^ a b c "Fogarty, Designer, Dead at 60", obituary in The Reading Eagle , January 16, 1980 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Brundige, Lenore (January 14, 1960). "Fashion Czars Flirting With Lowered Waistline" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-fashion-czars-flirt/128227194/) . The Pittsburgh Press . New York. p. 13 . Retrieved July 14, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-17) McDowell, Colin (1984). McDowell's Directory of Twentieth Century Fashion . Frederick Muller. pp. 299–301. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-jordan_18-0) Jordan, Sara (2007). "Who Killed Dorothy Kilgallen?" (http://www.midtod.com/new/articles/7_14_07_Dorothy.html) . Midwest Today . ^ (#cite_ref-massow_19-0) Massow, Rosalind. "Success and marriage: it's a tough combination for famous wives," Parade magazine, The Reading Eagle – January 21, 1962, pp. 12–13 ^ (#cite_ref-20) Obituary for Thomas Fogarty Jr., Painter (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/15/obituaries/thomas-fogarty-jr-painter-73.html) , The New York Times , April 15, 1989. Accessed July 14, 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Notables at the Funeral". New York Journal-American . November 11, 1965. p. 3. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Richard Kollmar, Actor on 'Dorothy and Dick' with Kilgallen, Dies." The New York Times January 9, 1971 ^ a b "Actor, Wed to Columnist." The Washington Post January 10, 1971, pg. D14 ^ (#cite_ref-24) Morris, Bernadine. "Anne Fogarty, Designer of American Look." The New York Times , January 16, 1980, pg. D19. ^ a b citation from Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. by Scott Wilson published in 2016 by McFarland & Company, Inc. in Jefferson, North Carolina (https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&dq=anne+fogarty+1980+cemetery+brooklyn+ny&pg=PA248) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Fogarty, Anne (1959). Wife Dressing: The Fine Art of Being a Well-Dressed Wife . New York: Julian Messner, Inc. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Watt, Judith (2012). Fashion. The definitive history of costume and style (1. publ. ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 317. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1405398794 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Fogarty, Anne; Feitelberg, Rosemary (2008). Wife dressing : the fine art of being a well-dressed wife . New York: Glitterati Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0979338427 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Fogarty, Anne (2011). The art of being a well dressed wife . London: V&A Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1851776306 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Staff. (June 11, 2011). "Prim, dated and anachronistic, but still a delight" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150329055736/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28885854.html) . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28885854.html) on March 29, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 – via HighBeam. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Goodland, Lauren M. E.; Kaganovsky, Lilya; Rushing, Robert A., eds. (2013). Mad men, mad world : sex, politics, style, and the 1960s . Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 167–8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822354185 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Steele, Valerie (2000). Fifty years of fashion : new look to now (English ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300087383 . Further reading [ edit ] Martin, Richard (1998). American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s–1970s (exhibition catalog) . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87099-863-3 . Stegemeyer, Anne (1980). Who's Who in Fashion . Fairchild Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56367-247-2 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Fogarty (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anne_Fogarty) . v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (/wiki/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000068637666) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/96357695) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtXbhjFMPRP3HkXqypHG3) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/111388407X) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011030565) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐w28dv Cached time: 20240720211147 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.681 seconds Real time usage: 0.874 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4138/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 68560/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10442/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 102580/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.417/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9399584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 796.118 1 -total 36.97% 294.309 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 26.25% 208.963 1 Template:Reflist 17.31% 137.843 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 15.03% 119.691 6 Template:Cite_news 14.21% 113.127 1 Template:Plainlist 13.17% 104.841 3 Template:Marriage 10.46% 83.284 1 Template:American_sportswear 10.19% 81.136 1 Template:Navbox 9.47% 75.427 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34781778-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720211147 and revision id 1223963444. 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American footwear brand Sorel Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary_company) Industry Clothing Founded Kitchener, Ontario (/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) (1962) Founder Arthur Ratz Kaufman (/wiki/Arthur_Ratz_Kaufman) Headquarters Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Products Footwear Net income (/wiki/Net_income) $ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 228.8 million (2017) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Columbia Sportswear (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) Website www (http://www.sorel.com) .sorel (http://www.sorel.com) .com (http://www.sorel.com) Sorel Scott Downey snowboarding boots from the 1990s Sorel is a subsidiary of Columbia Sportswear (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) based in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) that manufactures and distributes shoes. History [ edit ] Sorel was originally a line of winter sport/work boots that were introduced in 1962 by the Kaufman Rubber Company (/wiki/Kaufman_Rubber_Company) of Kitchener, Ontario (/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario) . [1] (#cite_note-about-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) They became its most successful product line. Kaufman Rubber Co. became Kaufman Footwear in 1964. Kaufman Footwear declared bankruptcy in 2000. [3] (#cite_note-waterloo-3) The Sorel trademark was bought by Columbia Sportswear (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) . [4] (#cite_note-CBC-4) Following Columbia's purchase, the Sorel brand was expanded to other products, [5] (#cite_note-BizJournals-5) such as nylon outerwear and other work-related garments. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-about_1-0) "About Us" (https://www.sorel.com/About-Us_History.html) . Sorel . Retrieved December 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Why Consider Work Boots" (https://www.bonnyboots.com/best-pull-on-work-boots/) . 2021-06-24 . Retrieved 2021-11-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-waterloo_3-0) "Kaufman Footwear fonds" (https://uwaterloo.ca/library/special-collections-archives/collections/kaufman-footwear-fonds) . University of Waterloo (/wiki/University_of_Waterloo) . Retrieved April 30, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-CBC_4-0) "Sorel's demise leaves boot shortage" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/11/21/ott_sorel001121.html) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . 2000-11-21 . Retrieved 2009-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-BizJournals_5-0) "Sorel brand gets a re-boot" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2010/08/23/story7.html) . Portland Business Journal (/wiki/Portland_Business_Journal) . August 22, 2010 . Retrieved June 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Deruyter, Ron (2001-05-09). "Sorel boots to reappear on shelves next month" (https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/432716981.html?dids=432716981:432716981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+09,+2001&author=Ron+Deruyter&pub=The+Record&desc=Sorel+boots+to+reappear+on+shelves+next+month&pqatl=google) (Fee required) . The Record . Kitchener, Ontario . Retrieved 2009-11-16 . The Kaufman brand is located on the bottom of the RBLT's (Rubber bottom leather top) that were the general purpose fleece lined flight boots used in the RCAF in the post WW2 era. External links [ edit ] www.sorel.com (http://www.sorel.com) — Sorel Brand site NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6cz5w Cached time: 20240715023714 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.208 seconds Real time usage: 0.304 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1336/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17124/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1218/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4993766/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 280.165 1 -total 39.09% 109.514 1 Template:Reflist 38.52% 107.922 1 Template:Infobox_company 35.26% 98.794 1 Template:Infobox 32.07% 89.859 5 Template:Cite_web 21.27% 59.583 1 Template:Short_description 12.27% 34.371 2 Template:Pagetype 5.56% 15.588 7 Template:Main_other 4.71% 13.186 1 Template:SDcat 2.28% 6.385 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59392444-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715023714 and revision id 1201967479. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorel_(brand)&oldid=1201967479 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorel_(brand)&oldid=1201967479) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Portland,_Oregon) Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Clothing companies established in 1962 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1962) 1962 establishments in Ontario (/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Ontario) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
American beauty pageant titleholder (born 1994) R'Bonney Gabriel Gabriel in 2023. Born R'Bonney Nola Gabriel ( 1994-03-20 ) March 20, 1994 (age 30) Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas, U.S. Education University of North Texas (/wiki/University_of_North_Texas) ( BFA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) ) Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) [1] (#cite_note-NeilHamil-1) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Texas USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_USA) 2022 Miss USA 2022 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2022) Miss Universe 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) Hair color Brown [1] (#cite_note-NeilHamil-1) Eye color Hazel [1] (#cite_note-NeilHamil-1) Major competition(s) Miss Texas USA 2021 (1st Runner-Up) Miss Texas USA 2022 (Winner) Miss USA 2022 (Winner) Miss Universe 2022 (Winner) Website rbonneynola (http://rbonneynola.com) .com (http://rbonneynola.com) R'Bonney Nola Gabriel ( Tagalog: [ˈʔaɹbɔni (/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog) gɐˈbɾjɛl] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog) ; born March 20, 1994) is an American beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) , becoming the ninth delegate from the United States to win the title, as well as the oldest entrant to be crowned. She was previously crowned as Miss USA 2022 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2022) . Early life and education [ edit ] R'Bonney Nola Gabriel [2] (#cite_note-2) was born in Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas, to a Filipino father, Remigio Bonzon "R. Bon" Gabriel, and an American mother, Dana Walker, who were married in the Philippines. [3] (#cite_note-8list.ph/rbonney-3) She grew up in Missouri City (/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas) and later in Friendswood (/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas) , [4] (#cite_note-4) with three older brothers. Her father was born in the Philippines and is from Malate, Manila (/wiki/Malate,_Manila) . [5] (#cite_note-5) He immigrated to Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) at the age of 25, later receiving a degree in psychology at the University of Houston (/wiki/University_of_Houston) , and then opening a car repair shop. [6] (#cite_note-peopleasia.ph/filipino-texan-6) [7] (#cite_note-houstonchronicle/17290544-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Her mother is from Beaumont (/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas) . [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) Gabriel spent some time in Manila (/wiki/Manila) during her childhood playing in the streets, playing tong-its (/wiki/Tong-its) , and watching the parade of Filipino fiestas (/wiki/Filipino_fiestas) . She and her family have continued to visit the Philippines during holidays and summer vacations, going back and living in Malate (/wiki/Malate,_Manila) , on the same street where her father is from. [10] (#cite_note-10) Gabriel graduated from the University of North Texas (/wiki/University_of_North_Texas) with a bachelor's degree in fashion design with a minor in fibers. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) She works as a designer creating eco-friendly clothing (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) , and as a model. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) She has worked as a sewing instructor at a non-profit. [13] (#cite_note-vogue.ph/rbonney-wins-13) Pageantry [ edit ] Gabriel's first pageant was Miss Kemah USA 2020, where she placed in the top five finalists. [14] (#cite_note-14) She competed at Miss Texas USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_USA) 2021 as Miss Harris County and was the first runner-up to Victoria Hinojosa of McAllen (/wiki/McAllen) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Miss USA 2022 [ edit ] Main article: Miss USA 2022 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2022) Having won Miss Texas USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_USA) 2022, she went on to win Miss USA 2022, [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-Texas2022-17) becoming the first Miss USA (/wiki/Miss_USA) of Filipino descent (/wiki/Filipino_Americans) . [18] (#cite_note-winner-18) [19] (#cite_note-eonline/1349398-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Gabriel became the second titleholder from Texas (/wiki/Texas) , after Chelsi Smith (/wiki/Chelsi_Smith) , to win the Miss Universe title. Smith was Miss Universe in 1995 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1995) . [21] (#cite_note-21) After the event, allegations emerged that the competition had been rigged for Gabriel to win. It was claimed that Gabriel traveled to Nizuc Resort and Spa in Cancún (/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn) weeks after Gabriel was crowned Miss Texas USA and was able to shoot promotional material, which the resort's Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account posted less than 24 hours after the final competition. Nizuc has become one of the pageant's sponsors since national director and Miss USA 2008 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2008) Crystle Stewart (/wiki/Crystle_Stewart) took over at the end of 2020 after Miss USA and Miss Teen USA (/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA) were separated from the Miss Universe Organization until her suspension. [22] (#cite_note-22) Both Gabriel and Miss Colorado USA (/wiki/Miss_Colorado_USA) Alexis Glover were not included in the official Cancún retreat along with the rest of the contestants as Texas and Colorado had not yet crowned at the time of the retreat. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In an interview with E! News (/wiki/E!_News) , Gabriel refuted claims that the pageant was rigged. She stated, "I would never enter any pageant or any competition that I know I would win". [25] (#cite_note-25) Miss Universe 2022 [ edit ] Main article: Miss Universe 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) As Miss USA 2022, she represented the United States at the Miss Universe 2022 pageant on January 14, 2023, at the New Orleans Morial Convention Center (/wiki/New_Orleans_Morial_Convention_Center) in New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , Louisiana, after being postponed from late 2022 to January 2023 due to the 2022 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) . She was crowned Miss Universe 2022 by the outgoing titleholder Harnaaz Sandhu (/wiki/Harnaaz_Sandhu) of India, making her the ninth American to win the beauty pageant. She is also the sixth mixed-heritage woman to win the Miss Universe title after Chelsi Smith (/wiki/Chelsi_Smith) at Miss Universe 1995 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1995) , Brook Lee (/wiki/Brook_Lee) at Miss Universe 1997 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1997) , Pia Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) at Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) , Demi-Leigh Tebow (/wiki/Demi-Leigh_Tebow) at Miss Universe 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) , and Catriona Gray (/wiki/Catriona_Gray) at Miss Universe 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) , as well as the fifth Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) of Filipino descent. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Her victory also made her the first representative from the United States to win Miss Universe since Olivia Culpo (/wiki/Olivia_Culpo) at Miss Universe 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) . [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-venue-29) [30] (#cite_note-auto-30) She is also the first Miss Universe titleholder to be born and raised in the Greater Houston (/wiki/Greater_Houston) area. [30] (#cite_note-auto-30) Additionally, she is the second Asian American woman to win the Miss Universe title since Brook Lee (/wiki/Brook_Lee) at Miss Universe 1997 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1997) , and also the oldest winner at 28 years old, succeeding Andrea Meza (/wiki/Andrea_Meza) of Mexico. In her capacity as Miss Universe, Gabriel traveled to Indonesia, [31] (#cite_note-31) Thailand, [32] (#cite_note-32) Malaysia, Vietnam, [33] (#cite_note-33) the Philippines, [34] (#cite_note-34) Guatemala, [35] (#cite_note-35) the Netherlands, [36] (#cite_note-36) South Africa, [37] (#cite_note-37) Honduras, [38] (#cite_note-38) Belize, [39] (#cite_note-39) Mexico, [40] (#cite_note-40) France, El Salvador, and her home country of the United States. [41] (#cite_note-41) On November 18, 2023, Gabriel crowned Sheynnis Palacios (/wiki/Sheynnis_Palacios) of Nicaragua as her successor at Miss Universe 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) at the José Adolfo Pineda Arena (/wiki/Gimnasio_Nacional_Jos%C3%A9_Adolfo_Pineda) , San Salvador, El Salvador. [42] (#cite_note-42) Further reading [ edit ] "R'Bonney Gabriel: articles" (https://mb.com.ph/tag/rbonneygabriel/) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117124706/https://mb.com.ph/tag/rbonneygabriel/) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . "R'Bonney Gabriel: articles" (https://philstarlife.com/keywords?key=R%27Bonney%20Gabriel) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117123203/https://philstarlife.com/keywords?key=R%27Bonney%20Gabriel) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . References [ edit ] ^ a b c "R'Bonney Gabriel" (https://www.thenealhamilagency.com/talent/rbonney-gabriel) . Neil Hamil Agency . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230118043232/https://www.thenealhamilagency.com/talent/rbonney-gabriel) from the original on January 18, 2023 . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "La modelo R'Bonney Nola Gabriel de Estados Unidos se corona como Miss Universo 2023" (https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/la-modelo-rbonney-nola-gabriel-de-estados-unidos-se-corona-como-miss-universo-2023) . El Universal (Mexico City) (/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)) (in Spanish). Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) . January 14, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131801/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/la-modelo-rbonney-nola-gabriel-de-estados-unidos-se-corona-como-miss-universo-2023) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8list.ph/rbonney_3-0) Medel, Meryl (January 16, 2023). "Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel's Filipino Dad Was Sure of Her Win" (https://www.8list.ph/rbonney-gabriel-filipino-dad/) . 8List.ph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131800/https://www.8list.ph/rbonney-gabriel-filipino-dad/) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fountain, Ken (January 15, 2023). "Missouri City native R'Bonney Gabriel named Miss Universe" (https://www.fortbendstar.com/community/missouri-city-native-rbonney-gabriel-named-miss-universe/article_f2af6770-94d9-11ed-807d-97e07cd7cf57.html) . Fort Bend Star (/wiki/Fort_Bend_Star) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131805/https://www.fortbendstar.com/community/missouri-city-native-rbonney-gabriel-named-miss-universe/article_f2af6770-94d9-11ed-807d-97e07cd7cf57.html) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yap, Jade Veronique (June 6, 2024). "R'Bonney Gabriel gives a tour of dad's childhood home in Manila" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/909205/r-bonney-gabriel-gives-a-tour-of-dad-s-childhood-home-in-manila/story/) . GMA Integrated News (/wiki/GMA_Integrated_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240607020907/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/909205/r-bonney-gabriel-gives-a-tour-of-dad-s-childhood-home-in-manila/story/) from the original on June 7, 2024 . Retrieved June 7, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-peopleasia.ph/filipino-texan_6-0) Vergara, Alex (January 15, 2023). "Half-Filipino, half-American from Texas is new Miss Universe" (https://peopleasia.ph/half-filipino-half-american-texan-is-the-new-miss-universe/) . PeopleAsia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117133905/https://peopleasia.ph/half-filipino-half-american-texan-is-the-new-miss-universe/) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-houstonchronicle/17290544_7-0) Maines, Don (July 7, 2022). "Houston-area woman reflects on historic win as the first Filipina-American crowned Miss Texas USA" (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/article/R-Bonney-Gabriel-of-Friendswood-reflects-on-17290544.php) . Houston Chronicle (/wiki/Houston_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131800/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/article/R-Bonney-Gabriel-of-Friendswood-reflects-on-17290544.php) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "R'Bonney Gabriel is Miss Universe 2022" (https://www.pilipino-express.com/showbiz-showbuzz/5545-r-bonney-gabriel-is-miss-universe-2022.html) . Pilipino Express . Winnipeg, Manitoba (/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba) . January 16, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117021209/http://www.pilipino-express.com/showbiz-showbuzz/5545-r-bonney-gabriel-is-miss-universe-2022.html) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ a b Maines, Don (September 23, 2022). "How R'Bonney Gabriel, first Filipina American to win Miss Texas, is readying for shot at Miss USA" (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/article/How-R-Bonney-Gabriel-first-Filipina-American-to-w-17462381.php) . Houston Chronicle (/wiki/Houston_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004051115/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/article/How-R-Bonney-Gabriel-first-Filipina-American-to-w-17462381.php) from the original on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "R'Bonney Gabriel reminisces on her childhood as she visits dad's home street in Manila" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/870206/r-bonney-gabriel-reminisces-on-her-childhood-as-she-visits-dad-s-home-street-in-manila/story/) . GMA News Online . May 16, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230518034529/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/870206/r-bonney-gabriel-reminisces-on-her-childhood-as-she-visits-dad-s-home-street-in-manila/story/) from the original on May 18, 2023 . Retrieved May 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "R'Bonney Gabriel, a UNT graduate, crowned as the new Miss Universe" (https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/2023/01/15/rbonney-gabriel-a-unt-graduate-crowned-as-the-new-miss-universe/) . Dallas News (/wiki/Dallas_News) . January 15, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131800/https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/2023/01/15/rbonney-gabriel-a-unt-graduate-crowned-as-the-new-miss-universe/) from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Fashion Design alumna R'Bonney Gabriel wins Miss USA 2022" (https://news.cvad.unt.edu/alum-gabriel-rbonney-fashion-design) . College of Visual Arts and Design, University of North Texas (/wiki/University_of_North_Texas) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204114050/https://news.cvad.unt.edu/alum-gabriel-rbonney-fashion-design) from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue.ph/rbonney-wins_13-0) Perez, Mariane (January 15, 2023). "R'Bonney Gabriel Wins Miss Universe 2022" (https://vogue.ph/lifestyle/people/rbonney-gabriel-wins-miss-universe-2022/) . vogue.ph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230203205540/https://vogue.ph/lifestyle/people/rbonney-gabriel-wins-miss-universe-2022/) from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Maines, Don (July 31, 2020). "Clear Falls cheerleader wins Miss Kemah Teen" (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/news/article/Clear-Falls-cheerleader-wins-Miss-Kemah-Teen-15449608.php) . Houston Chronicle (/wiki/Houston_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004045617/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/news/article/Clear-Falls-cheerleader-wins-Miss-Kemah-Teen-15449608.php) from the original on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Results – Miss – 2021 | Miss Texas USA & Miss Texas Teen USA" (https://www.misstexasusa.com/results-miss-2021/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230116083136/https://www.misstexasusa.com/results-miss-2021/) from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "For the first time, Texas represented by Asian American women in Miss USA and Miss America pageants" (https://goodmorningamerica.com/amp/culture/story/time-texas-represented-asian-american-women-miss-usa-90914537) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004081520/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/amp/culture/story/time-texas-represented-asian-american-women-miss-usa-90914537) from the original on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Texas2022_17-0) Diaz, John (July 4, 2022). "First Filipina crowned Miss Texas USA" (https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/miss-texas-usa-2022/285-8b147fc3-93b5-4195-befe-d35520713eb4) . KHOU-TV (/wiki/KHOU-TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220929023403/https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/miss-texas-usa-2022/285-8b147fc3-93b5-4195-befe-d35520713eb4) from the original on September 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-winner_18-0) "Averie Bishop and R'Bonney Gabriel – win Miss USA, Miss America pageant" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004052434/https://www.manipursana.in/2022/10/averie-bishop-and-rbonney-gabriel-win.html?m=1) . ManipurSana . October 4, 2022. Archived from the original (https://www.manipursana.in/2022/10/averie-bishop-and-rbonney-gabriel-win.html?m=1) on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-eonline/1349398_19-0) "Miss USA 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel Responds to Allegation Her Win Was "Rigged" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) " (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) . E! Online (/wiki/E!_Online) . October 7, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012634/https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Fil-Am beauty queen crowned Miss USA 2022" (https://mb.com.ph/2022/10/04/fil-am-beauty-queen-crowned-miss-usa-2022/) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . October 4, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004091252/https://mb.com.ph/2022/10/04/fil-am-beauty-queen-crowned-miss-usa-2022/) from the original on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Munce, Megan (January 15, 2023). "R'Bonney Gabriel of Friendswood, first Filipina Miss Texas and Miss USA, wins Miss Universe" (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/rbonney-gabriel-miss-universe-texas-17719347.php) . Houston Chronicle . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230320151542/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/rbonney-gabriel-miss-universe-texas-17719347.php) from the original on March 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Chung, Gabrielle (October 6, 2022). "Miss USA 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel Responds to Allegation Her Win Was "Rigged" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) " (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) . E! (/wiki/E!) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012634/https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved October 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Kao, Brooke (October 6, 2022). "Contestants claim Miss USA 2022 was 'rigged': 'We were humiliated' (https://nypost.com/2022/10/06/contestants-claim-miss-usa-2022-pageant-was-rigged/) " (https://nypost.com/2022/10/06/contestants-claim-miss-usa-2022-pageant-was-rigged/) . The New York Post (/wiki/The_New_York_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130000/https://nypost.com/2022/10/06/contestants-claim-miss-usa-2022-pageant-was-rigged/) from the original on October 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Pageant world implodes amid claims Miss USA was 'rigged' (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/fashion-shows/pageant-world-implodes-amid-claims-miss-usa-was-rigged/news-story/9e6b2e63b66331021e8a96e34bbe63e4) " (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/fashion-shows/pageant-world-implodes-amid-claims-miss-usa-was-rigged/news-story/9e6b2e63b66331021e8a96e34bbe63e4) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Miss USA 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel Responds to Allegation Her Win Was "Rigged" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) " (https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) . E! Online . October 7, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012634/https://www.eonline.com/news/1349398/miss-usa-2022-rbonney-gabriel-responds-to-allegation-her-win-was-rigged) from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Mixed-heritage Filipina winners of Miss Universe, from R'Bonney Gabriel to Pia Wurtzbach" (https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/2023/01/16/filipina-miss-universe-winners/) . The National News . January 16, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230603005326/https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/2023/01/16/filipina-miss-universe-winners/) from the original on June 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) " (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/01/16/2237986/we-are-very-proud-you-pia-wurtzbach-catriona-gray-send-messages-support-celeste-cortesi) 'We are very proud of you': Pia Wurtzbach, Catriona Gray send messages of support to Celeste Cortesi" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/01/16/2237986/we-are-very-proud-you-pia-wurtzbach-catriona-gray-send-messages-support-celeste-cortesi) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "The moment you've been waiting for… The #71stMISSUNIVERSE Competition is heading to… NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA! 🇺🇸" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CisdAxFgNqA/) . Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221021093032/https://www.instagram.com/p/CisdAxFgNqA/) from the original on October 21, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-venue_29-0) Bracamonte, Earl (September 19, 2022). "Miss Universe 2022 reveals date, venue; confirms moms, wives can join" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/09/19/2210739/miss-universe-2022-reveals-date-venueconfirms-moms-wives-can-join) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220926170013/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/09/19/2210739/miss-universe-2022-reveals-date-venueconfirms-moms-wives-can-join) from the original on September 26, 2022 . Retrieved September 19, 2022 . ^ a b "Miss USA 2022 Winner: R'Bonney Gabriel — Miss Texas Wins" (https://tvline.com/lists/miss-usa-2022-winner-rbonney-gabriel-texas-wins/) . TVLine (/wiki/TVLine) . October 4, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004104101/https://tvline.com/lists/miss-usa-2022-winner-rbonney-gabriel-texas-wins/) from the original on October 4, 2022 . Retrieved October 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) pebri (February 26, 2023). "R'Bonney Gabriel, Miss Universe 2022 - Impressed on Bali" (https://observerid.com/rbonney-gabriel-miss-universe-2022-impressed-on-bali/) . OBSERVER . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163002/https://observerid.com/rbonney-gabriel-miss-universe-2022-impressed-on-bali/) from the original on July 7, 2023 . Retrieved July 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel arrives in Thailand as part of her Asian tour" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/860527/miss-universe-2022-r-bonney-gabriel-arrives-in-thailand-as-part-of-her-asian-tour/story/) . GMA News Online . February 12, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230217231206/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/860527/miss-universe-2022-r-bonney-gabriel-arrives-in-thailand-as-part-of-her-asian-tour/story/) from the original on February 17, 2023 . Retrieved February 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Báo VietnamNet" (https://vietnamnet.vn/en/miss-universe-2022-explores-vietnamese-culture-2114855.html) . VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162918/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/miss-universe-2022-explores-vietnamese-culture-2114855.html) from the original on July 7, 2023 . Retrieved July 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Tusing, David (May 11, 2023). "Miss Universe R'Bonney Gabriel in the Philippines for the first time since her win" (https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/2023/05/11/miss-universe-rbonney-gabriel-in-the-philippines-for-the-first-time-since-her-win/) . The National . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162851/https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/2023/05/11/miss-universe-rbonney-gabriel-in-the-philippines-for-the-first-time-since-her-win/) from the original on July 7, 2023 . Retrieved July 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "R'Bonney Gabriel pays a visit to the patients of Smile Train in Guatemala City - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes" (https://femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-universe/rbonney-gabriel-pays-a-visit-to-the-patients-of-smile-train-in-guatemala-city/articleshow/100647250.cms) . Femina Miss India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103436/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-universe/rbonney-gabriel-pays-a-visit-to-the-patients-of-smile-train-in-guatemala-city/articleshow/100647250.cms) from the original on September 29, 2023 . Retrieved September 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Malach, Hannah (July 10, 2023). "Miss Universe R'Bonney Gabriel Crowns First Transgender Winner of Miss Netherlands" (https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/miss-universe-transgender-rikkie-kolle-miss-netherlands-1235738824/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230727202028/https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/miss-universe-transgender-rikkie-kolle-miss-netherlands-1235738824/) from the original on July 27, 2023 . Retrieved September 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Naidoo, Alicia (August 15, 2023). "Exclusive: Miss Universe R'Bonney Gabriel on visiting South Africa" (https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-exclusive-miss-universe-rbonney-gabriel-visiting-south-africa-miss-sa-red-carpet-15-august-2023/) . The South African . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103435/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-exclusive-miss-universe-rbonney-gabriel-visiting-south-africa-miss-sa-red-carpet-15-august-2023/) from the original on September 29, 2023 . Retrieved September 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Miss Universe Sails to Mahogany Bay in Roatan on Carnival Vista" (https://www.insidertravelreport.com/miss-universe-sails-to-mahogany-bay-in-roatan-on-carnival-vista) . Insider Travel Report . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103436/https://www.insidertravelreport.com/miss-universe-sails-to-mahogany-bay-in-roatan-on-carnival-vista) from the original on September 29, 2023 . 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"Sheynnis Palacios of Nicaragua wins Miss Universe 2023, first for her country" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/11/19/2310676/sheynnis-palacios-nicaragua-wins-miss-universe-2023-first-her-country) . Philstar.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231119084731/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/11/19/2310676/sheynnis-palacios-nicaragua-wins-miss-universe-2023-first-her-country) from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Media related to R'Bonney Gabriel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:R%27Bonney_Gabriel) at Wikimedia Commons Awards and achievements Preceded by Harnaaz Sandhu (/wiki/Harnaaz_Sandhu) Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) Succeeded by Sheynnis Palacios (/wiki/Sheynnis_Palacios) Preceded by Elle Smith (/wiki/Elle_Smith) Miss USA (/wiki/Miss_USA) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2022) Succeeded by Morgan Romano (/wiki/Morgan_Romano) Preceded by Victoria Hinojosa Miss Texas USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_USA) 2022 Succeeded by Allison Drake v t e Texas pageant winners Miss Texas (/wiki/Miss_Texas) Charmayne Smith (/wiki/Charmayne_Smith) (1939) Jo-Carroll Dennison (/wiki/Jo-Carroll_Dennison) (1942) Phyllis George (/wiki/Phyllis_George) (1970) Shirley Cothran (/wiki/Shirley_Cothran) (1974) Tamara Hext (/wiki/Tamara_Hext) (1984) Jonna Fitzgerald (/wiki/Jonna_Fitzgerald) (1985) Shilah Phillips (/wiki/Shilah_Phillips) (2006) Ashley Melnick (2010) DaNae Couch (/wiki/DaNae_Couch) (2012) Monique Evans (/wiki/Monique_Evans_(Miss_Texas)) (2014) Shannon Sanderford (/wiki/Shannon_Sanderford) (2015) Miss Texas USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_USA) Kimberly Tomes (/wiki/Kimberly_Tomes) (1977) Laura Martinez Herring (/wiki/Laura_Harring) (1985) Christy Fichtner (/wiki/Christy_Fichtner) (1986) Michelle Royer (/wiki/Michelle_Royer) (1987) Courtney Gibbs (/wiki/Courtney_Gibbs) (1988) Gretchen Polhemus (/wiki/Gretchen_Polhemus) (1989) Chelsi Smith (/wiki/Chelsi_Smith) (1995) Kandace Krueger (/wiki/Kandace_Krueger) (2001) Kasi Kelly (/w/index.php?title=Kasi_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1) (2002) Nicole O'Brian (2003) Tyler Willis (/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Willis&action=edit&redlink=1) (2005) Crystle Stewart (/wiki/Crystle_Stewart) (2008) Ana Rodriguez (/wiki/Ana_Rodriguez_(Miss_Texas_USA)) (2011) R'Bonney Gabriel (2022) Miss Texas Teen USA (/wiki/Miss_Texas_Teen_USA) Carissa Blair (/wiki/Carissa_Blair) (1992) Christie Lee Woods (/wiki/Christie_Lee_Woods) (1996) Nicole O'Brian (2000) Kelli Harral (/wiki/Kelli_Harral) (2009) Danielle Doty (/wiki/Danielle_Doty) (2011) Karlie Hay (/wiki/Karlie_Hay) (2016) Miss Texas World (/wiki/Miss_Texas_World) Karen Brucene Smith (/wiki/Brucene_Smith) (1971) Kimberly Louise Tomes (/wiki/Kimberly_Tomes) (1974) v t e Miss USA (/wiki/Miss_USA) titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Miss_USA_titleholders) 1950s Jackie Loughery (/wiki/Jackie_Loughery) (1952) Myrna Hansen (/wiki/Myrna_Hansen) (1953) Miriam Stevenson (/wiki/Miriam_Stevenson) (1954) Carlene King Johnson (/wiki/Carlene_King_Johnson) (1955) Carol Morris (/wiki/Carol_Morris) (1956) Mary Leona Gage (/wiki/Mary_Leona_Gage) / Charlotte Sheffield (/wiki/Charlotte_Sheffield) (1957) Eurlyne Howell (/wiki/Arlene_Howell) (1958) Terry Huntingdon (/wiki/Terry_Huntingdon) (1959) 1960s Linda Bement (/wiki/Linda_Bement) (1960) Sharon Brown (/wiki/Sharon_Brown_(Miss_USA)) (1961) Macel Leilani Wilson (/wiki/Macel_Wilson) (1962) Mārīte Ozere (/wiki/Marite_Ozers) (1963) Bobbi Johnson (/wiki/Bobbi_Johnson) (1964) Sue Ann Downey (/wiki/Sue_Downey) (1965) Maria Remenyi (/wiki/Maria_Remenyi) (1966) Sylvia Hitchcock (/wiki/Sylvia_Hitchcock) / Cheryl Patton (/wiki/Cheryl_Patton) (1967) Dorothy Anstett (/wiki/Dorothy_Anstett) (1968) Wendy Dascomb (/wiki/Wendy_Dascomb) (1969) 1970s Deborah Shelton (/wiki/Deborah_Shelton) (1970) Michele McDonald (/wiki/Michele_McDonald) (1971) Tanya Wilson (/wiki/Tanya_Wilson) (1972) Amanda Jones (/wiki/Amanda_Jones_(Miss_USA)) (1973) Karen Morrison (/wiki/Karen_Morrison-Comstock) (1974) Summer Bartholomew (/wiki/Summer_Bartholomew) (1975) Barbara Peterson (/wiki/Barbara_Peterson) (1976) Kimberly Tomes (/wiki/Kimberly_Tomes) (1977) Judi Andersen (/wiki/Judi_Andersen) (1978) Mary Therese Friel (/wiki/Mary_Therese_Friel) (1979) 1980s Shawn Weatherly (/wiki/Shawn_Weatherly) / Jineane Ford (/wiki/Jineane_Ford) (1980) Kim Seelbrede (/wiki/Kim_Seelbrede) (1981) Terri Utley (/wiki/Terri_Utley) (1982) Julie Hayek (/wiki/Julie_Hayek) (1983) Mai Shanley (/wiki/Mai_Shanley) (1984) Laura Martinez-Herring (/wiki/Laura_Harring) (1985) Christy Fichtner (/wiki/Christy_Fichtner) (1986) Michelle Royer (/wiki/Michelle_Royer) (1987) Courtney Gibbs (/wiki/Courtney_Gibbs) (1988) Gretchen Polhemus (/wiki/Gretchen_Polhemus) (1989) 1990s Carole Gist (/wiki/Carole_Gist) (1990) Kelli McCarty (/wiki/Kelli_McCarty) (1991) Shannon Marketic (/wiki/Shannon_Marketic) (1992) Kenya Moore (/wiki/Kenya_Moore) (1993) Lu Parker (/wiki/Lu_Parker) (1994) Chelsi Smith (/wiki/Chelsi_Smith) / Shanna Moakler (/wiki/Shanna_Moakler) (1995) Ali Landry (/wiki/Ali_Landry) (1996) Brook Lee (/wiki/Brook_Lee) / Brandi Sherwood (/wiki/Brandi_Sherwood) (1997) Shawnae Jebbia (/wiki/Shawnae_Jebbia) (1998) Kimberly Pressler (/wiki/Kimberly_Pressler) (1999) 2000s Lynnette Cole (/wiki/Lynnette_Cole) (2000) Kandace Krueger (/wiki/Kandace_Krueger) (2001) Shauntay Hinton (/wiki/Shauntay_Hinton) (2002) Susie Castillo (/wiki/Susie_Castillo) (2003) Shandi Finnessey 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American fashion stylist and collector Lana Turner Born 1950 (age 73–74) Manhattan, New York, US Known for Fashion style and collection Lana Turner (born c. 1950 ) is an American fashion stylist (/wiki/Fashion_stylist) and collector from Harlem (/wiki/Harlem) . She is recognized for her collection of vintage clothing which includes over 500 hats. Turner has been featured in works by photographers, bloggers, and editors. Career [ edit ] Turner worked in the real estate and art industries. Her daily work attire was "ornate" and always featured a toque (/wiki/Toque) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Her collection of vintage clothing includes over 500 hats. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Turner's fashion attracts the attention of photographers, bloggers, and editors. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) She was a muse (/wiki/Muses) of street photographer Bill Cunningham (/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_(American_photographer)) . In 2015, artist Dario Calmese (/wiki/Dario_Calmese) featured Turner and her collection in his special exhibition at the Projects+Gallery in St. Louis (/wiki/St._Louis) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2016, chef Marcus Samuelsson (/wiki/Marcus_Samuelsson) featured several of Turner's hats at his Red Rooster restaurant. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Style blogger Ari Seth Cohen (/wiki/Ari_Seth_Cohen) frequently features Turner. [4] (#cite_note-4) Personal life [ edit ] Turner was born c. 1950 in Women's Hospital (/wiki/Women%27s_Hospital_(New_York_City)) on 110th Street (/wiki/110th_Street_(Manhattan)) . She picked up fashion techniques from her parents who worked as a chauffeur and chambermaid. In the evenings, her parents would wear formal clothes to socialize in their Harlem community. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Turner resides in Hamilton Heights (/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_Manhattan) and is a devout churchgoer. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Syme, Rachel (11 March 2018). "The Sunday Styles of Lana Turner, a Harlem Fashion Icon" (https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/the-sunday-styles-of-lana-turner-a-harlem-fashion-icon) . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2020-07-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bobb, Brooke (16 February 2018). "For Harlem Fashion Icon Lana Turner, Dressing Up for Sunday Service Means Vintage Yves Saint Laurent" (https://www.vogue.com/article/dario-calmese-lana-turner-vintage-amongst-friends) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Inside the Legendary Wardrobe of Harlem Style Icon Lana Turner" (https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/lana-turner-harlem-church/) . W Magazine | Women's Fashion & Celebrity News . 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 2020-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "This Harlem Woman's Sunday Best Turned Her Into a Style Icon" (https://observer.com/2018/02/dario-calmese-features-harlem-style-icon-lana-turner-in-photo-series/) . Observer . 2018-02-23 . Retrieved 2020-07-15 . 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Germany portal (/wiki/Portal:Germany) This category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is for costume designers (/wiki/Costume_designer) from the European country of Germany (/wiki/Germany) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐cq6hb Cached time: 20240714211349 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.086 seconds Real time usage: 0.169 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 41/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2259/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 62/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1367/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.047/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 876897/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 150.836 1 -total 85.75% 129.349 1 Template:Portal 14.12% 21.295 1 Template:Category_explanation 12.49% 18.841 1 Template:Hatnote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34497023-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714211349 and revision id 921935560. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "German costume designers" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Hildegard Bechtler (/wiki/Hildegard_Bechtler) Moidele Bickel (/wiki/Moidele_Bickel) Sibylle Boden-Gerstner (/wiki/Sibylle_Boden-Gerstner) C Lisy Christl (/wiki/Lisy_Christl) D Bina Daigeler (/wiki/Bina_Daigeler) Carl Emil Doepler (/wiki/Carl_Emil_Doepler) F Ilse Fehling (/wiki/Ilse_Fehling) H Claudia Hill (/wiki/Claudia_Hill) Hainer Hill (/wiki/Hainer_Hill) J Helmut Jürgens (/wiki/Helmut_J%C3%BCrgens) K Ludwig Kainer (/wiki/Ludwig_Kainer) Pauline Krautz (/wiki/Pauline_Krautz) M Ita Maximowna (/wiki/Ita_Maximowna) N Dorothea Nicolai (/wiki/Dorothea_Nicolai) O Else Oppler-Legband (/wiki/Else_Oppler-Legband) R Yella Rottländer (/wiki/Yella_Rottl%C3%A4nder) S Frank Philipp Schlößmann (/wiki/Frank_Philipp_Schl%C3%B6%C3%9Fmann) Lavinia Schulz (/wiki/Lavinia_Schulz) Franz von Seitz (/wiki/Franz_von_Seitz) T Katrin Lea Tag (/wiki/Katrin_Lea_Tag) Max Karl Tilke (/wiki/Max_Karl_Tilke) W Herbert Wernicke (/wiki/Herbert_Wernicke) Aenne Willkomm (/wiki/Aenne_Willkomm) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_costume_designers&oldid=921935560 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_costume_designers&oldid=921935560) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Costume designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers_by_nationality) German fashion designers (/wiki/Category:German_fashion_designers)
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(Redirected from Onesies (brand) (/w/index.php?title=Onesies_(brand)&redirect=no) ) Type of clothing Infant bodysuit Infant bodysuit. Type Baby's clothes Baby in a Wikipedia "Hello World" onesie An infant bodysuit or onesie (American English) is a garment designed to be worn by babies much like a T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) ; they are distinguished from T-shirts by an extension below the waist, with snaps (/wiki/Snap_fastener) that allow it to be closed over the crotch (/wiki/Crotch) . The purpose of the opening at the crotch is to facilitate access to the infant's diaper (/wiki/Diaper) as well as preventing the garment from riding up the infant's body and exposing skin. Like T-shirts, infant bodysuits come in a wide variety of designs and may be worn as undergarments or as outer shirts. Synonyms [ edit ] Other names of this outfit include onesies (a registered trademark (/wiki/Registered_trademark) often used in the United States (/wiki/United_States) as if it were generic (/wiki/Genericized_trademark) ), [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) creepers , diaper shirts , or snapsuits . If the bodysuit is sleeveless, it may also be referred to as a vest (British English only). Types and design [ edit ] An infant bodysuit may be sleeveless, have long sleeves, or have short sleeves. A common feature of the bodysuit is the lap neck (figures 1 and 2). This design makes it easier to get the head through the neck of the bodysuit, as babies have large heads proportional to their bodies, and additionally have poor head control, making traditional neck openings less suitable. [3] (#cite_note-3) Bodysuits without the lap neck may have snaps at the neck instead (figure 3). Figure 1. Sleeveless bodysuit with lap neck. Figure 2. Short sleeve bodysuit with lap neck Figure 3. Long sleeve bodysuit with snap neck. Popularity [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Infant_bodysuit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Infant bodysuits have gained significant popularity over the years and have become iconic in baby fashion. Their practicality, comfort, and versatility have made them a staple in many households worldwide. The convenience of the snap fasteners and the ease of dressing and changing diapers have contributed to their widespread use. Infant bodysuits have also found their way into popular culture. They are often featured in movies, television shows, and advertisements, and have become a popular choice for personalized baby gifts. Social media platforms have played a role in popularizing infant bodysuits. Parents frequently share cute and funny photos of their babies wearing personalized or unique bodysuits, contributing to the trend's visibility and popularity. The term " onesie (/wiki/Onesie_(jumpsuit)) " has become widely recognized and is often used colloquially to refer to any type of infant bodysuit, regardless of the brand. It has also inspired the creation of adult-sized versions, known as adult onesies or jumpsuits, which have gained popularity as loungewear or costumes for events like themed parties or Halloween. See also [ edit ] Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) Infant clothing (/wiki/Infant_clothing) One-piece (disambiguation) (/wiki/One-piece_(disambiguation)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2008-1172" (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2008/d2008-1172.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Onesie | Definition of Onesie by Lexico" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120728004218/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/onesie) . Lexico Dictionaries | English . Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/onesie) on July 28, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Why do baby shirts have a Lap Shoulder?" (https://www.bambinilayette.com/wholesale-baby-clothes-blog/12_Why-do-baby-shirts-have-a-Lap-Shoulder.html) . www.bambinilayette.com . Retrieved 2019-12-30 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academic dress (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_dress) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐b6nz2 Cached time: 20240721131542 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.050 seconds Real time usage: 0.083 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2873/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 311/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1058032/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 73.753 1 -total 57.23% 42.211 1 Template:Commons_cat 53.78% 39.667 1 Template:Sister_project 51.95% 38.318 1 Template:Side_box 42.63% 31.444 1 Template:Cat_main 5.68% 4.186 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:739252-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721131542 and revision id 902948765. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. Academic dress by institution (/wiki/Category:Academic_dress_by_institution) ‎ (33 P) Pages in category "Academic dress" The following 37 pages are in this category, out of 37 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) * Academic dress in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Academic dress in the United States (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States) A Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Academic scarf (/wiki/Academic_scarf) B Beca (garment) (/wiki/Beca_(garment)) Bishop Andrewes cap (/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap) Bluecoat (/wiki/Bluecoat) Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) C The Central Institute London (/wiki/The_Central_Institute_London) Chimere (/wiki/Chimere) Chinese academic dress (/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress) Couleur (/wiki/Couleur) D Doctoral hat (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Doctoral ring (/wiki/Doctoral_ring) E Ede & Ravenscroft (/wiki/Ede_%26_Ravenscroft) Epitoge (/wiki/Epitoge) F Charles Franklyn (/wiki/Charles_Franklyn) G Gown (/wiki/Gown) Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) H Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley (/wiki/Norman_Hargreaves-Mawdsley) Honor cords (/wiki/Honor_cords) Hood (headgear) (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) K Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) L Liripipe (/wiki/Liripipe) R Robe (/wiki/Robe) S School colors (/wiki/School_colors) George Shaw (academic dress scholar) (/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)) Square academic cap (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Academic stole (/wiki/Academic_stole) Student boilersuit (/wiki/Student_boilersuit) Student cap (/wiki/Student_cap) T Toque (/wiki/Toque) Train (clothing) (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Tudor bonnet (/wiki/Tudor_bonnet) U Undergraduate gowns in Scotland (/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland) W White coat (/wiki/White_coat) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Academic_dress&oldid=902948765 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Academic_dress&oldid=902948765) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Academic culture (/wiki/Category:Academic_culture) Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) School traditions (/wiki/Category:School_traditions) Gowns (/wiki/Category:Gowns) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Serbian glove designer Evica Milovanov-Penezic Nationality Serbian (/wiki/Serbians) Occupation Fashion designer Known for Leather gloves Evica Milovanov-Penezic is a Serbian (/wiki/Serbia) glove designer known for her fringes, cutouts and use of vibrant colors. Biography [ edit ] Penezic started off as a clothing and handbag designer but switched to leather gloves in 1997 while living in Germany. [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) Noticing the limited variety of glove styles, she began creating new designs with embroidery and decorations. [2] (#cite_note-2) Penezic creates her pieces by hand, relying on traditional methods. [3] (#cite_note-domdizajnafond.weebly.com-3) [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) The handmade approach contributes to the uniqueness of each pair of gloves. [4] (#cite_note-4) She had her first exhibit at a Belgrade (/wiki/Belgrade) fair [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) and has presented collections in Paris (/wiki/Paris) several times. [3] (#cite_note-domdizajnafond.weebly.com-3) [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) She also had several solo shows like the 2011 exhibition at the Ethnographic Museum (/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum,_Belgrade) in Serbia (/wiki/Serbia) . [5] (#cite_note-blic.rs-5) A Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) exhibit garnered her an award in 2010. [6] (#cite_note-glassrpske.com-6) Her work has been seen at the Belgrade Fashion Week (/wiki/Belgrade_Fashion_Week) accessories show [7] (#cite_note-7) and has appeared in fashion publications like Serbian (/wiki/Serbia) Elle Magazine (/wiki/Elle_Magazine) . [8] (#cite_note-8) She also presented her glove designs at the 8th International Exhibition of "Wearable Art". [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) Her leather gloves are worn by royals like Kate Middleton (/wiki/Kate_Middleton) , as well as singers Deborah Harry (/wiki/Deborah_Harry) and Kelis (/wiki/Kelis) . [5] (#cite_note-blic.rs-5) [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) [6] (#cite_note-glassrpske.com-6) Penezic collaborates with clothing designers like Roksanda Ilincic (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilincic) and Ana Šekularac (/wiki/Ana_%C5%A0ekularac) for their runway shows. [5] (#cite_note-blic.rs-5) She also designs for operas, as well as theater and movie productions, such as the Serbian (/wiki/Serbia) film " St. George Shoots the Dragon (/wiki/St._George_Shoots_the_Dragon) " . [5] (#cite_note-blic.rs-5) Her gloves can be found in boutiques in several European cities. [3] (#cite_note-domdizajnafond.weebly.com-3) [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) She is a member of " The Applied Artists and Designers Association of Serbia (/wiki/The_Applied_Artists_and_Designers_Association_of_Serbia) " and currently sits on its arts council. [9] (#cite_note-9) She has two daughters. [1] (#cite_note-novosti.rs-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h "Sa kožom mogu da uradim sve!" (http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/zivot_+.303.html:367083-Sa-kozom-mogu-da-uradim-sve) . www.novosti.rs . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tajna skrivena u rukavicama" (http://www.svevesti.com/a118533-tajna-skrivena-u-rukavicama) . www.svevesti.com . ^ a b c "Evica Milovanov Penezić dizajner rukavica" (http://domdizajnafond.weebly.com/evica-milovanov-penezi263.html) . Fondacija "DOM DIZAJNA" . ^ (#cite_ref-4) inbox-online.com. "Evica Milovanov Penezić" (http://www.sml.rs/predstavljamo/559/evica-milovanov-penezic.html) . ^ a b c d "Kejt ima 14 pari mojih rukavica" (https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/kejt-ima-14-pari-mojih-rukavica/lnc5f99) . ^ a b "Evica Milovanov-Penezić - Moje rukavice idealne za princezu Kejt" (https://www.glassrpske.com/plus/intervju/Evica-Milovanov-Penezic-Moje-rukavice-idealne-za-princezu-Kejt/lat/100342.html) . 17 November 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "41. #belgradefashionweek weekend - 42 magazin" (http://42magazin.rs/41-belgradefashionweek-weekend/) . 1 April 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Kako da nosimo svetlucavi top" (http://www.elle.rs/moda/trendovi/5471-kako-da-nosimo-svetlucavi-top.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Applied Artists and Designers Association of Serbia" (http://www.ulupuds.org.rs/eng/NacinDelovanja.htm) . 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British-born American costume designer (1929–2001) Barbara Matera (16 July 1929, Hythe, Kent (/wiki/Hythe,_Kent) – 13 September 2001, New York City) [1] (#cite_note-1) was an American costume (/wiki/Costume_designer) and clothing designer (/wiki/Clothing_designer) of English birth. Matera apprenticed in costume design at the Royal Opera House (/wiki/Royal_Opera_House) in London during the late 1940s; she later designed costumes for several productions at that theatre. Her company, Barbara Matera, Ltd., created costumes for several theatrical works, and television and film productions. She designed costumes, often as an assistant designer, for more than 100 Broadway shows (/wiki/Broadway_theatre) , including A Chorus Line (/wiki/A_Chorus_Line) , Aida (/wiki/Aida_(musical)) , Dreamgirls (/wiki/Dreamgirls) , Follies (/wiki/Follies) , The Lion King (/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)) , Wicked (/wiki/Wicked_(musical)) and Mamma Mia! (/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)) . Among the costume made for films were The Great Gatsby (/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1974_film)) (1974), The Addams Family (/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(1991_film)) (1991), The Age of Innocence (/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1993_film)) (1993), and 101 Dalmatians (/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)) and 102 Dalmatians (/wiki/102_Dalmatians) (2000). She also designed costumes for productions at the Metropolitan Opera (/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera) , New York City Ballet (/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet) , and the American Ballet Theatre (/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre) among other ballet and opera companies. As a clothing designer, she created clothes for an impressive list of famous clientele, including Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) . Her company, Barbara Matera LtD., made Clinton's ballgown for the 1993 United States presidential inauguration (/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration) ; a dress designed by Sarah Phillips (/wiki/Sarah_Phillips_(fashion_designer)) . In 1996 her work was the subject of an exhibition at the New York Library for the Performing Arts (/wiki/New_York_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts) . [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Barbara Matera Dies at 72; Costumer for Stage and Screen" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/nyregion/barbara-matera-dies-at-72-costumer-for-stage-and-screen.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . September 16, 2001. p. 46. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Obituaries: Barbara Matera" (http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=11697) . Opera News (/wiki/Opera_News) . December 2001. External links [ edit ] Barbara Matera (https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/24650) at the Internet Broadway Database (/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database) Barbara Matera (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0558303/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Costumes for (https://www.youtube.com/user/OfficialWICKED#p/a/FD7E32F6E398FD1B/0/ZGGTIViUucM) Wicked at the Official YouTube Channel (https://www.youtube.com/user/OfficialWICKED#p/a/FD7E32F6E398FD1B/0/ZGGTIViUucM) This theatrical biography is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Religious attire (/w/index.php?title=Religious_attire&redirect=no) ) Dress which has a special significance to a faith group Religious clothing is clothing (/wiki/Clothing) which is worn in accordance with religious practice (/wiki/Religion) , tradition or significance to a faith group (/wiki/Faith_group) . It includes clerical clothing (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) such as cassocks (/wiki/Cassock) , and religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , robes (/wiki/Robe) , and other vestments (/wiki/Vestments) . Accessories include hats (/wiki/Hat) , wedding rings (/wiki/Wedding_ring#religion) , crucifixes (/wiki/Crucifix) , etc. Buddhism [ edit ] Buddhist alms (/wiki/Alms#Buddhism) in Don Det (Si Phan Don, Laos (/wiki/Laos) ) Ordained Buddhist bhikkus (monks) and bhikuunis (nuns) traditionally wear simple robes called kāṣāya (/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)) , named after a brown or saffron dye used to give the fabric their distinctive non-primary colors. Originally, these robes were made of cast-off or donated material because monks lived ascetic (/wiki/Asceticism) lifestyles. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) The dyes were used to distinguish their common clothing from other people. [2] (#cite_note-2) In Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) and Pali (/wiki/Pali) , these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Bhikkus wear the "triple robe" (tricivara) comprises an inner garment or waistcloth (antaravasaka), an upper robe (uttarsanga) and outer robe (sanghati). Bhikkunis wear the "fivefold robe" with an additional vest and skirt. [3] (#cite_note-3) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Sandals are allowed if they are simple and have one lining only, or they may have many linings if they are cast-off sandals. Ordained Buddhists also keep their heads and faces shaved, often including eyebrows, as a symbol of the renunciation of worldly desires. Christianity [ edit ] Main article: Christian clothing (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Il ministrante (/wiki/Altar_server) , by Giacomo di Chirico (/wiki/Giacomo_di_Chirico) (1844–1883). Women who belong to the Hutterite Church (/wiki/Hutterite_Church) , an Anabapist Christian (/wiki/Anabaptism) denomination, wear their headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) daily and only remove it when sleeping. Plate showing historical Christian and other religious clothing. From French encyclopedia Larousse du XXème siècle 1932. Vestments (/wiki/Vestments) are liturgical (/wiki/Christian_liturgy) garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian (/wiki/Christianity) religions, especially Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_Church) , Eastern Orthodox (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) , Anglicans (/wiki/Anglicanism) , Methodists (/wiki/Methodism) , and Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheranism) Churches. Other groups also make use of vestments, but this was a point of controversy (/wiki/Vestments_controversy) in the Protestant Reformation (/wiki/Protestant_Reformation) and sometimes since - notably during the Ritualist controversies (/wiki/Ritualism) in England in the 19th century. Clerical clothing (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) is non- liturgical (/wiki/Christian_liturgy) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn exclusively by clergy (/wiki/Clergy) . It is distinct from vestments in that it is not reserved specifically for services. Women belonging to various Christian denominations (such as those of Conservative Anabaptist Christianity (/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptism) and Orthodox Christianity) practice Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) , a traditional practice since the days of the early Church (/wiki/Early_Church) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Additionally, some Christians practice the wearing of plain dress (/wiki/Plain_dress) , notably traditional Anabaptists (/wiki/Anabaptist) (such as Old Order Mennonites (/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonites) and Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) ), Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) , and Methodists of the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) ; for example, in its 2015 Book of Discipline, the Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) teaches that: [5] (#cite_note-EWC2015-5) We require our women to appear in public with dresses of modest length, sleeves of modest length, modest necklines and modest hose; the wearing of split skirts, slacks, jeans, artificial flowers or feathers is forbidden. Moreover, we require our men to conform to the scriptural standards of decent and modest attire; we require that when they appear in public they wear shirts with sleeves of modest length. We require that all our people appear in public with sleeves below the elbows. Women's hemlines are to be modestly below the knees. Our people are forbidden to appear in public with transparent or immodest apparel, including shorts or bathing suits. Parents are required to dress their children modestly in conformity with our general principles of Christian attire. We further prohibit our people from participating in the practices of body-piercing, tattooing or body art. [5] (#cite_note-EWC2015-5) Latter-day Saints [ edit ] Adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) (LDS Church) and some fundamentalist Latter-day Saint groups often receive temple garments (/wiki/Temple_garment) at the time of receiving their endowment, after taking part in the endowment (/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)) ritual. These garments, which are to be worn at all times (with the exception of certain activities such as exercise) under typical clothing, date back to the early days of the Church, originating with the Church's first latter-day prophet, Joseph Smith, Jr. (/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.) , and have been updated periodically. Members believe that the wearing of these garments serves as a symbolic reminder of eternal covenants they have made with God the Father and Jesus Christ (/wiki/Jesus_Christ) . Special outer temple clothing (/wiki/Temple_robes#Latter-day_Saints_tradition) is also worn for worship and participation in temple (/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)) ceremonies. Temple clothing is not worn outside of the temples (/wiki/Temple_(Latter-day_Saints)) , with an exception for deceased members who may be dressed in temple clothing for burial. Outside of temples, including at weekly sacrament meetings (/wiki/Sacrament_meeting) and at general conferences (/w/index.php?title=General_Conference_(Latter-day_Saints)&action=edit&redlink=1) , respectful clothing is traditionally worn, often with a white, button-down shirt, and a tie for the male members, females typically wear a dress or skirt, emphasizing "modesty" in appearance. White clothes are worn by those undergoing and performing baptism (/wiki/Baptism_(Mormonism)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Islam [ edit ] Main article: Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Islamic modest clothing worn at a wedding ceremony Dress in Islam (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) varies from country to country. The Quranic (/wiki/Quran) sura An-Nur (/wiki/An-Nur) ("The Light") prescribes modesty in dress. Various hadiths (/wiki/Hadith) (teachings of Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad) ) state further criteria for women's dress code and men's dress code in Islam. The hijab (/wiki/Hijab) is recommended for women in the Quran, which says: "O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful." [8] (#cite_note-8) The hijab is commonly worn throughout the Islamic world, with many Muslim countries having adapted it to their culture and traditions. For example, there are Muslim countries like Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) where only a headscarf is common; however, this does not mean that the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) , burqa (/wiki/Burqa) or khimar (/wiki/Khimar) are not worn. In Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , the hijab, niqab, the khimar and the burqa are typical. In Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) and parts of Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) , the burqa and the niqab are both common. In India (/wiki/India) , particularly in the state of Kashmir (/wiki/Kashmir) , Muslim women wear the hijab and the khimar. In Sudan (/wiki/Sudan) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) and Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , the hijab, the khimar and the jilbab (/wiki/Jilbab) are more common. [ citation needed ] Judaism [ edit ] Main article: Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) are specially knotted ritual fringes, or tassels worn by most Jewish men and boys during prayer. Tzitzit are attached to the four corners of the tallit (/wiki/Tallit) (Jewish prayer shawl) and in more traditional communities are tied to all four-cornered garments. Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) are black leather boxes made by hand which contain written passages from the Hebrew Bible, particularly the V'ahavta (/wiki/V%27ahavta) and secured to the arm and head with leather straps. These have been worn for at least the last 2,000 years and originated in pre-diaspora Judaism. [9] (#cite_note-9) These are almost exclusively worn by very religious Jews during weekday prayers, and not worn outside of religious functions in order to prevent one from 'defiling' them. Curiously, while Ashkenazi and some Sephardi men have the custom to wear these during prayer, many outlying communities such as the Beta Israel (/wiki/Beta_Israel) did not, until they were introduced to the custom by Israelis or Ashkenazi missionaries. A kippah (/wiki/Kippah) or yarmulke is a cloth head covering worn by Jews during prayer or other ritual services. Some wear it every day. In the United States, most synagogues and Jewish funeral services keep a ready supply of kippot for the temporary use of visitors who have not brought one. A mitpachat (/wiki/Tichel) , or tichel in Yiddish (/wiki/Yiddish) , is a headscarf worn by some religious Jewish women. It is customary for a married woman, but some women choose to wear them only during religious occasions. Various formal hats are worn by Jewish men in Hasidic Jewish circles and sometimes in other traditional communities, generally on top of a yarmulke , generally reflecting a particular cultural background, and sometimes reflecting one's age, marital status, rabbinical rank or lineage. In general, hats are only worn on top of a yarmulke after a Jewish male reaches bar mitzvah age, although some communities, such as Belz and Viznitz, have boys under bar mitzvah age wear caps known as kaskets (/wiki/Kasket) on top of their yarmulkes . Fedoras (/wiki/Fedora) , generally black with a wide brim, are worn by men from Litvish (/wiki/Litvish) , Yeshivish (/wiki/Yeshivish) , and Chabad-Lubavitch (/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch) communities, and these are worn by both single and married men. Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) style hats are often worn by rabbis of higher rank in Litvish and Yeshivish circles. Derby hats (/wiki/Derby_(hat)) are worn by Hasidic men in certain communities, sometimes signifying lay status as opposed to rabbinical status. Biber hats (/w/index.php?title=Biber_hat&action=edit&redlink=1) are worn by Hasidic men, both married and unmarried, in certain communities, with varied styles signifying which community one belongs to, or sometimes rabbinical status. Shtreimels (/wiki/Shtreimel) are worn by married men (or previously married men, such as divorced men and widowers) in many Hasidic communities and the Sabbath, major holidays, and special occasions such as weddings; and by unmarried boys after bar mitzvah in certain traditional Jerusalemite communities, such as Toldos Aharon. Spodiks (/wiki/Spodik) are worn by married (et al.) men in certain Hasidic communities originating in Poland on the same occasions when a shtreimel is worn in other communities, particularly the communities of Gur, Alexander, and Amshinov. Kolpiks (/wiki/Kolpik) are worn by unmarried boys over bar mitzvah age who are from rabbinical families, and by certain Hasidic rabbis on special occasions that are more than a regular weekday but not warranting the wearing of a shtreimel , such as lighting Hanukkah candles and conducting a tish on Rosh Chodesh or Tu B'Shvat. In Mizrachi communities, these are replaced by the more traditional sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) , or otherwise a turban typically wrapped from a modified keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) . Other communities wear hats similar to the fez (/wiki/Fez_hat) or the more common Bucharian styled kippah . Rekel (/wiki/Rekel) coats are worn by Hasidic lay men during weekdays, and by some on the Sabbath. Some Ashkenazi Jewish men wear a frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) during prayer and other specific occasions. It is commonly worn by Hasidic rabbis and Jewish religious leaders in public. The coat is more commonly known as a frak , a sirtuk , or a kapotteh . Bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) coats or robes are worn by Hasidic lay men on Sabbath and holidays, both single and married. In some non-Hasidic communities a beskishe may be worn either during prayer or at meals as well, on the Sabbath and holidays. Hasidic rabbis will wear a bekishe on weekdays as well, with their weekday hats. The bekishe worn by certain rabbis may have colors other than black, such as white, silver, gold, or blue, and may also be lined with velvet. The kittel (/wiki/Kittel) is a white robe worn on certain occasions by married men (and some women) [10] (#cite_note-10) in Ashkenazic and Hasidic communities, such as Yom Kippur and Passover Seder, and may be worn by those leading prayers (and in some communities by all married men) on Rosh Hashanah, Hoshanah Rabbah, and for Tefilas Tal and Tefilas Geshem. A groom will generally wear a kittel during his wedding ceremony as well. In some Sephardic communities, a rabbi or a hazzan may wear a similar white robe at weddings and at prayer services. The gartel (/wiki/Gartel) is a belt used by some Jewish men during prayer, particularly from Hasidic communities. "Gartel" is Yiddish for "belt." In older traditional Jewish communities, sashes were worn for the same effect, though non-European traditional clothing has fallen out of favor in Israel, and therefore most of these communities. [11] (#cite_note-11) Red string in Kabbalah. Wearing a thin red string (/wiki/Red_string_(Kabbalah)) (as a type of talisman (/wiki/Amulet) ) is a custom, popularly thought to be associated with Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) 's Kabbalah (/wiki/Kabbalah) , in order to ward off misfortune brought about by an " evil eye (/wiki/Evil_eye) " ( עין הרע in Hebrew). In Yiddish, the red string is called a roite bindele . The red string itself is usually made from thin red (/wiki/Red) wool (/wiki/Wool) thread (/wiki/Yarn) . It is worn, or tied, as a type of bracelet (/wiki/Bracelet) or "band" on the left wrist (/wiki/Wrist) of the wearer (the receiving side). [12] (#cite_note-bbcbracelets-12) The connection to traditional Judaism is disputed, and this is mostly worn by secular or non-Jewish spiritualist circles who often misunderstand the origins, or were sold manufactured versions within popular Israeli religious tourist attractions. [13] (#cite_note-13) Sikhism [ edit ] Main article: The Five Ks (/wiki/The_Five_Ks) Sikh Articles of Faith Baptized Khalsa (/wiki/Khalsa) Sikhs (/wiki/Sikhs) are mandated to wear the 5 Ks (/wiki/The_Five_Ks) : Kesh (/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)) (unshorn hair), strapped Kirpan (/wiki/Kirpan) (sword), Kachhehra (/wiki/Kacchera) (prescribed shorts), Kanga (/wiki/Kangha) (Comb tucked in the tied up hair), Karha (/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)) (Steel bracelet). He/she must not have on his/her person any token of any other faith. He/she must not have his/her head bare or be wearing a cap (/wiki/Cap) . He/she must not be wearing any ornaments (/wiki/Jewellery) piercing through any part of the body. [14] (#cite_note-14) Hair is seen as sacred. Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) , trimming, removing, shaving (/wiki/Shaving) , plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) , threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) , dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing_hair) , or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden. [15] (#cite_note-15) In addition to this, every Sikh man is supposed to wear a turban, while it is optional for women. [16] (#cite_note-16) Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women. [17] (#cite_note-17) It is not proper for a Sikh woman to wear veil (/wiki/Veil) or keep her face hidden by veil or cover. [18] (#cite_note-18) Interreligious [ edit ] Main article: Peace Mala (/wiki/Peace_Mala) A Peace Mala is a symbolic bracelet used to promote the message of the Golden Rule (/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity) of mutual respect recognised by many spiritual paths. It consists of 16 beads, forming a double rainbow, which represent Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) , Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) , Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) , Islam (/wiki/Islam) , Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) , Baháʼí (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith) , ISKCON (/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness) , Zoroastrianism (/wiki/Zoroastrianism) , Tribal and Native Religions (/wiki/Folk_religion) , Jainism (/wiki/Jainism) , Earth Religions (/wiki/Earth_religion) , Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) , Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) and Yungdrung Bön (/wiki/B%C3%B6n#Yungdrung_Bön) , with the central white bead representing the wearer and whatever path they may follow. [12] (#cite_note-bbcbracelets-12) In secular contexts [ edit ] Nuns in Germany at a climate change protest Religious clothing — especially that of religious clergy members whose religious clothing tends to be more distinctive — is sometimes worn in secular contexts, even when it is not expected or required. In such cases, clergy especially are often using their presence as a religious figure for a specific purpose. For example, during the George Floyd Protests (/wiki/George_Floyd_Protests) of 2020, clergy and religious leaders of various faiths wore purple reflective vests (/wiki/High-visibility_clothing) as a symbol of their religious witness, sometimes in addition to other religious clothing. [19] (#cite_note-19) There are numerous other instances where clergy have joined protests while in their respective faith's ceremonial dress. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) In many such cases, in addition to bearing witness, clergy have stated the following as part of their decision to join while in their ceremonial (or otherwise formal) religious garb: To deescalate situations between protestors and police, or protestors and counter-protestors. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) To act as legal observers. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) As a statement that their faith tradition, deities, etc., stands against the injustice the protest is also aimed at addressing. [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) [24] (#cite_note-24) In other contexts, some religious individuals will also don religious attire not solely for their own practice, but as a sign of solidarity with others who may be unable to practice their faith. For instance, some Muslim women in India have articulated that they choose to wear their hijab because other Muslim women in places such as France are legally barred from doing so. [25] (#cite_note-25) Gallery [ edit ] First native Catholic parish priest (/wiki/Catholic_parish_priest) from the Belgian Congo (/wiki/Belgian_Congo) , wearing a Roman cassock (/wiki/Cassock) with the standard 18 buttons ( Gazet van Antwerpen , 2 September 1906). Catholic (/wiki/Catholic) Cardinal (/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)) Tarcisio Bertone (/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone) wearing a tropical white cassock (/wiki/Cassock) trimmed in cardinalatial scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)) in Santo Domingo (/wiki/Santo_Domingo) , Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (2006). Pope Benedict XVI (/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI) in white cassock (sometimes though unofficially called a simar (/wiki/Simar) ) with pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) and fringed white fascia (2007). Pope Francis (/wiki/Pope_Francis) , and Patriarch (/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch) Bartholomew I (/wiki/Bartholomew_I) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre) , Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) (2014). Justin Welby (/wiki/Justin_Welby) , Anglican (/wiki/Anglican) Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury) , and Kim Geun-Sang (/wiki/Paul_Kim_(Anglican_bishop)) , Anglican Primate (/wiki/Primate_(bishop)) of the Anglican Church of Korea (/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea) (2013). Chief Rabbi (/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem) Shlomo Amar (/wiki/Shlomo_Amar) of Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) (right) with Jewish scholar Joseph J. Sherman (/wiki/Joseph_J._Sherman) (left) (2014). U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (/wiki/John_Kerry) sits with Saudi Arabia King Salman (/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) at the Royal Court in Riyadh (/wiki/Riyadh) , Saudi Arabia. Sikh-American politician Gurbir Grewal (/wiki/Gurbir_Grewal) wearing a turban Sikh-Canadian politician Jagmeet Singh (/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh) wearing a turban Sikh woman with turban See also [ edit ] Clerical clothing (Christian) (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) Clothing#Religion (/wiki/Clothing#Religion) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Religion (/wiki/Religion) Religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Religious dress - Eastern Religions, Vestments, Attire | Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/religious-dress/Types-of-dress-and-vestments-in-Eastern-religions) . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Robes and Clothing | Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/robes-and-clothing) . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Buddhist World: The Monastic Robes" (https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm) . www.buddhanet.net . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kelley, Dani (2014). "My Headcovering Experiment" (https://www.premierchristianity.com/Past-Issues/2014/November-2014/My-Headcovering-Experiment) . Premier (/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio) . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church . Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) . 2015. pp. 41, 57–58. ^ (#cite_ref-6) LDS Church. "Clothing for Baptism" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/handbook-2-administering-the-church/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings?lang=eng) . ChurchofJesusChrist.org . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. p. 20.3.6 . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Church Changes Burial Guidelines for Deceased, Endowed Women" (http://www.ldsliving.com/Church-Changes-Burial-Guidelines-for-Deceased-Endowed-Women/s/90177) . 29 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Surah Al-Ahzab - 59" (https://quran.com/33/59?translations=21,85,22,20,17) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Yomin D'min Alma (6 November 2011). "Probing the Earliest Origins of Tefillin" (https://toldotyisrael.wordpress.com/2011/11/06/probing-the-earliest-origins-of-tefillin-phylacteries-part-i/) . Toldot Yisrael. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "What Is A Kittel?" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/kittel/) . My Jewish Learning . 2010-11-24. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Elazar, Daniel. "Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?" (http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm) . JCPA . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Do you know your awareness bracelets?" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4233623.stm) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) News Magazine. 2005-02-04 . Retrieved 2008-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) MJL Staff. "Red String Bracelets: What's the Jewish Significance?" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ask-the-expert-red-string-bracelet/) . My Jewish Learning . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India" (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ; Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1. & q. 3. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India" (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, s. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Shimron, Yonat (23 July 2020). "In Portland, this rabbi leads the clergy resistance" (https://religionnews.com/2020/07/23/in-portland-this-rabbi-is-called-to-lead-the-resistance/) . Religious News Service . Retrieved 5 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) McGreal, Chris (2014-10-14). "Clergy among dozens arrested on final day of 'Ferguson October' protests" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/oct/13/cornel-west-arrest-clergy-ferguson-protest) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "A moral center: interfaith, multiracial clergy coalition resists white supremacists | UU World Magazine" (https://www.uuworld.org/articles/clergy-coalition-resists-white-supremacy) . uuworld.org . 2017-08-17 . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Heschel, Susannah (11 January 2011) [9 Sept 2018]. "Two Friends, Two Prophets: Abraham Joshua Heschel and Martin Luther King Jr" (https://www.plough.com/en/topics/community/leadership/two-friends-two-prophets) . Retrieved 10 July 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Philly clergy act as buffers between protesters, police" (https://whyy.org/articles/with-lessons-from-palestine-and-ferguson-philly-clergy-act-as-buffers-between-protesters-police/) . WHYY . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Clergy in the Civil Rights Movement: Introductory Essay" (https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/clergy-in-civil-rights-movement-introductory-essay) . Jewish Women's Archive . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mogul, Rhea (2022-03-12). "In today's India, clothing choices signal a deepening religious divide" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/india-hijab-saffron-clothing-protests-intl-hnk-dst/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . 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Statue of the Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) wearing the Iranian three-pointed chamail, Ghorband valley (/wiki/Ghorband_District) , Fondukistan (/wiki/Fondukistan) monastery, circa 700 CE. [1] (#cite_note-1) Buddha wearing a crown and cape. Painting in niche "I" at Bamiyan (/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan) , 7th century CE. The chamail is a type of poncho-like clothing from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) As a result of Central-Asian influence, this type of clothing also appears in Indian works of art of the 1st millennium CE, as in Ajanta (/wiki/Ajanta_Caves) or Bagh (/wiki/Bagh_Caves) . [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) The chamail was probably introduced in India by the Sakas (/wiki/Indo-Scythians) or the Kushans (/wiki/Kushans) . [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) The chamail also appears in Gandharan Buddhist sites such as Fondukistan (/wiki/Fondukistan) and Bamiyan (/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan) , and even as far as Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) . [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) In Kashmir (/wiki/Kashmir) also, the chamail appears on the Buddha or Bodhisattavas during the 6-7th century CE. [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) Examples [ edit ] Gandhara King devotee wearing the chamail, 3rd-4th century CE A foreigner in Sasanian (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) dress drinking wine, on the ceiling of the central hall of Cave 1, Ajanta, likely a generic scene from an object imported from Central Asia (460–480 CE). [3] (#cite_note-Brancaccio_81-3) [4] (#cite_note-DK-4) Wearer of a chamail (right) in the Penjikent murals (/wiki/Penjikent_murals) . [2] (#cite_note-MC40-2) Servant wearing chamail dress, Penjikent References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Compareti, Matteo (2009). "Iranian Elements in Kaśmīr and Tibet Sasanian and Sogdian Borrowings in Kashmiri and Tibetan Art" (http://www.transoxiana.org/14/compareti_iranian_elements_kashmir.html) . Transoxiana . 14 . ^ a b c d e f Compareti, Matteo (2014). "Some Examples of Central Asian Decorative Elements in Ajanta and Bagh Indian Paintings" (https://www.academia.edu/10060191) . The Silk Road . 12 : 40–41. ^ (#cite_ref-Brancaccio_81_3-0) Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion . BRILL. pp. 80–82, 305–307 with footnotes. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9004185258 . ^ (#cite_ref-DK_4-0) DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India . Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2017. p. 126. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780241326244 . Sources [ edit ] Spink, Walter M. (2007). Ajanta: History and Development, Volume 5: Cave by Cave . Leiden: Brill. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-15644-9 . v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben 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Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) United Kingdom portal (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐78789c78f5‐hzr4s Cached time: 20240629103708 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.026 seconds Real time usage: 0.032 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1156/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.015/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 667406/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 27.482 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 27.482 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24033756-0!canonical and timestamp 20240629103708 and revision id 788602420. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Pages in category "Cosmetics companies of the United Kingdom" The following 26 pages are in this category, out of 26 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Avon Products (/wiki/Avon_Products) B Barry M (/wiki/Barry_M) Beauty Without Cruelty (/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty) Bluebella (/wiki/Bluebella) The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) Boots (company) (/wiki/Boots_(company)) Boots Factory Site (/wiki/Boots_Factory_Site) C Charlotte Tilbury Beauty (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury_Beauty) CPL Aromas (/wiki/CPL_Aromas) Cult Beauty (/wiki/Cult_Beauty) Cyclax (/wiki/Cyclax) G Gilchrist & Soames (/wiki/Gilchrist_%26_Soames) J Jo Loves (/wiki/Jo_Loves) L Luna Daily (/wiki/Luna_Daily) Lush (company) (/wiki/Lush_(company)) M Molton Brown (/wiki/Molton_Brown) Montagne Jeunesse (/wiki/Montagne_Jeunesse) N Nails Inc. (/wiki/Nails_Inc.) Neal's Yard Remedies (/wiki/Neal%27s_Yard_Remedies) R Revolution Beauty (/wiki/Revolution_Beauty) Rimmel (/wiki/Rimmel) S Space.NK (/wiki/Space.NK) T Tropic Skincare (/wiki/Tropic_Skincare) U Unilever (/wiki/Unilever) V Vie at Home (/wiki/Vie_at_Home) Y Yardley London (/wiki/Yardley_London) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=788602420 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=788602420) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies by country (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_by_country) Companies of the United Kingdom by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_industry)
Dress worn by Princess Beatrice at her wedding to Prince Henry of Battenberg in 1885 This article is about the wedding dress of Queen Victoria's daughter. For the bridal attire of Elizabeth II's granddaughter, see Wedding dress of Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) . Princess Beatrice in her wedding dress, Osborne, 1885. Beatrice wore her mother's wedding veil of Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) lace. On the event of her wedding to Prince Henry of Battenberg (/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg) at Saint Mildred (/wiki/Saint_Mildred) 's Church at Whippingham (/wiki/Whippingham) , near Osborne (/wiki/Osborne_House) , on 23 July 1885, Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) wore a wedding dress of white satin, trimmed with orange blossom and lace, [1] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-1) the lace overskirt (/wiki/Overskirt) held by bouquets of the blossom entwined with white heather. There was lace on the pointed neck line, and on the sleeves, for the Princess was a lover of, and an expert on, lace. One of her most treasured possessions was a tunic of old point d'Alençon which had belonged to Catherine of Aragon (/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon) . Knowing her daughter's love of lace, Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) allowed Princess Beatrice to wear the Honiton lace and veil which she herself had worn on her wedding day. It was a very precious possession to the Queen, and Princess Beatrice was the only one of her daughters to be given the opportunity to wear it. [1] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-1) Her veil was emblazoned with a diamond circlet with diamond stars, a wedding gift from her mother. [2] (#cite_note-2) She was accompanied by ten royal bridesmaids dressed in ivory gowns. [3] (#cite_note-3) St. Mildred (/wiki/Saint_Mildred) 's in Whippingham (/wiki/Whippingham) , where the couple was married, has a replica of the wedding dress worn by Princess Beatrice which, along with photographs from the wedding, can be viewed by visitors. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history" (https://www.royal.uk/wedding-dresses) . The Royal Family . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) David Duff. The shy princess: The life of Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter and constant companion of Queen Victoria , Muller, 1974. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Identified from wedding photographs Prince and Princess of Battenberg (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927180828/http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/178/beatrice26henrybattenberg15fo.jpg/) ^ (#cite_ref-4) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110525174122/http://www.iow.uk.com/whippingham-church/exhibit.htm) St. Mildred's Church Exhibit on the wedding of Princess Beatrice " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110525174122/http://www.iow.uk.com/whippingham-church/exhibit.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.iow.uk.com/whippingham-church/exhibit.htm) on 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . External links [ edit ] St. Mildred's Church Exhibit on the wedding of Princess Beatrice Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110525174122/http://www.iow.uk.com/whippingham-church/exhibit.htm) 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐kz84w Cached time: 20240712171532 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.223 seconds Real time usage: 0.304 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 508/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21864/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1219/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17583/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.150/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4217725/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 273.421 1 -total 31.19% 85.277 1 Template:Reflist 27.24% 74.477 1 Template:British_Royal_wedding_dresses 26.75% 73.130 2 Template:Cite_web 26.02% 71.141 1 Template:Short_description 25.83% 70.617 1 Template:Navbox 15.20% 41.550 2 Template:Pagetype 7.20% 19.673 4 Template:Main_other 7.17% 19.612 1 Template:About 6.49% 17.754 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31711206-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171532 and revision id 1228611105. 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Self-report on metacognitive beliefs This article has an unclear citation style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style) . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) and footnoting (/wiki/Help:Footnotes) . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The metacognitions questionnaire is a self-report (/wiki/Self-report) scale assessing different dimensions of metacognitive (/wiki/Metacognitive) beliefs (beliefs about thinking). Examples of metacognitive beliefs are; "Worry is uncontrollable", "I have little confidence in my memory for words and names", and "I am constantly aware of my thinking". The development of the questionnaire (/wiki/Questionnaire) was informed by the Self-Regulatory Executive Function model (Wells & Matthews, 1994) which is the metacognitive model and theory of psychological disorder (/wiki/Psychological_disorder) . This model is the foundation for metacognitive therapy (/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy) developed by Adrian Wells (/wiki/Adrian_Wells) (see e.g. Wells, 2009). There are two versions of the metacognitions questionnaire. The Metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ) first developed by Sam Cartwright-Hatton and Adrian Wells (1997), consist of 65 items and has a five-factor structure: 1) Positive worry (/wiki/Worry) beliefs, 2) Beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry, 3) Meta-cognitive efficiency, 4) General negative beliefs, and 5) Cognitive self-consciousness (/wiki/Self-consciousness) . Responses are required on a four-point scale ranging from 1 (do not agree) to 4 (agree very much), high scores reflect more reported problems with the item in question. The Metacognitions questionnaire 30 (MCQ-30; Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004) is a 30-item version of the MCQ consisting of the same five-factor structure, but the subcategories were renamed: 1) positive beliefs about worry; 2) negative beliefs about the controllability of thoughts and corresponding danger; 3) cognitive confidence; 4) negative beliefs about thoughts in general/need to control thoughts; and 5) cognitive self-consciousness. MCQ-30 uses the same four-point scale as MCQ. These questionnaires have established reliability (/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)) and validity (/wiki/Validity_(statistics)) , are widely used and have informed research on the importance of metacognitive beliefs and metacognitive knowledge in psychological disorders. They are elevated across psychological disorders. However, there is also evidence that more specific metacognitive beliefs exist in different disorders. Following this work several questionnaires have been developed to measure more disorder-specific metacognitive beliefs. E.g. Wells proposed that obsessive-compulsive disorder (/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder) (OCD) is associated with a specific type of metacognitive belief concerning the dangerousness and significance of intrusive thoughts (/wiki/Intrusive_thought) . These meta-beliefs are termed thought-fusion beliefs, and can be measured by the 14 item Thought Fusion Instrument (TFI; Wells, Gwilliam, & Cartwright-Hatton, 2001). There is an adolescent version of the MCQ that has been used in research on children (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2004). References [ edit ] Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296. Cartwright-Hatton, S., Mather, A., Illingworth, V., Brocki, J., Harrington, R. & Wells, A. (2004). Development and preliminary validation of the Meta-cognition Questionnaire- Adolescent version. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 18, 411–422. Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press. Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 385–396. Wells, A., Gwilliam, P., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2001). The Thought Fusion Instrument (TFI). Manchester, UK: University of Manchester. Wells, A., & Mathews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion. A clinical perspective. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. External links [ edit ] MCT Institute (https://mct-institute.co.uk/) Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) https://betterworldhealthcare.com/metacognition-questionnaire-30-mcq-30/ (https://betterworldhealthcare.com/metacognition-questionnaire-30-mcq-30/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐ckwww Cached time: 20240721123157 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.114 seconds Real time usage: 0.177 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 223/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5342/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 451/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1653/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.067/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1490161/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 155.495 1 -total 59.19% 92.036 1 Template:Short_description 40.70% 63.292 1 Template:Citation_style 36.68% 57.036 1 Template:Ambox 35.67% 55.467 2 Template:Pagetype 12.16% 18.907 2 Template:Main_other 10.52% 16.356 1 Template:SDcat 2.41% 3.748 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51113311-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721123157 and revision id 1225418425. 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Russian model (born 1979) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastassia_Khozissova&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Anastassia Khozissova Born ( 1979-04-15 ) 15 April 1979 (age 45) Saratov (/wiki/Saratov) , Russia Modeling information Height 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Hair color Blonde [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Eye color Green [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Website www (http://www.anastassiakhozisova.com) .anastassiakhozisova (http://www.anastassiakhozisova.com) .com (http://www.anastassiakhozisova.com) Anastassia Khozissova ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Анастасия Хозисова ) (b. 15 April 1979) is a Russian (/wiki/Russia) fashion model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] Khozissova entered the modeling world at the age of 18 after graduating from high school. She was first noticed at the Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) runway show in Milan, Italy (/wiki/Milan,_Italy) in the Fall Collection of 1999, and was then shot (by Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) [3] (#cite_note-3) ) for the cover of September Italian Vogue (/wiki/Italian_Vogue) in 1999. Khozissova has done shows for Chanel, Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Chado Ralph Rucci (/wiki/Chado_Ralph_Rucci) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) , Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Lagerfeld Gallery, Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Ferre (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) , and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) . She has also been the face of Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , Ferre (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 2004, Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) approached Khozissova to be one of their main models. She has also appeared in Ralph Lauren campaigns and editorial shoots. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) On October 14, 2010, Khozissova was invited to attend the Ralph Lauren Receives Key to the City of New York ceremony. [6] (#cite_note-6) [ dead link ] Khozissova together with Alina Cho (/wiki/Alina_Cho) appeared in American Morning on CNN (/wiki/CNN) in a segment about walking in heels. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Anastasia Khozisova" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/anastasia_khozzisova/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Retrieved 2014-12-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Khozisova, Anastassia (2011-04-13). "Anastasia Khozisova: Life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050922/http://www.anastassiakhozisova.com/2011/04/life.html) . Anastassiakhozisova.com. Archived from the original (http://www.anastassiakhozisova.com/2011/04/life.html) on 2012-04-26 . Retrieved 2011-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Meisel, Steven. "Vogue Italia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111215130817/http://tonyduquette.com/PRESS%20BOOK%20SUB%20PAGES/vogue_italia.htm) . Cover . Conde Nast. Archived from the original (http://tonyduquette.com/PRESS%20BOOK%20SUB%20PAGES/vogue_italia.htm) on 2011-12-15. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Style.com. "Model: Anastasia Khozisova" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111222144731/http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person90) . Show Image Archive . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person90) on 2011-12-22. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ralph Lauren Advertisements" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111013132826/http://bwgreyscale.com/ads/ralph_lauren.html) . 2011-10-13. Archived from the original on 2011-10-13 . Retrieved 2023-01-14 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Life Magazine" (http://www.life.com/celebrity-pictures/105463900/ralph-lauren-receives-key-to-the-city-of-new-york-from-mayor-michael-bloomberg) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cho, Alina. "Model boot Camp" (http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/showbiz/2009/02/19/cho.model.boot.camp.cnn) . CNN . External links [ edit ] Anastassia Khozissova (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/anastasia_khozzisova/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Anastassia Khozissova (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704003159/http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person90) photos at Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) (archived) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐8nnzq Cached time: 20240710181205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.411 seconds Real time usage: 0.597 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2440/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28104/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2879/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30972/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.305/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22121527/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 573.072 1 -total 30.83% 176.658 1 Template:Infobox_model 19.57% 112.133 1 Template:Short_description 18.81% 107.821 1 Template:Reflist 15.40% 88.236 6 Template:Cite_web 15.21% 87.175 1 Template:Lang-ru 13.23% 75.836 21 Template:Main_other 11.25% 64.472 1 Template:SDcat 10.92% 62.598 1 Template:Advert 10.48% 60.068 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33994766-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710181205 and revision id 1178154058. 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English photographer Gemma Booth (born 1974 [1] (#cite_note-NPG_listing-1) ) is an English fashion (/wiki/Fashion_photography) and portrait (/wiki/Portrait_photography) photographer. Born in Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) , [2] (#cite_note-industryart.com-2) Booth studied graphic design at Manchester University (/wiki/Manchester_University) . After graduation, she was a design assistant at the art magazine i-D (/wiki/I-D) and then became picture editor of The Face (/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)) , [3] (#cite_note-Leuffen-3) [2] (#cite_note-industryart.com-2) where she remained until 2000, when she left to focus on her own work. [2] (#cite_note-industryart.com-2) Booth has shot fashion spreads for Vogue UK (/wiki/Vogue_UK) , [2] (#cite_note-industryart.com-2) Vogue Girl Japan (/wiki/Vogue_Girl_Japan) , [4] (#cite_note-Vogue_Girl_Japan_No.2-4) Elle France (/wiki/Elle_France) , [5] (#cite_note-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2012-04-06)-5) [6] (#cite_note-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2012-06-20)-6) and Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . [7] (#cite_note-FMD_Marie_Claire_(2014-10)-7) Her advertising clients have included Carhartt (/wiki/Carhartt) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , and Aerie (/wiki/Aerie_(American_Eagle_Outfitters)) . [3] (#cite_note-Leuffen-3) She has produced portraits of Natalie Press (/wiki/Natalie_Press) , [8] (#cite_note-NPG_listing:_Press-8) Mia Goth (/wiki/Mia_Goth) , [9] (#cite_note-Raphael-9) and Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) . [10] (#cite_note-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2010)-10) Her portraiture was featured in a 2005 exhibit at the National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) , [11] (#cite_note-NPG_(2005)-11) and two of her portraits are in the Gallery's permanent collection. [1] (#cite_note-NPG_listing-1) Booth has also created a series of video clips located on her personal website as a part of a project for the "Next 'Nailed It'" T.V campaign. Her website states that her muse is her children and that she takes a lot of inspiration from the idea of "free children". [12] (#cite_note-12) Booth has been lauded for her "dreamy and imaginative fashion stories." [13] (#cite_note-Gerulot-13) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Search the Collection: Gemma Booth" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp81768/gemma-booth) . National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . Archived (https://archive.today/20160820192704/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp81768/gemma-booth) from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ a b c d "Gemma Booth" (http://www.industryart.com/artists/gemmabooth/) . IndustryArt.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091422/http://www.industryart.com/artists/gemmabooth) from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ a b Leuffen, Michael (13 July 2010). "Gemma Booth: Street Heritage" (https://www.carhartt-wip.com/journal/news/2010/07/gemma-booth-street-heritage) . Carhartt-WIP.com . Carhartt (/wiki/Carhartt) . Archived (https://archive.today/20160811063933/https://www.carhartt-wip.com/journal/news/2010/07/gemma-booth-street-heritage) from the original on 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Girl_Japan_No.2_4-0) "Find Your Fashion Icon" (http://www.vogue.co.jp/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/import/6b45b03e.jpg) . Vogue Girl Japan (/wiki/Vogue_Girl_Japan) . No. 2. October 2011. p. Cover. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160402044034/http://www.vogue.co.jp/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/import/6b45b03e.jpg) from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . VOGUE girl 2011 No.2—Photo: Gemma Booth—© 2011 Condé Nast Publications Japan. ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2012-04-06)_5-0) "Laragh McCann by Gemma Booth for Elle France" (http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/laragh-mccann-gemma-booth-elle-france/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 6 April 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131213044348/http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/laragh-mccann-gemma-booth-elle-france/) from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2012-06-20)_6-0) "Ashley Smith Is an American Beauty for Gemma Booth's Elle France Shoot" (http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/ashley-smith-american-beauty-gemma-booth-elle-france-shoot/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 20 June 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151101041157/http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/ashley-smith-american-beauty-gemma-booth-elle-france-shoot/) from the original on 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-FMD_Marie_Claire_(2014-10)_7-0) "Marie Claire USA: Flying Solo (October 2014)" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/marie-claire-usa/editorials/october-2014/flying-solo-16204/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150801174511/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/marie-claire-usa/editorials/october-2014/flying-solo-16204/) from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NPG_listing:_Press_8-0) "Nathalie Press by Gemma Booth" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw111312/Nathalie-Press?LinkID=mp81768&role=art&rNo=1) . National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . Archived (https://archive.today/20160820192814/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw111312/Nathalie-Press?LinkID=mp81768&role=art&rNo=1) from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Raphael_9-0) Raphael, Sarah (6 November 2012). "i-Profile: Mia Goth" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121112070701/http://i-donline.com/2012/11/i-profile-mia-goth) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . Archived from the original (http://i-donline.com/2012/11/i-profile-mia-goth) on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Gone_Rogue_(2010)_10-0) "Elsa Hosk by Gemma Booth" (http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/portrait-elsa-hosk-gemma-booth/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 20 July 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130615144505/http://fashiongonerogue.com/portrait-elsa-hosk-gemma-booth/) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NPG_(2005)_11-0) "25 Years of i-D" (http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/display/2005/25-years-of-i-d.php) . National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . 2005. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193953/http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/display/2005/25-years-of-i-d.php) from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Featured" (https://www.gemmabooth.com/featured) . Gemma Booth . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gerulot_13-0) Gerulot, Nicole Hill (13 February 2009). "Friday Feature: Gemma Booth" (http://nicolephoto.com/2009/02/friday-feature-gemma-booth/) . NicolePhoto.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160426191729/http://nicolephoto.com/2009/02/friday-feature-gemma-booth/) from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Further reading [ edit ] Gemma Booth (director) (23 February 2013). Gemma Booth—Fashion Photographer . Vimeo (/wiki/Vimeo) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.gemmabooth.com/) GemBlog (https://gemmabooth.blogspot.com) on Blogger (/wiki/Blogger_(service)) Gemma Booth (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/photographers/gemma-booth/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Gemma Booth (https://models.com/people/gemma-booth) at Models.com Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/276114) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4rwmp Cached time: 20240714130210 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.331 seconds Real time usage: 0.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4856/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31774/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1701/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58540/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.186/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5202708/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 457.110 1 -total 31.25% 142.836 1 Template:Reflist 26.76% 122.303 1 Template:Short_description 21.64% 98.907 8 Template:Cite_web 17.15% 78.388 5 Template:Main_other 16.67% 76.197 1 Template:SDcat 15.67% 71.613 1 Template:Authority_control 12.85% 58.723 15 Template:R 11.45% 52.317 17 Template:R/ref 7.52% 34.376 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49954424-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714130210 and revision id 1217704350. 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High-end English footwear manufacturer For the fast food chain, see Church's Texas Chicken (/wiki/Church%27s_Texas_Chicken) . For other uses, see Church's (disambiguation) (/wiki/Church%27s_(disambiguation)) . Church & Co Limited Company type Private limited company (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) [1] (#cite_note-Companies-1) Industry Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Founded 1873 Founder Thomas Church Headquarters Northampton (/wiki/Northampton) , England (/wiki/England) Products Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Owner Prada (/wiki/Prada) (since 1999) Website church-footwear (http://church-footwear.com) .com (http://church-footwear.com) Church's works in St James Road, Northampton Native American Indian on the front office of the building - see St. James End, Northampton (/wiki/St._James_End,_Northampton) Church & Co Limited , branded Church's , is a luxury footwear (/wiki/Footwear) manufacturer that was founded in 1873 by Thomas Church in Northampton (/wiki/Northampton) , England. [2] (#cite_note-ChurchHistory-2) In 1999 the company was bought by Italian luxury fashion house Prada (/wiki/Prada) . History [ edit ] Between the two world wars, Church's became actively involved in the development of the footwear industry in general. In 1919, the British Boot, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association (/wiki/SATRA) was created with Church's as a founder-member. As a result of this partnership, the Northampton Technical College was established in 1925. This went on to become the University of Northampton (/wiki/University_of_Northampton) in 2005. [ citation needed ] The family business (/wiki/Family_business) was taken over by Prada (/wiki/Prada) in 1999, in a US$170 million deal, [3] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-3) and has since expanded its outlets overseas. [2] (#cite_note-ChurchHistory-2) In 2014 the company employed 650 people. The same year, Church's took over adjacent premises in St James Road, formerly a tram and later a bus depot, in anticipation of further expansion which was expected to create up to 140 more jobs. [4] (#cite_note-Heart-4) Some have criticised Prada's management of Church's, citing a shift towards a fashion company moving away from traditional designs and workmanship resulting in gradual decrease of quality. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2016, the Company appointed a new CEO. Despite the openings of new luxury boutiques and the uplift of retail price, Church & Co reported losses and reduced the workforce in its plant in Northampton. [6] (#cite_note-6) Locations [ edit ] Its main installations are located in the St James (/wiki/St._James_End,_Northampton) area of Northampton (/wiki/Northampton) , with an estimated production capacity of 5,000 pairs per week, 70% of which are exported all over the world. Besides products sold to resellers and individual customers, the company has retail (/wiki/Retail) stores in Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, and UK. Notable customers [ edit ] British Prime Minister Tony Blair (/wiki/Tony_Blair) had a "lucky pair" of Church's black 310 brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) , which he wore to every session of Prime Minister's Questions (/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions) for ten years. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In popular culture [ edit ] During Pierce Brosnan (/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan) 's tenure as James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) , various selections of dress shoes from the Church's range were used in production. Lindy Hemming (/wiki/Lindy_Hemming) , who was the costume designer, explained the choice of Church's shoes as having the appropriate weight to complement the silhouette of the tailored Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(fashion)) suits she had commissioned for Bond. [9] (#cite_note-9) Mr Bean (/wiki/Mr._Bean_(character)) (portrayed by Rowan Atkinson (/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson) ) wore a pair of black Church's shoes on the TV show and in the films. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Companies_1-0) "Company information" (https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00211135) . Companies House . Retrieved 28 December 2020 . ^ a b "Church's history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140408142945/http://www.church-footwear.com/en/UK/history) . Church & Co Limited . Archived from the original (http://www.church-footwear.com/en/UK/history) on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3-0) "Prada in $170 Million Deal For Church, the Shoemaker" (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/10/business/international-business-prada-in-170-million-deal-for-church-the-shoemaker.html#:~:text=Fusing%20designer%20chic%20and%20straitlaced,or%20%24170%20million%2C%20in%20cash.) . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Heart_4-0) "Church's To Take Over Old Bus Depot" (http://www.heart.co.uk/northants/news/local/churchs-to-take-over-old-bus-depot/) . Heart Radio . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) FitzPatrick, Justin. "The downfall of Church's Shoes" (https://www.theshoesnobblog.com/2012/04/downfall-of-churchs-shoes.html) . TheShoeSnob. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Church's sale's drop to record low (https://shoegazing.com/2022/09/18/news-churchs-sales-drop-to-record-low/) 18 September 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-7) White, Michael (23 June 2007). "Brogue Male" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/23/broguemale) . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Blair, Tony (2010). A Journey . Random House. pp. 110 (https://archive.org/details/journeymypolitic0000blai/page/110) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "James Bond's shoes auction" (http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/local/james-bond-s-shoes-auction-1-922505) Northampton Chronicle 4 November 2007 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church's (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Church%27s) . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Safor_(brand)) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Safor_(brand)) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . 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Find sources: "Safor" brand (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Safor%22+brand) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Safor%22+brand+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Safor%22+brand&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Safor%22+brand+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Safor%22+brand) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Safor%22+brand&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Safor_(brand)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Safor+%28brand%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Safor+%28brand%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Safor_(brand)) for suggestions. ( October 2019 ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Safor_(brand)) . ( October 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sarah Forsyth London (previously Safor ) is a United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) based fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) brand created by Sarah Forsyth in 2007. The business designs handbags (/wiki/Handbag) and leather goods (/wiki/Leather_goods) and commissions their manufacture in Italy (/wiki/Italy) and the Asia Pacific (/wiki/Asia_Pacific) region. Safor's signature is the use of genuine leather (/wiki/Leather) and CITES (/wiki/CITES) -certificated exotic skins (including snake (/wiki/Snakeskin) and fish (/wiki/Fish) ) and bright, often metallic, colours. Sources [ edit ] Vogue.com 31 March 2011 (https://web.archive.org/web/20110406042053/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110331-safor-handbags-adds-a-cheaper-line.aspx) Vogue.com 28 July 2008 (https://web.archive.org/web/20091118074109/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/favourites-of-vogue/080728-sarah-forsyth.aspx) External links [ edit ] Sarah Forsyth website (http://www.sarah-forsyth.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐68584dd78‐dsx8b Cached time: 20240701140628 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.139 seconds Real time usage: 0.218 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 582/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 62581/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17301/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9331/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.071/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1687489/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 141.02% 219.182 5 Template:Ambox 100.00% 155.425 1 Template:Multiple_issues 100.00% 155.425 1 -total 37.20% 57.822 1 Template:No_footnotes 16.59% 25.787 1 Template:Notability 9.21% 14.320 1 Template:Orphan 9.05% 14.066 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 7.23% 11.243 1 Template:Draft_other 3.77% 5.865 1 Template:Strong 3.54% 5.497 1 Template:COI Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30761792-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701140628 and revision id 1091488217. 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Coach (/wiki/Coach_New_York) handbag; Coach is often cited as a mid-luxury fashion brand. Mid-luxury is a term applied in the U.S. market to fashion, vehicles, hotels, apartments, and other consumer goods and services, for brands that are not as expensive as luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) , but more expensive than mass market (/wiki/Mass_market) brands. Fashion [ edit ] Fashion brands identified as mid-luxury in the U.S. market include Brooks Brothers (/wiki/Brooks_Brothers) , Coach (/wiki/Coach_(brand)) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) . Indochino (/wiki/Indochino) is a manufacturer, selling mid-luxury custom-made business shirts direct to consumers. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Amazon [ edit ] As of 2018, Amazon U.S. (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) has been struggling to get luxury brands to sell on its platform, but has had success with selling its house brands, such as Pinzon (sheets and other domestics) targeted at the mid-luxury market. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Mid-luxury brands say no to discounted goods" (https://www.marketplace.org/2018/07/31/mid-luxury-brands-can-bounce-back-eschewing-discount-retailers/) . Marketplace (NPR) . August 1, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Amazon Could Steal The Mid-Tier Luxury Market" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/currentaccounts/2018/01/10/one-answer-to-amazons-luxury-problem/) . Forbes . January 10, 2018. External links [ edit ] Media related to Mid-luxury (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mid-luxury) at Wikimedia Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6mf8p Cached time: 20240719080711 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.124 seconds Real time usage: 0.172 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 219/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3864/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 195/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7904/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.073/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2981874/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 146.031 1 -total 76.52% 111.745 1 Template:Reflist 63.81% 93.188 2 Template:Cite_web 23.43% 34.212 1 Template:Commonscatinline 21.92% 32.005 1 Template:Sister-inline 2.92% 4.266 1 Template:If_empty 1.07% 1.564 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61064875-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719080711 and revision id 1220666959. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-luxury&oldid=1220666959 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-luxury&oldid=1220666959) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Retailing by products and services sold (/wiki/Category:Retailing_by_products_and_services_sold) Brands (/wiki/Category:Brands) Goods (economics) (/wiki/Category:Goods_(economics)) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
British television show The Unique Boutique Genre Reality (/wiki/Reality_television) Factual Lifestyle Starring David Hawkins Victoria Jenkins Natalie Lee Triple Minor Narrated by Ruth Madeley (/wiki/Ruth_Madeley) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language English No. of series 1 No. of episodes 4 (as of 24 July 2023) Production Running time 45 minutes Production company BBC Studios Factual Entertainment Productions (/wiki/BBC_Studios_Productions#BBC_Studios_Factual_Entertainment_Productions) Original release Network Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) Release 24 July 2023 ( 2023-07-24 ) – present The Unique Boutique is a British television show first broadcast on Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) on 24 July 2023. [1] (#cite_note-1) The series' hosts design bespoke outfits for a variety of guests who live with various disabilities that are not served by mainstream fashion. Background [ edit ] Channel 4 commissioned the series from BBC Studios Productions (/wiki/BBC_Studios_Productions) in June 2022, and the series entered pre-production. [2] (#cite_note-2) The show is hosted by Unique Boutique, a team of fashion experts who create bespoke outfits that fit the needs of people from varying backgrounds, including wheel chair users, plus-sized (/wiki/Plus-size_clothing) and neurodivergent individuals. The hosts include stylist Victoria, model Triple Minor, body confidence coach Natalie and stylist David, all of whom have a disability. [3] (#cite_note-3) Broadcast [ edit ] The first episode aired on Channel 4 on 24 July 2023. [4] (#cite_note-4) Reception [ edit ] The BBC (/wiki/BBC) 's Hayley Campbell and Scott Bryan praised the series' empowering and respectful portrayal of people with disabilities, and its more positive and inclusive nature than older fashion series such as 10 Years Younger and Extreme Makeover (/wiki/Extreme_Makeover) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In a review for The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Lucy Webster gave the series 4 out of 5 stars. She described it as "upbeat and colourful, just like the clothes the experts throw together, and hammers home two important, positive messages. First, that everyone – regardless of illness or disability – deserves clothes in which they look and feel fantastic. And second, that disability can be fun – a reason to experiment and try new things." [6] (#cite_note-6) Anita Singh of The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) gave it 3 out of 5 stars, calling it a "moving yet formulaic makeover show for all body types". [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Richardson, Hollie; Jones, Ellen E.; Virtue, Graeme; Seale, Jack; Wardell, Simon (2023-07-24). "TV tonight: The Unique Boutique is a joyous new makeover show" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/jul/24/tv-tonight-the-unique-boutique-is-a-joyous-new-makeover-show) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Channel 4 to air life-changing fashion series The Unique Boutique | Channel 4" (https://www.channel4.com/press/news/channel-4-air-life-changing-fashion-series-unique-boutique) . www.channel4.com . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cartmill, Claire (July 23, 2023). "Life-changing fashion series The Unique Boutique dares to do what the high street doesn't" (https://www.newsletter.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/life-changing-fashion-series-the-unique-boutique-dares-to-do-what-the-high-street-doesnt-4226579) . News Letter (/wiki/News_Letter) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Channel 4 launches accessible fashion show" (https://www.able2uk.com/news/fashion/channel-4-launches-accessible-fashion-show) . Able2UK . 2023-07-19 . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Must Watch reviews The Unique Boutique" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/5live/entries/397cd64e-3402-4f69-8060-198e65dff47f) . BBC . 2023-07-27 . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Webster, Lucy (2023-07-24). "The Unique Boutique review – a makeover show so fabulous it will leave you glowing" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/jul/24/the-unique-boutique-review-a-makeover-show-so-fabulous-it-will-leave-you-glowing) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Singh, Anita (2023-07-24). "The Unique Boutique, Channel 4, review: moving yet formulaic makeover show for all body types" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2023/07/24/the-unique-boutique-channel-4-review/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 2024-01-24 . External links [ edit ] The Unique Boutique on Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4_(VoD_service)) The Unique Boutique at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6b76898595‐nbq98 Cached time: 20240719095237 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.330 seconds Real time usage: 0.429 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1871/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23622/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1827/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29976/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.201/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5720128/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 410.817 1 -total 40.08% 164.645 1 Template:Infobox_television 33.63% 138.142 1 Template:Infobox 30.30% 124.474 1 Template:Reflist 23.80% 97.790 4 Template:Cite_news 16.42% 67.449 1 Template:Short_description 11.76% 48.315 11 Template:Main_other 11.19% 45.962 1 Template:IMDb_title 9.35% 38.420 2 Template:Pagetype 8.18% 33.606 25 Template:If_empty Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74455477-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719095237 and revision id 1204152647. 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Linda Lou Alberta Parry (18 October 1945 - 21 November 2023) was a British textiles historian and museum curator. She was an expert on the textiles of the Arts and Crafts movement with a particular focus on William Morris (/wiki/William_Morris) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Books [ edit ] Parry, Linda (1983). William Morris Textiles . Viking Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-670-77075-5 . Parry, Linda (2013). William Morris Textiles . Harry N. Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85177-732-7 . Parry, Linda (1996). William Morris . Harry N. Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8109-4282-0 . [2] (#cite_note-2) Parry, Linda (2005). Textiles of the Arts and Crafts Movement . Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-500-28536-7 . [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wilk, Christopher (29 January 2024). "Linda Parry obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2024/jan/29/linda-parry-obituary) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Stansky, Peter (Autumn 1997). "William Morris / Art, Enterprise and Ethics: The Life and Works of William Morris / William Morris: Art and Kelmscott". Victorian Studies . 41 (1): 156–160. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 211940348 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/211940348) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Abramian-Mott, Alexandria (25 August 2005). "MIXED MEDIA; The fabric of history; Textiles of the Arts & Crafts Movement Linda Parry Thames & Hudson; $24.95". Los Angeles Times . p. F.8. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 421994462 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/421994462) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000108723535) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/14883208) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKPq8ywJyf7hMdCqKrv3) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90241341) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12180761d) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12180761d) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1095910620) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007432459005171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82016037) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472770) Australia (https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36566822) Korea (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O0015) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069505667) Vatican (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/283013) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/030381827) This article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Australian milliner (born 1973) Ann Shoebridge Born 1973 Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) Nationality Australian Occupation milliner (/wiki/Milliner) Known for hats (/wiki/Hat) , fascinators (/wiki/Fascinator) Notable work Tokyu collection Website https://www.annshoebridge.com/ (https://www.annshoebridge.com/) Ann Georgina Shoebridge [1] (#cite_note-1) is an Australian milliner (/wiki/Milliner) . She was born in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , [2] (#cite_note-ngvshoebridge-2) and now lives in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Her work has been shown at the Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, [4] (#cite_note-4) and the National Gallery of Victoria (/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Shoebridge's hats are held in the National Gallery of Victoria collection, [6] (#cite_note-6) [2] (#cite_note-ngvshoebridge-2) and have been presented at the Art Gallery of New South Wales (/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She was a 2013 finalist for Hat Designer of the year. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Current details for ABN 92 167 715 247" (http://www.abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=92167715247) . abr.business.gov.au . Australian Government. November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ann Shoebridge" (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/25683/) . ngv.vic.gov.au . National Gallery of Victoria . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "About" (https://www.annshoebridge.com/about/) . annshoebridge.com . Ann Shoebridge . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ann Shoebridge Mono Daily" (http://sherman-scaf.org.au/idea/ann-shoebridge/) . sherman-scaf.org.au . Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "200 Years of Australian Fashion: Ann Shoebridge Milliner, Sydney" (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AUST-FASHION_LargePrintLabels.pdf) (PDF) . ngv.vic.gov.au . National Gallery of Victoria . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Racing Fashion Australia - Millinery Ann Shoebridge Milliner in National Gallery of Victoria" (https://racingfashion.com.au/index.php/fashions/millinery/2352-ann-shoebridge-milliner-in-national-gallery-of-victoria) . racingfashion.com.au . Racing Fashion . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Art in (everyday) life" (https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/calendar/art-everyday-life/) . artgallery.nsw.gov.au . [Art Gallery of New South Wales . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Emma Page (26 June 2013). "Mosman milliner Ann Shoebridge creates hats inspired by Princess Mary" (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/mosman-milliner-ann-shoebridge-creates-hats-inspired-by-princess-mary/news-story/dfc0f49c08d8b4f4016fcc573695defa) . Mosman Daily . Retrieved 2 November 2018 . 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Pilot's headgear Helen Kerly (/wiki/Helen_Kerly) 's helmet from World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . Roald Dahl (/wiki/Roald_Dahl) 's RAF (/wiki/RAF) flying helmet from World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , fitted with oxygen mask and communications equipment A leather flying helmet , also known as an aviator hat or bomber hat , is a usually leather cap with large earflaps, a chin strap, and often a short bill that is commonly turned up at the front to show the lining (often fleece (/wiki/Wool) or fur (/wiki/Fur) ). It is often worn with goggles (/wiki/Goggles) . It may be made of other materials, such as felt. [1] (#cite_note-1) With the rise of motor sport and aviation at the start of the 1900s, leather was becoming a popular choice for protective gear from the cold and the engine noise. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) It has many advantages that made it the ideal material for flying helmets: It is warm, durable, impermeable to liquids including water, flexible, and can be cut to curve around the head. It is wind proof and has the great advantage of not accumulating dust. It was also found that leather helmets offered some protection against fire. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Manufacturers of early flying helmets were Alfred Dunhill Ltd. (/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill_Ltd.) and Gamages (/wiki/Gamages) of London, England, and Roold in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Female pilots in the early part of the 1900s were able to wear the same design of protective clothing, including helmets, as their male counterparts. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) British engineers led by Charles Edmond Prince added throat microphones (/wiki/Throat_microphone) and earphones (/wiki/Earphones) into these helmets during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) for hands-free communications in the noisy and windy environment of aircraft cockpits (/wiki/Cockpit) . [3] (#cite_note-archives-3) [4] (#cite_note-marsh-4) With the advent of closed-cockpit airplanes, head protection became less necessary ( Charles Lindbergh (/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh) still wore a leather helmet when he crossed the Atlantic in 1927, though his Spirit of St. Louis (/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis) monoplane (/wiki/Monoplane) had a closed cockpit). In air forces (/wiki/Air_force) , leather helmets were continuously used and developed. A well-known early leather flying helmet was the British Type B helmet, designed to accommodate earphones in pockets in the ear-flaps and easy to wear with oxygen masks (/wiki/Oxygen_mask) and goggles (/wiki/Goggles) . [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) The Imperial War Museum (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) has several examples used in both World Wars, with detailed descriptions. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) See illustration above of a Type B flying helmet that belonged to Spitfire (/wiki/Spitfire) delivery pilot Helen Kerly (/wiki/Helen_Kerly) , now in the Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum (/wiki/Thinktank,_Birmingham_Science_Museum) . With the advent of jet fighters (/wiki/Jet_fighter) after the Second World War, solid plastic (/wiki/Plastic) and, later, carbon fiber (/wiki/Carbon_fiber) flight helmets (/wiki/Flight_helmet) replaced leather helmets in the cockpits of aircraft. Aviator's hats continue in popularity as a fashion accessory and winter headwear. See also [ edit ] Aviation portal (/wiki/Portal:Aviation) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Text from the Amelia Earhart Museum (https://www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/single-post/2020/10/26/coming-soon) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rood, Graham (2014). "A brief History of Flying Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319070639/http://aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Publications/The%20Journal%20of%20Aeronautical%20History/2014-01_Rood_Aircrew_clothing.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of Aeronautical History . 2014 (1): 3–54. Archived from the original (http://aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Publications/The%20Journal%20of%20Aeronautical%20History/2014-01_Rood_Aircrew_clothing.pdf) (PDF) on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-archives_3-0) The National Archives, Fighting talk: First World War telecommunications (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/telecommunications-in-war/) ^ (#cite_ref-marsh_4-0) IEEE Spectrum, In World War I, British Biplanes Had Wireless Phones in the Cockpit (https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/in-world-war-i-british-biplanes-had-wireless-phones-in-cockpit) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Flying Helmet, Leather, Type B: Royal Air Force (1917)" (https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30015877) . Imperial War Museums . EQU 3845 . Retrieved 24 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Flying Helmet, B Type: Royal Air Force (1941)" (https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30015973) . Imperial War Museums . EQU 3932 . Retrieved 24 May 2023 . Detailed entry describing one of several IWM exhibits. 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American fashion model (born 1992) Achok Majak Born 1992 Santa Barbara, California (/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California) , United States Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(people)) Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Agency Select Management Milano [1] (#cite_note-1) Achok Majak is an American fashion model. Early life [ edit ] Majak was born in Santa Barbara, California. [2] (#cite_note-2) She is of South Sudanese descent. [3] (#cite_note-Allure1-3) Career [ edit ] Majak has appeared in campaigns for Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) , [3] (#cite_note-Allure1-3) (along with models Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) , Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) , and Georgina Grenville (/wiki/Georgina_Grenville) ) [4] (#cite_note-4) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , [5] (#cite_note-5) Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , and Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She has walked the runway for brands such as Gucci, Marc Jacobs, Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) , Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Vionnet (/wiki/Vionnet) , Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) , Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , and Belstaff (/wiki/Belstaff) . [8] (#cite_note-HBUK-8) She has appeared in editorials for Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , [9] (#cite_note-9) i-D (/wiki/I-D) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , WSJ (/wiki/WSJ) , [11] (#cite_note-11) CR Fashion Book, and Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) . [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2020, Majak made her feature film debut as an actress in the horror film Antebellum (/wiki/Antebellum_(film)) (2020). References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Achok - Model" (https://models.com/models/achok-majak) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Real Achok" (http://officemagazine.net/real-achok) . Office Magazine . 17 July 2018. I was born and raised in California. I miss the beautiful scenery, beautiful people, amazing weather, the very chill vibes, amazing food, and being in nature. The quality of life in California is unreal, and people truly know how to LIVE there. ^ Jump up to: a b "Achok Majak, Tiffany & Co.'s Fragrance Campaign Star, on What Makes Her Feel Beautiful" (https://www.allure.com/story/achok-majak-tiffany-co) . Allure . 8 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Model Achok Majak Named One of the New Faces of Tiffany & Co.'s Signature Perfume" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/tiffany-and-co-perfume-model-achok-majak-interview) . Teen Vogue . 15 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Gucci's Debut Beauty Collection—and Its Main Face, Punk Singer Dani Miller—Encourages the Celebration of Imperfections" (https://www.vogue.com/article/gucci-debut-beauty-collection-surfbort-dani-miller) . Vogue . 5 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Revlon's New Ad Encourages Dancing on Tables" (https://www.thecut.com/2018/01/revlon-live-boldly-ad-features-ashley-graham-and-adwoa-aboah.html) . The Cut . 25 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Balenciaga Summer/Fall Campaign is Gorgeous" (http://www.papermag.com/balenciaga-summerfall-campaign-is-gorgeous-1950937770.html) . Paper Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-HBUK_8-0) "Watch this Face: Achok Majak" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a37352/watch-this-face-achok/) . Harper's Bazaar UK . 11 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "ELLE Editorial: Carry On" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/trend-reports/a23846680/elle-editorial-carry-on-october-2018/) . Elle . 16 October 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "8 models of the moment" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/pavb8g/8-models-of-the-moment) . i-D . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "7 Cozy Sweaters Perfect for Fall" (https://graphics.wsj.com/glider/trendreport-6df831dc-ef70-45df-831c-90c66a137f9e) . WSJ . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Phil Poynter Flashes 'Powder' With Romee Strijd, Cara Taylor, Emily Ratajkowski + For Love Magazine #18 S/S 2018" (https://anne-enke.squarespace.com/style-photos/2018/2/8/wjtvj9fx5z9g4hjledb730frjwzgao) . Anne of Carversville . This biography article about a United States model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion model and actress (born 1956) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kim_Genelle) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Kim_Genelle) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This BLP includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this BLP by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . 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Find sources: "Kim Genelle" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kim+Genelle%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kim+Genelle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kim+Genelle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kim+Genelle%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kim+Genelle%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kim+Genelle%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kim Genelle Occupation(s) Fashion model, actress Years active 1979–present Kim Genelle is an American actress and fashion model. Genelle was primarily a fashion model during the 1970s and 1980s. She made her acting debut in the television series, Hart to Hart (/wiki/Hart_to_Hart) , as a hostess in 1979. On the movie screens, she best known for her roles in Planes, Trains & Automobiles (/wiki/Planes,_Trains_%26_Automobiles) (1987), Nothing in Common (/wiki/Nothing_in_Common) (1986) and Hollywood Shuffle (/wiki/Hollywood_Shuffle) (1987). From 1988, commercials & precision driving have been her focus. However, in 2013 she returned to acting, with an appearance on Criminal Minds (/wiki/Criminal_Minds_(season_9)) . Filmography [ edit ] Hart to Hart (/wiki/Hart_to_Hart) 1979 (uncredited) Scruples (miniseries) (/wiki/Scruples_(miniseries)) 1980 Nothing in Common (/wiki/Nothing_in_Common) 1986 Hollywood Shuffle (/wiki/Hollywood_Shuffle) 1987 Planes, Trains and Automobiles (/wiki/Planes,_Trains_and_Automobiles) 1987 (as Kim Genell) Under the Gun (1988 film) Criminal Minds (/wiki/Criminal_Minds) 2013 References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Kim Genelle at IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0312736/bio/) This biography article about a United States model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Genelle&action=edit) . v t e This article about an American film and television actor is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Clothing & surf apparel brand This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Breed&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Golden Breed Product type Surf lifestyle clothing Country Australia Introduced 1969 Markets International Website Official website (https://goldenbreed.com.au/) Golden Breed is a surf lifestyle (/wiki/Surf_culture) clothing brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) , initially starting in California (/wiki/California) in 1969. The Male/Female logo was used by surfers (/wiki/Surfing) , before being developed into a brand. The Textile Company Don Rancho Corporation initially launched the brand internationally, with a separate license to produce a range of items in Australia (/wiki/Australia) , held by John Arnold. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Golden Breed initial designs were created by Francis "Duke" Boyd (an ex WW2 vet, who worked in advertising (/wiki/Advertising) , but had taken to surfing), who had originally created designs for Hang Ten (/wiki/Hang_Ten_(brand)) . The term "Golden Breed" had been used in some promotional material (/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)) for Bing Surfboards. It was then used as the title by Dale Davis for his Surf Film "Golden Breed" in 1968. Boyd had co founded Hang Ten, sold it in 1970, and then immediately founded Golden Breed. Golden Breed was one of the first companies to sponsor (/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)) surfers and competitions. One of these events was the "Golden Breed Expression Session," an event where there was in fact not competition - the surfers turned up and everyone was just paid $200 to surf a similar pattern part of the beach, as a demonstration, while people watched. This fitted in with many people at the time's viewpoint that surfing shouldn't be competitive. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In its heyday of the 1970-1980s, Golden Breed was one of the most famous Surf wear labels, very prevalent in the surfing scene. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The operation in Australia was particularly successful. John Arnold, based in South Australia, was a successful businessman in the South Australian Surf Industry. He not only held the Australian licences for Golden Breed, but also the licences to produce O'Neil wetsuits [7] (#cite_note-7) with John Arnold establishing two large clothing production facilities in South Australia in the 1970s to satisfy local demand. Golden Breed's Australian operation produced designs for Olympic Uniforms, and both the Australian and US operations branched out into producing skateboards in the booming skateboard craze of the time. [8] (#cite_note-auto-8) The company ran into financial strife in the 1990s. It was then purchased by an Australian company, and while it has had a low profile for some time, is presently now producing clothes, with a number of outlets in Australia. [9] (#cite_note-9) [8] (#cite_note-auto-8) It has been suggested that interest in older labels like Golden Breed and Crystal Cylinders is possibly due to nostalgia, a respect for the older original brands, and also perhaps purchases by an older market remembering their youth. [10] (#cite_note-10) Golden Breed acquired Gordon and Smith Surfboards in 2015, after a long association with the owning Wilson family. [8] (#cite_note-auto-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Surf Look Breaks New Ground" Sunday Herald Sun (Melbourne). 12/29/2002. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sutton, Malcolm (2020-02-11). "Surfboard evolution on display as former champion tells the story of the malibu" (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-11/evolution-of-surfboards-to-be-exhibited-at-glenelg/11951308) . www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2021-03-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Warshaw. Matt "The Encyclopedia of Surfing" Harvest Books, 2005 p 77 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gerry Lopez "Surf Is Where You Find It" ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Some Like it Hot: The Beach as a Cultural Dimension" By Allan Edwards, Keith Gilbert, James Skinner ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Surfing in the Third Millennium: Commodifying the Visual Argot" The Australian Journal of Anthropology December 2002 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Davies, Nathan (23 November 2013). "Victorian surf legend Wayne Lynch reveals a close connection to South Australia" (https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/victorian-surf-legend-wayne-lynch-reveals-a-close-connection-to-south-australia/news-story/091fa04717ff200cb80448b596f4fdf6) . Adelaide Now . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ a b c "About Us | Golden Breed Australia est 1969" (https://goldenbreed.com.au/pages/about-us) . Golden Breed . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Our Story" (https://goldenbreed.com.au/pages/the-golden-breed-story) . Golden Breed . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The World Today - Sounds of Summer: The Australian surfing industry" (https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s1020436.htm) . www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2022-06-18 . 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Indian beauty pageant titleholder Manasa Varanasi Born Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) , Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) , India Alma mater Vasavi College of Engineering (/wiki/Vasavi_College_of_Engineering) Occupation Financial Information exchange analyst Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) [ citation needed ] Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Femina Miss India 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) Miss India World 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) Hair color Black [ citation needed ] Eye color Brown [ citation needed ] Major competition(s) Miss Telangana 2019 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2019) (Top 3) Miss Telangana 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) (Winner) Femina Miss India 2020 (Winner) Miss World 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) (Top 13) Manasa Varanasi is an Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) advocate, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Femina Miss India 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) . [1] (#cite_note-1) She represented India at Miss World 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) in San Juan, Puerto Rico (/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico) where she reached the top 13. Early life and education [ edit ] Manasa Varanasi was born in Hyderabad to Ravi Sankar and Shailaja. [2] (#cite_note-2) She moved to Malaysia at a young age due to her father's work and attended the Global Indian International School (/wiki/Global_Indian_International_School) and completed her grade 10 there. Later she returned to India, and completed her intermediate then studied computer science at the Vasavi College of Engineering (/wiki/Vasavi_College_of_Engineering) in Hyderabad. After graduating with a computer science degree, she began work as a financial information exchange analyst at FactSet (/wiki/FactSet) , in Hyderabad. [3] (#cite_note-3) She won the Miss Fresher title in the first year of her college. [ citation needed ] Pageantry [ edit ] In 2020, she won Femina Miss India 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) , representing the state of Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) , on 10 February 2021. She was crowned as Femina Miss India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) World 2020 by the outgoing titleholder Miss World 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) second runner-up and Miss World Asia (/wiki/Miss_World_Asia) Suman Rao (/wiki/Suman_Rao) , at the Hyatt Regency (/wiki/Hyatt) , Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) . During the pageant's sub contest ceremony, she won the Miss Rampwalk award. [4] (#cite_note-4) She represented India at Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) , on 16 March 2022 at Coca-Cola Music Hall (/wiki/Coca-Cola_Music_Hall) , San Juan, Puerto Rico (/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico) . [ citation needed ] Advocacy [ edit ] Varanasi advocated strengthening child protection laws in India for her beauty with a purpose project. She also spoken about, "We Can", an awareness campaign against sexual abuse of children. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Manasa Varanasi, the 24-year old Miss India 2020 Winner From Telangana" (https://in.makers.yahoo.com/meet-manasa-varanasi-the-23-year-old-miss-india-2020-winner-from-telangana-030043686.html) . makers.yahoo.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "My goal now is to bring home the Miss World crown: Manasa Varanasi - Times of India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/my-goal-now-is-to-bring-home-the-miss-world-crown-manasa-varanasi/articleshow/81113684.cms) . The Times of India . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Who is Manasa Varanasi, winner of Miss India 2020?" (https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/who-is-manasa-varanasi-winner-of-miss-india-2020-7183881/) . indianexpress.com . 11 February 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Telangana's Manasa Varanasi crowned VLCC Femina Miss India World 2020" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/telanganas-manasa-varanasi-crowned-vlcc-femina-miss-india-world-2020/article33806699.ece) . thehindu.com . 11 February 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Campaign against child abuse launched" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/campaign-against-child-abuse-launched/article36297590.ece) . The Hindu . 5 September 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Manasa Varanasi supports campaign to protect children - Times of India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/manasa-varanasi-supports-campaign-to-protect-children/articleshow/85976372.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Femina Miss India World 2020 Manasa Varanasi On Her Dreams & Achievements" (https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/femina-miss-india-world-2020-manasa-varanasi-on-her-dreams-achievements-203779.html) . femina.in . Retrieved 19 October 2021 . External links [ edit ] Awards and achievements Preceded by Suman Rao (/wiki/Suman_Rao) Femina Miss India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) Succeeded by Sini Shetty (/wiki/Sini_Shetty) Preceded by Sanjana Vij Femina Miss Telangana (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) 2020 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2020) Succeeded by Pragnya Ayyagari (/wiki/Pragnya_Ayyagari) v t e Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) national titleholders Céline Van Ouytsel (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Van_Ouytsel) Phum Sophorn (/wiki/Phum_Sophorn) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Colombian_model)) Rehema Muthamia (/wiki/Rehema_Muthamia) April Benayoum (/wiki/April_Benayoum) Manasa Varanasi Pricilia Carla Yules (/wiki/Pricilia_Carla_Yules) Pamela Uba (/wiki/Pamela_Uba) Lavanya Sivaji (/wiki/Lavanya_Sivaji) Namrata Shrestha (/wiki/Namrata_Shrestha_(model)) Sheynnis Palacios (/wiki/Sheynnis_Palacios) Tracy Perez (/wiki/Tracy_Perez) Karolina Bielawska (/wiki/Karolina_Bielawska) Shudufhadzo Musida (/wiki/Shudufhadzo_Musida) Gabriella Lomm Mann (/wiki/Gabriella_Lomm_Mann) Shree Saini (/wiki/Shree_Saini) Alejandra Conde (/wiki/Alejandra_Conde) Đỗ Thị Hà (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Th%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%A0) v t e Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives 2013 Navneet Kaur Dhillon (/wiki/Navneet_Kaur_Dhillon) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Manasi Moghe (/wiki/Manasi_Moghe) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) ) Gurleen Grewal (/wiki/Gurleen_Grewal) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) ) Sobhita Dhulipala (/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala) ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Vijaya Sharma (Supranational) Rupa Khurana (Grand International) Purva Rana (/wiki/Purva_Rana) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2014 Koyal Rana (/wiki/Koyal_Rana) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) ) Jhataleka Malhotra (/wiki/Jhataleka_Malhotra) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Alankrita Sahai ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2014) ) Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) (Supranational; Winner ) Monica Sharma (Grand International) Gail Nicole Da Silva (/wiki/Gail_Nicole_Da_Silva) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2015 Aditi Arya (/wiki/Aditi_Arya) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Urvashi Rautela (/wiki/Urvashi_Rautela) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) ) Supriya Aiman ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2015) ) Aaital Khosla ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) Aafreen Rachael Vaz (Supranational) Vartika Singh (/wiki/Vartika_Singh) (Grand International; Runner-up ) Sushrii Shreya Mishraa (/wiki/Sushrii_Shreya_Mishraa) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2016 Priyadarshini Chatterjee (/wiki/Priyadarshini_Chatterjee) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Roshmitha Harimurthy (/wiki/Roshmitha_Harimurthy) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Rewati Chetri (/wiki/Rewati_Chetri) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2016) ) Rashi Yadav ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) ) Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ; Winner ) Pankhuri Gidwani (Grand International) Lopamudra Raut (/wiki/Lopamudra_Raut) (United Continents; Runner-up ) Aarushi Sharma (Intercontinental) 2017 Manushi Chhillar (/wiki/Manushi_Chhillar) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ; Winner ) Shraddha Shashidhar (/wiki/Shraddha_Shashidhar) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Ankita Kumari ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2017) ) Shaan Sumas Kumar ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017) ) Peden Ongmu Namgyal ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) ) Anukriti Gusain (/wiki/Anukriti_Gusain) (Grand International) Sana Dua (/wiki/Sana_Dua) (United Continents) Priyanka Kumari (Intercontinental) 2018 Anukreethy Vas (/wiki/Anukreethy_Vas) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Nehal Chudasama (/wiki/Nehal_Chudasama) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) ) Tanishqa Bhosale (/wiki/Tanishqa_Bhosale) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Nishi Bhardwaj ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) Aditi Hundia ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Meenakshi Chaudhary (/wiki/Meenakshi_Chaudhary) (Grand International; Runner-up ) Gayatri Bharadwaj (/wiki/Gayatri_Bhardwaj) (United Continents) Suman Chellani (Intercontinental) 2019 Suman Rao (/wiki/Suman_Rao) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ; Runner-up ) Vartika Singh (/wiki/Vartika_Singh) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Simrithi Bathija (/wiki/Simrithi_Bathija) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Tejaswini Manogna (/wiki/Tejaswini_Manogna) ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Shefali Sood ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Shivani Jadhav (/wiki/Shivani_Jadhav) (Grand International) Shreya Shanker (/wiki/Shreya_Shanker) (United Continents) 2020 Adline Castelino (/wiki/Adline_Castelino) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2020) ; Runner-up ) Tanvi Nitin Kharote ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Simran Sharma (Grand International) 2021 Manasa Varanasi ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Harnaaz Sandhu (/wiki/Harnaaz_Sandhu) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ; Winner ) Rashmi Madhuri ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2021) ) Aavriti Choudhary (/wiki/Aavriti_Choudhary) ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) ) Manika Sheokand (Grand International) 2022 Sini Sadanand Shetty (/wiki/Sini_Shetty) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2022) ) Divita Rai (/wiki/Divita_Rai) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Zoya Afroz (/wiki/Zoya_Afroz) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2022) ) Vanshika Parmar ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) ) Ritika Khatnani ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Praachi Nagpal ( Grand International (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2022) ) 2023 ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) ) (World) Kashish Methwani ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2023) ) Pragnya Ayyagari ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) ) (Grand International) Winners are in red colored text and Runners-up are in blue colored text NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐nz2ww Cached time: 20240715015433 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.584 seconds Real time usage: 0.927 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6789/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 90716/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13653/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45958/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.346/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9224740/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 825.231 1 -total 35.13% 289.880 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 21.43% 176.808 2 Template:Navbox 21.14% 174.484 1 Template:Miss_World_2021_delegates 16.03% 132.308 1 Template:Short_description 15.36% 126.783 1 Template:Reflist 13.82% 114.016 47 Template:Main_other 11.61% 95.848 4 Template:Cite_web 11.05% 91.202 18 Template:Flagicon 9.56% 78.875 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66740747-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715015433 and revision id 1222670062. 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Historic Swedish national costume The original feminine version of the costume, from 1780. Engraving by Johan Snack (/w/index.php?title=Johan_Snack&action=edit&redlink=1) [ sv (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Snack) ] Nationella dräkten ( Swedish: [natɧʊˈnɛ̌lːa (/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish) ˈdrɛ̌kːtɛn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish) , "the national costume") is a historic Swedish costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) , designed by King Gustav III (/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden) and introduced in 1778. It was designed for the nobility (/wiki/Nobility) and the middle class with the intention of limiting rising consumption and import of luxury (/wiki/Luxury_good) within fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , which was considered a drain on the economy and detrimental to society because of ensuing poverty. A masculine and a feminine costume were designed. The woman's version of the costume was to have a lasting effect, modified several times later, as the official costume of the Royal Court. History [ edit ] The female version of Nationella dräkten exhibited at Confidencen (/wiki/Confidencen) The male version of Nationella dräkten , Livrustkammaren (/wiki/Livrustkammaren) . Presented by Gustav III in 1778 without legislative action to make them mandatory, the costumes by royal recommendation were to be the official clothing of the nobility (/wiki/Nobility) and the middle class ( burghers (/wiki/Bourgeoisie) ). The clergy and peasant estates (/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm) were excluded from the recommendation. In motivating the reform and the name of the costume, the king stressed the importance of getting his Swedish subjects to stop emulating expensive foreign fashions. The idea stirred interest abroad, and especially in France opinions varied. Voltaire (/wiki/Voltaire) had this to say about it: Nations should be themselves. They should only imitate each other in what is good and never in what is capricious. The ruler of the Swedes, who doesn’t overlook anything, realizes this wholly and fully. And he is going to give his people the greatest of all possessions – manners. Give him my humble greetings and tell him, that I honor him as a benefactor of humanity, and an example for kings. I am dying, and I am taking that feeling to my grave as a comfort to me. [1] (#cite_note-1) Both the female and male costumes had specific color requirements for court functionaries: black with red trim regularly, and light blue with white trim for formal occasions. Other persons were free to choose their own color combinations as long as they maintained the twotone design. Gustav III (/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden) wears the National Costume when meeting the Pope in Rome. Female version [ edit ] The female costume followed the fashion of the era, except for its collar and sleeves which were inspired by the Renaissance. It never caught on with a broader feminine populace, at first only being used at the Royal Court in the presence of the monarch. After the death of Gustav III, it became the official uniform worn at court by ladies in waiting (/wiki/Ladies_in_waiting) and a customary dress for women formally presented at Court. [2] (#cite_note-2) The design of the dress subsequently continued to follow current fashions as time went on, but the basic look of the characteristic, vertically striped sleeves has been kept, and a specific color rule developed: black or very dark blue with white trim. The dress was used for women being presented at Court until 1952, and is still in use by Swedish ladies-in-waiting on formal occasions. [3] (#cite_note-3) Male version [ edit ] The male costume was much more original and included details from the Renaissance and the Caroline (/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden) period of Swedish history. It was used at Court and by many officials during the reigns of Gustav III and his son Gustav IV Adolph (/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden) and later also was in limited use as a sort of folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) for townsmen in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) . See also [ edit ] Sumptuary law (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) As quoted in a letter from Gustaf Philip Creutz (/wiki/Gustaf_Philip_Creutz) to Gustav III 1778-03-29 published in 1992 by Swedish Academy (/wiki/Swedish_Academy) Prof. Gunnar von Proschwitz (/wiki/Gunnar_von_Proschwitz) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 91-7119-079-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7119-079-1) p. 162. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Astrid Tydén-Jordan : Kungligt klädd, kungligt mode (1987) Stockholm ^ (#cite_ref-3) Astrid Tydén-Jordan : Kungligt klädd, kungligt mode (1987) Stockholm Astrid Tydén-Jordan : Kungligt klädd, kungligt mode (1987) Stockholm Nationella Dräkten, En studie kring Gustaf III:s Dräktreform 1778 by Eva Bergman, Nordiska Museets Handlingar 8, Stockholm, 1938 External links [ edit ] runeberg.org (https://runeberg.org/nfcg/0524.html) (image) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) 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Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e National costume of Europe Sovereign states Albania (/wiki/National_costume_of_Albania) Andorra (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1) Armenia (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1) Austria (/wiki/National_costume_of_Austria) Azerbaijan (/wiki/National_costume_of_Azerbaijan) Belarus (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1) Belgium (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1) Bosnia and Herzegovina 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(Redirected from Turkish trousers (/w/index.php?title=Turkish_trousers&redirect=no) ) Traditional baggy trousers of Turkey Men wearing salvar in Istanbul in 1873, studio photo Turkish şalvar (pronounced shalvar , Turkish: [ʃalˈvaɾ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish) ), Turkish trousers or dimiye are traditional baggy trousers (/wiki/Trousers) gathered in tightly at the ankle. They are part of Turkish folk dress (/wiki/Turkish_folk_dress) . Men may wear the traditional loose coat, called jubba (/wiki/Jubba) , over the şalvar. Other upper garments are also worn over or under şalvar. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk) Westernized the dress code in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) in the 1920s as part of his reforms (/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms) . However, men and women still wear the şalvar in many areas of Turkey, indifferent to social status. [1] (#cite_note-1) Similar pants in other cultures include the tshalvar, schalwar, salwar kameez (/wiki/Salwar_kameez) , kaccha (/wiki/Kaccha) , patiala salwar (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) , shintijan, sirwal (/wiki/Sirwal) , sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) , aladdin pants, balloon pants, drop crotch pants, pantaloons, zouave (/wiki/Zouave) , pluderhose and pumphose. In female dress [ edit ] The traditional clothing for women of Turkey includes the şalvar which is usually worn with upper garments of varying styles and lengths. The traditional şalvar suits are a part of Turkey's culture back to the Ottoman era (/wiki/Ottoman_era) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The şalvars are of varying degrees of bagginess and are gathered at the ankle. [3] (#cite_note-3) Bright colours and flowered prints are favoured by rural women (/wiki/Rural_women) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The total female ensemble includes the gömlek ( chemise (/wiki/Chemise) ), şalvar and entari ( robe (/wiki/Robe) ). [5] (#cite_note-5) Studio portrait of models wearing traditional clothing from Istanbul, Ottoman Empire Greek Christian Ottomans of Cyprus, 19th century Traditional Turkish dress in Selçuk (/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk) , pre-2007 Traditional Turkish dress worn in General Kiselvo, Bulgaria In male dress [ edit ] The traditional male dress includes the şalvar, yelek ( vest (/wiki/Vest) ) and cebken ( jacket (/wiki/Jacket) ). [6] (#cite_note-6) The men's salvar is popular in eastern Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) and are often worn by Kurdish men, especially in the districts of Mersin (/wiki/Mersin) , Adana (/wiki/Adana) , Urfa (/wiki/Urfa) and Diyarbakir (/wiki/Diyarbakir) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Turkish trousers with over the calf socks Samovar bearer in Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) Jewish Ottoman using Turkish salvar, Late-Ottoman era, end of 19th century One cut of salwar See also [ edit ] Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers_(clothing)) Harem pants (/wiki/Harem_pants) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Miller, Louise R (1998), Turkey: Between East and West (https://books.google.com/books?id=kH8vHyButLQC&q=turkish+salvar+suits) ^ (#cite_ref-2) The Report: Turkey 2008. The Oxford Business Group (https://books.google.com/books?id=F5W2L-aenQkC&dq=turkish+salwar+suit&pg=PA180) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Schneider, Dux (1975) Turkey (https://books.google.com/books?id=OB8OAQAAMAAJ&q=turkish+salvar+suits) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gale Group (1999) Reference Library of Arab America: Countries & ethnic groups, Kuwait to United Arab Emirates [1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd8pAQAAMAAJ&q=+salvar) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Scarce, Jennifer M (2014) Women's Costume of the Near and Middle East (https://books.google.com/books?id=zwRSAwAAQBAJ&q=total+ensenble&pg=PA73) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Quataert, Donald Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550-1922: An Introduction [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=NtB3iWdEfJEC&dq=turkey+salvar+suits&pg=PA224) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sinclair, T.A. (1989) Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I, Volume 1 [3] (https://books.google.com/books?id=6KtEBAAAQBAJ&dq=turkish+salvar+suits&pg=PA145) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono 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Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐f4tpf Cached time: 20240712222035 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.250 seconds Real time usage: 0.349 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 529/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 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