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Funmilola Irantiola Olurinola is a Nigerian makeup artist, beautician (/wiki/Cosmetology) , founder and chief executive officer of Abeke Makeover. She is the inventor of Auto-gele, a modernized version of gele (/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)) , a traditional headdress (/wiki/Headgear) worn by African women which is popular in Nigeria. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Autogele [ edit ] Olurinola introduced the Auto-gele, also called Abekegele or Rose gele, in 2015. [3] (#cite_note-3) It is a modernized gele designed to be ready to wear, compared to the traditional gele which must be tied each time it is worn. The Auto-gele is designed like a hat or fascinator in different styles and sizes and can be worn on different dress types. [4] (#cite_note-4) Olurinola's inspiration for the auto-gele was to give younger African women “stylish, unique and beautiful” gele to differentiate them from the older generation of African women attuned to the traditional gele which has a common style. [5] (#cite_note-5) The first auto-gele collection, titled Oriki, debuted in 2015, with each of the five pieces named after international reality TV and pop stars depicting their fashion style. The collection labels include The Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) – “Abike” , The Kim Kardashian-West (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) – “Apinke”, The Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) – “Ariyike”, The Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) – “Asabi” and The Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) – “Amoke” . [6] (#cite_note-6) Awards [ edit ] Olurinola was named the Hottest Makeup Artist in Nigeria (2010) by the City People Awards and was named the Best Makeup Artist (2015) by the Glam and Essence Awards. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Avant Garde Gele" (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/avant-garde-gele/) . The Guardian Nigeria . 2016-07-23 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Today's Woman Everyday - Funmi Olurinola" (https://twmagazine.net/tw-tv/tw-everyday/todays-woman-everyday-funmi-olurinola/) . TW Magazine Website . 2018-11-14 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) JN, Stephen (2023-12-26). "How To Make Rose Auto Gele -" (https://tabloid.ng/how-to-make-rose-auto-gele/) . Tabloid . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "DIY – How To Tie The Famous Auto Gele and Turban \| SPICE TV Africa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240312031831/https://myspice.tv/diy-how-to-tie-the-famous-auto-gele-and-turban/) . 2018-04-23. Archived from the original (https://myspice.tv/diy-how-to-tie-the-famous-auto-gele-and-turban/) on 2024-03-12 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "ALLURE COVER: FUNMI OLORINOLA : – REDEFINING THE ART OF GELE" (https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/allure-cover-funmi-olorinola-redefining-the-art-of-gele/) . Allure Vanguard . February 25, 2019 . Retrieved February 10, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Obiuwevbi, Jennifer (2015-09-22). "Funmilola Olurinola of Abeke Makeovers debuts "Oriki" – A Celebrity Inspired "Iconic Gele" Collection!" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/funmilola-olurinola-of-abeke-makeovers-debuts-oriki-a-celebrity-inspired-iconic-gele-collection/) . BellaNaija . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Ebube Nwagbo, Qunicy Ayodele, Kola Kuddus, Uti Nwachukwu, Yomi Makun, More, Winners At The 4th Glam & Essence Style Awards!" (https://thewillnews.com/ebube-nwagbo-qunicy-ayodele-kola-kuddus-uti-nwachukwu-yomi-makun-more-winners-at-the-4th-glam-essence-style-awards/) . The Will News . 2015-11-17 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Eloy Awards 2015" (https://exquisitemag.com/more-on-em/editorials/elloy-awards-2015/) . Exquisite Magazine . 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . This Nigerian biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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John Greed (born 14 November 1966) is a contemporary jewelry designer and retailer. He was born in Wimbledon, London (/wiki/London) and graduated from the School of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_School_of_Art_and_Design) in London. He later founded John Greed Design Ltd, which has since become a major UK retailer of jewellery. [1] (#cite_note-moneysupermarket-1) Education [ edit ] Greed was educated at Newland House School (/wiki/Newland_House_School) , an independent school (/wiki/Independent_school) in Twickenham (/wiki/Twickenham) in South West London, where he shared lessons with Patsy Kensit (/wiki/Patsy_Kensit) , before moving on to Christ's Hospital School (/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital) (also known as the "Bluecoat School"), a co-educational boarding school located south of the market town (/wiki/Market_town) of Horsham (/wiki/Horsham) in West Sussex (/wiki/West_Sussex) . It was at Christ's Hospital that Greed gained the educational foundations that enabled him to move onto the Central School of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_School_of_Art_and_Design) in London (/wiki/London) . Life and career [ edit ] Greed founded the company John Greed Design Ltd, the company has since grown into a major UK retailer of jewellery, making about 1000 transaction a day. [2] (#cite_note-johngreedjewellery-2) As well as operating a mail system the company maintained a small jewellery shop at Steep Hill in Lincoln, Lincolnshire (/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire) , UK (/wiki/UK) . [2] (#cite_note-johngreedjewellery-2) until January 2012. They are rated as one of the top 2010 jewellery retailers in the UK by Plimsoll. [3] (#cite_note-plimsoll-3) In July 2010 John Greed Design Ltd. became John Greed Jewellery Ltd. and opened a new flagship jewellery store at 314-315 High Street in Lincoln (/wiki/Lincoln,_England) , in central England. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-moneysupermarket_1-0) "John Greed Design" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100211133506/http://www.moneysupermarket.com/c/shopping/r/john-greed-design/41537) . www.moneysupermarket.com. Archived from the original (http://www.moneysupermarket.com/c/shopping/r/john-greed-design/41537/) on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . ^ a b "Find out more about us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100409080250/http://www.johngreedjewellery.co.uk/aboutus.php) . www.johngreedjewellery.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.johngreedjewellery.co.uk/aboutus.php) on 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-plimsoll_3-0) "Jewellery Industry Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100809125306/http://www.plimsoll.co.uk/industry-report.aspx?Industry=jewellery) . www.plimsoll.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.plimsoll.co.uk/industry-report.aspx?Industry=jewellery) on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . 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Skoindustrimuseet i Kumla Established 1986 ( 1986 ) Location Sveavägen 19, Kumla (/wiki/Kumla) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 59°07′34″N 15°08′50″E / 59.126111°N 15.147222°E / 59.126111; 15.147222 Type Calceology (/wiki/Calceology) Director Lilian Edström Website www (http://www.skoindustrimuseet.se/) .skoindustrimuseet (http://www.skoindustrimuseet.se/) .se (http://www.skoindustrimuseet.se/) Skoindustrimuseet i Kumla , the Shoe Industry Museum in Kumla (/wiki/Kumla) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) is a museum memorialising the surrounding region’s history of shoe manufacturing. The museum houses exhibitions of the development of Sweden’s shoe industry and the country’s shoe fashion between 1890 and 1980. Its collections include several hundred shoes, tools and equipment for shoemaking. In addition, the museum has an active shoemaking establishment, and shoes produced on the premises are available for sale. [1] (#cite_note-1) According to the museum, Kumla Municipality (/wiki/Kumla_Municipality) has had some 130 shoe manufacturers over the years. In the 1930s, half of the Sweden’s shoe manufacturers were located in Örebro County (/wiki/%C3%96rebro_County) . The local industry suffered when shoe imports were deregulated in the 1950s, and by the 1970s only a few producers remained in the country. To keep alive the memory of this once important industry, a local trust set up the museum in the mid-1980s. [2] (#cite_note-2) v t e Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) museums (/wiki/Museum) Shoe museums Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) German Leather Museum (/wiki/German_Leather_Museum) German Shoe Museum (/wiki/German_Shoe_Museum) International Wooden Shoe Museum Eelde (/wiki/International_Wooden_Shoe_Museum_Eelde) Marikina Shoe Museum (/wiki/Marikina#Landmarks_and_attractions) Ry Municipality Wooden Shoes Museum (/wiki/Ry_Municipality#The_towns_of_the_former_municipality) Kumla Shoe Industry Museum ShoeZeum (/wiki/Jordan_Geller) SONS Museum (/wiki/SONS_Museum) Tampere Shoe Museum (/wiki/Tampere#Sites_of_interest) Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine (/wiki/Temple_University_School_of_Podiatric_Medicine) Vreden Miniature Shoe Museum (/wiki/Vreden) Related Design museums (/wiki/Design_museum) v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneaker) Ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) Climbing shoes (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) Cross country running shoes (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Cycling shoes (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) Football boots (/wiki/Football_boot) Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boot) Ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skate) Inline skates (/wiki/Inline_skates) Kung fu shoes (/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe) Minimalist shoes (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Motorcycle boots (/wiki/Motorcycle_boot) Mountaineering boots (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) Plimsolls (/wiki/Plimsoll_(shoe)) Racing flats (/wiki/Racing_flat) Racing shoes (/wiki/Racing_shoes) Riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boot) Roller shoes (/wiki/Roller_shoe) Roller skates (/wiki/Roller_skates) Sabatons (/wiki/Sabaton) Safari boots (/wiki/Safari_boot) Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneaker) Swimfins (/wiki/Swimfin) Water shoes (/wiki/Water_shoe) Wrestling shoes (/wiki/Wrestling_shoe) Folk footwear (/wiki/Folk_costume) Abacas (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abarkas (/wiki/Abarka) Alpargatas (/wiki/Espadrille) Avarcas (/wiki/Avarca) Balghas (/wiki/Balgha) Bast shoes (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Ciocie (/wiki/Ciocie) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Espadrilles (/wiki/Espadrille) Furlane (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) Galesh (/wiki/Galesh) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Giveh (/wiki/Giveh) Haferlschuh (/wiki/Haferlschuh) Hnyat-phanats (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Hwa (/wiki/Hwa) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) Jorabs (/wiki/Jorabs) Kamiks (/wiki/Kamik) Kolhapuri chappals (/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) Mojaris (/wiki/Mojari) Mukluks (/wiki/Mukluk) Nalins (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Opanci (/wiki/Opanak) Peshawari chappals (/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) Snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouchi) Takunya (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Upanah (/wiki/Upanah) Valenkis (/wiki/Valenki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Historical footwear Areni-1 shoes (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boot) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbill shoes (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Flowerpot shoes (/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe) Hessians (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoe) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Shoe construction Bespoke shoes (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) Toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Spool heels (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Wedges (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Hosiery Anklets (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Samlingarna -" (http://www.skoindustrimuseet.se/samlingarna.html) . Svenska skoindustrimuseet . Retrieved October 26, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Muséet -" (http://www.skoindustrimuseet.se/museet.html) . Svenska skoindustrimuseet . Retrieved October 26, 2015 . 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American department store holding company This article is about the holding company. For the department store chain, see Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) . Neiman Marcus Group Neiman Marcus Group headquarters, located within the Neiman Marcus Building (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Building) (2010) Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1987 ; 37 years ago ( 1987 ) Fate Pending acquisition by Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) Successor Saks Global divison of Hudson's Bay Company (pending) Headquarters Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Number of locations 43 [a] (#cite_note-2) (2024) Area served United States Key people Geoffroy van Raemdonck (CEO) Revenue US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 4.9 billion (2018) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$251.1 million (2018) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$7.546 billion (2018) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) Horchow Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) Neiman Marcus Last Call Website neimanmarcusgroup (http://neimanmarcusgroup.com) .com (http://neimanmarcusgroup.com) Neiman Marcus Group is an American holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) of department stores (/wiki/Department_store) . It was established after holding company Carter Hawley Hale (/wiki/Broadway_Stores) spun-off (/wiki/Corporate_spin-off) several of the department store chains it owned in 1987. As of 2024 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neiman_Marcus_Group&action=edit) , it owns the full-line luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) stores Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) (based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) ) and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) (based in Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) ); off-price (/wiki/Off-price) store Neiman Marcus Last Call; and home furnishings website Horchow. Operations in the 20th century [ edit ] Neiman Marcus Group was formed by a spin-off (/wiki/Corporate_spin-off) by its parent company Carter Hawley Hale (/wiki/Broadway_Stores) in June 1987. General Cinema (/wiki/General_Cinema) (later Harcourt General (/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)) ) originally held 60-percent stake in the new company, and later reduced to 10-percent stake in 1999. The new company held ownership of Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) -based Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) (aquired by Carter Hawley Hale in 1969), New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) -based Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) (acquired by CHH in 1972), and Contempo Casuals (acquired by CHH in 1979). [2] (#cite_note-3) Operations in the 21st century [ edit ] On May 2, 2005, Neiman Marcus Group was the subject of a leveraged buyout (/wiki/Leveraged_buyout) (LBO), selling itself to two private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) firms, Texas Pacific Group (/wiki/Texas_Pacific_Group) and Warburg Pincus (/wiki/Warburg_Pincus) . [3] (#cite_note-CNNmoney-4) In August 2013, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) reported Neiman Marcus Group was preparing for an initial public offering (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) of its stock. [4] (#cite_note-WWD_nm_2013-5) In October 2013, the Neiman Marcus Group was sold for $6 billion to Ares Management (/wiki/Ares_Management) and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan_Investment_Board) . [5] (#cite_note-Sale_for_6_Billion_2013-6) [6] (#cite_note-Neiman's_Deal_Nearly_Done-7) In August 2015, the company again announced it was preparing for an initial public offering. [7] (#cite_note-8) In late 2015 Neiman Marcus became a stand-alone company. In 2018 Geoffroy van Raemdonck replaced Karen Katz as CEO. [8] (#cite_note-9) In April 2019, Neiman Marcus acquired a minority stake in Fashionphile (/wiki/Fashionphile) , an online resale platform for handbags, jewelry and accessories. [9] (#cite_note-10) [10] (#cite_note-11) [11] (#cite_note-12) In July 2021, mytheresa (/wiki/Mytheresa) was spun off and filed for IPO on the NYSE, valuing it at $2.2 billion which increased to $3 billion during the first day of trading. [12] (#cite_note-13) In June 2022 Neiman Marcus Group reported their highest sales volume in almost half of their stores, and sales of their 20 best-selling brands grew by 70% above pre-COVID levels in 2019. The company has also been attracting younger customers, with the average age falling by seven years from pre-pandemic levels, from the mid-40s to the high-30s. [13] (#cite_note-Forbes:Danziger-14) 2020 bankruptcy [ edit ] Neiman Marcus Group, Ltd. LLC and 23 affiliated debtors filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas) in May 2020. [14] (#cite_note-15) The debtors requested joint administration of the cases under Case No. 20-32519. According to the company's CEO, Geoffroy van Raemdonck, the filing was a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The company's website, mytheresa.com, was not part of the bankruptcy. [15] (#cite_note-16) At the end of September 2020, Neiman Marcus exited Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and as of 2022 is owned by a consortium of investment firms ( Davidson Kempner Capital Management (/wiki/Davidson_Kempner_Capital_Management) , Sixth Street Partners (/wiki/Sixth_Street_Partners) and Pacific Investment Management (/wiki/Pimco) ). [16] (#cite_note-vogueb1-17) Pending acquisition by Hudson's Bay Company [ edit ] Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) -based Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) announced its pending acquisition of the Neiman Marcus Group on July 4, 2024. The purchase is valued at $2.65 billion, with financing faciliated by Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) , Insight Partners (/wiki/Insight_Partners) , Rhône Capital, and Salesforce (/wiki/Salesforce) . The new Saks Global division will be created to oversee Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus, and the American operations of the HBC-owned Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) . The Neiman Marcus Group stores will also become sister brands to the off-price Saks Off 5th (/wiki/Saks_Off_5th) and Canadian full-line Hudson's Bay (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)) department stores through this ownership. [17] (#cite_note-18) Nameplates [ edit ] List of nameplates owned by Neiman Marcus Group Name Year founded Year acquired Year divested Notes Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) 1899 1987 — Contempo Casuals 1962 1987 1995 Sold to Wet Seal (/wiki/Wet_Seal) Horchow 1971 1988 — Mytheresa (/wiki/Mytheresa) 1987 2014 2021 Spun-off for IPO Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) 1907 1987 — Neiman Marcus Last Call — — Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) Store count includes 36 Neiman Marcus, 5 Neiman Marcus Last Call, and 2 Bergdorf Goodman locations. [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Store Footprint" (https://www.neimanmarcusgroup.com/store-footprint) . Neiman Marcus Group . Retrieved July 5, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Neiman Marcus Group, Inc" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/neiman-marcus-group-inc) . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved July 5, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-CNNmoney_4-0) Neiman Marcus in $5.1B buyout (https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/02/news/midcaps/neiman_marcus/index.htm) CNN Money, May 2, 2005 ^ (#cite_ref-WWD_nm_2013_5-0) Moin, David (August 7, 2013). "Neiman Marcus Inches Closer to IPO" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/financial/neiman-marcus-inches-closer-to-ipo-7079656?module=hp-retail) . WWD . Retrieved August 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sale_for_6_Billion_2013_6-0) Moin, David (September 19, 2013). "Neiman Marcus Profits Rise" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/financial/neiman-marcus-profits-rise-7168185?src=nl/newsAlert/20130919-4) . WWD . Retrieved September 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Neiman's_Deal_Nearly_Done_7-0) Moin, David (October 25, 2013). "Neiman's Deal Nearly Done" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/department-stores/neimans-deal-nearly-done-7248309?src=nl/newsAlert/20131025-1) . WWD . Retrieved October 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Halkias, Maria (August 4, 2015). "Neiman Marcus files for initial public offering of stock" (http://www.dallasnews.com/business/retail/20150804-neiman-marcus-files-for-initial-public-offering-of-stock.ece) . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hirsch, Lauren (5 January 2018). "Neiman Marcus names Geoffroy van Raemdonck CEO, replacing Karen Katz" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/05/neiman-marcus-names-geoffroy-van-raemdonck-ceo-replacing-katz.html) . CNBC. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Hanbury, Mary. "Neiman Marcus has invested in an online secondhand luxury handbag store in its bid to woo millennial and Gen Z shoppers" (https://www.businessinsider.com/neiman-marcus-invests-in-fashionphile-to-woo-millennials-gen-z-shoppers-2019-4) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Exclusive: Neiman Marcus to File for Bankruptcy as Soon as This Week-Sources" (https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/19/business/19reuters-neimanmarcus-bankruptcy-exclusive.html) . The New York Times . 2020-04-19 . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Maheshwari, Sapna; Friedman, Vanessa (2020-04-21). "The Death of the Department Store: 'Very Few Are Likely to Survive' (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/business/coronavirus-department-stores-neiman-marcus.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/business/coronavirus-department-stores-neiman-marcus.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Luxury fashion platform Mytheresa valued at $2.2 billion in U.S. IPO" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mytheresa-ipo-idUSKBN29Q05E) . Reuters . 2021-01-21 . Retrieved 2023-11-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes:Danziger_14-0) Danziger, Pamela (14 June 2022). "With Last Quarter Sales Up 30%, Neiman Marcus Is Prepared For Changing Economic Winds" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamdanziger/2022/06/14/with-first-half-sales-up-30-neiman-marcus-is-prepared-for-changing-economic-winds/?sh=63b7340426f5) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Danziger, Pamela N. (2 December 2021). "After A Year Of Sweeping Change, Neiman Marcus Holds Tight To Tradition In Its Christmas Book" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamdanziger/2021/12/02/after-a-year-of-sweeping-change-neiman-marcus-holds-tight-to-tradition-in-its-christmas-book/?sh=46518259a96a) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Neiman Marcus, the Retailer to the Rich, Stumbles Into Bankruptcy" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/neiman-marcus-the-retailer-to-the-rich-stumbles-into-bankruptcy-11588860617) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . May 7, 2020 . Retrieved May 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogueb1_17-0) Chitrakorn, Kati (21 September 2020). "Out of bankruptcy, Neiman Marcus plans a comeback" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/consumers/out-of-bankruptcy-neiman-marcus-ceo-plans-a-comeback) . Vogue Business (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)#Vogue_Business) . Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221130135400/https://www.voguebusiness.com/consumers/out-of-bankruptcy-neiman-marcus-ceo-plans-a-comeback) from the original on 30 November 2022 . Retrieved 16 February 2023 . After four months of court proceedings, the Dallas-based luxury retailer will have shed the bulk of its $5 billion debt load and gained new owners, including Davidson Kempner Capital Management, Sixth Street Partners and Pacific Investment Management, the largest shareholder controlling three of the company's seven board seats. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "HBC, Parent of Saks Fifth Avenue, to Acquire Neiman Marcus Group for $2.65 Billion and Establish Saks Global, a Technology-Powered Luxury Retail Company" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240704775954/en/HBC-Parent-of-Saks-Fifth-Avenue-to-Acquire-Neiman-Marcus-Group-for-2.65-Billion-and-Establish-Saks-Global-a-Technology-Powered-Luxury-Retail-Company) . Business Wire. July 4, 2024 . Retrieved July 5, 2024 . 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Men's pullover robe worn in Senegal Two Senegalese kaftans being worn in Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) , right. A Senegalese kaftan is a pullover (/wiki/Sweater) men's robe (/wiki/Robe) with long bell sleeves. In the Wolof language (/wiki/Wolof_language) , this robe is called a mbubb or xaftaan and in French it is called a boubou . The Senegalese caftan is an ankle length garment. It is worn with matching drawstring pants (/wiki/Drawstring_pants) called tubay in Wolof (/wiki/Wolof_language) . Normally made of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) brocade, lace (/wiki/Lace) , or synthetic fabrics, these robes are common throughout West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) . A kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) and matching pants is called a kaftan suit . [1] (#cite_note-sunnewsonline2-1) The kaftan suit can be worn with a kufi (/wiki/Kufi) cap. [2] (#cite_note-Seattletimes-2) Senegalese kaftans are formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) in all West African countries. In the United States (/wiki/United_States) , some merchants sell this robe as a Senegalese style dashiki pant set or a full length dashiki pant set . Men who are members of the Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_people) tribe, wear these kaftans to formal events like naming ceremonies and weddings. In the United States (/wiki/United_States) , a kaftan is one of three formal suits, equivalent to the tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) , that African-American (/wiki/African-American) grooms select for their weddings. The other styles being the dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) pant set, and the grand boubou (/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) , pronounced gran boo-boo . [ citation needed ] There are various other formal robes that are worn throughout West Africa, and with the exception of the Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) Gbarie robe, pronounced barry , most of these are a form of Islamic dress, see sartorial hijab (/wiki/Sartorial_hijab) . The kaftan is worn by Christians (/wiki/Christians) , African Jews (/wiki/African_Jews) , Muslims (/wiki/Muslims) , and followers of African traditional religion (/wiki/African_traditional_religion) . Furthermore, Senegalese kaftans are common among men of African descent (/wiki/African_descent) in the African diaspora (/wiki/African_diaspora) . The Senegalese kaftan is men's attire. In West Africa, and the United States, this robe is not worn by women (/wiki/Women) . The women's robe is called a kaftan (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) . Wedding attire [ edit ] A Moroccan kaftan being worn in The Gambia (/wiki/The_Gambia) , West Africa. A white kaftan is worn for weddings. [3] (#cite_note-Bridalzine-3) The bride's attire is a buba and wrapper set (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) or a woman's kaftan (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) that is the same color as the groom's Senegalese. Informal kaftans [ edit ] Another robe that is occasionally seen in West Africa is the short-sleeved Moroccan kaftan, also called a thobe (/wiki/Thawb) , dishdasha, or jalabiyyah (/wiki/Jellabiya) . These kaftans are used as pajamas or lounge wear. In the home, they are worn on top of underwear. Some men wear the Moroccan kaftan outside the home. When worn outside, it is customary to wear the Moroccan kaftan over a long or short sleeve t-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) or turtleneck (/wiki/Polo_neck) and a pair of pants (/wiki/Trousers) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , or shorts (/wiki/Shorts) . The Moroccan kaftan can be worn with a knitted or crown style kufi (/wiki/Kufi) cap. In Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) , this robe is called a gandora . Although widely worn, Moroccan kaftans are not formal attire in any West African country. Recently, some tribes have started to wear the Tanzanian kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) for informal occasions, including church services, or Friday prayers (/wiki/Friday_prayers) at the mosque. See also [ edit ] Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) - tunic worn by men in East Africa (/wiki/East_Africa) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Wolof people (/wiki/Wolof_people) Hausa people (/wiki/Hausa_people) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-sunnewsonline2_1-0) "Be a Power Dresser this Year" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100106233655/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/fashionbeauty/2007/jan/05/fashion-05-01-2007-002.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/fashionbeauty/2007/jan/05/fashion-05-01-2007-002.htm) on 2010-01-06 . Retrieved 2009-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seattletimes_2-0) Cicero, Providence (2009-02-27). "Afrikando Afrikando Dishes up Great Food with a Side of Quirkiness" (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/restaurants/2008790476_cicero27.html) . The Seattle Times . ^ (#cite_ref-Bridalzine_3-0) "African American Wedding Culture" (http://www.bridalzine.com/culture1.html) . External links [ edit ] Printed Kaftan (https://www.lovehero.co/collections/shop-all/products/printed-kaftan) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐ndbzm Cached time: 20240713180756 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.232 seconds Real time usage: 0.360 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 559/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7484/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1069/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11587/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.135/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4102918/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.227 1 -total 43.47% 136.161 1 Template:Reflist 38.85% 121.677 1 Template:Short_description 36.28% 113.647 2 Template:Cite_web 20.48% 64.146 2 Template:Pagetype 16.00% 50.121 1 Template:Fact 13.42% 42.034 4 Template:Main_other 13.20% 41.337 1 Template:Fix 12.53% 39.250 1 Template:SDcat 8.93% 27.972 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13670744-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180756 and revision id 1161612111. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegalese_kaftan&oldid=1161612111 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegalese_kaftan&oldid=1161612111) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : African clothing (/wiki/Category:African_clothing) Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2013)
This article contains paid contributions. It may require cleanup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup) to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Tapout_(clothing_brand)) . American clothing brand Tapout Inc. Company type Joint-venture (/wiki/Joint-venture) Founded 1997 ; 27 years ago ( 1997 ) Founder Charles Lewis Jr. (/wiki/Charles_Lewis_Jr.) and Dan Caldwell (/wiki/Dan_Caldwell) Headquarters Grand Terrace (/wiki/Grand_Terrace) , California (/wiki/California) , United States Area served Worldwide Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , sporting equipment accessories Owner WWE (/wiki/WWE) (50%) Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) (50%) Website tapout.com (https://tapout.com/) Tapout Inc. is an American multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) that designs and manufactures sports clothing (/wiki/Sports_clothing) , casual apparel, and accessories headquartered in Grand Terrace (/wiki/Grand_Terrace) , California (/wiki/California) . It was the largest distributor of MMA (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) merchandise in the world by 2007, and became one of the dominant brands in activewear and fitness culture. [1] (#cite_note-1) Tapout was registered in 1997 in San Bernardino County, California (/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California) , by Charles Lewis, Jr. (/wiki/Charles_Lewis,_Jr.) and Dan Caldwell (/wiki/Dan_Caldwell) . Selling the merchandise during a period where MMA solely reached a niche market, Lewis and Caldwell branded the company around the sport, distributing the merchandise in cities where the sport was prevalent. However, following the growing popularity of mixed martial arts in the United States (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts#United_States) , and its later nationwide mainstream acceptance, the company became the largest MMA-related merchandise company in the world, accruing revenues (/wiki/Revenue) of over $22.5 million in 2007. [2] (#cite_note-SI-2) In March 2015, the company was relaunched following its joint-ventured acquisition by pro-wrestling company WWE (/wiki/WWE) , and development firm Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) . [3] (#cite_note-WWE-3) The venture saw the former MMA-related brand transformed into a more general "lifestyle fitness" one. The apparel, for men and women was released in spring of 2016. Throughout 2015, WWE marketed the brand through various products, including beverages, supplements and gyms. [4] (#cite_note-sherdog-4) WWE will hold a 50% stake in the brand, and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms, hoping to give it one billion impressions (/wiki/Impression_(online_media)) a month, and attempting to rival sports-clothing giant, Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) . All employees and students of the WWE Performance Center (/wiki/WWE_Performance_Center) will also wear the clothing. [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) History [ edit ] Origins, initial success and sale [ edit ] Tapout was founded by Charles Lewis, Jr. (/wiki/Charles_Lewis,_Jr.) and Dan Caldwell (/wiki/Dan_Caldwell) in 1997 in San Bernardino (/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California) . [6] (#cite_note-pe-6) [7] (#cite_note-pe2-7) The idea for the company occurred when both men noticed the lack of mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) merchandise. [ citation needed ] Later that year, Lewis took on some new partners in, Tim Katz and Bobby Razak who founded Tapout Films and the media portion of the company. [ citation needed ] The majority of their initial sales were made at underground MMA fights, [8] (#cite_note-cnn-8) and their revenue reached about $29,000 in 1999. [7] (#cite_note-pe2-7) Lewis and Fields later began to distribute the merchandise in other cities where the then-niche sport was prevalent. However, due to the growth of popularity and acceptance of mixed martial arts in the United States in the following years, the company would continue to grow. Due to this rapid rise, Tapout was able to officially sponsor various high-profile fighters, including Rashad Evans (/wiki/Rashad_Evans) , Dan Hardy (/wiki/Dan_Hardy) , Thiago Alves (/wiki/Thiago_Alves_(fighter)) and Chael Sonnen (/wiki/Chael_Sonnen) . [4] (#cite_note-sherdog-4) [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) [8] (#cite_note-cnn-8) [9] (#cite_note-shopeatsurf-9) This rapid growth led to the company becoming the largest distributor of MMA merchandise in the world, recording revenue of about $200 million in 2009. [6] (#cite_note-pe-6) [10] (#cite_note-usatoday-10) [8] (#cite_note-cnn-8) On June 3, 2007, Lewis created and produced the reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(TV_series)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) The show followed him as he searched the United States for up-and-coming mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) fighters. It aired for two seasons on cable channel Versus (/wiki/Versus_(TV_channel)) , before being cancelled. It also gave birth to a short-lived radio show, and was the official apparel brand for The Ultimate Fighter (/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter) during its run on Spike (/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)) . [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) On March 11, 2009, Charles Lewis Jr. died in a high-speed car crash (/wiki/Charles_Lewis,_Jr.#Death) in Newport Beach (/wiki/Newport_Beach) , California (/wiki/California) . Lewis's Ferrari 360 Challenge Stradale (/wiki/Ferrari_360_Modena) collided with an unidentified 1977 Porsche before hitting a light pole. It is also presumed that the two vehicles were traveling alongside one another at high speed, with Lewis being declared dead at the scene. Lacy Lynn White, a twenty-three-year-old female occupant of Lewis's Ferrari, was ejected from the vehicle and was taken to a hospital, suffering a fractured elbow and lacerations. The driver of the Porsche, Jeffrey David Kirby of Costa Mesa, was arrested for "alcohol-related gross vehicular manslaughter". [12] (#cite_note-FOX-12) As a tribute to his contributions to UFC (/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship) , Lewis was posthumously inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame (/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship#UFC_Hall_of_Fame) at the UFC 100 (/wiki/UFC_100) Fan Expo, as well as his name being made a permanent feature on the inside of the door to the Octagon. Katz and Caldwell, as well as the fans in attendance, held a minute's silence for Lewis. Following his death, the remaining founders decided to sell Tapout, which was bought by Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) in 2010. [10] (#cite_note-usatoday-10) [6] (#cite_note-pe-6) [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) Relaunch with ABG, in conjunction with WWE [ edit ] Following ABG's absorption of Tapout, the firm looked to re-brand the company. The firm reached out to wrestling entertainment company WWE (/wiki/WWE) in attempts to form a working relationship. WWE, who deal primarily in professional wrestling, came to an agreement with ABG in March 2015 to relaunch Tapout as a joint-venture. [3] (#cite_note-WWE-3) [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) The venture saw the former MMA-related brand transformed into more general "lifestyle fitness" apparel and was released in 2014. [5] (#cite_note-variety-5) [4] (#cite_note-sherdog-4) WWE marketed the brand through various products, including beverages, supplements and gyms. [3] (#cite_note-WWE-3) [4] (#cite_note-sherdog-4) See also [ edit ] Mixed martial arts clothing (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "How Tapout has become a performance brand for everyday athletes" (https://www.mensjournal.com/gear/how-tapout-has-become-performance-brand-everyday-athletes/) . Men's Journal . 2010-01-10 . Retrieved 2020-07-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-SI_2-0) Nicki Jhabvala (July 30, 2008). "Q&A with 'Mask' from Tapout" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120508150246/https://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/nicki_jhabvala/07/30/tapout/) . Sports Illustrated . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived from the original (https://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/nicki_jhabvala/07/30/tapout/) on May 8, 2012 . Retrieved 2009-03-12 . ^ a b c "ABG and WWE launch TapouT joint venture" (https://www.wwe.com/inside/abg-wwe-tapout) . WWE (/wiki/WWE) . March 19, 2015 . Retrieved January 14, 2022 . ^ a b c d "WWE Relaunching Prominent MMA Brand Tapout as 'Lifestyle Fitness Brand' (https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/WWE-Relaunching-Prominent-MMA-Brand-Tapout-as-Lifestyle-Fitness-Brand-83841) " (https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/WWE-Relaunching-Prominent-MMA-Brand-Tapout-as-Lifestyle-Fitness-Brand-83841) . Sherdog . ^ a b c d e f Marc Graser (25 March 2015). "WWE to Relaunch Tapout Clothing Brand in New Joint Venture" (https://variety.com/2015/biz/news/wwe-to-relaunch-tapout-clothing-brand-in-new-joint-venture-1201455693/) . Variety . ^ a b c Tiffany Ray (September 10, 2010). "Mixed martial arts brand TapouT sold to a Toronto company" (https://www.pe.com/2010/09/10/mixed-martial-arts-brand-tapout-sold-to-a-toronto-company/amp/) . www.pe.com . Retrieved January 14, 2022 . ^ a b Hirsh, Lou (July 6, 2008). "Success turns Inland apparel company Tapout into a force in the world of mixed martial arts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021628/https://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_tapout07.35197bd.html) . The Press-Enterprise . Archived from the original (http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_tapout07.35197bd.html) on April 14, 2010 . Retrieved August 17, 2008 . ^ a b c Michal Lev-Ram (August 18, 2010). "A $200 million headlock on mixed martial arts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170121132811/https://money.cnn.com/2010/08/18/smallbusiness/tapout/) . CNN. Archived from the original (https://money.cnn.com/2010/08/18/smallbusiness/tapout/) on January 21, 2017 . Retrieved August 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-shopeatsurf_9-0) "Tapout and Silver Star acquired" (https://shop-eat-surf.com/2013/05/2010-09-tapout-and-silver-star-acquired/) . May 13, 2013 . Retrieved January 14, 2022 . ^ a b Steven Marrocco (October 4, 2010). "TapouT co-founder Gary Fields says new partner could take brand to "Nike Levels" (https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2010/10/tapout-co-founder-Gary-Fields-says-new-partner-could-take-brand-to-nike-levels) " (https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2010/10/tapout-co-founder-Gary-Fields-says-new-partner-could-take-brand-to-nike-levels) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved January 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) TapouT (Reality-TV), Charles 'Mask' Lewis Jr, Dan Caldwell, Ed McKeever, 2007-06-02 , retrieved 2023-07-26 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-FOX_12-0) "TapouT Founder Killed in SoCal Ferrari Crash" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130622012347/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/12/tapout-founder-killed-in-socal-ferrari-crash/) . Fox News Channel (/wiki/Fox_News_Channel) . March 12, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/12/tapout-founder-killed-in-socal-ferrari-crash/) on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . 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Fashion designer Lesley Hampton Born St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador) Nationality Temagami First Nation (/wiki/Temagami_First_Nation) , Canadian [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Education University of Toronto (/wiki/University_of_Toronto) , George Brown College (/wiki/George_Brown_College) Known for fashion design Lesley Hampton is a First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) from Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Early life [ edit ] Hampton was born in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador) , but also lived in Calgary (/wiki/Calgary) , Yellowknife (/wiki/Yellowknife) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , and Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) during her youth. She is part of the Temagami First Nation (/wiki/Temagami_First_Nation) [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) and has Anishinaabe (/wiki/Anishinaabe) , Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_people) and Scottish ancestry. She studied art at the University of Toronto (/wiki/University_of_Toronto) , and fashion at George Brown College (/wiki/George_Brown_College) . [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Hampton began her fashion career in 2016, when she was 22 years old and still in school. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Career [ edit ] Her first collection was created in her first semester of college, and was shown at Vancouver Fashion Week (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) , followed by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Runway. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) The next year, her fall/winter showcase featured Adrianne Haslet, who lost her leg in the Boston Marathon bombing (/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing) , as well as five plus-sized women and one woman with albinism (/wiki/Albinism) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) In 2019, Hampton became the first designer in over a decade to feature a cast of all Indigenous models during Toronto Fashion Week (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Hampton also designed a dress that was worn by Mrs. Universe (/wiki/Mrs._Universe) winner Ashley Callingbull-Burnham (/wiki/Ashley_Callingbull-Burnham) in 2019 to raise awareness of Missing and murdered Indigenous women (/wiki/Missing_and_murdered_Indigenous_women) . It was both praised and critiqued in the media, and she later archived images of the dress off of her website. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) In June 2022, one of Hampton's collections was featured at the Indigenous Fashion Arts Festival in Toronto. [5] (#cite_note-5) She has also taken part in London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and the Santa Fe Indian Market (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Indian_Market) . [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) Her designs have been worn by Elaine Lui (/wiki/Elaine_Lui) , Devery Jacobs (/wiki/Devery_Jacobs) and Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) . [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Hampton started her own scholarship, a $10,0000 award for an Indigenous student with a passion for arts and culture and ties to Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) land. [9] (#cite_note-9) She appeared as a guest judge in an episode of the third season (/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race_season_3) of Canada's Drag Race (/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race) , which aired in summer 2022. [10] (#cite_note-10) Awards and Accolades [ edit ] Hampton was nominated for an Ontario Premier's Award in 2018, and was the recipient of the George Brown College Alumni Entrepreneur of the Year Award that same year. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2019, Hampton was included in Toronto Life (/wiki/Toronto_Life) magazine's 50 Most Influential Torontonians. [12] (#cite_note-12) Hampton was the First Nation youth winner of the 2021 Indspire Awards (/wiki/Indspire_Awards) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) She is also the recipient of the Fashion Impact Award from the Canadian Arts and Fashion Awards (/wiki/Canadian_Arts_and_Fashion_Awards) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Szklarski, Casandra (2019-02-05). "Lesley Hampton taps into Indigenous heritage for Toronto Fashion Week debut" (https://nationalpost.com/pmn/life-pmn/lesley-hampton-taps-into-indigenous-heritage-for-toronto-fashion-week-debut) . National Post . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ a b c Shannon, Michaella (June 22, 2021). "Lesley Hampton on Indigenous inclusion and opening doors by way of fashion" (https://www.cbc.ca/life/style/lesley-hampton-on-indigenous-inclusion-and-opening-doors-by-way-of-fashion-1.6075201) . CBC News . Retrieved June 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Simonpillai, Radheyan (2021-10-07). "Lesley Hampton makes Indigenous fashion that anyone can wear" (https://nowtoronto.com/culture/lesley-hampton-makes-indigenous-fashion-that-anyone-can-wear) . NOW Magazine . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Braun, Jennifer. "Designer Lesley Hampton Cast Only Indigenous Models For Toronto Fashion Week" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2019/02/223341/lesley-hampton-toronto-fashion-week-first-nations-models) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Parker, Odessa Paloma (2022-06-14). "Moments from the Indigenous Fashion Arts Festival" (https://fashionmagazine.com/style/indigenous-fashion-arts-festival-2022/) . Fashion Magazine . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ a b Johnson, Rhiannon (January 8, 2020). "Anishinaabe Mohawk designer's gown turns heads at Golden Globes" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/lesley-hampton-golden-globes-gown-1.5419169) . CBC News . Retrieved June 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lainey (2021-02-05). "Outfit of the Week: Lizzo in Lesley Hampton" (http://www.laineygossip.com/outfit-of-week-lizzo-in-lesley-hampton/68001) . www.laineygossip.com . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Armstrong, Elise (2021-10-22). " (https://www.etalk.ca/celebrity/reservation-dogs-star-devery-jacobs-fashion-is-our-new-obsession.html) 'Reservation Dogs' star Devery Jacobs' fashion is our new obsession" (https://www.etalk.ca/celebrity/reservation-dogs-star-devery-jacobs-fashion-is-our-new-obsession.html) . etalk . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Candelario, Chelsea (2021-10-21). "20 Indigenous-Owned Fashion and Beauty Brands You Need to Know" (https://www.purewow.com/fashion/indigenous-owned-fashion-beauty-brands) . PureWow . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nolfi, Joey (June 29, 2022). "Brooke Lynn Hytes reunites with Werk Room crush Miss Vanjie on Canada's Drag Race season 3" (https://ew.com/tv/brooke-lynn-hytes-vanjie-reunion-canadas-drag-race-season-3-guest-judges/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved July 12, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Byrne, Nikki (2021-08-11). "Lesley Hampton \| Fashion Takes Action" (https://fashiontakesaction.com/speaker/lesley-hampton/) . fashiontakesaction.com . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The 50 Most Influential Torontonians of 2019" (https://torontolife.com/city/the-50-most-influential-torontonians-of-2019/) . Toronto Life . 2019-11-21 . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "A Conversation With Lesley Hampton" (https://thekit.ca/fashion/fashion-designers/lesley-hampton-2/) . The Kit . 2021-07-13 . Retrieved 2022-06-17 . 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Isaac Magnin Born Isaac Moeijen 1842 ( 1842 ) Assen (/wiki/Assen) or Groningen (/wiki/Groningen) , the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Died January 27, 1907 (1907-01-27) (aged 65) San Francisco, California, U.S. Resting place Hills of Eternity Memorial Park, Colma, California, US Nationality American Spouse Mary Ann Cohen (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Magnin) Relatives Edgar Magnin (/wiki/Edgar_Magnin) (grandson) Cyril Magnin (/wiki/Cyril_Magnin) (grandson) Mae Brussell (/wiki/Mae_Brussell) (great granddaughter) Isaac Magnin (1842–1907) was a Dutch-born American businessperson, carver (/wiki/Carving) and gilder (/wiki/Gilding) . He was the co-founder of I. Magnin (/wiki/I._Magnin) , an upscale women's clothing store in San Francisco, California. Early life [ edit ] Isaac Magnin (or Moeijen) was born into a Jewish family in Assen (/wiki/Assen) or Groningen (/wiki/Groningen) , the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) in 1842. [1] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-1) [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) [3] (#cite_note-jamesdavidhart-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) His father was from Russia and his mother, Dutch-born. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) He moved to the United States with his parents when he was eight years old. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) [3] (#cite_note-jamesdavidhart-3) Career [ edit ] He worked as a businessman in Texas (/wiki/Texas) and New Mexico (/wiki/New_Mexico) . [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) During the American Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) of 1861–1865, he served in the Union Army (/wiki/Union_Army) . [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) He then worked as a pushcart peddler in New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , Louisiana. [5] (#cite_note-harrietrochlin-5) Next, he moved to London, where he established an arts goods store. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) [5] (#cite_note-harrietrochlin-5) A decade later, in 1876, he set sail for San Francisco via Cape Horn (/wiki/Cape_Horn) , with his wife and children. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) [5] (#cite_note-harrietrochlin-5) There, he worked as a frame carver and gilder for Solomon Gump, an art and antique dealer and owner of Gump's (/wiki/Gump%27s) . [5] (#cite_note-harrietrochlin-5) By 1880, he was listed in the census as the keeper of a fancy bazaar. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) With his wife, he was also the co-founder of I. Magnin (/wiki/I._Magnin) , an upscale women's clothing store in San Francisco. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) He was interested in socialism (/wiki/Socialism) . [5] (#cite_note-harrietrochlin-5) Personal life [ edit ] He married Mary Ann Cohen (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Magnin) on October 8, 1865, at the Great Synagogue of London (/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_London) . [1] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-1) [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) They had eight children: Samuel, Henrietta, Joseph, Emanuel John, Victor, Lucille, Flora, and Grover. [1] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) They attended the Temple Emanu-El (/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_(San_Francisco)) in San Francisco. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) He was a freemason (/wiki/Freemasonry) , having joined in London and gone up the ranks in California. [2] (#cite_note-robertp-2) Magnin lived at 1478–1482 Page Street, San Francisco, and his two daughters lived in the attached unit, the building was designed by Newsom and Newsom (/wiki/Samuel_Newsom) . [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) Death [ edit ] He died on January 27, 1907, in San Francisco, California. [1] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-1) He is buried at Hills of Eternity Memorial Park (/wiki/Hills_of_Eternity_Memorial_Park) in Colma, California. References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Kahn, Ava F.. "Mary Ann Cohen Magnin." (https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/magnin-mary-ann-cohen) Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. March 1, 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on December 7, 2014) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Robert P. Swierenga, The Forerunners: Dutch Jewry in the North American Diaspora (//archive.org/details/forerunnersdutch00swie/page/311/mode/2up) , Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1994, pp. 309–312 [1] (https://archive.org/details/forerunnersdutch00swie/page/311) ^ a b James David Hart, A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations , Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987, p. 299 [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=nQpvbaeJQCYC&pg=PA299) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Western Jewry: An Account of the Achievements of the Jews and Judaism in California : Including Eulogies and Biographies. The Jews in California . Henry Hollander. December 31, 1916. pp. 125–126. ^ a b c d e Harriet Rochlin, Fred Rochlin, Pioneer Jews: A New Life in the Far West (https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwqwB3952QC&pg=PA176) , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000 , pp. 176–177 [3] (https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwqwB3952QC&pg=PA176) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Abrams, Jeanne E. (2006). Jewish Women Pioneering the Frontier Trail: A History in the American West . NYU Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8147-0720-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_7-0) Weinstein, Dave (2006). Signature Architects of the San Francisco Bay Area . Gibbs Smith. pp. 11–18. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58685-751-6 . 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British fashion designer Paul Surridge is a British fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) and art director (/wiki/Art_director) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-Paton-2) Early life [ edit ] Surridge was born on 18 June 1974 in Hertfordshire (/wiki/Hertfordshire) , England. He was interested in architecture and photography until he discovered fashion on a television program called The Clothes Show (/wiki/The_Clothes_Show) . [3] (#cite_note-3) He studied at the Central Saint Martins College of Art (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) in London where he obtained bachelor's degrees in fashion design and marketing in 1997. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [4] (#cite_note-Paul_Surridge-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Career [ edit ] After graduating, Surridge became an assistant of Neil Barrett (/wiki/Neil_Barrett_(fashion_designer)) , a menswear designer at Prada (/wiki/Prada) , and he helped Barrett create Prada's first menswear series. Shortly after, Surridge was employed by Ruffo, serving as the designer and creative consultant (/wiki/Creative_consultant) of womenswear and menswear series. After that, he was invited to New York (/wiki/New_York_City) by Jigsaw and Bailey Menswear to work as a consultant. After his move to New York, Surridge quickly became the design director of Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) menswear. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) He returned to Europe in early 2001 and continued to serve as a creative director for Ruffo. The designer then collaborated with Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) , acting as a creative advisor for the menswear collections. In 2003, he started a stint at Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , working as senior designer of menswear along with Christopher Bailey (/wiki/Christopher_Bailey_(fashion_designer)) , until 2008. He became head menswear designer at Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) while it was under Raf Simons (/wiki/Raf_Simons) , and between 2011 and 2014 was made creative director at Z Zegna. (/wiki/Zegna) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [6] (#cite_note-Gonzales-6) [4] (#cite_note-Paul_Surridge-4) [7] (#cite_note-Nast-7) [8] (#cite_note-yahoo.com-8) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) On 10 May 2017, Surridge replaced Peter Dundas as the head of design at Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) . [6] (#cite_note-Gonzales-6) [8] (#cite_note-yahoo.com-8) [2] (#cite_note-Paton-2) [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) He made his debut at Cavalli showing his first collection for Spring/Summer 2018, which received critical acclaim. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) During his tenure, Surridge was responsible for the Roberto Cavalli little sister line, Just Cavalli (/wiki/Just_Cavalli) , as well as a children's collection. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) In March 2019, the designer announced on his personal Instagram account that he was to leave Cavalli. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [7] (#cite_note-Nast-7) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Collections [23] (#cite_note-23) [ edit ] Z Zegna Fall/Winter 2012 Collection [24] (#cite_note-24) Z Zegna Spring/Summer 2013 Collection [25] (#cite_note-25) Z Zegna Fall/Winter 2013 Collection [26] (#cite_note-26) Z Zegna Spring/Summer 2014 Collection [27] (#cite_note-27) Z Zegna Fall/Winter 2014 Collection [28] (#cite_note-28) Z Zegna Menswear Spring/Summer 2015 Menswear Collection [29] (#cite_note-29) Roberto Cavalli Spring/Summer 2018 Womenswear Collection [30] (#cite_note-30) Roberto Cavalli Autumn/Winter 2018 Womenswear Collection [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Roberto Cavalli Fall 2018 Collection [34] (#cite_note-34) Roberto Cavalli Spring/Summer 2019 Womenswear Collection [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) Roberto Cavalli Spring/Summer 2019 Menswear Collection [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e "Milan Fashion Week: How Paul Surridge took the reins of Cavalli" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-43017930) . BBC News . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ a b Paton, Elizabeth (20 September 2017). "10 Things to Know About Roberto Cavalli's New Creative Director" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/fashion/milan-fashion-week-paul-surridge-roberto-cavalli.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lai, Rosana (18 December 2018). "5 Minutes With Paul Surridge, Creative Director of Roberto Cavalli" (https://hk.asiatatler.com/style/5-minutes-with-paul-surridge-creative-director-of-roberto-cavalli) . Tatler Hong Kong . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ a b "Paul Surridge" (https://fashionelite.com/profile/paul-surridge/) . Fashion Elite . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ a b "Who Is Paul Surridge? Get the 101 on the New Roberto Cavalli Designer" (https://www.vogue.com/article/roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-interview) . Vogue . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ a b Gonzales, Erica (10 May 2017). "Roberto Cavalli Announces New Creative Director" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a9630742/roberto-cavalli-peter-surridge-creative-director/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ a b "Paul Surridge announces his exit from Roberto Cavalli" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/paul-surridge-announces-his-exit-from-roberto-cavalli-creative-director) . Vogue Paris (in French) . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ a b "Paul Surridge named new creative director at Roberto Cavalli" (https://www.yahoo.com/news/paul-surridge-named-creative-director-roberto-cavalli-130716724.html) . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ a b "Paul Surridge, le nouveau visage de Roberto Cavalli" (https://www.lefigaro.fr/mode-homme/2018/06/16/30007-20180616ARTFIG00001-paul-surridge-le-nouveau-visage-de-roberto-cavalli.php) . LEFIGARO (in French) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mode à Milan: classique et chic chez Ferragamo, ethnique pour Cavalli" (https://www.france24.com/fr/20180922-mode-a-milan-classique-chic-ferragamo-ethnique-cavalli) . France 24 (in French). 22 September 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Morpurgo, Dani (12 November 2018). "Paul Surridge is Transforming the Roberto Cavalli Codes" (https://www.gpsradar.com/blog/industry/paul-surridge-transforming-the-roberto-cavalli-codes/) . GPS Radar . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Can UK designer Paul Surridge save Roberto Cavalli's leopard prints?" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/feb/23/can-uk-designer-paul-surridge-save-roberto-cavallis-leopard-prints) . The Guardian . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Milan fashion week: UK designers look back to move forward" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/feb/23/milan-fashion-week-paul-andrew-surridge-salvatore-ferragamo-roberto-cavalli) . The Guardian . 23 February 2019 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Paul Surridge Is Out at Roberto Cavalli. What's Next for the Italian Brand?" (https://www.vogue.com/article/roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-exit) . Vogue . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Nurick, Jen (1 April 2019). "Creative director Paul Surridge confirms his departure from Roberto Cavalli" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/creative-director-paul-surridge-reportedly-leaving-roberto-cavalli/news-story/d501ec484a41098b0dac57a7013061d0) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Commins, Leanna. "Paul Surridge Announces His Departure from Roberto Cavalli" (https://fashionista.com/2019/03/paul-surridge-leaves-roberto-cavalli) . Fashionista . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Category: Fashion News" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/category/news/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Paul Surridge Is Out at Roberto Cavalli. What's Next for the Italian Brand?" (https://www.vogue.com/article/roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-exit) . Vogue . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Commins, Leanna. "Paul Surridge Announces His Departure from Roberto Cavalli" (https://fashionista.com/2019/03/paul-surridge-leaves-roberto-cavalli) . Fashionista . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) FR, FashionNetwork com. "Roberto Cavalli : Paul Surridge s'en va" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-s-en-va,1081295.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in French) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Zargani, Luisa (25 March 2019). "Paul Surridge Confirms Exit From Roberto Cavalli" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/paul-surridge-confirms-exit-from-roberto-cavalli-1203091380/) . WWD . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Cavalli's creative director Paul Surridge quits" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cavalli-surridge-idUSKCN1R61K4) . Reuters . 25 March 2019 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Paul Surridge - Designer" (https://models.com/people/Paul-Surridge) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Z Zegna Fall/Winter 2012 \| Milan Fashion Week" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/z-zegna-fallwinter-2012-milan-fashion-week/) . The Fashionisto . 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Z Zegna Spring/Summer 2013 \| Milan Fashion Week" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/z-zegna-springsummer-2013-milan-fashion-week/) . The Fashionisto . 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Arthur Gosse Poses for Z Zegna's Fall/Winter 2013 Catalogue" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/arthur-gosse-poses-for-z-zegnas-fallwinter-2013-catalogue/) . The Fashionisto . 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Z Zegna Spring/Summer 2014 \| Milan Fashion Week" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/z-zegna-springsummer-2014-milan-fashion-week/) . The Fashionisto . 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Z Zegna Fall/Winter 2014 \| Milan Fashion Week" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/z-zegna-fallwinter-2014-milan-fashion-week/) . The Fashionisto . 14 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Z Zegna Menswear Spring/Summer 2015 \| Pitti Uomo" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/z-zegna-menswear-springsummer-2015-pitti-uomo/) . The Fashionisto . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Winterford, Abigail Jane. "MFW SS18: Roberto Cavalli – The Glass Magazine" (https://www.theglassmagazine.com/mfw-ss18-roberto-cavalli/) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Roberto Cavalli AW18 review: modern glamour, Milan style" (https://www.ft.com/content/b691f5a8-18b2-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Roberto Cavalli A/W 19 Womenswear \| SHOWstudio" (https://www.showstudio.com/collections/autumn-winter-2019/roberto_cavalli_milan_womenswear_a_w_19) . www.showstudio.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Halford, Tom. "MFW AW18: Roberto Cavalli – The Glass Magazine" (https://www.theglassmagazine.com/mfw-aw18-roberto-cavalli/) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Roberto Cavalli Channels Western Style for Fall '18 Collection" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/collection/roberto-cavalli-fall-2018-mens-runway/) . The Fashionisto . 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Roberto Cavalli S/S 19 Womenswear \| SHOWstudio" (https://www.showstudio.com/collections/spring-summer-2019/roberto_cavalli_milan_womenswear_s_s_19) . www.showstudio.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Kuznietsova, Olga. "MFW SS19: Roberto Cavalli – The Glass Magazine" (https://www.theglassmagazine.com/mfw-ss19-roberto-cavalli/) . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Paul Surridge Brings Fresh Energy to Roberto Cavalli with Spring '19 Collection" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/collection/roberto-cavalli-spring-2019-mens-runway/) . The Fashionisto . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Show Report: Roberto Cavalli S/S 19 Menswear \| SHOWstudio" (https://www.showstudio.com/collections/spring-summer-2019/roberto_cavalli_pitti_menswear_s_s_19/georgina_evans_reports_on_the_roberto_cavalli_show) . www.showstudio.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Roberto Cavalli Spring 2019" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion-week/roberto-cavalli-spring-2019) . www.lofficielusa.com . 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . 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Fashion journalist Charlie Porter Born 1973 [1] (#cite_note-1) United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Occupation(s) Fashion journalist, editor, blogger. Years active 1996–present Website charlieporter.net (http://charlieporter.net) Charlie Porter is a British fashion journalist. As he could not afford to study fashion journalism at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , Porter became a researcher for The Daily Express (/wiki/The_Daily_Express) in the mid-1990s. [2] (#cite_note-bradford25-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) He eventually became an arts reporter, as commissioning editor for The Times (/wiki/The_Times) and arts editor for Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . [2] (#cite_note-bradford25-2) His first fashion-related post was as deputy fashion editor for The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) in 2000. [2] (#cite_note-bradford25-2) [4] (#cite_note-aravin-4) Following this, Porter became an associate editor for GQ (/wiki/GQ) and deputy editor for the Amsterdam-based magazine Fantastic Man (/wiki/Fantastic_Man_(magazine)) . [2] (#cite_note-bradford25-2) By 2012, Porter had become a freelance journalist and also dedicated himself to fashion blogging. [5] (#cite_note-bradford121-5) As of 2014, Porter writes for The Financial Times (/wiki/The_Financial_Times) as their menswear critic. [2] (#cite_note-bradford25-2) He has also contributed to i-D (/wiki/I-D) . [6] (#cite_note-6) He has been described as one of the most influential fashion journalists of his time. [7] (#cite_note-liv-7) As a representative of The Guardian and GQ , Porter was the journalist invited to choose the most representative looks for 2005 for the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) 's Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) collection. He chose a man's suit by Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) and a green faille dress by Alber Elbaz (/wiki/Alber_Elbaz) for Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) He is openly gay. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Porter, Charlie (17 August 2012). "At the age of 37, you needn't start dressing like Jrmy Clrksn" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/17/men-fashion-lost-interest-37) . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . I am 38. ^ a b c d e Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism . Routledge. p. 25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136475368 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dembinska, Natalie (3 August 2011). "Charlie Porter - The Men" (http://www.10magazine.com/news/charlie-porter-the-men) . 10 Magazine . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-aravin_4-0) Sandran, Aravin (13 September 2015). "Conversations with a Critic: Charlie Porter" (http://1granary.com/interviews/charlie-porter/) . 1 Granary . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-bradford121_5-0) Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism . Routledge. p. 121. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136475368 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Style Mixtape: Charlie Porter" (http://www.clashmusic.com/fashion/style-mixtape-charlie-porter) . Clash Magazine . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-liv_7-0) Siddall, Liv (11 August 2012). "Bookshelf: Fashion's favourite blogger Charlie Porter on Snoopy, Ulysses, and the science of the suit..." (http://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/bookshelf-charlie-porter) It's Nice That . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Porter, Charlie (3 December 2005). "Top of the frocks" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/dec/03/fashion.shopping1) . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) AnOther (17 August 2023). "Charlie Porter on the Joys of Writing in His East London Home" (https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/15056/charlie-porter-bring-no-clothes-east-london-home) . AnOther . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/4704163464188305680002) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1243286989) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0274500&CON_LNG=ENG) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Perfume by Christian Dior Dune Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)) Released 1991 Label Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) Flanker(s) (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) Dune pour Homme (/wiki/Dune_pour_Homme) , 1997 Website Dune at Dior.com (http://www.dior.com/beauty/gbr/en/women_fragrance_and_men_fragrance_by_christian_dio/women-fragrance/dune/ldunefpl.html) Dune is a perfume for women by Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) , introduced in 1991. [1] (#cite_note-NY_Times_-_9_November_1991_-_Fighting_to_Get_on_the_Perfume_Shelf-1) It was created by perfumers (/wiki/Perfumer) Jean-Louis Sieuzac (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Sieuzac&action=edit&redlink=1) and Maurice Roger (/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Roger&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-NY_Times_-_13_July_2006_-_Is_a_Scent_Like_a_Song?_Oui_and_Non-2) Some controversy about the perfume ensued when another perfumer claimed that she was the owner of the intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) of the fragrance, a matter that came to trial at the French Cour de cassation (/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)) . [2] (#cite_note-NY_Times_-_13_July_2006_-_Is_a_Scent_Like_a_Song?_Oui_and_Non-2) Dune is described as an homage to Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's birthplace Granville (/wiki/Granville,_Manche) , "where sea meets land". [3] (#cite_note-dior.com_-_Discover_Dune-3) Dior released a spin-off (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) fragrance for men, "Dune pour Homme", in 1997. [4] (#cite_note-dior.com_-_Dune_pour_Homme-4) It was created by perfumer Jean-Pierre Bethouart (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bethouart&action=edit&redlink=1) . [5] (#cite_note-Salzburger_Nachrichten_-_3_March_2008_-_Glücksduft,_unisex-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-NY_Times_-_9_November_1991_-_Fighting_to_Get_on_the_Perfume_Shelf_1-0) "Fighting to Get on the Perfume Shelf" (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/business/fighting-to-get-on-the-perfume-shelf.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 9 November 1991 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ a b "Is a Scent Like a Song? Oui and Non" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/fashion/thursdaystyles/13skin.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-dior.com_-_Discover_Dune_3-0) "Discover Dune" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019234651/http://www.dior.com/beauty/gbr/en/women_fragrance_and_men_fragrance_by_christian_dio/women-fragrance/dune/lvmhdiscoveritem_50_20/tdd50-20.html) . dior.com . Christian Dior S.A. (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) Archived from the original (http://www.dior.com/beauty/gbr/en/women_fragrance_and_men_fragrance_by_christian_dio/women-fragrance/dune/lvmhdiscoveritem_50_20/tdd50-20.html) on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-dior.com_-_Dune_pour_Homme_4-0) "Dune pour Homme" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030038/http://www.dior.com/beauty/int/en/fragrance/menfragrance/dune_homme/ldunepourhommefpl.html) . dior.com . Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) . Archived from the original (http://www.dior.com/beauty/int/en/fragrance/menfragrance/dune_homme/ldunepourhommefpl.html) on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Salzburger_Nachrichten_-_3_March_2008_-_Glücksduft,_unisex_5-0) "Glücksduft, unisex" (http://www.salzburg.com/sn/wochenschau/artikel/3092124.html) . Salzburger Nachrichten (/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten) (in German). 3 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . External links [ edit ] Dune (http://www.basenotes.net/products/dune) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122730/http://www.basenotes.net/products/dune) 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) Dune pour Homme (http://www.basenotes.net/products/dune-pour-homme) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232043/http://www.basenotes.net/products/dune-pour-homme) 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) v t e Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) pour femme Miss Dior (/wiki/Miss_Dior) (1947) Diorissimo (/wiki/Diorissimo) (1956) Diorling (/wiki/Diorling) (1963) Diorella (/wiki/Diorella) (1972) Dior Dior (/w/index.php?title=Dior_Dior&action=edit&redlink=1) (1976) Poison (/wiki/Poison_(perfume)) (1985) Dune (1991) J'Adore (/wiki/J%27Adore_(fragrance)) (1999) Miss Dior Chérie (/wiki/Miss_Dior_Ch%C3%A9rie) (2005) pour homme Eau Sauvage (/wiki/Eau_Sauvage) (1966) Fahrenheit (/wiki/Fahrenheit_(perfume)) (1988) Dune pour Homme (/wiki/Dune_pour_Homme) (1997) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7ff7499668‐d2gkb Cached time: 20240716085813 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.306 seconds Real time usage: 0.391 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 655/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18452/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 660/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30146/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3996825/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 365.176 1 -total 34.90% 127.452 1 Template:Reflist 26.70% 97.511 3 Template:Cite_news 25.01% 91.330 1 Template:Short_description 24.61% 89.853 1 Template:Parfums_Christian_Dior 24.12% 88.077 1 Template:Navbox 12.84% 46.902 2 Template:Pagetype 11.67% 42.625 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 10.96% 40.038 1 Template:Infobox 7.92% 28.913 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40828191-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716085813 and revision id 1234818660. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dune_(perfume)&oldid=1234818660 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dune_(perfume)&oldid=1234818660) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dior perfumes (/wiki/Category:Dior_perfumes) 20th-century perfumes (/wiki/Category:20th-century_perfumes) Products introduced in 1991 (/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_1991) 1991 in France (/wiki/Category:1991_in_France) Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
Indian American fashion designer (1974–2022) Radhika Khanna Khanna in 2016 Born ( 1974-03-23 ) March 23, 1974 Amritsar (/wiki/Amritsar) , India Died February 28, 2022 (2022-02-28) (aged 47) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Nationality American Education Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) Known for Fashion designer Relatives Vikas Khanna (/wiki/Vikas_Khanna) (brother) Website www (http://www.radhikakhanna.com) .radhikakhanna (http://www.radhikakhanna.com) .com (http://www.radhikakhanna.com) Radhika Khanna (March 23, 1974 – February 28, 2022) was an Indian-born American fashion designer, [1] (#cite_note-1) entrepreneur and author. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Khanna is the author of Yoga: From the Ganges to Wall Street . Early life [ edit ] Khanna was born and raised in Amritsar (/wiki/Amritsar) , India. She was the daughter of Bindu and Davinder Khanna. [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] In 1999 Khanna moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) from Amritsar (/wiki/Amritsar) , to study at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . While studying full-time, she worked in restaurants in Manhattan to support herself and her education. [6] (#cite_note-6) After graduating from FIT, she interned with Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , before starting her own clothing company, Estilo Inc. in 2005. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Khanna designed outfits for the U.S television show Kitchen Nightmares (/wiki/Kitchen_Nightmares) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Personal life [ edit ] Khanna lived in Midtown Manhattan (/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) . She was an active participant in the national campaign to find a cure for lupus (/wiki/Lupus) , [12] (#cite_note-12) through the Lupus Foundation of America. [13] (#cite_note-13) She was also a Yoga (/wiki/Yoga) expert and has promoted Yoga at the Lupus Foundation of America. [14] (#cite_note-14) Khanna died from multiple organ failure in New York City, on February 28, 2022, at the age of 47. She suffered from lupus (/wiki/Lupus) , kidney failure (/wiki/Kidney_failure) , and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (/wiki/Atypical_hemolytic_uremic_syndrome) in the last years of her life. [15] (#cite_note-15) Bibliography [ edit ] Pose: Yoga for working professionals [16] (#cite_note-16) Yoga: From the Ganges to Wall Street [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Standout: Yoga and self-defence: A complete guide to self-confidence for teenage girls [19] (#cite_note-19) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pose:Fashion designer makes yoga easy" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-blackmore-Dobbyn/pose-fashion-designer_b_2924729.html) . Huffington Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140830211835/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-blackmore-Dobbyn/pose-fashion-designer_b_2924729.html) from the original on 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Radhika Khanna: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle" (https://www.amazon.com/Radhika-Khanna/e/B00JEUR4CO/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1) . Amazon.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125813/http://www.amazon.com/Radhika-Khanna/e/B00JEUR4CO/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pose perfect" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103010/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar/pose-perfect/article1-1021898.aspx) . Hindustan Times. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar/pose-perfect/article1-1021898.aspx) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "12 experts on weight loss with yoga" (http://www.healthbeckon.com/how-to-do-yoga-for-weight-loss/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085258/http://www.healthbeckon.com/how-to-do-yoga-for-weight-loss/) from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Radhika Khanna's latest creation" (http://vikaskhannagroup.blogspot.com/2013/03/radhika-khannas-latest-creation.html) . 14 March 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140905044250/http://vikaskhannagroup.blogspot.com/2013/03/radhika-khannas-latest-creation.html) from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fabricant, Florence (11 July 2001). "Can't say sandwich in Hindi" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/11/dining/food-stuff-can-t-say-sandwich-in-hindi-just-order-paneer-on-paratha.html) . New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151312/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/11/dining/food-stuff-can-t-say-sandwich-in-hindi-just-order-paneer-on-paratha.html) from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "24/7 Talk is Cheap - The Blog » Pose: Radhika Khanna's 1 Minute Yoga Anywhere, Anytime" (http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/24_7_talkischeap/pose-radhika-khannas-1-minute-yoga-anywhere-anytime/html) . Lassi With Lavina. 26 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090454/http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/24_7_talkischeap/pose-radhika-khannas-1-minute-yoga-anywhere-anytime/html) from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion with a purpose" (http://cisspdumps.com/fashion-with-a-purpose/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140820111916/http://cisspdumps.com/fashion-with-a-purpose/) from the original on 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Gordon Ramsey's "Kitchen Nightmares" Relaunches Indian Restaurant With "Fashion and Style on The Streets Of Manhattan" By Fashion Designer Radhika Khanna - Jainnie Smith - Blog" (http://www.becomegorgeous.com/blogs/jainnie-smith/gordon-ramseys-kitchen-nightmares-relaunches-indian-restaurant-with-fashion-and-style-on-the-streets-of-manhattan-by-fashion-designer-radhika-khanna-P12311) . Becomegorgeous.com. 12 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084427/http://www.becomegorgeous.com/blogs/jainnie-smith/gordon-ramseys-kitchen-nightmares-relaunches-indian-restaurant-with-fashion-and-style-on-the-streets-of-manhattan-by-fashion-designer-radhika-khanna-P12311) from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "MillionObama Campaign Merch Raked In $40 Million" (http://cisspdumps.com/millionobama-campaign-merch-raked-in-40-million/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140904075903/http://cisspdumps.com/millionobama-campaign-merch-raked-in-40-million/) from the original on 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "China-Through the looking glass" (http://www.theclothesmaiden.com/china-through-the-looking-glass-exhibition-metropolitan-museum-of-art/) . The clothes maiden. 2 August 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150805160842/http://www.theclothesmaiden.com/china-through-the-looking-glass-exhibition-metropolitan-museum-of-art/) from the original on 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "curing and healing with yoga" (http://rescuegirl.blogspot.com/2013/04/lady-gaga-has-lupus.html) . rescue girl . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094812/http://rescuegirl.blogspot.com/2013/04/lady-gaga-has-lupus.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Q&A with Radhika Khanna" (http://www.ginyoton.com/q-a-with-radhika-khanna.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133841/http://www.ginyoton.com/q-a-with-radhika-khanna.html) from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Cunningham, Bill (23 October 2015). "A monumental celebration" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/25/fashion/20151025-bill-cunningham-evening-hours.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220303211612/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/25/fashion/20151025-bill-cunningham-evening-hours.html?_r=0&mtrref=undefined&gwh=692F55255E8AFF8BF96573AA19AED958&gwt=pay&assetType=PAYWALL) from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Michelin star chef Vikas Khanna's sister passes away at 48 due to multiple organ failure" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/michelin-star-chef-vikas-khannas-sister-passes-away-at-48-due-to-multiple-organ-failure/articleshow/89916203.cms) . The Economic Times. 1 March 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220303211601/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/michelin-star-chef-vikas-khannas-sister-passes-away-at-48-due-to-multiple-organ-failure/articleshow/89916203.cms) from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Pose : yoga for working professionals . Xlibris. 2013. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1479756353 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Yoga- The Ganges To Wall Street . Bloomsbury India. 4 October 2016. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789384898960 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120223019/http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/yoga-ganges-wall-street-by-radhika-khanna-books-9789384898960-30889353/) from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Khanna, Radhika (4 October 2016). Yoga: The Ganges to wall street . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9384898960 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Stand Out . Xlibris. 23 June 2017. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1543429497 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.radhikakhanna.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/179146822235807381524) National Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016919691&CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐77tx5 Cached time: 20240718080150 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.815 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2730/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45897/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2162/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77412/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.291/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6830132/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 523.927 1 -total 35.33% 185.081 1 Template:Reflist 28.64% 150.077 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.20% 105.815 5 Template:Cite_news 15.82% 82.910 1 Template:Authority_control 13.52% 70.824 1 Template:Short_description 9.31% 48.756 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.38% 38.678 10 Template:Cite_web 7.17% 37.584 19 Template:Main_other 7.11% 37.265 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43691379-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718080150 and revision id 1235227238. 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The World Luxury Association ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 世界奢侈品协会 ) is a self-proclaimed "international organisation" that conducts various activities relating to luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) . [1] (#cite_note-Civilising_China-1) Activities [ edit ] On its official website, it claims to be a " U.S. government (/wiki/United_States_government) International Non-profit Organisation (/wiki/Non-profit_Organisation) ". [2] (#cite_note-2) Another website claimed to be run by this organisation, the "World's Most Valuable Top100 Luxury Brand Official Release Ceremony" website, claims that the organisation was "signed" by a "former Secretary of State of the U.S. Government" to "regulate the international luxury market". It also claims to have "more than 700 countries" [sic] around the world. [3] (#cite_note-3) All of the association's reported activities are conducted in the People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) , where it has a high media profile. These activities are usually conducted in the name of its claimed Chinese representative office. The public face of this association is Ouyang Kun ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 欧阳坤 ), a former acting student also known as Mao Ouyang Kun and Mao Shaokun, who is claimed to be the chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of the Chinese representative office (/wiki/Representative_office) of this association. [4] (#cite_note-4) The association conducts high profile activities in China which are frequently reported in the mainstream media. These activities include offering "official registration" to owners of their brands as "official luxury brands", "launches" of "official lists" of top luxury brands, the release of "official reports" into the luxury market in China, and meetings with government officials. The association is frequently quoted by the mainstream news media in relation to the luxury market in China and globally. [5] (#cite_note-5) The discrepancy between the organisation's claimed official provenance and worldwide activities on the one hand, and the Chinglish (/wiki/Chinglish) employed on its English language (/wiki/English_language) websites and its activities being restricted to China on the other hand, has roused suspicion. In 2013, China's China Central Television (/wiki/China_Central_Television) ran an exposé (/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(journalism)) program in which it was claimed that the World Luxury Association is a scam (/wiki/Scam) . [6] (#cite_note-6) However, the "CEO" Ouyang Kun returned to the front pages in September 2013 when he claimed that "Huazong", a Chinese internet personality who had previously accused Ouyang Kun and the World Luxury Association of being a scam, has been arrested, and that he has been to the police station "as the victim" to identify "Huazong"; "Huazong"'s other claim to fame is that he exposed a number of corrupt officials by identifying their luxury watches from official photographs. Commentators in China have expressed fears that the arrest is politically motivated. [7] (#cite_note-7) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Civilising_China_1-0) Geremie R. Barme and Jeremy Goldkorn (2013). Civilising China . China Story Yearbook 2013. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9873655-3-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) World Luxury Association official website (http://www.worldluxuryassociation.org/) ^ (#cite_ref-3) THE WORLD'S MOST VALUABLE TOP100 LUXURY BRAND OFFICIAL RELEASE CEREMONY (http://www.top100luxury.com/en/) ^ (#cite_ref-4) 他原来是一个演员：世奢会中国代表处首席执行官欧阳坤前传 (http://www.infzm.com/content/76981) ("Turns out he is an actor: back story of Ouyang Kun, CEO of WLA Chinese representative office") Southern Weekend 14 June 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-5) For example, see China becomes world's 2nd largest luxury market (http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90857/90860/6710402.html) , People's Daily Online (/wiki/People%27s_Daily_Online) , July 27, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-6) 央视曝世界奢侈品协会招摇撞骗：伪造奢侈品雇人演戏 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130324190954/http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-03/19/c_124477055.htm) ("CCTV exposes World Luxury Association scams: counterfeiting luxury goods and hiring actors") Xinhua Net 19 March 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-7) 花总曾揭露世奢会涉嫌造假欧阳坤称我是受害人 (http://www.takefoto.cn/viewnews-47474.html) ("Huazong had exposed the WLA's alleged fakeries; Ouyang Kun says 'I am the victim'") Beijing Evening News 17 September 2013 External links [ edit ] WLA Chinese representative office official website (http://www.wla.hk/) WLA official website (http://www.worldluxuryassociation.org/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐xbmx9 Cached time: 20240719133218 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.160 seconds Real time usage: 0.260 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 201/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2388/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 88/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7438/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.092/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2586025/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 240.097 1 -total 87.22% 209.402 1 Template:Reflist 75.04% 180.171 1 Template:Cite_book 10.60% 25.458 2 Template:Zh 1.01% 2.418 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40558828-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719133218 and revision id 1111908951. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐6ltb7 Cached time: 20240718081430 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55086297-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718081430 and revision id 1113754938. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. + Female models from Kolkata (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Kolkata) ‎ (31 P) Pages in category "Models from Kolkata" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Sean Banerjee (/wiki/Sean_Banerjee) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Kolkata&oldid=1113754938 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Kolkata&oldid=1113754938) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Models by city (/wiki/Category:Models_by_city) People from Kolkata by occupation (/wiki/Category:People_from_Kolkata_by_occupation) Models from West Bengal (/wiki/Category:Models_from_West_Bengal)
American model Precious Lee Born ( 1989-09-13 ) September 13, 1989 (age 34) Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) , U.S. Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) Alma mater Clark Atlanta University (/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University) Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Modeling information Height 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) Website www (https://www.instagram.com/preciousleexoxo) .instagram (https://www.instagram.com/preciousleexoxo) .com (https://www.instagram.com/preciousleexoxo) /preciousleexoxo (https://www.instagram.com/preciousleexoxo) Precious Lee is an American model. She has gained prominence as one of few Black curve models to work with longstanding fashion houses. She has walked for Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , and others. Early life [ edit ] Lee was born and raised in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Georgia. Her father, Rudy, is a businessman and cosmetologist and her mother, Anita, is a teacher. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She had one older sister, Charisma, who died in a car accident when Lee was a child. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Lee was an active student and participated in competitive cheerleading, Girl Scouts, student government, debate club, thespian club, and concert band. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) In her high school years she was crowned homecoming queen. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) She enjoyed fashion from her youth and was particularly inspired by her parents' attire. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Career [ edit ] Lee began modeling at age 18 as a student at Clark Atlanta University (/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University) , when she attended an open call for an agency and received a contract offer. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) She started her career doing catalog shoots and modeled part-time as an undergraduate. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Lee moved to New York after college to pursue modeling full-time after signing with Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) , with plans to attend law school if her modeling career did not pan out. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) She named Crystal Renn (/wiki/Crystal_Renn) and Toccara Jones (/wiki/Toccara_Jones) as " curve (/wiki/Plus-size_model) " models (those bigger than sample size) who inspired her. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) She walked in her first fashion show in 2017 for Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) . [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) She has walked during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) for Siriano, Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , and Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She has also modeled couture for Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and she has a long-term partnership with Marina Rinaldi (/wiki/Marina_Rinaldi) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She has covered Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) , and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Lee fulfilled a lifelong aspiration when she walked in the spring 2021 Versace show and was one of three curve models to do so for the first time in the history of the brand. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Lee made her acting debut in 2021 on the STARZ (/wiki/Starz) series Run the World (/wiki/Run_the_World_(TV_series)) . She was also a guest judge on Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) In 2023, Lee starred in the music video of " Spin Bout U (/wiki/Spin_Bout_U) " by rappers Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) and 21 Savage (/wiki/21_Savage) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Personal life [ edit ] Lee is interested in screenwriting and is working on a screenplay. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Accolades [ edit ] Nominee, 2020 Breakout Star, Models.com [7] (#cite_note-7) Nominee, 2021 Model of the Year, Models.com [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g Michault, Jessica. "Who is Precious Lee? Here's What's Next For The Catwalk Queen…" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/who-is-precious-lee) . Harper's Baazar Arabia . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ a b c d Okeowo, Alexis (2022-03-23). "The Unstoppable Precious Lee" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/a39390442/precious-lee-interview-april-2022/) . ELLE . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ a b c d e Marine, Brooke. "Precious Lee Takes Fashion Tips From Her Parents" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/precious-lee-model-interview-2021) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ a b c d e Yaeger, Lynn (2020-12-18). "Model Precious Lee Is Finally Having Her Moment" (https://www.vogue.com/article/model-precious-lee-is-finally-having-her-moment) . Vogue . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fearless with Precious Lee" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-us/porter/article-4fe20fd1e5ed9033/cover-stories/cover-stories/precious-lee) . Net-a-porter . 2022-07-11 . Retrieved 2022-10-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) McKinney, Jessica (February 28, 2023). "Who Is Precious Lee? 6 Facts About the Star of Drake & 21 Savage's "Spin Bout U" Video" (https://www.complex.com/music/precious-lee-model-drake-21-savage-spin-bout-u-video) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Retrieved 12 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Model of the Year Awards 2020 \| models.com MDX" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2020/) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Model of the Year Awards 2021 \| models.com MDX" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2021/) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . External links [ edit ] Official Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/preciousleexoxo) Precious Lee (https://models.com/models/precious-lee) at Models.com NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐c8f4p Cached time: 20240623134250 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.291 seconds Real time usage: 0.393 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2276/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22798/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2152/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35130/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.209/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8287174/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 371.131 1 -total 44.58% 165.464 1 Template:Infobox_model 31.39% 116.489 1 Template:Reflist 27.02% 100.293 8 Template:Cite_web 17.71% 65.725 1 Template:Short_description 16.72% 62.067 1 Template:Infobox 10.36% 38.454 2 Template:Pagetype 7.64% 28.336 1 Template:Infobox_person/height 7.03% 26.090 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.98% 25.917 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71888363-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623134250 and revision id 1188689244. 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French expression referring to the Parisian elite This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tout-Paris) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tout-Paris" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tout-Paris%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tout-Paris%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tout-Paris%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tout-Paris%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tout-Paris%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tout-Paris%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) During the 19th century Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) (beautiful era), " le Tout-Paris " often attended horse races as fashionable entertainment here at Paris' Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) park. ( Édouard Manet (/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet) , Courses au Bois de Boulogne , 1872). Le Tout-Paris ( lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) ' All-Paris ' ) is a French expression referring to the stylish and affluent elite of Paris (/wiki/Paris) , who frequent fashionable events and places, and establish trends in upper-class culture. It is equivalent to the jet set (/wiki/Jet_set) elsewhere. History [ edit ] A dinner for fashion designer Charles Jourdan (/wiki/Charles_Jourdan) at the trendy Plaza Athénée (/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e) hotel in Paris, 1962 The popular understanding of fashionable Tout-Paris has grown to include celebrities such as actress Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , here in Saint-Tropez (/wiki/Saint-Tropez) on the French Riviera (/wiki/French_Riviera) , 1963. The expression tout-Paris was used in the 17th century to refer to high society (/wiki/High_society) among the aristocratic inhabitants of the city of Paris. It was used in 1660 by Nicolas Boileau (/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau) in his Satires to refer to the influential members of Parisian society who made Pierre Corneille (/wiki/Pierre_Corneille) 's play El Cid (/wiki/El_Cid) popular, in the famous sentence, "In vain, a minister sought support against El Cid—Tout Paris supported Chimene in love with Rodrigue". [1] (#cite_note-1) Boileau also used the expression in Chant III : "Where tout Paris as a crowd bears its sufferings". [2] (#cite_note-2) Voltaire (/wiki/Voltaire) and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert) also used the expression in their correspondence. The current use of the expression Tout-Paris dates from the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) era of 19th-century Paris. Historian Anne Martin-Fugier dates it to the beginning of the 19th century, when in the aftermath of the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) and the rise of Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) , when the non-aristocratic elites of the city began playing a role at the top of the city's affluent culture, forming a new social class. [3] (#cite_note-3) A group made up of writers, politicians, bankers and prominent artists, this community lived in fashionable neighbourhoods, went to the theatre, and attended receptions at embassies. It also embodied a certain idea of Parisians' "good taste" ( bon goût ), setting trends with its pastimes, such as horse racing and holidays at the seaside. The activities of Tout-Paris were noted in the mass media. An article in Le Gaulois (/wiki/Le_Gaulois) , from August 24, 1895, titled "Mondanités: Paris hors Paris" (Worldly events: Paris outside of Paris), noted that composer Camille Saint-Saëns (/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns) arrived at the coastal resort of Dieppe (/wiki/Dieppe_(Seine-Maritime)) and gave a detailed list of other noteworthy social figures also present in the town: "It is tout Paris, that can be seen: Count and Countess Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord (/wiki/Louis_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord) , M. Josselin de Rohan, Mme Madeleine Lemaire (/wiki/Madeleine_Lemaire) , M. Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) et M. Reynaldo Hahn (/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn) , who are the hosts of the eminent artist." Evoking the year 1841, poet Charles Baudelaire (/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire) saw in Tout-Paris above all the passionate followers of literature and poetry: "During this time, tout Paris was made up of this elite group given the role of fashioning others' opinions, and who, when a poet is born, are always the first to be notified." [4] (#cite_note-4) During the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) , Tout-Paris became a sort of club with its own rules. In 1901 the Annuaire du Tout Paris (Tout Paris Annual) appeared, counting writer Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) among its readers. Created in 1903, the Bottin mondain (Directory of the High Society) in fact presented only a list of Parisian personalities. Le Tout-Paris was associated with particular fashionable places in the city, such as the restaurant ( Maxim's (/wiki/Maxim%27s_Paris) , the large urban forest the Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) , Deauville (/wiki/Deauville) , and so on, defining trends, giving an artist or writer their blessing, making or unmaking the reputation of a politician. Beginning in the 1950s, Tout-Paris became increasingly associated with personalities connected with certain trendy nightclubs, such as Régine (/wiki/R%C3%A9gine) , creating notable discos where celebrities could be seen, among them Françoise Sagan (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sagan) , Jean-Claude Brialy (/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brialy) , Jacques Chazot (/wiki/Jacques_Chazot) , Françoise Giroud (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud) , Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , and so on. Tout-Paris today [ edit ] Today, the expression is sometimes used to refer to subgroups of Paris culture's elite (the "literary tout-Paris", the "political tout-Paris", and so on), somewhat losing its original meaning, now referring to a broader group of arts personalities, athletes, media figures, or politicians covered in the popular media (/wiki/Popular_media) . Their attendance is covered at events such as concerts, galas, premiers, art gallery vernissages (/wiki/Vernissage) and nightclubs in the capitol. With global travel and fashion, it is often used interchangeably with the global jet set (/wiki/Jet_set) of trendsetters. The rise of the tabloid press in the 20th century, and the blending of entertainment and current events news in publications such as Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) , has added to this public perception of Parisian celebrity. See also [ edit ] France portal (/wiki/Portal:France) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) Culture of Paris (/wiki/Culture_of_Paris) Fame in the 20th Century (/wiki/Fame_in_the_20th_Century) Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Boileau, Satire IX s: Satire IX (Boileau) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Satire_IX_(Boileau)) at Wikisource (/wiki/Wikisource) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Pocock, Gordon (2010). Boileau and the Nature of Neoclassicism . Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521136754 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Anne Martin-Fugier, La vie élégante ou la formation du Tout-Paris, 1815–1848 , Fayard, 1990 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Charles Baudelaire, L'Art romantique (posthume), 1869 Online edition in French at Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k101426n) Bibliography [ edit ] Françoise Giroud (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud) , Françoise Giroud vous présente le Tout-Paris , Gallimard, 1952 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4t45m Cached time: 20240715074911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.221 seconds Real time usage: 0.610 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 546/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14087/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 720/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8175/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.132/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3939412/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 270.505 1 -total 35.98% 97.323 1 Template:Reflist 31.02% 83.923 1 Template:Cite_book 23.67% 64.037 1 Template:Verification 21.53% 58.249 1 Template:Ambox 19.17% 51.847 1 Template:Short_description 8.80% 23.806 2 Template:Pagetype 8.72% 23.591 1 Template:Italictitle 8.34% 22.550 1 Template:Portal 6.55% 17.711 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35495636-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715074911 and revision id 1212839436. 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This list of Vogue Italia cover models is a catalog of cover models (/wiki/Cover_model) who have appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , the Italian edition of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine, starting with the magazine's first issue in 1964. 1960s [ edit ] 1964 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer October Wilhelmina Cooper (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Mirella Petteni Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) December Catherine Spaak Leombruno-Bodi 1965 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) Bert Stern (/wiki/Bert_Stern) March Brigitte Bauer Bert Stern (/wiki/Bert_Stern) April Wilhelmina Cooper (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) May Kecia Nyman Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) June Deborah Dixon Guy Bourdin (/wiki/Guy_Bourdin) July/August Veruschka (/wiki/Veruschka) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) September Mariolina della Gatta Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) October Jennifer O'Neill (/wiki/Jennifer_O%27Neill) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) December Isa Stoppi Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) 1966 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Sue Murray David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) February Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) William Klein (/wiki/William_Klein_(photographer)) March Mickey Belverger Guy Bourdin (/wiki/Guy_Bourdin) April Paola Pitagora (/wiki/Paola_Pitagora) Franco Rubartelli (/wiki/Franco_Rubartelli) May Brigitte Bauer Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) June Audrey Hepburn Franco Rubartelli (/wiki/Franco_Rubartelli) July/August Veruschka (/wiki/Veruschka) Franco Rubartelli (/wiki/Franco_Rubartelli) September Brigitte Bauer Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) October Brigitte Bauer Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Brigitte Bauer Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) December Editha Dussler Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) 1967 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton) Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) February Sue Murray Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) March Nicole de Lamargé Guy Bourdin (/wiki/Guy_Bourdin) April Shirley Ann Hayes Eric Swayne May Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) Bert Stern (/wiki/Bert_Stern) June Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) July/August Britt Ekland (/wiki/Britt_Ekland) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) September Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) Peter Knapp October Sue Murray Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Samantha Jones Gianni Penati December Samantha Jones Bert Stern (/wiki/Bert_Stern) 1968 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Tania Mallet (/wiki/Tania_Mallet) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) February Françoise Rubartelli Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) March Grace Coddington (/wiki/Grace_Coddington) Marc Hispard April Ivana Bastianello Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) May Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) June Samantha Jones Gianni Penati July/August Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) September Maria Kimberly (/wiki/Maria_Kimberly) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) October Benedetta Barzini (/wiki/Benedetta_Barzini) Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Françoise Rubartelli Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) December Samantha Jones Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) 1969 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Agneta Bylander (Mouche) Susan Wood (/wiki/Susan_Wood_(photographer)) February Penelope Tree (/wiki/Penelope_Tree) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) March Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) April Moyra Swan Bert Stern (/wiki/Bert_Stern) May Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) Justin de Villeneuve (/wiki/Justin_de_Villeneuve) June Berkley Johnson Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) July/August Pattie Boyd (/wiki/Pattie_Boyd) Justin de Villeneuve (/wiki/Justin_de_Villeneuve) September Berkley Johnson Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) October Susanne Schöneborn Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) November Moyra Swan Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) December Ingrid Boulting (/wiki/Ingrid_Boulting) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) 1970s [ edit ] 1970 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Vivienne Lynn Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) February Jane Hitchcock Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) March Moyra Swan Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) April Lynn Kohlman (/wiki/Lynn_Kohlman) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Susan Moncur Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) June Diane Adelson Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) July/August Nancy Cook Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) September Birgitta Ramang Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) October Viviane Fauny Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) November Susan Moncur Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) December Louise Despointes Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) 1971 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Donna Jordan (/wiki/Donna_Jordan) Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) February Anjelica Huston (/wiki/Anjelica_Huston) Alfa Castaldi (/wiki/Alfa_Castaldi) March Susan Moncur Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) April Leslie Jones Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Susan Blakely (/wiki/Susan_Blakely) Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) June Cathee Dahmen (/wiki/Cathee_Dahmen) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) July/August Carol LaBrie Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) September Shelley Smith (/wiki/Shelley_Smith_(actress)) Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) October Shelley Smith (/wiki/Shelley_Smith_(actress)) Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) November Ingmari Lamy (/wiki/Ingmari_Lamy) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) December Christiana Steidten Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) 1972 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Lynn Woodruff Chris von Wangenheim (/wiki/Chris_von_Wangenheim) February Ann Schaufuss Alex Chatelain March Patricia Dow Jean-Jacques Bugat April Mari Jean-Jacques Bugat May Donna Mitchell (/wiki/Donna_Mitchell) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) June Apollonia van Ravenstein (/wiki/Apollonia_van_Ravenstein) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) July/August Vivienne Lynn Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) September Cynthia Korman Otto Stupakoff October Paula Klimat (Pola) Bill Silano November Laura Alvarez (/wiki/Laura_Alvarez) Alberto Rizzo (/wiki/Alberto_Rizzo) December Rocco Mancino 1973 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Héloïse Gianni Penati February Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) March Ann Turkel (/wiki/Ann_Turkel) Gianni Penati April Susanne Schöneborn Kourken Pakchanian May Shelley Hack (/wiki/Shelley_Hack) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) June Jill Kennington (/wiki/Jill_Kennington) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) July/August Randi Oakes (/wiki/Randi_Oakes) Oliviero Toscani (/wiki/Oliviero_Toscani) September Eva Malmström Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) October Ann Schaufuss Peter Knapp October (2) Barbara Carrera (/wiki/Barbara_Carrera) Alex Chatelain November Eva Malmström Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) December Louise Despointes Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) 1974 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Chantal Stevenart Peter Knapp February Patricia Dow Peter Knapp March Jeanette Christjansen Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) March (2) Debbie Biernacki Carlo Orsi April Carole Singleton Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Gaby Wagner Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) June Christiana Steidten Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) July/August Eva Nielson Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) September Rene Russo (/wiki/Rene_Russo) Francesco Scavullo (/wiki/Francesco_Scavullo) September (2) Rene Russo (/wiki/Rene_Russo) Francesco Scavullo (/wiki/Francesco_Scavullo) October Christiana Steidten Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) November Denise Hopkins David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) December Rene Russo (/wiki/Rene_Russo) Francesco Scavullo (/wiki/Francesco_Scavullo) 1975 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Nina Gaidarova David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) February Jaan Stephens David Anthony March Eva Nielson Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) March (2) Kristine Silva Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) April Ingmari Lamy (/wiki/Ingmari_Lamy) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Vibeke Knudsen (/wiki/Vibeke_Knudsen) Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) June Dayle Haddon (/wiki/Dayle_Haddon) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) July/August Laura Alvarez (/wiki/Laura_Alvarez) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) September Cheryl Tiegs (/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) September (2) Laura Alvarez (/wiki/Laura_Alvarez) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) October Evelyn Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) November Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) December Héloïse Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) 1976 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Vivienne Lynn Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) February Laura Alvarez (/wiki/Laura_Alvarez) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) March Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) March (2) Kirsti Toscani Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) April Beska Sörenson Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) May Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) June Anna Andersen Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) July/August Moyra Swan David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) September Debbie Biernacki Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) September (2) Yvonne Sporre Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) October Sofia Kiukkonen Renato Grignaschi November Margaux Hemingway (/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) December Vibeke Knudsen (/wiki/Vibeke_Knudsen) (Foldout Cover) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) 1977 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Susan Moncur David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) February Lilo Zinglersen François Lamy March Winnie Hollman Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) March (2) Polly Eltes Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) April Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) April (2) Janet McGill Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Clotilde François Lamy June Marco Emili July/August Tree Allen David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) September Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) September (2) Clotilde Renato Grignaschi October Lilo Zinglersen Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) October (2) Alana Stewart (/wiki/Alana_Stewart) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) November Shaun Casey (/wiki/Shaun_Casey) (Foldout Cover) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) December Beverly Johnson (/wiki/Beverly_Johnson) (Foldout Cover) Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) 1978 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Mia Nygren Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) February Gunilla Lindblad Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) March Kathleen Allen Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) March (2) Dominique Sanda (/wiki/Dominique_Sanda) François Lamy April Eeva Ketola Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) April (2) Mary Eastwood (/wiki/Mary_Eastwood) Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Yolande Gilot Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) June Lena Kansbod (/wiki/Lena_Kansbod) François Lamy July/August Kim Harris David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) September Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) September (2) Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) François Lamy October Beverly Farnworth Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) October (2) Darlanne Fluegel (/wiki/Darlanne_Fluegel) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) November Laura Alvarez (/wiki/Laura_Alvarez) Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) December Dot Jensen & Peter Keating (Foldout Cover) Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) 1979 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) February Susan Hess François Lamy February (2) Tara Shannon François Lamy March Anna Andersen Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) March (2) Marcie Hunt Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) April Lena Kansbod (/wiki/Lena_Kansbod) François Lamy April (2) Tamara Shure Hans Feurer (/wiki/Hans_Feurer) May Eva Wallen Fabrizio Ferri June Michelle Stevens Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) July/August Ty Hendrick Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) September Frauke Quast Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) September (2) Kim Harris David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) October Nancy Donahue (/wiki/Nancy_Donahue) Marco Glaviano (/wiki/Marco_Glaviano) October (2) Lena Kansbod (/wiki/Lena_Kansbod) François Lamy November Eva Nielson Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) December Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) (Foldout Cover) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) 1980s [ edit ] 1980 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Anna Andersen Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) February Lena Kansbod François Lamy February (2) Amalia Vairelli Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) March Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) March (2) Nancy Donahue (/wiki/Nancy_Donahue) Marco Glaviano (/wiki/Marco_Glaviano) April Susan Hess Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) April (2) Kristian Alfonso (/wiki/Kristian_Alfonso) Renato Grignaschi May Marcie Hunt Avi Meroz June Marcie Hunt Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) July-August Susan Hess Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) September Lisa Ramos Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) September (2) Susan Hess Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) October Lisa Ryall Renato Grignaschi October (2) Esmé Marshall Renato Grignaschi November Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) Renato Grignaschi December Nancy Decker Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) 1981 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) Renato Grignaschi February Juli Foster Renato Grignaschi February (2) Gia Carangi (/wiki/Gia_Carangi) Renato Grignaschi March Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) Renato Grignaschi March (2) Nancy DeWeir Renato Grignaschi April Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Renato Grignaschi April (2) Lisan van der Zalm Barry Lategan (/wiki/Barry_Lategan) May Lena Kansbod Renato Grignaschi June Moira O’Brien Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) July-August Dawn Gallagher (/wiki/Dawn_Gallagher) Renato Grignaschi September Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) François Lamy September (2) Kelly Le Brock (/wiki/Kelly_Le_Brock) Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) October Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Renato Grignaschi October (2) Eva Voorhees (Foldout Cover) Renato Grignaschi November Nancy DeWeir Renato Grignaschi December Kathy Ireland (/wiki/Kathy_Ireland) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) 1982 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Kim Alexis (/wiki/Kim_Alexis) Renato Grignaschi February Anette Stai (/wiki/Anette_Stai) Renato Grignaschi February (2) Eva Voorhees Renato Grignaschi March Anette Stai (/wiki/Anette_Stai) Renato Grignaschi March (2) Lisa Ryall Renato Grignaschi April Kelly Le Brock (/wiki/Kelly_Le_Brock) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) April (2) Jacki Adams Renato Grignaschi May Catharina Ostental Renato Grignaschi June Andie MacDowell (/wiki/Andie_MacDowell) Renato Grignaschi July-August Terry Farrell (/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(actress)) (Foldout Cover) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) September Nastassja Kinski (/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski) Barry McKinley September (2) Anette Stai (/wiki/Anette_Stai) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) October Jinsey Dauk Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) October (2) Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) November Renée Simonsen (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Simonsen) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) December Jacki Adams (Foldout Cover) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) 1983 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) February Lauren Helm Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) February (2) Lynne Koester Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) March (Speciale 1) Terri May Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 2) Kim Alexis (/wiki/Kim_Alexis) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) April Alexa Singer Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April (2) Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) May Terry Farrell (/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(actress)) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) June Lara Harris (/wiki/Lara_Harris) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) July-August Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September Julie Wolfe Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September (Speciale 3) Valérie Kaprisky (/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Kaprisky) Bill King (/wiki/Bill_King_(photographer)) October Lauren Helm Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October (Speciale 4) Jen Yarrow Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) November Pam Ross Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) December Yvonne Sporre Arielle Burgelin (Foldout Cover) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) 1984 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Felicitas Boch Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February Anette Stai (/wiki/Anette_Stai) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February (2) Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 5) Renata Vackova Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 6) Janice Dickinson (/wiki/Janice_Dickinson) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April Alison Cohn Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April (2) Lise Brand Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) May Talisa Soto (/wiki/Talisa_Soto) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) June Joan Severance (/wiki/Joan_Severance) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) July-August Bonnie Berman Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September Rosie Vela (/wiki/Rosie_Vela) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September (Speciale 7) Felicitas Boch Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October Daniela Ghione Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October (Speciale 8) Jen Yarrow Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) November Stella Goodall Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) December Alison Cohn Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) 1985 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Jacki Adams Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February Joko Zohrer Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February (2) Bine Kjellerup Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 9) Daniela Ghione Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 10) Susie Bick (/wiki/Susie_Bick) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April Brigitte Gaultier Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April (2) Renata Vackova Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) May Jen Yarrow Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) June Pam Ross Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) July-August Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September (Speciale 11) Daniela Ghione (Foldout Cover) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September Christine Bolster Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October Francine Howell Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October (Speciale 12) Nathalie Gabrielli Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) November Gail Elliott (/wiki/Gail_Elliott) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) December Andie MacDowell (/wiki/Andie_MacDowell) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) 1986 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Yasmeen Ghauri Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February Sofia Milos (/wiki/Sofia_Milos) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February (2) Alison Cohn Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 13) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 14) Jose Toledo (/wiki/Jose_Toledo) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April (2) Sophia Gondard Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) May Anette Stai (/wiki/Anette_Stai) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) June Natasha Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) July-August Estelle Lefébure (/wiki/Estelle_Lef%C3%A9bure) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September Alison Cohn Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September (Speciale 15) Catherine Dryer Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October (Speciale 16) Lauren Helm Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) November Charlotte Naunton-Morgan Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) December Hunter Reno Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) 1987 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Betty Lago (/wiki/Betty_Lago) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February Olatz López Garmendia Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) February (2) Tamara Bruno Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 17) Brynja Sverris Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) March (Speciale 18) Famke Janssen (/wiki/Famke_Janssen) (Foldout Cover) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April Anna Juvander Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) April (2) Aly Dunne Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) May Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) June Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) July-August Steevie van der Veen (Foldout Cover) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September Elena Vannucci Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) September (Speciale 19) Roberta Chirko Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) October Susie Bick (/wiki/Susie_Bick) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) October (Speciale 20) Nathalie Gabrielli (Foldout Cover) Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) November Hiro (/wiki/Hiro_(photographer)) December Julia Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) 1988 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) February Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) February (2) Elaine Irwin (/wiki/Elaine_Irwin) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) March (Speciale 21) Monica Gripman Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) March (Speciale 22) Steevie van der Veen (Foldout Cover) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) April Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) Albert Watson (/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)) April (2) Michelle Quan Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) May Alexandra Aubin Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) June Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) July-August Robin MacKintosh Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Rachel Hunter (/wiki/Rachel_Hunter) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September (Speciale 23) Elena Kountoura (/wiki/Elena_Kountoura) Satoshi Saikusa Mats Gustafson October (Speciale 24) Michaela Bercu (/wiki/Michaela_Bercu) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Michaela Bercu (/wiki/Michaela_Bercu) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Veruschka von Lehndorff (/wiki/Veruschka_von_Lehndorff) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1989 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Rosemary McGrotha (/wiki/Rosemary_McGrotha) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February (2) Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) March (Speciale 25) Kara Young (/wiki/Kara_Young) Satoshi Saikusa March (Speciale 26) Dana Patrick Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Rachel Williams (/wiki/Rachel_Williams) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Veronica Webb (/wiki/Veronica_Webb) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) June Rachel Williams (/wiki/Rachel_Williams) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July-August Michaela Bercu (/wiki/Michaela_Bercu) Albert Watson (/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)) September Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September (Speciale 27) Sonia Schnetzer Satoshi Saikusa] Mats Gustavson October (Speciale 28) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1990s [ edit ] 1990 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Wallis Franken Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February (2) Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March (Speciale 29) Capucine (/wiki/Capucine) Albert Watson (/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)) March (Speciale 30) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Kim Williams Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Roberta Chirko Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July-August Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September (Speciale 31) Illustration Mats Gustafson October (Speciale 32) Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Editha Dussler Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1991 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Yasmeen Ghauri (/wiki/Yasmeen_Ghauri) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Teresa Stewart Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Susan Holmes (/wiki/Susan_Holmes) Donna Mitchell (/wiki/Donna_Mitchell) Wallis Franken Andrew Richardson Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Shana Zadrick (/wiki/Shana_Zadrick) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Barbara Moors Sonja Rasch Catherine McCord (/wiki/Catherine_McCord) Shana Zadrick (/wiki/Shana_Zadrick) Nicole Beach Meghan Douglas Jane Powers Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Shana Zadrick (/wiki/Shana_Zadrick) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1992 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Meghan Douglas Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Magali Amadei (/wiki/Magali_Amadei) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Wallis Franken Jane Hitchcock Susan Forristal Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Meghan Douglas Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Rosie Vela (/wiki/Rosie_Vela) & Tasha de Vasconcelos (/wiki/Tasha_de_Vasconcelos) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Lucie de la Falaise (/wiki/Lucie_de_la_Falaise) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1993 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Patti Hansen (/wiki/Patti_Hansen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Camilla Nickerson Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Jaime Rishar Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Jaime Rishar Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Gabriel Hill Christian William Brett King Thomas Magiar Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1994 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Beverly Peele (/wiki/Beverly_Peele) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Veruschka (/wiki/Veruschka) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Niki Taylor (/wiki/Niki_Taylor) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October 1994 Ali MacGraw (/wiki/Ali_MacGraw) Ann Turkel (/wiki/Ann_Turkel) Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Carla Bruni (/wiki/Carla_Bruni) Chessy Rayner (/wiki/Chessy_Rayner) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Donna Mitchell (/wiki/Donna_Mitchell) Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Jaime Rishar Jane Hitchcock Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Lucie de la Falaise (/wiki/Lucie_de_la_Falaise) Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) Meghan Douglas Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Nina Griscom (/wiki/Nina_Griscom) Patti Hansen (/wiki/Patti_Hansen) Peggy Moffitt (/wiki/Peggy_Moffitt) Rachel Williams (/wiki/Rachel_Williams) Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Susan Forristal Trish Goff (/wiki/Trish_Goff) Veruschka (/wiki/Veruschka) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1995 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Michelle Behennah (/wiki/Michelle_Behennah) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Trish Goff (/wiki/Trish_Goff) & Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Laurie Bird Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Bijou Phillips (/wiki/Bijou_Phillips) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Michele Hicks (/wiki/Michele_Hicks) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1996 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Esther de Jong (/wiki/Esther_de_Jong) & Jeremy Boesmans Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Esther de Jong (/wiki/Esther_de_Jong) & Shirley Mallmann (/wiki/Shirley_Mallmann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Kylie Bax (/wiki/Kylie_Bax) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) & Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Amy Wesson (/wiki/Amy_Wesson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1997 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Amy Wesson (/wiki/Amy_Wesson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Johnny Zander (/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1) Vincent Gallo (/wiki/Vincent_Gallo) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Audrey Marnay (/wiki/Audrey_Marnay) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) Scott Barnhill Chris Kramer (/wiki/Chris_Kramer) Thorsten Larsen Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Danielle Zinaich & Scott Barnhill (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Amy Lemons (/wiki/Amy_Lemons) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Kirsten Owen (/wiki/Kirsten_Owen) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) Colin Egglesfield (/wiki/Colin_Egglesfield) Mischa Barton (/wiki/Mischa_Barton) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Sunniva Stordahl Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Nicole Anderson (/wiki/Nicole_Anderson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1998 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Erin O'Connor (/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) Eugenia Silva (/wiki/Eugenia_Silva) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Eugenia Silva (/wiki/Eugenia_Silva) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Heather Stohler (/wiki/Heather_Stohler) Thosi Wedlich Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Eva Strus Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Elizabeth Peyton (/wiki/Elizabeth_Peyton) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Erin O'Connor (/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor) Jade Parfitt (/wiki/Jade_Parfitt) Audrey Marnay (/wiki/Audrey_Marnay) Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Audrey Tchekova Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Emily Sandberg (/wiki/Emily_Sandberg) & Kevin Merkel Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Inge Geurts & Geert De Mot (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 1999 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Frankie Rayder (/wiki/Frankie_Rayder) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Małgosia Bela (/wiki/Ma%C5%82gosia_Bela) & Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Sunniva Stordahl Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) & André Resende Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Juliet Elliott Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Madeleine Norling Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Mary Anne Fletcher Anastasia Khozisova (/wiki/Anastasia_Khozisova) Juliet Elliott Unknown male model (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Lisa Taylor Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Caroline Ribeiro Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2000s [ edit ] 2000 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Audrey Marnay (/wiki/Audrey_Marnay) Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Danita Angell (/wiki/Danita_Angell) Ana Cláudia Michels (/wiki/Ana_Cl%C3%A1udia_Michels) Caroline Ribeiro Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Sophie Dahl (/wiki/Sophie_Dahl) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Hannelore Knuts (/wiki/Hannelore_Knuts) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Sophie Dahl (/wiki/Sophie_Dahl) Damien Van Zyl Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Amanda Moore Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Małgosia Bela (/wiki/Ma%C5%82gosia_Bela) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Hannelore Knuts (/wiki/Hannelore_Knuts) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Anouck Lepere (/wiki/Anouck_Lepere) Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Raica Oliveira (/wiki/Raica_Oliveira) Angie Schmidt Alexandra Sjöstedt (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Natasa Livak Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Charlotte Gainsbourg (/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Kim Peers Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Eleonora Bosé (/wiki/Bimba_Bos%C3%A9) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2001 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Kim Peers] Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Liisa Winkler (/wiki/Liisa_Winkler) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Hannelore Knuts Christina Kruse Kim Peers An Oost Trish Goff (/wiki/Trish_Goff) Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Hannelore Knuts (/wiki/Hannelore_Knuts) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Vicky Andren Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Diána Mészáros (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Matt Duffie Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) Liliana Domínguez Justine Bakker Luciano Cassin (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Kristina Chrastekova Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2002 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Anne-Catherine Lacroix (/wiki/Anne-Catherine_Lacroix) Amanda Moore (/wiki/Amanda_Moore) Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Eva Jay Kubatova Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Anne-Catherine Lacroix (/wiki/Anne-Catherine_Lacroix) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Michelle Alves (/wiki/Michelle_Alves) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Ryan Burns Scott Nelson (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Selma Blair (/wiki/Selma_Blair) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Emily Sandberg (/wiki/Emily_Sandberg) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2003 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Audrey Marnay (/wiki/Audrey_Marnay) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) & Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Rianne ten Haken (/wiki/Rianne_ten_Haken) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2004 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Lisa Cant (/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Cant&action=edit&redlink=1) Justin Vaughn Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Lisa Cant Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Hannelore Knuts (/wiki/Hannelore_Knuts) Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Dovile Virsilaite (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Hana Soukupová (/wiki/Hana_Soukupov%C3%A1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2005 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Hannelore Knuts (/wiki/Hannelore_Knuts) Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) Frank Brown Gaspar Dietrich (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Snejana Onopka (/wiki/Snejana_Onopka) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) (Foldout Cover) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Snejana Onopka (/wiki/Snejana_Onopka) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2006 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Irina Lăzăreanu (/wiki/Irina_L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu) Jarrod Branch (/w/index.php?title=Jarrod_Branch&action=edit&redlink=1) Jonathan Kroppmann (/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Kroppmann&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Heather Bratton (/wiki/Heather_Bratton) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Amanda Moore Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Heather Bratton (/wiki/Heather_Bratton) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Anna Mariya Urajevskaya (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Mariya_Urajevskaya&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Iselin Steiro (/wiki/Iselin_Steiro) & Nataša Vojnović (/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Vojnovi%C4%87) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Nicole Richie (/wiki/Nicole_Richie) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2007 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Nate Nesbitt (/w/index.php?title=Nate_Nesbitt&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) & Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Adina Fohlin (/wiki/Adina_Fohlin) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Denisa Dvořáková (/wiki/Denisa_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1kov%C3%A1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Magdalena Frackowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak) & Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) Blaine Cook (/w/index.php?title=Blaine_Cook_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Chad Dunn Rodrigo Calazans (/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Calazans&action=edit&redlink=1) Nate Nesbitt (/w/index.php?title=Nate_Nesbitt&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Meghan Collison Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) & Meghan Collison Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2008 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Agnete Hegelund (/wiki/Agnete_Hegelund) & Kamila Filipcikova (/wiki/Kamila_Filipcikova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Kamila Filipcikova (/wiki/Kamila_Filipcikova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Eva Mendes (/wiki/Eva_Mendes) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Sessilee Lopez (/wiki/Sessilee_Lopez) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Mark Vanderloo (/wiki/Mark_Vanderloo) Johnny Zander (/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1) Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Nico Malleville (/w/index.php?title=Nico_Malleville&action=edit&redlink=1) Willy van Rooy (/w/index.php?title=Willy_van_Rooy&action=edit&redlink=1) Iris Strubegger (/wiki/Iris_Strubegger) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Viktoriya Sasonkina (/wiki/Viktoriya_Sasonkina) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Anna Jagodzińska (/wiki/Anna_Jagodzi%C5%84ska) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Katrin Thormann (/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Thormann&action=edit&redlink=1) & Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Katrin Thormann (/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Thormann&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2009 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Anna Selezneva (/wiki/Anna_Selezneva) Anna Jagodzińska (/wiki/Anna_Jagodzi%C5%84ska) Viktoriya Sasonkina (/wiki/Viktoriya_Sasonkina) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Pixie Geldof (/wiki/Pixie_Geldof) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Hanne Gaby Odiele (/wiki/Hanne_Gaby_Odiele) & Kinga Rajzak (/w/index.php?title=Kinga_Rajzak&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Eliza Cummings (/wiki/Eliza_Cummings) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Meghan Collison & Daniel Hicks (/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Hicks_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) & Ash Stymest (/wiki/Ash_Stymest) Anna Jagodzińska (/wiki/Anna_Jagodzi%C5%84ska) Max Rogers (/w/index.php?title=Max_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1) Will Lewis (/w/index.php?title=Will_Lewis_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) & Christian Brylle (/w/index.php?title=Christian_Brylle&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Rianne ten Haken (/wiki/Rianne_ten_Haken) & Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Rianne ten Haken (/wiki/Rianne_ten_Haken) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Kasia Struss (/wiki/Kasia_Struss) Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2010s [ edit ] 2010 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Daphne Guinness (/wiki/Daphne_Guinness) Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Kirsi Pyrhonen (/w/index.php?title=Kirsi_Pyrhonen&action=edit&redlink=1) & Daria Strokous (/wiki/Daria_Strokous) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Eva Herzigová (/wiki/Eva_Herzigov%C3%A1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) & Iselin Steiro (/wiki/Iselin_Steiro) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2011 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) & Arizona Muse (/wiki/Arizona_Muse) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Kristina Salinovic (/w/index.php?title=Kristina_Salinovic&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Candice Huffine (/wiki/Candice_Huffine) Tara Lynn (/wiki/Tara_Lynn) Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Juliane Grüner (/w/index.php?title=Juliane_Gr%C3%BCner&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2012 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Daria Strokous (/wiki/Daria_Strokous) Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Paula Patrice (/w/index.php?title=Paula_Patrice&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Laura Kampman (/w/index.php?title=Laura_Kampman&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Chrystal Copland (/w/index.php?title=Chrystal_Copland&action=edit&redlink=1) Sojourner Morrell (/w/index.php?title=Sojourner_Morrell&action=edit&redlink=1) Thairine Garcia (/w/index.php?title=Thairine_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1) Aaron Vernon (/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) Lyle Lodwick (/w/index.php?title=Lyle_Lodwick&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Vanessa Axente (/wiki/Vanessa_Axente) Mackenzie Drazan (/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_Drazan&action=edit&redlink=1) Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Elena Bartels (/w/index.php?title=Elena_Bartels&action=edit&redlink=1) Lida Fox (/w/index.php?title=Lida_Fox&action=edit&redlink=1) Erjona Ala (/wiki/Erjona_Ala) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Meghan Collison Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Vanessa Axente (/wiki/Vanessa_Axente) & Marlon Teixeira (/wiki/Marlon_Teixeira) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2013 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Fei Fei Sun (/wiki/Fei_Fei_Sun) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Vanessa Axente (/wiki/Vanessa_Axente) & Gustav Swedberg (/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Swedberg&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) & Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) & Tony Ward (/wiki/Tony_Ward_(model)) Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) John Pearson (/w/index.php?title=John_Pearson_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) RJ King (/wiki/RJ_King) Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) & Peter Marino (/wiki/Peter_Marino) Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) & Dorian Reeves (/wiki/Dorian_Reeves) Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) Meghan Collison Frederik Meijnen (/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Meijnen&action=edit&redlink=1) Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) Louis Steyaert (/w/index.php?title=Louis_Steyaert&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Ashleigh Good (/w/index.php?title=Ashleigh_Good&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) Ophélie Guillermand (/w/index.php?title=Oph%C3%A9lie_Guillermand&action=edit&redlink=1) Cindy Bruna (/wiki/Cindy_Bruna) Gracie Van Gastel (/w/index.php?title=Gracie_Van_Gastel&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2014 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Issa Lish (/wiki/Issa_Lish) & Bernd Sassmanshausen (/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Sassmanshausen&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) RJ King (/wiki/RJ_King) David Alexander Flinn (/w/index.php?title=David_Alexander_Flinn&action=edit&redlink=1) Cameron Keesling (/w/index.php?title=Cameron_Keesling&action=edit&redlink=1) Vanessa Moody (/wiki/Vanessa_Moody) Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Geron McKinley (/w/index.php?title=Geron_McKinley&action=edit&redlink=1) Meghan Collison Tobey Hayduk (/w/index.php?title=Tobey_Hayduk&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) & Timo Nuñez (/w/index.php?title=Timo_Nu%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) September Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) (Foldout): Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Vanessa Moody (/wiki/Vanessa_Moody) Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Daria Strokous (/wiki/Daria_Strokous) Issa Lish (/wiki/Issa_Lish) Iselin Steiro (/wiki/Iselin_Steiro) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Meghan Collison Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Vanessa Axente (/wiki/Vanessa_Axente) Aymeline Valade (/wiki/Aymeline_Valade) Anais Mali (/wiki/Anais_Mali) Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) Fei Fei Sun (/wiki/Fei_Fei_Sun) Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) Ophélie Guillermand (/w/index.php?title=Oph%C3%A9lie_Guillermand&action=edit&redlink=1) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) Cindy Bruna (/wiki/Cindy_Bruna) Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Candice Huffine (/wiki/Candice_Huffine) Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) Sasha Luss (/wiki/Sasha_Luss) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Valerija Kelava (/w/index.php?title=Valerija_Kelava&action=edit&redlink=1) & Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2015 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Hollie-May Saker (/wiki/Hollie-May_Saker) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Mia Goth (/wiki/Mia_Goth) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) & Christopher Niquet (/wiki/Christopher_Niquet) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Kayla Scott (/w/index.php?title=Kayla_Scott&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Fei Fei Sun (/wiki/Fei_Fei_Sun) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Fernanda Ly (/wiki/Fernanda_Ly) Gia Tang (/w/index.php?title=Gia_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1) Jing Wen (/wiki/Jing_Wen) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) Xiao Wen Ju (/wiki/Xiao_Wen_Ju) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) Yuan Bo Chao (/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Bo_Chao&action=edit&redlink=1) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) July Anna Cleveland (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1) Bambi (/wiki/Marie-Pierre_Pruvot) Chandrika Casali (/w/index.php?title=Chandrika_Casali&action=edit&redlink=1) Donna Jordan (/wiki/Donna_Jordan) Erin O’Connor (/wiki/Erin_O%E2%80%99Connor) Frankie Rayder (/wiki/Frankie_Rayder) Hailey Gates (/wiki/Hailey_Gates) Jan de Villeneuve (/w/index.php?title=Jan_de_Villeneuve&action=edit&redlink=1) Maddison Brown (/wiki/Maddison_Brown) Mariel Hemingway (/wiki/Mariel_Hemingway) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Stockard Channing (/wiki/Stockard_Channing) Verde Visconti (/w/index.php?title=Verde_Visconti_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yasmin Warsame (/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Vincent van de Wijngaard September Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) & Maartje Verhoef (/wiki/Maartje_Verhoef) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Estella Boersma (/w/index.php?title=Estella_Boersma&action=edit&redlink=1) Lily Stewart (/w/index.php?title=Lily_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1) Lucas Jayden Satherly (/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Jayden_Satherly&action=edit&redlink=1) (Digital covers): Aidan Walsh (/w/index.php?title=Aidan_Walsh_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Sofia Fanego (/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Fanego&action=edit&redlink=1) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) November Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Erin O'Connor (/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor) Christina Carey (/w/index.php?title=Christina_Carey&action=edit&redlink=1) Anna Cleveland (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) 2016 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Julia Garner (/wiki/Julia_Garner) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) February Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) March Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Imaan Hammam (/wiki/Imaan_Hammam) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) Kenza Fourati (/wiki/Kenza_Fourati) Samantha Ellsworth (/w/index.php?title=Samantha_Ellsworth&action=edit&redlink=1) Pooja Mor (/wiki/Pooja_Mor) Elisa Sednaoui (/wiki/Elisa_Sednaoui) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) Ajak Deng (/wiki/Ajak_Deng) Mica Argañaraz (/wiki/Mica_Arga%C3%B1araz) Zahara Davis (/w/index.php?title=Zahara_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1) Anoushka Sharma (/w/index.php?title=Anoushka_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) May Caitie Greene (/w/index.php?title=Caitie_Greene&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) with her daughter Lila Grace Moss-Hack Edie (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) & Olympia Campbell (/wiki/Olympia_Campbell) Arsun & Gray Sorrenti, Mary Frey Anna Cleveland (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1) Paul van Ravenstein Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) Noel van Ravenstein Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) with her daughter Mia Isis Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) July Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) & Andres Sanjuan Villanueva (/w/index.php?title=Andres_Sanjuan_Villanueva&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) September Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Frederikke Sofie (/wiki/Frederikke_Sofie) Kiki Willems (/wiki/Kiki_Willems) Lulu Tenney (/wiki/Lulu_Tenney) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Karen Alexander (/wiki/Karen_Alexander_(fashion_model)) Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) November Alicia Burke (/wiki/Alicia_Burke) & Hussein Abdulrahman (/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Abdulrahman&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Lady Jean Campbell (/wiki/Lady_Jean_Campbell) Sasha Lane (/wiki/Sasha_Lane) Carson Aldridge (/w/index.php?title=Carson_Aldridge&action=edit&redlink=1) & Chase Finlay (/wiki/Chase_Finlay) Saoirse Stanley Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) 2017 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Estella Boersma (/w/index.php?title=Estella_Boersma&action=edit&redlink=1) & Jaden Smith (/wiki/Jaden_Smith) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) February Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) March Lulu Tenney (/wiki/Lulu_Tenney) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Sara Grace Wallerstedt (/wiki/Sara_Grace_Wallerstedt) (Foldout): Ansley Gulielmi (/w/index.php?title=Ansley_Gulielmi&action=edit&redlink=1) Cara Taylor (/wiki/Cara_Taylor) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) May Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) & David Friend (/w/index.php?title=David_Friend_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) June Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) July Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) & Garrett Neff (/wiki/Garrett_Neff) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) August Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) Harley Weir September Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Federico Spinas (/w/index.php?title=Federico_Spinas&action=edit&redlink=1) (Foldout): Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) Pablo Rousson (/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Rousson&action=edit&redlink=1) Edoardo Velicskov (/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_Velicskov&action=edit&redlink=1) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) (Foldout): Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Othilia Simon (/w/index.php?title=Othilia_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Willy Vanderperre October Diego Villarreal (/w/index.php?title=Diego_Villarreal&action=edit&redlink=1) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Nataša Vojnović (/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Vojnovi%C4%87) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) November Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) December Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) Catherine McNeil (/wiki/Catherine_McNeil) Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) 2018 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Fran Summers (/wiki/Fran_Summers) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) February Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Jamie Hawkesworth (/wiki/Jamie_Hawkesworth) March Remington Williams (/wiki/Remington_Williams) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) Amandine Renard (/w/index.php?title=Amandine_Renard&action=edit&redlink=1) Birgit Kos (/wiki/Birgit_Kos) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) May Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) & Justin Martin (/w/index.php?title=Justin_Eric_Martin_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) June Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) Mica Argañaraz (/wiki/Mica_Arga%C3%B1araz) Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) Willy Vanderperre July Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) August Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) (Foldout Cover) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) September 2018 Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) (Foldout): Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Guinevere van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_van_Seenus) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) (Foldout): Daan Duez (/w/index.php?title=Daan_Duez&action=edit&redlink=1) Fernando Albaladejo (/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Albaladejo&action=edit&redlink=1) Willy Vanderperre October Carla Bruni (/wiki/Carla_Bruni) Giampaolo Sgura (/wiki/Giampaolo_Sgura) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Luigi & Iango Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Dario Catellani November Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Ethan James Green December Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) 2019 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Rebecca Leigh Longendyke (/wiki/Rebecca_Leigh_Longendyke) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) February Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) March Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) (Special Cover) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) April Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) Karim Sadli May Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) June Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) July Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) Imaan Hammam (/wiki/Imaan_Hammam) Theo Sion Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Harley Weir August Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Collier Schorr (/wiki/Collier_Schorr) September Vilma Sjöberg Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) October Jaden Smith (/wiki/Jaden_Smith) & Willow Smith (/wiki/Willow_Smith) Hugo Comte November Florence Hutchings David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) December Rebecca Leigh Longendyke (/wiki/Rebecca_Leigh_Longendyke) (Background: Yasmin El Yassini, Mino Sassy, Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) , Meghan Roche (/wiki/Meghan_Roche) , Ernie Blocksage, Perry Finneran) Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) 2020s [ edit ] 2020 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Lili Sumner (/wiki/Lili_Sumner) (Illustration) David Salle (/wiki/David_Salle) Illustration Vanessa Beecroft (/wiki/Vanessa_Beecroft) Ambar Cristal Zarzuela (/wiki/Ambar_Cristal_Zarzuela) (Illustration) Cassi Namoda Olivia Vinten (/wiki/Olivia_Vinten) (Illustration) Milo Manara (/wiki/Milo_Manara) Assa Baradji (Illustration) Delphine Desane Felice Noordhoff (/wiki/Felice_Noordhoff) (Illustration) Paolo Ventura (/wiki/Paolo_Ventura) Lindsey Wixson (/wiki/Lindsey_Wixson) (Illustration) Yoshitaka Amano (/wiki/Yoshitaka_Amano) February Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) Oliver Hadlee Pearch Maty Fall Diba (/wiki/Maty_Fall_Diba) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) March CGI (/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery) Model Mert & Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) April Blank Canvas May Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) Karim Sadli Grimes (/wiki/Grimes_(musician)) Ryan McGinley (/wiki/Ryan_McGinley) Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) Harley Weir Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) June 8 Children's Illustrations July/August Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) September Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Lili Sumner (/wiki/Lili_Sumner) Gray Sorrenti Akon Adichol Loren Lenox Ugbad Abdi (/wiki/Ugbad_Abdi) Emily Ratajkowski (/wiki/Emily_Ratajkowski) Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Soo Joo Park (/wiki/Soo_Joo_Park) Naomie Broquet Juno Mitchell Zazie Beetz (/wiki/Zazie_Beetz) Cassi Namoda Emily Miller Toni Smith Hiandra Martinez Ariel Nicholson (/wiki/Ariel_Nicholson) Lulu Tenney (/wiki/Lulu_Tenney) Dede Mansro Elaine Palacios Xiao Wen Ju (/wiki/Xiao_Wen_Ju) Valerie Scherzinger Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) Meghan Collison Abby Champion Denali White Elk Kyla Ramsey Jade Meehan Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Madeline Allen Benzo Perryman Laurel Taylor Samantha Nixon Ash Foo Kita Updike Giannie Couji Anisa Dagher Varsha Thapa Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) Missy Rayder (/wiki/Missy_Rayder) Efna Plaza-Merritt Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) Lacey Lennon Lineisy Montero (/wiki/Lineisy_Montero) Carly Mark (/wiki/Carly_Mark) Debra Solomon (/wiki/Debra_Solomon) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) Haley Nichols Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) Adesuwa Aighewi (/wiki/Adesuwa_Aighewi) Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) June Miller Precious Lee (/wiki/Precious_Lee) Rebecca Longendyke Delphine Desane Donna Jordan (/wiki/Donna_Jordan) Susan Cianciolo (/wiki/Susan_Cianciolo) Cici Tamez Dom’ Dominique Duroseau Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Indya Moore (/wiki/Indya_Moore) Avery Singer (/wiki/Avery_Singer) Diana Al-Hadid (/wiki/Diana_al-Hadid) Tafv Sampson Sara Blomqvist (/wiki/Sara_Blomqvist) Karen Wong Carolina Sarria Tara Thomas Kai Avent-deLeon Jake Junkins Munaiya Bilal Angeer Amol Vineeta Seshasai Maruri Cara Taylor (/wiki/Cara_Taylor) Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) Rachel Rose (/wiki/Rachel_Rose_(artist)) Talia Ryder (/wiki/Talia_Ryder) Kiki Layne (/wiki/KiKi_Layne) Heaven Walston Patti Hansen (/wiki/Patti_Hansen) Trish Goff (/wiki/Trish_Goff) Bethann Hardison (/wiki/Bethann_Hardison) Ajani Russell (/wiki/Ajani_Russell) Chloë Sevigny (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny) Tschabalala Self (/wiki/Tschabalala_Self) Havana Liu Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) Elizabeth Peyton (/wiki/Elizabeth_Peyton) Maria Mocerino Zora Sicher Ming Smith (/wiki/Ming_Smith) Beatrice Galilee Asia Chow Gisue Hariri Yulu Serao Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) Mark Borthwick (/wiki/Mark_Borthwick) October Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) & Hailey Bieber (/wiki/Hailey_Bieber) Eli Russell Linnetz November Alex Andrews Georgia Palmer David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) December Lila Moss (/wiki/Lila_Moss) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) 2021 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Ifrah Qaasim Heji Shin (/wiki/Heji_Shin) Sofia Hansson Johnny Dufort February Lavinia De Alessandri Carlos Nazario (/wiki/Carlos_Nazario) Meron Kidane Carlos Nazario (/wiki/Carlos_Nazario) March Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) Tao Okamoto (/wiki/Tao_Okamoto) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Demi Moore (/wiki/Demi_Moore) Brett Lloyd Stella Jones David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) Malika Louback (/wiki/Malika_Louback) Amar Akway Skarla Ali Malick Bodian Selena Forrest (/wiki/Selena_Forrest) Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) Miranda Barnes Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) James Barnor (/wiki/James_Barnor) May Greta Hofer (/wiki/Greta_Hofer_(model)) Selena Forrest (/wiki/Selena_Forrest) Amar Akway Caren Jepkemei Maty Fall Diba (/wiki/Maty_Fall_Diba) Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) Quinn Mora Loli Bahia (/wiki/Loli_Bahia) Grace Hartzel (/wiki/Grace_Hartzel) Jill Kortleve (/wiki/Jill_Kortleve) Sora Choi (/wiki/Sora_Choi) Miriam Sánchez (/wiki/Miriam_S%C3%A1nchez) Rebecca Leigh Longendyke (/wiki/Rebecca_Leigh_Longendyke) Oliver Hadlee Pearch June Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Rihanna July Monica Bellucci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) Deva Cassel Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) August Mona Tougaard (/wiki/Mona_Tougaard) Colin Dodgson September Dara Gueye Tina D Massimo Vitali (/wiki/Massimo_Vitali) "Amsterdam, 1981" by Luigi Ghirri (/wiki/Luigi_Ghirri) Anne Collier (/wiki/Anne_Collier) Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) Michelangelo Pistoletto (/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto) Diana Silvers (/wiki/Diana_Silvers) Djuna Bel Torbjørn Rødland (/wiki/Torbj%C3%B8rn_R%C3%B8dland) Precious Okoyomon (/wiki/Precious_Okoyomon) Hans Ulrich Obrist (/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Obrist) Emma Cline (/wiki/Emma_Cline) Ottessa Moshfegh (/wiki/Ottessa_Moshfegh) Jordan Wolfson (/wiki/Jordan_Wolfson) Tschabalala Self (/wiki/Tschabalala_Self) Thomas Ruff (/wiki/Thomas_Ruff) October Chiara Ferragni (/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni) Scandebergs November Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Maty Fall Diba (/wiki/Maty_Fall_Diba) Khady Sow Ndack Ndiaye Rafael Pavarotti 2022 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Veronica Yoko Plebani (/wiki/Veronica_Yoko_Plebani) Cho Gi-Seok February Coco Rebecca Edogamhe (/wiki/Coco_Rebecca_Edogamhe) Alasdair McLellan (/wiki/Alasdair_McLellan) March Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) Mert Alas & Marcus Piggott April Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) Rafael Pavarotti May Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Cho Gi-Seok June Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) Vito Fernicola July Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) Elizaveta Porodina August Matilda De Angelis (/wiki/Matilda_De_Angelis) Brett Lloyd September Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Rafael Pavarotti October Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) Tanya & Zhenya Posternak November Rosalía (/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa) Harley Weir December Måneskin (/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin) Hugo Comte 2023 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Sora Choi (/wiki/Sora_Choi) Carlijn Jacobs February Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) Elodie (/wiki/Elodie_(singer)) Giovanni Corabi March Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Rafael Pavarotti April Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) Robin Galiegue May Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) (Foldout Cover) Carlijn Jacobs June Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) Oliver Hadlee Pearch July Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) Rafael Pavarotti August Tosca Grasso Maciek Pozoga September Angelina Kendall Carlijn Jacobs October Isabella Rosellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rosellini) Zhong Lin November Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) Bruno Staub December Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) , Jem Perucchini Campbell Addy 2024 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Benedetta Porcaroli (/wiki/Benedetta_Porcaroli) Elizaveta Porodina February Adele Aldighieri Ajok Daing Malika El Maslouhi (/wiki/Malika_El_Maslouhi) Marina Moioli Maty Fall Diba Paola Manes Valerie Buldini Mark Kean (/wiki/Mark_Kean) March Taylor Russell (/wiki/Taylor_Russell) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) April Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Zoë Ghertner May Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Carlos Sainz (/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.) Charles Leclerc (/wiki/Charles_Leclerc) Theo Liu June Hunter Schafer (/wiki/Hunter_Schafer) Ethan James Green (/wiki/Ethan_James_Green) July Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) Rafael Pavarotti August Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) Martin Parr External links [ edit ] Vogue Italia Official Site (http://www.vogue.it/) Vogue Italia Cover Archive - Official Site (https://archivio.vogue.it/) Vogue Italia cover archive (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/vogue-italy/) Italia (https://forums.thefashionspot.com/threads/vogue-italia-the-cover-archive.116921/#post-20135627) Vogue Covers Archive - The Fashion Spot (https://forums.thefashionspot.com/threads/vogue-italia-the-cover-archive.116921/#post-20135627) v t e Lists of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) cover models Arabia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Arabia_cover_models) Australia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Australia_cover_models) Brazil (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Brasil_cover_models) China (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_China_cover_models) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_CS_cover_models) France (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_France_cover_models) Germany (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Deutsch_cover_models) Greece (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Greece_cover_models) Hong Kong (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Hong_Kong_cover_models) India (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_India_cover_models) Italy Japan (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Japan_cover_models) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Korea_cover_models) Mexico (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_cover_models) Netherlands (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Nederland_cover_models) Philippines (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Philippines_cover_models) Poland (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Polska_cover_models) Russia 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Algerian women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Algeria portal (/wiki/Portal:Algeria) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Algerian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Algerian_fashion_designers) . It includes Algerian fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐mvkkg Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.096 seconds Real time usage: 0.166 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3989/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 303/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.050/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 935671/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 146.562 1 -total 36.19% 53.047 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 35.69% 52.303 1 Template:Portal 34.18% 50.101 2 Template:Category_other 32.40% 47.490 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 27.95% 40.970 1 Template:Non-diffusing 22.21% 32.544 1 Template:Cmbox 3.06% 4.491 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.36% 1.986 1 Template:Template_other 1.27% 1.854 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72298637-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177796800. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Algerian women fashion designers" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D Zahia Dehar (/wiki/Zahia_Dehar) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algerian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177796800 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algerian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177796800) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Algerian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Algerian_fashion_designers) Algerian women artists (/wiki/Category:Algerian_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
British fashion brand Swanky Modes was a British fashion brand that opened in 1972 in London's Camden Town (/wiki/Camden_Town) district. [1] (#cite_note-1) It consisted of four designers: Judy Dewsbury, Melanie Herberfield, Willie Walters and Esme Young (/wiki/Esme_Young) , [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) and was located at 106 Camden Road, London. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In the 1970s, they used form-fitting designs and their clients included Midge Ure (/wiki/Midge_Ure) , Cher (/wiki/Cher) and Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) . [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) They created the Amorphous Dress, which is now part of the V&A (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) collection. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Swanky Modes also featured clothes in magazines and newspapers including Vogue, Nova, Honey, 19, ID, The Face, Boulevard, Interview, The Sunday Times, Express, Mail, and the V&A Little Black Dress Book. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "My Life in Patterns with Esme Young - Sewing Blog" (https://www.sewmag.co.uk/blog/my-life-in-patterns-with-esme-young) . Sew Magazine . Retrieved 2023-01-11 . ^ a b Museum, Victoria and Albert (1977). "Amorphous \| V&A Explore The Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O72706/) . Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections . Retrieved 2023-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_3-0) Young, Esme (2022). Behind the seams : my life in creativity, friendship and adventure . London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78870-462-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1294284520 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1294284520) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Museum of London \| Free museum in London" (https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/749831.html) . collections.museumoflondon.org.uk . Retrieved 2024-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Judy Dewsbery from Swanky Modes in the Guardian" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-judy-dewsbery-from-swanky-m/45470755/) . The Guardian . 1984-02-02. p. 9 . Retrieved 2024-02-16 . ^ a b "BBC One - The Great British Sewing Bee - Judges" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3tVTzJgzx96cFg5WlwK0ZkP/judges) . BBC . Retrieved 2023-01-11 . This article about an English company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swanky_Modes&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐m7vqh Cached time: 20240712174443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.321 seconds Real time usage: 0.397 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 485/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13444/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 378/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26913/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.218/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4210271/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 370.268 1 -total 46.63% 172.669 1 Template:Reflist 35.34% 130.851 4 Template:Cite_web 26.93% 99.725 1 Template:Short_description 24.62% 91.142 1 Template:England-company-stub 22.90% 84.776 1 Template:Asbox 14.82% 54.877 2 Template:Pagetype 7.91% 29.300 3 Template:Main_other 7.15% 26.462 1 Template:SDcat 2.48% 9.185 1 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72726915-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174443 and revision id 1208206788. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swanky_Modes&oldid=1208206788 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swanky_Modes&oldid=1208206788) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_Kingdom) English company stubs (/wiki/Category:English_company_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
1901 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1901) 1902 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1902) 1903 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1903) 1904 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1904) 1905 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1905) 1906 1907 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1907) 1908 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1908) 1909 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1909) 1910 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1910) 1911 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1911) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐cmsbd Cached time: 20240718083054 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.084 seconds Real time usage: 0.117 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.062/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 110.317 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 110.317 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55562046-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718083054 and revision id 974955795. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1906" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Anderson & Sheppard (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) D Dr. Scholl's (/wiki/Dr._Scholl%27s) I Invicta (company) (/wiki/Invicta_(company)) M Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno) N New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1906&oldid=974955795 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1906&oldid=974955795) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1900s fashion (/wiki/Category:1900s_fashion) Design companies established in 1906 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1906) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1906 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1906) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
Lilley & Skinner Ltd Lilley & Skinner shop (near left), Guildford (/wiki/Guildford) , 1945 Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1835 ; 189 years ago ( 1835 ) in Southwark (/wiki/Southwark) , London, England Founder Thomas Lilley Defunct 1962 ( 1962 ) Fate Bought by British Shoe Corporation, subsidiary of Sears plc (/wiki/Sears_plc) Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) Lilley & Skinner was a British mid-market shoe brand, manufacturer, retailer and wholesale distributor of their own and others' boots and shoes and associated chain of high street shoe shops. It was also active in wholesale leather distribution. History [ edit ] Lilley & Skinner's origins were in a shoe shop opened in London's Southwark (/wiki/Southwark) in 1835 by London boot and shoe manufacturer, Thomas Lilley (1814-1899). By the mid 19th century Lilley had opened factories in Wellingborough (/wiki/Wellingborough) , Irthlingborough (/wiki/Irthlingborough) , Higham Ferrers (/wiki/Higham_Ferrers) and Rushden (/wiki/Rushden) in Northamptonshire. [1] (#cite_note-1) In April 1871 he reported 233 employees to the census. [2] (#cite_note-FMP-2) More shops were opened in the 1870s and the headquarters moved to Paddington Green. [3] (#cite_note-issue-3) In 1881 Thomas Lilley (1845-1916), only surviving son of the founder, went into partnership with his sister's husband of ten years, W. Banks Skinner (1847-1914), and they named their business Lilley & Skinner. To own it they incorporated Lilley & Skinner Limited in 1894 [3] (#cite_note-issue-3) and sold listed preference shares in 1896. By then there were agencies in Melbourne Australia and Port Elizabeth South Africa. [4] (#cite_note-4) By the end of the First World War, it was one of the UK's best known shoe brands. [5] (#cite_note-Newton2013-5) Lilley & Skinner opened what was believed to be the world's largest shoe shop in Oxford Street (/wiki/Oxford_Street) in 1921. [3] (#cite_note-issue-3) Control of the business was opened up just before he died by the grandson of the founder, chairman Thomas Lilley (1872-1951) with a public listing of ordinary shares to establish a value for the 80 per cent [6] (#cite_note-6) estate duty (/wiki/Inheritance_tax#History_(Succession_duty)) . His elder son Thomas Lilley (1902-1959) and his brother James (1909-1992) were at that time directors along with William Banks Skinner's grandson, John Hershell Skinner (1909-1982) son of John Hershell Skinner (1884-1947). All but one long-serving member of the directorate, Stanley Thorp, were family members and all were active in the management of the business. [3] (#cite_note-issue-3) [2] (#cite_note-FMP-2) It became part of the British Shoe Corporation, a subsidiary of Sears plc (/wiki/Sears_plc) , in 1962, [7] (#cite_note-7) but that was broken up in the 1990s, and Lilley & Skinner became part of Stead & Simpson (/wiki/Stead_%26_Simpson) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Lilley & Skinner shoes are in the V&A (/wiki/V%26A) collection. [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] George Herbert Skinner (/wiki/George_Herbert_Skinner) (1872-1931), director of Lilley & Skinner, inventor of the SU Carburetter (/wiki/SU_Carburettor) , grandson of Thomas Lilley (1814-1899) the founder Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner (/wiki/Herbert_Wakefield_Banks_Skinner) (1900-1960), FRS (/wiki/Royal_Society#Fellows) British physicist (/wiki/Physicist) , son of George Herbert Skinner References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Death of Mr Thomas Lilley. Northampton Mercury - Friday 28 April 1899 ^ a b Census FindMyPast accessed 22 May 2016 ^ a b c d Lilley & Skinner (Holdings) Limited, Offer for Sale. The Times , Tuesday, Mar 06, 1951; pg. 8; Issue 51942. ^ (#cite_ref-4) 'Lilley & Skinner, The Times , Tuesday, Jun 02, 1896; pg. 14; Issue 34906 ^ (#cite_ref-Newton2013_5-0) David Newton (1 May 2013). Trademarked: A History of Well-Known Brands, from Airtex to Wright's Coal Tar . History Press. p. 73. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7524-9612-2 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tax and Corporate Governance (https://books.google.com/books?id=DY7ixcUbRdMC&dq=estate+duty+1951&pg=PA133) edited by Wolfgang Schön ^ (#cite_ref-7) £27M. Clore Offer For Shoe Shops. The Times , Friday, Jan 05, 1962; pg. 10; Issue 55281 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bank of Scotland in £42m deal to acquire shoe seller. The Times , Thursday, October 13, 2005; pg. 55; Issue 68517 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Pair of shoes" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O112089/pair-of-shoes-lilley-skinner/) . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . 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Outfit using only variations of one color Man dressed in a monochrome Leprechaun outfit for St Patrick's Day, Dallas, 2018 Woman in monochrome outfit, after Russian dress style from around 1850 A monochrome outfit is a full dress (/wiki/Dress) combination (usually including headwear (/wiki/Hat) , purse (/wiki/Handbag) , footwears (/wiki/Shoe) , and other accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) ) that uses only variations of a single color, usually differing only in lightness (/wiki/Lightness) and darkness (/wiki/Darkness) . [1] (#cite_note-lind2020-1) [2] (#cite_note-idi2018-2) [3] (#cite_note-baxi2020-3) [4] (#cite_note-dill2011-4) [5] (#cite_note-whwh2021-5) The term may also mean a dress combination that uses only the colors black and white, for example as favored by fashion designer Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) . [6] (#cite_note-young2021-6) See also [ edit ] Miss Monochrome (/wiki/Miss_Monochrome) , an anime character and virtual singer that dresses in black and white. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-lind2020_1-0) Willow Lindley (2020), " Let Monochrome Outfits Boost Your Mood (https://www.vogue.com/article/monochrome-outfits) ". Vogue magazine, online article dated 2020-04-29. Accessed on 2021-11-23. ^ (#cite_ref-idi2018_2-0) Emilia Miranda Idiens (2018): " Street Style Stars Are Proving Monochrome is Anything But Dull (https://fashionmagazine.com/style/street-style-monochrome/) ". Fashion Magazine , online article dated 2018-09-11. Accessed on 2021-11-22. ^ (#cite_ref-baxi2020_3-0) Nishant Baxi (2020): Dress Making . Ebook, Scribl; 22 pages. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788835363293 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788835363293) ^ (#cite_ref-dill2011_4-0) Dillon, S. (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management . AVA Publishing, Switzerland. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782940411580 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782940411580) ^ (#cite_ref-whwh2021_5-0) Cassandra Shaffer (2018): " Monochrome – This Impressive Styling Trick Only Has One Rule (https://www.whowhatwear.com/monochrome-outfits-for-spring) " Online article at the Whowhatwear.com website, dated 2018-03-08. Accessed on 2021-11-23. ^ (#cite_ref-young2021_6-0) Caroline Young (2021): What Coco Chanel Can Teach You About Fashion . White Lion Publishing, 144 pages. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780711259096 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711259096) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monochrome_outfit&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐7wt22 Cached time: 20240712175828 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.147 seconds Real time usage: 0.203 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 875/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6095/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 872/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14827/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.095/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1579472/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 176.879 1 -total 33.25% 58.811 1 Template:Short_description 33.03% 58.416 1 Template:Clothing-stub 32.27% 57.071 1 Template:Asbox 29.19% 51.635 3 Template:Isbn 22.51% 39.822 3 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 18.77% 33.201 2 Template:Pagetype 9.09% 16.080 5 Template:Main_other 7.91% 13.991 1 Template:SDcat 2.37% 4.195 9 Template:Yesno-no Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69346496-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175828 and revision id 1192803900. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monochrome_outfit&oldid=1192803900 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monochrome_outfit&oldid=1192803900) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) Color of clothing (/wiki/Category:Color_of_clothing) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Dutch artist and fashion model In this Dutch name (/wiki/Dutch_name) , the surname (/wiki/Surname) is de Brauw , not Brauw . Saskia de Brauw Saskia de Brauw during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) in 2019 Born Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Nationality Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Modeling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency DNA Models (/w/index.php?title=DNA_Models&action=edit&redlink=1) (New York) VIVA Model Management (/wiki/VIVA_Model_Management) (Paris, London, Barcelona) Why Not Model Management (Milan) Paparazzi Models (Amsterdam) (mother agency) Saskia de Brauw (born 19 April 1981) is a Dutch artist and model. She began modeling at sixteen but quit after one year to attend art school in Amsterdam. Returning to modeling at the age of 29, she quickly became a successful fashion model. Notable appearances include Carine Roitfeld (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) 's final cover for French Vogue (/wiki/French_Vogue) (2011) and a starring role in David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) 's 2013 music video The Stars (Are Out Tonight) (/wiki/The_Stars_(Are_Out_Tonight)) . Her photographs of found objects have been exhibited at the National Museum of Scotland (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland) . She and her husband, photographer and filmmaker Vincent van de Wijngaard, collaborate on multimedia projects that include his photographs and her writing. Career [ edit ] After an early start in the fashion world, de Brauw left modeling at 16 to pursue her interest in art, studying the subject at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie (/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld_Academie) in her home town of Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) . [1] (#cite_note-Cut2011-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Returning to modeling at age 29, she appeared in fashion shows for Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) and Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) and became a "new face" for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) ; [3] (#cite_note-Elle.fr-3) photographed by Mert and Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) for Carine Roitfeld (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) 's final cover of Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) in March 2011; [4] (#cite_note-4) and the same month featuring on the cover of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , photographed by Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She has appeared in editorials for Italian, American, French, British, German, Russian, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) , i-D (/wiki/I-D) , LOVE (/wiki/LOVE_(magazine)) , V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) , and Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . She has appeared on the covers of Italian, French, German, Dutch, Russian, Japanese, and Korean Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Dutch Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , i-D (/wiki/I-D) , and Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) . [ citation needed ] She has walked the runways for Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Céline (/wiki/C%C3%A9line) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , Jason Wu (/wiki/Jason_Wu) , Diane Von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_Von_Furstenberg) , Altuzarra (/wiki/Altuzarra) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) , Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) , Armani Privé (/wiki/Armani_Priv%C3%A9) , Hermés (/wiki/Herm%C3%A9s) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Narciso Rodriguez (/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez) , and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) . [ citation needed ] De Brauw has appeared in advertising campaigns for GIADA (/wiki/Giada_(brand)) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) , Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , DSquared2 (/wiki/DSquared2) , Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Fossil (/wiki/Fossil_Group) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , and Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) . [ citation needed ] . In 2023 Saskia became the face of Roberto Cavalli Spring collection campaign. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2013, she appeared alongside Andreja Pejić (/wiki/Andreja_Peji%C4%87) , Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , Iselin Steiro (/wiki/Iselin_Steiro) and David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) for Bowie's 2013 single " The Stars (Are Out Tonight) (/wiki/The_Stars_(Are_Out_Tonight)) " as one of the "stars". [9] (#cite_note-WWD2016-9) [10] (#cite_note-FashionTelegraph-10) In her art, De Brauw explores the relationship between the physical body and its surroundings. Her work encompasses both photography and installation, as well as written verse and prose. [11] (#cite_note-11) During the 2014 Edinburgh International Fashion Festiva, de Brauw's enlarged photographs of discarded objects became the basis for an exhibition The Accidental Fold at the National Museum of Scotland (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland) . [12] (#cite_note-NMS2014-12) [13] (#cite_note-2016Edinb-13) In 2016, she published a book based on that exhibition. [13] (#cite_note-2016Edinb-13) [14] (#cite_note-Wallpaper2016-14) In 2015, de Brauw began a collaboration with her husband, photographer and filmmaker Vincent van de Wijngaard, that included a film of De Brauw walking a north–south route through Manhattan from 225th Street to Battery Park, during a single day in May. This work resulted in 2018 in a multimedia exhibition Ghosts Don’t Walk in Straight Lines . [15] (#cite_note-NYT2018-15) [16] (#cite_note-Vogue2018-16) De Brauw and de Wijngaard live in upstate New York, where they continue to collaborate on multimedia projects. [17] (#cite_note-FT2020-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Cut2011_1-0) Lim, James (24 February 2011). "Meet the New Girl: Saskia de Brauw Is More of a 'Character' Than a Model" (https://www.thecut.com/2011/02/post_59.html) . The Cut . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181113164546/https://www.thecut.com/2011/02/post_59.html) from the original on 13 November 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Saskia :: Newfaces – Models.com's Model of the Week and Daily Duo" (http://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/6467) . Models.com. 7 July 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120106154022/http://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/6467) from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elle.fr_3-0) Pons, Sabrina. "Saint Laurent Paris : qui est Saskia de Brauw?" (https://www.elle.fr/Mode/Les-news-mode/Autres-news/Saint-Laurent-Paris-qui-est-Saskia-de-Brauw-2257020) . Elle.fr (in French) . Retrieved 22 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Vogue Mars 2011 \| Vogue" (http://www.vogue.fr/mars-2011-00) . Vogue.fr. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120108015843/http://www.vogue.fr/mars-2011-00) from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Cite magazine requires \|magazine= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Dazzling" (http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/cover-story/2011/03/dazzling) . Vogue.it . 28 February 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110930235317/http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/cover-story/2011/03/dazzling) from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Saskia de Brauw – Model Profile – Photos & latest news" (http://models.com/models/saskia-de-brauw) . Models.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111127190405/http://models.com/models/saskia-de-brauw) from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Saskia de Brauw Exudes Elegance in Giada Spring 2020 Campaign" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/saskia-de-brauw-giada-spring-2020-campaign/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 11 December 2019 . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Saskia de Brauw Models Roberto Cavalli Spring 2023 Collection" (https://www.designscene.net/2023/02/saskia-de-brauw-roberto-cavalli-ss23.html) . 8 February 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-WWD2016_9-0) Diderich, Joelle (25 January 2016). "Saskia de Brauw Comes into Her Own With Art Book" (https://wwd.com/eye/people/saskia-de-brauw-comes-her-own-with-art-book-10323108/) . Women's Wear Daily . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160318122955/http://wwd.com/eye/people/saskia-de-brauw-comes-her-own-with-art-book-10323108/) from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FashionTelegraph_10-0) White, Belinda (26 February 2013). "David Bowie teams up with Tilda Swinton, Andrej Pejic and Saskia de Brauw for The Stars (Are Out Tonight) music video" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9894744/David-Bowie-teams-up-with-Tilda-Swinton-Andrej-Pejic-and-Saskia-de-Brauw-for-The-Stars-Are-Out-Tonight-music-video.html) . Fashion (Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180124020457/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9894744/David-Bowie-teams-up-with-Tilda-Swinton-Andrej-Pejic-and-Saskia-de-Brauw-for-The-Stars-Are-Out-Tonight-music-video.html) from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Saskia de Brauw" (http://www.saskiadebrauw.com/) . Saskiadebrauw.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150119163928/http://www.saskiadebrauw.com/) from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-NMS2014_12-0) Budd, Eileen (18 July 2014). "The unfolding of an exhibition: Saskia de Brauw--The Accidental Fold" (https://blog.nms.ac.uk/2014/07/18/the-unfolding-of-an-exhibition-saskia-de-brauw-the-accidental-fold/) . National Museum of Scotland. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171019185703/http://blog.nms.ac.uk/2014/07/18/the-unfolding-of-an-exhibition-saskia-de-brauw-the-accidental-fold/) from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . Saskia's artwork incorporates elements of photography and performance art as well as text and graphics. ^ a b "5th Edinburgh Fashion Festival debates the 'Future of Fashion' (https://www.reviewsphere.org/news/5th-edinburgh-fashion-festival-debates-the-future-of-fashion/) " (https://www.reviewsphere.org/news/5th-edinburgh-fashion-festival-debates-the-future-of-fashion/) . Review Sphere . 18 July 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200929001316/https://www.reviewsphere.org/news/5th-edinburgh-fashion-festival-debates-the-future-of-fashion/) from the original on 29 September 2020 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . As part of the festival and an expansion on her 2014 exhibition, renowned author Saskia De Brauw will celebrate the launch of her new book, The Accidental Fold , at the Surgeons' Hall on Saturday 23rd July. ^ (#cite_ref-Wallpaper2016_14-0) Thawley, Dan (2 February 2016). "The Accidental Fold: Saskia de Brauw, an artist turned model, and back again" (https://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/the-accidental-fold-saskia-debrauw-an-artist-turned-model-and-back-again) . Wallpaper . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160423092041/http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/the-accidental-fold-saskia-debrauw-an-artist-turned-model-and-back-again) from the original on 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT2018_15-0) "Ghosts of Manhattan" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/t-magazine/diane-arbus-untitled-saskia-de-brauw-photos-editors-picks.html) . NY Times . 2 November 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190807114740/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/t-magazine/diane-arbus-untitled-saskia-de-brauw-photos-editors-picks.html) from the original on 7 August 2019 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue2018_16-0) Borrelli-Persson, Laird (18 November 2020). "Saskia de Brauw and Vincent van de Wijngaard Go Off the Grid With a Multimedia Project, Ghosts Don't Walk in Straight Lines" (https://www.vogue.com/article/saskia-de-brauw-model-artist-vincent-van-de-wijngaard-photographer-on-their-multimedia-project-ghosts-dont-walk-in-straight-lines) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190619001004/https://www.vogue.com/article/saskia-de-brauw-model-artist-vincent-van-de-wijngaard-photographer-on-their-multimedia-project-ghosts-dont-walk-in-straight-lines) from the original on 19 June 2019 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FT2020_17-0) de Brauw, Saskia (7 September 2020). "Fashion's reawakening" (https://www.ft.com/content/d7d4c17a-7df8-43f8-a9da-a5456e5064aa) . Financial Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200929001315/https://www.ft.com/content/d7d4c17a-7df8-43f8-a9da-a5456e5064aa) from the original on 29 September 2020 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 . The photographer Vincent van de Wijngaard and his model wife Saskia de Brauw explore the strange currents of a season like no other from their house in upstate New York External links [ edit ] Blog (http://sdebrauw.blogspot.com) Official website (http://www.saskiadebrauw.com) Saskia de Brauw (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/saskia_de+brauw/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Saskia de Brauw (https://models.com/models/saskia-de-brauw) on Models.com Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000396001165) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/290782663) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmGjWphY7JdjJD39Vgrq) National Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p322264235) Artists RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/420502) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐72zzz Cached time: 20240713202904 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.549 seconds Real time usage: 0.973 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3645/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61691/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6062/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 75069/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.384/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9451069/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 660.397 1 -total 30.06% 198.503 1 Template:Infobox_model 26.85% 177.291 1 Template:Reflist 20.97% 138.459 14 Template:Cite_web 13.28% 87.687 1 Template:Authority_control 10.48% 69.189 1 Template:Short_description 7.86% 51.889 1 Template:Infobox 7.67% 50.632 3 Template:Citation_needed 6.70% 44.246 3 Template:Fix 5.87% 38.738 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31088228-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713202904 and revision id 1149906875. 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British make-up artist Isamaya Ffrench (born 9 April 1994) is a British make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) and creator of wearable art (/wiki/Wearable_art) . She has worked on fashion (/wiki/Fashion) editorials for several major publications, including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) , W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) magazine and Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) . [1] (#cite_note-BOF-1) Her subjects have included musicians Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) and Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) and models Kendall (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) and Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her principal focus is on facial art and decoration that challenges beauty (/wiki/Beauty) norms. [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life and education [ edit ] Born and raised in Cambridge (/wiki/Cambridge) , England, she became interested in physical arts (/wiki/Physical_art) from a young age and moved to London (/wiki/London) to study 3D design at the Chelsea College of Arts (/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Arts) , then product (/wiki/Product_design) and industrial design (/wiki/Industrial_design) at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) . [1] (#cite_note-BOF-1) She also joined the Theo Adams (/wiki/Theo_Adams) Company in 2010. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She was inspired by Kevyn Aucoin (/wiki/Kevyn_Aucoin) 's The Art of Makeup, Making Faces , which she saw at age seven, [9] (#cite_note-FM-9) but did not focus on make-up in her youth, being more interested in other physical art, springboard diving (/wiki/Springboard_diving) , [10] (#cite_note-ITGT-10) and ballet (/wiki/Ballet) . [11] (#cite_note-ID2-11) While studying in London she decided to learn face painting (/wiki/Face_painting) to earn money part-time. She started face painting at children's parties and her skill at the craft resulted in her doing the job for children from London high society (/wiki/High_society_(social_class)) . [9] (#cite_note-FM-9) Career [ edit ] She moved into painting adults faces soon after, and worked on the 2011 spring/summer menswear show for fellow Central Saint Martins alumnus Christopher Shannon (/wiki/Christopher_Shannon) . [12] (#cite_note-ID-12) After doing an all-body tiger body painting (/wiki/Body_painting) for a friend, a fellow dancer in her company suggested her to i-D (/wiki/I-D) magazine, which resulted in Ffrench's first fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) shoot in mid-2011 doing body painting and clay (/wiki/Clay) sculpture for Matthew Stone (/wiki/Matthew_Stone) and Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) . She worked alongside a professional make-up artist during the shoot, which led her to purchase her own kit and move towards face decoration. Having come from a physical arts background, she was less interested in beauty conventions (/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal) and more interested in face decoration as a form of identity construction (/wiki/Identity_construction) and working with the structure of the face (/wiki/Face) . [13] (#cite_note-GU-13) [10] (#cite_note-ITGT-10) She broadened into window dressing (/wiki/Window_dressing) with a display for Liberty's (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) for London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in 2013. [1] (#cite_note-BOF-1) She continued to work for I-D and became the magazine's beauty editor in April 2014. [12] (#cite_note-ID-12) She also uses nature themes for her facial art, such as landscapes and forests. [12] (#cite_note-ID-12) [11] (#cite_note-ID2-11) Ffrench left I-D in 2015 and became ambassador for YSL Beauté, Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) 's cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) range that same year. She was appointed Creative Artist Consultant for Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Beauty in October 2016, where she created the Extrême line including metallic coloured lip lacquers (/wiki/Lip_lacquer) and eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) . [9] (#cite_note-FM-9) In 2018 Ffrench became creative director for the newly launched Dazed Beauty section of Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) magazine. In 2020 she was named Creative director of Byredo Makeup where she created and developed the line for the brand. In 2021 she was made Global beauty director of Burberry. [1] (#cite_note-BOF-1) In 2019 she expressed an interest in the intersection of beauty and genetics (/wiki/Genetics) , particularly the impact of racial diversity (/wiki/Racial_diversity) and gender diversity (/wiki/Gender_diversity) upon beauty norms, and physical health (/wiki/Physical_health) as a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) . [13] (#cite_note-GU-13) In 2020, she was a featured vocalist on two songs, "Control" by God Colony (/wiki/God_Colony) and the " Feel (/wiki/Feel_(Robbie_Williams_song)) " cover by Sega Bodega (/wiki/Sega_Bodega) from his new album titled Reestablishing Connection. She formed the experimental music project Alto Arc in 2021, alongside George Clarke of Deafheaven (/wiki/Deafheaven) , Danny L Harle (/wiki/Danny_L_Harle) , and Trayer Tryon of Hundred Waters (/wiki/Hundred_Waters) . They released their debut EP in February 2022. She additionally collaborated with Sega Bodega again on his 2021 Romeo (/wiki/Romeo_(album)) album. [ citation needed ] She released a collaborative album with English composer Sam Thomas in 2023 titled Mantle . [14] (#cite_note-14) In June 2022, Isamaya launched her own line of makeup products, Isamaya Beauty. [15] (#cite_note-15) The first collection featured kink-inspired imagery. [16] (#cite_note-16) Podcast guest [ edit ] On 4 August 2023, Ffrench attended the 100 Club [1] (https://dice.fm/event/eb9a6-how-long-gone-4th-aug-100-club-london-tickets) in London to discuss her life and career on How Long Gone [2] (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/feb/07/how-long-gone-podcast-chris-black-jason-stewart) , a Glendale, California (/wiki/Glendale,_California) -based podcast hosted by Jason Stewart and Chris Black, sponsored by J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) . References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Isamaya Ffrench (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/isamaya-ffrench) . Business of Fashion. Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Autumn 2017 Bjork (https://www.streeters.com/news/dazed-autumn-2017-cover-story-bjork) . Dazed . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Niven-Phillips, Lisa (2018-08-03). The Story Behind Rihanna's Skinny Brows For Vogue's September (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/isamaya-ffrench-makeup-rihanna-vogue) . Vogue . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Isamaya Ffrench interviews Kylie Jenner (https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/soul/article/43277/1/isamaya-ffrench-kylie-jenner-interview) . Dazed (2019-03-01). Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kendall Jenner Takes on Fall Fashion (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/kendall-jenner-september-2016-cover-fall-fashion) . Vogue (2016-08-11). Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Berner, Sooanne (2015-10-25). The London beauty alchemist changing the game (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/27109/1/the-london-beauty-alchemist-changing-the-game) . Dazed Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Niven-Phillips, Lisa (2015-08-11). Who Is Isamaya Ffrench? (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/who-is-isamaya-ffrench-ysl-beaute-uk-makeup-ambassador) . Vogue . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Isamaya French (https://www.streeters.com/artists/makeup/isamaya-ffrench) . Streeters. Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ a b c Hannah, Lesa (2018-08-29). How Isamaya Ffrench Went From Painting Kids’ Faces to Being One of the Most in Demand Makeup Artists (https://fashionmagazine.com/beauty/isamaya-ffrench/) . Fashion Magazine . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ a b Isamaya Ffrench, Beauty Editor, i-D (https://intothegloss.com/2014/07/isamaya-ffrench-makeup/) Into the Gloss (July 2014). Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ a b Dunn, Francesca (2014-05-19). meet our new beauty editor isamaya ffrench! (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/bjzxew/isamaya-ffrench) . I-D . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ a b c Kissick, Dean (2014-04-28). paintjob by isamaya ffrench, i-D's new beauty editor (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/wj5qmb/meet-our-new-beauty-editor-isamaya-ffrench) . I-D . Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ a b Isamaya Ffrench: ‘In the future beauty will be about displaying your DNA’ (https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/oct/27/makeup-artist-isamaya-ffrench-is-taking-beauty-to-new-levels-of-creativity) . The Guardian (2019-10-27). Retrieved 2019-10-28. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Isamaya Ffrench and Sam Thomas' atmospheric "Mantle" envelopes listeners in a sensory plight \| Best Fit" (https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/tracks/isamaya-ffrench-sam-thomas-mantle) . The Line of Best Fit . Retrieved 8 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Bella Hadid's Makeup Artist Just Launched a Makeup Line" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/a40434103/isamaya-ffrench-makeup-launch/) . 27 June 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Isamaya Ffrench Veers into Kink Territory with Her First Anticipated Makeup Drop" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/06/isamaya-ffrench-first-anticipated-makeup-drop) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . 27 June 2022. External links [ edit ] The BoF Podcast: Makeup Artist Isamaya Ffrench on How to Define Beauty (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/podcasts/the-bof-podcast-makeup-artist-isamaya-ffrench-on-how-to-define-beauty) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6f1de8c3-6f60-4604-a283-f4b63df04fed) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐6cbfg Cached time: 20240713180903 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.237 seconds Real time usage: 0.324 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 870/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10257/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1181/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23597/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.149/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4139075/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 294.357 1 -total 32.48% 95.618 1 Template:Reflist 27.40% 80.647 1 Template:Authority_control 26.24% 77.231 3 Template:Cite_web 21.43% 63.079 1 Template:Short_description 11.93% 35.111 2 Template:Pagetype 10.31% 30.350 1 Template:Citation_needed 9.50% 27.960 1 Template:Fix 6.43% 18.939 2 Template:Category_handler 6.40% 18.828 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62185884-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180903 and revision id 1230418733. 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Italian businesswoman Luisa Spagnoli shop in Bergamo (/wiki/Bergamo) Luisa Spagnoli ( Italian pronunciation: [luˈiːza (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) spaɲˈɲɔːli] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Sargentini ; 30 October 1877, in Perugia (/wiki/Perugia) – 21 September 1935, in Paris (/wiki/Paris) ), was an Italian businesswoman, famous for creating a women's clothing company and chocolate factory Perugina (/wiki/Perugina) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Perugina [ edit ] Spagnoli was born in Perugia (/wiki/Perugia) in 30 October 1877. With Giovanni Buitoni, she created the small company Perugina (/wiki/Perugina) with its headquarters in the historical center of Perugia. Perugina initially began with 15 employees. With the outbreak of World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) when men had to leave for the front, Spagnoli was left to carry on the business alone with her three children, including two sons Mario and Aldo, taking care of them all by herself. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After the war, the Perugina factory grew to more than 100 employees. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 1922, a brand of Italian chocolates called Baci ("Kisses") was created. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The recipe for Baci now, nearly around 100 years since it was created, remains the same: dark chocolate, gianduia (/wiki/Gianduja_(chocolate)) , chopped hazelnuts and crowned with a whole hazelnut. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) By 1939, her chocolate brand Baci Perugina was so successful that it arrived in other countries including the US. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Angora Spagnoli [ edit ] After the end of the war, Spagnoli created a new company, breeding poultry and angora rabbits (/wiki/Angora_rabbit) . In 1928, Spagnoli was the person to think of the idea of using angora yarn for knitwear including shawls, boleros, and fashionable garments which she trademarked l'Angora Spagnoli . At the Fiera di Milano (/wiki/Fiera_di_Milano) exhibition, her innovation was showcased, and the activity of the company soon expanded. Being diagnosed with throat cancer, Spagnoli was unable to witness the growth of her company, which began about four years later under the guidance of her son Mario. Giovanni Buitoni moved her to Paris to obtain medical care available, remaining with her until her death in Paris in 1935 at the age of 58. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Industrial development [ edit ] Following her death, Spagnoli's son Mario (1900–1977) transitioned her company from fine crafts to a more industrialized focus in 1937. He was credited with the invention of a comb for collection of wool, and a clamp for tattooing angora rabbits, which were patented in 1942. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 1947, Mario built the Città dell'angora (Angora city) factory, located at the center of a growing community. In the 1960s, he also founded the playground of the Città della Domenica originally called Spagnolia , that remains a destination for visitors to this day. Under the leadership of Mario's son Hannibal (1927–1986), entrepreneur and president of Perugia Calcio (/wiki/Perugia_Calcio) , production diversified and the family created the network of Luisa Spagnoli shops. There are now more than 100 shops throughout the world, with the headquarters still based in Perugia. Notes and references [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Luisa Spagnoli (1877-1935)" (https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history/luisa-spagnoli-baci-perugina) . Nestlé Global . Retrieved 30 April 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Luisa Spagnoli, the Woman who left a sign in the Fashion World" (https://www.celebremagazine.world/style/luisa-spagnoli-left-sign-fashion-world/) . celebreMagazine . 9 May 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2021 . Grohmann, Alberto (1988). Perugia . Laterza. p. 159. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 88-420-1877-5 . External links [ edit ] Luisa Spagnoli womenswear (http://www.luisaspagnoli.it/home_page_eng.htm) (in English) Perugina (http://www.perugina.it) (in Italian) Baci Perugina (https://web.archive.org/web/20031225031802/http://www.baciperugina.it/ita/world.asp?mondo=amore) (in Italian) Bio-pic (2016) with subtitles (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5372630/?ref_=tt_mv_desc) (in Italian) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/1173156434626312120005) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1191209342) People Italian People (https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luisa-sargentini_(Dizionario-Biografico)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐m76q9 Cached time: 20240710153249 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.383 seconds Real time usage: 0.492 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12883/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 920/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.287/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14675023/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 462.581 1 -total 30.76% 142.300 1 Template:IPA-it 30.39% 140.580 1 Template:IPA 22.91% 105.996 1 Template:Reflist 22.71% 105.033 1 Template:Authority_control 19.80% 91.608 2 Template:Cite_web 14.61% 67.606 1 Template:Short_description 8.71% 40.306 2 Template:Pagetype 4.05% 18.746 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.34% 15.462 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24629236-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710153249 and revision id 1229309635. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hcj4w Cached time: 20240721154123 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.026 seconds Real time usage: 0.041 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 382/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.014/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627159/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 35.224 1 Template:Catmain 100.00% 35.224 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37472744-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721154123 and revision id 1128196902. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Fashion editors" The following 84 pages are in this category, out of 84 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) A Deniz Akkaya (/wiki/Deniz_Akkaya) Roman Aleksandrov (/wiki/Roman_Aleksandrov) Svida Alisjahbana (/wiki/Svida_Alisjahbana) Amy Astley (/wiki/Amy_Astley) B Adam Baidawi (/wiki/Adam_Baidawi) Glenda Bailey (/wiki/Glenda_Bailey) Rushka Bergman (/wiki/Rushka_Bergman) Arjun Bhasin (/wiki/Arjun_Bhasin) Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) Coco Brandolini d'Adda (/wiki/Coco_Brandolini_d%27Adda) Danyul Brown (/wiki/Danyul_Brown) C Jess Cartner-Morley (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) Edna Woolman Chase (/wiki/Edna_Woolman_Chase) Eva Chen (editor) (/wiki/Eva_Chen_(editor)) Kirstie Clements (/wiki/Kirstie_Clements) Grace Coddington (/wiki/Grace_Coddington) H. Maria George Colby (/wiki/H._Maria_George_Colby) Joanna Coles (/wiki/Joanna_Coles) Julia Ringwood Coston (/wiki/Julia_Ringwood_Coston) Consuelo Crespi (/wiki/Consuelo_Crespi) D Solange d'Ayen (/wiki/Solange_d%27Ayen) Anna Dello Russo (/wiki/Anna_Dello_Russo) Catherine Murray di Montezemolo (/wiki/Catherine_Murray_di_Montezemolo) Phyllis Digby Morton (/wiki/Phyllis_Digby_Morton) Vyvyan Donner (/wiki/Vyvyan_Donner) Carrie Donovan (/wiki/Carrie_Donovan) Miroslava Duma (/wiki/Miroslava_Duma) E Jo Ellison (/wiki/Jo_Ellison) Giovanna Battaglia Engelbert (/wiki/Giovanna_Battaglia_Engelbert) Edward Enninful (/wiki/Edward_Enninful) Meredith Etherington-Smith (/wiki/Meredith_Etherington-Smith) F John Fairchild (editor) (/wiki/John_Fairchild_(editor)) Nicola Formichetti (/wiki/Nicola_Formichetti) Solange Franklin Reed (/wiki/Solange_Franklin_Reed) Vanessa Friedman (/wiki/Vanessa_Friedman) Bonnie Fuller (/wiki/Bonnie_Fuller) G Nina García (/wiki/Nina_Garc%C3%ADa) Ailsa Garland (/wiki/Ailsa_Garland) Madge Garland (/wiki/Madge_Garland) Bay Garnett (/wiki/Bay_Garnett) Robin Givhan (/wiki/Robin_Givhan) Sylvie Grumbach (/wiki/Sylvie_Grumbach) Sidonie Grünwald-Zerkowitz (/wiki/Sidonie_Gr%C3%BCnwald-Zerkowitz) H Tatiana Hambro (/wiki/Tatiana_Hambro) Anna Harvey (/wiki/Anna_Harvey) Kate Davidson Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Davidson_Hudson) K Memsor Kamarake (/wiki/Memsor_Kamarake) Aya Kanai (/wiki/Aya_Kanai) Vicki Karaminas (/wiki/Vicki_Karaminas) Lizzette Kattan (/wiki/Lizzette_Kattan) Hellin Kay (/wiki/Hellin_Kay) Brigid Keenan (/wiki/Brigid_Keenan) Sally Kirkland (editor) (/wiki/Sally_Kirkland_(editor)) Kusha Kapila (/wiki/Kusha_Kapila) L Françoise de Langlade (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Langlade) Serena Sinclair Lesley (/wiki/Serena_Sinclair_Lesley) Vanessa de Lisle (/wiki/Vanessa_de_Lisle) M China Machado (/wiki/China_Machado) Polly Allen Mellen (/wiki/Polly_Allen_Mellen) Tamara Mellon (/wiki/Tamara_Mellon) Nonnie Moore (/wiki/Nonnie_Moore) P Diane Pernet (/wiki/Diane_Pernet) Kate Phelan (/wiki/Kate_Phelan) Phillip Picardi (/wiki/Phillip_Picardi) R Zanna Roberts Rassi (/wiki/Zanna_Roberts_Rassi) Chessy Rayner (/wiki/Chessy_Rayner) Clare Rendlesham (/wiki/Clare_Rendlesham) Anne Rittenhouse (/wiki/Anne_Rittenhouse) S Susan Schulz (/wiki/Susan_Schulz) Alison Settle (/wiki/Alison_Settle) Babs Simpson (/wiki/Babs_Simpson) Carla Sozzani (/wiki/Carla_Sozzani) Franca Sozzani (/wiki/Franca_Sozzani) Leslie Sun (/wiki/Leslie_Sun) T Isabel Tisdall (/wiki/Isabel_Tisdall) Annabel Tollman (/wiki/Annabel_Tollman) Stefano Tonchi (/wiki/Stefano_Tonchi) Deborah Turbeville (/wiki/Deborah_Turbeville) V Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) W Madeline Weeks (/wiki/Madeline_Weeks) Emil Wilbekin (/wiki/Emil_Wilbekin) Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) Y Lynn Yaeger (/wiki/Lynn_Yaeger) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_editors&oldid=1128196902 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_editors&oldid=1128196902) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Magazine editors (/wiki/Category:Magazine_editors) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Category:Fashion_journalism) People in fashion (/wiki/Category:People_in_fashion)
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Buffalo_coat) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Buffalo coat" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Buffalo+coat%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Buffalo+coat%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Buffalo+coat%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Buffalo+coat%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Buffalo+coat%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Buffalo+coat%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 1880 Commercially-made bison coat A buffalo coat is a heavy winter garment made from the bison (/wiki/Bison) , which also commonly known as the "buffalo" (though not closely related to African or Asian buffaloes). In North America they descended from the simpler, sleeveless buffalo robes (/wiki/Buffalo_robes) worn by the Indigenous peoples of North America (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America) prior to their partial replacement by capotes (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) made of point blankets (/wiki/Point_blanket) during the North American fur trade (/wiki/North_American_fur_trade) . Similar garments were also used across Eurasia prior to the gradual displacement and near-extinction of the European bison or wisent (/wiki/European_bison) . Commercially produced coats with sleeves and buttons became popular with non-indigenous people during the early settlement period of the American West (/wiki/American_West) and the Canadian prairies (/wiki/Canadian_prairies) . Their use mostly ended because of a rising conservationist movement (/wiki/Conservationist_movement) intended to preserve the bison, which had been hunted to near-extinction in North America as well. Buffalo coats were issued to police and military officers, particularly the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police) and the United States Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) , prior to their replacement by parkas (/wiki/Parka) . The coats were intended for use in extreme cold or arctic conditions. [1] (#cite_note-1) The RCMP (and other Canadian police services) briefly revived them in the 1930s when 700 hides were donated by the Canadian parks service (/wiki/Canadian_parks_service) . Guards on Parliament Hill (/wiki/Ceremonial_Guard_(Canada)) continued to wear them until 1961. With the growing numbers of farmed bison being raised since the 1990s, buffalo coats are once again available, though they are much more expensive and many times heavier than modern winter wear made of manmade fabrics. Canadian political commentator Tom Flanagan (/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)) wears one daily during the winter at the University of Calgary where he teaches, and in 2013 wore it during a panel discussion on the CBC, which drew media attention. [2] (#cite_note-2) Gallery [ edit ] Buffalo soldiers (/wiki/Buffalo_soldier) some wearing buffalo coats, Ft. Keogh, Montana 1890 North-West Mounted Police (/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police) scout wearing a buffalo coat. Gleichen, Alberta, ca. 1890 modern buffalo coat front (2008) modern buffalo coat back (2008) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Buffalo Coat and Gloves" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111103164404/http://www.westernillinoismuseum.org/artifact_month/2010_january.html) . Western Illinois Museum. January 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.westernillinoismuseum.org/artifact_month/2010_january.html) on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) " (http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/30/it-makes-me-an-icon-of-canadian-history-tom-flanagans-enormous-fuzzy-bison-hide-coat-causes-twitter-furor/) 'It makes me an icon of Canadian history': Tom Flanagan's enormous, fuzzy bison-hide coat causes Twitter furor" (http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/30/it-makes-me-an-icon-of-canadian-history-tom-flanagans-enormous-fuzzy-bison-hide-coat-causes-twitter-furor/) . External links [ edit ] Media related to Bison coats (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bison_coats) at Wikimedia Commons This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_coat&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7z75z Cached time: 20240719093750 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.213 seconds Real time usage: 0.374 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 352/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16372/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 213/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18736/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.149/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3426105/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 281.823 1 -total 32.61% 91.892 1 Template:Reflist 27.37% 77.139 2 Template:Cite_web 25.99% 73.257 1 Template:More_citations_needed 21.11% 59.507 1 Template:Ambox 20.96% 59.056 1 Template:Clothing-stub 20.41% 57.526 1 Template:Asbox 15.54% 43.807 1 Template:Commonscat-inline 14.72% 41.485 1 Template:Sister-inline 4.07% 11.474 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32820181-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719093750 and revision id 1168394294. 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Edwige Edwige Born Edwige Belmor September 1957 Villejuif (/wiki/Villejuif) , Paris Died September 22, 2015 Miami (/wiki/Miami) Notable work Singer with Mathématiques Modernes: Jacno – Disco Rough / Rectangle (1980), Paris Tokyo (1981), Les Visiteurs Du Soir (1981) Movement punk fashion (/wiki/Punk_fashion) synth pop (/wiki/Synth_pop) no wave (/wiki/No_wave) Edwige , also known as Edwige Belmore and Edwige Braun-Belmore and la reine du punk a Paris (September 1957 - September 22, 2015) was a French model, singer and actress. She was considered a blonde icon of 1980s No Wave (/wiki/No_Wave) New York/France connection after she appeared on the cover of Façade (/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade_(magazine)) magazine (No. 4) kissing Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) on the cheek. The magazine cover text read: “The Queen of Punk and the Pope of Pop”. [1] (#cite_note-VGIT-1) [2] (#cite_note-LIBE-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Edwige founded (with Claude Arto) the post-punk (/wiki/Post-punk) synth pop (/wiki/Synth_pop) musical group Mathématiques modernes with which she sang and released four albums. She was for a time the doorman/bouncer/promoter of the club Le Palace (/wiki/Le_Palace) . In New York she promoted nights at Area (/wiki/Area_(nightclub)) , Danceteria (/wiki/Danceteria) , Tunnel (/wiki/Tunnel_(New_York_nightclub)) and The Palladium Niteclub (/wiki/The_Palladium_Niteclub) . She was photographed by famous photographers of the day like Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) , Maripol (/wiki/Maripol) , Jean-Baptiste Mondino (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino) and Pierre et Gilles (/wiki/Pierre_et_Gilles) who photographed her as Sainte Gertrude the Great . She walked the runway for Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) and Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) . Throughout the 80s, Edwige went back and forth from the Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) of New York and Paris where she sang at Les Bains-Douches (/wiki/Les_Bains-Douches) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Biography [ edit ] Edwige Bessuand was born in September 1957 [5] (#cite_note-VAFA-5) in Paris, and was taken into state care after being abandoned. [6] (#cite_note-INRO-6) As a teenager, she lived in the Kremlin-Bicêtre (/wiki/Kremlin-Bic%C3%AAtre) . Her adoptive parents separated and kicked her out of the house when she was 17. [6] (#cite_note-INRO-6) [1] (#cite_note-VGIT-1) [7] (#cite_note-INTE-7) Edwige went to live with Maud Molyneux (/wiki/Maud_Molyneux) and Paquita Paquin, on the rue Vavin in Montparnasse (/wiki/Montparnasse) , where she gradually turned into a punk rocker (/wiki/Punk_rock) , shaving her hair and dyeing it platinum blond (/wiki/Platinum_blond) when it grew back. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin200593-8) [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005112-9) She spent her nights at Le Sept (/wiki/Le_Sept) with Molyneux and Paquin, [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005124-10) at Le Bains Douches (/wiki/Le_Bains_Douches) where she sometimes performed on stage [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005128-11) or at La Main Bleue with Paquita and Eva Ionesco (/wiki/Eva_Ionesco) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005134-12) In 1979, Edwige founded (with Claude Arto) the post-punk (/wiki/Post-punk) synth pop (/wiki/Synth_pop) musical group Mathématiques modernes with which she sang and released four albums. [13] (#cite_note-13) She was for a time the doorman/bouncer/promoter of the club Le Palace (/wiki/Le_Palace) . [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005144-14) [15] (#cite_note-FITV-15) [2] (#cite_note-LIBE-2) Her meeting with Paloma Picasso (/wiki/Paloma_Picasso) introduced her to the world of Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) and the jet-set (/wiki/Jet-set) . She became friends with Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) and Loulou de la Falaise (/wiki/Loulou_de_la_Falaise) . [1] (#cite_note-VGIT-1) She went to New York for the first time at the end of 1977 and attended the Mudd Club (/wiki/Mudd_Club) and Studio 54 (/wiki/Studio_54) . [15] (#cite_note-FITV-15) She returned regularly to New York over the following years, living on Ludlow Street (/wiki/Ludlow_Street) in the Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) , where she developed a heroin habit. [7] (#cite_note-INTE-7) [6] (#cite_note-INRO-6) Edwige modeled for Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) and Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) . [16] (#cite_note-GAL-16) [17] (#cite_note-VOG-17) She was photographed in 1990 by Pierre and Gilles (/wiki/Pierre_and_Gilles) for a work entitled Sainte Gertrude (/wiki/Gertrude_the_Great) la Grande . "The strong temperament of our model and her boyish appearance went well with the reputation for rigor and austerity of this intellectual and mystical figure that was Gertrude the Great" explains the photographers. [18] (#cite_note-18) During her career, she was photographed several times by Pierre and Gilles, both for the press and for advertising. [7] (#cite_note-INTE-7) Long before, she was also the subject of photographs by Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) [17] (#cite_note-VOG-17) for a rarely published photo, [7] (#cite_note-INTE-7) Maripol (/wiki/Maripol) a few years later, and Jean-Baptiste Mondino (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino) . [ citation needed ] In 1987 she went to an ashram (/wiki/Ashram) in India for several years to learn and teach yoga (/wiki/Yoga) . From there she moved to Miami (/wiki/Miami) , where she lived at the Vagabond Hotel. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2012, Edwige appeared in a documentary by Jérôme de Missolz, Des jeunes gens mödernes . In the film, a group of young artists, fascinated by the punk style (/wiki/Punk_fashion) , meet a music critic from the period. [20] (#cite_note-20) At the estimated age of 58, Edwige died of untreated chronic hepatitis (/wiki/Hepatitis) on September 22, 2015 at a hospital in Florida. [16] (#cite_note-GAL-16) [15] (#cite_note-FITV-15) [21] (#cite_note-21) Discography with Mathématiques Modernes [ edit ] Jacno – Disco Rough / Rectangle (1980) Paris Tokyo (1981) Les Visiteurs Du Soir (1981) Films [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1975 L'héroïne de l'enfance 1979 Dirty Dreamer Wanda Edwige Gruss 1978 L'enfant secret La prostituée 1980 Scopitone (Short) La chef de gang 1981 La marque du destin 1982 Chassé-croisé Le professeur de piano 1985 The Way It Is (/wiki/The_Way_It_Is_(film)) Rebecca/Aglaonice 1988 Deux ombres (Short) La mère de Paul 1988 Because the Dawn (Short) Marie 2016 The Incomparable Rose Hartman (Documentary) 2014 The Starck Club (Documentary) 2011 Kids of Töday Self (as Edwige Belmore) 2004 Rose Palace (Documentary) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Teresa Cannatà (April 7, 2011). "Edwige Belmore" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065305/https://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/focus-on/2011/07/edwige-belmore?refresh_ce=) . vogue.it . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/focus-on/2011/07/edwige-belmore?refresh_ce=) on May 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 16, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Clément Ghys (23 September 2015). "Edwige Belmore, mort de "la reine des punks" (http://next.liberation.fr/vous/2015/09/23/edwige-belmore-mort-de-la-reine-des-punks_1388751) " (http://next.liberation.fr/vous/2015/09/23/edwige-belmore-mort-de-la-reine-des-punks_1388751) . next.liberation.fr . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cabut, Richard; Gallix, Andrew (October 27, 2017). Punk Is Dead: Modernity Killed Every Night . John Hunt Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781785353475 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-4) [1] (https://www.discogs.com/artist/651413-Edwige-Braun-Belmore) Edwige Braun-Belmore ^ (#cite_ref-VAFA_5-0) Simon Liberati (/wiki/Simon_Liberati) (February 24, 2016). "Mannequin, chanteuse, muse punk : vies et mort d'Edwige Belmore" (https://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/voir-lire/articles/vies-et-mort-d-edwige-belmore/32082) . vanityfair.fr . ^ Jump up to: a b c Simon Liberati (/wiki/Simon_Liberati) (3 October 2015). "Simon Liberati raconte Edwige, "reine des punks" (https://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/10/03/actualite/actualite/edwige-par-simon-liberati/) " (https://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/10/03/actualite/actualite/edwige-par-simon-liberati/) . Les Inrocks (/wiki/Les_Inrocks) . Retrieved 10 May 2020 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: date and year ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Interview: "In conversation with EEPMON:Edwige Belmoreur, The Queen of Punk" (http://mocoloco.com/in-conversation-with-eepmon-edwige-belmore-the-queen-of-punk-pt1/) . mocoloco.com . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin200593_8-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 93. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005112_9-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 112. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005124_10-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 124. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005128_11-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 128. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005134_12-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 134. ^ (#cite_ref-13) [2] (https://www.discogs.com/artist/651413-Edwige-Braun-Belmore) Edwige Braun-Belmore ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin2005144_14-0) Paquin 2005 (#CITEREFPaquin2005) , p. 144. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Edwige Belmore, "Reine des punks" des années 80, est morte" (https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170513000000/http://culturebox.francetvinfo.fr/tendances/mode/edwige-belmore-reine-des-punks-des-annees-80-est-morte-228005) . culturebox.francetvinfo.fr . 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2021 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Marie Haynes (September 24, 2015). "Edwige Belmore, l'égérie punk, est décédée" (https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/edwige_belmore_l_egerie_punk_est_decedee_350937) . gala.fr . ^ Jump up to: a b Kristin Anderson (September 22, 2015). "Remembering Edwige Belmore, the Legendary Punk of Parisian Nightlife" (https://www.vogue.com/article/edwige-belmore-obituary) . vogue.com . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Chloé Devis (April 2013). Derrière l'objectif de Pierre et Gilles (Photos et propos) . Éditions Hoebeke. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2842304683 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Vagabond hotel — This and That Autre Magazine" (https://autre.love/this-and-that-main/tag/vagabond+hotel) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Mort d'Edwige Belmore, figure punk des années 1980" (https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2015/09/24/mort-d-edwige-belmore-figure-punk-des-annees-1980_4769923_3382.html) . Le Monde.fr . September 24, 2015 – via Le Monde. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Armstrong, Walter. "The Life of Punk Queen Edwige Belmore and the Death of the Old Downtown" (https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/09/edwige-belmore-death-of-a-punk-queen.html) . Intelligencer . Source [ edit ] Paquin, Paquita (/w/index.php?title=Paquita_Paquin&action=edit&redlink=1) (April 2005). Vingt ans sans dormir (1968-1983) . Éditions Denoël (/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Deno%C3%ABl) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-207-25569-8 . See also [ edit ] Farida Khelfa (/wiki/Farida_Khelfa) No Wave (/wiki/No_Wave) Mudd Club (/wiki/Mudd_Club) External links [ edit ] [3] (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/edwige-of-le-palace) Edwige of Le Palace By Olivier Zahm (/wiki/Olivier_Zahm) November 28, 2008 Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_Magazine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐f5vlg Cached time: 20240718055750 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.376 seconds Real time usage: 0.460 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2648/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31245/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1815/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 56968/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.264/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6636495/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 418.163 1 -total 41.00% 171.451 1 Template:Reflist 35.90% 150.124 1 Template:Infobox_artist 31.17% 130.328 10 Template:Cite_web 9.50% 39.741 6 Template:Sfn 9.37% 39.193 1 Template:Cn 7.64% 31.956 1 Template:Fix 5.49% 22.938 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.39% 22.560 2 Template:Category_handler 5.07% 21.207 1 Template:Wikidata_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67677158-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718055750 and revision id 1233760366. 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Type of fabric Bazin after manufacturing Bazin (or basin ) is a West African fabric with its origin in Europe imported in Mali (/wiki/Mali) , made from hand-dyed cotton, resulting in a damask (/wiki/Damask) textile known for its stiffness and vibrant sheen. It is primarily recognized as the most commonly used fabric for crafting a Boubou (/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) , a long, loose traditional outerwear worn by both men and women, particularly in West Africa. [1] (#cite_note-1) Production [ edit ] The process of crafting Bazin begins with cotton damask fabric. Hand-dyeing, a meticulous and often labor-intensive task undertaken by skilled women, characterizes this traditional artistry. The initial steps involve importing materials, predominantly cotton, and occasionally silk or wool from Germany, the Netherlands, or China. Following material acquisition, the fabric is precisely cut to standard dimensions. To transform the white damask into vibrant Bazin, an elaborate dyeing process ensues. The fabric undergoes immersion in a dye bath, followed by rinsing and draining. This cycle is repeated until the desired color and intricate patterns emerge. Subsequently, the dyed Bazin undergoes a thorough cold water wash to eliminate any remaining products. The final step, essential for preventing fabric tearing, involves sun-drying. Women dyers in Bamako (/wiki/Bamako) Originally, Bazin was dyed with natural indigo, utilizing ash-based potash and clay in a harmless dyeing process. However, since the 1990s, manufacturing processes have evolved with the adoption of chemical dyes, caustic soda, and hydrosulfate. Upon selecting the desired dye, caustic soda and hydrosulfate are dissolved in water. This chemical reaction enhances the resistance of the dye on cotton, marking a modernization of Bazin production techniques while preserving its rich cultural heritage. [2] (#cite_note-2) Bazin fabrics being dried on a football field in Mali Types [ edit ] Bazin production comprises three distinct types, each offering a unique appeal and varying in affordability: Premium Bazin: The premium bazin stands out with its crafting technique, utilizing 100% fine cotton of superior quality. When exposed to dye, it emits an exceptional shine, establishing it as the epitome of quality among the three types. Mid-Grade Bazin: The mid-grade bazin is the result of Chinese competition, producing a variant of inferior quality compared to the premium bazin. Despite reduced quality, it presents a more affordable option, costing about two times less than its higher-grade counterpart. Budget-Friendly Bazin: The budget-friendly bazin caters to smaller budgets, providing an affordable alternative that costs up to four times less than the premium bazin. This type allows individuals with limited means to access the elegance of bazin. Distinguishing between these types is often a skill mastered by women and Bazin sellers. However, a hands-on approach, where individuals see and touch the fabric, makes it easy to identify the premium bazin due to its unique texture that sets it apart from the other variants. Usage in Senegal [ edit ] Embroidery technique, Senegal around 1900 Boubou (also bubu; from wolof mbubbe , bubu or gran mbubu ) originates from the Wolof word mbubb , meaning a garment that can be slipped on over the head and used generically to describe long, flowing, ankle length robes worn by both men and women across the predominantly Muslim West African Sahel region from Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) to Northern Nigeria (/wiki/Northern_Nigeria) . The traditional boubou is an ample tunic with open sleeves and a triangular or rectangular breast pocket. Boubou both formal and everyday wear is made in all different materials for both men and women. Aside from being comfortable and practical, it provides covering in accordance to Islamic beliefs. Usually, Boubou is constructed in three parts. [3] (#cite_note-3) In Senegal, the most elegant boubous are made from high quality cotton damask, the bazin riche. They are heavily embroidered with the same color or contrasting silk thread. [4] (#cite_note-Af._Dress-4) Ornate embroidered patterns of circles and swirls adorn the pockets, neck opening, front, back and other parts of the gown depending on the design. [4] (#cite_note-Af._Dress-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) White and light blue are the classic colors and are commonly worn in Mauritania, Western Sahara, Mali and Niger. Bright colors with multicolor embroidery are worn in Senegal and Gambia. Less expensive boubous are made from lower quality cotton damask fabric imported from China or India and usually have no embroidery. [6] (#cite_note-6) A Senegalese woman in Bazin Traditionally the Senegalese boubou can be heavily embroidered, it is also known by various names depending on the ethnic group and the region in which it is being worn. In Senegal everyday wear is a caftan, or boubou with pants for the men and pagne a garment that women wrap around their hips and wear under a boubou. [Madison and Hansen, pg 126, 176] The formal ensemble for men is a three piece outfit consisting of a caftan, a tchaya (Wolof word for loose trousers), grand boubou and a white embroidered skullcap, pillbox cap, or red or brown fez. In Mauritania and Western Sahara a similar garment is commonly worn with sirwal (Arabic word for loose trousers) in matching damask fabric and hawli (Hassaniya dialect word for a long rectangular piece of cloth that is used as a head wrap or turban). In Niger a similar type of boubou is worn. And Tuareg men commonly wear wrap turbans and face veils. In Mali, traditional clothing made of white mud cloth and associated with the towns of Djenne and Timbuktu was the type of luxury boubou, and the lomasa primarily associated with the Tunka, the ruler of Ngalam, once a Soninke kingdom in present-day Senegal. [7] (#cite_note-7) Technique [ edit ] A boubou with thioup technique, Senegal ca. 1800-1900 The informal sector of trade in dyed fabric also called thioup or thioub in Wolof, expanded in the 1980s. As a consequence fabrics such as bazin revived a boom in the fashion sector. Until 2000s cotton damask used to be worked by local craftsmen to become a noble fabric characterized by its stiffness and dazzling shine. However this craft slowly died out due to cheap competition from neighboring countries. Dyed bazin is now mainly imported in Senegal, they are then designed and sewn by local tailors who in turn export their products in West African countries and other parts of the world. [8] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-8) The first step in this craftsmanship is to dye the white fabric oftentimes with patterns made through a technique called tak in Wolof. When the fabric is soaked in the dye bath, that technique makes it possible to preserve certain parts of the fabric, from dyeing and to form patterns in rings or strips. [9] (#cite_note-9) The fabric is then starched and beaten with wooden clubs by tappeurs until it results in a shiny noble bazin. It is this bazin that is skillfully turned into luxurious intricate clothing by Senegalese tailors that the entire sub region from Guinea to Nigeria wear. Its high demand, especially during holidays, as well as the many stages of manufacture make it occupy a place of choice in the economy. Senegalese boubous are mainly exported in neighboring countries such as Gambia and Mali. [8] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) La grande nuit du bazin [ edit ] La grande nuit du bazin or nuit du boubou (the night of bazin) is an event founded in 2004 in Dakar (/wiki/Dakar) in honor of the popular fabric by Senegalese singer Djiby Dramé who wanted to revive traditional boubous. It's a festival of boubous, brilliance, colors and a delight to watch. Famous Senegalese designers and pioneers of modern Senegalese fashion such as Oumou Sy (/wiki/Oumou_Sy) , Collé Ardo Sow (/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A9_Ardo_Sow&action=edit&redlink=1) , Diouma Dieng Diakhaté (/w/index.php?title=Diouma_Dieng_Diakhat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1) but also other designers from other countries are invited to that event. The success of la grande nuit du bazin lead to other branches in Bamako (/wiki/Bamako) and Abidjan (/wiki/Abidjan) successively in 2014 and 2018. Djiby Dramé also intended to spread the grande nuit du bazin internationally and within the African diaspora. In this regard, he said "Since 2004, I have been organizing the event outside of Senegal, to introduce it to Africans in the diaspora. This year, after Dakar, we will go to Paris, London and the United States where the event is eagerly awaited by the fans." [11] (#cite_note-11) Gallery [ edit ] A grand boubou A boubou with golden embroidery A wedding dress made with bazin Boubou vert Woman, dressed in a boubou embroidered in turquoise blue bazin References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Global Circulation of African Fashion". The Global Circulation of African Fashion . 2010. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) :10.5040/9781847888891. ^ (#cite_ref-2) The Bazin: Malian Fashion Threads of Power, Color and Culture , Worldmalian, 2020 , retrieved 2023-12-18 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) D., Lynch, Annette Strauss, Mitchell (2015). Ethnic dress in the United States a cultural encyclopedia . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7591-2148-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 935597064 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935597064) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b Madison, D. Soyini; Hansen, Karen Tranaberg (2013). African Dress Fashion, Agency, Performance . Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 7, 63–72, 242 . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Elbert, Robert. "Grave Something from Designer Page" (https://www.bouchrafilalilahlou.com) . Bouchrafilalilahlou . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Davis, J. Madison (2015). "Dragonfish by Vu Tran" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2015.0213) . World Literature Today . 89 (6): 69–69. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/wlt.2015.0213 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwlt.2015.0213) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1945-8134 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-8134) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Klein, Martin A.; Bathily, Abdoulaye (1990). "Les Portes de l'Or. Le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps de negriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècle)" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485261) . Canadian Journal of African Studies . 24 (2): 266. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/485261 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F485261) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0008-3968 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-3968) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 485261 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/485261) . ^ a b "The Global Circulation of African Fashion" (https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781847888891) . The Global Circulation of African Fashion . 2010. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5040/9781847888891 (https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781847888891) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Rabine, Leslie W. (November 2002). The global circulation of African fashion . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85973-598-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 988803305 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988803305) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mendy-Ongoundou, Renée. Elégances africaines : Tissus traditionnels et mode contemporaine . alternatives. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2862273562 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "La nuit du Bazin 7éme édition". Magazine Teranga (2013): 20. Bibliography [ edit ] Bernhard Gardi (2003). yes (ed.). Textiles du Mali. D'après les collections du Musée national du Mali . Bamako: Musée national du Mali (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Mali) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782911741241 . . Patricia Gérimont (2008). Teinturières à Bamako. Quand la couleur sort de sa réserve… . Paris: Ibis Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782910728823 . . Kirby, Kelly (2013). " Bazin Riche in Dakar, Senegal: Altered Inception, Use and Wear". In Karen Tranberg Hansen; D. Soyini Madison (eds.). African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance . A&C Black. pp. 63–76. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857853813 . . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eddie_Kuligowski) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Eddie Kuligowski" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eddie+Kuligowski%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) French photographer (1946–2021) Eddie Kuligowski Born 22 July 1946 Montargis (/wiki/Montargis) , France Died 15 January 2021 (2021-01-15) (aged 74) Nationality French Occupation Photographer Edouard "Eddie" Kuligowski (22 July 1946 – 15 January 2021) was a French photographer who won the Niépce Prize (/wiki/Ni%C3%A9pce_Prize) , the most prestigious prize for a photographer in France (/wiki/France) . [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) Biography [ edit ] Kuligowski was born in 1946 in Montargis (/wiki/Montargis) , France into a working-class family of Polish descent. [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) Kuligowski studied in an advertising photography studio before joining the agency Viva , then VLOO . Starting in 1973, his black and white (/wiki/Black_and_white) photographs were published several times a year such as Camera International and Zoom . They were exhibited internationally. [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) In 1976, Kuligowski won the Niépce Prize (/wiki/Ni%C3%A9pce_Prize) . [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) In the 1980s and '90s, he took fashion and advertising photographs, which were published in magazines such as Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) In 2000, he began teaching photography courses and training interns. Eddie Kuligowski died on 15 January 2021 at the age of 74. [2] (#cite_note-2) His wife Susan died four days later. [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) Collections [ edit ] Bibliothèque nationale de France (/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France) [3] (#cite_note-BN-3) Centre Pompidou (/wiki/Centre_Pompidou) [4] (#cite_note-CP-4) Musée Nicéphore-Niépce (/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Nic%C3%A9phore-Ni%C3%A9pce&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Nic%C3%A9phore-Ni%C3%A9pce) ] [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) Musée Réatu (/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_R%C3%A9atu&action=edit&redlink=1) [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) Musée Cantini (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini) [1] (#cite_note-LR-1) [5] (#cite_note-Cantini_Museum_collection-5) Publications [ edit ] Transmigration (1977) Livre premier (1992) Rochefort et la Corderie Royale (1995) Paris Romance (2000) Parisienne(s) (2001) Paroles de femmes, la liberté du regard (2007) La photographie en France, des origines à nos jours (2008) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i "Le talentueux photographe s'en est allé à l'âge de 74 ans" (https://www.larep.fr/montargis-45200/actualites/le-talentueux-photographe-sen-est-alle-a-lage-de-74-ans_13912495/) . La République. 6 February 2021 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "La photographie est en deuil (2)" (https://blogs.mediapart.fr/alain-gilles-bastide/blog/160121/la-photographie-est-en-deuil-2) . Mediapart (in French). 16 January 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-BN_3-0) "Eddie Kuligowski" (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/rechercher.do?motRecherche=Eddie+Kuligowski&critereRecherche=0&depart=0&facetteModifiee=ok) . Bibliotheque Nationale de France . Retrieved 1 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-CP_4-0) "Eddie Kuligowski" (https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/13-504040-2C6NU0RV41HJ.html) . Centre Pompidou . Retrieved 1 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cantini_Museum_collection_5-0) "Eddie Kuligowski" (https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/17-511545-2C6NU0ATN7BYC.html) . Retrieved 1 April 2021 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1535192/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000037430611X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/56612143) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMgygvjp6j8tCJy4dRKd) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14968051b) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14968051b) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97081363) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/319132) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/301407) ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500346199) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/026955032) This article about a French photographer is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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2nd Hum Awards The promotional logo of the Service 2nd Hum Awards, 2014 Date 29 March 2014 25 May 2014 (televised) Site Expo Center (/wiki/Karachi_Expo_Centre) , Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) Sindh (/wiki/Sindh) , Pakistan Hosted by Meekal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Meekal_Zulfiqar) Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) Vasay Chaudhry (/wiki/Vasay_Chaudhry) (co-host) Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) (co-host) Produced by Nazeer Saeed Janjua Directed by Hajji Al Balos Nazeer Saeed Janjua Organized by Humawards (https://web.archive.org/web/20130301014057/http://www.hum.tv/humawards/) Highlights Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) (Jury) (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial_Popular) (Popular) (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial_Popular) Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Most awards Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) (9) Most nominations Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) , Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) and Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) (13) Television coverage Channel Hum TV (/wiki/Hum_TV) Network Hum (/wiki/Hum_TV) [1] (#cite_note-1) Duration 2 hours, 45 minutes ← 1st (/wiki/1st_Hum_Awards) Hum Awards (/wiki/Hum_Awards) 3rd (/wiki/3rd_Hum_Awards) → The 2nd Hum Awards ceremony, presented by the Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel (/wiki/Hum_Television_Network_and_Entertainment_Channel) (HTNEC), sponsored by Servis (/wiki/Servis_Shoes) and Telenor (/wiki/Telenor) Talkshawlk, honored the best in fashion, music (/wiki/2013_in_music) and Hum Television Dramas (/wiki/Hum_Television_Dramas) of 2013. The ceremony took place on 29 March 2014 at Expo Center (/wiki/Karachi_Expo_Centre) in Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) , Sindh (/wiki/Sindh) beginning at 7:30 PST (/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time) . The ceremony was recorded and was broadcast on 25 May 2014. [2] (#cite_note-2) During the ceremony, Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel presented awards in 29 regular categories along with 2 in honorary and 1 in special category. The ceremony was televised in Pakistan by Hum TV (/wiki/Hum_TV) , while Servis returned as a main sponsor of the show. Television personalities Meekal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Meekal_Zulfiqar) and Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) hosted the show along with Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) and Vasay Chaudhry (/wiki/Vasay_Chaudhry) . Meekal Zulfiqar and Vasay Chaudhry hosted the show for a second time, having hosted the previous ceremony (/wiki/1st_Hum_Awards) . During the ceremony, Hum also held its annual Honorary Awards, which were presented by host Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) . Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) won nine awards, the most for the ceremony, including Best Director Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Director_Drama_Serial) for Sultana Siddiqui (/wiki/Sultana_Siddiqui) and Best Drama Serial Jury (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) and Best Drama Serial Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial_Popular) for Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) . Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) won three awards including Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) and Best Supporting Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) , for Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) and Salman Shahid (/wiki/Salman_Shahid) respectively. Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) and Ek Pagal Si Larki (/wiki/Hum_TV) won two awards each. While others dramas to win one award were Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) , Ishq Humari Galion Main (/wiki/Hum_TV) , Extras – The Mango People (/wiki/Extras_(The_Mango_People)) , Rishtay Kuch Adhorey Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) , Behadd (/wiki/Behadd) and Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) . Winners and nominees [ edit ] The nominees of the 2nd Hum Awards were announced on 2 March 2014 [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) at the bloggers meeting by GM Public Relations and Publications Shehnaz Ramzi (/wiki/Hum_Network_Limited) , In meeting, only four categories were announced which were set open for public voting on channels official website, while the rest of the categories were announced during the ceremony. Television categories were split into Viewers Choice and Jury Choice portions. Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) , Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) and Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) tied for the most nominations with thirteen each, and Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) bags nine awards in all of its nominations. [5] (#cite_note-5) Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) and Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) became the second time winner of Best Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) and Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) awards, respectively. Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) and Salman Shahid (/wiki/Salman_Shahid) wins in the Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) and Best Supporting Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) categories respectively made Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) the second drama to win both leading acting awards. Umera Ahmad (/wiki/Umera_Ahmad) won Best Writer Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Writer_Drama_Serial) for Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) , which was her second successive win. Umera was the only individual whose work were nominated in all main categories, including Best Actor and Best Actress (Viewers/Jury), Best Supporting Actor/Actress, and Best Television Film which ultimately won for director Asim Raza (/wiki/Asim_Raza) . Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) and Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) won the Best Actress Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Popular) and Best Actor Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_Popular) receptively. Fawad and Sanam won both Jury and Viewers Choice category of Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) . Arij Fatyma (/wiki/Arij_Fatyma) was the only soap actress to be nominated consecutive for Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actress) and ultimately won. Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) , Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) , Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) and Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) were the only individuals to win multiple awards, with two trophies each. Awards [ edit ] Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Television [ edit ] Jury Choice Categories Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) Best Director Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Director_Drama_Serial) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) and Shahzad Nasib for Six Sigma Entertainment – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) Noman Masood (/wiki/Noman_Masood) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Rishtay Kuch Adhoray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) Barkat Siddiqui (/wiki/Barkat_Siddiqui) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) Sultana Siddiqui (/wiki/Sultana_Siddiqui) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Shehzad Kashmiri – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Ehteshamuddin (/wiki/Ehteshamuddin) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) Siraj-ul-Haq (/wiki/Siraj-ul-Haq) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) Abis Raza – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) Kashif Nisar – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) Mehreen Jabbar (/wiki/Mehreen_Jabbar) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) Barkat Siddiqui (/wiki/Barkat_Siddiqui) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) Farooq Rind – Rishtey Kuch Adhoray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) Best Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Akram Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) as Arham Adnan Siddiqui (/wiki/Adnan_Siddiqui) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) as Munir Mikaal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Mikaal_Zulfiqar) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) as Shaiq Imran Abbas Naqvi (/wiki/Imran_Abbas_Naqvi) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Adil Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Sikandar Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Zaroon Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Bari Sarkarni Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Kashaf Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Silah Saba Qamar (/wiki/Saba_Qamar) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Gul-e-Rana Yumna Zaidi (/wiki/Yumna_Zaidi) – Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) as Kiran Sanam Baloch (/wiki/Sanam_Baloch) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Kiran Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Shameem Beghum Best Supporting Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) Salman Shahid (/wiki/Salman_Shahid) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Peer Jalaal Deepak Perwani (/wiki/Deepak_Perwani) – Kadurat (/wiki/Kadurat) as Mehmood Mehmood Aslam (/wiki/Mehmood_Aslam) – Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) as Abd-ul-Manan Waseem Abbas (/wiki/Waseem_Abbas) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Murtaza Noor Hassan Rizvi (/wiki/Noor_Hassan_Rizvi) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Shahaab Danish Taimoor (/wiki/Danish_Taimoor) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Akmal Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Rafia Maria Wasti (/wiki/Maria_Wasti) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Shehnaz Sakina (/wiki/Sakina) Samo – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Amna Saniya Shamshad (/wiki/Saniya_Shamshad) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Kulsoom Saniya Shamshad (/wiki/Saniya_Shamshad) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Fatima Yumna Zaidi (/wiki/Yumna_Zaidi) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Asia Arij Fatyma (/wiki/Arij_Fatyma) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) as Mehrunisa Isra Ghazal – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Aapi Best Soap Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actor) Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actress) Humayun Ashraf – Ishq Hamari Galiyon Mein (/wiki/Ishq_Hamari_Galiyon_Mein) as Haroon Agha Ali (/wiki/Agha_Ali) – Mein Hari Piya (/wiki/Mein_Hari_Piya) as Salman Azfar Rehman (/wiki/Azfar_Rehman) – Ek pagal Si Larki as Afaan Bilal Qureshi – Chubhan as Shehryar Arij Fatyma (/wiki/Arij_Fatyma) – Ek Pagal Si Larki as Roomi Soniya Hussain (/wiki/Soniya_Hussain) – Mein Hari Piya (/wiki/Mein_Hari_Piya) as Parizah Sidra Batool (/wiki/Sidra_Batool) – Ishq Hamari Galiyon Mein (/wiki/Ishq_Hamari_Galiyon_Mein) as Falak Nimra Khan – Chubhan as Zara Urwa Hocane (/wiki/Urwa_Hocane) – Ek pagal Si Larki as Imaan Best Comic Sitcom (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Comic_Sitcom) Best Soap Series (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Series) Danish Nawaz (/wiki/Danish_Nawaz) – Extras (The Mango People) (/wiki/Extras_(The_Mango_People)) Salman Abbas (Nomi) (/w/index.php?title=Salman_Abbas_(Nomi)&action=edit&redlink=1) – Halka Na Lo (/wiki/Halka_Na_Lo) Zahida Khan – Namak Paray Ek Pagal Si Larki – Misbah Khalid (/wiki/Misbah_Khalid) Ishq Hamari Galiyon Mein (/wiki/Ishq_Hamari_Galiyon_Mein) – Misbah Khalid (/wiki/Misbah_Khalid) Mein Hari Piya (/wiki/Mein_Hari_Piya) – Misbah Khalid (/wiki/Misbah_Khalid) Chubhan – Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) and Shehzad Naseeb Best Writer Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Writer_Drama_Serial) Best Television Film (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Film) Umera Ahmad (/wiki/Umera_Ahmad) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Umera Ahmad (/wiki/Umera_Ahmad) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) Farhat Ishtiaq (/wiki/Farhat_Ishtiaq) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) Aliya Bukhari – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Mustafa Afridi – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) Shehla Shakoor – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) Amna Mufti (/wiki/Amna_Mufti) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) Nadia Akhtar (/wiki/Nadia_Akhtar) – Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) Behadd (/wiki/Behadd) – MD Productions (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) Jub Hum Millay –Show Case Communications Ek Mamoli Si Larki – MD Productions (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) Zarra Si Aurat – Angelic Films Saaya (/w/index.php?title=Saaya_(2013_film)&action=edit&redlink=1) – Show Case Communications Souten Meri Saheli –Evolution Media Best Negative Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role) Best Impactful Character (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Most_Impactful_Character) Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Ghulam Fareed Sarwat Gillani (/wiki/Sarwat_Gillani) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Zoya Imran Aslam (/wiki/Imran_Aslam_(TV_actor)) – Jia Na Jaye as Sadiq Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) – Kadurat (/wiki/Kadurat) as Minah Ayesha Khan (/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) as Narmeen Faiza Hasan (/wiki/Faiza_Hasan) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) as Asmat Aara Sakina (/wiki/Sakina) Samo – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Amna Irsa Ghazal (/wiki/Ghazal) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Aapi Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Bari Sarkar Sohail Ahmed (/wiki/Sohail_Ahmed) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Chachajee Best Television Sensation Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Male) Best Television Sensation Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Female) Ali (/wiki/Ali) Rehman Khan – Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) as Arsal Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Silah Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) Best Original Soundtrack (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Original_Soundtrack) Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) and Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Zaroon and Kashaf Imran Abbas Naqvi (/wiki/Imran_Abbas_Naqvi) and Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Adil and Silah Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) and Sanam Baloch (/wiki/Sanam_Baloch) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Sikandar and Kiran " Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) " from Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) – Alycia Dias (/wiki/Alycia_Dias) "Jalta Asman Sulagti Zamin" from Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) – Shariar Tiwana "Zindagi Gulzar Hai" from Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) - Ali Zafar (/wiki/Ali_Zafar) "Mil Gae Dukh Se Rehaai" from Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) – Tahira Syed (/wiki/Tahira_Syed) & Roshana (/wiki/Roshana) Fayaz "Reet Riwaj Ke Zewar Hain Ye" from Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) – Fariha Pervez (/wiki/Fariha_Pervez) & Sherry Raza "Kabhi Ashna Kabhi Ajnabi" from Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) – Rekha Bhardwaj (/wiki/Rekha_Bhardwaj) Popular or Viewers Choice Categories Best Drama Serial Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial_Popular) Best Onscreen Couple Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple_Popular) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) and Shahzad Nasib for Six Sigma Entertainment – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) Noman Masood (/wiki/Noman_Masood) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Rishtay Kuch Adhoray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) Barkat Siddiqui (/wiki/Barkat_Siddiqui) for MD Productions (/wiki/Moomal_Productions) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) and Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Zaroon and Kashaf Imran Abbas Naqvi (/wiki/Imran_Abbas_Naqvi) and Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Adil and Silah Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) and Sanam Baloch (/wiki/Sanam_Baloch) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Sikandar and Kiran Best Actor Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_Popular) Best Actress Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Popular) Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Zaroon Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Akram Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) as Arham Adnan Siddiqui (/wiki/Adnan_Siddiqui) – Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) as Munir Mikaal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Mikaal_Zulfiqar) – Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) as Shaiq Imran Abbas Naqvi (/wiki/Imran_Abbas_Naqvi) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Adil Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Sikandar Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) – Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) as Kashaf Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) – Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) as Silah Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) – Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) as Bari Sarkarni Saba Qamar (/wiki/Saba_Qamar) – Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) as Gul-e-Rana Yumna Zaidi (/wiki/Yumna_Zaidi) – Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se (/wiki/Hum_TV) as Kiran Sanam Baloch (/wiki/Sanam_Baloch) – Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) as Kiran Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) – Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) as Shameem Beghum Music [ edit ] Viewers Choice Categories Best Solo Artist (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Solo_Artist) Best Music Video (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Video) Sajjad Ali (/wiki/Sajjad_Ali) – "Hur Zulm" Bilal Khan (/wiki/Bilal_Khan_(singer)) – "Do Gharee" Abbas Ali Khan – "Bolay" Falak - "Mujh Mian Hai Tu" Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) – "Kyun Gae" "Main Sufi Huoon" – Adnan Kandhar (/wiki/Adnan_Kandhar) "Kyun Gae" – Usman Mukhtar "Waikh Bandya" – Taimoor Mirza "Bolay" – Natasha Ejaz and Yasir Jaswal (/wiki/Yasir_Jaswal) Best Music Band (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Band) Overload (/wiki/Overload_(Pakistani_band)) – Farhad Humayun, Sheraz Siddiqui and Nasir Sain SYMT – Haroon Shahid, Hassan Omer and Farhan Ali Jal (/wiki/Jal_(band)) – Goher Mumtaz (/wiki/Goher_Mumtaz) The Sketches – Saif Samejo (/wiki/Saif_Samejo) and Naeem Shah Fashion [ edit ] Viewers Choice Categories Best Model Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Male) Best Model Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Female) Jahan-e-Khalid (/wiki/Jahan-e-Khalid) Abbas Jafri (/wiki/Abbas_Jafri) Muhammad Mubarik Ali (/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Mubarik_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1) Rizwan Ali Jaffri (/wiki/Rizwan_Ali_Jaffri) Omer Shahzad (/wiki/Omer_Shahzad) Shahzad Noor (/wiki/Shahzad_Noor) Amna Ilyas (/wiki/Amna_Ilyas) Ayyan (/wiki/Ayyan_Ali) Rabia Butt (/wiki/Rabia_Butt) Fouzia Aman (/w/index.php?title=Fouzia_Aman&action=edit&redlink=1) Saima Azhar Best Designer Menswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Menswear) Best Designer Womenswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Womenswear) Ismail Fareed – Ismail Farid Amir Adnan (/wiki/Amir_Adnan) – Amir Adnan Emran Rajput – ԐR-EMRAAN RAJPUT Humayun Alamgir – ER Ahmed Bham – AB-ΛHMED BHΛM Hassan Sheheryar Yasin (/wiki/Hassan_Sheheryar_Yasin) – HSY Sana Safinaz – SANA SAFINAZ Deepak Perwani (/wiki/Deepak_Perwani) – DP-Deepak Perwani Kamiar Rokni (/wiki/Kamiar_Rokni) – ΚK Rizwan Baig – Rizwan BAIG Honorary Hum Awards [ edit ] The Hum presented its honorary awards during the ceremony by holding the tradition of honoring the extravagant works of artists across the country. During the ceremony two Hum Honorary Awards (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Television_Award) and Lifetime Achievement Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Lifetime_Achievement_Award) were presented. Hum Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award [ edit ] Zia Mohyeddin (/wiki/Zia_Mohyeddin) Hum Honorary Award in Television [ edit ] Bushra Ansari (/wiki/Bushra_Ansari) Hum Honorary Special recognition [ edit ] Special Hum trophies were presented by Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel to Bilal Lashari and Humayun Saeed for their record breaking success of films (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_films_of_2013) which helps the revival of Pakistani Cinema after a period. Bilal Lashari (/wiki/Bilal_Lashari) – Waar (/wiki/Waar_(film)) Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) – Main Hoon Shahid Afridi (/wiki/Main_Hoon_Shahid_Afridi) Dramas with multiple nominations and awards [ edit ] The following 14 dramas received multiple nominations: Nominations Drama 13 Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) 12 Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) 11 Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) 10 Humnasheen (/wiki/Humnasheen) Kankar (/wiki/Kankar_(TV_series)) 8 Rishtey Kuch Adhorey Say (/wiki/Hum_TV) Mujhe Khuda Pe Yaqeen Hai (/wiki/Mujhe_Khuda_Pe_Yaqeen_Hai) 4 Ek Pagal Si Larki 3 Mein Hari Piya (/wiki/Mein_Hari_Piya) Ishq Humari Galiyoon Main Chubhan 2 Kadurat (/wiki/Kadurat) The following four dramas received multiple awards: Awards Drama 9 Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) 3 Aseerzadi (/wiki/Aseerzadi) 2 Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) Ek Pagal Si Larki Presenters and performers [ edit ] Presenters (in order of appearance) [ edit ] The following individuals were chosen to present awards: [9] (#cite_note-9) Name(s) Presented Imran Momina (/wiki/Fuz%C3%B6n) Gia Ali Presenters of the award of Best Music Band (/wiki/Hum_Award) . Alamgir Shah (/wiki/Alamgir_(pop_singer)) Ayesha Omer (/wiki/Ayesha_Omer) Presenters of the award of Best Solo Artist (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Solo_Artist) and Best Original Soundtrack (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Original_Soundtrack) Faakhir Mehmood (/wiki/Faakhir_Mehmood) Amna Ilyas (/wiki/Amna_Ilyas) Presenters of the awards of Best Music Video (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Video) . Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) Presenters of the award of special recognition to Bilal Lashari (/wiki/Bilal_Lashari) and Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) for their incredible success of ground breaking films. Tapu Javeri (/wiki/Tapu_Javeri) Nabila Presenters of the award of Best Designer Womenswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Womenswear) Ali Xeeshan Saba Ansari Presenters of the award of Best Designer Menswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Menswear) Shahbaz Khan (/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_(actor)) Nadia Hussain (/wiki/Nadia_Hussain) Presenters of the awards of Best Model Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Male) & Best Model Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Female) Wiqar Ali Khan Sarwat Gillani (/wiki/Sarwat_Gillani) Presenters of the award of Best Sitcom (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Comic_Sitcom) Shehroz Sabswari (/wiki/Shehroz_Sabswari) Syra Yousuf (/wiki/Syra_Yousuf) Presenters of the award s of Best Television Sensation Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Male) & Best Television Sensation Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Female) Farhan Ali Agha (/wiki/Farhan_Ali_Agha) Savera Nadeem (/wiki/Savera_Nadeem) Presenters of the awards of Hum Best Soap Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) & Hum Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Deepak Perwani (/wiki/Deepak_Perwani) Misbah Khalid (/wiki/Misbah_Khalid) Presenters of the award of Best Soap Series (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Series) Sultana Siddiqui (/wiki/Sultana_Siddiqui) Presented Lifetime Achievement Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Lifetime_Achievement_Award) to Zia Mohyeddin (/wiki/Zia_Mohyeddin) Mahira Khan (/wiki/Mahira_Khan) Presenters of the award of Best Telefilm (/wiki/Hum_Award) Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) Maria Wasti (/wiki/Maria_Wasti) Presenters of the award of Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) Angeline Malik (/wiki/Angeline_Malik) Noor Hassan Rizvi (/wiki/Noor_Hassan_Rizvi) Presenters of the award of Best Supporting Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) Ejaz Aslam (/wiki/Ejaz_Aslam) Sadia Imam (/wiki/Sadia_Imam) Presenters of the award of Best Actor in a Negative Role (/wiki/Hum_TV) Hina Dilpazeer (/wiki/Hina_Dilpazeer) Noor Hassan Rizvi (/wiki/Noor_Hassan_Rizvi) Presenters of the award of Best Impactful Character (/wiki/Hum_TV) Azfar Ali Naveen Waqar (/wiki/Naveen_Waqar) Presenters of the Award of Best Onscreen Couple Viewers Choice (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) Behroze Sabzwari (/wiki/Behroze_Sabzwari) Shagufta Ejaz (/wiki/Shagufta_Ejaz) Presenters of the Award of Best Drama Serial Viewers Choice (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) Moammar Rana (/wiki/Moammar_Rana) Maria Wasti (/wiki/Maria_Wasti) Presenters of the Award of Best Actress Viewers Choice (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Atiqa Odho (/wiki/Atiqa_Odho) Presenters of the Award of Best Actor Viewers Choice (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) Sameera Fazal Seema Ghazal Presenters of the Award of Best Writer Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Writer_Drama_Serial) Sarmad Sultan Khoosat (/wiki/Sarmad_Sultan_Khoosat) Sabiha Sumar (/wiki/Sabiha_Sumar) Presenters of the Award of Best Director Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Director_Drama_Serial) Hamza Ali Abbasi (/wiki/Hamza_Ali_Abbasi) Saba Qamar (/wiki/Saba_Qamar) Presenters of the Award of Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) Asim Raza (/wiki/Asim_Raza) Zeba Bakhtiar (/wiki/Zeba_Bakhtiar) Presenters of the Award of Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) Umair Mustafa Presenters of the Award of Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Vaneeza Ahmad (/wiki/Vaneeza_Ahmad) Farooq Haider Sheikh (/wiki/Servis_Shoes) Presenters of the Award of Best Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) Performers [ edit ] The following individuals were chosen to perform musical numbers: Name(s) Role Performed Javed Sheikh (/wiki/Javed_Sheikh) Bushra Ansari (/wiki/Bushra_Ansari) Performer Both performed a dance number on a medley of "Gari Ko Chalana" Ahsan Khan (actor) (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) Mehwish Hayat (/wiki/Mehwish_Hayat) Performer Performed on Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) songs '"Tu Ney Mari Ebtry Yaar" from Gunday (/wiki/Gunday) , " Kamli (/wiki/Kamli_(song)) " from Dhoom 3 (/wiki/Dhoom_3) , and "Mere Maat Mari" from R... Rajkumar (/wiki/R..._Rajkumar) . Tanura Dance (/wiki/Tanoura_(dance)) Group Traditional Egyptian Dance Form Egyptian Tanura Dancer Hamada (/wiki/Hamada) and his troupe performed Shehroz Sabswari (/wiki/Shehroz_Sabswari) and Sohai Ali Abro (/wiki/Sohai_Ali_Abro) Performer Performed on a Bollywood number "Malang Malang" from Dhoom 3 (/wiki/Dhoom_3) , "Gun Gunna Re" from Agneepath (/wiki/Agneepath_(2012_film)) and "Gandi Baat" from R... Rajkumar (/wiki/R..._Rajkumar) . Noor Bukhari (/wiki/Noor_Bukhari) Performer Performed on a medley of "Humari Araiya". Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (/wiki/Rahat_Fateh_Ali_Khan) Singer Performed his own musical number. Ceremony information [ edit ] Television personality Mikaal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Mikaal_Zulfiqar) and Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) hosted the show, with co-host Vasay Chaudhry (/wiki/Vasay_Chaudhry) and Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) . Mikal and Vasay Hosted the show for a second time after hosting the 1st ceremony (/wiki/1st_Hum_Awards) in 2013. Vasay and Mikaal, while hosting of show, utilized improv comedy (/wiki/Improv_comedy) , holding an impromptu session of question answers and criticizing others actors and celebrities. Show held its red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) event modernizing it by giving the official name of Interactive Lounge #humawards2014. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Presenters Waqar Ali Khan and Sarwat Gillani (/wiki/Sarwat_Gillani) posed for an impromptu photo (selfie) facing their back to the audience. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 29 March 2014. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) became the first producer to win an Hum trophy for second time for Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) , while Sultana Siddiqui (/wiki/Sultana_Siddiqui) became the oldest and first female recipient to win Best Director Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Director_Drama_Serial) . Sultana returned to directing after a gap of almost ten years. Rehaai (/wiki/Rehaai) was second in the race of most nominations with twelve, but lost all accept for Best Acting category. Out of thirteen nominations Dil-e-Muztar (/wiki/Dil-e-Muztar) only won two awards including Best Original Soundtrack (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Original_Soundtrack) for Alycia Dias (/wiki/Alycia_Dias) and Best Television Sensation (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Female) to Sanam Jung (/wiki/Sanam_Jung) . Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi (/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi) was among with those dramas who have won only one award having most nominations. Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) , Sanam Saeed (/wiki/Sanam_Saeed) , Sania Saeed (/wiki/Sania_Saeed) Sanam Baloch (/wiki/Sanam_Baloch) , saba Qamar (/wiki/Saba_Qamar) , Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) , Noman Ejaz (/wiki/Noman_Ejaz) , Adnan Siddiqui (/wiki/Adnan_Siddiqui) , Mikaal Zulfiqar (/wiki/Mikaal_Zulfiqar) and Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) bagged consecutive Best Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) and Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) nominations for this year ceremony too. Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) was the only individual to be nominated twelve times as a producer, most nominations for the ceremony. Samina Peerzada (/wiki/Samina_Peerzada) and Yumna Zaidi (/wiki/Yumna_Zaidi) were the only individuals to be nominated for both Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) and Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) category. Compared to last year nominations, the ceremony nominated only nine dramas and all competition was mostly among these nominated dramas. In the Viewer's Choice categories, Zindagi Gulzar Hai (/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai) won all awards, Including Best Actor and Best Actress Viewers choice. In Fashion, Deepak Perwani (/wiki/Deepak_Perwani) and Emran Rajput bags the consecutive nominations for Best Designer Womenswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Womenswear) and Best Designer Menswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Menswear) respectively consecutive this year too. Ayyan Ali (/wiki/Ayyan_Ali) , Rabia Butt (/wiki/Rabia_Butt) , Fouzia Aman (/w/index.php?title=Fouzia_Aman&action=edit&redlink=1) and Abbas Jafri (/wiki/Abbas_Jafri) , Omer Shehzad, Muhammad Mubarik Ali (/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Mubarik_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1) were all nominated second time for Best Model Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Female) and Best Model Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Male) respectively. In the music category, Falak and Abbas Ali Khan were nominated second time as Best Solo Artist (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Solo_Artist) while Usman Mukhtar was nominated as a producer for Best Music Video (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Video) for second time. Broadcasting [ edit ] Hum Awards supervene its first ceremony, organizing the event off-air on 29 March 2014 and started broadcasting after passing through the censorship criteria of Pakistan Censor Board on 25 May 2014. Making of Awards [ edit ] Hum Awards Making is the part of award ceremony in which stage creation of the show, rehearsals of performances, and miscellaneous happenings related to show were shown. This is an off-and-on program which is not a compulsory event to be shown, unlike the Red Carpet. Making of Awards was hosted by television personalities Anoushey Ashraf (/wiki/Anoushey_Ashraf) and Mansha Pasha (/wiki/Mansha_Pasha) . The Hum Awards Red carpet was arranged in the foyer area which was furbished with white couches that were complemented by a backdrop of glass-work and bright lights with soothing music by Wahab Shah. Nazeer Saeed Janjua served as director and producer for a second time while Umer Mukhtar and S. Ommar Rehman served as the assistant director, Umer Mukhtar as co-producer, Saad Ahmed as line producer, Hassan Shirazi as head of transportation, Khair Muhammed as technical director. Choreography was organized by ActOne, while backstage management by was done by Production O21 (/w/index.php?title=O21_(production_company)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Voting trend and summary [ edit ] Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel set open four categories called Viewers Choice Categories for public voting from 7 March 2014 to 25 March 2014. Audience could vote and select their favorite actors in categories such as Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Drama Serial and Best Onscreen Couple. Online public voting received an immense reception from people. The rest of the categories were jury selected and voted by Hum membership as a whole. Jury awards also included Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Couple and Best Drama Serial, while Fashion and Music categories were completely based on membership votes. Awards categories [ edit ] Compared to first ceremony, 2nd Hum Awards had some changes in the categories awarded. Some of the previous years categories were not awarded while others were introduced. Category split [ edit ] With the inception of Award Ceremony in 2013, both Jury and Viewers Choice categories were present but didn't mention and carried out specifically. For 2nd ceremony, Television categories was split in two section Jury Choice Categories and Viewers Choice Categories , Jury Categories comprises total of sixteen television categories, while Viewers Choice contains only Four popular categories, all viewers categories were also included in Jury i.e.; Best Actor Viewers choice and Best Actor Jury Choice. Similarly in Fashion and Music all categories were Viewers choice based. Criteria of categories were introduced to avoid biased reception from audience and critics. Thus introducing the interference of Public in selection process shows the respect and devotion for public. While Fashion and Music categories were awarded same as did in first ceremony. Not awarded categories [ edit ] Having many changes in the event, main change was awarding categories, as compared to first ceremony which follow the simple categories criteria in Fashion, Music and Television. This year following categories were not awarded: Hum Award for Best Drama Series (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series) Hum Award for Best Television Host (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Host) Hum Award for Best Comic Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Comic_Actor) The dis-closer of these categories were not explained and not mention. Newly introduced categories [ edit ] As with the removal of some categories new categories were introduced in Television and Music Categories. In Television following categories were introduced: Hum Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role) Hum Award for Best or Most Impactful Character (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Impactful_Character) Hum Award for Best Television Film (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Film) While in Music only one category was introduced Hum Award for Best Music Band (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Band) Changes had wholly been made by Hum management and membership as a whole. Special awarded categories [ edit ] Pakistan Film Industry shows extravagant achievement and progress in 2013, such effort has earned a great reputation to boost-up the lost Pakistani Film Industry (/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan) . Many Television Directors, producers and writers were tuned up to Silver screen, and year 2013 has been proved tremendous for film industry, Bilal Lashari (/wiki/Bilal_Lashari) ’s long-awaited movie Waar (/wiki/Waar) broke several records on domestic and international screens, earning critical and financial success. While Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) biographical movie Main Hoon Shahid Afridi (/wiki/Main_Hoon_Shahid_Afridi) also achieve financial and critical success, while others independent films like Seedlings (/wiki/Seedlings_(film)) , Zinda Bhaag (/wiki/Zinda_Bhaag) , and Josh: Independence Through Unity (/wiki/Josh:_Independence_Through_Unity) were major hits, film Zinda Bhaag (/wiki/Zinda_Bhaag) was selected as an official entry for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film) after 50 years which was first done by Aina (/wiki/Aina_(1977_film)) . To celebrate such success Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel (/wiki/Hum_Television_Network_and_Entertainment_Channel) honored Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) and Bilal Lashari (/wiki/Bilal_Lashari) for their exceptional works towards cinema and for the revival of Pakistani Film Industry. See also [ edit ] 12th Lux Style Awards (/wiki/12th_Lux_Style_Awards) 4th Pakistan Media Awards (/wiki/4th_Pakistan_Media_Awards) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hum Network" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130602101941/http://hum.tv/index.php) . Archived from the original (http://hum.tv/index.php) on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Second HUM Awards to be aired on 29th" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140442/http://dailymailnews.com/2014/04/09/showbiz/1.php) . 13 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://dailymailnews.com/2014/04/09/showbiz/1.php) on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sheikh, Fatima (8 March 2014). "2nd Servis HUM TV Awards 2014" (https://latestlifestyles.com/2nd-servis-hum-tv-awards-2014/) . Life with Style . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Servis 2nd Hum Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140308210354/http://showbizpak.com/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014/) . Aymen Naseem . ShowbizPak. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://showbizpak.com/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014/) on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Servis 2nd HUM AWARDS 2014 \| Pakistan Showbiz" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140313184459/http://showbizpak.com/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014) . 13 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://showbizpak.com/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014) on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Winner List of 2nd Hum Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140403141351/http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/) . Showbiz Spice. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/) on 3 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "2nd Servis Hum Awards Held at Karachi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707185911/https://www.web.pk/2014/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014-by-hum-network-karachi/) . Umar Farooq . Web Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) . 5 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.web.pk/2014/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014-by-hum-network-karachi/) on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Winners of Hum Awards 2014 and Pictures" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074155/http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html) . Humari Dunya. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "2nd Hum Awards and Performances" (http://newonlinestyle.com/gallery/index.php/2nd-Hum-Awards-Pictures/2nd-Hum-Awards-Perfomances-Pictures) . New Online. 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Sneak Peak at 2nd Hum Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143816/http://pakistan.worldnewsviews.com/2014/03/30/a-sneak-peak-at-2nd-hum-tv-awards/) . Pakistan World News. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://pakistan.worldnewsviews.com/2014/03/30/a-sneak-peak-at-2nd-hum-tv-awards/) on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Red Carpet - Servis 2nd Hum Awards 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140510015645/http://www.fashioncentral.pk/people-parties/events/celebrations/story-1138-red-carpet-2nd-hum-awards-2014/) . 10 May 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.fashioncentral.pk/people-parties/events/celebrations/story-1138-red-carpet-2nd-hum-awards-2014/) on 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "2nd Hum Awards Interactive Lounge" (http://showbizpak.com/a-sneak-peak-at-2nd-hum-tv-awards/) . Showbiz Pakistan. 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "A night to be remember-Servis Second Hum Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140402014808/http://www.mediapoondi.com/2014/03/31/servis-2nd-hum-awards-a-night-to-remember/) . Media Poondi. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.mediapoondi.com/2014/03/31/servis-2nd-hum-awards-a-night-to-remember/) on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "2nd Hum Awards Photos" (http://www.pakium.com/2014/04/01/85-high-quality-photos-2nd-hum-awards-2014) . Pakistan Ultimate Media. 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "2nd Hum Television Awards Results" (http://www.themusicbeats.net/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014.html) . The Music Beats. 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Hum Awards Categories 2014" (http://www.pakium.com/2014/03/20/hum-network-announces-categories-2nd-hum-awards) . Ultimate Media of Pakistan. 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . External links [ edit ] Official websites Hum Awards official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20130301014057/http://www.hum.tv/humawards/) News resources 2nd Hum Awards (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143816/http://pakistan.worldnewsviews.com/2014/03/30/a-sneak-peak-at-2nd-hum-tv-awards/) Pakistan Today (/wiki/Pakistan_Today) Hum Awards: Not at all Ho-Hum (http://www.dawn.com/news/1098030/hum-awards-not-at-all-ho-hum) Dawn News (/wiki/Dawn_News) Analysis 2nd Hum Awards Event Review (http://www.pakium.com/2014/03/30/pictures-event-review-2nd-hum-awards) Pakistan Ultimate Media (/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan) 2nd Hum Awards (http://reviewit.pk/my-take-on-2nd-service-hum-tv-awards/) Review It! Other resources 2nd Hum Awards-Grand Ceremony (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132711/http://www.pakreviews.com/grand-ceremony-2nd-hum-tv-awards-witnessed-karachi) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) Review v t e Hum Awards (/wiki/Hum_Awards) Hum Network Limited (HNL) (/wiki/Hum_Network_Limited) List of Hum Awards Ceremonies (/wiki/List_of_Hum_Awards_Ceremonies) History of Television in Pakistan (/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan) History of Television (/wiki/History_of_Television) Merit awards Television Viewers Choice / Popular Awards Best Drama Serial Viewers Choice/Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial_Viewers_Choice) Best Actor Viewers Choice/Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_Viewers_Choice) Best Actress Viewers Choice/Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Viewers_Choice) Best Onscreen Couple Viewers Choice/Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple_Viewers_Choice) Jury's Choice Awards Best Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Serial) Best Director Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Director_Drama_Serial) Best Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor) Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Best Supporting Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) Best Soap Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actor) Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actress) Best Actor in a Negative Role (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role) Best Telefilm (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Film) Best Impacful Character (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Most_Impactful_Character) Best Sitcom (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Comic_Sitcom) Best Soap Series (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Series) Best Writer Drama Serial (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Writer_Drama_Serial) Best Television Sensation Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Male) Best Television Sensation Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Television_Sensation_Female) Best On Screen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) Best Original Soundtrack (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Original_Soundtrack) Fashion Best Model Male (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Male) Best Model Female (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Model_Female) Best Designer Womenswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Womenswear) Best Designer Menswear (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Designer_Menswear) Music Best Solo Artist / Best Music Single (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Solo_Artist) Best Music Video (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Video) Best Solo Music Band (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Music_Band) Special awards Hum Recognition to Pakistani Television Starlets (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Television_Award) Hum Honorary Music Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Music_Award) Hum Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Lifetime_Achievement_Award) Retired awards Best Comic Actor (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Comic_Actor) Best Host (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Host) Best Drama Series (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Drama_Series) Hum Most Challenging Subject Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Most_Challenging_Subject_Award) Hum Honorary Phenomenal Serial Award (/wiki/Hum_Honorary_Phenomenal_Serial_Award) Ceremonies (/wiki/List_of_Hum_Awards_Ceremonies) 2012 (/wiki/1st_Hum_Awards) 2013 2014 (/wiki/3rd_Hum_Awards) 2015 (/wiki/4th_Hum_Awards) 2016 (/wiki/5th_Hum_Awards) 2017 (/wiki/6th_Hum_Awards) 2019 (/wiki/7th_Hum_Awards) 2022 (/wiki/8th_Hum_Awards) 2024 (/w/index.php?title=9th_Hum_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1) Category (/wiki/Category:Hum_Awards) Portal (/wiki/Hum_Awards) v t e Hosts (/wiki/List_of_Hum_Awards_ceremonies) of the Hum Awards ceremonies (/wiki/List_of_Hum_Awards_ceremonies) 2013 - 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Part of a series (/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy) on the History of (/wiki/History_of_Italy) Italy Early Prehistoric Italy (/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy) Nuragic civilization (/wiki/Nuragic_civilization) (18th–3rd c. BC) Etruscan civilization (/wiki/Etruscan_civilization) (12th–6th c. BC) Magna Graecia (/wiki/Magna_Graecia) (8th–3rd c. BC) Ancient Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) Kingdom (/wiki/Roman_Kingdom) (753 BC–509 BC) Republic (/wiki/Roman_Republic) (509 BC–27 BC) Roman expansion in Italy (/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy) Roman Italy (/wiki/Roman_Italy) Populares (/wiki/Populares) and Optimates (/wiki/Optimates) Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) (27 BC–286 AD) Western Empire (/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) (286 AD–476 AD) Praetorian prefecture of Italy (/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy) Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms Odoacer's (/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy) 476–493 Ostrogothic (/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom) 493–553 Vandal (/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom) 435–534 Lombard (independence) (/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards) 565–774 Lombard (under the Frankish rule) (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Lombard_kingdom) 774–885 Frankish (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Constituent_of_the_Carolingian_Empire) (as part of the Carolingian Empire (/wiki/Carolingian_Empire) ) 885–961 Germanic (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy) (as part of the Holy Roman Empire (/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire) ) 961–1801 Medieval Italy in the Middle Ages (/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages) Byzantine reconquest of Italy (/wiki/Byzantine_Italy) (6th–8th c.) Islam (/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy) and Normans (/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy) in southern Italy Maritime republics (/wiki/Maritime_republics) and Italian city-states (/wiki/Italian_city-states) Guelphs and Ghibellines (/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines) Early modern Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) (14th–16th c.) Italian Wars (/wiki/Italian_Wars) (1494–1559) Catholic revival (/wiki/Counter-Reformation) (1545–1648) Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. (/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy) Napoleonic (/wiki/Napoleon) Italy (1801–1814) Republic (/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)) Kingdom (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)) Risorgimento (/wiki/Unification_of_Italy) (1815–1871) Young Italy (/wiki/Young_Italy) Modern Monarchy (/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)) (1861–1946) Colonial Empire (/wiki/Italian_Empire) (1882–1960) Italy in World War I (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I) (1914–1918) Fascism (/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)) (1922–1943) Italy in World War II (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II) (1940–1945) Fascist Italian Social Republic (/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic) , Partisans (/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement) and Italian Civil War (/wiki/Italian_Civil_War) (1943–1945) Republic (/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic) (1946– present ) Years of Lead (/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)) (1970s–1980s) Maxi Trial (/wiki/Maxi_Trial) (1986–1992) Mani pulite (/wiki/Mani_pulite) (1992–2001) Great Recession (/wiki/Great_Recession) (2007–2009) European migrant crisis (/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis) (2014–2016) COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy) (2020– present ) By topic Citizenship (/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship) Currency and coinage (/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy) Economy (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy) Fashion Flags (/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags) Genetic (/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy) Historic states (/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy) LGBT (/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy) Military (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy) Music (/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy) Name (/wiki/Name_of_Italy) Postage (/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy) Railway (/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) v t e The history of Italian fashion is a chronological record of the events and people that impacted and evolved Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) into what it is today. From the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) , Italian fashion has been popular internationally, with cities in Italy producing textiles like velvet (/wiki/Velvet) , silk (/wiki/Silk) , and wool (/wiki/Wool) . During the Middle Ages and Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) , Italian fashion for both men and women was extravagant and expensive, but the fashion industry declined during the industrialization (/wiki/Industrialization) of Italy. Many modern Italian fashion brands were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in the 1950s and 1960s, Italian fashion regained popularity worldwide. While many clients of Italian fashion designers are celebrities, Italian fashion brands also focus on ready-to-wear clothes. Cecilia Gallerani as The Lady with an Ermine (/wiki/The_Lady_with_an_Ermine) , painted by Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) around 1489. This painting exemplifies Italian fashion in the 15th century. Renaissance [ edit ] Italian fashion, art, music, and philosophy flourished during the Renaissance in Italy. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The cities of Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Palermo (/wiki/Palermo) , Naples (/wiki/Naples) , and Rome (/wiki/Rome) produced textiles such as velvet, silk, and wool. [3] (#cite_note-3) Italian fashion grew in popularity and influence across Europe, and was preferred by one of the most powerful families in Italy, the Medicis (/wiki/Medici) of Florence. [4] (#cite_note-4) In the 15th and 16th centuries, Italian fashion was influenced by the art of Michelangelo (/wiki/Michelangelo) , Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) , and Raphael (/wiki/Raphael) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Italian fashion was extravagant and expensive, crafted from velvet, brocade, ribbons, and jewels. Women's styles during the Renaissance [ edit ] In the 1400s, women's fashion shifted from high-necked gowns and braided hair wrapped around the head to layered V-shaped necklines and longer braids. Gathered and pleated skirts were popular. [6] (#cite_note-medmisc-6) [7] (#cite_note-gandiva-7) Women's fashion at the time could be defined by one word: fullness. While men worked to accentuate the top portion of their bodies, women did the opposite. The top and bust area was always fitted and the waist was to be accentuated as the tiniest part of the body. Then the bottom half of the body would be made to look as full as possible, with extravagant and over the top skirts. Wide and puffed sleeves were the popular styles and wealthy women often had fur lined sleeves. Clothing was not about comfort or convenience, as women would typically wear about 5 layers on an everyday basis. Women's dresses consisted of fitted garments worn underneath a belted dress, also called giornea . Unlike the men's, the women's giornea covered their feet, and originally evolved from the houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) (a long, full-skirted gown with a high collar). [8] (#cite_note-8) The skirts were fitted around the waist and often pleated. Earlier dresses had a slit in the front that revealed the garment underneath, and later dresses had a slit on the side. Underneath the giornea , women wore a gamurra , a long dress that had a high waistline. Some had detachable sleeves. The undergarment was a plain linen dress, called a camicia . Women wore high heels called Pianelle. Heels were worn less for fashion at the time and more for functionality. Women wore heeled shoes to keep their dresses from dragging on the damp and dirty streets. Portrait of Barbara Pallavicino by Alessandro Araldi (/wiki/Alessandro_Araldi) , ca. 1510 Women's hairstyles and headdresses [ edit ] Hairstyles at the time were dependent on a woman's marital status. If a woman was single, she would wear her hair down, usually in loose curls. Once women were wed, they would begin wearing their hair up, in tight braids. Popular accessories for the hair: Lenza- a leather cord known as a worn around the head to keep hair flat Trinzale- a sheer hairnet worn at the back of the head and sometimes beaded Coazzoni -women parted their hair in the middle and smoothed to the head with a long braid at the back, where ribbons or netting could be added. Wigs and False Braids Other hairstyles used long strips of ribbon to secure the hair and tie it into a bun. Men's styles during the Renaissance [ edit ] Giovanni Battista Moroni (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Moroni) - Bearded Man in Black, 1576. Renaissance men wore hose or tights to emphasize their lower body. During the Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) , men wore large, fitted waistcoats underneath pleated overcoats called giornea (/wiki/Giornea) , which had wide, puffy mutton sleeves and were often made from brocade (/wiki/Brocade) . Men wore hats like caps (/wiki/Cap) and berets (/wiki/Beret) . Men typically wore an overcoat called a cioppa , which had lining of a different color than the main fabric, a defining feature of fashion during the Italian Renaissance. Men typically wore hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) or tights that emphasized their lower bodies. Men and women wore outer clothes with detachable and often slashed (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion#Slashing) sleeves of varied designs. Wealthy people owned many different pairs of sleeves to match their overcoats and dresses. [6] (#cite_note-medmisc-6) [7] (#cite_note-gandiva-7) The Renaissance changed societal attitudes toward clothing and appearance. Men in particular wanted to wear more fitted clothes to emphasize their body shape. Merchants expanded the market for apparel, and created complementary accessories such as hats, hairnets, bags, and gloves. The widespread use of mirrors, popular in Renaissance interior design and architecture, increased interest in self-image and fashion. Men's hairstyles and headdresses [ edit ] Portrait of a fashionable young man wearing a cap. (1518) The bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) was worn by Venetians. The bonnet is a small, round or squared, brimless cap that was usually red or black and made of felt (/wiki/Felt) or velvet. It is unadorned and sometimes pinched in at the four corners. Slight variations in the bonnet's style were visible among the different social classes (/wiki/Social_class) and professions. For church officials and university professors, the cap had four corners or the sign of the cross. For a doctor of divinity, the cap had three corners. The cornered cap evolved into today's square trencher or mortarboard (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) university hat. Flat cap or beret (Popular during the first half of the 16th century). It was often worn over a velvet coif or gold cord net and sometimes attached to a wig. Caps for daily use were made out of cloth, while fancier bonnets were made out of luxurious materials like felt, velvet, satin (/wiki/Satin) , taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) , scarceness (a thin silk) and straw in the summer. The decorations used for the beret were usually white, in untrimmed ostrich, peacock, marabou and wool imitation, and plumes. Feathers held with jeweled sockets with spangles and jewels would often be sewn onto the spine. Brooches with sacred motifs were also used for decoration. Small gold ornaments in bowknots, rings, and buttons were sewn to the underside of the brim. It was common for men in the 16th century to have a clean-shaven face along with a straight or crimped bob. Long bangs of natural hair or silk wigs were fashionable, as well. Francois I (/wiki/Francis_I_of_France) started the trend of short hair and beards in the Italians and the Swiss, after accidentally cutting his hair. In the 1560s, starch was invented and men started to starch their beards. From the 1570s to 1590s, men brushed the front of their hair up off their foreheads. For elegant events or occasions, men wore wigs to conceal their baldness. They would wear tilted berets attached to a wig instead of a coif (/wiki/Coif) . Wigs were made out of real hair. Clerical dress [ edit ] Prior to 1500, there were no rules about the color of the clerical dress. However, due to a decision in 1565 in Milan, black became the accepted color in Italy. While white remained as the pope's biretta color, scarlet was accepted by the Cardinals, purple by the bishops, and black by the clerics. Decline [ edit ] In the 17th century, Italian fashion fell into a decline, while Spain, England, and France led the industry. In Europe, French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) was most popular. The fashion industry remained active in Italy, especially in Rome, Milan, and Florence. In the mid-19th century, cheaper silk was imported to Milan from Asia because the phylloxera (/wiki/Phylloxera) pest infestation damaged silk and wine produced in Italy. After industrialization, metal, mechanical, and furniture manufacturing replaced textile production. Some of the first modern Italian fashion designers, such as Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , and Ferragamo (/wiki/Ferragamo) , were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1950s and 1960s, Italian fashion regained popularity worldwide. During this time, the production of fabrics growth up, allowing fashion designers to have access to high-quality fabrics a century later. Three major production centers in the wool industry started to develop in Italy: Veneto (/wiki/Veneto) , Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) , and Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) . In Veneto, industrialist Alessandro Rossi (/wiki/Alessandro_Rossi_(textile_industrialist)) set up wool factories in Schio (/wiki/Schio) , leading the company of his father Francesco Rossi. La Fabbrica Alta was the most notable one. [9] (#cite_note-9) Meanwhile, Gaetano Marzotto (/wiki/Marzotto) specialized in fine carded and combed fabric in Valdagno (/wiki/Valdagno) . In the Biella area of Piedmont surged some of the most recognized fabric manufacturers, such as Piacenza, Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) , Rivetti, Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) , Sella, and Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) . In this region appeared the first wool association in Italy. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) In 1911, Lombardy (/wiki/Lombardy) concentrated the spindles and looms of Italy. Half of them were in the region. Families such as Cantoni, Ponti, and Crespi (/wiki/Cristoforo_Crespi) became influential in the industry. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) In 1922, cotton fabrics reached 100 000 tones. It increased to 145 000 tonnes in 1940. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Revival [ edit ] A dress made by Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) for Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) . In the post-war, Italian handmade items were recognized as high quality and low-cost products. Italy adopted American methods of production and took advantage of preexisting connections between Italian tailors that emigrated to the United States. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) The United States helped to Italian textile and clothing industry to integrate into the world, creating also a demand for Italian products. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) In Florence, Giovanni Battista Giorgini achieved the first contact between Italian fashion and American buyers. He convinced Italian designers to show their works to fashion journalists and American buyers. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) On 12 February 1951, the Italian businessman Giovanni Battista Giorgini (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Giorgini) held a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) in Florence to make Italy an international leader in fashion design. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1952, Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(brand)) staged the first men's fashion show in history. [13] (#cite_note-13) Prior to his soirées in 1951 to 1953, Italy had begun exporting luxury fashion goods and handbags to other nations, including the United States. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) The growing presence of Italy in the American market allowed an expansion of the Italian fashion industry. Exports grew by more than 150 percent from 1950 to 1956. In 1957, Italy was the main European exporter to the United States and Canada. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) Unlike other countries leading the fashion industry, Italian lacked a center associated with a national style. Florence, Rome, and Milan disputed the title. Each urban center displayed an own tradition in craftsmanship. [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) In 1957, textile products were the second largest retail sale group in Italy after food. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) There were 175 000 shops specialized in selling linen (/wiki/Linen) , knitwear (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) , socks (/wiki/Sock) , fabrics (/wiki/Textile) , ready-made clothes (/wiki/Prefabrication) , shoes (/wiki/Shoe) , jewelers (/wiki/Jewellery) and custom jewelers, milliners (/wiki/Hatmaking) , furriers (/wiki/Fur_clothing) , and luggage (/wiki/Baggage) . Ready-to-Wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) industry existed in Italy for a long time, but its boom surged between 1958 and 1963, during the economic miracle. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) In the 1960s, the handbags produced by the designer Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) drew the attention of celebrities such as Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , Peter Sellers (/wiki/Peter_Sellers) , Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) and the First Lady (/wiki/First_Lady) of the United States, Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) . Gucci's "GG" monogram logo became synonymous with Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) fashion. [14] (#cite_note-14) Jackie Kennedy developed a close friendship with the Italian designer Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) , and wore his designs ever since 1965, including at her wedding to Aristotle Onassis (/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis) . Florence was Italy's fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) in the 1950s and 1960s, and Milan in the 1970s and 1980s, with Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) , and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) opening up their first boutiques there. Until the 1970s, Italian fashion primarily served the wealthy, similar to haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) in France. In the 1970s and 1980s, Italian fashion started to concentrate on ready-to-wear clothes, such as jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , sweaters, and miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) . Milan had more affordable styles for shoppers, and Florence was no longer considered the fashion capital of Italy. New clothing labels, such as Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) [15] (#cite_note-15) and Geox (/wiki/Geox) , started to appear worldwide in the 1990s. Many celebrities, such as Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Axl Rose (/wiki/Axl_Rose) , Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) , Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Alexandra Burke (/wiki/Alexandra_Burke) , Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) , and even Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , [16] (#cite_note-16) were clients of Italian fashion designers. Milan and Rome are important internationally in the fashion industry, along with Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Venice, Florence, Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) , Genoa (/wiki/Genoa) , and Turin (/wiki/Turin) are other important centers of fashion. Italy's main shopping districts (/wiki/Shopping_district) are the Via Montenapoleone fashion district (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone_fashion_district) in Milan, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele) in Milan, Via dei Condotti (/wiki/Via_dei_Condotti) in Rome, Via de' Tornabuoni (/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni) in Florence, and Chiaia (/wiki/Chiaia) in Naples. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "WebMuseum: The Italian Renaissance (1420–1600)" (http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/it-ren/) . Ibiblio.org. 14 October 2002 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "History of the Renaissance" (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac88) . Historyworld.net . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Alvarez, Sandra (3 January 2015). "Move over Milan! Late Medieval and Renaissance Fashion in Venice" (http://www.medievalists.net/2015/01/move-milan-late-medieval-renaissance-fashion-venice/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Renaissance Fashion" (http://www.renaissance-spell.com/Renaissance-Fashion.html) . Renaissance-spell.com. 9 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Renaissance Art" (https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance-art) . HISTORY . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Renaissance in Italy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100511083003/http://www.mediaevalmisc.com/pp41-43.htm) . Mediaeval Misc (via the Internet Archive). Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Italian Renaissance" (http://www.historical-costumes.eu/en/02_renaissance.html) . Kostümwerkstatt Gandiva . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "What Was the Houppelande?" (https://www.nypl.org/blog/2009/01/22/what-was-houppelande) . The New York Public Library . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Schio & Vincentino Open Air Museum of Industrial Archaeology" (https://www.erih.net/i-want-to-go-there/site/the-schio-vincentino-open-air-museum-of-industrial-archaeology) . ERIH . Retrieved 26 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Scarpellini, Emanuela (2019). Italian fashion since 1945 : a cultural history . Cham. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-030-17812-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1114266349 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1114266349) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Merlo, Elisabetta; Polese, Francesca (2006). "Turning Fashion into Business: The Emergence of Milan as an International Fashion Hub" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25097225) . The Business History Review . 80 (3): 415–447. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/25097225 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25097225) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0007-6805 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6805) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25097225 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097225) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "the birth of italian fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111016202714/http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) . Gbgiorgini.it. Archived from the original (http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Podolsky, Jeffrey (27 September 2014). "For CEOs and Pop Stars" (https://www.barrons.com/articles/brioni-are-the-suits-worth-it-1411688973) . www.barrons.com . Retrieved 26 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Italian Fashion products" (http://jnicholas.it) . Designerhandbags101.com . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Miu Miu" (http://www.net-a-porter.com/Shop/Designers/Miu_Miu) . Net-a-porter.com . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Diana, Princess of Wales: Magnificent Seven Di Lifestyle Sites" (http://www.londonnet.co.uk/ln/guide/themes/diana-london-lifestyle.html) . Londonnet.co.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) . Languagemonitor.com. Archived from the original (http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . 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American clothing company Online Ceramics Industry Fashion; Streetwear Founded 2016 Headquarters Los Angeles, USA Website Official website (https://online-ceramics.com/) Online Ceramics is a clothing company founded in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) in 2016 by Alix Ross and Elijah Funk. [1] (#cite_note-1) Many of their designs are tie-dyed (/wiki/Tie-dyed) by hand, and feature images and sayings associated with the musical act the Grateful Dead (/wiki/Grateful_Dead) . [2] (#cite_note-2) It is located at 1500 S. Central Avenue. [3] (#cite_note-3) The founders met in their home state of Ohio (/wiki/Ohio) [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) before moving to Los Angeles to start the business. In particular, Ross noted that while studying at the Columbus College of Art & Design (/wiki/Columbus_College_of_Art_%26_Design) , he became a frequent consumer of LSD (/wiki/LSD) , which is often referred to or visually featured in Online Ceramics' products. [5] (#cite_note-auto-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Their products are sold internationally at a variety of streetwear outlets, including Union in Los Angeles, Dover Street Market (/wiki/Dover_Street_Market) in London (/wiki/London) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , and Los Angeles, GR8 in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , and online. Coverage and promotion [ edit ] The iconography of the Grateful Dead, including tie-dye, skeletons, and flowers, that often feature in the work of Online Ceramics. As covered by The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) in 2018, the small batches of shirts and hoodies produced have become noteworthy in the streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) community, observing: "The shirts frequently sell out—which only makes them more attractive to style mavens seeking to distinguish themselves from their peers." [5] (#cite_note-auto-5) The men's fashion and lifestyle magazine GQ (/wiki/GQ) interviewed Ross and Funk in 2017, noting that "their graphics are enormous and intricate, and include their own characters—goblins, jesters—along with druggie iconography and phrases that channel a sort of cosmic mindfulness." [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) Much of the brand's promotional work occurs through its official Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , [7] (#cite_note-7) which has 200,000 followers as of October 2021. Partnerships [ edit ] Online Ceramics has a partnership with the independent movie studio A24 (/wiki/A24) , producing promotional t-shirts and sweatshirts to promote its films. The partnership was established after Ross and Funk saw the film Hereditary (/wiki/Hereditary_(film)) and contacted its writer-director, Ari Aster (/wiki/Ari_Aster) , in the hopes of promoting his work on t-shirts. Ultimately, the duo produced T-shirts for two of Aster's films: Hereditary and the 2019 film Midsommar . [8] (#cite_note-8) This partnership also extended to Robert Eggers (/wiki/Robert_Eggers) ' films The VVitch (/wiki/The_VVitch) [9] (#cite_note-9) and The Lighthouse (/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(2019_film)) , [10] (#cite_note-10) the 2019 Adam Sandler (/wiki/Adam_Sandler) / Safdie Brothers (/wiki/Safdie_Brothers) film Uncut Gems (/wiki/Uncut_Gems) , [11] (#cite_note-11) and David Lowery (/wiki/David_Lowery_(director)) 's The Green Knight (/wiki/The_Green_Knight_(film)) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Other collaborations included a capsule set featuring the guru Ram Dass (/wiki/Ram_Dass) and his Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) documentary Becoming Nobody . [13] (#cite_note-13) They created merchandise for John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) on the 2017, [14] (#cite_note-14) 2019, [15] (#cite_note-15) and 2021 [16] (#cite_note-16) Dead & Co. tours, as well as designing clothing to promote his Sob Rock (/wiki/Sob_Rock) album. [17] (#cite_note-17) They have also collaborated with other musicians, such as SZA (/wiki/SZA) (for her 2023 SOS (/wiki/SOS_(SZA_album)) North America tour), Oneohtrix Point Never (/wiki/Oneohtrix_Point_Never) , Laraaji (/wiki/Laraaji) , Mystic 100's (/wiki/Milk_Music) , Weyes Blood (/wiki/Weyes_Blood) , David Grisman (/wiki/David_Grisman) , and 100 gecs (/wiki/100_gecs) , as well as with the estates of Fela Kuti (/wiki/Fela_Kuti) and Alice Coltrane (/wiki/Alice_Coltrane) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Associated [ edit ] The Grateful Dead (/wiki/Grateful_Dead) John Mayer (/wiki/John_Mayer) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) 100 gecs (/wiki/100_gecs) A24 (/wiki/A24) Ari Aster (/wiki/Ari_Aster) Dover Street Market (/wiki/Dover_Street_Market) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Online Ceramics Home Page" (https://online-ceramics.com/) . online-ceramics.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PAST DESIGNS" (https://online-ceramics.com/archive/) . online-ceramics.com . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Online Ceramics on Instagram: "Feelin a little team appreciation day :) limited run tee just for our extra special helpers. Without these folks helping us dye, sell, burn…" (https://www.instagram.com/p/BTmV-4UBC6f/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/BTmV-4UBC6f/) . Instagram . ^ Jump up to: a b Hine, Samuel (11 November 2017). "Online Ceramics Makes Wonderfully Tripped Out T-Shirts for Deadheads and Fashion Freaks" (https://www.gq.com/story/online-ceramics-grateful-dead-t-shirts-interview) . GQ . ^ Jump up to: a b Fry, Naomi (6 September 2018). "Finding Authenticity in a T-Shirt" (https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/finding-authenticity-in-a-t-shirt) . The New Yorker . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Online Ceramics Drops Psychedelic Graphic Tees for Fall" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/online-ceramics-fall-2018-collection/) . Highsnobiety . October 10, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Online Ceramics (@onlineceramics) • Instagram photos and videos" (https://www.instagram.com/onlineceramics/) . www.instagram.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Online Ceramics x A24: How a Partnership Between the Hottest Film Company and a Fire T-Shirt Brand Came to Be" (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/11/online-ceramics-a24-merch-hereditary-midsommar-lighthouse-john-mayer-interview) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Online Ceramics Collaborates With A24 on 'The Witch' Capsule" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/online-ceramics-a24-the-witch-capsule/) . Highsnobiety . April 18, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Online Ceramics x A24: How a Partnership Between the Hottest Film Company and a Fire T-Shirt Brand Came to Be" (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/11/online-ceramics-a24-merch-hereditary-midsommar-lighthouse-john-mayer-interview/) . Complex . November 15, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "elara on Instagram: "We did this "Black Opal" gear with @onlineceramics. Printed on a nice 14oz crew and t shirt. Now available on their site. Get it while you…" (https://www.instagram.com/p/B79QzqhlW4u/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/B79QzqhlW4u/) . Instagram . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Stop everything you're doing and buy some A24 merch" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/article/a24-merchandise-travis-scott/) . GQ . August 4, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Online Ceramics Trippy Tie-Dye T-Shirts Remark on Climate Change and Spirituality" (https://hypebeast.com/2019/8/online-ceramics-tie-dye-t-shirts-hoodie-dover-street-market-collection-drop) . HYPEBEAST . 15 August 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jayes, Ella (November 12, 2019). "Online Ceramics: Meet Elijah Funk and Alix Ross" (https://milk.xyz/articles/online-ceramics-meet-elijah-funk-and-alix-ross/) . Milk . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "ONLINE CERAMICS DROPS TIE-DYE DEAD & COMPANY SUMMER TOUR T-SHIRTS" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/online-ceramics-dead-and-company-shirts/) . HighSnobiety . 29 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-16) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/CSe_jN2pg6E/) "Company Trip '21" tie dye tee for TOUR '21 now available on our site www.online-ceramics.com. Catch us in person from Raleigh thru Chicago and then on the West Coast ;)" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CSe_jN2pg6E/) . Instagram . August 12, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "John Mayer's Empty 1980s Excess" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/arts/music/john-mayer-sob-rock-review.html) . New York Times . July 21, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Berlinger, Max (2022-10-25). "How Online Ceramics Keeps Its Cool" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/25/style/how-online-ceramics-keeps-its-cool.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-04-13 . 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Koikuchi shirt (鯉口シャツ) is a type of Japanese silk (/wiki/Silk) shirt. The term koi-kuchi, carp mouth, refers to the shape of neck. [1] (#cite_note-1) The koi-kuchi (carp's mouth) shape is also found on other designs in Japan, notably the carp's mouth fitting on a Katana (/wiki/Katana) or samurai sword, and the rounded, open lips of carp's mouth Kitoku (/w/index.php?title=Kitoku&action=edit&redlink=1) masks in dance. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shūkan Asahi - Volume 88, Issues 1-8 -1983 Page 35 "... なら「力王」「きねや」「晴姿」、七分ズボンなら「関,」「富士姿」、鯉口シャツは「江戸一」か「祭一番」、そして軍手は「おたふく」で决めると、「イマい」ということになる. "同店によると、「デザイナ I のやまもと宽斎さんがよく買いに 06 えますし、外人モデルや若い女のコ ... This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koikuchi_shirt&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐rsfrw Cached time: 20240712212923 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.109 seconds Real time usage: 0.220 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 115/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3137/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5759/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.069/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 850747/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 205.506 1 -total 58.64% 120.504 1 Template:Reflist 41.32% 84.925 1 Template:Clothing-stub 40.07% 82.340 1 Template:Asbox 1.18% 2.419 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39561360-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712212923 and revision id 1068681768. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koikuchi_shirt&oldid=1068681768 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koikuchi_shirt&oldid=1068681768) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Japanese upper-body garments (/wiki/Category:Japanese_upper-body_garments) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American fashion designer This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Jen Kao" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jen+Kao%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jen+Kao%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jen+Kao%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jen+Kao%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jen+Kao%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jen+Kao%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Jen Kao Born Jennifer Kao ( 1981-07-15 ) July 15, 1981 (age 42) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) Education New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) Parsons the New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_the_New_School_for_Design) Occupation Fashion designer Label Jen Kao Parent(s) Min Kao (/wiki/Min_Kao) Yu-Fan Kao Jen Kao ( Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 高嘉旎 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Gāo Jiānǐ ; born July 15, 1981) is an American fashion designer of Taiwanese (/wiki/Taiwanese_people) ancestry. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Daughter of Garmin (/wiki/Garmin) co-founder Min Kao (/wiki/Min_Kao) , Jen Kao was born in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and grew up on the Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) side of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area (/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area) , where she graduated from the Pembroke Hill School (/wiki/Pembroke_Hill_School) in 1999. [2] (#cite_note-mb-2) [3] (#cite_note-elle-3) Thereafter, she received a degree in studio art from New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) and then a graduate degree from Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . [2] (#cite_note-mb-2) [3] (#cite_note-elle-3) Career [ edit ] Kao's career began in 2007 when she debuted a spring collection at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) describes her designs as "art-inspired, intellectually approached, and meticulously executed." [3] (#cite_note-elle-3) Her eponymous (/wiki/Eponymous) line is sold in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , London (/wiki/London) , and Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , in addition to various internet websites. M.I.A. (/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)) , Elettra Wiedemann (/wiki/Elettra_Wiedemann) , Taylor Momsen (/wiki/Taylor_Momsen) , Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , Fergie (/wiki/Fergie_(singer)) , Robin Wright (/wiki/Robin_Wright) , Harley Viera-Newton (/wiki/Harley_Viera-Newton) , and Rachel McAdams (/wiki/Rachel_McAdams) have worn her designs. [3] (#cite_note-elle-3) Kao was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA) in 2011. [4] (#cite_note-4) In September 2013, a company spokeswoman announced that Kao would be closing her ready-to-wear line indefinitely due to unspecified health problems. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110225191807/http://www.247feature.com/2011/02/22/jen-kao-fallwinter-2011-collection/) . Archived from the original (http://www.247feature.com/2011/02/22/jen-kao-fallwinter-2011-collection/) on February 25, 2011 . Retrieved March 7, 2011 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week : Jen Kao" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093619/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/jen_kao) . Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/jen_kao/) on February 9, 2011 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jen Kao - Fashion Designer Profile - Read More Fashion News on ELLE.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110414112331/http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Fashion-Spotlight/Designer-Profile-Jen-Kao) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Fashion-Spotlight/Designer-Profile-Jen-Kao) on April 14, 2011 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jen Kao" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200116013639/http://jenkao.com/about) . Jen Kao. Archived from the original (http://www.jenkao.com/about) on January 16, 2020 . Retrieved March 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lisa Lockwood (September 30, 2013). "Jen Kao Shuttering Rtw Line" (http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/designer-luxury/jen-kao-to-shutter-rtw-company-7202575?src=nl/mornReport/20131001) . Wwd.com . Retrieved March 10, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20200203063014/http://jenkao.com/) at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (archived February 3, 2020) Style.com (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/designerdirectory/JKAO/seasons/) reports on Jen Kao shows NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐t2btp Cached time: 20240623183615 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.337 seconds Real time usage: 0.479 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2008/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23370/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1676/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22865/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6721010/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 451.817 1 -total 28.60% 129.220 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 25.31% 114.357 1 Template:Reflist 21.86% 98.782 5 Template:Cite_web 19.06% 86.106 1 Template:BLP_sources 15.64% 70.655 1 Template:Short_description 14.08% 63.595 1 Template:Ambox 9.75% 44.063 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.57% 38.726 2 Template:Pagetype 8.27% 37.362 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30928790-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623183615 and revision id 1172540532. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jen_Kao&oldid=1172540532 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jen_Kao&oldid=1172540532) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1981 births (/wiki/Category:1981_births) American people of Taiwanese descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Taiwanese_descent) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Artists from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Los_Angeles) People from Johnson County, Kansas (/wiki/Category:People_from_Johnson_County,_Kansas) Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni (/wiki/Category:Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development_alumni) Parsons School of Design alumni (/wiki/Category:Parsons_School_of_Design_alumni) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American fashion designers of Chinese descent (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers_of_Chinese_descent) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) Pembroke Hill School alumni (/wiki/Category:Pembroke_Hill_School_alumni) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from March 2017 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_March_2017) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Use mdy dates from July 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2023) Pages using infobox person with multiple parents (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_parents) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
Global apparel manufacturer Shenzhou International Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) SEHK (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange) : 2313 (https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market-Data/Securities-Prices/Equities/Equities-Quote?sym=2313&sc_lang=en) Component of Hang Seng Index (/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founder Ma Jianrong (/wiki/Ma_Jianrong) Headquarters Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Area served Worldwide (/wiki/World) Website www.shenzhounintl.com (https://www.shenzhouintl.com/) Shenzhou International Group Holdings Limited is a Chinese clothing manufacturer. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) With over 97,000 employees, it produces more than 250,000 metric tons of fabric and 550 million garments annually. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) The company works closely with NIKE (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , UNIQLO (/wiki/Uniqlo) , adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , PUMA (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) , lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) , and many others. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) In response to global apparel demand, it established production bases in Phnom Penh (/wiki/Phnom_Penh) , Cambodia; Ningbo (/wiki/Ningbo) and Anqing (/wiki/Anqing) , China; and Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) and Tây Nihn (/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_province) , Vietnam. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) The chairman is Ma Jianrong (/wiki/Ma_Jianrong) , who started as a factory worker and rose to become a multi-billionaire. [5] (#cite_note-Forbes-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "About Shenzhou International" (https://www.shenzhouintl.com/about) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Re-globalisation in the age of Asia's supply chain crunch" (https://www.fidelity.com.hk/en/articles/investment-spotlight/2022-05-06-reglobalisation-in-the-age-of-asias-supply-chain-crunch-1651729836809) . Fidelity International . ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/quote/SHZHY/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAADpQ400dTChtUXb4c0tEpCNlBZAFosr7BmsDimZ_KRhXd7ns-SK8XzgYhMR_eDJDo5oybFoxM8B5C3BjEXq1f_CyNQJLtRPI1cUedP-_LdkDlkD1aOXuu6KRG68a5aP7KZb56jXNEWyaNBGCyzHM_nm1PUJShDiYE9ECczCGrA-q) "Big Bank" Citi reiterates Shenzhou (02313.HK) "Buy" rating and is more confident about UNIQLO's order growth this year" (https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/quote/SHZHY/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAADpQ400dTChtUXb4c0tEpCNlBZAFosr7BmsDimZ_KRhXd7ns-SK8XzgYhMR_eDJDo5oybFoxM8B5C3BjEXq1f_CyNQJLtRPI1cUedP-_LdkDlkD1aOXuu6KRG68a5aP7KZb56jXNEWyaNBGCyzHM_nm1PUJShDiYE9ECczCGrA-q) . Yahoo Finance . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Shenzhou International: Stock of the Week" (https://www.morningstar.hk/hk/news/235986/shenzhou-international-stock-of-the-week.aspx) . Morningstar HK . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_5-0) "Ma Jianrong" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-jianrong/) . Forbes . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jianrong Ma - Bloomberg Billionaires Index" (https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/jianrong-ma/) . Bloomberg . External links [ edit ] Business data for Shenzhou International: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/2313:HK) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKG:+2313) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/2313.HK) Yahoo! 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Deubré Type Shoelace (/wiki/Shoelace) Inventor Damon Clegg Inception 1994 ; 30 years ago ( 1994 ) Manufacturer Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Deubré is a generic term, originating at Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) and dating from the mid 1990s, for an ornamental shoelace (/wiki/Shoelace) tag, most commonly seen on sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) . Typically, a deubré will have two holes through which a shoelace is threaded, like a bead (/wiki/Bead) on string. When the shoe is laced, the deubré is centered between the first two eyelets (/wiki/Eyelets) (closest to the toe), with the shoelace passing through and behind the deubré. A deubré is typically made of metal, plastic, or leather, and may often be decorated with text or a commercial logo (/wiki/Logo) . It is distinguished from a bead in that it is non-tubular; it has two points of entry/exit for the shoelace, as a belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) or webbing (/wiki/Webbing) may pass through a buckle (/wiki/Buckle) . Although primarily decorative in purpose, one could argue a deubré is also functional in that once threaded to the midpoint of a shoelace, it assists in centering the shoelace in the shoe, although few deubré and shoelace combinations will necessarily provide enough friction to hold the deubré in place while lacing. Overview [ edit ] The term 'deubré' originated with a Nike footwear designer, Damon Clegg. In a 1994 product presentation for an internal group, Clegg pointed out features of his design for a Nike ACG boot, eventually coming to the shoelace tag, for which he lacked a term. Falling back on a word he had originally picked up from his Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) -native college roommate, he called it a "doobrie"—a British placeholder name (/wiki/Placeholder_name) , akin to "watchamacallit" or "thingy." (British media personality Kenny Everett (/wiki/Kenny_Everett) had often used the word "doobrie" in this manner during the 1980s.) Although Clegg suspected his audience had mistaken the word for a specific technical term, he continued his presentation. [1] (#cite_note-1) The term became popular within Nike and passed into wider use through the company's marketing literature. Nike documents reflect later uses of the word on designers' sketches and computer files with the Clegg spelling. However, over time, the pronunciation evolved to the Americanised doo-bray , whilst spellings would come to vary widely from "doobray" to "dubret" and "deubré". The doo-bray pronunciation has become commonplace among sneaker collectors, with wide disagreement as to its spelling. With the publication of a catalog for the Nike Air Force 1 (/wiki/Air_Force_1_(shoe)) in 2006, Nike came to embrace the spelling "deubré". However, it is suggested that this highly Frenchified spelling was simply a marketing approach by Nike to provide the item with a veneer of fashionable sophistication. Popular versions [ edit ] A deubré may be used on a dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) or sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) . It may vary in shape, size, material or materials, graphics, and text. The Nike Air Force 1, originally designed in 1982 by Bruce Kilgore (/wiki/Air_Force_1_(shoe)) , has been embellished with a deubré since the late 1990s. Considering the popularity of this shoe, its deubré is likely the most widely produced in history. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) THE HISTORY OF THE DUBRAE (https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/features/whadda-ya-call-that-the-history-of-the-dubrae) at Sneaker Freaker v t e Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deubré&oldid=1012507293 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deubré&oldid=1012507293) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Footwear accessories (/wiki/Category:Footwear_accessories) Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Category:Nike,_Inc.)
Women's dress made from cotton sacks Feedsack dress made by Dorothy Overall of Caldwell, Kansas, in 1959 for the Cotton Bag Sewing Contest sponsored by the National Cotton Council and the Textile Bag Manufacturers Association, now in the collection of the Smithsonian [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Feed sack dresses , flour sack dresses , or feedsack dresses were a common article of clothing in rural US and Canadian communities from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. They were made at home, usually by women, using the cotton sacks (/wiki/Flour_sack) in which flour, sugar, animal feed, seeds, and other commodities were packaged, shipped, and sold. They became an iconic part of rural life from the 1920s through the Great Depression, World War II, and post-World War II years. History of feed sacks [ edit ] The first use of fabric sacks can be traced to the early 19th century, when small farmers strapped a sack to the back of a horse to take their grain for milling. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The bags of the time were hand-sewn at home from rough cloth made of hand-spun yarn, sometimes stamped with the name of the farmer. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) By the middle of the 19th century in the US and Canada, the invention of the sewing machine and advances in technology for spinning and weaving changed the economies of shipping commodities such as animal feeds, seeds, sugar and flour; it became more cost-effective to package and ship in sacks rather than in barrels, which was what had been previously used. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) A barrel held 196 pounds (89 kg) of flour, and the first commercial feed sacks were sized to hold fractions of that amount. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The first commercially produced sacks were made in the late 1800s of osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) , a coarse white or brown cotton, and were stamped with a logo or label, and burlap (/wiki/Burlap) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Feed sack During World War I, US and Canadian flour in sacks was sent to the neutral Netherlands for distribution in Europe. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) In October 1924 Asa T. Bales, a millworker from Missouri, filed a patent for "a sack, the cloth of which is adapted to be used for dress goods after the product has been removed or consumed." [6] (#cite_note-:9-6) Bales assigned the patent to the George P. Plant Milling Company of St. Louis, Missouri, which by 1925 were manufacturing Gingham Girl sacks. [6] (#cite_note-:9-6) In 1925 the Textile Bag Manufacturers Association (/w/index.php?title=Textile_Bag_Manufacturers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) was created to increase industry sales. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Working with the Millers National Federation (/w/index.php?title=Millers_National_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1) it encouraged home sewing projects using feed sacks. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 1933 the US Department of Agriculture described the bags in a booklet as having "a high salvage value." [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Sacks were eventually produced in sizes of 49, 24, 12, 6, 2 lb (22.2, 10.9, 5.4, 2.7, 0.9 kg), and during World War II sizes were standardized to 100, 50, 25, 10, 2 lb (45, 23, 11, 5, 1 kg) to aid the war effort by eliminating waste and making it easier for millers and housewives to estimate required material. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) During World War II, dressmaking-quality fabrics became in short supply as textile manufacturers produced for war efforts, and cotton yard goods were rationed. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) but feed sacks were considered part of the "industrial" category of uses, so feed sacks were still available. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Recycling of them was encouraged by the US government. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) According to the Textile Research Center's Willem Vogelsang, "A bag that contained 5 lb (2.3 kg) of sugar, for example, provided 1 ft (30 cm) of cloth, while a 100 lb (45 kg) bag provided slightly more than 1 yd (91 cm) of material, with four sacks providing enough for one adult woman’s dress." [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) At the industry's peak, 1,300,000,000 yards (1,200,000 km) of cotton fabric were used in commodity bags, in 1946 accounting for 8.0% of the cotton goods production and 4.5% of total cotton consumption in the US. [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) After World War II, use of cloth sacks for packaging declined and was replaced with less expensive paper. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Most feed sack production ceased by the early 1960s. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Feed sack garments [ edit ] As early as 1890 the first osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) sacks were recycled on farms to be used as toweling, rags, or other functional uses on farms. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) A paragraph in a short story in an 1892 issue of Arthurs Home Magazine said, "So, that is the secret of how baby looked so lovely in her flour sack: just a little care, patience and ingenuity on the mother's part." [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) By the beginning of the 20th century, flour sacks were produced in a variety of fabrics of tighter weave such as percale (/wiki/Percale) and sheeting (/wiki/Sheeting) and often printed in various colors and designs, and recycled for clothing and other purposes. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Farm women recycled the sacks into clothing, and by 1925 the George P. Plant Milling Company of St. Louis [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) produced Gingham Girl flour packaged in dress-quality red-and-white checked (/wiki/Gingham) yarn-dyed fabric and used the sacks as a selling point. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) By the end of the decade Bemis Brothers in Tennessee, Fulton Bag & Cotton Mills in Georgia, and Percy Kent of Buffalo, New York, were producing decorative sacks. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) Several educational institutions taught classes in how to use feed sacks, including The Household Science Institute, which produced a monthly newsletter called Out of the Bag and a series of booklets called Sewing with Cotton Bags , which gave instructions on how to use feed sacks. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) During the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) the popularity of the sacks increased, as they were seen as a source of free garment-making material for impoverished families. [8] (#cite_note-:8-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Groups of women would get together to trade the sacks and itinerant peddlers bought and sold the empty sacks. [8] (#cite_note-:8-8) By the 1930s companies regarded the sacks as a crucial part of marketing product. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) By 1936 the Staley Milling Company of Kansas City, Missouri, was marketing "Tint-sax" in pastel shades. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The use of the sacks in garments meant brand decisions were often being made by women rather than men. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) One feed store owner complained about purchase decisions moving from the farmer to the farmwife, saying "Years ago they used to ask for all sorts of feeds, special brands... now they come over and ask me if I have an egg mash in a flowered percale. It ain't natural." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Finding bags that matched was important as many patterns required more than a single sack. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Families sometimes saved sacks and traded with neighbors to get sufficient sacks in a particular print. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Mary Derrick Chaney, writing in 1997 in the Christian Science Monitor, recalled that the feed sacks were coarser than the flour sacks, but it was difficult to get enough flour sacks in the same pattern to make a dress. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) A 100-pound (45 kg) bag of chicken feed provided a 36 in × 44 in (910 mm × 1,120 mm) piece of fabric, slightly more than a square yard. [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) According to Margaret Powell, speaking at the Textile Society of America's 2012 symposium: [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) In 1927, three yards of dress print cotton percale (the typical amount of fabric needed for an average size adult dress) could cost sixty cents when purchased from the Sears and Roebuck catalog. Three yards of gingham dress goods could cost forty cents. In comparison, three yards of dress quality gingham used in Gingham Girl Flour sacks from the George P. Plant Milling Company could be salvaged after the use of two or three one hundred pound bags of flour. — Margaret Powell Closeup of hem detail of feedsack dress Related industries developed, such as the printing of booklets with instructions on how to create garments and other household items from the sacks and specifying how many sacks of a certain size were needed for a particular item and patterns specifically designed to utilize feed sacks. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Patterns were published in magazines and newspapers serving rural communities. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 1933 the Textile Bag Manufacturers Association published a booklet, Sewing with Cotton Bags , which provided instructions on how to get company logos out of sacks by soaking the inked area in lard or kerosene overnight. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) By the late 1930s most companies were using water-soluble ink or paper labels which could be soaked off. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) Fashion historian Kendra Brandes (/w/index.php?title=Kendra_Brandes&action=edit&redlink=1) found that "as an element of material culture, the clothing and clothing practices of rural populations reflect the life and times of the era to the same extent as that of the general population. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) However, it is the activities of these farm wives, clothing their families in feed sacks, that offer a view of life that was unique to rural communities during this time period." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) As garments wore out, they were often recycled again into quilts, rugs, and cleaning rags. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) During World War II, as textile shortages limited production of both commercially made garments and the retail yardage to make garments at home, feed sacks were still available. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Using them to make clothing and other household items was regarded as patriotic and thrifty. [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) After World War II, as many manufacturers switched to cheaper paper package, the National Cotton Council (/wiki/National_Cotton_Council_of_America) and the Textile Bag Manufacturers Association worked with patternmakers McCalls (/wiki/McCall%27s) and Simplicity (/wiki/Simplicity_Pattern) to promote demand for feed sacks. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) They sponsored design competitions and fashion shows, plus sewing contests in every state to find the National Cotton Bag Sewing Queen, [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) and hired prominent textile designers to create their prints to prop up demand. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Several people from rural Virginia spoke about their clothes made from sacks during the depression. "Back then, feed was sold in sacks. I believe they held almost 100 pounds of seeds. A number of farmers who didn't sew returned the sacks for resale... I actually made hair bows, pants and dresses from the sacks." "Mama always sewed on a Singer treadle sewing machine and made our dresses from flour sacks. She made sure Dad would get two sacks just alike. That was what the pattern took to make the dresses right." "Mama made me pinafores out of flour sacks. Flour sacks were made of cotton with pretty prints." "Dresses made for my sister and me were sometimes made out of cotton feed bags (I guess my brothers were lucky)." "My mother made shirts out of feed sacks, which a lot of cow feed, came in." [11] (#cite_note-11) A study by fashion historian Jennifer Lynn Banning analyzing 37 garments made between 1949 and 1968 by one Louisiana farmwife found that the garments and textiles were similar to those being shown contemporaneously in Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) magazine to its middle-class reading audience and "had many of the same fashion features as mass produced garments that could be purchased in department stores nationwide". [12] (#cite_note-:7-12) The garments are held in the collection of the Louisiana State University Textile and Costume Museum. [12] (#cite_note-:7-12) The fabric and bags have variously been referred to as feed sacks, flour sacks, commodity bags, and chicken linen. [12] (#cite_note-:7-12) Cultural impact [ edit ] During World War II it was estimated that 3 million women and children in the United States were wearing feed sack clothing at any given point in time. [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) [13] (#cite_note-13) One participant in an oral history project stated that "everything on the clothesline was from feed sacks." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The US Department of Agriculture reported in 1951 that 75% of mothers living in urban areas and 97% of those living in rural areas had heard of making garments from feed sacks. [14] (#cite_note-14) There was an element of shame experienced by those dressed in flour sack clothing, as it was seen as a mark of poverty, so efforts were often made to hide the fact the clothing was made from feed sacks, such as soaking off logos, dying the fabric, or adding trim. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Mary Derrick Chaney, writing in the Christian Science Monitor , recalled: [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Even before prestigious labels ever appeared on jeans and blouses for ordinary little girls, the origins of clothes were a status symbol. In the rural South, mothers and daughters drew the battle lines not between name brands, but between "homemade" and "ready made." These were only skirmishes, however. The real conflicts arose when the material happened to come, not from the fabric store, but from the feed store. I was about 8 when my rebellion began. — Mary Derrick Chaney According to the Smithsonian, "With feed sacks and flour bags, farmwomen took thriftiness to new heights of creativity, transforming the humble bags into dresses, underwear, towels, curtains, quilts, and other household necessities." [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) According to Brandes, feed sack fashion was a reflection of rural culture in the first half of the 20th century. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Brandes notes that fashion history has largely been written without including the fashion of rural communities. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) She called the feed sack garments part of the "cultural heritage of rural America." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Banning notes that 20th-century costume history "has traditionally focused on fashion designers and the styles they created," resulting in a " top-rail bias (/w/index.php?title=Top-rail_bias&action=edit&redlink=1) ," defined as history written from the perspective of the upper class. [12] (#cite_note-:7-12) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Feedsack Dress" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1105750) . National Museum of American History . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Brandes, Kendra (January 1, 2009). "Feed Sack Fashion in Rural America: A Reflection of Culture" (https://newprairiepress.org/ojrrp/vol4/iss1/5) . Online Journal of Rural Research & Policy . 4 (1). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4148/ojrrp.v4i1.59 (https://doi.org/10.4148%2Fojrrp.v4i1.59) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1936-0487 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-0487) . ^ a b c d e f Onion, Rebecca (July 21, 2017). "How Depression-Era Women Made Dresses Out of Chicken Feed" (https://slate.com/human-interest/2017/07/how-depression-era-women-made-dresses-out-of-chicken-feed.html) . Slate Magazine . Retrieved March 3, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Powell, Margaret (September 19, 2012). "From Feed Sack t eed Sack to Clothes Rack: The Use of Commodity T o Clothes Rack: The Use of Commodity Textile Bags in American Households from 1890 – 1960" (https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1731&context=tsaconf) . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ a b c d e Vogelsang, Willem. "2. The Early History of Decorative Feedsacks" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-digital-exhibition/index.php/for-a-few-sacks-more/item/118-2-the-early-history-of-decorative-feedsacks) . trc-leiden.nl . Retrieved March 21, 2020 . ^ a b Nixon, Gloria (February 1, 2010). Feedsack Secrets: Fashion from Hard Times . C&T Publishing Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61745-383-0 . ^ a b c d Vogelsang, Willem. "4. Feedsacks during and after WWII" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-digital-exhibition/index.php/for-a-few-sacks-more/item/120-4-feedsacks-during-the-second-world-wara) . trc-leiden.nl . Retrieved March 21, 2020 . ^ a b Vogelsang, Willem. "3. Feedsacks and the Great Depression" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-digital-exhibition/index.php/for-a-few-sacks-more/item/119-3-feedsacks-and-the-great-depression) . trc-leiden.nl . Retrieved March 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Flour sack dress" (https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/women/flour-sack-dress) . Canadashistory.ca . ^ a b Chaney, Mary Derrick (November 20, 1997). "What I Learned From a Feed-Sack Dress" (https://www.csmonitor.com/1997/1120/112097.home.home.2.html) . Christian Science Monitor . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0882-7729 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729) . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Blair, Todd; Garvey, Karen (August 15, 2016). Flour Sack Dresses and Victory Stamps: Tales of Roanoke and The New River Valley of Virginia . Hometown Memories, LLC. pp. 63, 117, 134, 161, 208. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-940376-44-8 . ^ a b c d Banning, Jennifer Lynn (2005). "Feed sack fashions in South Louisiana, 1949-1968: the use of commodity bags in garment construction" (https://doi.org/10.31390%2Fgradschool_dissertations.2231) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2231 (https://doi.org/10.31390%2Fgradschool_dissertations.2231) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 192402397 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192402397) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires \|journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "This and That — Feedsacks" (https://delphosherald.com/content/news/news/article/this-and-that-feedsacks/191/1183/197264) . delphosherald.com . Retrieved March 21, 2020 . " (https://enews.wvu.edu/articles/2017/09/07/-cloth-is-scarce-handle-with-care-the-history-of-depression-era-feedsacks-exhibit) "Cloth is Scarce, Handle with Care:" The History of Depression-Era Feedsacks" (https://enews.wvu.edu/articles/2017/09/07/-cloth-is-scarce-handle-with-care-the-history-of-depression-era-feedsacks-exhibit) . enews.wvu.edu . September 7, 2017 . Retrieved March 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Mothers' Opinions of Fibers in Selected Items of Children's Clothing . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 1951. Further reading [ edit ] Adrosko, R. J. (1992). "The fashion's in the bag: Recycling feed, flour, and sugar sacks during the middle decades of the 20th century. In Reconstructing daily life through historic documents." Symposium conducted at the Third Symposium of the Textile Society of America. Connolly, Loris (1992). "Recycling Feed Sacks and Flour Bags: Thrifty Housewives or Marketing Success Story?". Dress . 19 (1): 17–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/036121192805298418 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F036121192805298418) . Jones, Lu Ann; Park, Sunae (1993). "From Feed Bags to Fashion". Textile History . 24 (1): 91–103. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/004049693793712213 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F004049693793712213) . McCray, Linzee Kull (2016). Feed Sacks: The Colourful History of a Frugal Fabric , Calgary: Uppercase Publishing Inc. PK: Our first hundred years . (1985). Percy Kent Bag Company, Inc.: Kansas City, MO. Rhoades, R. (1997). "Feed sacks in Georgia: Their manufacture, marketing, and consumer use". Uncoverings , 18, 121–152. Walton, Frank L. (1945). Thread of Victory, New York: Fairchild Publishing Co. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Feedsack dresses (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feedsack_dresses) . 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Glove manufacturing company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hestra) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hestra" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hestra%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hestra%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hestra%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hestra%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hestra%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hestra%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Martin Magnusson & Co AB Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 1936 Headquarters Hestra (/wiki/Hestra,_Gislaved) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Key people Claes Magnusson, Co-owner Svante Magnusson, President and Co-owner Products Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Revenue SEK (/wiki/Swedish_Krona) 155.1 million (2009) [1] (#cite_note-Annual_Report_2008-1) Number of employees 30 (2009) Website www.hestragloves.com (http://www.hestragloves.com/) Hestra (operating as Martin Magnusson & Co AB ) is a family-owned company that designs and manufactures gloves (/wiki/Gloves) . Founded by Martin Magnusson in 1936, the company makes gloves (/wiki/Glove) for Alpine (/wiki/Alpine_skiing) and Freeskiing (/wiki/Freeskiing) . The company's flagship store (/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_stores) is in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) . History [ edit ] 1936 Martin Magnusson started manufacturing gloves in Hestra (/wiki/Hestra,_Gislaved) , Småland (/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land) . The first gloves were work gloves for lumberjacks. The gloves were made from strong leather and reinforced with rivets to withstand the hard work in the forest. 1937 Slalom skiing came to Hestra. A slalom slope was established at the local mountain Isaberg (/w/index.php?title=Isaberg&action=edit&redlink=1) . Skiers arrived by train to try the new sport. 1963 The second generation took over. 2017 Hestra upgraded its Patrol Gloves. See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) List of companies of Sweden (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sweden) Seth Morrison (/wiki/Seth_Morrison_(skier)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Annual_Report_2008_1-0) Martin Magnusson & Co Aktiebolag - Företagsinformation \| Allabolag.se (http://www.allabolag.se/5561277475) External links [ edit ] Hestra Official Website (http://www.hestragloves.com/) Nitrile Disposable Gloves (https://www.source9medical.com/) Latex Examination Gloves (https://medrux.com/disposable-latex-examination-gloves/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wq4lh Cached time: 20240715041152 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.168 seconds Real time usage: 0.340 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1222/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17446/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1191/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5747/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3206734/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 317.222 1 -total 52.16% 165.473 1 Template:Infobox_company 49.25% 156.236 1 Template:Infobox 19.69% 62.448 1 Template:Short_description 19.07% 60.493 1 Template:Verification 17.29% 54.852 1 Template:Ambox 11.03% 35.001 2 Template:Pagetype 5.66% 17.961 1 Template:Portal 5.54% 17.581 6 Template:Main_other 4.75% 15.083 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24141894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715041152 and revision id 1218932280. 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Danish clothing company This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2021 ) Ganni Product type Clothing Owner L Catterton (/wiki/L_Catterton) Country Denmark Website www (http://www.ganni.com) .ganni (http://www.ganni.com) .com (http://www.ganni.com) Ganni is a Danish (/wiki/Denmark) contemporary ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) fashion brand. [1] (#cite_note-1) Founded in 2000 by gallerist (/wiki/Art_dealer) Frans Truelsen, it started gaining cult popularity (/wiki/Cult_following) as a designer label in the late 2010s under the tutelage of husband-and-wife duo Nicolaj Reffstrup and Ditte Reffstrup. [2] (#cite_note-HBUK-2) History [ edit ] Ganni was founded by Frans Truelsen as a line of cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) apparel in 2000. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2009, the Reffstrups took over the company with Ditte Reffstrup serving as creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) and Nicolaj Reffstrup as CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) . Ditte Reffstrup started her career as a clothes buyer (/wiki/Buyer_(fashion)) for Danish and Parisian brands. [4] (#cite_note-BOF-4) Nicolaj Reffstrup, who graduated from Copenhagen Business School (/wiki/Copenhagen_Business_School) and earned his master's degree at IT University of Copenhagen (/wiki/IT_University_of_Copenhagen) , [4] (#cite_note-BOF-4) is a former technology entrepreneur. [5] (#cite_note-5) Private equity firm L Catterton acquired a 51% stake (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) in the company in 2017. [6] (#cite_note-6) Business model [ edit ] Ganni was described by Harper's Bazaar as a luxury brand with lower-end prices (/wiki/Middle-market_company) , sitting between fast-fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) retailers like Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) brands such as Dior (/wiki/Dior) , known as a " sweet spot (/wiki/Sweet_spot_(economics)) ". [2] (#cite_note-HBUK-2) Though it is considered a success for the brand, Nicolaj Reffstrup contends that not raising their prices causes major distribution (/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)) issues because of its middling price range, having chosen to drop 100 accounts even if Ganni is the best-selling brand of the retailer. [2] (#cite_note-HBUK-2) Ganni remains one of the top 20 best-selling brands on luxury e-tailer (/wiki/Online_shopping) Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) . By 2017, the brand's annual revenue was £35 million, and as of 2019 it was £75 million. [7] (#cite_note-7) Products [ edit ] The company's main fashion house focuses on ready-to-wear T-shirt, pants, silhouettes, elasticized straps, waistbands, and ruching. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-voguescandinavia.com-10) Campaign [ edit ] In 2019, the brand launched a Denmark-wide initiative called Ganni Repeat in which garments could be rented in Copenhagen for up to three weeks at a time. At Copenhagen Fashion Week (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) in 2020, Ganni announced an expansion of Ganni Repeat to Europe and the United States in partnership with Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) . Entitled "Love Letter," the rental-only joint collection consists of upcycled (/wiki/Upcycling) denim pieces. [11] (#cite_note-11) Ganni has collaborated widely with representatives from the creative industries to produce limited edition collections. Some examples include a range of jackets, a coat and a vest, with Icelandic 66 ° North, an outdoor clothing brand. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Footwear collection with Diemme, a shoe making brand. [14] (#cite_note-14) An upcycled collection designed with Ahluwalia, a menswear design. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In April 2024, Ganni collaborates with Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) on a size-inclusive line. The Paloma Elsesser x GANNI capsule collection was announced to be available, starting from 17 April 2024, in EU sizes 32-52. [17] (#cite_note-17) Stores [ edit ] Ganni has multiple outlets spread in and around Copenhagen, Denmark (/wiki/Copenhagen) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Podcast [ edit ] Ganni initiated a Podcast where host Marjon Carlos speaks to different creative artists about their interests, life and activities. [19] (#cite_note-19) Activism [ edit ] During the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) , which is part of Russian-Ukrainian war (/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War) Ganni expressed support for Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) During the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement, Ganni pledged 100,000 euros to be split between NAACP (/wiki/NAACP) , and legal aid non-profit initiative ACLU (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) . [22] (#cite_note-22) Environmental [ edit ] In 2022, Ganni committed to working directly with suppliers to invest in ways to mitigate carbon emissions. [23] (#cite_note-23) By 2023 Ganni is committing to eliminate its use of virgin leather for its handbags, shoes and other leather pieces, shifting towards plant-based alternative for their collection it uses grape skin derived from winemaking as an alternative to leather. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2022, Ganni entered into a partnership with Infinited Fiber Company, to transforms textile waste into high quality fiber. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) As a part of its sustainability drive, Ganni is re-introducing its past season prints and fabrics with modifications. [10] (#cite_note-voguescandinavia.com-10) In 2021, Ganni launched its plus size clothing lineup from european size 32 to 52 to enhance inclusivity. [28] (#cite_note-28) In Dec 2021, Ganni partnered with transparency tech provider to show its garments’ origins, in the context of Supply chain transparency. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In 2021, Ganni partnered with on-demand repair service Sojo in order to provide aftercare to its customers in terms of repairing purchased clothes, to enhance reusability. [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ilyashov, Alexandra. "This Scandinavian Brand Is Responsible for Pretty Much Every Major Trend Right Now" (https://www.glamour.com/story/ganni-scandinavian-fashion-profile) . Glamour . Retrieved 2018-10-11 . ^ a b c "Why authenticity has been the key to Ganni's huge success" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a23103090/ganni-founders-interview-ditte-nicolaj-reffstrup/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2018-09-18 . Retrieved 2018-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Schneier, Matthew. "Out to Lunch With the Women of Ganni" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/danish-fashion-label-ganni.html#:~:text=That%20is%20a%20potent%20combination,doubled%20in%20the%20past%20year.) . ^ a b "Nicolaj & Ditte Reffstrup" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/nicolaj-ditte-reffstrup) . The Business of Fashion. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "On a Runway in Copenhagen, Dancing in the Rain" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/t-magazine/ganni-fashion-ditte-nicolaj-reffstrup.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "L Catterton Acquires Majority Stake in Ganni" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/bof-exclusive/l-catterton-acquires-majority-stake-in-ganni) . Business of Fashion . 14 December 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "On a Runway in Copenhagen, Dancing in the Rain" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/t-magazine/ganni-fashion-ditte-nicolaj-reffstrup.html) . New York Times . August 13, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ganni Copenhagen Spring 2022 Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/copenhagen-spring-2022/ganni) . Vogue . 2021-08-12 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "GANNI Launches Its Genderless "SOFTWARE" Collection" (https://hypebeast.com/2022/1/ganni-software-genderless-collection-release-info) . HYPEBEAST . 2022-01-26 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ a b "Ganni launches capsule collection made from reworked materials" (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/vogue-editors-pick-their-favourite-pieces-from-gannis-new-reworked-collection) . www.voguescandinavia.com . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bobb, Brooke. " (https://www.vogue.com/article/ganni-levis-denim-collaboration-rental-upcycled) "Worn by Many but Owned by None": Ganni and Levi's Launch a Rental Denim Collaboration" (https://www.vogue.com/article/ganni-levis-denim-collaboration-rental-upcycled) . Vogue . Conde Nast. ^ (#cite_ref-12) marts 2019, Af Amira Høg Daimar-15 (2019-03-15). "Nu lander Gannis hypede samarbejde" (https://costume.dk/mode/modenyheder/ganni-x-66-north-nu-lander-det-hypede-samarbejde) . Costume.dk (in Danish) . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Here's Your First Official Look at the GANNI x 66°North SS19 Jacket Collabs" (https://hypebae.com/2019/3/ganni-66-north-spring-summer-19-jacket-collaboration-campaign) . HYPEBAE . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "GANNI x Diemme" (https://www.diemme.com/collabs/ganni-x-diemme/) . Diemme Footwear . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Seward, Mahoro (2021-04-19). "Ganni x Ahluwalia is the unexpected collab we needed" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/k78qzx/ganni-x-ahluwalia-sustainable-collaboration) . i-D . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Ganni Reveals an Upcycled Collection Designed With Ahluwalia" (https://www.vogue.com/article/ganni-priya-ahluwalia-upcycling-collaboration) . Vogue . 2021-04-16 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "GANNI is collaborating with Paloma Elsesser on a size-inclusive range" (https://www.russh.com/ganni-paloma-elsesser-collection/) . Rushh . Retrieved 26 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Stores" (https://www.ganni.com/us/stores-find) . Ganni a/s . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "GANNI Talks-podcasts \| Podcasts om mode og kultur \| GANNI DK" (https://www.ganni.com/da/ganni-talks-podcast.html) . Ganni a/s (in Danish) . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The fashion industry come together to save Ukraine" (https://www.buro247.me/fashion/trends/fashion-industry-come-together-to-save-ukraine.html) . BURO . Retrieved 2022-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "GANNI UKRAINE DONATION" (https://drc.ngo/campaigns/ganni-donation/) . drc.ngo . Retrieved 2022-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Dazed (2020-06-08). "Here are the brands who have posted in support of Black Lives Matter" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/49432/1/black-lives-matter-protests-support-fashion-marc-jacobs-versace-jacquemus) . Dazed . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Ganni's carbon rethink: Offsetting is out. Insetting is the future" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/gannis-carbon-rethink-offsetting-is-out-insetting-is-the-future) . Vogue Business . 2022-02-17 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "How Ganni Plans to Eliminate Leather" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/sustainability/how-ganni-plans-to-eliminate-leather/) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "These Ganni shoes are made from grapes" (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/sustainable-ganni-shoes-made-from-grapes) . www.voguescandinavia.com . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Wessel, Rosalie (2021-11-11). "Ganni partners with Infinited Fiber" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/ganni-partners-with-infinited-fiber/2021111159210) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Velasquez, Angela (2021-11-19). "Ganni to Use Infinna Fiber in Future Collections" (https://sourcingjournal.com/denim/denim-sustainability/ganni-infinited-fiber-company-infinna-circular-textile-fiber-vegea-leather-313784/) . Sourcing Journal . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Ganni launches new plus size range with 11 Honoré" (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/gannigirls-is-plural-for-a-reason-ditte-reffstrup-on-ganni-launching-extended-sizing) . www.voguescandinavia.com . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "How Ganni is delivering supply chain transparency" (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/how-ganni-is-delivering-supply-chain-transparency/) . Glossy . 2021-12-06 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Story Behind The 2000s-Inspired Metallic Jeans Trending On TikTok" (https://www.bustle.com/style/ganni-denim-eco-friendly-denim) . Bustle . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Should Brands Be Responsible For Repairing Our Clothes?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/brands-repairing-clothes) . British Vogue . 2021-11-28 . Retrieved 2022-04-25 . External links [ edit ] Newbold, Alice (6 February 2020). "From Karaoke To Cult Dresses, The Secret To Ganni's Stratospheric Success" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/ganni-secret-to-success) . British Vogue . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . Jordan, Laura Antonia (9 August 2019). "What Is It That Makes Ganni Everyone's Favourite Scandi Fashion Brand?" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/ganni-scandi-brands/) . graziadaily.co.uk . Grazia . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . "Sustainability in fashion with Ganni" (https://www.coggles.com/life/fashion/sustainability-in-fashion-with-ganni/) . coggles.com . Coggles. 2020 . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . Greer, Jessica Belle (2019). "The duo behind cult Scandi brand Ganni share how they've created a worldwide fashion movement" (https://www.fq.co.nz/fashion/fashion-features/ganni-worldwide-fashion-movement) . fq.co.nz . Fashion Quarterly (FQ) . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . May, Naomi (11 August 2020). "Ganni launches first rentable collection as part of its spring/summer 2021 showcase" (https://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/ganni-spring-summer-2021-copenhagen-fashion-week-a4521736.html) . The Evening Standard (London) . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . 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History of Japanese clothing throughout the Meiji period A woodblock print by Yōshū Chikanobu showing Japanese women in Western-style clothes, hats, and shoes ( yōfuku ) Japanese clothing during the Meiji period (1867–1912) saw a marked change from the preceding Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) (1603–1867), following the final years (/wiki/Bakumatsu) of the Tokugawa shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate) between 1853 and 1867, the Convention of Kanagawa (/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa) in 1854 – which, led by Matthew C. Perry (/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry) , forcibly opened Japanese ports to American vessels, thus ending Japan's centuries-long policy of isolation (/wiki/Sakoku) – and the Meiji Restoration (/wiki/Meiji_Restoration) in 1868, which saw the feudal (/wiki/Feudalism) shogunate dismantled in favour of a Western-style (/wiki/Western_culture) modern empire (/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) . During the Meiji period (/wiki/Meiji_period) , Western-style fashion ( yōfuku ) was first adopted most widely by Japanese men in uniformed, governmental or otherwise official roles, as part of a drive towards industrialisation (/wiki/Industrialisation) and a perception of modernity. Western-style uniform was first introduced as a part of government uniform in 1872, and quickly became associated with elitism, modernity, and money. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 34 The Western trends adopted by the government were not popular with the public at large. While those in employed in the Imperial court (/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan) , office workers and factory workers wore Western dress at work, many still chose to wear kimono (/wiki/Kimono) and other traditional Japanese clothing ( wafuku ) at home. The transition to Western-style clothing throughout wider Japanese society happened gradually, with a significant degree of resistance. This transition came to be referred to as three, distinctive periods: Bunmei kaika (1868–1883), the Rokumeikan (/wiki/Rokumeikan) (1883–1890s), and an unnamed period of nativist (/wiki/Nativism_(politics)) revival afterwards in the 1890s. The Bunmei kaika period was a period wherein Western products were adopted quickly, and were mixed with elements of yōfuku , such as Western-style shoes and hats being worn by men when wearing kimono. During the Rokumeikan period, Western culture grew in popularity, and a number of clothing reforms including a Westernised system of dress. Two decades into the Meiji period, it became increasingly hard to find men with uncropped, chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) -style hair and women with blackened teeth (/wiki/Teeth_blackening) , styles mostly relegated to rural areas. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 83 Following the Rokumeikan period, due to a proliferation of Western dress over two decades, a single piece of yōfuku no longer served the purpose of distinguishing someone as modern and progressive. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 84 In the final stage of the Meiji period, during the 1890s, popular culture and clothing saw a callback to nativism, in which the kimono re-established itself as the primary dress of the Japanese people, with Western-style clothing mostly relegated to formal roles, uniforms, and men in positions of power or obligation of dress. Women, having always been slower to adopt Western dress than men, continued to wear the kimono as fashionable and everyday clothing, and did not adopt Western clothing as everyday dress to nearly the same degree as Japanese men. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 64–65 During this time, the kimono continued to evolve as a fashionable garment, and would evolve the formalised predecessors of modern types of kimono (/wiki/Kimono#types_of_kimono) for women during the following Taishō period (/wiki/Kimono#Taishō_period_(1912–1926)) (1912–1926). [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) Fashion trends [ edit ] At the beginning of the Meiji period, some women did adopt Western fashion, but were relatively few and far between, as all Western-style clothing was imported from Western sources. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 In contrast, many men in Japan at the time were required to start wearing Western-style uniforms to work, beginning with government officials in 1871; by the end of the decade, students in public universities were required to wear Western clothing, along with businessmen, teachers, doctors, bankers, nurses, and other jobs. [3] (#cite_note-Nakagawa1963-3) : 63 Western-style clothing came to represent elitism or class in the Meiji period, alongside the use of aniline dyes (/wiki/Aniline_dyes) , particularly purple (/wiki/Mauveine) and red, the first two synthetic dyes ever created, which had previously been associated with high class status; these dyes became seen as both the colour of "progress" and as symbolism of one's support for the Empire. [4] (#cite_note-Synthetic_Dyes-4) Though the poorest could still not afford to wear these flashy, high-status colours, those at the bottom of society also began to wear Western uniforms. Though those working practical jobs often wore tube-sleeved hanten (/wiki/Hanten) jackets, or else tied their kimono sleeves back with tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) cords, the sleeves on kimono were considered an impractical safety hazard when working on machinery in factories, driving the switch towards Western clothing. [5] (#cite_note-Molony2007-5) : 89 In 1873, uniforms were introduced with hakama (/wiki/Hakama) as well. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 In the early Meiji period, Western clothing was expensive, and was worn only by the richest in society. Wool (/wiki/Wool) had to be imported, and tailors familiar with the construction of Western clothing were difficult to find. It was more common, therefore, to wear some pieces of Western-style clothing instead of a whole outfit. Shappos (based on the French (/wiki/French_language) chapeau , 'hat'), along with a Western-style umbrella, were accessories commonly worn; for those with more money, leather shoes and watches were stylish contributions too. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 71 In 1877, the Satsuma Rebellion (/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion) , led by Saigō Takamori (/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori) from the southern domain of Satsuma, came to an end, following the death of Saigō at the Battle of Shiroyama (/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama) . A revolt led by disaffected samurai (/wiki/Samurai) against the new Imperial government, though the revolt lasted less than a year, Saigō was branded a noble, if tragic, hero by those sympathetic to his cause; in turn, people started wearing an ikat (/wiki/Ikat) -woven indigo and white pattern named satsuma kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) . Saigō "peasant dress" became popular in Tokyo, and an olive brown colour previously known as uguisu-cha was renamed saigō -brown in his memory. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 72 During the late 1870s to 1880s, wool became popular. In 1898 alone, the consumption of wool in Japan reached 3,000,000 yards (2,700,000 m), imported entirely from England and Germany. [3] (#cite_note-Nakagawa1963-3) : 63 Wool quickly became commonly used in winter clothing, a marked change from previous years, where clothing was layered to protect from the cold. Kimono overcoats were introduced, with various types known as tombi , niuimawashi , and azumakoto , all commonly made of wool. Also during the winter, women began to wear blankets over their shoulders, and by the end of the 1880s, red blankets had become fashionable. [3] (#cite_note-Nakagawa1963-3) : 64 In 1881, a Japanese artsian named Okajima Chiyozo (/w/index.php?title=Okajima_Chiyozo&action=edit&redlink=1) created a technique of printing designs onto muslin (/wiki/Muslin) . These became increasingly popular, and were known as yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) muslins, after the hand-painted dye technique, with women using red or purple muslins for their haori (/wiki/Haori) and obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) . [3] (#cite_note-Nakagawa1963-3) : 64 During the 1880s, the use of Western clothing in Japan became more complex, with the wearing of a single Western accessory no longer impressive enough as a mark of one's progressiveness. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 77 Despite this change, people still continued wearing kimono at home; during this time, the type of clothing one might wear in society evolved to change based on one's activity and location. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 84 Western clothing came to be seen as workwear, worn in situations where Western-style chairs and desks were present, whereas Japanese clothing was worn in the home, where tatami mats were dominant. There was an aphorism that noted if there was a chair (common in more Western-style settings), yōfuku was appropriate, whereas wafuku was for sitting on the floor. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 85 Japanese clothing became leisurewear, with Western styles become standard in the public sphere. However, as this fashion structure developed, women's clothing began to revert to back to traditional Japanese clothing; outside of high-status women who wore Western dress such as the Empress, members of the high nobility and the wives of officials, the kimono had re-established its place as everyday clothing for women unlikely to hold jobs or status requiring Western uniform in the same fashion as men. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 86 In the 1890s, nativism grew stronger in Japan, and Western clothing likewise became less popular, with rules for Western-style dress growing lax for public events. The kimono became popular again as a marker of native pride, and people started wearing Japanese dress to events, though not to parties. [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 687 During this period, it was considered disdainful for women to wear Western clothing. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 87 By the end of the Meiji period in 1912, it became apparent that the influx of Western clothing, and the ideas of what a progressive, modern Japan looked like, had affected everyday and fashionable clothing at a deeper level than just that of the clothing people chose to wear. Ceremonial and auspicious colours, which had once been white, gold, silver and scarlet for weddings, had now changed to just white; for funerals, close family members previously wore white while others wore black, but now, everyone wore black. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 101 Coats [ edit ] Overcoats were one of the many ways in which a piece of Western clothing could be added to an outfit. Coats and jackets existed previous to Western influences, but with new imported textiles, the number of varieties increased greatly. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) There were new coats known as tombi , sleeveless cloaks with an attached cape, to be worn over the baggy kimono sleeves; niuimawashi ; and azumakoto , all made of wool. By the 1880s, women started wearing azuma coats, a rising fashionable article. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 77 Scarves [ edit ] One popular article of Western clothing was the erimaki (collar-winder), a scarf worn over the kimono. The white toweru (towel) was also used as a scarf early on, but vanished once people learned it was an article used to dry one's body. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 Men particularly adopted the white silk crepe erimaki , which was looped around the neck many times. In the 1880s, square plaid shawls became popular too. Men wore shawls both over kimono and business suits. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 Hair and hats [ edit ] A woman wearing an elaborate headdress in Japan during the late 19th century. During the 1880s, shappos (hats) became popularised in Japan. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 71 In July 1871, haircutting was made voluntary in an effort to convince Japanese men to move over to the Western hair styles such as zangiri atama , cropped hair, over the Japanese sakayaki (shaved pate). [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 28 [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 71 Following this, men started cutting off their topknot as the Emperor did in 1872. Both men and women started with Western-style hair trends, and men started growing mustaches and beards. As they changed their hairstyles, hats became common too. Also around 1872, local governments reinforced their efforts and announced that direct exposure to the head was harmful, so they started advocating for hats to protect oneself. For grand ceremonies, there were hats that were ship-shaped, lesser ceremonies called for silk hats, and if one was wearing a frock coat to a ceremony (usually lower civil workers), they only wore a top hat. Like Western-style clothing at the time, hats also became a symbol of elitism. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 28 Etiquette books [ edit ] Many new to Western clothing and styles of etiquette found it difficult to know what to wear, with codes or notices of dress often given out on what would be acceptable to an event. Many relied on etiquette books made during the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) and early Meiji (/wiki/Meiji_(era)) period. Others relied on their personal experience from traveling abroad. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 472 Seiyoishokuji (/w/index.php?title=Seiyoishokuji&action=edit&redlink=1) , The Clothing, Food, and Dwellings of the West , was a popular book series published between 1866 and 1870, by Fukuzawa Yukichi (/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi) (1835–1901). Fukuzawa was a member of the first shogunal delegation that went to both the United States and Europe. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 69 It detailed images of Western-style clothing, furniture, and objects. It also described how to wear clothing, but only for men. The first book of this series sold 150,000 copies in the first year. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 473 Women's fashion [ edit ] Nobility in the Evening Cool ( Koki nōryō no zu ), Yōshū (Hashimoto) Chikanobu, 1887 A small minority of women adopted Western fashions early on; they were mostly students, geisha, or foreigners' mistresses. Most other women considered Western dress as something to accessorise with, not completely wear. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 In the 1870s, women rarely participated in events including balls and social gatherings. It was not until late 1886 that a Westernised clothing system was designed for women. In September 1886, the reform for the wives of chokuninkan was designed, and in November 1886, for the soninkan . However, despite the clothing reforms being introduced, Western-style clothing was uncomfortable for most, so it took time for women to start wearing it. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 39 For most women, the Western style came by occupation or status instead of general fashion. Female factory workers were required to start wearing Western-style uniforms with hakama (trousers) in 1873. Female students and teachers also wore hakama with Western-style shoes occasionally. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 73 For those who did wear Western styles outside of a uniform, it was difficult to obtain such clothing. Many women simply left their sizes in Paris to order a new wardrobe each year, while others might purchase their clothing in their travels to America or Europe, as early adopters were typically rich. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 473 Later on, Western-style clothing was produced in Japan. Despite Western fashion adoption, not everything was as popular as in the West. For example, Western women were wearing crinolines (/wiki/Crinoline) , yet Japanese women rarely did. Some prostitutes in Nagasaki wore them for exotic impact, but not many others. Geisha, game for new experiments in fashion, were some of the first women to adopt Western-style clothing as more than just an accessory, [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 74 though by the 1930s in the following Taishō period (/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period) , no geisha wore Western clothing as part of their work. After the Empress moved to wear Western clothing in 1886, imperial married princesses, wives of officials, and ladies-in-waiting had to wear Western clothing. For wives of officials, Western-style clothing was required only if they were in public for official business – as long as their husband was in office. There was an instance in 1893 where the wife of a Belgian minister called on Countess Ito during her reception. During this event, the Japanese women all wore kimono, much to the Belgian woman's surprise. [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 687 Court Ladies Sewing Western Clothing ( Jokan yōfuku saihō no zu ), Yōshū (Hashimoto) Chikanobu, 1887 During the Meiji period, blackened teeth and shaved eyebrows began to fall out of fashion. In 1873, the Empress stopped blackening her teeth and shaving her eyebrows, which implied a governmental demand that all women stop as well. Additionally, despite women's move to Victorian hairstyles, women were asked not to cut their hair short. [5] (#cite_note-Molony2007-5) : 89 Those who did were considered oddities. As for specific hairstyles, women wore their hair in the sokuhatsu style, a pompadour that resembled chignons of the Gibson Girl (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) style. In this style, the farther forward one's hair was, the more daring one's hairstyle was. This hairstyle was considered healthier than other Western hairstyles as it did not require pins or pomade, like similar coiffures. Japanese women in the early Meiji period were far more likely to adopt the sokuhatsu hairstyle over Western dress. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 75 Around the same time, many women were starting to wear geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) with trousers or kimono with Western shoes or boots. This was a period of hybridisation between Japanese and Western fashion for women and men alike. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 77 Between 1876 and 1880, the bustle (/wiki/Bustle) fell out of fashion. Now, as Japan transitioned into its Rokumeikan era, women adopting Western fashion at a greater pace, wearing corsets and leather shoes. During the Rokumeikan era, women occasionally fainted from tight-lacing. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 80 During the early parties of the Rokumeikan , many royal ladies wore scarlet hakama and hakki (kimono-shaped over robes) they used for courtly functions. By the third year of the Rokumeikan , royal parties were a roughly even split between Western and Japanese clothing styles. In 1884, court-ordered clothing regulations came into place. For parties and banquets, women were to wear formal court dresses with low necks. For semiformal parties and banquets, they were to wear semiformal court dresses with a demi-low neck. For lunches at the palace, women wore simple court dresses with a high neck and skirt train. The most formal dresses were European models with a cloak and long train. Additionally, despite the Western influence of clothing, some Japanese-made Western-style women's clothing did have a more Japanese aspect, in using traditional kimono textiles (/wiki/Tanmono) in place of imported fabric. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 474 Geisha wore Western clothing commonly. They were often depicted as wearing black tafetta gowns with gold earrings and bracelets, with their hair parted into "eaves", wearing leather shoes on the tatami mats of teahouses. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 83 By the end of the 1890s, the Japanese ideal female figure was the popular Western "s" shape (/wiki/History_of_corsets) ; however, towards the end of the Meiji period in 1912, both women's hairstyles and the ideal silhouette had changed drastically from the 1890s ideal. The natural shape of a woman's body grew to be more important (compared to earlier corset-shaped silhouette), and women started to cut their hair short without fear of being outcast. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 103, 106 Kimono [ edit ] Wearing [ edit ] Outer kimono for a high-class young woman ( uchikake (/wiki/Kimono#uchikake) ) with hanging scroll motifs, 1880–1890 Throughout the Meiji period, the way in which women wore kimono (/wiki/Kimono) changed drastically; contrastingly, the way men wore kimono changed very little, as men continued wearing Western clothing despite 1890s reforms and the resurgence of nativism. By the mid-Meiji period, every woman of every class and age had begun tying her obi in the back; though a front-tied obi had previously signified a girl's passage to adulthood, the only women in society who now wore their obi tied at the front were prostitutes. The later Meiji period also saw a wider variety of styles of obi and obi musubi ( obi knots). However, the most popular was (and still is) the taiko musubi style, a boxy, simple knot requiring a shorter obi than most styles at the time. Unlike modern-day obi , Meiji-period women's obi were both longer and wider; obi were also worn lower on the body, creating a more "voluptuous" silhouette. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 93 While not often seen today, trailing kimono had been previously common as dress for women. Women of high status either held their kimono hem up with one hand when outside the house (a style also emulated by geisha, and seen as relatively chic), tied it up with a small, decorative obi known as a shigoki obi (a style both more decorative and more proper), or, for those lower class, simply tied it up with cord or a tie, left bloused over the hip, the method of tying itself concealed. Over time, throughout the Meiji period, all women came to tie up the excess length of women's kimono into a hip fold (the ohashori ) at all times, instead of merely outside the home. Trailing kimono, though relegated to formal ceremony in the modern day, can still be seen vestigially in the over-long length of modern women's kimono. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 92 Construction and styles of kimono [ edit ] Early Meiji-period kimono were also constructed differently to modern-day kimono. The sleeves of kimono during the Meiji period were longer than today's counterparts, with a number of additional aspects not seen in the present day, such as padded hems, contrasting linings and coloured collars on everyday kimono, as well as layered, matching sets (known as o-tsui ) of two or three garments. The outermost garment of these layered sets, known as the uwagi , would be accompanied by 1–3 shitagi (underlayers) with a similar design, though these layers sported decoration techniques a step down from the outer layer, such as dyework in the place of embroidery. [8] (#cite_note-Taisho_Kimono-8) : 42–46 Formal kimono always came in coordinated o-tsui sets, and even informal kimono would have been worn layered, though did not typically match in design as o-tsui sets did. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 91 The padded linings seen on Meiji-period kimono were shown prominently at both the hem and sleeve openings; these were often in contrasting colours that referenced aristocratic 11th century colour aesthetics. Padding varied based on a person's age and the level of formality: a young girl might display as much as 2 inches (5.1 cm) of lining, whereas an older woman would conceal hers; cotton, and other less formal kimono, would be less padded than a formal silk kimono. Additionally, a woman might even try to hide her age by revealing more of her lining, but an incongruous display of padded sleeve and hem openings risked being seen as ridiculous if the difference between the wearer's age and their dress was too great. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 91 By the mid-Meiji period, distinct styles of kimono indicating the wearer's class had been almost eradicated. Geisha started to model new kimono fashions, and "proper" wives, historically socially above geisha in class, began to feel comfortable copying these styles without cause for concern. With class distinctions and mandates of dress eradicated as part of the Meiji Restoration, a student could wear the same kimono as a high official. In the early Meiji period, these former distinctions had been largely replaced by the societal concepts of ryakugi and reisō , a system of organising types of kimono based on occasion of wear. Ryakugi was a category of everyday wear, consisting of study, durable woven silk, hemp, cotton, linen and wool kimono, often dyed and decorated in plain, muted colours and designs. In contrast, reisō was a category of formal clothing, where one's best, finest silk kimono, adorned with the correct number of crests ( mon (/wiki/Mon_(emblem)) ), were worn, typically layered. These were generally saved for New Year's and wedding ceremonies. By the end of the Meiji period, a new category of kimono bridging the gap between everyday clothing and ceremonial wear had come into existence, known as hōmongi ( lit. ' visiting wear ' ). Kimono categorised as hōmongi , which were patterned silk kimono, could be worn to any situation in which a woman needed to make a public, social appearance for which informal wear would be inappropriate. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 96 Additionally, following calls in the 1890s towards a return to nativism, some sectors of society had switched from wearing Western-style uniform back to kimono; the uniforms of grade-school girls, for instance, reverted to that of kimono once again. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 89 Decoration, colours and motifs [ edit ] Hand-colored silver albumen photograph depicting a Meiji-period woman wearing a kimono with an underkimono patterned with chrysanthemums During the early Meiji period, popular kimono colours changed little; the colours of choice were darker, typically blues, grays, browns, and, for women, purple. Garments were mostly monochrome, with little woven or additional decoration; extant decoration typically took the form of simple stripes, plaids, lattice designs, or ikat weaves. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 78 Early Meiji yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) saw two main styles of dyework: edo doki and gosho doki . Edo doki was a style of small floral and grass patterns accentuated with gold embroidery on a plain, monochrome background. Gosho doki was a contrastingly more grandiose style, featuring palace-style, florid designs, depicting birds, butterflies, paulownia trees and waterfalls; this style reflected the tastes of noblewomen in the early Meiji period, whose clothing commonly referenced old court patterns and Japanese texts such as The Tale of Genji (/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji) . The han'eri – a detachable collar cover sewn to the collar of the juban – began the Meiji period as colourful, embroidered and relatively prominent when worn; by the end of the Meiji period, the han'eri was often plain-white or unobtrusive, was typically unembroidered, and was worn relatively concealed under the outer layer of kimono. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 93 During the late 1880s, kimono fashions in terms of decoration, colour and motifs began to change for political reasons. The Meiji constitution had been in effect for 20 years, a point at which the progress of the Meiji period was re-assessed, including progress in fashion. By the 1890s, judgement throughout society was passed that the country's Westernisation had gone too far, leading to calls for a return to nativism, including within the realm of fashion. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 88 Kimono motifs such as chrysanthemums (the imperial flower) with the rising sun flag became more common, demonstrating patriotism. Even haori (/wiki/Haori) linings, collars, and children's kimono began sporting more patriotic motifs, such as cherry blossoms, the traditional flower of the samurai classes. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 89 Later, in the 1890s, brighter pastel colours grew in popularity for kimono; though these colours were brighter than those of the early Meiji period, many were grey-toned shades of normal colours, typically named with the prefix nezumi , meaning "mouse grey": 'purplish-gray', 'reddish-gray' and 'orangish-gray' were all common, and popular, colours, seen as sophisticated in contrast to the heavy tones of the early Meiji period. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 98 Kimono patterns also grew bolder in the 1890s. Crepe silks with stenciled, repeating patterns became popular, known as komon (/wiki/Kimono#komon) ; revived in popularity in the 1880s by geisha, the popularity of komon as a style of more formal social wear spread throughout society in a couple of years. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 99 However, by the late 1890s, komon began to fade in popularity, a combination of social circumstance – as women now had more opportunity to be seen at, and attend, fashionable social gatherings – and changing styles, as the small, repeating patterns of komon were hard to discern under the gas lamp lighting of Meiji-period streets, particularly if the pattern was shown only along the hem of the wearer's outfit. In response to these changing circumstances, women began to favour bolder, brighter colours and designs, and the placement of pattern on women's kimono shifted from along the hem only to further up the body, where it would still be seen, even if the wearer was sat on a chair in a Western-style establishment. In 1901, Art Nouveau (/wiki/Art_Nouveau) designs became popular for both obi and juban , complimenting the bold combination of stacked designs – peonies on top of stripes, snow-laden bamboo over a repeat background – now seen on kimono. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 99 In 1904, kimono fashion changed further with the inception of the Russo-Japanese War (/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War) . A dark shade of blue known as 'victory blue' became popular, and large-scale kimono designs similar to those of the 17th century, Genroku period (/wiki/Genroku) kosode (/wiki/Kosode) also experienced popularity. Traditional designs, such as oversized checkerboard patterns with nature motifs depicted in minute, dappled tie-dye (/wiki/Shibori#Kanoko_shibori) , also experienced popularity. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 100 Unlined summer kimono ( hitoe ) with carp, water lilies, and morning glories, c. 1876 Unlined summer kimono ( hitoe ) with heron and reeds, late 19th century Dress reform [ edit ] In February 1868, the System Research Department ( seido torishirabegakari ) was established, and in June of that year, sent out letters to various high-ranking members of society, such as the aristocracy, daimyō and feudal retainers in Kyoto for opinions on national dress reform. The following year, the department designed a clothing reform system with the assistance of Saga Sanenaru (/w/index.php?title=Saga_Sanenaru&action=edit&redlink=1) (1820–1909), a government official in the Office of Administration. The new system involved a "headdress-clothing system" in which rank and status were portrayed through the use of colours and specific patterns; however, this did not come to pass, as the Japanese government wanted a simpler system. Later, in June 1870, Ninagawa Noritane (/w/index.php?title=Ninagawa_Noritane&action=edit&redlink=1) designed a new system of clothing reform, simpler than Saga's. Ultimately, former samurai were forced to pick between Western-style clothing or the headdress-clothing system, and ultimately chose to adopt the Western-style clothing, despite its uncomfortable aspects. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 24, 25 Later, on 4 August 1871, sanpatsu (loose hair), datto (no sword), ryakufuku (simplified dress), and the wearing of uniforms became voluntary. Shortly after, on 9 August, Western dress was also allowed for bureaucrats. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 28 Emperor and Empress [ edit ] Concert of European Music ( Ōshū kangengaku gassō no zu ) ), Yōshū (Hashimoto) Chikanobu, 1889 In 1872, the Emperor Meiji (/wiki/Emperor_Meiji) decided to cut off his topknot and move to Western-style clothing, establishing a modern era of Japan through way of example. However, despite his early adoption of Western styles, the Empress Shōken (/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dken) did not adopt Western clothing until much later, in 1886, creating a 14-year period wherein the Emperor appeared "modern", while the Empress still wore kimono. [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 67 The Empress appeared in Western clothing for the first time in 1886; thereafter, both the Empress and her entourage wore Western clothing in public, favouring high-necked gowns in particular. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 80 However, unlike the Emperor, most Japanese women did not follow the Empress by way of example, with mostly women within the Imperial court, such as her ladies-in-waiting, the wives of officials, and married princesses wearing Western clothing. Younger princesses were exempt, and often still wore kimono to events; in contrast, young princes of the Imperial household did wear Western-style clothing, "perhaps in anticipation of their weighty responsibilities as imperial males." [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 685–686 The Imperial household would continue to wear Western clothing, even in the 1890s, when a wave of nativism swept the nation and wafuku became popular once again. [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 678 The only time the Empress would appear in public in kimono would be when giving speeches to arriving diplomats and their wives, though did not revert to older court traditions of shaving one's eyebrows and blackening one's teeth on these occasions; the Emperor would continue to wear Western clothing on such occasions. [6] (#cite_note-Hastings1993-6) : 680 Specific uniforms [ edit ] Government official uniforms [ edit ] See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of Japan (/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Japan) When Western clothing was enforced as uniform for governmental officials in 1871, there was considerable difficulty faced in finding a tailor who could construct the uniform itself, as in the early Meiji period, Western-style tailors were relatively rare in Japan. Kimono needed far less shaping than Western clothing, and were sewn considerably differently. However, foreign suit-makers with Japanese apprentices in the port of Yokohama (/wiki/Yokohama) did exist. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 67–70 For those in military positions, in non-ceremonial conditions, such as simply going to work, only a simplified military uniform and hat was required. However, for ceremonial occasions, grand military outfits were required, complete with medals attached. For lesser officials, common work attire was a frock coat, with military uniform only required for ceremonies. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 34 Earlier in 1870, it had been decided that naval cadets would wear British-style uniforms, while army cadets would wear uniforms in the French style. [3] (#cite_note-Nakagawa1963-3) : 61 Western-style ceremonial clothing and medals were reserved for higher-ranked governmental officials. Uniforms for government officials denoted their different statuses and grades, with decorative features seen on their medals. Gold embellishments were reserved for the chokuninkan , officials appointed by the Emperor, and the soninkan , officials appointed by the Prime Minister; silver embellishments were worn by the hanninkan , junior officials. The shokuninkan specifically wore a paulownia grass pattern embroidered on their upper garment where lower ranks did not. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 31, 32 For those of social class but no official position – mostly noble families – there were two types of uniform. One was for those in the fourth rank or higher (on level with the chokuninkan ), known as the chokunin bunkan tai-reifuku ; this uniform lacked the paulownia embellishment of the chokuninkan ranks. The other uniform was worn by those in the fifth rank or below (on level with the soninkan ), known as the sonin bunkan tai-reifuku , which was worn without embellishments. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 31, 32 On April 10, 1875, the Japanese government declared a medal system to honor merit. The Order of the Rising Sun (/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun) ( kyokujitsu-sho ) consisted of merit levels one through eight and had rays beaming from a sun. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 31, 32 School uniforms [ edit ] While boys uniforms were modelled on military uniforms, original girl's uniforms during the Meiji period were modelled after Japanese elements. The original girl's uniform included hakama worn over their kimono. [5] (#cite_note-Molony2007-5) : 92 However, these girls' uniforms disappeared towards the end of the Meiji period during its return to nativism. They did not re-emerge until the 1920s. [2] (#cite_note-Dalby2001-2) : 89 Resistance to clothing reform [ edit ] In 1875, shortly after clothing reform was decided by the Emperor Meiji, considerable protest arose against the implementation of Western clothing in various positions in Japanese society. For instance, Shimazu Hisamitsu (/wiki/Shimazu_Hisamitsu) (1817–1887), samurai and virtual ruler of the Satsuma Domain (/wiki/Satsuma_Domain) , arrived at court with 250 vassals, all sporting topknots and swords; Hisamitsu argued that traditional dress was important to separate the lowest and highest classes in Japan, but also to separate Japan from other countries, and that if the traditional clothing system was abolished, idea of social status would need to be continued in any future clothing system. The government responded in October 1875 by stating that the Emperor's new Western-style attire was adopted for "the beauty and good of European countries", and that other changes, such as to hair styles and the wearing of swords, were just natural changing customs. [1] (#cite_note-Osakabe2018-1) : 29–30 There was more resistance than Hisamitsu's. In general, those who disliked the change believed the reforms emphasised class too much. Those generally opposed to the government commented that the Western-style followers of the ruling classes were too vain and cared for appearances far too much. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 477 In 1879, Honda Kinkichiro (/w/index.php?title=Honda_Kinkichiro&action=edit&redlink=1) began satirising the government through publishing cartoons; in one issue of the Marumaru Chibun , Kinkichiro portrayed the government as monkeys for their imitation of Westerners. [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) : 53 There were many comments by critics on how these Western fashion followers dressed using ill-fitting clothing in an awkward mimicry of Westerners. In 1889, journalist Ishikawa Yasuhiro (1872–1925) coined the term haikara ( wasei eigo (/wiki/Wasei_eigo) for English "high collar") to derogatorily reference men who cared for Western fashion. By 1902, some women were also referred to as haikara with a hairstyle called the haikara hisashigami ("high collar pompadour"). [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 477 Later, schoolgirls were lumped in as well, and known as haikara jogakusei for their tied up hair with ribbons in a high-collar style. These schoolgirls also commonly wore maroon ( ebichai ) hakama and rode bikes to school. [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) : 67 They popularised the padded, unisex student overcoat known as the shosei haori . The arrival of the bankara , a masculine ideal constructed in response to the high-collar gentleman, and the soshi , a fashion reformist group, also heralded the further introduction of resistance to dress reform. Both the bankara ideal and the soshi group were extremely anti-fashion. The bankara rejected the notion of the high-collar gentleman as a masculine ideal, and expressed a "return to barbarism and celebration of male primitivism." [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) : 68 The ideal bankara was born as the masculine response to the high-collar gentlemen – arguing against the feminised Japanese male. The term bankara translates to "savage collar" by replacing the "high" in high collar with the character for savage or barbarous. The bankara was easily identified by tucked up sleeves, exposed forearms, and a dark complexion. The bankara was popular with young students for the belief in "action over speech, romantic notions of adventure and daring, and the simplicity of rustic tastes." [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) : 70 The soshi did not care for the materialistic culture the West had introduced, and both viewed the government's actions as shameful. The soshi commonly wore torn kimono with their sleeves tucked in, long hair, geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) , and often wielded clubs. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 477 With their statement of anti-fashion, they also rejected the "superficiality and frivolity" of the Meiji state. [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) The soshi were famous for their anti-government commentary and played songs that criticised the government. [9] (#cite_note-Karlin2002-9) : 59–60 In turn, the soshi became advocates for the political freedom of people. [7] (#cite_note-Seo2011-7) : 477 References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Osakabe, Yoshinori (2018), Pyun, Kyunghee; Wong, Aida Yuen (eds.), "Dressing Up During the Meiji Restoration: A Perspective on Fukusei (Clothing Reform)" (http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-97199-5_2) , Fashion, Identity, and Power in Modern Asia , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–45, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-319-97199-5_2 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97199-5_2) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-319-97198-8 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Dalby, Liza Crihfield (2001). Kimono : fashioning culture (1st ed.). Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-295-98155-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 46793052 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46793052) . ^ a b c d e Nakagawa, Keiichirō; Rosovsky, Henry (1963). "The Case of the Dying Kimono: The Influence of Changing Fashions on the Development of the Japanese Woolen Industry" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/case-of-the-dying-kimono-the-influence-of-changing-fashions-on-the-development-of-the-japanese-woolen-industry/25FE49799F90F3B2F602DF70CF5D91F5) . Business History Review . 37 (1–2): 59–80. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3112093 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3112093) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2044-768X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-768X) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3112093 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112093) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 154748596 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154748596) . ^ (#cite_ref-Synthetic_Dyes_4-0) Parmal, Pamela A. (2004). "The Impact of Synthetic Dyes on the Luxury Textiles of Meiji Japan" (https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1473&context=tsaconf) (pdf) (Symposium Proceedings (474)). Textile Society of America. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200721104553/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1473&context=tsaconf) from the original on 21 July 2020 . Retrieved 21 August 2020 . ^ a b c Molony, Barbara (2007). "Gender, Citizenship, and Dress in Modernizing Japan" (https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/history/70/) . M. Roces & L. Edwards (Eds), the Politics of Dress in Asia and the Americas . London, UK: Sussex Academic Press. ^ a b c d e f Hastings, Sally A. (1993-06-01). "The Empress' New Clothes and Japanese Women, 1868–1912" (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00918.x) . The Historian . 55 (4): 677–692. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00918.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1993.tb00918.x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0018-2370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370) . ^ a b c d e f g h Seo, Audrey Yoshiko (2011-10-31). "17. Adoption, Adaptation, and Innovation: The Cultural and Aesthetic Transformations of Fashion in Modern Japan" (https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824861025-019/html) . Since Meiji . University of Hawaii Press. pp. 471–496. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1515/9780824861025-019 (https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824861025-019) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8248-6102-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-Taisho_Kimono_8-0) Dees, Jan (2009). Taisho Kimono: Speaking of Past and Present (1st ed.). Milano, Italy: Skira Editore S.p.A. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-572-0011-8 . ^ a b c d e f Karlin, Jason G. (2002). "The Gender of Nationalism: Competing Masculinities in Meiji Japan" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4126775) . Journal of Japanese Studies . 28 (1): 41–77. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/4126775 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4126775) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0095-6848 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4126775 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4126775) . v t e Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) of clothing and fashion History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Ancient (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Prehistory of nakedness and clothing (/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing) China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Han Chinese (/wiki/Hanfu) Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Egyptian (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Inuit (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Biblical (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Greek (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Roman (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Thracian (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Chinese Liao (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty) Jurchen Jin (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) Yuan (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) English (/wiki/English_medieval_clothing) Europe 400s–1000s (/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress) 1100s (/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion) 1200s (/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion) 1300s (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) 1400s (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion) Korean (/wiki/Hanbok#History) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_clothing) Tocharian (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing#Lý_dynasty_to_Trần_dynasty_(1009–1400)) 1500s–1820s Western fashion 1500–1550 (/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_European_fashion) 1550–1600 (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_European_fashion) 1600–1650 (/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_fashion) 1650–1700 (/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_fashion) 1700–1750 (/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion) 1750–1775 (/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion) 1775–1795 (/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion) 1795–1820 (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) Directoire style (/wiki/Directoire_style) 1820s (/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion) 1830s–1910s Western fashion Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) 1830s (/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion) 1860s (/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion) 1870s (/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion) 1880s (/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion) 1890s (/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion) Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian_era#Fashion) 1900s (/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion) 1910s (/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion) 1920s–1950s Western fashion Suffrage Movement period (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_and_Western_women%27s_fashion_through_the_early_20th_century) 1920s (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) 1930–1945 (/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion) 1945–1960 (/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion) 1960s-1990s fashion 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) 1970s (/wiki/1970s_in_fashion) 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) 2000–present fashion 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) 2010s (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) 2020s (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) By country and region Indian subcontinent (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Italy (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing#History) Meiji Thailand (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Western world (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) By clothing Bikini (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) Corset (/wiki/History_of_corsets) Hide (/wiki/History_of_hide_materials) Swimwear (/wiki/History_of_swimwear) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐ddtgj Cached time: 20240719161037 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.961 seconds Real time usage: 1.102 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 23344/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 121651/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6822/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 64805/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.468/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15888534/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 988.181 1 -total 35.79% 353.680 83 Template:Rp 33.99% 335.876 83 Template:R/superscript 17.81% 175.967 135 Template:Transliteration 16.95% 167.490 249 Template:R/where 14.39% 142.160 1 Template:Reflist 8.62% 85.157 1 Template:Citation 7.96% 78.651 1 Template:Short_description 7.55% 74.656 1 Template:Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion 7.36% 72.724 1 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67533745-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719161037 and revision id 1217832110. 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(Redirected from Capuchin habit (/w/index.php?title=Capuchin_habit&redirect=no) ) Distinctive set of garments worn by members of a religious order This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_habit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Religious habit" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religious+habit%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religious+habit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religious+habit%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religious+habit%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) St. Anthony the Great (/wiki/Anthony_the_Great) , wearing the habit of a Coptic (/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) monk. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) worn by members of a religious order (/wiki/Religious_order) . Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic (/wiki/Hermit) and anchoritic (/wiki/Anchorite) life, although in their case without conformity to a particular uniform style. Uniformity and distinctiveness by order often evolved and changed over time. Interpretation of terms for clothes in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the need for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but do not necessarily resemble them in cut, colour, material, detail or use. In Christian monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) orders of the Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_church) , Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheranism) and Anglican (/wiki/Anglicanism) Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) covered by a scapular (/wiki/Scapular) and cowl (/wiki/Cowl) , with a hood for monks (/wiki/Monk) or friars (/wiki/Friar) and a veil (/wiki/Veil) for nuns (/wiki/Nun) ; in apostolic orders it may be a distinctive form of cassock (/wiki/Cassock) for men, or a distinctive habit and veil for women. Catholic Canon Law (/wiki/Canon_Law) requires only that the garb of their members be in some way identifiable so that the person may serve as a witness of the Evangelical counsels (/wiki/Evangelical_counsels) . In many orders, the conclusion of postulancy (/wiki/Postulant) and the beginning of the novitiate (/wiki/Novitiate) is marked by a ceremony, in which the new novice is accepted as a novice and then clothed in the community's habit by the superior (/wiki/General_superior) . In some cases the novice's habit will be somewhat different from the customary habit: for instance, in certain orders of women that use the veil (/wiki/Veil) , it is common for novices to wear a white veil while professed members wear black, or if the order generally wears white, the novice wears a grey veil. Among some Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) communities of men, novices wear a sort of overshirt over their tunic; Carthusian (/wiki/Carthusian) novices wear a black cloak over their white habit. Buddhism [ edit ] Monks from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) and China (/wiki/China) wearing traditional kāṣāya; Bezeklik (/wiki/Bezeklik) , Eastern Tarim Basin (/wiki/Tarim_Basin) , China, 9th–10th century Kāṣāya ( Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) : काषाय , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit) : kāṣāya ; Pali (/wiki/Pali) : kasāva; Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 袈裟 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : jiāshā ; Cantonese Jyutping (/wiki/Jyutping) : gaa 1 saa 1 ; Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 袈裟 kesa ; Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 袈裟 가사 gasa ; Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) : cà-sa ), "chougu" ( Tibetan (/wiki/Standard_Tibetan) ) are the robes of Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhism) monks (/wiki/Bhikkhu) and nuns (/wiki/Bhikkhuni) , named after a brown or saffron dye. In Sanskrit and Pali, these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Origin and construction [ edit ] An early representation of the Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) wearing kāṣāya robes, in the Hellenistic (/wiki/Hellenistic) style Buddhist kāṣāya are said to have originated in India (/wiki/India) as set of robes for the devotees of Gautama Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) . A notable variant has a pattern reminiscent of an Asian rice field. Original kāṣāya were constructed of discarded fabric (/wiki/Textile) . These were stitched together to form three rectangular pieces of cloth, which were then fitted over the body in a specific manner. The three main pieces of cloth are the antarvāsa , the uttarāsaṅga , and the saṃghāti . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390-1) Together they form the "triple robe", or tricīvara . The tricīvara is described more fully in the Theravāda (/wiki/Therav%C4%81da) Vinaya (/wiki/Vinaya) (Vin 1:94 289). Uttarāsaṅga [ edit ] A robe covering the upper body. It is worn over the undergarment, or antarvāsa. In representations of the Buddha, the uttarāsaṅga rarely appears as the uppermost garment, since it is often covered by the outer robe, or saṃghāti. Saṃghāti [ edit ] The saṃghāti is an outer robe used for various occasions. It comes over the upper robe ( uttarāsaṅga ), and the undergarment ( antarvāsa ). In representations of the Buddha, the saṃghāti is usually the most visible garment, with the undergarment or uttarāsaṅga protruding at the bottom. It is quite similar in shape to the Greek himation (/wiki/Himation) , and its shape and folds have been treated in Greek style in the Greco-Buddhist art (/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art) of Gandhāra (/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra) . Additions [ edit ] Other items that may have been worn with the triple robe were: a waist cloth, the kushalaka a buckled belt, the samakaksika Indian depiction of the Buddha wearing red robes; Sanskrit manuscript, Nālandā (/wiki/N%C4%81land%C4%81) , Bihar (/wiki/Bihar) , India, Pāla period Kāṣāya in Indian Buddhism [ edit ] In India, variations of the kāṣāya robe distinguished different types of monastics. These represented the different schools that they belonged to, and their robes ranged widely from red and ochre, to blue and black. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) Between 148 and 170 CE, the Parthian (/wiki/Parthia) monk An Shigao (/wiki/An_Shigao) came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí (Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455-3) Another text translated at a later date, the Śariputraparipṛcchā , contains a very similar passage corroborating this information, but the colors for the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka sects are reversed. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESujato2012i-5) Nikāya Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí Śariputraparipṛcchā Sarvāstivāda (/wiki/Sarvastivada) Deep Red Black Dharmaguptaka (/wiki/Dharmaguptaka) Black Deep Red Mahāsāṃghika (/wiki/Mahasamghika) Yellow Yellow Mahīśāsaka (/wiki/Mahisasaka) Blue Blue Kaśyapīya (/wiki/Kasyapiya) Magnolia Magnolia In traditions of Tibetan Buddhism (/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism) , which follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of the Mūlasarvāstivādins. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266-6) According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) The symbols sewn on the robes were the endless knot (/wiki/Endless_knot) (Skt. śrīvatsa ) and the conch shell (Skt. śaṅkha ), two of the Eight Auspicious Signs (/wiki/Ashtamangala) in Buddhism. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism [ edit ] In Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is called gāsā (Ch. 袈裟). During the early period of Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the most common color was red. Later, the color of the robes came to serve as a way to distinguish monastics, just as they did in India. However, the colors of a Chinese Buddhist monastic's robes often corresponded to their geographical region rather than to any specific schools. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) By the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, only the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was still in use, and therefore the color of robes served no useful purpose as a designation for sects, the way that it had in India. Kesa in Japanese Buddhism [ edit ] Japanese Buddhist priest's mantle ( kesa ), 1775–1825, LACMA (/wiki/LACMA) textile collections In Japanese Buddhism (/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is known as the kesa ( 袈裟 ) . In Japan, during the Edo (/wiki/Edo_period) and Meiji periods (/wiki/Meiji_period) , kesa were sometimes pieced together from the theatrical kimono (/wiki/Kimono) used in Noh theatre (/wiki/Noh_theatre) . Christianity [ edit ] Religious clothing includes habits Catholicism [ edit ] Pope John Paul II (/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) in his post-apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata (1996) says concerning the religious habit of consecrated (/wiki/Consecrated_life) persons: §25 [...] The Church must always seek to make her presence visible in everyday life, especially in contemporary culture, which is often very secularized and yet sensitive to the language of signs. In this regard the Church has a right to expect a significant contribution from consecrated persons, called as they are in every situation to bear clear witness that they belong to Christ. Since the habit is a sign of consecration, poverty and membership in a particular Religious family, I join the Fathers of the Synod in strongly recommending to men and women religious that they wear their proper habit, suitably adapted to the conditions of time and place. Where valid reasons of their apostolate call for it, Religious, in conformity with the norms of their Institute, may also dress in a simple and modest manner, with an appropriate symbol, in such a way that their consecration is recognizable. Institutes which from their origin or by provision of their Constitutions do not have a specific habit should ensure that the dress of their members corresponds in dignity and simplicity to the nature of their vocation. Nuns [ edit ] A nun of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (/wiki/Poor_Clares_of_Perpetual_Adoration) in her cloister Traditional Catholic nuns The religious habits of Catholic nuns typically consist of the following elements: Tunic : This is the central piece of the habit. It is a loose dress made of serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) fabric pleated at the neck and draping to the ground. It can be worn pinned up in the front or in the back to allow the nun to work. Scapular (/wiki/Scapular) : This symbolic apron hangs from both front and back; it is worn over the tunic, and Benedictine (/wiki/Benedictine) nuns also wear it over the belt, whereas some other orders wear it tied under the belt. Cincture : The habit is often secured around the waist with a belt of leather, wool or a lanyard. The cincture of the Franciscan orders has three (or four) knots standing for the vows. Coif (/wiki/Coif) : This is the garment's headpiece and includes the white cotton cap secured by a bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) and a white wimple (/wiki/Wimple) (to cover the neck and cheeks) and guimpe (/wiki/Guimpe) (to cover the chest, similar to a short cape) of starched linen, cotton, or (today) polyester. It is sometimes covered by a thin layer of black crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) . Veil (/wiki/Black_veil) : This element is worn pinned over the coif head coverings. Some veils can be worn down to cover the face or up to expose it. The veil sometimes includes a white underveil as well. The colour of the veil depends as well from the habit of the order and the status of the sister or nun (novices or postulants wear differently coloured veils than the professed sisters and nuns). The coif and veil were common items of clothing for married women in medieval Europe. [ citation needed ] Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. Sisters [ edit ] Sisters of the Daughters of Mary in traditional habit Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) sisters in Haiti, wearing the order's traditional white sari with blue stripes This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Historically, the religious habit of Catholic sisters (/wiki/Religious_sister) was a visible sign of a woman's consecration to God. [8] (#cite_note-8) Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. For example, in former times, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) wore a cornette (/wiki/Cornette) instead of a veil. Due the ecclesiastical document Perfectae caritatis (/wiki/Perfectae_caritatis) , many congregations decided to simplify their habits, to conform to the attire of the culture they are working in, or to even discard their use entirely. While styles vary, for those wearing the traditional habit, three pieces are consistently worn: tunic (robe), belt/cincture, veil. The habit of some Dominican Sisters (/wiki/Dominican_Sisters) consists of a tunic, belt (cincture), scapular, veil, rosary, and on formal occasions a cappa (mantle). [9] (#cite_note-9) Even for orders that have chosen not to wear a habit, these sisters often share a common appearance: calf-length skirt, blouse or sweater, visible cross necklace. Monks [ edit ] Carthusian monks of the Chartreuse de Portes Monks in the Catholic church wear a tunic, a cincture (/wiki/Cincture) , a hooded scapular, and, for the Liturgy of the Hours (/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours) , a mantle (novices) or a cowl (professed monks). [ citation needed ] Friars [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Canons regular [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Owing to the different traditions and origins that exist, there is no singular common habit worn by the Canons Regular (/wiki/Canons_Regular) . Historically the common habit was the distinctive white cassock, with white fascia, over time some communities of Canons have changed to wearing the black cassock with black fascia. The only item of the habit that is common to all Canons is the linen rochet (/wiki/Rochet) a mark of the canonical status. In the Netherlands, some wore a cacullae (a small asymmetrical black cope (/wiki/Cope) of cloth or sheepskin.) Some communities of canons, notably in Austria and Switzerland wear a sarotium, coming from the Latin sacrum rochettum , 'the sacred rochet'. It is a thin band of linen worn over the cassock when not in choir. As part of their choir dress, some communities of Canons wear a mozzetta, either black or purple over the rochet. Outdoors Canons wear a black cloak and hood, but again adaptations have been made to this in some of the communities. Canons also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) . Clergy [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) Usually, secular priests (/wiki/Secular_clergy) wear either a black cassock (/wiki/Cassock) or an ordinary men's garb in black or another dark color along with a white clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) . White cassocks or clothes may be worn in hot climates. Also, a ferraiolo (a kind of cope) could be worn along with the cassock. Priests also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) along with the cassock. Deacons, priests, and bishops belonging to religious institutes (/wiki/Religious_institute) wear the habit of their institute. Abbot or cardinal [ edit ] Main article: Pontifical vestments (/wiki/Pontifical_vestments) Latin Church (/wiki/Latin_Church) clergy other than bishops, in particular any who are abbots (/wiki/Abbot) or apostolic prefects (/wiki/Apostolic_prefect) or ordinary of a personal ordinariate, may wear pontifical items. Mitre, crosier and ring are bestowed on an abbot at his blessing and the pectoral cross is a customary part of an abbatial habit. [ citation needed ] Catholic habits gallery [ edit ] The religious habit of the Carmelite Order (/wiki/Carmelites) is brown and includes the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel) (also known as Brown Scapular) The religious habit of the Hieronymite enclosed monks and nuns (/wiki/Hieronymites) is white and includes a brown scapular The religious habit of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd (/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd) (and also of the Sisters from the Order of Our Lady of Charity) is white, with a white scapular, a black veil and a large silver heart on the breast The religious habit of the Sisters of Mary Reparatrix (/wiki/Sisters_of_Mary_Reparatrix) is white, with a blue scapular, a white and blue veil and a large golden heart on the breast The religious habit of the Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) Order of Friars Minor (/wiki/Friars_Minor) and Friars Minor Capuchin (/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin) is usually brown or gray; the habit of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual (/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans) and Third Order Regular is black, although the Order of Friars Minor Conventual is returning to the grey habit worldwide The religious habit of the Benedictines (/wiki/Benedictines) is black (the style varies depending upon the monastery) The religious habit of the Carthusians (/wiki/Carthusians) is white. A similar habit is used by the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno (/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno) The religious habit of the Dominicans (/wiki/Dominican_Order) is black and white Cistercians (/wiki/Cistercians) in their religious habit (with the black scapular (/wiki/Scapular) ) The religious habit of the Clarisses (/wiki/Clarisses) (also known as Poor Clares (/wiki/Poor_Clares) ) is brown, with a black veil The religious habit of the Sisters of the Annunciation (/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil The religious habit (based on the Indian sari (/wiki/Sari) ) of the Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) , founded by Mother Teresa of Calcutta (/wiki/Mother_Teresa) The religious habit of the Trinitarian Order (/wiki/Trinitarian_Order) is white with a distinctive cross with a blue horizontal bar and a red vertical bar The religious habit of the Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament (/wiki/Order_of_the_Incarnate_Word_and_Blessed_Sacrament) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil Oratorians (/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus) wear roughly the same vestments as parish priests (/wiki/Priest) . The distinctive Oratorian clerical collar consists of white cloth that folds over the collar all around the neck. Sisters belonging to the Daughters of Charity (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) with the cornette which used to be common Religious habit of a Trappist (/wiki/Trappists) monk Religious habit of a Premonstratensian (/wiki/Premonstratensian) canon Pauline (/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit) Pius Przeździecki The Mercedarians (/wiki/Mercedarian_Order) wear white The religious habit of a Minims (/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)) friar; it consists of a black tunic, a scapular with a capuche and a black cincture with four knots (four vows) Lutheranism [ edit ] In Lutheranism (/wiki/Lutheranism) , various religious orders (/wiki/Religious_order) have a habit of a different colour. The Daughters of Mary (/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_(Lutheran)) wear a blue habit. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790-10) Anglicanism [ edit ] Further information: Anglican religious order (/wiki/Anglican_religious_order) Eastern Orthodoxy [ edit ] The Analavos , worn by Orthodox monks and nuns of the Great Schema The Eastern Orthodox Church (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) does not have distinct religious orders such as those in the Catholic Church. The habit ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Σχήμα , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek) : Schēma ) is essentially the same throughout the world. The normal monastic color is black, symbolic of repentance and simplicity. The habits of monks and nuns are identical; additionally, nuns wear a scarf, called an apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) . The habit is bestowed in degrees, as the monk or nun advances in the spiritual life. There are three degrees: (1) the beginner, known as the Rassaphore ('robe bearer') (2) the intermediate, known as the Stavrophore ('cross bearer'), and (3) the Great Schema worn by Great Schema Monks or Nuns. Only the last, the Schemamonk or Schemanun, the monastic of the highest degree, wears the full habit. The habit is formally bestowed upon monks and nuns at the ceremony known as the tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) (Greek κουρά ). The parts of the Eastern Orthodox habit are: Inner Rason ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Έσώρασον , Ζωστικὸν or Ἀντερί , Esórason ; Slavonic (/wiki/Church_Slavonic) : Podryásnik ): The inner rason (/wiki/Cassock#Eastern_practice_.28Orthodox_and_Eastern_Catholic.29) (cassock) is the innermost garment. It is a long, collared garment coming to the feet, with narrow, tapered sleeves. Unlike the Roman cassock, it is double-breasted. The inner rason is the basic garment and is worn at all times, even when working. It is often given to novices (/wiki/Novice) and seminarians (/wiki/Seminarian) , though this differs from community to community. The inner rason is also worn by chanters (/wiki/Chanter) , readers (/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)) , and the married clergy. For monks and nuns, it symbolizes the vow (/wiki/Religious_vows) of poverty (/wiki/Poverty#Relative_poverty) . Belt (Greek: Ζώνη , Zone ; Slavonic: Poyas ): The belt worn by Orthodox monks and nuns is normally leather, though sometimes it is of cloth. In the Russian tradition, married clergy, as well as the higher monastic clergy, may wear a cloth belt that is finely embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) , especially on feast days (/wiki/Great_Feasts) . The belt is symbolic of the vow of chastity (/wiki/Chastity) . Paramand (Greek: Παραμανδύας , Paramandýas ; Slavonic: Paraman ): The Paramand is a piece of cloth, approximately 5 inches (130 mm) square which is attached by ribbons to a wooden cross. The cloth is embroidered with a cross and the Instruments of the Passion (/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)#Instruments_of_the_Passion) . The wooden cross is worn over the chest, then the ribbons pass over and under the arms, like a yoke (/wiki/Yoke) , and hold the square cloth centered on the back. The paramand is symbolic of the yoke of Christ (Matthew 11:29–30). [11] (#cite_note-11) Outer Rason ( a.k.a. , Greek: εξώρασον, exorason or simply ράσο, raso ; Slavonic: ryasa ): Among the Greeks it is worn by readers and all higher clerics; among the Russians it is worn only by monks, deacons, priests, and bishops. Analavos (Greek: Άνάλαβος; Slavonic: Analav ): The distinctive dress of the Great Schema is the analavos, and it is worn only by Schemamonks and Schemanuns. Traditionally made of either leather or wool, the analavos covers the shoulders, and then comes down in the front and back, forming a cross (see illustration, above right). Polystavrion (Greek: Πολυσταύριον, lit. "many crosses"): The polystavrion is a long cord that has been plaited with numerous crosses forming a yoke that is worn over the analavos to hold it in place. Mantle (Greek: Μανδύας, Mandías ; Slavonic: Mantíya ): The Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)) is a long, full cape, joined at the neck which the monastic wears over the other parts of the habit. St. Tikhon of Moscow (/wiki/Tikhon_of_Moscow) wearing the patriarchal white koukoulion Kalymafki (a.k.a. Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) , Greek: καλυμαύκι; Slavonic: klobuk): The distinctive headdress (/wiki/Headdress) of Eastern Orthodox monks and nuns is the kalymafki, a stiffened hat, something like a fez (/wiki/Fez_(clothing)) , only black and with straight sides, covered with a veil (/wiki/Veil) . The veil has lappets which hang down on each side of the head and a stylized hood falling down the back. For monastics of the Great Schema, the kalymafki takes a very distinctive shape, known as a koukoulion (/wiki/Cowl) (cowl), and is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The koukoulion is also worn by the Patriarchs of several local churches, regardless of whether or not he has been tonsured to that degree. In the Slavic tradition, the koukoulion will be in the form of a cloth hood, similar to that worn on the Western cowl. Outside church, monastics wear a soft hat known as a Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) . Again, for Schemamonks and Schemanuns it is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The portions of the habit worn by the various degrees of monastics is as follows: Rasophore Stavrophore Great Schema Inner Rason Inner Rason Inner Rason Belt Belt Belt Paramand Paramand Outer Rason Outer Rason Outer Rason Analavos Mantle (Russian use only) Mantle Polystavrion Kalymafki Kalymafki Koukoulion Eastern Orthodox habits gallery [ edit ] Inner Rason worn by Polish Orthodox Church (/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church) cleric Monk at the Mount Athos, 1850s Hinduism [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) In Hinduism, religious clothing is a huge element of an individual’s life. [ citation needed ] Most Hindus are known to wear a religious pendant in their daily life to show their faith in God. Hindu women cover their heads with scarf as a sign of respect for not only religion but also their husbands. [ citation needed ] In India, most devoted Hindus are seen wearing a tilak and orange clothing depicting devotion to their religion. [ citation needed ] Most Hindu Pandits (/wiki/Pandit) are either seen in a white or orange (kesari) religious clothing in India. [ citation needed ] Brahmin Hindus are most known for their devotion to the religion among all Hindus. They are seen wearing religious habits at various important moments in their life. [ citation needed ] Islam [ edit ] See also: Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Islam does not have religious habits or monastic orders. Muslim ascetics do not have particular uniforms, but rather dress in humble clothing appropriate to their era and region. [ citation needed ] Jainism [ edit ] Female ascetics and Śvetāmbara (/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara) male monks always wear un-stitched or minimally stitched white clothes. Digambara (/wiki/Digambara) Jain monks do not wear clothes. A loin cloth which reaches up to the shins is called a Cholapattak. Another cloth to cover the upper part of the body is called Pangarani (Uttariya Vastra). A cloth that passes over the left shoulder and covers the body up to a little above the ankle is called a Kïmli. Kïmli is a woolen shawl. They also carry a woolen bed sheet and a woolen mat to sit on. Those who wear clothes have a muhapati (/wiki/Muhapati) , which is a square or rectangular piece of cloth of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their face covering the mouth. Śvetāmbara ascetics have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to clean insects around their sitting place or while they are walking. Digambara ascetics have a Morpichhi and a Kamandal in their hands. This practice may vary among different sects of Jains but essential principle remains the same to limit needs. Shinto [ edit ] In Japan, various types of very traditional dress are worn by Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) priests, often dating to styles worn by nobles during the Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) or Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) . Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) ( 袴 ) are a type of traditional Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) , originally worn only by men, but today they are worn by both sexes. There are two types, divided umanori ( 馬乗り , "horse-riding hakama ") and undivided andon bakama ( 行灯袴 , "lantern hakama ") . The umanori type have divided legs, similar to trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , but both types appear similar. Hakama are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles, and are worn over a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) (hakamashita), with the kimono then appearing like a shirt. A Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) ( 浄衣 ) is a garment worn in Japan by people attending religious ceremonies and activities, including Buddhist and Shinto related occasions. Not only Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) and Buddhist priests can be found wearing Jōe at rituals, but laymen as well, for example when participating in pilgrimage such as the Shikoku Pilgrimage (/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage) . The garment is usually white or yellow and is made of linen or silk depending on its kind and use. The Shinto priest who wears the jōe is attired in a peaked cap (/wiki/Cap) called tate-eboshi , an outer tunic called the jōe proper, an outer robe called jōe no sodegukuri no o , an undergarment called hitoe , ballooning trousers called sashinuki or nubakama , and a girdle called jōe no ate-obi . See also [ edit ] Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism (/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism) Religious dress (/wiki/Religious_dress) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390_1-0) Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 90. ^ Jump up to: a b Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455_3-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , p. 55. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56_4-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , pp. 55–56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESujato2012i_5-0) Sujato 2012 (#CITEREFSujato2012) , p. i. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266_6-0) Mohr & Tsedroen 2010 (#CITEREFMohrTsedroen2010) , p. 266. ^ Jump up to: a b Rinpoche 1999 (#CITEREFRinpoche1999) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why do nuns (and monks) wear habits?" (https://aleteia.org/2020/07/09/why-do-nuns-and-others-in-religious-life-wear-habits/) . Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture . 2020-07-09 . Retrieved 2024-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Our Religious Habit" (https://houstondominicans.org/our-religious-habit) . Dominican Sisters . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790_10-0) DuBois 2017 (#CITEREFDuBois2017) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Matthew 11:29–30 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2011:29–30&version=nrsv) Bibliography [ edit ] DuBois, Thomas A. (12 December 2017). Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood Carving . University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-74242-7 . Hino, Shoun (2004). Three Mountains and Seven Rivers . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-208-2468-3 . Kieschnick, John (2003). The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture . Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Rinpoche, Dudjom (1999). Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows . Wisdom Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861710836 . Sujato, Bhante (/wiki/Bhante_Sujato) (2012). Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools . Santipada. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781921842085 . Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa, eds. (2010). Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861715886 . Further reading [ edit ] Dwyer-McNulty, Sally (2014). Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4696-1409-0 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious habits (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_habits) . New Catholic Dictionary (https://web.archive.org/web/20070107022157/https://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd03798.htm) Images of medieval monks and nuns in the dress of their Orders (http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monasticorders.html) (Public Domain images and text) Many photographs of nuns and sisters in the dress of their respective orders (http://www.nunsandsisters.com/Photographs.html) Catholic Sisters International Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections (http://digital.udayton.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nuns) (photographs of reproductions of over 130 religious habits) v t e Consecrated life (/wiki/Consecrated_life) in the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) Types (/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life) Consecrated virgin (/wiki/Consecrated_virgin) Hermit (/wiki/Hermit) Religious institute (/wiki/Religious_institute) Orders (/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)) Monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) Cenobitic (/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism) Chapter 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&oldid=1228977842#Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&oldid=1228977842#Christianity) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Asceticism (/wiki/Category:Asceticism) Byzantine clothing (/wiki/Category:Byzantine_clothing) Christian clothing (/wiki/Category:Christian_clothing) Eastern Christian vestments (/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christian_vestments) Hesychasm (/wiki/Category:Hesychasm) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Monasticism (/wiki/Category:Monasticism) Religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Religious_clothing) Religious practices (/wiki/Category:Religious_practices) Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) Sacramentals (/wiki/Category:Sacramentals) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles containing Sanskrit-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text) Articles containing Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Articles containing Korean-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text) Articles containing Vietnamese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text) Articles containing Latin-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021) Articles to be expanded from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2021) All articles to be expanded (/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes) Articles to be expanded from March 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2017) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022) Articles containing Greek-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text) Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter (/wiki/Category:Instances_of_Lang-el_using_second_unnamed_parameter) Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Church_Slavonic-language_text) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
1960 1961 (/wiki/Category:1961_clothing) 1962 (/wiki/Category:1962_clothing) 1963 1964 1965 1966 (/wiki/Category:1966_clothing) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1910s 1920s (/wiki/Category:1920s_clothing) 1930s (/wiki/Category:1930s_clothing) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) 2010s (/wiki/Category:2010s_clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐g77mx Cached time: 20240718063533 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.126 seconds Real time usage: 0.229 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 144/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4044/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 36/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1019235/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 220.105 1 -total 90.32% 198.800 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 6.32% 13.905 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.09% 9.006 1 Template:Category_other 3.31% 7.276 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.42% 5.326 2 Template:Title_year 0.84% 1.845 1 Template:DECADE 0.73% 1.600 1 Template:Template_other 0.62% 1.366 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54857272-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718063533 and revision id 982830686. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1965 clothing" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . M Mondrian Collection (/wiki/Mondrian_Collection) R Rhodesian Brushstroke (/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke) W White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/White_shift_dress_of_Jean_Shrimpton) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1965_clothing&oldid=982830686 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1965_clothing&oldid=982830686) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1965 works (/wiki/Category:1965_works) 1960s clothing (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/G%26L_Clothing) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:G%26L_Clothing) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article includes a list of general references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help to improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( October 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=G%26L_Clothing&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=G%26%2338%3BL+Clothing&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=G%26%2338%3BL+Clothing) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=G%26L_Clothing) for suggestions. ( November 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) G&L Clothing Company, Inc Company type Private Industry Clothing Founded 1917 Headquarters United States Products Work clothing and footwear Website http://www.gandlclothing.com (http://www.gandlclothing.com) G&L Clothing is a privately held clothing (/wiki/Clothing) store based in Des Moines (/wiki/Des_Moines) , Iowa (/wiki/Iowa) . It was founded in 1917 by Lou Garsh and Meyer Levine. The company is owned by the Marcovis family who maintain daily operations of the business. G&L Clothing sells casual clothing and workwear, specializing in big and tall sizes. History [ edit ] G&L dates back to 1917, when Lou Garsh and Meyer Levine first opened their doors. They sold work clothing, shoes and boots to railroaders, construction workers, farmers and tradesmen. Garsh left six months later, but Levine never got around to changing the name. In 1928, Harry Winner came to work for Levine and was made a full partner shortly after World War II. Winner continued to run the business after Meyers death in the 1960s. In 1981, Jim Marcovis purchased G&L Clothing. Marcovis previously owned The Loft jean stores which were located in Valley West Mall (/wiki/Valley_West_Mall) , Merle Hay Mall (/wiki/Merle_Hay_Mall) and other locations. During the Great Flood of 1993 (/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993) G&L Clothing expanded, nearly doubling its size. After surviving a fire and subsequent water damage the following year, a larger, more devastating blaze temporarily closed the store in late 1994. After four weeks, the store was able to reopen in the old WHO (AM) (/wiki/WHO_(AM)) Radio building at Eleventh and Walnut Streets in downtown Des Moines (/wiki/Des_Moines) . In February 1996 the company opened its current store at 1801 Ingersoll Ave, just west of the downtown area. In October 2017, G&L Clothing celebrated 100 years in business with donations to community organizations. [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Local Store Celebrates 100 Years of Business With Donations to Community Organizations" (http://whotv.com/2017/10/14/local-store-celebrates-100-years-of-business-with-donations-to-community-organizations/) . whotv.com . 2017-10-15 . Retrieved 2017-11-03 . DesMoinesRegister.com. "After 60 years, work still is a good fit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413150110/http://dailygadongtao.com/) . Archived from the original (http://dailygadongtao.com/) on 2016-04-13 . Retrieved 2006-07-28 . BusinessRecord.com. "G&L Clothing" (http://businessrecord.com/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=4213&SectionID=4&SubSectionID=41&S=1) . Retrieved 2006-04-28 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) External links [ edit ] G&L Clothing (http://www.gandlclothing.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐846c9c86c8‐ggwxs Cached time: 20240702060935 Cache expiry: 2569826 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.319 seconds Real time usage: 0.407 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1388/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38005/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8202/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17261/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.209/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4089418/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 380.697 1 -total 48.58% 184.924 3 Template:Ambox 34.63% 131.854 1 Template:Multiple_issues 32.35% 123.162 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.85% 109.824 1 Template:Infobox 28.38% 108.060 1 Template:Reflist 23.56% 89.698 1 Template:Cite_news 18.03% 68.634 1 Template:More_footnotes 4.01% 15.252 2 Template:Cite_web 3.92% 14.926 1 Template:Orphan Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12533972-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702060935 and revision id 979107501. 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Ghanaian fashion model GlennSamm GlennSamm at Afrochella Born Samuel Glenn Semakor Accra, Ghana (/wiki/Accra,_Ghana) Occupation Fashion model Years active 2013-present Samuel Glenn Semakor , popularly known as GlennSamm , is a Ghanaian walking artiste (/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network) and fashion model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) After his appearance at the 2018 Afrochella (/wiki/Afrochella) Festival and the 2019 Chale Wote Festival, GlennSamm caught attention when he was featured in Vogue magazine and a BBC documentary. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and education [ edit ] GlennSamm was born in Accra (/wiki/Accra) , schooled in Sogakofe Senior High School and Exopa Modelling School. [5] (#cite_note-5) He further studied Graphic Design at IPMC College of Technology. He belongs to the Anlo Ewe (/wiki/Anlo_Ewe) people from Keta (/wiki/Keta) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] GlennSamm was named "Fashion Personality of the Year" in 2019 at the Youth Excellence Awards. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2019 he was appointed brand ambassador of Caveman watches. [8] (#cite_note-8) He was featured in the Vogue Magazine and has also starred in music videos including New African Girl from Fuse ODG (/wiki/Fuse_ODG) and Every Day from Manuel NonBada. [9] (#cite_note-9) Discography [ edit ] Africa (feat. Kamo Smash) [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Ghanaian model GlennSamm, friends fete kids on the street of Accra" (https://ghanaweekend.com/2019/07/11/ghanaian-model-glennsamm-friends-fete-kids-on-the-street-of-accra/) . Ghana Weekend . 11 July 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711172536/https://ghanaweekend.com/2019/07/11/ghanaian-model-glennsamm-friends-fete-kids-on-the-street-of-accra/) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Listen UP: GlennSamm features Kamo Smash on "Africa"" (https://yfmghana.com/listen-up-glennsamm-features-kamo-smash-on-africa/) . YFM Ghana . 31 December 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211213090747/https://yfmghana.com/listen-up-glennsamm-features-kamo-smash-on-africa/) from the original on 13 December 2021 . Retrieved 13 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ghanaian models KvngsOfTheNewSchool feature in BBC documentary" (https://citinewsroom.com/2019/03/ghanaian-models-kvngsofthenewschool-feature-in-bbc-documentary/) . Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana . 4 March 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711172532/https://citinewsroom.com/2019/03/ghanaian-models-kvngsofthenewschool-feature-in-bbc-documentary/) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "GlennSamm: The 'Walking Artist' promoting indigenous fashion" (https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/ghana-fashion-news/glennsamm-the-walking-artist-promoting-indigenous-fashion.html) . Graphic Showbiz Online . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803205247/https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/ghana-fashion-news/glennsamm-the-walking-artist-promoting-indigenous-fashion.html) from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 8 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Meet Glenn Samm, the model promoting indigenous fashion" (https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Glenn-Samm-the-model-promoting-indigenous-fashion-799261) . www.ghanaweb.com . 14 November 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200712163646/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Glenn-Samm-the-model-promoting-indigenous-fashion-799261) from the original on 12 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Glenn Samm" (https://www.musicinafrica.net/users/glenn-samm) . Music In Africa . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711172219/https://www.musicinafrica.net/users/glenn-samm) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Amenyanyo, Gerrard-Israel (19 November 2019). "GlennSamm Wins YEA 2019 Fashion Personality of the Year" (https://www.gbafrica.net/glennsamm-wins-yea-2019-fashion-personality-of-the-year/) . GBAfrica . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711154142/https://www.gbafrica.net/glennsamm-wins-yea-2019-fashion-personality-of-the-year/) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 11 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dzokpo, Ike (9 January 2019). "Caveman Watches announces Fashion icon GlennSamm as brand ambassador" (https://newsghana.com.gh/caveman-watches-announces-fashion-icon-glennsamm-as-brand-ambassador/) . News Ghana . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711141559/https://newsghana.com.gh/caveman-watches-announces-fashion-icon-glennsamm-as-brand-ambassador/) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 11 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Acquah, Edward (17 November 2019). "Glenn Samm: The 'Walking Artist' promoting indigenous fashion" (https://kasapafmonline.com/2019/11/glenn-samm-the-walking-artist-promoting-indigenous-fashion/) . Kasapa102.5FM . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711174142/https://kasapafmonline.com/2019/11/glenn-samm-the-walking-artist-promoting-indigenous-fashion/) from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 11 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "GlennSamm - Africa Ft. Kamo Smash(Prod. By FlipDaBeatz)" (https://www.aacehypez.net/music/ghana-music/glennsamm-africa-ft-kamo-smashprod-by-flipdabeatz/) . AaceHypez . 26 December 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211213090446/https://www.aacehypez.net/music/ghana-music/glennsamm-africa-ft-kamo-smashprod-by-flipdabeatz/) from the original on 13 December 2021 . Retrieved 13 December 2021 . This biographical article about a model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GlennSamm&oldid=1231103159 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GlennSamm&oldid=1231103159) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Walking artists (/wiki/Category:Walking_artists) People from Accra (/wiki/Category:People_from_Accra) Male models (/wiki/Category:Male_models) Ewe people (/wiki/Category:Ewe_people) Model stubs (/wiki/Category:Model_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Hanson Industries Industry Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Founded 1969 ; 55 years ago ( 1969 ) Founders Chris Hanson Denny Hanson Defunct 1984 ( 1984 ) Fate Declared for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) ; Purchased by Daiwa (/wiki/Daiwa_Seiko_Corporation) Products Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) Hanson Industries invented and popularized the rear-entry ski boot (/wiki/Ski_boot) . Formed by brothers Chris and Denny Hanson in 1969, the company became a huge success in the late 1970s. A series of missteps in the early 1980s led to a rapid death spiral (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/death_spiral) and the company went bankrupt (/wiki/Bankrupt) in 1984. It was purchased by Daiwa (/wiki/Daiwa_Seiko_Corporation) , a Japanese fishing tackle (/wiki/Fishing_tackle) company that handled Hanson's distribution in Japan. Daiwa ended sales in North America and Europe. European products, notably the famous Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) SX series, used Hanson's exit as a springboard to market domination during the second half of the 1980s. Denny Hanson later introduced the "Apex" design, which combines features of alpine and snowboarding boots. History [ edit ] Flo-fit [ edit ] Alden Hanson Sr. was the chief scientist at Dow Chemical (/wiki/Dow_Chemical) during the 1950s and '60s. He led the development of a Silly Putty (/wiki/Silly_Putty) -like plastic known as "Flo-fit" and started looking for applications. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200740-1) Alden's son Chris used some to make a better ski boot, which at the time were simple leather boots that were extremely uncomfortable and quickly wore out. Chris built a fiberglass (/wiki/Fiberglass) shell that fitted over the entire foot area of the boot to provide support, and then filled the gap with Flo-fit to provide cushioning between the two. The prototype was only one boot, not a pair, and Chris stopped working on the design. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200740-1) Around the same time, Bob Lange (/wiki/Lange_(ski_boots)) started work on a new ski boot design using plastics in place of leather. It took several years of development before he had a suitable design, and widespread sales started in the winter of 1965-66. These early designs were very stiff and offered a tremendous improvement in control, but they became even more uncomfortable than the leather designs they replaced when the inner liner lost its elasticity around pressure points. The area around the leg cuff and especially the ankle would wear out quickly and could draw blood. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200740-1) In 1968, Alden Hanson started negotiations with Bob Lange to add Flo-fit to Lange's boot designs. Lange proved interested, and hired Chris, an industrial designer, and his brother Denny (Alden Hanson Jr.), a salesman for Head Skis (/wiki/Head_(company)) , to help design a system to incorporate the newly christened "Lange-flo" into their boot lineup. However, Chris proved more interested in developing a new boot design than working on Lange-flo, and Lange dismissed them both in 1969. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) [N 1] (#cite_note-3) However, the liners ended up failing when the Lange-flo interacted with the vinyl in cold weather. This allowed the Lange-flo to squeeze into the boot, and led to millions of dollars in warranty work in the 1969-1970 season. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200342-4) Forming Hanson [ edit ] During 1969, the Hansons were building prototypes of their new boot design, and in June 1970, they formed Hanson Industries to produce them. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) The boot was moulded in two halves, front and back, both of relatively simple shaping that made them very easy to remove from the moulds, at least compared to traditional front-entry designs like Lange where the shaping results in complex moulds. A single buckle locked the rear portion forward onto the front for closure. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) Unlike later designs, the Hanson boot did not have a pivot point to allow forward flex of the leg. Instead, the one-piece forward section ran from the toe to the mid-calf area as a continuous piece, and was designed to be flexible. The rear section of the boot fits inside the front, clamping forward. When the skier flexed forward, the front section would simply bend with the leg, and the rear section would be pulled forward with it by the buckle. The inner liner was a one-piece system similar to a thick sock. As the foot area was a single piece there was no way to snug it down; instead it was made very large and fit to an individual's foot shape by filling a plastic bag over the instep with hot wax. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) The design was released during 1971, and during the fall they shipped 2,500 pairs to stores across the US. They proved to be a hit, and by 1975, the company was competing with Lange for the number one position in the boot market. Improvements followed in the Riva design, which split the front section into left and right sections and held them together with a clip. By moving the clip up or down a fitting along the instep, the forward flex could be easily controlled. With the clip at the top position, on the shin, the front section of the boot had to move forward as a unit, set lower on the leg or even over the foot area allowed some of the forward motion to push the two halves apart to the side, lowering resistance. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) Continued success [ edit ] During the later half of the 1970s, many ski and boot companies rushed to introduce their own rear-entry designs. This was particularly attractive to companies that had not previously been involved in boots, as the traditional market for front-entry systems was fairly well established. O'Brien, Scott and Rosemount all introduced versions similar to the Hanson. K2 introduced the "Three", which reversed the Hanson pattern by making the rear flap much larger and bucking on the front like a conventional front-entry design. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200740-1) None of these had a major impact on Hanson's sales, and in the period between 1978 and 1981, the company was shipping an average of 120,000 pairs of boots a year. This represented about half of the high end boot market in the US, at least on a dollar basis. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) Flush with success, Hanson decided to reverse this pattern and enter the ski market. Hexcel produced a well-regarded product using a honeycomb material in place of wood or foam, but the company decided to focus on the aerospace market and was looking to sell their ski factory. Hanson purchased the entire line. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) They also arranged a deal with the Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) ski wear brand, offering high-end racing boots under this marque. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200342-4) Rapid failure [ edit ] Hanson had decided from the start to try to keep steady employment through the year, instead of using temporary workers to fill the needs of the winter season rush. To do this, the company borrowed money from the banks to fund production, which it repaid with the proceeds from sales during the winter. When US interest rates soared to 22% in 1980, the company was hard hit. They started looking for a European factory, but never finalized a deal. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) To add to their problems, the winter of 1982-83 was famed for a lack of snow, and the entire ski industry was hard hit. Many Hanson dealers failed to pay, and the company quickly ran out of cash. In 1984, they sold the company to Daiwa, their Japanese distributor, who quickly withdrew the brand from North America and Europe. It continues to exist in Japan. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200741-2) [N 2] (#cite_note-5) Salomon's success [ edit ] Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) started as a ski binding (/wiki/Ski_binding) company, but watched the boot market throughout the 1970s. In 1979, they introduced their first boot, the SX90, a complex rear-entry design. The design did not sell well, with only 30,000 examples shipping in the next two seasons. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200742-6) Salomon continued development, and in 1983, they introduced the SX91 design. The SX91 offered easy control over almost every possible movement of the boot. It was a huge success, entering the market right as Hanson was in the process of exiting it. Sales were limited only by their ability to manufacture enough to meet demand. Entries from Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) and the three-part designs from Raichle (/w/index.php?title=Raichle&action=edit&redlink=1) propelled the rear-entry design to the forefront, making up about 80% of the market in 1987. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200742-6) After Hanson [ edit ] After selling the company, the Hanson brothers continued to work with the Flo-fit material, founding the Flolite company and offering a number of products outside the ski industry. These included boot inserts, bike seats and wheel chair cushions, among others. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasia200342-4) During the 2000s, Denny re-entered the ski boot market with the Apex ski boot. The Apex consists of two entirely separate parts, a semi-stiff boot that uses the Boa Closure System instead of laces or buckles, and an outer carbon fibre (/wiki/Carbon_fibre) shell that provides the needed lateral support and mounting points for conventional downhill ski bindings. [5] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] Notes ^ (#cite_ref-3) Masia appears to disagree in the two references below; one suggests the two left Lange in 1969 to work on the boot design, but the other implies that they were fired sometime later. The date of formation of the company suggests that the 1969 date is correct. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Masia (2003) states the company went bankrupt in 1981; Masia (2007) states it was 1983/84. The date of known examples of the Spyder boots suggests that the later time is correct. Citations ^ a b c d Masia 2007 (#CITEREFMasia2007) , p. 40. ^ a b c d e f g h i Masia 2007 (#CITEREFMasia2007) , p. 41. ^ a b c Masia 2003 (#CITEREFMasia2003) , p. 42. ^ a b Masia 2007 (#CITEREFMasia2007) , p. 42. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Apex Ski Boots" (http://www.apexsportsgroup.com/) Bibliography Masia, Seth (June 2007). "Hansons Still At It, Darcy Holds Forth" (https://books.google.com/books?id=RlgEAAAAMBAJ) . Skiing Heritage Journal : 40–42. , pp. 40–42 Masia, Seth (March 2003). "The Rear-Entry Boot: A Life Cut Short" (https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gEAAAAMBAJ) . Skiing Heritage Journal : 42. 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British fashion designer (born 1976) Sara Berman Born 1976 (age 47–48) London, England Education Fine Arts College (/wiki/Fine_Arts_College) Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) Labels Sara Berman Berman Black Sara Berman (born 1976) is a British fashion designer whose eponymous womenswear brand operated from 1998 until 2012, when she put the label on hold to focus on fine art. Producing clothing for London stores before she graduated and achieving success within a year of leaving fashion college, she won both New Generation (NewGeN) awards and a UK fashion export award. The brand was known for its knits, quirky prints and tailored pieces. [1] (#cite_note-The_Times_Asome_68490-1) Early life and career [ edit ] Sara Berman was born in 1976, the daughter of fashion designer Helene Berman. [2] (#cite_note-2) She studied at Fine Arts College (/wiki/Fine_Arts_College) in Hampstead, and Central St Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_St_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) . [3] (#cite_note-fac-3) While at St Martins she worked with Jasper Conran (/wiki/Jasper_Conran) , Charles & Patricia Lester, and Armani (/wiki/Armani) , and, after she left, she worked for Maria Grachvogel (/wiki/Maria_Grachvogel) . [3] (#cite_note-fac-3) [4] (#cite_note-guaB-4) [5] (#cite_note-indep-5) Berman's graduate collection was taken up by Fenwicks (/wiki/Fenwicks) . [4] (#cite_note-guaB-4) Establishment of eponymous label [ edit ] Some sources place the launch of Sara Berman in 1999, but her label was first mentioned in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) in 1998, which commented on Indian embroidered silk skirts available at Fenwicks. She was described then as: "a new British design talent". [6] (#cite_note-olins-6) [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_66214-7) These first skirts had been created while Berman was still at design college and made from saris (/wiki/Sari) . Thanks to her mother's connections she managed to get them produced and they appeared in Joseph (/wiki/Joseph_(fashion_brand)) as well as Fenwicks. [8] (#cite_note-The_Times_67425-8) In 1999, her designs appeared in Fenwicks' Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) store window during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . [9] (#cite_note-The_Times_66612-9) Examples from her collections – including sheepskin accessories, spotted cotton summer skirts and blouses and full silk skirts with net layering – appeared regularly in the fashion pages of The Times throughout this period. [10] (#cite_note-The_Times_Armstrong-10) [11] (#cite_note-The_Times_Shilling-11) [12] (#cite_note-The_Times_02102000-12) The paper also noted that within a year of graduating, Berman had made it into the boutiques Mimi and Tokio, alongside Fenwick. [13] (#cite_note-The_Times_In_Khaki-13) Berman took advantage of her mother's contacts in building the company. [4] (#cite_note-guaB-4) Her sister Amiee Berman joined as a business partner and co-designer, having herself studied at Central Saint Martins. [6] (#cite_note-olins-6) By 2002, Sara Berman had won the Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer) New Generation award three times, which was seen as an unusual achievement. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2002, Berman featured – alongside Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) and Eley Kishimoto (/wiki/Eley_Kishimoto) – in a feature about the direction of London designers. She was described as: "shaping up to be the thinking It girl's darling". [15] (#cite_note-The_Times_Armstrong_180202-15) In a profile that year, she described how she had turned down a fashion job offer in Italy after realising the salary was in lira (/wiki/Italian_lira) rather than sterling (/wiki/Pound_sterling) . She also revealed that she managed all stages of production of her garments and of fabric selection – having grown up visiting garment factories with her mother. [8] (#cite_note-The_Times_67425-8) By 2003 The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) had listed Sara Berman as one of three women in the field of fashion to keep an eye on, noting that her designs were Liberty (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) 's second-highest seller and that she was often featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) magazine. [4] (#cite_note-guaB-4) In 2005 Sara Berman won the UK Fashion Export Award for designer womenswear. [16] (#cite_note-The_Times_68546-16) [17] (#cite_note-The_Times_68733-17) The label developed a range of lines for American brands Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) and Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) . [6] (#cite_note-olins-6) High-profile wearers included Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) and Zadie Smith (/wiki/Zadie_Smith) . [6] (#cite_note-olins-6) By then, the label was being sold in 60 stores around the world. [1] (#cite_note-The_Times_Asome_68490-1) This included trousers for a US department store and pieces for Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) . [18] (#cite_note-The_Times_68498-18) Launch of second label [ edit ] By 2008 the Sara Berman brand had a second label, Berman Black, and Berman also acted as creative director of the cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) brand N.Peal (/wiki/N.Peal) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Berman also created ranges for Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) and ASOS (/wiki/ASOS.com) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2012, Berman withdrew from fashion design to focus on fine art. [21] (#cite_note-21) Art Career [ edit ] In 2016, she graduated in Fine Art (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/slade/shows/2016/ma_mfa_phd/berman) from the Slade School of Fine Art (/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art) , and her fashion influences have become clearer in her art practice. In a 2018 interview with Vanessa Murrell via DATEAGLE ART, she mentioned “I am endlessly fascinated by manufacturing and its relationship to a particular time, as well as concepts of luxury and of modernity. I am also a keen observer of people as consumers.” [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ a b Asome, Carolyn (12 September 2005). "Fashion Capital". The Times . No. 68490. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Shaitly, Shahesta (15 August 2010). "Sara Berman: five things I know about style" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/15/sara-berman-five-things-know-about-style) . The Observer . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ a b "Alumni: Sara Berman & Aimee Berman" (http://www.hampsteadfinearts.com/college_alumni_sara_and_aimee_berman.php) . Fine Arts College . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ a b c d Brooks, Libby (30 September 2003). "50 women to watch: Top girls: part two" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/30/gender.libbybrooks) . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-indep_5-0) Jarvis, Alice-Azania (26 April 2008). "The 5-minute Interview: Sara Berman, Fashion designer" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-5minute-interview-sara-berman-fashion-designer-815859.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ a b c d Olins, Alice (22 June 2006). "Insider trading" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/fashion/article1753991.ece) . The Times . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_66214_7-0) "Objects of Desire". The Times . No. 66214. 29 May 1998. ^ a b Armstrong, Lisa (15 April 2002). "You can't fight the genes". The Times . No. 67425. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_66612_9-0) "Diary". The Times . No. 66612. 6 September 1999. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_Armstrong_10-0) Armstrong, Lisa (3 January 2000). "Layering – the relaxed art of comfort dressing". The Times . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_Shilling_11-0) Shilling, Jane (7 April 2000). "Time to go dotty". The Times . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_02102000_12-0) Armstrong, Lisa (2 October 2000). "Fashion Diary". The Times . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_In_Khaki_13-0) "In Khaki". The Times . 8 May 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "MT's 35 Women under 35 2008: The List" (http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/829294) . Management Today . 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_Armstrong_180202_15-0) Armstrong, Lisa (18 February 2002). "Love it, loathe it, you can't be indifferent to London Fashion Week". The Times . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_68546_16-0) Armstrong, Lisa (16 November 2005). "Fringes? Sweetie, they went out ten minutes ago". The Times . No. 68546. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_68733_17-0) "Insider Trading". The Times . No. 68733. 22 June 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_68498_18-0) Armstrong, Lisa (21 September 2005). "Embrace the elan of the elite". The Times . No. 68498. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Berman sisters take the reins at N.Peal" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/berman-sisters-take-the-reins-at-npeal/92772.article) . Drapers Online . 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) McCormac, Pip (17 February 2008). "Sara Berman on why homemaking is better than clubbing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141112012300/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/homes_and_gardens/interiors/article80468.ece) . The Times . Archived from the original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/homes_and_gardens/interiors/article80468.ece) on 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Sara Berman Bio" (http://www.sarabermanartist.com/bio/) . Sara Berman . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Murrell, Vanessa (7 February 2018). "Sara Berman on using the problem to find the solution" (https://dateagle.art/sara-berman-interview/) . DATEAGLE ART . Retrieved 6 January 2023 . 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Clothes worn in cold weather Basic items like knitted wool cap and gloves, scarf and high neck jacket Winter clothing are clothes (/wiki/Clothes) used for protection against the particularly cold weather of winter (/wiki/Winter) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Often they have a good water resistance, consist of multiple layers to protect and insulate against low temperatures. [2] (#cite_note-2) Winter clothes are especially outerwear (/wiki/Outerwear) like coats (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , hats (/wiki/Hat) , scarves (/wiki/Scarf) and gloves (/wiki/Glove) or mittens (/wiki/Mitten) , earmuffs (/wiki/Earmuffs) , but also warm underwear (/wiki/Underwear) like long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) , union suits (/wiki/Union_suit) and socks (/wiki/Sock) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Military issue winter clothing (/wiki/Military_uniform) evolved from heavy coats and jackets to multilayered clothing for the purpose of keeping troops warm during winter battles. [4] (#cite_note-4) Several shirts and socks, usually four pairs were standard issue for the U.S. Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) during WWII (/wiki/World_War_II) . Winter clothes used for sports and recreation includes ski suits (/wiki/Ski_suit) , winter gloves, scarves, and snowmobile suits (/wiki/Snowmobile_suit) . Many northern cultures use animal fur (/wiki/Fur) to make winter clothes. [5] (#cite_note-5) Gallery [ edit ] A female skier in winter clothes: jacket, hat, thick gloves, warm pants and ski boots A baby (/wiki/Infant) wearing many items of winter clothing : headband (/wiki/Headband) , cap (/wiki/Cap) , fur-lined coat (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) , shawl (/wiki/Shawl) and sweater (/wiki/Sweater) Customary winter dress in the Yukon Valley Woman wearing a versatile balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) and wool coat Traditional Inuit clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) See also [ edit ] Outerwear (/wiki/Outerwear) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) Winter Gloves (/wiki/Winter_Gloves) Selbuvott (/wiki/Selbuvott) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold weather clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cold_weather_clothing) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Centre for International Experience \| Student Life" (http://cie.utoronto.ca/Coming/Living-Here/Climate-and-Clothing.htm) . Cie.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 2017-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "winter clothes \| Definition, meaning & more" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/winter-clothes) . Collins Dictionary . Retrieved 2017-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Outerwear for Women - Shop Jacket, Coats & Vests 2017" (https://www.stylewe.com/category/outerwear-223) . StyleWe . Retrieved 2017-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Here's how the US military's uniforms have changed over the past 250 years" (http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-the-us-militarys-uniforms-have-changed-over-the-past-250-years-2015-7) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . 2015-07-22 . Retrieved 2017-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870" (https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economic-history-of-the-fur-trade-1670-to-1870/) . Eh.net . Retrieved 2017-01-28 . 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American footwear brand An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist (/wiki/Wikipedia:NEXIST) to establish the subject's notability (/wiki/Wikipedia:N) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_Shoes&action=edit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Simple Shoes" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Simple+Shoes%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Simple+Shoes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Simple+Shoes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Simple+Shoes%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Simple+Shoes%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Simple+Shoes%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Simple Shoes Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Footwear Founded 1991 ; 33 years ago ( 1991 ) in California (/wiki/California) Founder Eric Meyer Headquarters Atlantic Highlands , United States Areas served United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Europe Key people Denis Ryan, Ash Scott, Phoebe Ryan, Seamus Ryan, Marcia Currie, Kathy Berger, Caroline Robles Owner Denis Ryan & Ash Scott Website simpleshoes (https://simpleshoes.com) .com (https://simpleshoes.com) Simple Shoes , also known as Simple, is an American footwear (/wiki/Footwear) brand created in 1991 by Eric Meyer, a California native. Simple was acquired by Deckers Outdoor Corporation (/wiki/Deckers_Outdoor_Corporation) in 1993, then closed by Deckers in 2011, [1] (#cite_note-1) and subsequently acquired by Denis Ryan in 2015. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] To obtain start up capital, Eric sold his vintage Volkswagen collection. Simple Shoes was a pioneer in sustainable manufacturing and is known for being one of the first to use green sustainable materials, [3] (#cite_note-3) such as bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) , jute (/wiki/Jute) , hemp (/wiki/Hemp) , recycled PET (/wiki/PETE) , used tires (/wiki/Tires) and cork (/wiki/Cork_(material)) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Deckers Shutters Simple Shoes" (https://footwearnews.com/2011/business/news/deckers-shutters-simple-shoes-61721/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Simple Shoes Relaunches for Fall '15 With Kickstarter Campaign" (https://footwearnews.com/2015/fashion/uncategorized/simple-shoes-kickstarter-campaign-35781/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) MSNBC, Fall Head Over Feet For Eco-Friendly Shoes (http://www.nbc11.com/msnbcentertainment1/14653218/detail.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080420071118/http://www.nbc11.com/msnbcentertainment1/14653218/detail.html) 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , NBC 11 (/wiki/KNTV) , November 21, 2007 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.simpleshoes.com/) This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_Shoes&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐n5rds Cached time: 20240712182533 Cache expiry: 1661669 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.378 seconds Real time usage: 0.830 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1525/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26459/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1637/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15969/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.249/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5150991/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 486.533 1 -total 25.65% 124.786 1 Template:Infobox_company 23.03% 112.044 1 Template:Infobox 22.99% 111.860 1 Template:Reflist 18.46% 89.821 1 Template:Sources_exist 18.02% 87.666 1 Template:Short_description 17.83% 86.751 2 Template:Cite_web 14.30% 69.584 1 Template:Fashion-company-stub 13.93% 67.756 1 Template:Asbox 13.76% 66.935 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14427267-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182533 and revision id 1180659674. 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16th-century fashion accessory Market woman wearing a black partlet with a white lining over a reddish kirtle, Netherlandish, 1567. A partlet (or partlett ) was a 16th-century fashion accessory. The partlet was a sleeveless garment worn over the neck and shoulders, either worn over a dress or worn to fill in a low neckline. [1] (#cite_note-Cumming-1) [2] (#cite_note-Johnson-2) The earliest partlets appeared in European fashion late in the 15th century (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Comments on a miniature dated to c. 1485 note a Flemish (/wiki/Flanders) style of partlet in that period. [4] (#cite_note-4) The English (/wiki/English-language) word "partlet" dates from at least 1515. [5] (#cite_note-5) Partlet makers emerged, [6] (#cite_note-6) putting out a product often made of silk (/wiki/Silk) or linen (/wiki/Linen) , and worn to fill in the low necklines of both men's and women's Burgundian dress. Men continued to wear partlets, usually of rich materials, with the low-cut doublets of the early 16th century (/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_fashion) . [1] (#cite_note-Cumming-1) [7] (#cite_note-Picken-7) Early in the 16th century (/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_Western_European_fashion) , partlets worn by women were made using a variety of fabrics and colors, although black was most popular. Black partlets worn over the gown, usually of velvet (/wiki/Velvet) or satin (/wiki/Satin) for the upper classes, are an earlier style. [8] (#cite_note-Hayward1-8) [9] (#cite_note-Tudor-9) A wardrobe warrant of June 1538 ordered black velvet for a "French partlet" for Princess Mary (/wiki/Mary_I_of_England) . [10] (#cite_note-Hayward3-10) Depictions which have been made by painters of such black partlets may be seen in a number of portraits of Tudor (/wiki/Tudor_period) court ladies which were made by Hans Holbein the Younger (/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger) [11] (#cite_note-11) (in England between 1526 and c. 1540 ), as well as in the works showing market women which were produced by Dutch painters (/wiki/List_of_Dutch_painters) throughout the 16th century. Fine partlets made of linen lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) , with small standing collars and ruffles, could be worn directly over a low-necked smock, or over the kirtle. The " Pelican Portrait (/wiki/Pelican_Portrait) " of Elizabeth I (/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England) shows the Elizabethan fashion (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion) for matching partlet and sleeves worked with blackwork (/wiki/Blackwork) embroidery. [12] (#cite_note-Arnold1-12) Such sets of partlet and sleeves were common New Year's gifts to the queen. In 1562, Lady Cobham gifted the queen "a partelett and a peire of sleeves of sypers wrought with silver and black silke". [13] (#cite_note-Kent-13) Elaborate lattice-work partlets such as that worn by Eleanor of Toledo (/wiki/Eleanor_of_Toledo) (1522-1562) in one of her portraits by Bronzino (/wiki/Bronzino) could be decorated by goldsmiths [14] (#cite_note-14) with gold, jewels and pearls. This was called "Caulle fashion" in England. [15] (#cite_note-Hayward2-15) In 1563 Elizabeth's silkwoman (/wiki/Silkwoman) Alice Montague employed a woman "altering and translating" the queen's partlets. [16] (#cite_note-16) 1568 Elizabeth I set her "Mistress Launder" to work to "translate" her partlets with 520 pearls costing a penny each. [17] (#cite_note-17) The origin of the term 'partlet' (attested from 1515) is uncertain, but it may derive from 'Dame Partlet', a traditional name for a hen (/wiki/Chicken) , perhaps in reference to the ruffle of feathers on some hens' necks. [18] (#cite_note-OED-18) Gallery [ edit ] Partlets Italian partlet, c. 1490 Tudor partlet, c. 1540–43 Lattice-work partlet worn by Eleanor of Toledo Netherlandish partlet Netherlandish partlet, c. 1560 Linen partlet with ties The " Pelican Portrait (/wiki/Pelican_Portrait) ", c. 1573–75 Elizabeth I with a partlet embroidered with pearls French open partlet with attached collar and ruffle See also [ edit ] Guimpe (/wiki/Guimpe) Chemisette (/wiki/Chemisette) References [ edit ] ^ a b Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (2010-11-23). The Dictionary of Fashion History (Reissue ed.). Oxford; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 150. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847885333 . ^ (#cite_ref-Johnson_2-0) Johnson, Caroline (2011-12-01). Jane Malcolm-Davies; Ninya Mikhaila (eds.). The Queen's Servants: Gentlewomen's Dress at the Accession of Henry VIII . Lightwater, Surrey England: Fat Goose Press Ltd. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780956267412 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Compare: Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W. (/wiki/Cecil_Willett_Cunnington) ; Cunnington, P. E. (/wiki/Phillis_Emily_Cunnington) (2010) [1960]. "Partlet". The Dictionary of Fashion History (revised ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 150. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851437 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . Partlet [...] Period: 1500-1550. A sleeveless jacket or merely a covering for the upper part of the chest and neck left exposed by a low-cut doublet, then fashionable. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kren, Thomas (16 July 1992). "Some Illuminated Manuscripts of The Vision of Lazarus from the Time of Margaret of York". In Kren, Thomas (ed.). Margaret of York, Simon Marmion, and The Visions of Tondal: Papers Delivered at a Symposium Organized by the Department of Manuscripts of the J. Paul Getty Museum in collaboration with the Huntington Library and Art Collections, June 21–24, 1990 . Getty Publications virtual library. Malibu, California: Getty Publications. p. 144. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780892362042 . Retrieved 11 May 2023 . [...] the style of costume, while generally found in France and Flemish Burgundy during the 1480s, has certain features, such as the woman's partlet in the miniature of Lust (fig. 96), which are most common to Flanders. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "partlet" (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=partlet) . Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Online ed.). Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.) - "Any pynchyd shyrt or pynchyd partlet of lynnyn cloth or playn shyrt garnysshyd or made wyth sylke or gold or sylver". ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Second-hand clothes in sixteenth-century Edinburgh" (https://vanishedcomforts.org/2020/08/15/second-hand-clothes-in-sixteenth-century-edinburgh/) . 2019 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . [...] a partlet maker, David Courtie owed money for pile and half pile black velvet at £12 the ell. ^ (#cite_ref-Picken_7-0) Picken, Mary Brooks (1957). A Fashion Dictionary . Funk & Wagnalls. p. 244. ^ (#cite_ref-Hayward1_8-0) Hayward, Maria (2007). Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII . Leeds, UK: Maney. pp. 166–7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781904350705 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tudor_9-0) Mikhaila, Ninya; Malcolm-Davies, Jane (2006-04-01). The Tudor Tailor: Reconstructing Sixteenth-Century Dress (1st ed.). Hollywood, Calif.: Costume and Fashion Press. p. 70 (https://archive.org/details/tudortailorrecon00mikh/page/n70) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896762558 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hayward3_10-0) Hayward (2007), p. 166 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Compare: Wornum, Ralph Nicholson (/wiki/Ralph_Nicholson_Wornum) (1867). Some Account of the Life and Works of Hans Holbein: Painter, of Augsburg, with Numerous Illustrations . London: Chapman and Hall. p. 296 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . [Lady Butts] has on also a white partlet, with black embroidery on the collar, which is often seen in Holbein's portraits, very skilfully managed [...]. ^ (#cite_ref-Arnold1_12-0) Arnold, Janet (1988). Queen Elizabeth's wardrobe unlock'd: the inventories of the Wardrobe of Robes prepared in July 1600, edited from Stowe MS 557 in the British Library, MS LR 2/121 in the Public Record Office, London, and MS V.b.72 in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC . Leeds [England]: Maney. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0901286206 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kent_13-0) "Six Wills Relating to Cobham Hall" (http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/Vol.011%20-%201877/011-18.pdf) (PDF) . 1877 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) An inventory of possessions of a Queen of Scotland includes "one partlet of gold-fret set upon crammesy satin, with 12 diamonds, 14 rubies, 25 pearls; one [partlet] of cloth of gold; one partlet of white taffeta with three pearls; one partlet of taffeta goldsmith's work [...]. Strickland, Agnes (/wiki/Agnes_Strickland) ; Strickland, Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_Strickland) (1850). "Life of Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV". Lives of the queens of Scotland and English princesses connected with the royal succession of Great Britain. By A. Strickland . Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons. p. 137 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hayward2_15-0) Hayward (2007), p. 167 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Janet Arnold (/wiki/Janet_Arnold) , Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), p. 224. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Elizabeth Goldring and others, eds, John Nichols’s The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources , vol. 5 (Oxford, 2014), Appendix 16, Account of the Queen’s Purse, 1559-1569, ed. by Jayne Elisabeth Archer and trans. by Sarah Knight, p. 252. ^ (#cite_ref-OED_18-0) "partlet" (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=partlet) . Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Online ed.). Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manchester_Fashion_Week) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Manchester_Fashion_Week) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article reads like a press release (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#PROMO) or a news article (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NEWS) and may be largely based on routine coverage (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)#Routine_coverage) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Fashion_Week&action=edit) and add independent sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) . ( July 2014 ) This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Manchester Fashion Week is an twice annual independent fashion showcase in Manchester, England. It was founded in 2011 by entrepreneur Jonathan Sassen.[1] Manchester Fashion Week has showcased the talent of designers and brands such as Vivienne Westwood, Mulberry, All Saints, and Ted Baker. With satellite events at other times. Manchester Fashion Week is mostly produced by volunteers from across the UK originally, although recently many parts of the business have been contracted to regional partners . The event draws media, celebrities and international fashion bloggers due to a generous hospitality program. With a series of hotel partners and nightclub partners the event caters for all collaborators very well. The event takes place in a range of notable venues across the city of Manchester. Previous venues have included The Avenue, National Football Museum, and the Halle St Peters building in Ancoats Manchester. History [ edit ] Manchester Fashion Week has featured a wide variety of designers and retail brands, from established international brands such as Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry_(company)) , AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) and Ted Baker (/wiki/Ted_Baker) , to up-and-coming talent such as Masato and Adnan Bayyat (whose designs have been sported by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) ). The shows are arranged by industry division rather than by individual designer. These include Graduate Day, Independent Day, and notable final days. Most years have featured a concept fashion show, a ready to wear show, among others. They have always been closely linked with education with close ties to Manchester Metropolitan University (/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University) , University of Manchester (/wiki/University_of_Manchester) , and The Manchester Colleges. The catwalk shows feature a mix of professional models and new faces, and some models first discovered at Manchester Fashion Week have since gone on to have successful modelling careers. Interns have played a major role in the operation being sought by Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , and Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) . The general terms of the event are to bond a relationship between the higher and lower ends of the market unifying and strengthening all associated. Within 2013, Manchester Fashion Week saw a postponement due to financial restraints, although returned to great success in 2014 with Spring/Summer shows, with a complete new rebranding centred on the hashtag #MCRFW. Producing an Autumn/Winter and a Spring/Summer show over a week period involving local and national business will continue to be the method for collective success. The business and trade was eventually handed over to local Universities and Colleges as MCRFW had a great relationship with the fashion education in the city, continuing in there endeavour to support future generations of fashion in the city. References [ edit ] ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200109/http://www.mcrfashionweek.com/ (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200109/http://www.mcrfashionweek.com/) ^ http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/design/manchester-fashion-week-confirms-2014-dates-2014022420198 (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/design/manchester-fashion-week-confirms-2014-dates-2014022420198) ^ http://www.drapersonline.com/news/manchester-fashion-week-dates-announced/5057690.article (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/manchester-fashion-week-dates-announced/5057690.article) ^ http://www.manchesterfashion.com/c/19/894/5-minutes-with-jonathan-sassen (http://www.manchesterfashion.com/c/19/894/5-minutes-with-jonathan-sassen) ^ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/manchester-fashion-week-will-launch-in-april-683431 (http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/manchester-fashion-week-will-launch-in-april-683431) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.mcrfashionweek.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐k9rp4 Cached time: 20240712114301 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.087 seconds Real time usage: 0.140 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 367/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25652/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6447/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6025/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.050/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1358593/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 106.22% 126.949 3 Template:Ambox 100.00% 119.515 1 -total 83.52% 99.821 1 Template:Multiple_issues 29.11% 34.785 1 Template:News_release 22.59% 26.996 1 Template:No_footnotes 16.40% 19.596 1 Template:Official_website 2.49% 2.980 2 Template:Yesno-no 1.52% 1.820 3 Template:Main_other 1.33% 1.595 2 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43237461-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712114301 and revision id 1175201045. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Fashion_Week&oldid=1175201045 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Fashion_Week&oldid=1175201045) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in England (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_England) English fashion (/wiki/Category:English_fashion) Recurring events established in 2011 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2011) 2011 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:2011_establishments_in_England) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_July_2014) All articles lacking in-text citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues)
(Redirected from Oddjob's hat (/w/index.php?title=Oddjob%27s_hat&redirect=no) ) Fictional character from the James Bond film series For other uses, see Odd job (/wiki/Odd_job_(disambiguation)) . Fictional character Oddjob James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) character Harold Sakata (/wiki/Harold_Sakata) as Oddjob in Goldfinger (/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)) (1964). First appearance Goldfinger (/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)) (novel, 1959) Last appearance 007 Legends (/wiki/007_Legends) (video game, 2012) Created by Ian Fleming (/wiki/Ian_Fleming) Portrayed by Harold Sakata (/wiki/Harold_Sakata) Voiced by Jeff Bennett (/wiki/Jeff_Bennett) ( James Bond Jr. (/wiki/James_Bond_Jr.) ) In-universe information Gender Male Affiliation Auric Goldfinger (/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger) Nationality Korean (/wiki/Koreans) Classification Henchman Oddjob (often written as "Odd Job") is a fictional character in the espionage novels and films featuring James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) . He is a henchman (/wiki/Henchman) to the villain Auric Goldfinger (/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger) in the 1959 James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) novel Goldfinger (/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)) and its 1964 film adaptation (/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)) . In the film adaptation of Goldfinger , he was played by the Japanese-American (/wiki/Japanese_American) actor and professional wrestler Harold Sakata (/wiki/Harold_Sakata) . Oddjob, who also appears in the James Bond animated series and in several video games, is one of the most popular characters in the Bond series. Appearances [ edit ] Novel [ edit ] Oddjob's real name is unknown. Goldfinger names him to describe his duties to his employer. A Korean, like all of Goldfinger's staff, he is extremely strong, as shown in one sequence where he breaks the thick oak railing of a staircase with a knife-hand strikes (colloquially known as 'karate chops') and shatters a mantel with his foot. When Bond expresses surprise at these feats, Goldfinger explains that Oddjob trains extensively to toughen the striking surfaces of his hands and feet, which have developed a tough callus (/wiki/Callus) , significantly increasing his striking power. Oddjob is described as being a "squat" man with "arms like thighs", black teeth, and a "sickly zoo-smell". In contrast with the film, where he is depicted as a man of average height, the novel describes his breaking of a mantelpiece seven feet off the ground and six inches above his head, placing his height at 6 ft 6 in (198 cm). In an early edition, Oddjob is described as having a black belt in the Japanese martial art of karate (/wiki/Karate) ; in later editions we learn that Oddjob practised taekwondo (/wiki/Taekwondo) and hapkido (/wiki/Hapkido) in his native Korea but went on to earn his black belt in karate in Japan (/wiki/Japan) . The earlier novel tells of his hatred of being mistaken for Japanese, mainly due to Korean anger at the Japanese occupation of Korea (/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule) (1910–1945). Oddjob's signature weapon is a razor-edged bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) , which he wears at all times and can throw with deadly accuracy. He is also a skilled archer (/wiki/Archery) , able to fire an arrow through a ring as it is held aloft. Due to a cleft palate (/wiki/Cleft_palate) , he has a speech defect (/wiki/Speech_defect) that renders his speech unintelligible to everyone except Goldfinger. In addition to killing people who might cause trouble for Goldfinger, Oddjob functions as his guard, chauffeur, and manservant (though not his golf caddy, as depicted in the film). He is killed when Bond uses a knife to shatter the window next to his seat on an aircraft, which depressurizes the plane and blows Oddjob out of the window, a fate transferred to Auric Goldfinger in the film version. Film [ edit ] At the beginning of Goldfinger , Oddjob is seen only as a silhouette against a wall as he knocks Bond unconscious at the Fontainebleau Hotel (/wiki/Fontainebleau_Miami_Beach) , after which he and/or Goldfinger kills Bond girl (/wiki/Bond_girl) Jill Masterson, with whom Bond had spent the night, through "skin suffocation" by painting her entire body with gold paint (/wiki/Body_painting#Body_paints) . [n 1] (#cite_note-1) [1] (#cite_note-2) When Bond meets Goldfinger for a round of golf, Oddjob is seen in full for the first time. Goldfinger describes him as "an admirable manservant but mute". He only has four lines of 'dialogue' throughout the film: in his first line, upon pretending to have found Goldfinger's missing golf ball, he exclaims, "Aha!". The second time, after killing Tilly Masterson, he instructs his men to dispose of her body by merely pointing at them and saying, "Ah! Ah!". The third time, he says "Ah!" to order Bond to put on a gas mask (/wiki/Gas_mask) before entering Fort Knox. The fourth time, as Bond electrocutes him in Fort Knox, he yells a final long, loud "Arrgh!". Oddjob acts as Goldfinger's personal chauffeur (/wiki/Chauffeur) , bodyguard, and golf caddy (/wiki/Caddie) . He wears a bowler hat with a sharpened steel rim, using it as a lethal weapon in the style of a chakram (/wiki/Chakram) (an Indian throwing weapon) or a flying guillotine. It is powerful and capable of cutting through steel and decapitating a stone statue. [2] (#cite_note-3) He uses it to kill Tilly Masterson by breaking her neck. Physically, Oddjob is extremely strong and resilient; he crushes a golf ball (/wiki/Golf_ball) with one hand, and during the climactic fight scene with Bond, he is struck in the chest by a thrown gold bar (/wiki/Gold_bar) and struck in the head with a wooden object used as a club. He barely flinches after both these attacks. However, he is never mentioned to be a karate expert. He is also fanatically loyal to Goldfinger and his plot, as he is willing to die in the nuclear explosion in Fort Knox rather than allow the bomb's disarmament. [n 2] (#cite_note-4) Oddjob's demeanor remains constant throughout the film. He smiles broadly whenever he encounters Bond, even during their fight scene. The only time he shows anything resembling fear or wariness is when Bond attempts to use Oddjob's hat against him. Oddjob dodges the hat, causing it to get stuck between a pair of metal bars. When he retrieves his hat and tries to free it, Bond grabs a sparking (/wiki/Electric_spark) wire severed by the hat earlier and thrusts the open end onto the bars. The electric current (/wiki/Electric_current) transfers to the bars and then to the metal in the hat's rim, which electrocutes (/wiki/Electrocute) Oddjob to death. When asked what happened to him, Bond replies, "he blew a fuse". [3] (#cite_note-5) Other appearances [ edit ] Oddjob appears in the animated series James Bond Jr. (/wiki/James_Bond_Jr.) with a miniature top hat (in place of the customary bowler hat), sunglasses, and hip-hop style clothes (not only does he wear purple instead of black, but he wears more casual attire as opposed to his live-action counterpart's dress suit), revealing that the electric shock (/wiki/Electric_shock) did not kill him, but knocked him unconscious. The Americans arrest him before he escapes again in the series. When not wearing his hat, his hair is now more flat-top. Like his movie counterpart, he rarely speaks. In the video game James Bond 007 (/wiki/James_Bond_007_(1998_video_game)) , Oddjob appears as a henchman for the main villain, General Golgov. Bond encounters Oddjob at his hotel room in Marrakesh (/wiki/Marrakesh) . The two fight and Bond is defeated and left stranded in a desert. Later on, Bond trails Oddjob to Tibet, only to be captured. Bond escapes confinement and obtains a shield to protect him from Oddjob's hats, which he uses to deflect back at him. In this game, Oddjob speaks. In the video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (/wiki/GoldenEye:_Rogue_Agent) , Oddjob is a henchman of Goldfinger and initially a companion of GoldenEye. He is killed when GoldenEye tosses him over a rail into a pit inside the Hoover Dam (/wiki/Hoover_Dam) after he attacks GoldenEye. Oddjob appears in the James Bond video games (/wiki/James_Bond_video_games) GoldenEye 007 (/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)) and 007: Nightfire (/wiki/007:_Nightfire) as a playable character for use in multiplayer (/wiki/Multiplayer) modes. His short stature in Goldeneye made him infamously hard to hit and often banned as a House rule (/wiki/House_rule) . In Nightfire , he can use his hat as a unique throwing weapon that returns after 30 seconds. [4] (#cite_note-6) Oddjob is also a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 remake game GoldenEye 007 (/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(2010_video_game)) . In Dynamite Entertainment (/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment) 's ongoing comic book title James Bond 007 (/wiki/James_Bond_(Dynamite_Entertainment)) , a new iteration of Oddjob is featured who is envisioned as a South Korean secret agent and a successor to another Oddjob (with Harold Sakata's likeness), initially acting as a rival spy to Bond in a mutual assignment. His given name is John Lee. Oddjob's hat [ edit ] The prop (/wiki/Theatrical_property) used in Goldfinger by Oddjob was made by British hat makers, Lock & Co. [5] (#cite_note-7) The hat was then adapted by inserting a chakram (/wiki/Chakram) into the brim. [6] (#cite_note-wm-8) John Stears (/wiki/John_Stears) was responsible for making the hat fly. After Goldfinger , the hat came into the possession of the James Bond Fan Club. In 1998, the hat was auctioned at Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) in a sale of James Bond memorabilia. The hat sold for £62,000. [7] (#cite_note-9) In 2002, the hat was lent out for an exhibition at the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Photography,_Film_and_Television) in Bradford (/wiki/Bradford) , commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of Dr. No (/wiki/Dr._No_(film)) . [8] (#cite_note-10) The hat was then auctioned again in 2006, when the final price was $36,000. [9] (#cite_note-11) Replicas of the hat are sought after by collectors and replicas have been used as centrepieces for some exhibitions. [10] (#cite_note-12) In 2008, one replica joined the Bond exhibition at the National Motor Museum (/wiki/National_Motor_Museum,_Beaulieu) . [11] (#cite_note-13) The television show MythBusters (/wiki/MythBusters) tested out the capabilities of Oddjob's hat, testing whether or not it would have been able to decapitate a stone statue. It failed to do so, and the Mythbusters ultimately labeled it 'Busted'. [12] (#cite_note-14) Oddjob's lethal hat was ranked tenth in a 2008 20th Century Fox (/wiki/20th_Century_Fox) poll for the most popular movie weapon, which surveyed approximately 2,000 films fans. [13] (#cite_note-15) Homages and parodies [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oddjob) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Film [ edit ] In the 1982 film Bruce contre-attaque (/w/index.php?title=Bruce_contre-attaque&action=edit&redlink=1) , Harold Sakata appears as a villainous character who reprises Oddjob's deadly hat weapon. The Hong Kong film Aces Go Places 3 (/wiki/Aces_Go_Places_3) features an appearance by an Oddjob-like character, played by Tsuneharu Sugiyama (/wiki/Tsuneharu_Sugiyama) . In the film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (/wiki/Austin_Powers:_International_Man_of_Mystery) , Oddjob is parodied by a character called Random Task (/wiki/Random_Task) , played by Joe Son (/wiki/Joe_Son) , who throws his shoe as a weapon. In the Norwegian parody film Kill Buljo (/wiki/Kill_Buljo) , Buljo's bodyguard is named Blow Job (played by strongwoman and powerlifter Heidi Nilima Monsen) – a tough woman dressed in black suit and bowler hat. Her favorite activity is throwing cops around. In The Kentucky Fried Movie (/wiki/The_Kentucky_Fried_Movie) ' s kung-fu (/wiki/Kung-fu) spoof, A Fistful of Yen , Dr. Klahn's army is training by throwing razored bowler hats to decapitate a statue, just like Oddjob. In a mid-credits scene (/wiki/Mid-credits_scene) of Inspector Gadget (/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_(film)) (1999), Oddjob is seen at a "Minions Anonymous" meeting, along with Jaws (/wiki/Jaws_(James_Bond)) (played by Richard Kiel (/wiki/Richard_Kiel) ) and Nick Nack (/w/index.php?title=Nick_Nack_(James_Bond)&action=edit&redlink=1) . He is credited as "Famous Villain With Deadly Hat". Oddjob's trademark hat-throwing technique can also be seen in Toy Story 2 (/wiki/Toy_Story_2) (in which Mr. Potato Head (/wiki/Mr._Potato_Head) throws his own bowler hat to prevent two doors from closing). In the Italian parody film Two Mafiosi Against Goldfinger (/wiki/Two_Mafiosi_Against_Goldfinger) , the equivalent of Oddjob is a huge black man called Molok (played by ex-wrestler Dakar (/wiki/Dakar_(actor)) ) dressed in a black suit and bowler hat, who throws a deadly shoe to kill his opponents. Television [ edit ] Harold Sakata (/wiki/Harold_Sakata) appeared in several Vicks 44 (/wiki/Dextromethorphan) commercials as Oddjob. The ads show him inadvertently breaking several objects via coughing fits, only to have his rampages halted by taking doses of the featured product. In the animated special Garfield's Feline Fantasies (/wiki/Garfield%27s_Feline_Fantasies) , Garfield (/wiki/Garfield_(comics)) has an extended fantasy featuring himself as a James Bond-like spy, accompanied by his sidekick (/wiki/Sidekick) , "Slobberjob", played by Odie (/wiki/Odie) . In the animated series DuckTales (/wiki/DuckTales) , a henchman named Oddduck accompanies the villain of the episode "Double-O-Duck", Dr. Nogood. In the cartoon series Count Duckula (/wiki/Count_Duckula) , a villain called The Egg has a manservant called Oddbeak (a parrot made to resemble Oddjob, complete with bowler and suit). In the Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(TV_series)) episode "Double 'O Dale", which parodies the Bond series, Dale (/wiki/Chip_%27n%27_Dale) is watching a spy movie featuring a sidekick called Oddshoe. In The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! (/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Super_Show!) episode " On Her Majesty's Sewer Service (/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Sewer_Service) ", a parody of the James Bond series, the character Mouser gains an appearance similar to Oddjob, even throwing his bowler derby hat as a weapon in one scene (instead of cutting people, though, the bowler derby was shown to simply bludgeon them). In Beavis and Butt-Head (/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head) , when the duo are watching a music video with people riding motorcycles, they say it is like a James Bond film, with Beavis adding "They need that short guy Handjob (/wiki/Handjob) to come out." In The Beverly Hillbillies (/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies) , Jethro Bodine (/wiki/Jethro_Bodine) sees some of the James Bond films, referring to them as 'Double-Naught Spy' movies, and becomes enamored of Oddjob's bowler hat, dunking his own hat into molten metal and letting it harden. In the cartoon series Duck Dodgers (/wiki/Duck_Dodgers) , Daffy Duck (/wiki/Daffy_Duck) throws a hat to save himself during a mission and later says that he had learned it from someone called "Odd Ball". It cuts to a scene where Oddjob angrily says, "Odd Ball?!!". In the episode "The Spy Who Mugged Me" of The A-Team (/wiki/The_A-Team) , a parody on the Bond franchise, the character Fröbe is a spoof on Oddjob, played by Professor Tanaka (/wiki/Professor_Tanaka) . The name of the character refers to the name of the actor playing Auric Goldfinger (/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger) in the original Bond film, Gert Fröbe (/wiki/Gert_Fr%C3%B6be) . In the Animaniacs (/wiki/Animaniacs) segment "The Chicken Who Loved Me", the villain, Dr. Not, has a henchman named Day Laborer who resembles Oddjob. Another episode segment "From Burbank With Love", the villain, Blowfinger, has a henchman named Lionel Tempjob who also resembles Oddjob. In Robot Chicken (/wiki/Robot_Chicken) , Oddjob's hat is blown by the wind while he is reading a newspaper, he chases it down as it goes around cutting things in half. Video games [ edit ] One of the characters in the video game Fur Fighters (/wiki/Fur_Fighters) is a hat-throwing bear called Oddfelt. In the Mortal Kombat (/wiki/Mortal_Kombat) video game franchise, recurring character Kung Lao (/wiki/Kung_Lao) 's throwable hat was inspired by Oddjob. [14] (#cite_note-16) The arcade game Sly Spy (/wiki/Sly_Spy) , an homage to the James Bond mythos, features a bowler-throwing character as a level boss. Other [ edit ] In the Italian Disney 1966 comic story "Paperino missione Bob Fingher" (translated for the United States in 2010 as "Moldfinger or The Spy Who Ducked-Out On Me"), parody of the movie's Italian edition, Agente 007 – Missione Goldfinger (literally: "Agent 007 – Goldfinger Mission'"), the evil Bob Fingher has a shoe with Oddjob's hat's functions and loves to play golf. In a one-page Hostess (/wiki/Hostess_Brands) advertisement, Spider-Man (/wiki/Spider-Man) fights a supervillain (/wiki/Supervillain) called "Demolition Derby" who throws his derby hat that bounces and cuts Spider-Man's webbing. [15] (#cite_note-17) In Daredevil (/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_series)) #59, a supervillain called Torpedo throws a cutting hat; Daredevil remarks that he did not expect Torpedo to pull an "oddjob" on him. In an official Bond tie-in ad for Heineken (/wiki/Heineken) beer with Daniel Craig, the Bond girl throws a hat at their pursuers just like Oddjob, but without the same hit success rate. In the Japanese manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (/wiki/JoJo%27s_Bizarre_Adventure) ' s first part, Phantom Blood (/wiki/Phantom_Blood) , the character Robert E. O. Speedwagon has a bowler with blades hidden within the brim, a clear reference to Oddjob's signature weapon. Footnotes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Realistically speaking, having one's whole body coated with paint would not cause suffocation. ^ (#cite_ref-4) After being locked in the vault with Goldfinger's henchman Kisch, Oddjob kills Kisch to prevent him from disarming the bomb before engaging Bond. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) Metin Tolan – Geschüttelt, nicht gerührt, Piper Verlag ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Oddjob's killer bowler at Beaulieu" (http://www.thisishampshire.net/news/1986303.oddjobs_killer_bowler_at_beaulieu/) . This is Hampshire. 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Guy Hamilton (Director) (18 September 1964). Goldfinger (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058150/) (Film). United Kingdom: Eon Productions. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Eurocom (/wiki/Eurocom) (18 November 2002). 007: Nightfire (/wiki/007:_Nightfire) ( PlayStation 2 (/wiki/PlayStation_2) ) (1 ed.). Electronic Arts (/wiki/Electronic_Arts) . Level/area: Multiplayer. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Bei Londons ältestem Hutmacher kaufen Madonna, Prinz Charles und 007-Bei Londons ältestem Hutmacher kaufen Madonna, Prinz Charles und 007" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022436/http://www.glaubeaktuell.net/se_portal/journal/1065426028_0.html) . Glaubeaktuell (in German). Archived from the original (http://www.glaubeaktuell.net/se_portal/journal/1065426028_0.html) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-wm_8-0) Hosted by Mike Loades and Chad Houseknecht (26 October 2008). "Chakram". Weapon Masters . Series 1. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Oddjob's hat bowls them over" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/173353.stm) . BBC News. 17 September 1998 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Bond show licensed to thrill" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1865078.stm) . BBC News. 10 March 2002 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "James Bond News :: MI6 :: Oddjob's deadly hat auctioned for $36,000" (http://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=3806&t=mi6&s=news) . Mi6-hq.com . Retrieved 2013-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Oddjob's killer bowler at Beaulieu" (http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/1986303.print/) . Daily Echo. 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "James Bond News :: MI6 :: Oddjob's killer bowler hat joins Bond exhibition at Beaulieu" (http://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=5807) . Mi6-hq.com . Retrieved 2013-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) " James Bond, Part 2 (/wiki/MythBusters_(2008_season)#Episode_98_–_"James_Bond,_Part_2") ". MythBusters . Season 6. Episode 4. February 6, 2008. Discovery Channel. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Sophie Borland (2008-01-21). "Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576154/Lightsabre-wins-the-battle-of-movie-weapons.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Goldman, Michael; Aaron, Richard E. (1995). "Ed Boon & John Tobias Interview". Official MK3 Kollector's Book . Electronic Gaming Monthly. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Seanbaby's Hostess Page – Spider-Man And The Demolition Derby" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120308000933/http://seanbaby.com/hostess/spidman21.htm) . Seanbaby.com. Archived from the original (http://seanbaby.com/hostess/spidman21.htm) on 2012-03-08 . Retrieved 2013-10-06 . v t e James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) characters James Bond Novel character (/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)) Film character (/wiki/Portrayal_of_James_Bond_in_film) reboot series (/wiki/James_Bond_(reboot_series_character)) Allies (/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_allies) 00 Agents (/wiki/00_Agent) M (/wiki/M_(James_Bond)) Miss Moneypenny (/wiki/Miss_Moneypenny) Q (/wiki/Q_(James_Bond)) Bill Tanner (/wiki/Bill_Tanner) Felix Leiter (/wiki/Felix_Leiter) Bond girls (/wiki/Bond_girl) Aki (/wiki/Aki_(James_Bond)) Anya Amasova (/wiki/Anya_Amasova) Tracy Bond (/wiki/Tracy_Bond) Tiffany Case (/wiki/Tiffany_Case) May Day (/wiki/May_Day_(James_Bond)) Pussy Galore (/wiki/Pussy_Galore) Holly Goodhead (/wiki/Holly_Goodhead) Jinx Johnson (/wiki/Jinx_(James_Bond)) Elektra King (/wiki/Elektra_King) Wai Lin (/wiki/Wai_Lin) Vesper Lynd (/wiki/Vesper_Lynd) Camille Montes (/wiki/Camille_Montes) Xenia Onatopp (/wiki/Xenia_Onatopp) Tatiana Romanova (/wiki/Tatiana_Romanova) Honey Ryder (/wiki/Honey_Ryder) Sévérine (/wiki/S%C3%A9v%C3%A9rine) Natalya Simonova (/wiki/Natalya_Simonova) Solitaire (/wiki/Solitaire_(James_Bond)) Stacey Sutton (/wiki/Stacey_Sutton) Kissy Suzuki (/wiki/Kissy_Suzuki) Madeleine Swann (/wiki/Madeleine_Swann) Domino Vitali (/wiki/Domino_Vitali) Fiona Volpe (/wiki/Fiona_Volpe) Villains (/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_villains) and henchmen/henchwomen Alec Trevelyan (/wiki/Alec_Trevelyan) Auric Goldfinger (/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger) Brad Whitaker (/wiki/Brad_Whitaker) Elektra King (/wiki/Elektra_King) Emilio Largo (/wiki/Emilio_Largo) Ernst Stavro Blofeld (/wiki/Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld) Fiona Volpe (/wiki/Fiona_Volpe) Francisco Scaramanga (/wiki/Francisco_Scaramanga) Hugo Drax (/wiki/Hugo_Drax) Jaws (/wiki/Jaws_(James_Bond)) Julius No (/wiki/Julius_No) Karl Stromberg (/wiki/Karl_Stromberg) Le Chiffre (/wiki/Le_Chiffre) Max Zorin (/wiki/Max_Zorin) May Day (/wiki/May_Day_(James_Bond)) Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd (/wiki/Mr._Wint_and_Mr._Kidd) Necros (/wiki/Necros_(James_Bond)) Oddjob Pussy Galore (/wiki/Pussy_Galore) Raoul Silva (/wiki/Raoul_Silva) Rosa Klebb (/wiki/Rosa_Klebb) Tatiana Romanova (/wiki/Tatiana_Romanova) Tiffany Case (/wiki/Tiffany_Case) Vesper Lynd (/wiki/Vesper_Lynd) Xenia Onatopp (/wiki/Xenia_Onatopp) Organisations SPECTRE (/wiki/SPECTRE) The Union (/wiki/The_Union_(James_Bond)) Blades Club (/wiki/Blades_Club) See also List of recurring characters in the James Bond film series (/wiki/List_of_recurring_characters_in_the_James_Bond_film_series) Category (/wiki/Category:James_Bond_characters) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6fcf4fdbb9‐974ql Cached time: 20240716011427 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.415 seconds Real time usage: 0.532 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1964/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46576/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2042/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62535/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.271/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5688365/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 462.705 1 -total 34.92% 161.554 2 Template:Reflist 21.30% 98.558 6 Template:Cite_web 17.77% 82.241 2 Template:Short_description 17.75% 82.109 1 Template:James_Bond_characters 17.26% 79.867 1 Template:Navbox 12.58% 58.194 1 Template:Infobox_character 10.99% 50.858 1 Template:Unreferenced_section 10.03% 46.408 1 Template:Unreferenced 9.88% 45.700 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:316284-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716011427 and revision id 1234763436. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Forever_Lazy&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Forever+Lazy&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Forever+Lazy) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Forever_Lazy) for suggestions. ( November 2015 ) Forever Lazy Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Retail Founded 2009 Founder Dave Hibler Tyler Galganski Headquarters Milwaukee, Wisconsin (/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin) , United States Products Loungewear (/wiki/Loungewear) for Men and Women Website Foreverlazy.com (http://www.foreverlazy.com) Forever Lazy is an apparel company (/wiki/Apparel_industry) and brand of clothing (/wiki/Clothing_technology) headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin) , United States. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-cnn-2) History [ edit ] Forever Lazy was created by two friends from Wisconsin – Dave Hibler and Tyler Galganski. The idea behind the brand originated in early 2009 and Forever Lazy LLC was founded June 1, 2009. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The prototype, samples, and first production runs were completed by Seymour Jaron, of SJ Manufacturing in San Francisco, CA (/wiki/San_Francisco,_CA) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The pajamas, known first as the Uni-Lazy, went on sale August 29, 2009. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2010, Dave and Tyler became finalists for Businessweek's America's Best Young Entrepreneurs. [8] (#cite_note-8) In December 2010 Forever Lazy entered into an infomercial partnership with Allstar Products Group. The Forever Lazy infomercial campaign and retail placement lasted through the Winter of 2012. [2] (#cite_note-cnn-2) Media appearance [ edit ] The Colbert Report (/wiki/The_Colbert_Report) [9] (#cite_note-9) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno) Chelsea Lately (/wiki/Chelsea_Lately) Kathy Griffin (/wiki/Kathy_Griffin) Conan (talk show) (/wiki/Conan_(talk_show)) The Doctors (2008 TV series) (/wiki/The_Doctors_(2008_TV_series)) TruTV (/wiki/TruTV) Today Show (2010) (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) [10] (#cite_note-today-10) Today Show (2011) (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) Happening Now (/wiki/Happening_Now) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Move Over Snuggie®! The Forever Lazy® Has An Unbuttonable Rear End" (http://www.tucsonweekly.com/TheRange/archives/2011/12/05/move-over-snuggie-the-forever-lazy-has-an-unbuttonable-rear-end) . Tucson Weekly . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ a b "Snuggie inspires more inventors to find next sensation" (https://money.cnn.com/2011/11/01/smallbusiness/snuggie_inventors/index.htm) . Cnn.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The 'Forever Lazy' craze: Do adults need footie pajamas?" (http://theweek.com/articles/488012/forever-lazy-craze-adults-need-footie-pajamas) . The Week . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Two Brookfield Men Are 'Forever Lazy' (http://www.wisn.com/Two-Brookfield-Men-Are-Forever-Lazy/8063548) " (http://www.wisn.com/Two-Brookfield-Men-Are-Forever-Lazy/8063548) . WISN-TV . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Romell, Rick. "Uni-Lazy gives Brookfield pair a warm, fuzzy feeling" (http://www.jsonline.com/business/87541997.html) . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Forever Lazy: Snuggie Pajamas for Anytime, Anywhere" (http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/12/04/forever-lazy-snuggie-pajamas-for-anytime-anywhere/) . Time.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Forever Lazy: Finally, A Wearable Blanket Even MORE Ridiculous Than The Snuggie" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/forever-lazy-finally-a-we_n_808672.html) . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "2010 Finalists: America's Best Young Entrepreneurs" (https://www.bloomberg.com/ss/10/09/0923_young_entrepreneurs/9.htm) . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Coma Cozy comes with a feeding tube hole and a warm fleece catheter for effortless cocoon living" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006014957/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/l4vdiw/the-colbert-report-coma-cozy) . Comedy Central. Archived from the original (http://www.cc.com/video-clips/l4vdiw/the-colbert-report-coma-cozy) on October 6, 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-today_10-0) "Neutral nails, clogs and more 2010 style trends" (http://www.today.com/id/34810061/ns/today-today_style/t/neutral-nails-clogs-more-style-trends/#.VBcxCo2wIkE) . Today.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . External links [ edit ] Forever Lazy website (http://www.foreverlazy.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐7894c678c7‐z7vdc Cached time: 20240704043051 Cache expiry: 2402951 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.321 seconds Real time usage: 0.443 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1404/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27911/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1655/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39806/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5632205/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 415.230 1 -total 45.53% 189.071 1 Template:Infobox_company 38.82% 161.183 1 Template:Infobox 32.44% 134.698 1 Template:Reflist 27.72% 115.094 10 Template:Cite_web 20.16% 83.695 1 Template:Orphan 15.93% 66.128 1 Template:Draft_other 15.33% 63.644 1 Template:Ambox 3.65% 15.169 4 Template:Main_other 3.02% 12.531 1 Template:Wikidata Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43840858-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704043051 and revision id 1232519308. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_Lazy&oldid=1232519308 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_Lazy&oldid=1232519308) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2009 establishments in Wisconsin (/wiki/Category:2009_establishments_in_Wisconsin) Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) Companies based in Milwaukee (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Milwaukee) American companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_2009) Retail companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_2009) Clothing companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009) Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2015 (/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_November_2015) All orphaned articles (/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles)
Luxury fashion Acqua Di Parma Company type Subsidiary Industry Fashion Founded 1916 ; 108 years ago ( 1916 ) Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy Products fragrances candles bathrobes leather accessories Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Website acquadiparma.com (http://www.acquadiparma.com) Acqua di Parma is an Italian (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) lifestyle and fashion company that produces fragrances (/wiki/Fragrance) , candles (/wiki/Candle) , bathrobes (/wiki/Bathrobe) , and leather (/wiki/Leather) accessories. All of its ranges are exclusively made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) , and distributed in 43 countries. History [ edit ] The company's original fragrance, Colonia, was created in 1916 in a small perfume (/wiki/Perfume) factory in the center of Parma (/wiki/Parma) 's historic old town, after which the company is named. At the time, the majority of commercial perfumes were much stronger and heavier in composition; so the unusually light and refreshing fragrance from Parma found wide success in Europe. In the 1930s the increasing popularity of the cologne led to an increase in production and the development of its distribution. The thirties and fifties are described as a 'golden age' for Acqua di Parma Colonia, which became very successful among members of high society, with celebrity clientele. Over the years, the brand expanded its product range, introducing a home collection that includes bathrobes and towels, and leather goods. In 1993 the brand was revived by entrepreneurs Luca di Montezemolo (/wiki/Luca_di_Montezemolo) (former chairman of Ferrari (/wiki/Ferrari) ), Diego Della Valle (/wiki/Diego_Della_Valle) (President and CEO of Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) , (a shoeware and leather company)) and Paolo Borgomanero (/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Borgomanero&action=edit&redlink=1) (a minority shareholder of lingerie retailer La Perla (/wiki/La_Perla_(clothing)) ). In 1998 Acqua di Parma [1] (#cite_note-1) opened its first boutique on Milan's Via del Gesù (in the Quadrilatero della moda (/wiki/Quadrilatero_della_moda) district), followed by Paris’s Rue des Francs Bourgeois in Le Marais (/wiki/Le_Marais) in 2012, Rome’s Piazza di Spagna (/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna) in 2014, and Miami's Brickell City Centre (/wiki/Brickell_City_Centre) in 2017. The company was acquired by multi-national LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) in 2001, [2] (#cite_note-2) and is now headquartered in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . In May 2008 the company entered the luxury spa market with the Blu Mediterraneo Spa in Porto Cervo (/wiki/Porto_Cervo) ( Sardinia (/wiki/Sardinia) ). In 2013 the company opened its second spa at the Gritti Palace in Venice (/wiki/Venice) . In 2013, the company launched La Nobiltà del Fare (“The Nobility of Work”), a book focusing on stories of Italian arts and crafts excellence, featuring photography by Giovanni Gastel. Etihad airways has a deal to supply exclusive leather packs containing samples of the signature fragrance and hand cream in their business, first class and ultimate Residence apartment. Company logo [ edit ] The company's logo is the coat of arms of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma) , who ruled from 1816-1847. [3] (#cite_note-3) This is in homage to her rule and to the help she provided to develop the perfume and glass industry of Parma. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Products [ edit ] Acqua di Parma Colonias Colonia (1916) Colonia Essenza (2010) Colonia Assoluta (2003) Colonia Intensa (2007) Colonia Oud (2012) Colonia Leather (2014) Colonia Ambra (2015) Colonia Club (2015) Colonia Pura (2017) [6] (#cite_note-6) Colonia Futura (2020) Feminine fragrances Iris Nobile (2004) Iris Nobile Sublime (2012) Magnolia Nobile (2009) Gelsomino Nobile (2011) Rosa Nobile (2014) Acque Nobili (2013) Profumo (2008) Blu Mediterraneo Arancia di Capri (2000) Bergamotto di Calabria (2010) Mirto di Panarea (2008) Fico di Amalfi (2006) Mandorlo di Sicilia (1999) Ginepro di Sardegna (2014) Chinotto di Liguria (2018) Cipresso di Toscana (2019) Collezione Barbiere Blu Mediterraneo Italian Resort Home fragrances (room sprays and candles) Home collection (bathrobes and towels) Leather collections Gli Esclusivi (luxury home and travel accessories) Packaging [ edit ] The company has continued the cylindrical bottles, rounded boxes and bright yellow packaging of the original product. It included a blue variant which was meant to "evoke the energy, the sun and the colours of the Italian Mediterranean." [7] (#cite_note-7) Acqua di Parma packaging The current packaging The former bottle References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://branddose.com/brands/brands-acqua-di-parma/ (https://branddose.com/brands/brands-acqua-di-parma/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Acqua di Parma S.r.l. Company Overview (https://archive.today/20141017150146/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=29412828) on Bloomberg BusinessWeek (/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Coat of arms of the Duchy of Parma under Maria Luigia of Austria" (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma_under_Maria_Luigia_of_Austria.svg) (SVG) . Commons.wikipedia.org . Retrieved September 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Tradizione Italiana - Acqua di Parma" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160531141921/http://www.acquadiparma.com/it/italian-tradition/) . Archived from the original (http://www.acquadiparma.com/it/italian-tradition/) on 2016-05-31 . Retrieved 2016-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Profumi di Parma" (http://madeinparma.com/en/news/parmas-perfumes) . Madeinparma.com . Retrieved September 4, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Acqua Di Parma Unveils New Colonia Pura" (http://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/acqua-di-parma-unveils-new-colonia-pura/) . Ikonlondonmagazine.com . 21 July 2017 . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Coirier, Lise (1 Jan 2016). "Acqua di Parma: A Century of Nobility" (https://tlmagazine.com/acqua-di-parma-a-century-of-nobility/) . TLmagazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160421162844/http://tlmagazine.com/acqua-di-parma-a-century-of-nobility/) from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2021 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Acqua di Parma (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acqua_di_Parma) at Wikimedia Commons Official website (https://www.acquadiparma.com/) v t e LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Board of directors Albert Frère (/wiki/Albert_Fr%C3%A8re) Antoine Arnault (/wiki/Antoine_Arnault) Bernadette Chirac (/wiki/Bernadette_Chirac) Bernard Arnault (/wiki/Bernard_Arnault) Charles Powell (/wiki/Charles_Powell,_Baron_Powell_of_Bayswater) Charles de Croisset (/wiki/Charles_de_Croisset) Delphine Arnault (/wiki/Delphine_Arnault) Diego Della Valle (/wiki/Diego_Della_Valle) Felix Rohatyn (/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn) Gilles Hennessy Hubert Védrine (/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine) Yves-Thibault de Silguy (/wiki/Yves-Thibault_de_Silguy) Fashion and leather goods Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) Celine (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) Christian Dior (/wiki/Dior) Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) JW Anderson (/wiki/JW_Anderson) Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) Loewe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Moynat (/wiki/Moynat) Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) Patou (/wiki/Patou) Phoebe Philo (/wiki/Phoebe_Philo) Rimowa (/wiki/Rimowa) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) Perfumes and cosmetics Acqua di Parma Benefit Cosmetics (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Cha Ling Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Fresh Parfums Givenchy (/wiki/Parfums_Givenchy) Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) Kenzo Parfums (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) KVD Vegan Beauty Maison Francis Kurkdjian (/wiki/Francis_Kurkdjian) Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Marc Jacobs Beauty (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Officine Universelle Buly (/wiki/Officine_Universelle_Buly) Ole Henriksen (/wiki/Ole_Henriksen) Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) Perfumes Loewe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) STELLA by Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) Selective retailing DFS (/wiki/DFS_Group) La Grande Epicerie (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) La Samaritaine (/wiki/La_Samaritaine) Le Bon Marché (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Starboard Cruise Services Watches and jewelry Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) Chaumet (/wiki/Chaumet) Daniel Roth (/wiki/Daniel_Roth_(watchmakers)) Fred (/wiki/Fred_Joaillier) Hublot (/wiki/Hublot) Repossi (/wiki/Repossi) TAG Heuer (/wiki/TAG_Heuer) Tiffany & Co. 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Perfume by Christian Dior Poison Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)) Notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) A spicy floral elixir Top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Coriander (/wiki/Coriander) , orange blossom (/wiki/Orange_blossom) , plum (/wiki/Plum) , black pepper (/wiki/Black_pepper) , star anise (/wiki/Star_anise) Heart notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Tuberose Absolute (/wiki/Tuberose) , rose de mai (/wiki/Rose) , carnation (/wiki/Carnation) , jasmine (/wiki/Jasmine) , labdanum (/wiki/Labdanum) , berries, cinnamon (/wiki/Cinnamon) , honey (/wiki/Honey) Base notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , Amber (/wiki/Amber) , Sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , Cedarwood (/wiki/Cedarwood) , Vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) , Heliotrope (/wiki/Heliotropium) , Opopanax (/wiki/Opopanax_(perfumery)) , Musk (/wiki/Musk) Released July 4, 1985 ( 1985-07-04 ) Label Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Poison is my potion Flanker(s) (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) Tendre Poison (/wiki/Tendre_Poison) Hypnotic Poison (/wiki/Hypnotic_Poison) Pure Poison (/wiki/Pure_Poison) Midnight Poison (/w/index.php?title=Midnight_Poison&action=edit&redlink=1) Poison Girl (/w/index.php?title=Poison_Girl_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) Predecessor Dior Dior (/w/index.php?title=Dior_Dior&action=edit&redlink=1) Successor Dune (/wiki/Dune_(perfume)) Poison is a perfume for women introduced by Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) in 1985. [1] (#cite_note-Fragrantica-1) The popularity of the scent made it become a brand in its own right and resulted in the subsequent release of five flanker (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) fragrances: Tendre Poison, Hypnotic Poison, Pure Poison, Midnight Poison, and Poison Girl. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Concept [ edit ] By 1980, Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SE) was enjoying robust product sales in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) At the time, the company was one of the top two cosmetics companies in the region. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) However, they were not able to achieve the same level of success in the American (/wiki/United_States) cosmetics market, as they were ranked as the twentieth best selling cosmetics company in United States. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) In order to close the gap between Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SE) 's sales on both sides of the Atlantic, the company's president Maurice Roger commissioned a blockbuster fragrance that would dominate the American market. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Dior invested heavily in meticulous research and development. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Dior developed a savvy marketing strategy based on the controversial name of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) 's top-selling fragrance, Opium (/wiki/Opium_(perfume)) . [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) The company wanted a name for the new fragrance that would generate massive publicity and, in turn, sales. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) In 1983, Dior licensed the name Poison. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) [1] (#cite_note-Fragrantica-1) The scent [ edit ] After testing approximately 800 scents created by independent perfumers, Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SE) selected a bombastic fragrance created by perfumier Edouard Flechier (/w/index.php?title=Edouard_Flechier&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) It was a scent unlike any other with notes of wild berries, sandalwood, musk, jasmine, orange blossom, coriander, vetiver (/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides) , pepper, cedar, cinnamon, rosewood, plum, heliotrope (/wiki/Heliotropium) , tuberose (/wiki/Agave_amica) , vanilla, rose de mai absolute, cistus labdanum (/wiki/Labdanum) and opopanax (/wiki/Opopanax_(perfumery)) . [3] (#cite_note-Yesterdays-3) [1] (#cite_note-Fragrantica-1) [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Bottle design [ edit ] The bottle was researched in depth. [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) A unique bottle was crafted for Poison and designed to look like forbidden fruit (/wiki/Forbidden_fruit) . [4] (#cite_note-Dior-4) [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) The color of the apple shaped bottle is a deep shade of amethyst (/wiki/Amethyst) , and the neck is gold with a crystal stopper. [4] (#cite_note-Dior-4) [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times-2) Marketing [ edit ] On its 1985 release, the brand ambassador for the fragrance was French actor Isabelle Adjani (/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani) . [5] (#cite_note-Fashion_Network-5) She remained the face of the advertising campaign for several years. [5] (#cite_note-Fashion_Network-5) Awards [ edit ] Poison won a FiFi Award (/wiki/FiFi_Award) in 1987. [3] (#cite_note-Yesterdays-3) Variants of Poison [ edit ] Tendre Poison [ edit ] In 1994, Flechier created a follow-up fragrance called Tendre Poison which he designed for a more youthful demographic. [6] (#cite_note-NSThis-6) The spokesmodels were Paul Sculfor (/wiki/Paul_Sculfor) and Laurence Vanhaeverbeke. [7] (#cite_note-7) Hypnotic Poison [ edit ] Hypnotic Poison (/wiki/Hypnotic_Poison) was created launched in 1998. [8] (#cite_note-Hypnotic_Poison-8) Created by perfumer Annick Menardo the fragrance is an oriental vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) scent. [8] (#cite_note-Hypnotic_Poison-8) The top notes are plum (/wiki/Plum) , apricot (/wiki/Apricot) and coconut (/wiki/Coconut) with tuberose (/wiki/Tuberose) , jasmine (/wiki/Jasmine) , rose (/wiki/Rose) , caraway (/wiki/Caraway) and lily of the valley (/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley) middle notes. [8] (#cite_note-Hypnotic_Poison-8) The base notes are musk (/wiki/Musk) , vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) and almond (/wiki/Almond) . [8] (#cite_note-Hypnotic_Poison-8) Spokesmodels for the fragrance include actors Monica Bellucci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) and Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) . [9] (#cite_note-Bellucci-9) Most recently French actor Mélanie Laurent (/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Laurent) appeared in a commercial directed by David Lynch (/wiki/David_Lynch) . [10] (#cite_note-Melanie_Laurent-10) Pure Poison [ edit ] Pure Poison (/wiki/Pure_Poison) was created by Carlos Benaim, Dominique Ropion and Olivier Polge in 2004. [6] (#cite_note-NSThis-6) [11] (#cite_note-Pure_Poison-11) The fragrance is bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_essential_oil) , jasmine (/wiki/Jasmine) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , orange blossom (/wiki/Orange_blossom) , white musk (/wiki/White_musk) and amber (/wiki/Amber) . [11] (#cite_note-Pure_Poison-11) [12] (#cite_note-Pure-12) In 2006, Dior released Pure Poison Elixir , an updated version of the fragrance, in a spray bulb mother of pearl (/wiki/Mother_of_pearl) bottle. [13] (#cite_note-Elixir-13) The scent became more nuanced with the addition of cocoa bean absolute. [13] (#cite_note-Elixir-13) The spokesmodel was Letícia Birkheuer. Midnight Poison [ edit ] In 2007, with John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) at the helm of the House of Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , a fifth fragrance was added to the series. [14] (#cite_note-Eva_Green-14) Midnight Poison was contained in a sapphire blue bottle. [15] (#cite_note-Midnight_Poison-15) The scent was created by Jacques Cavallier, Olivier Cresp and François Demanchy. The top note are orange blossom (/wiki/Orange_blossom) and bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_essential_oil) . [15] (#cite_note-Midnight_Poison-15) The middle notes are rose (/wiki/Rose) . [15] (#cite_note-Midnight_Poison-15) The base notes are patchouli (/wiki/Patchouli) , amber (/wiki/Amber) and vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) . [15] (#cite_note-Midnight_Poison-15) The spokesmodel for the fragrance is actor Eva Green (/wiki/Eva_Green) . [14] (#cite_note-Eva_Green-14) Poison Girl [ edit ] In 2016, Dior released another variant of the original Poison perfume called Poison Girl (/w/index.php?title=Poison_Girl_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) . [16] (#cite_note-Poison_Girl-16) Created by perfumer François Demachy, the fragrance comes in a clear, pink bottle. [16] (#cite_note-Poison_Girl-16) It has a top note of bitter orange, a Grasse and Damascus Rose heart note, and a base note of Venezuelan tonka bean. The scent also has sandalwood, tolu balm, almond, and vanilla. [16] (#cite_note-Poison_Girl-16) The spokesmodel for the fragrance is Camille Rowe (/wiki/Camille_Rowe) . [17] (#cite_note-Rowe-17) Further reading [ edit ] Diorissimo (/wiki/Diorissimo) Dune (/wiki/Dune_(perfume)) J'Adore (/wiki/J%27Adore_(fragrance)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Poison Perfume for Women" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Poison-218.html) . Fragrantica . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Belkin, Lisa. "A DIOR SCENT'S GLITTERY DEBUT" (https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/04/business/a-dior-scent-s-glittery-debut.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2018-07-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Poison by Christian Dior (1985)" (http://yesterdaysperfume.typepad.com/yesterdays_perfume/2010/02/poison-by-christian-dior-1985.html) . yesterdaysperfume.typepad.com/ . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Poison – Extrait de Parfum by Christian Dior" (https://www.dior.com/beauty/en_us/fragrance-beauty/fragrance/womens-fragrance/poison/pr-poisonfpl-y0863150-extrait-de-parfum.html) . Dior . Retrieved 2018-07-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b FashionNetwork.com. "30 years of Dior ambassadors, from Isabelle Adjani to Rihanna" (http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/30-years-of-Dior-ambassadors-from-Isabelle-Adjani-to-Rihanna,533590.html#.W144-n59jxs) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Christian Dior Poisons, part 1: Poison and Tendre Poison" (http://www.nstperfume.com/2006/05/17/the-christian-dior-poisons-part-1-poison-and-tendre-poison/) . nstperfume.com/ . 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "UOMOCLASSICO.COM, Database & Blog about classic and stylish male imagery: Paul 94" (http://blog.uomoclassico.com/2010/06/paul-94.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hypnotic Poison Christian Dior perfume - a fragrance for women 1998" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Hypnotic-Poison-219.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bellucci_9-0) MegaJaczek (2011-12-26). "Monica Bellucci Dior Hypnotic Poison Parfum" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwB33PH1GGw) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-Melanie_Laurent_10-0) Chrysta Bell Music (2013-02-08). "Hypnotic Poison Commercial - Christian Dior - Melanie Laurent" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyPIy-z4mdQ) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pure Poison Christian Dior perfume - a fragrance for women 2004" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Pure-Poison-214.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pure_12-0) "Pure Poison – Eau de Parfum by Christian Dior" (https://www.dior.com/beauty/en_us/fragrance-beauty/fragrance/womens-fragrance/poison/pr-poisonfpl-y0083201-eau-de-parfum.html) . Dior . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pure Poison Elixir Christian Dior perfume - a fragrance for women 2006" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Pure-Poison-Elixir-796.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gianniversace014 (2009-01-17). "Commercial - Christian Dior Midnight Poison Fragrance - Eva Green (France 2007)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmss_Lqv07Y) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Midnight Poison Christian Dior perfume - a fragrance for women 2007" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Midnight-Poison-1282.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Poison Girl Christian Dior perfume - a new fragrance for women 2016" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Christian-Dior/Poison-Girl-35561.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rowe_17-0) Christian Dior (2016-02-01). "Dior Poison Girl - The new fragrance (Official)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re4icu2NXO8) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 2018-07-29 . v t e Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) pour femme Miss Dior (/wiki/Miss_Dior) (1947) Diorissimo (/wiki/Diorissimo) (1956) Diorling (/wiki/Diorling) (1963) Diorella (/wiki/Diorella) (1972) Dior Dior (/w/index.php?title=Dior_Dior&action=edit&redlink=1) (1976) Poison (1985) Dune (/wiki/Dune_(perfume)) (1991) J'Adore (/wiki/J%27Adore_(fragrance)) (1999) Miss Dior Chérie (/wiki/Miss_Dior_Ch%C3%A9rie) (2005) pour homme Eau Sauvage (/wiki/Eau_Sauvage) (1966) Fahrenheit (/wiki/Fahrenheit_(perfume)) (1988) Dune pour Homme (/wiki/Dune_pour_Homme) (1997) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7ff7499668‐t5t8l Cached time: 20240716085630 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.432 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1440/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39315/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1232/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.223/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4755033/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 387.158 1 -total 41.70% 161.435 1 Template:Reflist 35.64% 137.999 17 Template:Cite_web 24.93% 96.510 1 Template:Parfums_Christian_Dior 24.36% 94.312 1 Template:Navbox 17.40% 67.371 1 Template:Short_description 11.18% 43.271 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 10.62% 41.123 1 Template:Infobox 9.89% 38.282 2 Template:Pagetype 4.68% 18.115 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57516191-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716085630 and revision id 1234818501. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poison_(perfume)&oldid=1234818501 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poison_(perfume)&oldid=1234818501) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dior perfumes (/wiki/Category:Dior_perfumes) 20th-century perfumes (/wiki/Category:20th-century_perfumes) Products introduced in 1985 (/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_1985) 1985 in France (/wiki/Category:1985_in_France) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
American actress Virginia Norden Virginia Norden, from a 1916 publication Born Violet Alice Dalton May 4, 1879 Washington, D.C., US Died January 17, 1948 Los Angeles, California, US Other names Violet A. Potts, Violet A. Nickel, Violet A. Bubeck (married names) Occupation(s) Actress, costume designer, modiste Virginia Norden (May 4, 1879 – January 17, 1948), born Violet Alice Dalton , was an American actress on stage and in silent films. Early life [ edit ] Violet Dalton was from Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , [1] (#cite_note-1) the daughter of William Newton Dalton and Olivia Alice Williams Dalton. [2] (#cite_note-2) Her father was a major in the United States Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts) in New York. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] Acting [ edit ] Norden acted on the stage, making her Broadway debut in 1913, in Poor Little Rich Girl by Eleanor Gates (/wiki/Eleanor_Gates) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She also wrote a play, Making the Movies (1916). [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1916, she contributed a recipe for "Virginia Chow Chow (/wiki/Chow-chow_(food)) " to a charity cookbook, assembled by Mabel Rowland (/wiki/Mabel_Rowland) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Norden's silent film credits included roles in Baby Hands (/wiki/Baby_Hands_(film)) (1912), For the Mikado (1912), [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Freddy the Fixer (1916), [11] (#cite_note-11) The Destroyers (1916, also known as Peter God ), [12] (#cite_note-12) The Ancient Blood (1916), [13] (#cite_note-13) The Dupe (/wiki/The_Dupe) (1916), [14] (#cite_note-14) The Deluded Wife (1916), The Combat (/wiki/The_Combat_(1916_film)) (1916), The Dawn of a New Day (1916), Virtuous Wives (/wiki/Virtuous_Wives) (1918), and The Mind the Paint Girl (/wiki/The_Mind_the_Paint_Girl_(film)) (1919). [15] (#cite_note-15) Clubwork during World War I [ edit ] Norden formed and led a garden club in Brightwaters (/wiki/Brightwaters,_New_York) , Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) in 1917, to encourage women to grow vegetables and market their produce locally. [16] (#cite_note-16) The "Patriotic Gardeners", as they were known, also gave benefit shows [17] (#cite_note-17) and raised funds for sending comfort kits, candy, cigarettes, and other supplies to Long Island men serving in World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) . [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Fashion design [ edit ] In 1913, Norden gave an interview on the subject of beauty, predicting that "Soon a rational era will come," when women "will revert to simple clothes, stop daubing their faces with cosmetics ... and use the time thus saved to cultivate heart and mind qualities." [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) While working with director Ralph Ince (/wiki/Ralph_Ince) in 1916, she also designed costumes and headed the wardrobe department at Ince Productions. [20] (#cite_note-20) After she left acting, she began a dress and millinery business with her cousin Martha Schorbach and her sister Olivia Dalton [21] (#cite_note-21) in New York, [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) and was described as a " modiste (/wiki/Dressmaker) " in 1928. [25] (#cite_note-25) Personal life [ edit ] Violet Dalton married three times. Her first husband was Howard A. Potts; they married in 1898. She married Henry Nickel, in 1906; they divorced in 1928. She married a businessman, Otto Christopher Bubeck, in 1928. [26] (#cite_note-26) She was widowed by 1940, and she died in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , in 1948, aged 68 years. [27] (#cite_note-27) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Washington Actress Among Prize Winners" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829284/washington-actress-among-prize-winners/) . The Washington Times . 1916-02-26. p. 14 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Murdock, Julia (1913-06-07). "Julia Murdock Tells of Washington Girl Who is Success Upon the Stage" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77819510/julia-murdock-tells-of-washington-girl/) . The Washington Times . p. 10 . Retrieved 2021-05-16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Murdock, Julia (1913-10-24). "Julia Murdock Finds an Actress who Believes Beauty is No Asset" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3600699/daughter-of-gen-w-h-dalton/) . The Washington Times . p. 8 . Retrieved 2021-05-16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Washington Girl at New National" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77830105/washington-girl-at-new-national/) . The Washington Herald . 1913-10-26. p. 17 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Bowers, Q. David (1995). "NORDEN, Virginia" (https://www.thanhouser.org/TCOCD/Biography_Files/0g2l8s.htm) . Thanhouser Films: An Encyclopedia and History . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Students in Interesting Plays" (https://books.google.com/books?id=QmV9k7QhEssC&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=RA4-PR20) . Theatre Magazine . 17 : xx. May 1913. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A Tea Gown and Moleskin Suit Worn by Virginia Norden" (https://books.google.com/books?id=LHMhAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=PA91) . The Green Book Magazine . 11 : 91. January 1914. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Tango Toe? Disease All Bunk, Asserts This Charming Tangoist" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829565/tango-toe-disease-all-bunk-asserts/) . The Seattle Star . 1913-08-16. p. 5 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1916). Catalog of Copyright Entries . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1231. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Celebrated Actor Folks' Cookeries: A Collection of the Favorite Foods of Famous Players . Mabel Rowland, Incorporated. 1916. p. 240. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Freddy the Fixer" (https://books.google.com/books?id=1qgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=PA497) . The Moving Picture World . 28 : 497. April 15, 1916. ^ (#cite_ref-12) " (https://books.google.com/books?id=1qgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=RA24-PA54) 'The Destroyers' (https://books.google.com/books?id=1qgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=RA24-PA54) " (https://books.google.com/books?id=1qgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=RA24-PA54) . The Moving Picture World . 28 : 2054. June 17, 1916. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Five Strong Knickerbockers" (https://books.google.com/books?id=1qgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=PA420) . The Moving Picture World . 28 : 1906. June 10, 1916. ^ (#cite_ref-14) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829457/the-dupe-next-friday/) 'The Dupe' Next Friday" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829457/the-dupe-next-friday/) . The Chico Enterprise . 1916-10-11. p. 8 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Virginia Norden Joins Balboa" (https://books.google.com/books?id=QmV9k7QhEssC&q=Virginia+Norden&pg=RA4-PR20) . The Moving Picture World . 28 : 420. April 15, 1916. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Women Form Garden Club Down at Brightwaters" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829664/women-form-garden-club-down-at/) . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 1917-05-16. p. 8 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Gardeners to Gambol" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77830520/gardeners-to-gambol/) . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 1918-07-01. p. 17 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Patriotic Gardeners Busy" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77829832/patriotic-gardeners-busy/) . Times Union . 1917-10-22. p. 10 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Rousing Rookie Sendoff" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77830396/rousing-rookie-sendoff/) . The Brooklyn Citizen . 1917-10-15. p. 7 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Finamore, M. Tolini (2013-01-28). Hollywood Before Glamour: Fashion in American Silent Film . Springer. p. 134. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-230-38949-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "New Millinery Corporations New York" (https://books.google.com/books?id=RApQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Martha+Norden%22+millinery&pg=RA5-PA27) . The Illustrated Milliner . 23 : 27. March 1922. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Martah Norden Shows Extreme Fabric Types at Formal Fall Opening". Women's Wear Daily . June 14, 1926. p. 36 – via ProQuest. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Retail Specialty Shop Makes Models at Popular Prices for Wholesale Trade". Women's Wear Daily . July 7, 1925. p. 53 – via ProQuest. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Virginia Norden Takes Over All of Martha Norden, Inc". Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . November 27, 1928. p. 9 – via ProQuest. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Former La Salle Man Claims New York Divorcee" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77821655/former-la-salle-man-claims-new-york/) . The Times . 1928-06-29. p. 16 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Former La Salle Man Claims New York Divorcee" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77821655/former-la-salle-man-claims-new-york/) . The Times . 1928-06-29. p. 16 . Retrieved 2021-05-17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-27) State of California. California Death Index, 1940-1997 . Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. via Ancestry External links [ edit ] Virginia Norden (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0635014/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐47jgr Cached time: 20240712192713 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.523 seconds Real time usage: 0.988 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2663/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43996/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1250/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 96780/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.327/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6268686/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 848.621 1 -total 39.46% 334.892 1 Template:Infobox_person 37.57% 318.790 1 Template:Reflist 27.32% 231.843 15 Template:Cite_news 11.94% 101.315 1 Template:Short_description 6.92% 58.762 2 Template:Pagetype 6.03% 51.176 17 Template:Main_other 3.93% 33.370 1 Template:Wikidata_image 3.84% 32.578 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 3.74% 31.707 1 Template:Subject_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67684701-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712192713 and revision id 1182509325. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Norden&oldid=1182509325 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Norden&oldid=1182509325) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1879 births (/wiki/Category:1879_births) 1948 deaths (/wiki/Category:1948_deaths) Actresses from Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Washington,_D.C.) American stage actresses (/wiki/Category:American_stage_actresses) American silent film actresses (/wiki/Category:American_silent_film_actresses) 20th-century American actresses (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_actresses) American women in business (/wiki/Category:American_women_in_business) American women in World War I (/wiki/Category:American_women_in_World_War_I) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
Australian multinational jewellery store chain Michael Hill International Limited Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Michael Hill Jeweller Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) ASX (/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange) : MHJ (https://www2.asx.com.au/markets/company/MHJ) NZX (/wiki/New_Zealand_Exchange) : MHJ (https://www.nzx.com/instruments/MHJ) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1979 ( 1979 ) in Whangārei (/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) Headquarters Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) , Queensland, Australia Number of locations 300 (June 2024) [1] (#cite_note-ir-1) Area served Australia New Zealand Canada Key people Michael Hill (/wiki/Michael_Hill_(entrepreneur)) (Founder President) Emma Hill ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman#Types) ) Daniel Bracken (CEO) Products Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Brands Michael Hill, Emma & Roe Revenue $489 million NZD (/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar) (30 June 2011) [2] (#cite_note-report09-2) Website michaelhill (http://michaelhill.com.au) .com (http://michaelhill.com.au) .au (http://michaelhill.com.au) (AU) michaelhill (http://michaelhill.co.nz) .co (http://michaelhill.co.nz) .nz (http://michaelhill.co.nz) (NZ) michaelhill (http://michaelhill.ca) .ca (http://michaelhill.ca) (CA) Michael Hill International Ltd. is a speciality retailer of jewellery. As of June 2024, it operates 300 stores in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. [1] (#cite_note-ir-1) The company employs approximately 2,600 permanent employees. [3] (#cite_note-3) Its headquarters are in Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) , Australia. History [ edit ] Michael Hill and family in front of their first store The company started in 1979, when Michael Hill (/wiki/Michael_Hill_(entrepreneur)) and his wife, Christine, opened their first store in the New Zealand town of Whangārei (/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei) . A unique retail jewellery formula that included dramatically different store designs, a product range devoted exclusively to jewellery and almost saturation levels of high impact advertising elevated the company to national prominence. [2] (#cite_note-report09-2) The company also received several international awards for window-dressing from renowned brands such as Bulova (/wiki/Bulova) , Olympic and Omega (/wiki/Omega_SA) . [4] (#cite_note-toughenup-4) The company grew steadily, expanding to 10 stores by 1987, the same year it listed on the NZX (/wiki/New_Zealand_Stock_Exchange) . Also in this year, Michael Hill Jeweller expanded into Australia, opening four stores in four weeks. [5] (#cite_note-hello-5) In 2000, Michael Hill Jeweller had 40 stores in New Zealand, including 12 in Auckland. [6] (#cite_note-michaelhill-2000-6) In 2002, the company expanded into Canada, opening its first stores in Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , British Columbia. [4] (#cite_note-toughenup-4) Michael Hill now has a presence in five Canadian provinces: British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) , Alberta, Saskatchewan (/wiki/Saskatchewan) , Manitoba and Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) . [2] (#cite_note-report09-2) In September 2008, the company entered the United States market by acquiring 17 stores in Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) and Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) from Whitehall Jewelers. [2] (#cite_note-report09-2) [7] (#cite_note-stuffbiz-7) By mid-2013 over 60% of overall sales were from Australia, only 20% from New Zealand, with the rest from North America. [8] (#cite_note-8) Emma Hill, the daughter of Michael Hill, succeeded him as chairperson after the November 2015 annual general meeting. [9] (#cite_note-9) In April 2018, Michael Hill closed their nine remaining stores in the US. [10] (#cite_note-10) In April 2023, Michael Hill announced it would acquire Australian jewellery chain Bevilles and its 26 stores for A$45 million . [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) In 2024, Michael Hill appointed Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) as its brand ambassador. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Michael Hill watches [ edit ] In late 2006, following a five-year trial, [14] (#cite_note-nzherald1-14) the company launched its own brand of watches under the Michael Hill name, phasing out all but the Citizen brand of watches by the middle of 2007. [15] (#cite_note-nzherald2-15) By mid-2008, only Michael Hill-brand watches were available in the company's stores. [7] (#cite_note-stuffbiz-7) Timeline [ edit ] Michael Hill Jeweller at the Chadstone Shopping Centre (/wiki/Chadstone_Shopping_Centre) Michael Hill Jeweller at the Upper Canada Mall (/wiki/Upper_Canada_Mall) 1979: Michael Hill opens his first store in Whangarei, New Zealand. [16] (#cite_note-history-16) 1981: Michael Hill began manufacturing his own jewellery in house. [16] (#cite_note-history-16) 2006: The Michael Hill Watch Collection was launched. [15] (#cite_note-nzherald2-15) 2009: The Michael Hill Charms Collection was launched. [17] (#cite_note-17) 2010: Michael Hill announced the closure of eight stores in the United States. [18] (#cite_note-18) The company announced it was in a $40m NZD dispute with the Australian Taxation Office (/wiki/Australian_Taxation_Office) . [19] (#cite_note-19) 2013: Michael Hill announced a new global brand, including bridal products and other jewellery which was more feminine. [20] (#cite_note-20) 2014: Sales in Australia were described as "lacklustre" due to Australian economic performance. [21] (#cite_note-21) The company settled its dispute with the Australian Taxation Office (/wiki/Australian_Taxation_Office) . 2015: The company opened a store in New York City in April 2015. [22] (#cite_note-22) Australian sales improve after poor performance in that market during 2013–2014. [23] (#cite_note-23) Sir Michael Hill moved to a new role of Founder/President, as his daughter Emma became Chairman. [24] (#cite_note-24) References [ edit ] ^ a b Ignacio, Celene (19 July 2024). "Michael Hill expects higher sales in Australia, Canada" (https://insideretail.com.au/business/michael-hill-expects-higher-sales-in-australia-canada-202407) . Inside Retail Australia . Retrieved 20 July 2024 . ^ a b c d Michael Hill International (2010). "Michael Hill International Annual Report 2009" (http://globalregister.co.nz/mhill/MHIReport11.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Michael Hill Annual Report 2018" (http://investor.michaelhill.com/static-files/efb5d976-14e3-4b9b-a038-ade3d088276a) . ^ a b Hill, Michael (/wiki/Michael_Hill_(entrepreneur)) (2009). Toughen Up: What I've learned about surviving tough times . New Zealand: Random House. pp. 203–204. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86979-046-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-hello_5-0) Hill, Michael (/wiki/Michael_Hill_(entrepreneur)) ; Bryan Staff (1994). HELLO – Michael Hill Jeweller . New Zealand: Penguin Books (/wiki/Penguin_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-670-86033-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-michaelhill-2000_6-0) "New Zealand Store Locations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20001204210000/http://michaelhill.co.nz/page2.html) . michaelhill.co.nz . Michael Hill Jewellers. Archived from the original (http://michaelhill.co.nz/page2.html) on 4 December 2000. ^ a b "Michael Hill buys into US" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/592785) . 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Fairfax NZ Ltd (17 February 2006), Michael Hill profit up 10 per cent , retrieved 17 August 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Harris, Catherine (15 August 2015). "Following in dad's footsteps". The Press (/wiki/The_Press) . p. C15. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "No buyers for Michael Hill's failed US stores" (https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page/no-buyers-for-michael-hill-fails-to-find-buyers-for-us-stores) . Newsroom . 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_11-0) Adams, David (20 April 2023). "Family-run Bevilles cashes out for $45 million as Michael Hill takes ownership of jewellery retailer" (https://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/mergers-and-acquisitions/michael-hill-bevilles-family-owned/) . SmartCompany . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Miranda Kerr on Michael Hill, Vegemite and morning routines" (https://harpersbazaar.com.au/miranda-kerr-michael-hill-ambassador/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Michael Hill announces Miranda Kerr as brand ambassador in extraordinary brand transformation" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240415752762/en/Michael-Hill-announces-Miranda-Kerr-as-brand-ambassador-in-extraordinary-brand-transformation) . Business Wire . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-nzherald1_14-0) McKenzie-Minifie, Martha (25 August 2006), "Diamonds are this jeweller's best friend" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/michael-hill-international-ltd/news/article.cfm?o_id=113&objectid=10397936) , The New Zealand Herald , New Zealand , retrieved 5 May 2010 ^ a b Drinnan, John (13 October 2006), "Jeweller counting on own watches" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/michael-hill-international-ltd/news/article.cfm?o_id=113&objectid=10397936) , The New Zealand Herald , New Zealand , retrieved 5 May 2010 ^ a b Michael Hill International (2010). "Michael Hill Company History" (http://www.michaelhill.com/#CompanyHistory) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100602085008/http://www.michaelhill.com/#CompanyHistory) from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Michael Hill International (2010). "Michael Hill News" (http://www.michaelhill.com/#News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100602085008/http://www.michaelhill.com/#News) from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) NZPA (2010). "Michael Hill scales back US operation" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/3785705/Michael-Hill-scales-back-US-operation) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234434/http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/3785705/Michael-Hill-scales-back-US-operation/) from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Michael Hill in trans-Tasman tax dispute" (http://www.3news.co.nz/business/michael-hill-in-transtasman-tax-dispute-2012091911) . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Walters, Laura (30 October 2013). "Michael Hill plans US bridal range" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/business/9342570/Michael-Hill-plans-US-bridal-range) . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Slag Aussie sales hit Michael Hill" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/64796486/australian-slowdown-hits-jeweller-michael-hill) . Stuff . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Michael Hill opens New York store" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/68137974/michael-hill-jewellers-opens-in-new-york) . Stuff . 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Aussie market picks up for Michael Hill jewellery" (http://www.jewellermagazine.com/Article.aspx?id=5452) . 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Michael Hill takes new founder president role within the jewellery chain" (http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/michael-hill-takes-new-founder-president-role-within-jewellery-chain-b-182580) . The National Business Review . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hill_Jeweller&oldid=1235600761 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hill_Jeweller&oldid=1235600761) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Brisbane (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Brisbane) Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_Australian_Securities_Exchange) Companies listed on the New Zealand Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_Zealand_Exchange) Dual-listed companies (/wiki/Category:Dual-listed_companies) Jewellery retailers of Australia (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_Australia) Jewellery retailers of Canada (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_Canada) Jewellery retailers of New Zealand (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_New_Zealand) New Zealand companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_companies_established_in_1979) Retail companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1979) Watch brands (/wiki/Category:Watch_brands) Clock manufacturing companies of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clock_manufacturing_companies_of_Australia) Watch manufacturing companies of Australia (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_Australia) Hidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use Australian English from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_June_2020) All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English) Use dmy dates from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019)
Graham Smith Born ( 1938-01-19 ) 19 January 1938 (age 86) [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) Bexley (/wiki/Bexley) , Kent (/wiki/Kent) [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) Occupation Milliner Graham Smith (born 19 January 1938 in Bexley (/wiki/Bexley) ) is a milliner (/wiki/Milliner) from Kent (/wiki/Kent) , England. Beginning his career at a time when hats were an everyday essential for fashionable women, he worked with leading couturiers in Paris and London, later establishing his own brand and also working with mainstream fashion brands such as Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) . Early life and career [ edit ] Smith was educated at Dartford Grammar School (/wiki/Dartford_Grammar_School) before studying at Bromley College of Art (/wiki/Ravensbourne_(college)#History) (1956–57), and the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) (1958–59). [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) He began his career at the couture house of Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) in Paris, working with then head designer Antonio Castillo (/wiki/Antonio_Castillo_(costume_designer)) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Polan-2) Returning to London, he joined the London couturier and Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) member Michael of Carlos Place (/wiki/Michael_Donnellan_(fashion_designer)) , working at the studio for seven years. [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) By 1965, he was appearing under his own name in the fashion press – the launch collection of couturier Clive Evans (known as Clive) in 1965, was described in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) as featuring a notable hat. by Graham Smith. This had been customised so that it could be worn with 'Space Age' sunglasses. [3] (#cite_note-The_Times_230165-3) [4] (#cite_note-De_Prada-4) Eponymous brand [ edit ] In 1967, Smith established an eponymous fashion label. He soon attracted high-profile clients, including Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) and Joan Collins (/wiki/Joan_Collins) . His designs were also showcased in the collections of leading British designers, including Jean Muir (/wiki/Jean_Muir) and Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) . [5] (#cite_note-H&A_Holmes-5) [6] (#cite_note-Hats_Chico-6) While British millinery was in decline from the 1960s on, Smith (alongside Philip Somerville (/wiki/Philip_Somerville) and Frederick Fox (/wiki/Frederick_Fox_(milliner)) ) is credited with keeping the craft alive during the 1970s, thanks in part to the tradition of hat-wearing events such as Royal Ascot (/wiki/Royal_Ascot) and the custom of the British Royal Family (/wiki/British_Royal_Family) . [7] (#cite_note-A_to_Z_Sterlacci_Purvin-7) Kangol and other mainstream brands [ edit ] Smith was appointed consultant design director at Kangol in 1981, helping to turn around the company's fortunes during the following decade. [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) Among his most photographed hats of this era was Diana Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana_Princess_of_Wales) ' military-style design, worn with a Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)) suit, during a visit to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst) in 1987. [8] (#cite_note-Xfinity_Sandhurst-8) [9] (#cite_note-DT_Fashion_Gallery-9) Kangol's profile rose even more with the rise of the sportswear trend and the kangeroo logo (introduced during Smith's tenure), appeared on bucket hats (/wiki/Bucket_hat) worn by the likes of Run-DMC (/wiki/Run-DMC) and the Beastie Boys (/wiki/Beastie_Boys) . [10] (#cite_note-Scotsman_2008-10) Smith also produced mainstream lines for BHS (/wiki/British_Home_Stores) during the 1990s. [1] (#cite_note-FE_Flux-1) Legacy [ edit ] Graham Smith was among the designers featured in a 2009 Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) millinery exhibition Hats: An Anthology , curated by Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) . [11] (#cite_note-Hats:_An_Anthology-11) The hat chosen for the exhibition originally appeared in the 1986 Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) and was donated by Wenda Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) . [12] (#cite_note-V&A_Pirelli-12) Smith has helped to train other leading milliners, notably hatmaker to the Queen (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) Rachel Trevor-Morgan (/wiki/Rachel_Trevor-Morgan) . [13] (#cite_note-Luxury_Pearce-13) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Flux, Alan J. "Smith, Graham" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Ro-Sm/Smith-Graham.html) . fashionencylopedia.com . Fashion Encyclopedia . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_Polan_2-0) Polan, Brenda (23 May 1985). "Head Lines". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_230165_3-0) "Study in dress contrasts". The Times . No. 56227. 23 January 1965. ^ (#cite_ref-De_Prada_4-0) de Prada, Cristina. "Graham Smith and the Woolmark Company collection" (http://blog.deprada.net/?p=507) . blog.deprada.net . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-H&A_Holmes_5-0) Holmes, Rosanna (15 June 2010). "Vintage Hats" (http://www.homesandantiques.com/feature/vintage-hats) . Homes & Antiques . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hats_Chico_6-0) Chico, Beverly (2013). Hats and Headwear Around the World . ABC-CLIO LLC. p. 155. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781610690638 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-A_to_Z_Sterlacci_Purvin_7-0) Sterlacci Purvin, Francesca; Arbuckle, Joanne (2008). The A to Z of the Fashion Industry . Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 168. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810870468 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Xfinity_Sandhurst_8-0) "Visiting the Royal Military Academy" (http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/news-princessdianasstyle/18/) . xfinity.comcas.net . Xfinity . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_Fashion_Gallery_9-0) "In pictures, Diana Princess of Wales, in designs by Catherine Walker" (https://archive.today/20140920133100/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/galleries/TMG8027121/18/In-pictures-Diana-Princess-of-Wales-in-designs-by-Catherine-Walker.html) . Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/galleries/TMG8027121/18/In-pictures-Diana-Princess-of-Wales-in-designs-by-Catherine-Walker.html) on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Scotsman_2008_10-0) "A beret good show: 70 years of Kangol" (http://www.scotsman.com/news/a-beret-good-show-70-years-of-kangol-1-1148612) . The Scotsman. 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hats:_An_Anthology_11-0) "The Exhibition" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/microsites/hats-anthology/the-exhibition.html) . vam.ac.uk . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-V&A_Pirelli_12-0) "The Pirelli Calendar 1985" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O141957/the-pirelli-calendar-1985-hat-graham-smith/) . vam.ac.uk . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Luxury_Pearce_13-0) Pearce, Antonia. "Fit for the Queen" (http://theluxurychannel.com/magazine/fit-for-the-queen/) . theluxurychannel.com . The Luxury Channel . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . External links [ edit ] Graham Smith (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/graham-smith/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Graham Smith hat in Victoria and Albert Museum archive (http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/17284) Hat in collection of National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/55795) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐hgv8w Cached time: 20240623212747 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.278 seconds Real time usage: 0.374 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2131/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23770/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1156/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50128/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.171/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6292464/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 349.355 1 -total 44.90% 156.852 1 Template:Infobox_person 40.72% 142.272 1 Template:Reflist 25.85% 90.301 6 Template:Cite_web 16.17% 56.504 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 12.64% 44.161 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.10% 21.295 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.34% 18.662 5 Template:Cite_news 5.27% 18.412 1 Template:Authority_control 4.21% 14.698 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28636074-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623212747 and revision id 1149617738. 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Indian child film actress Not to be confused with Shriya Sharma (/wiki/Shriya_Sharma) . Shreya Sharma Born Shimla,India Nationality Indian Alma mater Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla Occupation Actress Years active 2005–present Shreya Sharma is an Indian child film actress. She lives in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Filmography [ edit ] She acted first at the age of 13 in film The Blue Umbrella . Year Title Role Notes 2005 The Blue Umbrella (/wiki/The_Blue_Umbrella_(2005_film)) Biniya Fim won Golden Lotus Award (/wiki/National_Film_Awards) for Best Children's Film (/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Film) . [3] (#cite_note-3) 2006 Vivah (/wiki/Vivah) 2007 Mahek (/wiki/Mahek_(film)) Mahek Best Family Film (Platinum Remi Awards), Houston Film Festival, 2008. Selected on a university syllabus by Ohio University, USA. [4] (#cite_note-4) Film nominated for the Best Children's Film at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards (/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Screen_Awards) , Australia. 2008 Saas Bahu Aur Sensex (/wiki/Saas_Bahu_Aur_Sensex) Thea Pandol 2011 A Decent Arrangement (/wiki/A_Decent_Arrangement) Suriya Other [ edit ] On the occasion of 125th birth year of popular Hindi writer Chandradhar Sharma ‘Guleri’ (/wiki/Chandradhar_Sharma_Guleri) , a special screening of the film Usne Kaha Tha (/wiki/Usne_Kaha_Tha) based on one of his popular stories was held on 19 July 2008 in the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. Shreya Sharma narrated the story ahead of the screening, held at Auckland House School, Longwood. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Shreya & Biniya" (http://www.himvani.com/news/2007/08/13/shreya-and-biniya/992) . Himvani.com. 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130930011004/http://www.himvani.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/binya.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.himvani.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/binya.pdf) (PDF) on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "53rd National Film Awards" (http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf) (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals (/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals) . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Children's Film Society, India" (http://cfsindia.org/mahek-mirza/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shreya to narrate Guleri's Usne Kaha Tha at a special screening \| Voice of Himachal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131022182029/http://www.himvani.com/news/2008/07/17/shreya-to-narrate-guleri%E2%80%99s-usne-kaha-tha-at-a-special-screening/1570) . Himvani.com. 17 July 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.himvani.com/news/2008/07/17/shreya-to-narrate-guleri%E2%80%99s-usne-kaha-tha-at-a-special-screening/1570) on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . External links [ edit ] Shreya Sharma (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2102116/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Shreya Sharma (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/shreya-sharma/filmography/) at Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐ttnf8 Cached time: 20240712164134 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.252 seconds Real time usage: 0.349 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2031/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14168/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1418/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20621/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.145/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5745785/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 333.055 1 -total 29.79% 99.221 1 Template:Infobox_person 29.43% 98.003 1 Template:Reflist 25.52% 85.010 5 Template:Cite_web 17.82% 59.341 1 Template:Short_description 9.95% 33.134 2 Template:Pagetype 8.99% 29.935 18 Template:Main_other 8.23% 27.426 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.84% 19.466 1 Template:Distinguish 4.67% 15.541 1 Template:IMDb_name Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40639888-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712164134 and revision id 1212011879. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreya_Sharma&oldid=1212011879 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreya_Sharma&oldid=1212011879) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Indian film actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_film_actresses) Actresses in Hindi cinema (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Hindi_cinema) Indian child actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_child_actresses) Actresses from Himachal Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Himachal_Pradesh) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from September 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022) Use Indian English from February 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2016) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
2011 film by Madonna For other uses, see We (disambiguation) (/wiki/We_(disambiguation)) . W.E. Theatrical release poster Directed by Madonna Louise Ciccone (/wiki/Madonna_Louise_Ciccone) Written by Madonna Louise Ciccone Alek Keshishian (/wiki/Alek_Keshishian) Produced by Madonna Louise Ciccone Kris Thykier Starring Abbie Cornish (/wiki/Abbie_Cornish) James D'Arcy (/wiki/James_D%27Arcy) Andrea Riseborough (/wiki/Andrea_Riseborough) Oscar Isaac (/wiki/Oscar_Isaac) Haluk Bilginer (/wiki/Haluk_Bilginer) Cinematography Hagen Bogdanski Edited by Danny B. Tull (/wiki/Danny_B._Tull) Music by Abel Korzeniowski (/wiki/Abel_Korzeniowski) Production companies Semtex Films IM Global (/wiki/IM_Global) [1] (#cite_note-1) Distributed by StudioCanal (/wiki/StudioCanal_UK) (United Kingdom) The Weinstein Company (/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company) [2] (#cite_note-mojo-2) [3] (#cite_note-wein-3) (United States) Release dates September 1, 2011 ( 2011-09-01 ) ( Venice (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) ) December 9, 2011 ( 2011-12-09 ) (United States) January 20, 2012 ( 2012-01-20 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 119 minutes Countries United Kingdom United States Languages English French Budget £ (/wiki/GBP) 11 million ($17.62 million) Box office $2 million [2] (#cite_note-mojo-2) W.E. (stylised W./E. ) is a 2011 historical (/wiki/Historical_drama) romantic drama (/wiki/Romance_film#Romantic_drama) film written and directed by Madonna Louise Ciccone (/wiki/Madonna_Louise_Ciccone) and starring Abbie Cornish (/wiki/Abbie_Cornish) , Andrea Riseborough (/wiki/Andrea_Riseborough) , Oscar Isaac (/wiki/Oscar_Isaac) , Richard Coyle (/wiki/Richard_Coyle) , and James D'Arcy (/wiki/James_D%27Arcy) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The screenplay was co-written by Alek Keshishian (/wiki/Alek_Keshishian) , who previously worked with Madonna Louise Ciccone on her 1991 documentary Truth or Dare (/wiki/Madonna:_Truth_or_Dare) and two of her music videos. Although the film was panned by critics and was a box office bomb (/wiki/Box_office_bomb) , it received an Academy Award (/wiki/Academy_Award) nomination for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) . This marked Isaac's and Cornish's second role together, the first being Sucker Punch (/wiki/Sucker_Punch_(2011_film)) . The film tells the story of two women separated by over six decades. In 1998, lonely New Yorker Wally Winthrop is obsessed with Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) 's abdication (/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII) of the British throne so he could marry American Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) . But Wally's research, including several visits to Sotheby's auction of the Windsor estate, reveals that the couple's life together was not as perfect as she thought. Traveling back and forth in time, W.E. intertwines Wally's journey of discovery in New York with the story of Wallis and Edward from the early days of their romance to the unraveling of their lives over the following decades. Plot [ edit ] Wallis "Wally" Winthrop is a young American housewife living in New York City in 1998. Although she is neglected, abused, and left sexually frustrated by William, her workaholic psychiatrist husband, she is comforted by the love story of Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) and Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) . Wally travels to the Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) auction of the Windsor estate, which showcases items used by Wallis and Edward in their lifetime and evokes their relationship. In 1930, Edward throws a party at his new home at Fort Belvedere (/wiki/Fort_Belvedere,_Surrey) in Windsor Great Park (/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park) and meets Wallis through Lady Furness (/wiki/Lady_Furness) (his mistress). They are attracted to each other (despite Wallis' marriage to Ernest Simpson (/wiki/Ernest_Simpson) ), and become lovers while Lady Furness is abroad. At Sotheby's Wally is interrupted by a guard, Evgeni, who is interested in her. Edward and Wallis continue their affair while touring Europe, where he gives her jewels and adopts the initials W.E. By the end of 1934, Edward is obsessed with Wallis. He introduces her to his parents, King George V (/wiki/King_George_V) and Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) , but she is criticized by Edward's sister-in-law Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) . A distraught Wallis wants to end the relationship, but Edward pacifies her. In New York, William refuses to conceive a child with Wally and she turns to in vitro fertilisation (/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation) . Attracted to Evgeni, she goes on a date with him. Wally asks Evgeni about Edward and Wallis' story, pondering her relationship with William. After attending the auction at Sotheby's and spending ten thousand dollars, Wally returns home to a drunken William and they fight. The National Government (/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)) refuses to accept Edward's intention to marry Wallis because she is a divorcée. On the night of December 11, 1936, Edward announces by radio to the nation and the Empire (/wiki/British_Empire) that he is abdicating (/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII) the throne in favour of his brother Bertie (/wiki/George_VI) : "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King, as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love." Wallis, who has fled to Villa Lou Viei near Cannes (/wiki/Cannes) , hears the speech and reconciles with Edward. Evgeni desperately tries to phone Wally. Racing to her apartment, he finds that she has been injured by William and brings her to his home in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) . As she recovers, Wally finds new hope with Evgeni and the courage to divorce William. Reading a series of letters in billionaire Mohamed Al-Fayed (/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed) 's collection, Wally realises that Wallis was trapped in her relationship with Edward for the rest of her life. In an imaginary dialogue with Wallis, they discuss the similarity of their lives; in the end, only Wally finds happiness. Abandoning her fascination with Wallis and Edward's relationship, Wally learns from her doctor that she is finally pregnant. Cast [ edit ] Abbie Cornish (/wiki/Abbie_Cornish) as Wally Winthrop [5] (#cite_note-awe-5) Andrea Riseborough (/wiki/Andrea_Riseborough) as Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) [6] (#cite_note-press-6) James D'Arcy (/wiki/James_D%27Arcy) as Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) [6] (#cite_note-press-6) Oscar Isaac (/wiki/Oscar_Isaac) as Evgeni [6] (#cite_note-press-6) Richard Coyle (/wiki/Richard_Coyle) as William Winthrop [6] (#cite_note-press-6) David Harbour (/wiki/David_Harbour) as Ernest Simpson (/wiki/Ernest_Simpson) James Fox (/wiki/James_Fox) as King George V (/wiki/King_George_V) [7] (#cite_note-fox_family-7) Judy Parfitt (/wiki/Judy_Parfitt) as Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) Haluk Bilginer (/wiki/Haluk_Bilginer) as Mohamed Al-Fayed (/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed) Geoffrey Palmer (/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)) as Stanley Baldwin (/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin) [8] (#cite_note-8) Natalie Dormer (/wiki/Natalie_Dormer) as Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) [9] (#cite_note-eliza-9) Laurence Fox (/wiki/Laurence_Fox) as King George VI (/wiki/King_George_VI) ("Bertie") Douglas Reith (/wiki/Douglas_Reith) as Lord Brownlow (/wiki/Peregrine_Cust,_6th_Baron_Brownlow) Katie McGrath (/wiki/Katie_McGrath) as Thelma, Lady Furness (/wiki/Thelma_Furness,_Viscountess_Furness) [10] (#cite_note-thelmafurness-10) Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] I directed Filth and Wisdom to teach myself about film-making ... And now, with this self-punishing process of being a producer and a writer and a director, I'm taking the next step. —Madonna, on her decision to direct W.E. [11] (#cite_note-latmad-11) Madonna had written the script for W.E. with director Alek Keshishian (/wiki/Alek_Keshishian) . Her husband Guy Ritchie (/wiki/Guy_Ritchie) helped her with the script and screenplay, advising her to meet with actors Mark Strong (/wiki/Mark_Strong) and Toby Kebbell (/wiki/Toby_Kebbell) (who had major roles in Ritchie's last film, RocknRolla (/wiki/RocknRolla) ). [12] (#cite_note-12) Madonna began writing W.E. after she finished directing Filth and Wisdom (/wiki/Filth_and_Wisdom) (2008). She had the idea for W.E. before Filth and Wisdom , but directed the latter because she felt that she lacked the experience to direct a big-budget film. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) Madonna described W.E. as a much bigger story: There are more characters, and the three of them basically changed the course of British history. King Edward VIII abdicated the throne to be with an American woman, Wallis Simpson, and that's part of my story, so I've had to do an enormous amount of research and interview people. So I have an enormous responsibility to that, and then I have a responsibility to the actual auction, which really happened. Then there's the new story, the point of view, which is this girl who has this obsession and is going to the auctions and stuff. So it's a much more layered, complicated piece than Filth and Wisdom . [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) After the writing began, Madonna realised that she needed help due to the breadth of the subject. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) She enlisted Keshishian, who was well-acquainted with Madonna after directing the 1991 documentary Truth or Dare (/wiki/Madonna:_Truth_or_Dare) and two of her music videos. The writing process was dynamic, with Madonna and Keshishian emailing developed scripts, telephoning, and writing on each other's laptops. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) Although W.E. was initially reported as a musical about the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Madonna said that the main story was not about them. It was about Wally Winthrop: a young, married New Yorker in 1998 who is obsessed with what she thought was the ultimate love story— Edward's abdication of the royal throne (/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII) because of his love for Simpson. [6] (#cite_note-press-6) Simpson's character was a spiritual guide for Winthrop in the film. Its timeline ranges from pre- World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) England (1936–37) to 1998 New York City, and the storyline interweaves the two eras. Madonna decided to use the 1998 Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) auction of Edward and Simpson's estate as a pivot point. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) Inspiration [ edit ] The abdication of Edward VIII (/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII) , after which he married Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) , was the basis of W.E. 's plot. Madonna was inspired to direct the film by the controversial lives of Edward and Simpson. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) She said that if she brought up King Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) and Wallis Simpson (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) at a dinner party or other social gathering, "It's like throwing a Molotov cocktail (/wiki/Molotov_cocktail) into the room. Everyone erupts into an argument about who they were. I mean, they were very controversial – and continue to be. So, of course, I'm very attracted to that." [14] (#cite_note-obsession-14) Madonna studied the history of the abdication, and tried to understand what led Edward to give up the throne. [15] (#cite_note-rsin-15) The singer spent two years researching Simpson's life and writing the script. She wallpapered an empty room in her house with pictures from auction catalogs and photographs of the Duke and Duchess at different ages. [16] (#cite_note-teleint-16) "I was sitting in a room that was completely and utterly inundated with their images so I could soak up their energy. I was trying to understand the nature of their love story and trying to figure out for myself if there is such a thing as perfect love," she said. [16] (#cite_note-teleint-16) Uninterested in a biopic about Simpson, Madonna created a modern-day story about Wally Winthrop to provide a point of view: "We can all read the same history book and have a different point of view. So it was important for me to not present the story and say, 'This is the one and only story,' but to say, 'This story moved me and inspired me.' That's how the two love stories were created." [15] (#cite_note-rsin-15) One of the first characters Madonna developed for the film was Evgeni, a Russian immigrant living in Brooklyn and working in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . The character was inspired by Eugene Hütz (/wiki/Eugene_H%C3%BCtz) , who played the lead role in Filth and Wisdom . [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) Another motivation for the project was Edward and Simpson, who became the subject of media scrutiny and public vilification and were ostracised by the royal family. Madonna, interested in the cult of celebrity, found that many of the rumors surrounding Simpson's life were unfounded and wanted to portray Simpson as a human being with imperfections and a vulnerable side. "The message of the film is to realise that in the end happiness lies in your own head and that we are in fact in charge of our destiny," she said. [15] (#cite_note-rsin-15) Casting [ edit ] Clockwise from upper left: Abbie Cornish (/wiki/Abbie_Cornish) , Andrea Riseborough (/wiki/Andrea_Riseborough) , Oscar Isaac (/wiki/Oscar_Isaac) and James D'Arcy (/wiki/James_D%27Arcy) Madonna began work casting W.E. after returning from Africa, where she had been on vacation. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) She remembered finding the casting difficult since many refused to sign for a particular role. Madonna contrasted the process of film casting with recording a new album, where she can easily choose people with whom she wants to work. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) Abbie Cornish (/wiki/Abbie_Cornish) was signed to play Wally Winthrop, while King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson were played by James D'Arcy (/wiki/James_D%27Arcy) and Andrea Riseborough (/wiki/Andrea_Riseborough) . Evgeni was played by Oscar Isaac (/wiki/Oscar_Isaac) and Wally's husband, William, was played by Richard Coyle (/wiki/Richard_Coyle) . [6] (#cite_note-press-6) Vera Farmiga (/wiki/Vera_Farmiga) was initially signed for the role of Simpson, but withdrew when she became pregnant. [17] (#cite_note-post-17) The singer saw Riseborough as a young Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) in the BBC (/wiki/BBC) film, The Long Walk to Finchley (/wiki/The_Long_Walk_to_Finchley) , and wanted her to play Simpson: "I was looking for a certain quality: something fragile, androgynous and yet feminine in a really old-fashioned way. When I saw Andrea, I knew immediately she was the one". [16] (#cite_note-teleint-16) Cornish said about her role as Winthrop, "Madonna is a strong, independent woman who doesn't need a man to define her – and that's admirable. She's studied every aspect of what happened with Wallis Simpson and Edward VIII [...] It's a fascinating insight into class and romance. Madonna's created a contemporary woman—who I will play—called Wally, who is fascinated by what happened to Mrs. Simpson." [5] (#cite_note-awe-5) [17] (#cite_note-post-17) Madonna's daughter Lourdes was offered a part, but the singer decided against the idea. [18] (#cite_note-18) However, she later allowed Lourdes to appear in the film as a young Wally Winthrop. [19] (#cite_note-lourdesrole-19) Ewan McGregor (/wiki/Ewan_McGregor) was offered the role of King Edward VIII, [20] (#cite_note-20) but he was replaced by James D'Arcy. [21] (#cite_note-21) Producer David Parfitt (/wiki/David_Parfitt) and casting director Nina Gold left W.E. , with sources reporting that they had "creative differences" with Madonna and found that she struggled to "collaborate and delegate". [22] (#cite_note-22) Margo Stilley (/wiki/Margo_Stilley) was signed to play Lady Thelma Furness but left the project, citing "artistic differences" with Madonna: "I had the role, but we had artistic differences. She (Madonna) is really something. I wish the cast luck because they are all really talented." [23] (#cite_note-23) She was replaced by Katie McGrath (/wiki/Katie_McGrath) . [10] (#cite_note-thelmafurness-10) Judy Parfitt (/wiki/Judy_Parfitt) was signed to play Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) , and Geoffrey Palmer (/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)) was cast as Stanley Baldwin (/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin) . Real-life father and son James (/wiki/James_Fox) and Laurence Fox (/wiki/Laurence_Fox) were signed as King George V (/wiki/George_V) and his son, Bertie (Edward's younger brother). [7] (#cite_note-fox_family-7) The BBC reported that members of the London Welsh Center (/wiki/London_Welsh_School) expressed an interest in appearing in a scene in which Edward is shocked by the living conditions in Welsh mining villages. A spokesperson for the centre, which was contacted by the film's casting agency, said: "I've had about 15 phone calls this morning, and yesterday was bedlam because everybody wants to be in a film with Madonna." The centre said that Welsh speakers were needed as extras in scenes of Edward's visits to the South Wales valleys (/wiki/South_Wales_valleys) in the 1930s. [24] (#cite_note-24) Natalie Dormer (/wiki/Natalie_Dormer) was cast as the young Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) (Queen Mother). Dormer said about the role, "This country tends to remember the Queen Mother as a rather wrinkly 97-year-old, but I am playing her when she was quite an enchanting, engaging twenty- and thirty-something [...] She was quite a savage and savvy game player." [9] (#cite_note-eliza-9) Dormer's assessment of the role was noted by royal historian Hugo Vickers (/wiki/Hugo_Vickers) , who was asked by Madonna to advise her about the characteristics of members of the royal family and confirmed that Madonna depicted the Queen Mother as an unfavorable influence on the relationship between Edward VIII and Simpson. [25] (#cite_note-25) Filming [ edit ] Wanting W.E. to be as authentic as possible, Madonna wanted to film in locations where the royal family live. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-help-27) She moved to the United Kingdom, since the film would take six months to shoot. [28] (#cite_note-28) Madonna largely self-financed the film, which cost £ (/wiki/GBP) 11 million ($17.62 million). [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-budget-30) Filming began on July 5, 2010; locations included London and the home counties (/wiki/Home_counties) , with trips to New York and France. [ citation needed ] Scenes were filmed on the top two floors of the Abingdon Pub, followed by scenes at Club Quarters in Trafalgar Square (/wiki/Trafalgar_Square) . Filming was also done at Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire) . [31] (#cite_note-31) Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire, where exterior scenes were filmed The production moved to France, where Madonna shot scenes with D'Arcy and Riseborough on Palm Beach in Marseille (/wiki/Marseille) on July 29, 2010, and in Villefranche-sur-Mer (/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Mer) on July 30. [ citation needed ] Scenes were filmed with Cornish at the Le Meurice (/wiki/Le_Meurice) hotel. [32] (#cite_note-32) While shooting with Riseborough, Madonna and her team asked Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_SA) to create copies of Simpson's extensive gem collection for the film. A bracelet slipped off Riseborough's wrist and was lost in the Mediterranean Sea (/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) , and Madonna ordered an immediate replacement. [33] (#cite_note-33) Designer Arianne Phillips described filming which included Simpson's original jewelry: We were able to use archival pieces from Van Cleef & Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels) , which came with a revolving door of security guards. The jewelry schedule was very complicated, because pieces had to go from Switzerland to Paris, and the shooting schedule was changing constantly. It was really a house of cards. There were a couple of times we got caught, scenes got moved up, and lucky for me, Madonna was able to make available her personal jewelry. When you see Wallis spraying the flowers with perfume, her black and white pearl and diamond Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) earrings are Madonna's. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) Filming moved to New York in September, where Madonna shot scenes in Brooklyn. D'Arcy had to dance a ballet in one scene; he did not know ballet, and Madonna asked him to learn the steps. According to D'Arcy, the scene was "this extraordinary beautiful dance with lifts (/wiki/Figure_skating_lifts) and twirls and I can't do that, but you do because she [Madonna] somehow makes the impossible possible and it gives you amazing self-esteem when you do these things." Madonna also asked him to learn the bagpipes (/wiki/Bagpipes) in six weeks and to ride horses. [35] (#cite_note-35) Costumes [ edit ] Milliner Stephen Jones provided the film's hats. After finishing the script and starting work on casting and production, Madonna realised that the film's budget would be high. Simpson's character had about 80 costume changes, with dresses by designers such as Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) , and Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) . Most of her actual dresses were in museums (and unobtainable by Madonna), but many of the couture houses offered to recreate the dresses for her. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) When she asked for a Michael O'Connor (/wiki/Michael_O%27Connor_(costume_designer)) wedding dress (on display at the National Museum of Costume (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume) in Scotland) for a scene with Riseborough, [36] (#cite_note-gown-36) museum general manager Margaret Roberts said that they were happy to send Madonna the dress: "Our Marriage in the Movies exhibition is packed with fabulous gowns that tell a story not only about the history of the period they represent, but also of Hollywood glamour and style [...] This is a dress that was made for the movies, so when we received the request from Madonna's production company, we were only too happy to oblige." [36] (#cite_note-gown-36) Other fashion designers who worked on the film included John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and Issa (/wiki/List_of_Brazilians#Fashion_designers) , who provided clothes; Pierre Cartier (/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(jeweler)) supplied the jewels, and Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) the hats. [14] (#cite_note-obsession-14) Madonna enlisted costume designer Arianne Phillips (/wiki/Arianne_Phillips) to create the film's dresses. The costumes included vintage pieces; others were remade based on patterns obtained from the museum, and the rest were freshly made. [13] (#cite_note-gusvan-13) In a November 2011 interview with W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) magazine, Philips said that she "started doing research in 2009, a year before [ W.E. ] began filming ... To me, Wallis Simpson was a style icon, but I didn’t know she was a couture client well before she met Edward. She was also a hungry whore for jewelry. Edward gave Wallis jewelry to make her feel royal. My first task was figuring out how to re-create those famous gifts." [37] (#cite_note-wma-37) Madonna sent a box of her research to Phillips so the designer could get a head start on the project. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) The singer understood the attention to detail needed to create the costumes, drawing from her own clothing which included couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) . Phillips researched the clothing on display at the fashion departments of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute in New York, the Musée de la mode et du textile (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_mode_et_du_textile) in Paris, and the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) She then went to Los Angeles, where retailer Doris Raymond of The Way We Wore boutique opened her library of 1930s couture. There Phillips watched old newsreels from the University of California (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) archives. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) When filming began, the designer moved into Madonna's guesthouse in London to watch the newsreels together and scrutinise the dresses. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) Phillips contacted designers such as Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels) to replicate a cross bracelet and ten other pieces. [37] (#cite_note-wma-37) For the gowns, undergarments, and dresses needed for Simpson's 60 costume changes in the film, Phillips scoured the archives of Vionnet (/wiki/Vionnet_(company)) and Schiaparelli and redesigned Simpson's clothing. Riseborough's first dress in the film was a re-creation of a dress owned by Simpson. Phillips accessorized one dress with an organza (/wiki/Organza) skirt and a diamond-bow brooch at the neck and obtained duplicates of others from the Cos Prop costume store in London. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) Some of the pieces that the duchess actually ordered I thought were hideous. Those wouldn’t work for the movie, so we modified and invented. Wallis wasn’t pretty; she was handsome, at best. In England, it was noted over and over how unattractive she was. But Wallis was a lot of fun—very entertaining. She had a freedom to her that was definitely reflected in her clothes; the duchess was all about presentation. And that became her refuge, and her prison. [37] (#cite_note-wma-37) According to Phillips, Edward's choice of clothes was specific and he rebelled against what his father dictated as the protocol for dress; he wore navy-blue tails (instead of black) as formal wear. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) The designer saw his original clothing at the National Museum of Costume (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume) . To re-create the look, Phillips contacted the luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) company Alfred Dunhill (/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill) , which understood the bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) tailoring available in London's Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) . [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) Dunhill provided Phillips with a tailor and fabrics from the mills which had created Edward's original fabrics. Phillips tailored the baggy look of the 1930s suits to make them appealing to a contemporary audience. All the costumes were hand-made, with a total of 60 costumes created for Simpson and 30 for Edward. [34] (#cite_note-vanint-34) Music and soundtrack [ edit ] Main article: W.E. (soundtrack) (/wiki/W.E._(soundtrack)) The film's soundtrack was composed by Abel Korzeniowski and recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London in April 2011. Polish composer Abel Korzeniowski (/wiki/Abel_Korzeniowski) composed the film's music. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-official-39) Madonna had heard Korzeniowski's work on the soundtrack of the 2009 drama film, A Single Man (/wiki/A_Single_Man) . The singer remembered being "struck by the score's 'bittersweet' qualities, this melancholic, romantic, sweeping emotional kind of heartbreaking beauty." [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) She asked A Single Man director, fashion designer Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , about Korzeniowski and decided to sign him to compose W.E. ' s score. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) Madonna had incorporated parts of A Single Man 's score into the screenplay and rough cut (/wiki/Rough_cut) of W.E. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) The score features strings (/wiki/String_section) , electric guitar, harp (/wiki/Harp) , viola and piano, and the combination of instruments was used to bridge the film's two time periods. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) Korzeniowski and conductor Terry Davies recorded a 60-piece orchestra (/wiki/Heritage_Orchestra) at London's Abbey Road Studios (/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios) in April 2011, concentrating on the characters' emotional states; he was not very concerned with differentiating the film's time periods. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) [41] (#cite_note-presswe-41) The composer said in a Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) interview that for the scenes featuring Simpson, he tried to make the score more modern than for those with Winthrop. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) Madonna wanted Korzeniowski to keep the score simple and direct, thinking that as a classically trained musician he would overcomplicate the score. [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) "It is not the type of score where you go through crazy harmonic changes and modulations," said the composer. "This was one of the very precise notes I got from Madonna, that I was not supposed to over-think this music." [40] (#cite_note-kor-40) The score was inspired by the film's irrational love, which Korzeniowski said could be "just an illusion". He wanted the music to reflect the film's powerful and conflicting emotions through the melodies, which alternated between despair and sorrow and hope and joy. [41] (#cite_note-presswe-41) Madonna contributed " Masterpiece (/wiki/Masterpiece_(Madonna_song)) ", a new song produced by William Orbit (/wiki/William_Orbit) which she co-wrote with Julie Frost (/wiki/Julie_Frost) and Jimmy Harry (/wiki/Jimmy_Harry) , to the soundtrack. [ citation needed ] In the song, she sings about the pain of being in love with someone who is a great work of art: "If you were the Mona Lisa/ You'd be hanging in the Louvre/ Everyone would come to see you/ You'd be impossible to move." [42] (#cite_note-idola-42) A Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) writer described "Masterpiece" as a "slowed-down, moody ballad" which was "simple, direct and reminiscent of her sound in the 1990s". Its lyrics echo the film's love story: "And I'm right by your side/ Like a thief in the night/ I stand in front of a masterpiece/ And I can't tell you why it hurts so much to be in love with a masterpiece." [43] (#cite_note-bbbiz-43) The song plays over W.E. 's end credits and was later included on Madonna's album, MDNA (/wiki/MDNA_(album)) . [42] (#cite_note-idola-42) The soundtrack was released digitally (/wiki/Music_download) through Interscope Records (/wiki/Interscope_Records) on January 31, 2012. [41] (#cite_note-presswe-41) [44] (#cite_note-44) Promotion and release [ edit ] Madonna at the premiere of W.E. at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival In February 2011, Madonna held a private screening of the film's trailer at the Berlin International Film Festival (/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival) . The screening, which included a question-and-answer session with the singer, was intended to sell the film to distributors. [45] (#cite_note-45) Its rights were sold to Optimum Releasing (/wiki/Optimum_Releasing) for the UK market, the Weinstein Company (/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company) for the United States release, and Village Roadshow (/wiki/Village_Roadshow) for Australia and New Zealand. [46] (#cite_note-46) [3] (#cite_note-wein-3) Weinstein promoted the film as Madonna's first full-length directorial film; the company considered the 81-minute Filth and Wisdom (/wiki/Filth_and_Wisdom) (her previous film) a short film. [3] (#cite_note-wein-3) Although Madonna hoped to premiere the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) , it was not ready in time. [47] (#cite_note-47) W.E. was shown at the Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) on September 1, 2011, with Madonna and the principal cast attending the premiere. [48] (#cite_note-48) The film was also shown at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival (/wiki/2011_Toronto_International_Film_Festival) that month. [11] (#cite_note-latmad-11) [49] (#cite_note-49) Stills from W.E. were published in the September 2011 issue of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) magazine. [50] (#cite_note-50) In the film poster, D'Arcy carried Riseborough on his back in a romantic pose. David Wharton of Cinema Blend said that although the poster was "artfully" done, "It's the sort of thing the movie industry does all the time on their posters, just like the 'floating heads' trope or the 'looking through somebody's legs' pose [...] but I'm a sucker for a well-done movie poster, and this just seems lazy." [51] (#cite_note-51) A second poster was released, featuring Riseborough and D'Arcy as Wallis and Edward about to kiss on a beach. In January 2012, Madonna appeared on two television shows and talked about the film. She first appeared on ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) 's Nightline (/wiki/Nightline) , where she chatted with host Cynthia McFadden (/wiki/Cynthia_McFadden) about W.E. [52] (#cite_note-52) Madonna then appeared on The Graham Norton Show (/wiki/The_Graham_Norton_Show) with D'Arcy and Riseborough. [53] (#cite_note-53) The film premiered on January 11, 2012, in the UK and on January 23 in the US. [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) The Weinstein Company (/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company) announced in June 2011 that it planned to release W.E. in New York and Los Angeles on December 9, 2011, expanding to additional markets during the month before a wide mid-January release. [56] (#cite_note-56) After the film's screenings at the Venice and Toronto film festivals, Weinstein decided to cut its running time by about ten minutes. [57] (#cite_note-57) Its planned release was changed to a limited, one-week run beginning on December 9, 2011, before a worldwide release on February 3, 2012. [58] (#cite_note-58) Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] After its premiere at the Venice Film Festival, W.E. divided critics before being panned upon the U.S. theatrical release. [59] (#cite_note-59) On Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) , the film has a score of 12% from 115 reviews and an average rating of 4.24/10. The critical consensus reads; " W.E. exhibits director Madonna's keen eye for striking style, but this shallow biopic is too enamored with aesthetics to offer any insight into its subject." [60] (#cite_note-60) It has a Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) score of 36 out of 100, indicating generally unfavorable reviews. [61] (#cite_note-61) According to Steve Pond of Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) , W.E. probably would not help in "turning Madonna's faltering movie career". [62] (#cite_note-62) Kyle Buchanan of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) wondered if W.E. would be a front-runner at the Golden Raspberry Awards (/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards) . [63] (#cite_note-63) David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) gave the film three stars and a mixed review: " W.E. is a bold and confident story about an American woman's obsession with the Windsors". Gritten praised Riseborough and Cornish's performances, but thought that the film looked like a commercial for expensive items and fashion and appealed only to younger women. [64] (#cite_note-64) Xan Brooks of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) gave the film one star, describing it as "a primped and simpering folly, the turkey that dreamed it was a peacock." [65] (#cite_note-65) Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) wrote that the film resembled a documentary about a woman on a shopping expedition, and found Wally and Evgeni's affair particularly dreary. [66] (#cite_note-66) Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire (/wiki/IndieWire) also criticized the film, saying that "the use of music is horrible" and "We've never looked forward to Madonna going back on tour more, if only because it means that we'll know, for certain, that she won't be using that time to direct another movie." [67] (#cite_note-67) Although Mark Adams of Screen Daily (/wiki/Screen_Daily) singled out Riseborough's performance as a highlight, he found the film disappointing overall. [68] (#cite_note-68) Leslie Felperin of Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) was also disappointed in the film, writing that it was "burdened with risible dialogue and weak performances". More attention was paid to the costumes than to the story, which she felt had much potential. [69] (#cite_note-69) Colin Kennedy of Metro (/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)) called the film "disastrous", and its "judicious casting and handsome design [were] marred by a callow director's shaky shot selection". [70] (#cite_note-70) Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) described the film as "impeccably turned out with exquisite costume design", but felt that it was "barely enough to disguise its wildly inconsistent tone, chop-change visual style and snoozy performances." [71] (#cite_note-71) Dan Carrier of Camden New Journal (/wiki/Camden_New_Journal) gave the film one star out of five, calling W.E. "a horrible film to watch" and saying that Madonna "should never be allowed to go anywhere near a director’s camera again." [72] (#cite_note-72) Diego Costa of Slant Magazine (/wiki/Slant_Magazine) gave the film three out of four stars. He called W.E. "a shameless visual pleasure" and a "perfectly fine piece of oneiric cinema (/wiki/Oneiric_(film_theory)) ", praising Madonna's direction and Korzeniowski's music. [73] (#cite_note-73) Damon Wise of Empire (/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)) gave the film three out of five stars and noted the harsh criticism of Madonna: "A lot has been said about Madonna and her new film — about how bad and inept it is, as if it's somehow worse than 99 percent of the other movies released weekly. That's right: up there with Showgirls . Let's give the director a break here." He praised Riseborough's performance and said, "In the short term, this will see W.E. dismissed as a vanity project but, in the long term, history may well find it to be a fascinating comment on 20th-century celebrity from the ultimate insider." [74] (#cite_note-74) Box office [ edit ] Andrea Riseborough and Madonna at the 69th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/69th_Golden_Globe_Awards) Globally, the film was a commercial failure. In the United Kingdom, W.E. opened in 172 cinemas and grossed £183,000 (including advance screenings). Despite its limited release, it was the week's 14th-top-grossing films and peaked at number 20 in its first week of UK DVD sales. [75] (#cite_note-75) Accolades [ edit ] At the 69th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/69th_Golden_Globe_Awards) , W.E. won Best Original Song (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song) for "Masterpiece" and Korzeniowski was nominated for Best Original Score (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score) . [43] (#cite_note-bbbiz-43) [76] (#cite_note-76) Although "Masterpiece" was shortlisted for the Best Original Song award (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song) at the 84th Academy Awards (/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards) , it was ultimately ineligible. According to Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences) rules, a song cannot compete for the award if it appears after the film's closing credits have begun, and "Masterpiece" does not begin playing until more than one minute into the credits. [77] (#cite_note-77) Arianne Phillips received an award for Excellence in Period Film at the 14th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild) [78] (#cite_note-78) and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) . [79] (#cite_note-79) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "W.E. (2012) - Financial Information" (https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/W-E#tab=summary) . The Numbers (/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)) . Retrieved March 12, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b W.E. at Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) ^ Jump up to: a b c Ward, Kate (June 13, 2011). "Madonna's (sort of) directorial debut acquired by Weinstein" (http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/06/13/madonnas-we-weinstein/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved June 14, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sharkey, Betsy (December 9, 2011). "Madonna Louise Ciccone directs 'W.E.,' which clumsily contrives parallel stories about Wallis Simpson and a modern Manhattanite named Wally" (https://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/09/entertainment/la-et-w.e.-20111209) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved May 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Abbie Cornish is in awe of director Madonna" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120710132331/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100134736&keyword=&subcatg=) . NDTV India. March 13, 2010. Archived from the original (http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100134736&keyword=&subcatg=) on July 10, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f " (http://www.madonna.com/news/title/we-press-release) W.E. – Press Release" (http://www.madonna.com/news/title/we-press-release) . Madonna.com. February 9, 2010 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Madonna casts Fox family for Wallis Simpson film" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10521347.stm) . BBC News . July 7, 2010 . Retrieved July 8, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Geoffrey Palmer, TV and film actor, dies at 93" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-54838209) . BBC News . November 6, 2020 . Retrieved November 6, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Eden, Richard (July 3, 2010). "Madonna casts Natalie Dormer to portray the 'game-playing' Queen Mother" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100707060315/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/madonna/7870311/Madonna-casts-Natalie-Dormer-to-portray-the-game-playing-Queen-Mother.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/madonna/7870311/Madonna-casts-Natalie-Dormer-to-portray-the-game-playing-Queen-Mother.html) on July 7, 2010 . Retrieved July 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Merlin's Katie McGrath: Being directed by Madonna in W.E. was a bit odd" (http://metro.co.uk/2012/12/19/merlins-katie-mcgrath-being-directed-by-madonna-in-w-e-was-a-bit-odd-3321711/) . Metro . December 19, 2012 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zeitchik, Steven (September 10, 2011). "Toronto 2011: Madonna says she has auteur dreams" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/09/madonna-movie-we-release-date-toronto-premiere-reviews-venice.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Vena, Jocelyn (February 5, 2010). "Madonna to direct British scandal" (http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/breaking-news/entertainment/madonna-to-direct-british-scandal-14683382.html) . The Belfast Telegraph (/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph) . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Van Sant, Gus (/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant) (May 2010). "Madonna: An Interview" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/madonna/2/) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . pp. 2–4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110624215753/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/madonna/2) from the original on June 24, 2011 . Retrieved June 15, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Andrew (July 23, 2010). "Has Madonna's Wallis Simpson obsession gone too far?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100726154349/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23858700-has-madonnas-wallis-simpson-obsession-gone-too-far.do) . London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) . Archived from the original (http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23858700-has-madonnas-wallis-simpson-obsession-gone-too-far.do) on July 26, 2010 . Retrieved July 28, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bliss, Karen (September 16, 2011). "Madonna Helms 'Romance of the Century' (https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/madonna-helms-romance-of-the-century-20110916) " (https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/madonna-helms-romance-of-the-century-20110916) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 20, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hiscock, John (December 20, 2011). "Madonna interview: on directing W.E." (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/8974028/Madonna-interview-on-directing-W.E..html) The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 24, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff Reporter (March 15, 2010). "Madonna & Vera Farmiga's Royal Engagement" (http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/marc_malkin/b170928_madonna_vera_farmigas_royal_engagement.html) . E! (/wiki/E!) . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Montgomery, Jason (March 29, 2010). "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Will Not Be Starring In Her Next Film" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100401082220/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634999/20100329/madonna.jhtml) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634999/20100329/madonna.jhtml) on April 1, 2010 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-lourdesrole_19-0) Ditzian, Eric (March 7, 2011). "Madonna's Daughter's Role In 'W.E' Is Revealed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110309012303/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659366/madonna-lourdes-we-abbie-cornish.jhtml) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659366/madonna-lourdes-we-abbie-cornish.jhtml) on March 9, 2011 . Retrieved March 7, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Ewan McGregor to play King Edward VIII in new film W.E produced by Madonna" (http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/2010/03/23/ewan-mcgregor-to-play-king-edward-viii-in-new-film-w-e-produced-by-madonna-86908-22132372/) . Daily Record (/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)) . March 23, 2010 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "James D'Arcy remplace Ewan McGregor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111127112422/http://www.canoe.com/divertissement/cinema/nouvelles/2010/06/07/14295291-relaxnews.html) (in French). Canadian Online Explorer (/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer) . June 7, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.canoe.com/divertissement/cinema/nouvelles/2010/06/07/14295291-relaxnews.html) on November 27, 2011 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Levine, Nick (May 8, 2010). "McGregor Snub Threatens Madonna's 'W.E' Movie" (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a218750/mcgregor-snub-threatens-madonnas-we.html) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Stratham, Herby (July 5, 2010). "Artistic Differences Force Actress to Quit Madonna's Movie" (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a238713/margo-stilley-quits-madonnas-we.html) . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Extras' interest for Madonna's film directing debut" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/wales/10571501.stm) . BBC News . July 9, 2010 . Retrieved July 12, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Walker, Tim (June 9, 2011). " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8566626/Tough-Madonna-increases-fears-about-Wallis-Simpson-film.html) 'Tough' Madonna increases fears about Wallis Simpson film" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8566626/Tough-Madonna-increases-fears-about-Wallis-Simpson-film.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120708133327/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100134819&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music) 'Queen of Pop' wants help from the 'Queen' (https://web.archive.org/web/20120708133327/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100134819&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120708133327/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100134819&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music) . NDTV. Press Trust of India (/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India) . March 14, 2010. Archived from the original (http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100134819&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music) on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-help_27-0) Eden, Richard (March 13, 2010). "Queen of pop Madonna seeks help from the real Queen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100317132347/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/madonna/7436669/Queen-of-pop-Madonna-seeks-help-from-the-real-Queen.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/madonna/7436669/Queen-of-pop-Madonna-seeks-help-from-the-real-Queen.html) on March 17, 2010 . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Staff Reporter (March 24, 2010). "Madonna returning to UK" (http://tvnz.co.nz/entertainment-news/madonna-returning-uk-3429912) . Television New Zealand (/wiki/Television_New_Zealand) . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Dawtrey, Adam (September 3, 2011). "Madonna takes royal risk" (https://variety.com/2011/film/news/madonna-takes-royal-risk-1118042155/) . Variety . Retrieved January 22, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-budget_30-0) Keegan, Rebecca (January 29, 2012). "Madonna: Back in the Public Eye" (https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/29/entertainment/la-ca-madonna-20120129) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . p. 3 . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Piper, Dean (December 5, 2010). "Madonna's a reel lady" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/12/05/madonna-s-a-reel-lady-115875-22763638/) . Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) . Retrieved December 5, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Madonna 'taking ages' to shoot scenes for new flick (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_madonna-taking-ages-to-shoot-scenes-for-new-flick-we_1422901) W.E " (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_madonna-taking-ages-to-shoot-scenes-for-new-flick-we_1422901) . DNA India (/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)) . August 13, 2010 . Retrieved August 16, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Replica Simpson Jewels Lost On Madonna Movie" (http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/replica-simpson-jewels-lost-on-madonna-movie_1187067) . 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"Venice Film Festival 2011: W.E., Review" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/8735064/Venice-Film-Festival-2011-W.E.-review.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 2, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Brooks, Xan (September 1, 2011). "W.E. – review Madonna's jaw-dropping take on the story of Wallis Simpson is a primped and simpering folly, preening and fatally mishandled" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/01/w-e-madonna-wallis-simpson-review) . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) McCarthy, Todd (September 1, 2011). "W.E.: Venice Film Review" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/we-venice-film-review-230267) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved September 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Lyttelon, Oliver (September 1, 2011). "Venice '11 Review: Madonna's 'W.E.' Is A Royal Disaster" (http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/archives/2011/09/01/venice_11_review_w.e_madonna_abbie_cornish_premiere/) . IndieWire (/wiki/IndieWire) . Retrieved September 1, 2011 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-68) Collett-White, Mike (September 2, 2011). "Madonna's crown slips with mediocre W.E. reviews" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_madonna-s-crown-slips-with-mediocre-w-e-reviews_1582534) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . Retrieved September 2, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Felperin, Leslie (September 1, 2011). "W.E. (UK)" (https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945931?refcatid=31) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Retrieved September 2, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Kennedy, Colin (January 20, 2012). "W.E's central conceit results in a film that is just conceited" (http://www.metro.co.uk/film/reviews/887865-w-es-central-conceit-results-in-a-film-that-is-just-conceited) . Metro . Retrieved January 20, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) Reynolds, Simon (January 16, 2012). " (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/review/a358865/we-review.html) 'W.E.' 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/FashionUnited) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "FashionUnited" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FashionUnited%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FashionUnited%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FashionUnited%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FashionUnited%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FashionUnited%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FashionUnited%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) FashionUnited Industry media (/wiki/News_media) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) (1999 ; 25 years ago ( 1999 ) ) Founder Lennard Minderhoud Headquarters Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Area served Worldwide Key people Lennard Minderhoud, Director-general Services fashion jobs, fashion news, education network Number of employees 51-200 employees Website fashionunited (https://fashionunited.uk/) .uk (https://fashionunited.uk/) FashionUnited is an international B2B fashion platform created in 1999 by CEO Lennard Minderhou. History [ edit ] The idea of founding FashionUnited came to Lennard Minderhoud in the late 1990s after he realized that “there was little information about fashion on the internet.” [1] (#cite_note-1) The platform offers fashion news, fashion jobs, the statistics of the industry and a Fashion Education Network created in 2010. [2] (#cite_note-2) The headquarter of FashionUnited is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The platform is active in more than 25 countries and the website is available in 16 languages. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the second half of 2014, FashionUnited changed its logo and redesigned all the FashionUnited websites. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Petrova, Yana (March 14, 2015). "Interview with CEO of FashionUnited – Lennard Minderhoud" (http://vanfashionweek.com/interview-with-ceo-of-fashionunited-lennard-minderhoud/) . Vancouver Fashion Week (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) . Retrieved June 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "IAF Newsletter 1 2013: Member News (Fashion United)" (http://iafnet.eu/members-area/newsletter/newsletter-2013/iaf-newsletter-1-2013-member-news-fashion-united/) . International Apparel Federation (/wiki/International_Apparel_Federation) . January 1, 2013 . Retrieved June 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "BHMFW APPOINTS FASHION UNITED AS THE OFFICIAL MEDIA PARTNER FOR 2015" (http://bhminternationalfashionweek.blogspot.nl/) . Birmingham International Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_International_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) . February 14, 2015 . Retrieved June 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "FASHIONUNITED: ENJOY THEIR NEW WEBSITE!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150701190640/http://www.fashionweek.nl/en/news/fashionunited-enjoy-their-new-website) . Fashion Week Nederland (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Week_Nederland&action=edit&redlink=1) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionweek.nl/en/news/fashionunited-enjoy-their-new-website) on July 1, 2015 . Retrieved June 15, 2015 . 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YMI Founded 2000 Founders David Vered Michael Godigian Moshe Zaga Headquarters Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Website www (http://www.ymijeans.com) .ymijeans (http://www.ymijeans.com) .com (http://www.ymijeans.com) YMI Jeans is an American company which manufactures denim (/wiki/Denim) jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . The company is based in Los Angeles, and was founded in 2000 by David Vered, Michael Godigian and Moshe Zaga. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2010, the company inaugurated its new headquarters and distribution center in Los Angeles. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2012, YMI began manufacturing levanta cola jeans (/wiki/Levanta_cola_jeans) , which enhance the buttocks. These are designed for Latina (/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) women, and are promoted with the slogan "Wanna Betta Butt?" [3] (#cite_note-3) YMI also makes "Hyper Flex" jeans, "made out of high-stretch fabric for the athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) market." [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2016, YMI Jeans launched the WannaBettaShape to shape the waist and stomach. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2022, Hocus Pocus 2 (/wiki/Hocus_Pocus_2) ' s Juju Brenner became the brand's new ambassador. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Us" (https://www.ymijeans.com/about-us/) . YMI . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "YMI Opens New Distribution Center, Headquarters" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2010/oct/22/ymi-opens-new-distribution-center-headquarters/) . www.apparelnews.net . 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 2024-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rojas, Leslie Berestein (21 March 2016). "Booty-lifting 'levanta cola' jeans go mainstream" (http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/03/21/58654/booty-lifting-levanta-cola-jeans-go-mainstream/) . KPCC (/wiki/KPCC_(radio_station)) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Asch, Andrew; Belgum, Deborah (7 April 2016). "Majors Market Buzzing" (https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2016/apr/07/majors-market-buzzing/) . California Apparel News . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Grigoryants, Olga (2016-04-08). "Rear-Shaping Jeans Maker to Butt Into New Line" (https://labusinessjournal.com/news/weekly-news/rear-shaping-jeans-maker-butt-new-line/) . Los Angeles Business Journal . Retrieved 2024-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Claudio, Andre (2022-08-18). "YMI Jeans Teams with 'Hocus Pocus 2' Actress Juju Brener" (https://sourcingjournal.com/denim/denim-brands/ymi-jeans-hocus-pocus-2-actress-juju-brener-denim-bermuda-shorts-dress-359516/) . Sourcing Journal . Retrieved 2024-02-13 . This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YMI_Jeans&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7xgx9 Cached time: 20240721175155 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.270 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1230/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16765/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 744/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28049/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4405869/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.478 1 -total 38.82% 121.693 1 Template:Infobox_company 38.15% 119.584 1 Template:Reflist 35.50% 111.274 1 Template:Infobox 29.25% 91.690 4 Template:Cite_web 21.88% 68.591 1 Template:Fashion-company-stub 20.82% 65.271 1 Template:Asbox 4.06% 12.729 2 Template:Cite_news 3.19% 10.015 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.86% 8.981 1 Template:URL Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47815772-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721175155 and revision id 1225706080. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YMI_Jeans&oldid=1225706080 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YMI_Jeans&oldid=1225706080) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Jeans by brand (/wiki/Category:Jeans_by_brand) Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Los_Angeles) American companies established in 2000 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_2000) Clothing companies established in 2000 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2000) 2000 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:2000_establishments_in_California) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Fashion company stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_company_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Statue of a Parthian (/wiki/Parthian_Empire) nobleman, wearing the traditional trouser-suit. The Parthian dress , represented by the Parthians (/wiki/Parthia) , became the common clothing in the Ancient Near East (/wiki/Ancient_Near_East) during the Arsacid (/wiki/Parthian_Empire) era (247 BC – 224 AD). [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawami1992737–739-1) The dress was characterized by its sleeved coats and trousers, and crossed political and ethnic barriers, being worn from Syria (/wiki/Syria_(region)) to northern India (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , continuing designs already recorded in the Achaemenid (/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) era. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawami1992737–739-1) Alexander the Great (/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) 's conquests of the Near East and the ensuing reign of the Seleucid Empire (/wiki/Seleucid_Empire) did not mark any change in Iranian clothing, but instead resulted in the further spread of it and even its influence on Greek clothing. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawami1992737–739-1) See also [ edit ] Sasanian dress (/wiki/Sasanian_dress) Tocharian clothing (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Kawami 1992 (#CITEREFKawami1992) , pp. 737–739. Sources [ edit ] Kawami, Trudi (1992). "CLOTHING iii. In the Arsacid period" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-iii) . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 7 . pp. 737–739. v t e Parthian Empire (/wiki/Parthian_Empire) Origins Parni (/wiki/Parni) Dahae (/wiki/Dahae) Parni conquest of Parthia (/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia) Dynasty Armenia (/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia) Iberia (/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia) Caucasian Albania (/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania) Chosroid (/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty) Indo-Parthia (/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom) Noble clans Seven Great Houses (/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran) Ispahbudhan (/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan) Karen (/wiki/House_of_Karen) Mihran (/wiki/House_of_Mihran) Spandiyadh (/wiki/House_of_Spandiyadh) Suren (/wiki/House_of_Suren) Varaz Zik (/wiki/House_of_Zik) Culture Art (/wiki/Parthian_art) Coinage (/wiki/Parthian_coinage) Dress Language (/wiki/Parthian_language) Music (/wiki/Parthian_music) Wars Seleucid–Parthian Wars (/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars) Battle of Ecbatana (/wiki/Battle_of_Ecbatana) Roman–Parthian Wars (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars) Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363) Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166) Antony's Atropatene campaign (/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign) Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC) Battle of Ctesiphon (165) (/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(165)) Battle of Ctesiphon (198) (/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)) Battle of Carrhae (/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae) Battle of the Cilician Gates (/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates) Battle of Mount Gindarus (/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus) Battle of Amanus Pass (/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass) Battle of Nisibis (217) (/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)) Parthian war of Caracalla (/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla) Armenian–Parthian War (/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Parthian_War) Bactrian–Parthian War (/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War) Related Parthia (/wiki/Parthia) Parthian army (/wiki/Parthian_army) Parthian Dark Age (/wiki/Parthian_Dark_Age) Parthian shot (/wiki/Parthian_shot) Roman–Iranian relations (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations) Lists Parthian monarchs (/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Parthia) Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms (/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Parthian_sub-kingdoms) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐79948d7f7b‐bsl4h Cached time: 20240717173741 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.250 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 508/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16582/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1081/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12452/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.164/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3705646/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 248.213 1 -total 35.91% 89.124 1 Template:Parthian_Empire 35.50% 88.116 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 34.77% 86.302 1 Template:Navbox 21.50% 53.368 3 Template:Sfn 6.90% 17.117 1 Template:Reflist 1.10% 2.738 13 Template:Small 1.05% 2.602 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60527566-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717173741 and revision id 1160352391. 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American model This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Yasmine Petty" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yasmine+Petty%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yasmine+Petty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yasmine+Petty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yasmine+Petty%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yasmine+Petty%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yasmine+Petty%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Yasmine Petty Petty in 2014 Born Jennifer Paris San Diego, California, U.S. Occupation Fashion model Modelling information Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair colour Brown Eye colour Brown Website www (http://www.yasmine-petty.com/) .yasmine-petty (http://www.yasmine-petty.com/) .com (http://www.yasmine-petty.com/) Yasmine Petty is an American model. Petty mostly works as a runway and editorial fashion model [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) in addition to having worked as an actress and photographer. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Petty has modeled at international events such as New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) and Life Ball. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2014, Petty was featured on the fifth anniversary cover of C☆NDY magazine along with 13 other transgender women (/wiki/Trans_woman) – Janet Mock (/wiki/Janet_Mock) , Carmen Carrera (/wiki/Carmen_Carrera) , Geena Rocero (/wiki/Geena_Rocero) , Isis King (/wiki/Isis_King) , Gisele Alicea (Gisele Xtravaganza), Leyna Bloom (/wiki/Leyna_Bloom) , Dina Marie, Nina Poon, Juliana Huxtable (/wiki/Juliana_Huxtable) , Niki M'nray, Pêche Di (/wiki/Peche_Di) , Carmen Xtravaganza, and Laverne Cox (/wiki/Laverne_Cox) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Petty studied photography at the International Center of Photography (/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography) in New York City and fashion design at De Anza College (/wiki/De_Anza_College) in Cupertino, California (/wiki/Cupertino,_California) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Filmography [ edit ] 2014: Dragula Yasmine Petty as Milla a hot club girl (short film) Directed by Frank Meli & Adam Shankman See also [ edit ] LGBT culture in New York City (/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City) List of LGBT people from New York City (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Yasmine Petty - Biography" (https://www.backstage.com/u/yasminepetty/) . Backstage . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Yasmine Petty modeling at fashion show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222024/http://freevideomoviedownload.com/search/yasmine-petty-modeling-in-t-rains-fashion-show) . Search . Archived from the original (http://freevideomoviedownload.com/search/yasmine-petty-modeling-in-t-rains-fashion-show) on February 1, 2014 . Retrieved January 21, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) The Logic of Taste (http://models.com/work/love-magazine-dree-julia-etc-by-patrick) source: thelovemagazine.co.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Deep in the City (http://models.com/work/hercules-magazine-by-mariano-and-nicola/31660) , Hercules Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-5) OhLaLa Mag: Jarrid Bernier Meisel by Yasmine Petty (http://www.ohlalamag.com/en/2011/04/jarrid-bernier-meisel-by-yasmine-petty.html#more) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Work as model and photographer (http://models.com/people/yasmine-petty) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Max Silberman in "Max Appeal" by Yasmine Petty (http://soulartistmanagement.com/blog/2012/04/16/max-silberman-in-max-appeal-by-yasmine-petty/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141219213935/http://soulartistmanagement.com/blog/2012/04/16/max-silberman-in-max-appeal-by-yasmine-petty/) December 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Portrait of Ryan Daharsh (http://models.com/work/portrait-portrait-of-ryan-daharsh) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Krueger, Alyson (March 3, 2017). "Transgender Models Find a Home" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/fashion/transgender-models-casting-agencies-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved March 3, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "18 gorgeous transgender models" (https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/fashion/18-gorgeous-transgender-models/ss-AAfnIZK#image=11) . MSN . Retrieved October 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Laverne Cox, Carmen Carrera, Among 14 Trans Stars On "Candy" Magazine Cover" (http://www.newnownext.com/laverne-cox-carmen-carrera-on-candy-magazine-cover/12/2014/) . NewNowNext . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Dawson, Jay. "Famous Celebrities Who Underwent Gender Transformation" (https://www.culturehook.com/617-1/famous-celebrities-who-underwent-gender-transformation/) . Culture Hook . Retrieved October 22, 2017 . Further reading [ edit ] A Dispatch from Vienna's Crazy Over-the-Top Life Ball (http://fashionista.com/2013/05/a-dispatch-from-viennas-life-ball/) Galleries: Weirdest fashion from fashion week (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/photos-e6frg6n6-1226578790696?page=20) External links [ edit ] Yasmine Petty official website (http://www.yasmine-petty.com/) Yasmine Petty (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5939849/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) This biography article about a United States model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Georgette Klinger Born Georgette Eckstein ( 1915-02-28 ) February 28, 1915 Brno (/wiki/Brno) , Moravia (/wiki/Moravia) , Austria-Hungary (/wiki/Austria-Hungary) Died January 9, 2004 (2004-01-09) (aged 88) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , United States Nationality Czech American (naturalized) Occupations Businesswoman Cosmetologist Years active 1938–1998 Spouses Frank Klinger ( m. 1938; div. 1946) Jacobo Eisenberg ( m. 1949; died 1976) Children 1 Georgette Klinger ( née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Eckstein ; February 28, 1915 – January 9, 2004) was a Moravian-born American businesswoman and cosmetologist who founded skin care brand Georgette Klinger Inc. (/w/index.php?title=Georgette_Klinger_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1941. Born into a wealthy family in Brno (/wiki/Brno) , Moravia (/wiki/Moravia) , she became interested in beauty care after developing an acne rash from applying cosmetic products she won at a beauty contest. Klinger opened her first salon in 1938 before closing it a year later so she and her family could flee abroad when the Nazi Party (/wiki/Nazi_Party) invaded Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Czechoslovakia) . She formed her business from a bank loan of $15,000 and expanded it to operating nine salons by the time of its sale to a financial and investment firm in 1998. Klinger devised the first specialized treatment programs for teenagers in 1967 before expanding it to men five years later. She co-authored a book with Barbara Rowes in 1979, and was invited to join The Committee of 200 (/wiki/The_Committee_of_200) in 1982. Klinger's salons have been cited by experts as a precursor to the multi-billion spa industry, and she brought European-style female skin care to the United States. Biography [ edit ] Klinger was born in Brno (/wiki/Brno) , Moravia (/wiki/Moravia) , Austria-Hungary (/wiki/Austria-Hungary) (now the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) ) on February 28, 1915. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She was the third child and the sole daughter of textile manufacturer Benno Eckstein and gardener and weaver Ilona Eckstein (née Rosenthal). [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) Klinger had three brothers, [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) was raised in a wealthy family, [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) who owned a summer home in Brno to entertain foreign visitors. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She was educated in cosmetic chemistry in schools in Budapest, Vienna, and Paris, before she won a beauty contest in her homeland aged 18. [4] (#cite_note-VAApril83-4) The cosmetic products Klinger won irritated her skin, [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) and gave her a breakout that caused a persistent acne rash. [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) Klinger's mother took her to a professor of dermatology in Vienna, [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) and the two women ventured to other cities for a period of two years for treatment, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) [8] (#cite_note-LCNov76-8) which was initially unsuccessful. [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) She had listened to the professor of dermatology, [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) by learning the business side of beauty care in Budapest and Prague, and cured herself. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) [8] (#cite_note-LCNov76-8) In 1938, Klinger withstood the objections from the family of her husband about working, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) and she and a local doctor opened her first skin care salon in her hometown of Brno. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) Because of her young age, she wore spectacles and tied her hair into a bun to make her appear older to customers. [4] (#cite_note-VAApril83-4) When the Nazi Party (/wiki/Nazi_Party) of Adolf Hitler (/wiki/Adolf_Hitler) invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939, [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) [9] (#cite_note-EBEntry-9) Klinger and her family fled to London by providing authorities with exit visas. In London, she established a costume jewelry business, which she later relinquished to a friend of hers; she worked secretly to liberate Czechoslovakia during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She emigrated to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) on an empty troop ship in 1941, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) after the bombing of London became severe. [4] (#cite_note-VAApril83-4) Klinger had no money; [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) she found adjusting to life in the United States difficult at first due to the country's sense of humor and cried when she was called "honey" by others. [4] (#cite_note-VAApril83-4) She had an uncle who resided in Great Neck, New York (/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York) ; [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) he, the wife of a publisher, and a broker helped Klinger secure a bank loan of $15,000, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) with the belief her methodology would prove effective. [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) [10] (#cite_note-WWDObit-10) The bank loan allowed her to open a shop called Georgette Klinger Inc. (/w/index.php?title=Georgette_Klinger_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1) at 509 Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) , Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) ; [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) she created her projects from fresh and natural ingredients with herbs and fruits in her kitchen during the early years of her career. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) [10] (#cite_note-WWDObit-10) Klinger was one of the first to advise against exposure to the sun (/wiki/Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure) to prevent premature aging (/wiki/Progeroid_syndromes) , [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) told clients to consume extra water, not to use soap to clean themselves, [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) to eschew hairspray (/wiki/Hair_spray) , [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) and avoid applying a large amount of make-up as used in Hollywood beauty (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) . [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) She connected air pollution and smoking to poor skin care. avoided products tested on animals, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) employed personnel who had been trained in Europe, [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) and wore a magnifying glass on her neck. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She visited her stores regularly, [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) [12] (#cite_note-PBDNFeb93-12) provided equal treatment to her customers regardless of their social class, [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) and published a small amount of advertising due to a partial dislike of large wording. [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) preferring word of mouth (/wiki/Word_of_mouth) . [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) Klinger moved the flagship store to 501 Madison Avenue in 1959, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) and opened a second salon in the Los Angeles suburb of Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) ten years later. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) She devised the first specialized treatment programs for teenagers in 1967 and men five years later. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) Klinger stated to The Cincinnati Enquirer (/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer) in 1984 that she was the first skin care specialist to introduce elasticity-saving collagen protein in the United States and the first to produce perfume-free products. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) She trademarked the company name in 1977, and ran four salons in the United States by 1979. That same year, she and Barbara Rowes co-authored Georgette Klinger’s Skincare to talk about her skin care methodology. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) In October 1981, Klinger received the Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation (/w/index.php?title=Eye_Research_Institute_of_the_Retina_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1) 's inaugural Woman of Vision Award, and in 1982 was invited to join The Committee of 200 (/wiki/The_Committee_of_200) , which was composed of businesswomen who ran businesses with an annual turnover of $5 million. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She established a factory and laboratory in New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) to expand the manufacture of her products to a wide scale in 1982. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) Klinger's company reported annual revenues of $20 million by the early 1990s, [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) and had a mail order section. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) After repeatedly declining offers to sell her business to larger firms since the 1970s, [3] (#cite_note-PeopleNov76-3) [13] (#cite_note-SAENSep76-13) she sold it to Madison, Wisconsin (/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin) -based financial and investment firm Pyle Group in 1998, [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) by which time had nine salons. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) Personal life [ edit ] Klinger married lawyer Frank Klinger in 1938 and divorced in around 1946. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) Her second marriage to Venezuelan businessperson Jacobo Eisenberg in 1949 until his death in 1976 led to the birth of a daughter, Kathryn, in 1951. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) Kathryn joined her mother's business soon after graduating from college in 1970. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) [14] (#cite_note-OCFeb87-14) Klinger became a naturalised citizen of the United States (/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States) on an unknown date. [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) She died from natural causes caused by a decline in her health at Lenox Hill Hospital (/wiki/Lenox_Hill_Hospital) , New York City on January 9, 2004. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) A service for Klinger was held at Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel (/wiki/Frank_E._Campbell_Funeral_Chapel) , Manhattan on January 11, [10] (#cite_note-WWDObit-10) and is buried in Ferncliff Cemetery (/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery) , Hartsdale (/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York) . [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) Personality and legacy [ edit ] The Ottawa Citizen described Klinger in her later years as "a silver-haired woman with soft sloping gray eyes and luminous porcelain skin", and "a quietly elegant woman". [14] (#cite_note-OCFeb87-14) Her Eastern European accent caused her to pronounce Ws as Vs, such as "vomen's skin needs vauhter", [14] (#cite_note-OCFeb87-14) was fluent in seven languages. [13] (#cite_note-SAENSep76-13) and admired opera. [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) She was known to scrutinize her employees, [6] (#cite_note-PBPObit-6) and was a perfectionist. [7] (#cite_note-WWDMar92-7) Maureen O'Sullivan of Palm Beach Daily News (/wiki/Palm_Beach_Daily_News) noted Klinger did not "sugar coat her assessments" and provided staff with support and assistance. [12] (#cite_note-PBDNFeb93-12) She mandated salon facialists to sport white uniforms and call customers "Miss" to create calmness. [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) Her public image was one of her being rarely seen without sporting a hat, and preferred to wear uncomfortable shoes. [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) Called the "Dean of Skin Care", [10] (#cite_note-WWDObit-10) her salons became a precursor of the multi-billion dollar spa industry, [1] (#cite_note-ScriberEntry-1) [9] (#cite_note-EBEntry-9) brought European-style female skin care to the United States, [2] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-2) and according to O'Sullivan, introduced scientific skin care to the country. [12] (#cite_note-PBDNFeb93-12) Douglas Martin of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) wrote Klinger's approach of treating the skin "as a tender, living organ, not a surface in need of decoration" had "revolutionized cosmetic skin care." [5] (#cite_note-NYTimesObit-5) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Brodsky Fitzpatrick, Jane (2007). "Klinger, Georgette" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/klinger-georgette) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201210154/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/klinger-georgette) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Encyclopedia.com (/wiki/Encyclopedia.com) . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rourke, Mary (January 15, 2004). "G. Klinger, 88; Skin Care Expert" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-15-me-klinger15-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201204651/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-15-me-klinger15-story.html) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "U.s. Women Have the World's Worst Skin, Says Georgette Klinger, Who Claims to Have the Cure" (https://people.com/archive/u-s-women-have-the-worlds-worst-skin-says-georgette-klinger-who-claims-to-have-the-cure-vol-6-no-20/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . 6 (20). November 15, 1976. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201204651/https://people.com/archive/u-s-women-have-the-worlds-worst-skin-says-georgette-klinger-who-claims-to-have-the-cure-vol-6-no-20/) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 . ^ a b c d Jistice, Diane (April 5, 1983). "Europeans Raise Care Of the Skin To An Art" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438679561/) . Victoria Advocate (/wiki/Victoria_Advocate) . p. 2B. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201204649/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438679561/) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h Martin, Douglas (January 14, 2004). "Georgette Klinger, of Facials Fame, Dies at 88" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/14/nyregion/georgette-klinger-of-facials-fame-dies-at-88.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. A17. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201204651/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/14/nyregion/georgette-klinger-of-facials-fame-dies-at-88.html) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h Isger, Sonja (January 15, 2004). "Georgette Klinger, Expert in Skin Care" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A112225136/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=4df90f2b) . The Palm Beach Post (/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post) . p. 2A . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Gale OneFile: News. ^ a b c d e f g h Edelson, Sharon; D'Innocenzio, Anne (March 20, 1992). "Georgette Klinger: 50 years of good advice" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12059717/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=4f1933fd) . Women's Wear Daily . 163 (56): T14 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Gale General OneFile. ^ a b "Student Diet Can Lead to Skin Problems, Says Skin Expert" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/36683505/) . Lawton Morning Press . November 13, 1976. p. 3B . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Sparks, Karen (January 5, 2020). "Georgette Klinger: American skin-care innovator" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georgette-Klinger) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190730110928/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georgette-Klinger) from the original on July 30, 2019 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 . ^ a b c d Nagel, Andrea (January 14, 2004). "Obituary: Skin Care Pioneer Georgette Klinger" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A112417712/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=12dbf767) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . p. 5 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Gale General OneFile. ^ a b Landers, Margaret (April 10, 1984). "Georgette Klinger Wears Charm Just As Smoothly As Her Makeup" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/101726029/) . The Cincinnati Enquirer (/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer) . p. D-7Q . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c O'Sullivan, Maureen (February 12, 1993). "Klinger gives clients personal service" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/299107029/) . Palm Beach Daily News (/wiki/Palm_Beach_Daily_News) . p. 1 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Skin game grows for Mrs. Klinger" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/48581176/) . San Antonio Express-News (/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News) . September 25, 1976. p. 16D. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200201204651/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/48581176/) from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Use lots of water but no soap: skin-care expert" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/463451484/) . Ottawa Citizen (/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen) . February 19, 1987. p. F2 . Retrieved February 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. External links [ edit ] Georgette Klinger (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1710574/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/306065906) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hWQDjTHdhR4vj33JDq) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78086607) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐spfx9 Cached time: 20240720163232 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.510 seconds Real time usage: 0.643 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3699/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47407/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7894/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 75854/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.290/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8225689/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 597.314 1 -total 42.79% 255.565 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.43% 169.798 1 Template:Reflist 19.20% 114.687 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 16.31% 97.397 3 Template:Plainlist 15.04% 89.848 2 Template:Marriage 14.63% 87.366 2 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 13.92% 83.126 1 Template:Authority_control 10.13% 60.511 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.76% 40.397 2 Template:Str_≠_len Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63002609-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720163232 and revision id 1197312241. 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Czech Lion Award for Best Costume Design Country Czech Republic First awarded 1993 Currently held by Vladimíra Pachl Fomínová Website http://www.filmovaakademie.cz (http://www.filmovaakademie.cz) Czech Lion Award (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Awards) for Best Costume Design is award given to the Czech film with best Costume Design. Winners [ edit ] Year English Name Original Name Costume Designer 2013 Burning Bush (/wiki/Burning_Bush_(mini-series)) Hořící keř Katarína Holá (/w/index.php?title=Katar%C3%ADna_Hol%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 Three Brothers (/wiki/Three_Brothers_(2014_film)) Tři bratři Simona Rybáková (/w/index.php?title=Simona_Ryb%C3%A1kov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2015 The Seven Ravens (/wiki/The_Seven_Ravens_(2015_film)) Sedmero krkavců Kateřina Štefková (/w/index.php?title=Kate%C5%99ina_%C5%A0tefkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2016 A Prominent Patient (/wiki/A_Prominent_Patient) Masaryk Katarína Štrbová Bieliková (/w/index.php?title=Katar%C3%ADna_%C5%A0trbov%C3%A1_Bielikov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2017 Milada (/wiki/Milada_(film)) Milada Simona Rybáková (/w/index.php?title=Simona_Ryb%C3%A1kov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2018 The Hastrman (/wiki/Hastrman) Hastrman Eva Kotková (/w/index.php?title=Eva_Kotkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2019 The Painted Bird (/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_(film)) Nabarvené ptáče Helena Rovná (/w/index.php?title=Helena_Rovn%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2020 Shadow Country (/wiki/Shadow_Country_(film)) Krajina ve stínu Zuzana Bambušek Krejzková (/w/index.php?title=Zuzana_Bambu%C5%A1ek_Krejzkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2021 Božena (/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_(miniseries)) Božena Katarína Štrbová Bieliková (/w/index.php?title=Katar%C3%ADna_%C5%A0trbov%C3%A1_Bielikov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) 2022 Il Boemo (/wiki/Il_Boemo) Il Boemo Andrea Cavalletto (/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Cavalletto&action=edit&redlink=1) 2023 Volga (/wiki/Volha_(TV_series)) Volha Vladimíra Pachl Fomínová (/w/index.php?title=Vladim%C3%ADra_Pachl_Fom%C3%ADnov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) External links [ edit ] v t e Czech Lion Awards (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Awards) Main Awards Best Film (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Award_for_Best_Film) Director (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Award_for_Best_Director) Screenplay (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Award_for_Best_Screenplay) Cinematography 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Award ceremonies 1993 (/wiki/1993_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1994 (/wiki/1994_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1995 (/wiki/1995_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1996 (/wiki/1996_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1997 (/wiki/1997_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1998 (/wiki/1998_Czech_Lion_Awards) 1999 (/wiki/1999_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2000 (/wiki/2000_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2001 (/wiki/2001_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2002 (/wiki/2002_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2003 (/wiki/2003_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2004 (/wiki/2004_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2005 (/wiki/2005_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2006 (/wiki/2006_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2007 (/wiki/2007_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2008 (/wiki/2008_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2009 (/wiki/2009_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2010 (/wiki/2010_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2011 (/wiki/2011_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2012 (/wiki/2012_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2013 (/wiki/2013_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2014 (/wiki/2014_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2015 (/wiki/2015_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2016 (/wiki/2016_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2017 (/wiki/2017_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2018 (/wiki/2018_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2019 (/wiki/2019_Czech_Lion_Awards) 2020 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Bolongaro Trevor is a fashion brand from Kait Bolongaro (/w/index.php?title=Kait_Bolongaro&action=edit&redlink=1) and Stuart Trevor (/wiki/Stuart_Trevor) , original founders and former designers behind retail group AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) . [1] (#cite_note-1) They sold the business to investors in 2016 and now have no association with the brand Bolongaro Trevor was launched by the couple in 2006, after they sold their shares in AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Thebrand takes design inspiration from Victorian London, [3] (#cite_note-drapersonline26-3) as well as vintage military wear. [4] (#cite_note-4) Stuart Trevor attended Nottingham Trent University (/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University) and graduated in 1988 with a BA in fashion design. [5] (#cite_note-5) Following university he served as head of menswear at Reiss (/wiki/Reiss_(brand)) for seven years. [6] (#cite_note-6) before he went on to found AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) in 1994. Kait Bolongaro studied at Ravensbourne College (/wiki/Ravensbourne_College) of Design and Communication and graduated in 1990, she then subsequently earned an MA in Fashion Design from the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) in 1992, following this, she joined Trevor at AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) in 1996. The brand is known for its celebrity following with the likes of Daisy Lowe (/wiki/Daisy_Lowe) , [3] (#cite_note-drapersonline26-3) Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Liam Gallagher (/wiki/Liam_Gallagher) , Leighton Meester (/wiki/Leighton_Meester) , Helena Bonham Carter (/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter) , [9] (#cite_note-9) The Who (/wiki/The_Who) [10] (#cite_note-10) and The Libertines (/wiki/The_Libertines) [11] (#cite_note-11) wearing it. The company has previously shown at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in 2010, [12] (#cite_note-12) as well as frequenting the French trade show; Tranoï. The fashion brand now has eight stores, five in London; Old Spitalfields Market (/wiki/Old_Spitalfields_Market) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Broadwick Street off Carnaby Street (/wiki/Carnaby_Street) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Westbourne Grove off Portobello Market (/wiki/Portobello_Market) , Seven Dials (/wiki/Seven_Dials,_London) [15] (#cite_note-15) and Richmond. [16] (#cite_note-16) They then have subsequent stores in Birmingham, [17] (#cite_note-17) Leeds [18] (#cite_note-18) and Nottingham, [19] (#cite_note-19) with plans as of October 2013 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolongaro_Trevor&action=edit) to open further stores across Britain and internationally over the following five years. [20] (#cite_note-20) Bolongaro Trevor has also been stocked in Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) , the world-famous department store, as well as internationally in cities such as Tokyo, Paris, Stockholm and New York. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2014, father and son Muhammad Arshad Jalil and Omar Jalil bought 50% of Bolongaro Trevor. Stuart Trevor and his wife, Kait Bolongaro, sold the remaining 50% to the Jalil family in 2016. [22] (#cite_note-22) Kait Bolongaro and Stuart Trevor are no longer involved with the brand. The business has achieved a year on year growth of over 66 percent since 2016 and is presently being sold in Europe and US with plans to launch in Middle East. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pop star chic is a hit in city" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203171807/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Pop-star-chic-hit-city/story-20430559-detail/story.html) . Nottingham Post (/wiki/Nottingham_Post) . 11 January 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.nottinghampost.com/Pop-star-chic-hit-city/story-20430559-detail/story.html) on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tate, Pam (6 January 2007). "AllSaints founders sign Religion deal \| News \| Drapers" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/all-saints-founders-sign-religion-deal/765531.article) . Drapersonline.com . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Oliver, Melinda (26 September 2008). "B+R, London \| Shopwatch \| Drapers" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/br-london/1874872.article) . Drapersonline.com . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Bolongaro Trevor Flagship Store Launch \| F.TAPE \| Fashion Directory" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140204055432/http://ftape.com/media/?p=666) . Archived from the original (http://ftape.com/media/?p=666) on 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Toulson, Gemma (22 November 2013). "Fashion chain branching out in city" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203171803/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Fashion-chain-branching-city/story-20116000-detail/story.html) . Nottingham Post (/wiki/Nottingham_Post) . Archived from the original (http://www.nottinghampost.com/Fashion-chain-branching-city/story-20116000-detail/story.html) on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Weir, Laura (20 October 2008). "Stuart Trevor" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/stuart-trevor/1901100.article) . Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Gavin's Trousers… \| Bolongaro Trevor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130823132856/http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/gavins-trousers/) . Archived from the original (http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/gavins-trousers/) on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Weir, Laura (20 October 2008). "Stuart Trevor \| The Drapers Interview \| Drapers" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/stuart-trevor/1901100.article#.U4c08fldV6k) . Drapersonline.com . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "BOLONGARO TREVOR \| Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213700/http://www.notjustalabel.com/bolongarotrevor) . Not Just A Label. Archived from the original (http://www.notjustalabel.com/bolongarotrevor) on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Who performing at the Royal Albert Hall dressed in the striped blazer with union jack lining for AW10 Bolongaro Trevor \| Bolongaro Trevor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529171558/http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/the-who-performing-at-the-royal-albert-hall-dressed-in-the-striped-blazer-with-union-jack-lining-for-aw10-bolongaro-trevor/) . Archived from the original (http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/the-who-performing-at-the-royal-albert-hall-dressed-in-the-striped-blazer-with-union-jack-lining-for-aw10-bolongaro-trevor/) on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Libertines dressed in Bolongaro Trevor for come back gig \| Bolongaro Trevor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529181750/http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/libertines-dressed-in-bolongaro-trevor-for-come-back-gig/) . Archived from the original (http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/libertines-dressed-in-bolongaro-trevor-for-come-back-gig/) on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "London Fashion Week: Bolongaro Trevor \| Blink London Blog" (http://www.blinklondon.com/london-fashion-week-bolongaro-trevor/) . Blinklondon.com . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Spitalfields Shops - Fabulous Fashions, Gifts & Interiors \| Spitalfields Market" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202630/http://www.spitalfields.co.uk/shops_bolongaro-trevor.php#.UubmGRY4lN0) . Spitalfields.co.uk . 4 March 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.spitalfields.co.uk/shops_bolongaro-trevor.php#.UubmGRY4lN0) on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Shopping, Fashion - Carnaby London - - Bolongaro Trevor" (http://www.carnaby.co.uk/store/bolongaro-trevor) . Carnaby.co.uk . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Bolongaro Trevor" (http://www.sevendials.co.uk/map/8-fashion/22-bolongaro-trevor) . Seven Dials . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Bolongaro Trevor Richmond is Now Open! \| Bolongaro Trevor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529164707/http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/bolongaro-trevor-richmond-is-now-open/) . Archived from the original (http://blog.bolongarotrevor.com/bolongaro-trevor-richmond-is-now-open/) on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Great Western Arcade Shopping Centre \| Birmingham" (https://archive.today/20140128000822/http://www.greatwesternarcade.co.uk/shop-detail.php?ID=8) . Archived from the original (http://www.greatwesternarcade.co.uk/shop-detail.php?ID=8) on 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Bolongaro Trevor Leeds open 1st Store Outside London" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529172411/http://www.on-magazine.co.uk/beauty/fashion/bolongaro-trevor-leeds/) . On Magazine. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.on-magazine.co.uk/beauty/fashion/bolongaro-trevor-leeds/) on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Store Locator" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140219202107/http://www.bolongarotrevor.com/storelocator/) . Bolongaro Trevor. Archived from the original (http://www.bolongarotrevor.com/storelocator/) on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "HNW Investors Help Build The Next Chapter Of A Great British Fashion Brand" (http://www.pressat.co.uk/releases/hnw-investors-help-build-the-next-chapter-of-a-great-british-fashion-brand-021ae1c878d87e03c7c8571f2e785fb7/) . Pressat.co.uk . 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Bolongaro Trevor, Not Saints \| N.O.A" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529201227/http://notesonallure.com/2011/11/12/bolongaro-trevor-snippet/) . Archived from the original (http://notesonallure.com/2011/11/12/bolongaro-trevor-snippet/#.U4c5x_ldV6k) on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Geoghegan, Jill (8 March 2016). "Bolongaro Trevor founders sell remaining stake" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/bolongaro-trevor-founders-sell-remaining-stake) . Drapers . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.bolongarotrevor.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐66dld Cached time: 20240719111033 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.286 seconds Real time usage: 0.331 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1471/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39219/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 902/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 81207/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4153817/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 306.857 1 -total 69.35% 212.805 1 Template:Reflist 31.86% 97.762 2 Template:Cite_news 27.95% 85.781 20 Template:Cite_web 11.81% 36.251 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 9.01% 27.643 1 Template:Official_website 5.19% 15.940 2 Template:DMCA 4.81% 14.750 1 Template:As_of 4.06% 12.460 2 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.26% 6.945 2 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41759313-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719111033 and revision id 1235459527. 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Tea Collection Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded San Francisco, California (/wiki/San_Francisco,_California) (2002 ( 2002 ) ) Headquarters San Francisco, California , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Emily Meyer Leigh Rawdon Products Children's Clothing Revenue US$40.3m (2014) [1] (#cite_note-1) Number of employees 90 Website www (http://www.teacollection.com) .teacollection (http://www.teacollection.com) .com (http://www.teacollection.com) Tea Collection is a San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) -based children's clothing company co-founded in 2002 by Emily Meyer and Leigh Rawdon. The clothing line is available through their e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) website as well as department stores and clothing boutiques worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Tea Collection was co-founded in 2002 by Emily Meyer and Leigh Rawdon through funding from angel investors. The inspiration came after a trip Meyer took to Brussels, Belgium (/wiki/Brussels) , who stated "I [ who? ] found was pink bunny-themed clothing. I wanted something more sophisticated and modern. (No offense to pink bunnies.) That experience inspired me to envision a brand that celebrates the beauty of world cultures through fashion and lifestyle products. I called it Tea, because tea the drink is something shared by all cultures. It evokes warmth, wisdom, and timelessness—values that I wanted for the collection." [3] (#cite_note-3) [ verify ] Since 2012, the company has had a 24 percent compound annual growth rate and seen its headcount more than triple. Revenue in 2014 was more than $40 million, nearly a $10 million increase from the year before. [4] (#cite_note-4) Awards and Recognitions [ edit ] Co-founder Leigh Rawdon received the Visa Technology Award from the San Francisco Small Business Network in May 2010. [5] (#cite_note-5) Since 2007, Tea Collection has been in the Inc. (magazine) (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) list of top 100 consumer products and retail companies. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] San Francisco portal (/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Small to Big: Tea Collection's Worldly Clothing for Kids - Bloomberg Business" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-29/small-to-big-tea-collection-s-worldly-clothing-for-kids) . bloomberg.com . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tea Company Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100421073549/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=28689110) . businessweek.com. 2010. Archived from the original (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=28689110) on April 21, 2010 . Retrieved 2011-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "ONE Badass Mom: Emily Meyer of Tea Collection puts a global spin on kids' clothes" (http://www.one.org/us/2013/07/18/one-badass-mom-emily-meyer-of-tea-collection-puts-a-global-spin-on-kids-clothes/) . one.org. 2013 . Retrieved 2013-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Founders of Tea Collection forge global connections through fabric - Bizwomen" (http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2015/09/founders-of-tea-collection-forge-global.html) . bizjournals.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2015-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "2010 SBN Awards" (http://www.sfsbn.org/home.htm) . sfsbn.org . Retrieved 2011-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Inc. 500 – 5000 Company Profile" (http://www.inc.com/inc5000/profile/tea-collection) . inc.com . Retrieved 2011-04-24 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.teacollection.com/) Military Morale Patch (https://www.brokenjarhead.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐4bw62 Cached time: 20240709023327 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.491 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1611/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25416/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2483/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24849/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.162/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5256952/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 308.067 1 -total 39.07% 120.370 1 Template:Infobox_company 36.05% 111.052 1 Template:Reflist 35.91% 110.627 1 Template:Infobox 24.81% 76.422 1 Template:Cite_news 13.49% 41.547 2 Template:Fix 12.00% 36.964 1 Template:Who 8.55% 26.334 1 Template:Portal 7.35% 22.655 2 Template:Category_handler 6.70% 20.630 5 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30710763-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709023327 and revision id 1147956852. 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) Clothing brands by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_by_country) See also Historic and traditional clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐frrx9 Cached time: 20240722151930 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.029 seconds Real time usage: 0.039 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 688/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.015/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 630246/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 30.002 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 30.002 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10153521-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722151930 and revision id 1203297971. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 94 subcategories, out of 94 total. Clothing brands by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_by_country) ‎ (37 C) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) ‎ (65 C) * Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) ‎ (107 C) Fashion events by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_by_country) ‎ (30 C) Fashion magazines by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_magazines_by_country) ‎ (6 C) Fashion museums by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums_by_country) ‎ (5 C) A Albanian fashion (/wiki/Category:Albanian_fashion) ‎ (1 C) Angolan fashion (/wiki/Category:Angolan_fashion) ‎ (1 C) Argentine fashion (/wiki/Category:Argentine_fashion) ‎ (4 C, 3 P) Australian fashion (/wiki/Category:Australian_fashion) ‎ (9 C, 36 P) Austrian fashion (/wiki/Category:Austrian_fashion) ‎ (5 C, 2 P) Azerbaijani fashion (/wiki/Category:Azerbaijani_fashion) ‎ (1 C, 2 P) B Bangladeshi fashion (/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_fashion) ‎ (2 C, 3 P) Belarusian fashion 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‎ (2 C) Saudi Arabian fashion (/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabian_fashion) ‎ (2 C) Serbian fashion (/wiki/Category:Serbian_fashion) ‎ (4 C, 2 P) Singaporean fashion (/wiki/Category:Singaporean_fashion) ‎ (3 C, 3 P) Slovenian fashion (/wiki/Category:Slovenian_fashion) ‎ (1 C) South African fashion (/wiki/Category:South_African_fashion) ‎ (3 C, 6 P) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_fashion) ‎ (3 C, 8 P) Spanish fashion (/wiki/Category:Spanish_fashion) ‎ (6 C, 6 P) Sri Lankan fashion (/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_fashion) ‎ (5 C, 1 P) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Category:Swedish_fashion) ‎ (4 C, 7 P) Swiss fashion (/wiki/Category:Swiss_fashion) ‎ (1 C) T Taiwanese fashion (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_fashion) ‎ (4 C, 5 P) Tanzanian fashion (/wiki/Category:Tanzanian_fashion) ‎ (1 C) Thai fashion (/wiki/Category:Thai_fashion) ‎ (2 C, 2 P) Tunisian fashion (/wiki/Category:Tunisian_fashion) ‎ (1 C) Turkish fashion (/wiki/Category:Turkish_fashion) ‎ (4 C, 3 P) U Ugandan fashion (/wiki/Category:Ugandan_fashion) ‎ (1 C, 1 P) Ukrainian fashion (/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_fashion) ‎ (2 C, 4 P) American fashion (/wiki/Category:American_fashion) ‎ (14 C, 45 P) V Venezuelan fashion (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_fashion) ‎ (1 C) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_by_country&oldid=1203297971 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_by_country&oldid=1203297971) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Culture by country (/wiki/Category:Culture_by_country)
(Redirected from Broochs (/w/index.php?title=Broochs&redirect=no) ) Large ornament with a pin fastening Wing Brooch , 2nd century AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) A brooch ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r oʊ tʃ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , also US (/wiki/American_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r uː tʃ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [1] (#cite_note-1) ) is a decorative jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of metal (/wiki/Metal) , often silver (/wiki/Silver) or gold (/wiki/Gold) or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) or with gemstones (/wiki/Gemstone) and may be solely for ornament (/wiki/Jewellery) or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the Bronze Age (/wiki/Bronze_Age) . As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly, they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology, ancient European brooches are usually referred to by the Latin term fibula (/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)) . Ancient brooches [ edit ] Main article: Fibula (brooch) (/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)) Brooches from antiquity and before the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) are often called fibula (plural fibulae) (/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)) , especially in Continental contexts. British archaeologists tend to distinguish between bowed fibulae and flatter brooches, even in antiquity. They were necessary as clothes fasteners, but also often highly decorative, and important markers of social status for both men and women, from the Bronze Age (/wiki/Bronze_Age) onwards. In Europe, during the Iron Age (/wiki/Iron_Age) , metalworking technology had advanced dramatically. The newer techniques of casting (/wiki/Casting) , metal bar-twisting and wire making were the basis for many new objects, including the fibula. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198648-2) In Europe, Celtic (/wiki/Celtic_art) craftsmen were creating fibulae decorated in red enamel and coral inlay, as early as 400 BC. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198615–16-3) The earliest manufacture of brooches in Great Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) was during the period from 600 to 150 BC. The most common brooch forms during this period were the bow, the plate and in smaller quantities, the penannular brooch (/wiki/Penannular_brooch) . Iron Age brooches found in Britain are typically cast in one piece, with the majority made in copper alloy or iron. Prior to the late Iron Age, gold and silver were rarely used to make jewellery. [4] (#cite_note-Adams-4) Bronze Age brooch Bow brooch, Iron Age Trumpet brooch, Iron Age Medieval brooches [ edit ] Migration period [ edit ] The distinctive metalwork that was created by the Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) from the fourth through the eighth centuries belong to the art movement known as Migration period art (/wiki/Migration_period_art) . During the 5th and 6th centuries, five Germanic tribes (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) migrated to and occupied four different areas of Europe (/wiki/Europe) and England (/wiki/England) after the collapse of the Roman Empire (/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire) . The tribes were the Visigoths who settled in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Eastern Germany and Austria, the Franks in West Germany, the Lombards in Northern Italy and the Anglo-Saxons in England. Because the tribes were closely linked by their origins, and their jewellery techniques were strikingly similar, the work of these people was first referred to as Barbarian (/wiki/Barbarian) art. This art style is now called Migration period art (/wiki/Migration_period_art) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107-5) Brooches dating from this period were developed from a combination of Late Roman (/wiki/Late_antiquity) and new Germanic (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) art forms, designs and technology. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107-5) Metalworkers throughout western Europe created some of the most colourful, lively and technically superior jewellery ever seen. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986101-6) The brooches of this era display techniques from Roman art: repoussé (/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9) , filigree (/wiki/Filigree) , granulation (/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)) , enamelling (/wiki/Enamelling) , openwork (/wiki/Openwork) and inlay (/wiki/Inlay) , but it is inlay that the Migration period (/wiki/Migration_Period) artists are famous for. Their passion for colour makes their jewellery stand out. Colour is the primary feature of Migration period jewellery. The precious stone most often used in brooches was the almandine (/wiki/Almandine) , a burgundy variety of garnet, found in Europe and India. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969146-7) According to J. Anderson Black, "designers would cover the entire surface of an object with the tiny geometric shapes of precious stones or enamel which were then polished flat until they were flush with the cloisonné (/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9) settings, giving the appearance of a tiny stained glass window." [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109-8) Brooch designs were many and varied: geometric decoration, intricate patterns, abstract designs from nature, bird motifs and running scrolls. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109-8) Zoomorphic (/wiki/Zoomorphic) ornamentation was a common element during this period, in Anglo-Saxon England as well as in Europe. Intertwined beasts were a signature feature of these lively, intricately decorated brooches. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986107-9) Bow shaped, S-shaped, radiate-headed and decorated disc brooches were the most common brooch styles during the Migration period (/wiki/Migration_Period) , which spanned the 5th through the 7th centuries. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969139-10) East Germanic bow brooches Frankish disc brooch Frankish Bird brooch Lombardic brooch Anglo-Saxon [ edit ] Main article: Anglo-Saxon brooches (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches) The majority of brooches found in early Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxons) England (/wiki/England) were Continental (/wiki/Europe) styles that had migrated from Europe (/wiki/Europe) and Scandinavia (/wiki/Scandinavia) . The long brooch style was most commonly found in 5th- and 6th-century England. Circular brooches first appeared in England (/wiki/England) in the middle of the 5th century. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoodley199917–19-11) During the 6th century, craftsmen from Kent (/wiki/Kent) began manufacturing brooches using their own distinctive styles and techniques. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007121-12) The circular form was the preferred brooch type by the end of the 6th century. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker200442-13) During the 7th century, all brooches in England were in decline. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker2004138-14) They reappeared in the 8th century and continued to be fashionable through the end of the Anglo-Saxon era. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113-15) Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. During this time period, the preferred styles were the annular and jewelled (Kentish) disc brooch styles. The circular forms can be divided generally into enamelled and non-enamelled styles. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113-15) A few non-circular style were fashionable during the 8th to 11th centuries. The ansate, the safety-pin, the strip and a few other styles can be included in this group. Ansate brooches were traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety- pin brooches, more abundant in the early Anglo-Saxon period became more uncommon by the 7th century and by the 8th century, evolve into the strip brooch. Miscellaneous brooches during this time period include the bird, the ottonian, the rectangle and the cross motif. [16] (#cite_note-Weetch-16) [17] (#cite_note-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches-17) Square-headed brooch Strickland Brooch (/wiki/Strickland_Brooch) Cruciform brooch Plated disc brooch Celtic [ edit ] Main article: Celtic brooch (/wiki/Celtic_brooch) Celtic brooches (/wiki/Penannular_brooches) represent a distinct tradition of elaborately decorated penannular and pseudo-penannular brooch types developed in Early Medieval Ireland and Scotland. Techniques, styles and materials used by the Celts (/wiki/Celts) were different from Anglo-Saxon craftsmen. Certain attributes of Celtic jewellery, such as inlaid millefiori (/wiki/Millefiori) glass and curvilinear styles have more in common with ancient brooches than contemporary Anglo-Saxon jewellery. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114-18) The jewellery of Celtic artisans is renowned for its inventiveness, complexity of design and craftsmanship. The Tara Brooch (/wiki/Tara_Brooch) is a well-known example of a Celtic brooch. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103-19) The penannular Rogart Brooch (/wiki/Rogart_Brooch) Pseudo-penannular brooch Penrith Hoard (/wiki/Penrith_Hoard) Roscrea Brooch (/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch) , 9th century Scandinavian [ edit ] Main article: Viking art (/wiki/Viking_art) Germanic Animal Style decoration (/wiki/Animal_style#Germanic_animal_style) was the foundation of Scandinavian art (/wiki/Viking_art) that was produced during the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) . The lively decorative style originated in Denmark in the late fifth century as an insular response to Late Roman (/wiki/Late_antiquity) style metalwork. During the early medieval period, Scandinavian (/wiki/Vikings) craftsmen created intricately carved brooches with their signature animal style ornamentation. The brooches were generally made of copper alloy or silver. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325-20) Beginning in the eighth century and lasting until the eleventh century, Scandinavian seafarers were exploring, raiding and colonising Europe, Great Britain and new lands to the west. This era of Scandinavian expansion is known as the Viking Age (/wiki/Viking_Age) , and the art created during this time period is known as Viking art (/wiki/Viking_art) . Metalwork, including brooches, produced during this period were decorated in one or more of the Viking art styles. These five sequential styles are: Oseberg (/wiki/Viking_art#Styles) , Borre, Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike and Urnes. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321-21) A variety of Scandinavian brooch forms were common during this period: circular, bird-shaped, oval, equal-armed, trefoil, lozenge-shaped, and domed disc. The most common Scandinavian art styles of the period are the Jellinge (/wiki/Viking_art#Styles) and Borre (/wiki/Viking_art#Styles) art styles. Some of the characteristics of these related art styles are: interlaced gripping beasts, single animal motifs, ribbon-shaped animals, knot and ring-chain patterns, tendrils, and leaf, beast and bird motifs. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117-22) Style II (/wiki/Animal_style#Germanic_animal_style) bird brooch Borre style (/wiki/Borre_style) brooch Urnes style (/wiki/Urnes_style) brooch Jellinge style (/wiki/Jellinge_style) brooch Trefoil brooch Late medieval [ edit ] Brooches found during the late medieval era, (1300 to 1500 AD), were worn by both men and women. Brooch shapes were generally: star-shaped, pentagonal, lobed, wheel, heart-shaped, and ring. Rings were smaller than other brooches, and often used to fasten clothing at the neck. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162-23) Brooch decoration usually consisted of a simple inscription or gems applied to a gold or silver base. Inscriptions of love, friendship and faith were a typical feature of ring brooches of this period. The heart-shaped brooch was a very popular gift between lovers or friends. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140-24) Amulet (/wiki/Amulet) brooches were very common prior to medieval times. In late antiquity (/wiki/Late_antiquity) , they were embellished with symbols of pagan deities or gems that held special powers to protect the wearer from harm. These pagan (/wiki/Paganism) inspired brooches continued to be worn after the spread of Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) . Pagan and Christian symbols were often combined to decorate brooches during the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) . [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986205-25) Beginning in the fourteenth century, three-dimensional brooches appeared for the first time. The Dunstable Swan Brooch (/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel) is a well-known example of a three-dimensional brooch. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138-26) Amuletic Brooch Annular brooch 13th century French ring brooch 13th century Dunstable Swan Jewel (/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel) 14th century Early modern brooches [ edit ] The early modern period (/wiki/Early_modern_period) of jewellery extended from 1500 to 1800. Global exploration and colonisation brought new prosperity to Europe (/wiki/Europe) and Great Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) along with new sources of diamonds, gems, pearls, and precious metals. The rapid changes in clothing fashion during this era generated similar changes in jewellery styles. The demand for new jewellery resulted in the deconstruction and melting down of many old jewellery pieces to create new jewellery. Because of this, there are very few surviving jewellery pieces from this era. The primary jewellery styles during this time period are: Renaissance, Georgian and Neoclassical. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240-27) Renaissance [ edit ] The Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) period in jewellery (1300–1600) was a time of wealth and opulence. Elaborate brooches covered in gemstones or pearls were in fashion, especially with the upper classes. Gemstones commonly used for brooches were emeralds, diamonds, rubies, amethyst and topaz. Brooches with religious motifs and enamelled miniature portraits were popular during this time period. Gems were often selected for their protective properties as well as their vibrant colours. [28] (#cite_note-VA_Museum-28) During the fifteenth century, new cutting techniques inspired new gemstone shapes. [29] (#cite_note-Jewellery_Editor-29) Seventeenth century Eighteenth century Eighteenth century Georgian [ edit ] The Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_era) jewellery era (1710–1830) was named after the four King Georges of England. In the early 1700s, ornate brooches with complex designs were fashionable. By the mid- to late 1700s, simpler forms and designs were more common, with simpler themes of nature, bows, miniature portraits and animals. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240-27) Georgian jewellery was typically handmade in gold or silver. Diamonds and pearls continued to be fashionable during this period. [30] (#cite_note-Mack_Gallery-30) late 18th century brooch 18th century diamond brooch George III portrait brooch Neoclassical [ edit ] The Neoclassical era (1760–1830) in jewellery design was inspired by classical themes of ancient Greece (/wiki/Greece) and Rome (/wiki/Rome) . The main difference between Renaissance jewellery and neoclassical jewellery was that Renaissance jewellery was created primarily for the upper class and neoclassical jewellery was made for the general public. [31] (#cite_note-antique_jewelry_univ-31) An important innovation in jewellery making during this era was the technique of producing cameos with hard pastes called black basalt and jasper. English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood is responsible for this important contribution to jewellery making. Cameos and brooches with classical scenes were fashionable during this period. Pearls and gemstones continued to be used in brooches, but were less popular than before. The beginning of the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) halted the manufacture and demand for opulent jewellery. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245-32) Italian Neoclassical Brooch Wedgwood medallion Late modern brooches [ edit ] The late modern era (/wiki/Late_modern_period) of jewellery covers the period from 1830 to 1945. The major jewellery styles of this period are: Victorian (1835–1900), Art Nouveau (1895–1914), Edwardian (1901–1910) and Art deco (1920–1939). Victorian [ edit ] This period was named for Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) of the United Kingdom, who reigned from 1837 to 1901. Cameos, locket brooches, flowers, nature, animal and hearts were popular jewellery styles in the early Victorian era. When Victoria's husband, Prince Albert (/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort) , died in 1861, jewellery fashion changed to reflect the queen in mourning. Styles turned heavier and more sombre, using materials like black enamel, jet, and black onyx. Mourning brooches were commonly worn until the end of the Victorian period. [33] (#cite_note-Longs_Jewelers-33) It was fashionable during this period to incorporate hair and portraiture into a brooch. The practice began as an expression of mourning, then expanded to keepsakes of loved ones who were living. Human hair was encased within the brooch or braided and woven into a band to which clasps were affixed. [34] (#cite_note-tanenbaum-34) Micromosaic (/wiki/Micromosaic) brooch Camelia brooch Cameo brooch Victorian hair brooch Art Nouveau [ edit ] The Art Nouveau (/wiki/Art_Nouveau) period of jewellery spanned a short period from 1895 to 1905. The style began in France as a reaction to the heavy, sombre jewellery of the Victorian era. Innovative, flowing designs were now in fashion along with nature, flowers, insects and sensuous women with flowing hair. The jewellery style was fashionable for fifteen years, and ended with the beginning of World War I. [35] (#cite_note-National_Jeweler-35) German brooch American brooch French brooch Belgian brooch Edwardian [ edit ] The Edwardian era of jewellery (1901–1910) began after the death of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) . This period marked the first time platinum (/wiki/Platinum) was used in jewellery. Because of platinum's strength, new jewellery pieces were created with delicate filigree (/wiki/Filigree) to look like lace and silk. The main gemstones used in brooches were diamonds, typically with platinum or white gold, and coloured gemstones or pearls. [33] (#cite_note-Longs_Jewelers-33) Platinum and diamond brooches were a common brooch style. Small brooches continued to be fashionable. Popular brooch forms were bows, ribbons, swags, and garlands, all in the delicate new style. [36] (#cite_note-Antique_University_Edwardian-36) Pendant brooch Platinum brooch American brooch Art Deco [ edit ] The Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) period lasted from 1920 to 1939. Cubism (/wiki/Cubism) and Fauvism (/wiki/Fauvism) , early 20th century art movements (/wiki/Art_movement) , were inspirations for this new art style, along with Eastern (/wiki/Oriental) , African (/wiki/African_art) and Latin American art (/wiki/Latin_American_art) . Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) was named after the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts (/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts) , a decorative and industrial arts exhibition held in Paris in 1925. [37] (#cite_note-Antique_University_Art_Deco-37) Common brooch decoration of this period are: geometric shapes, abstract designs, designs from Cubism, Fauvism, and art motifs from Egypt and India. Black onyx (/wiki/Onyx) , coral, quartz (/wiki/Quartz) , lapis (/wiki/Lapis_lazuli) and carnelian (/wiki/Carnelian) were used with classic stones such as diamonds (/wiki/Diamonds) , rubies (/wiki/Ruby) , emeralds (/wiki/Emerald) , and sapphires (/wiki/Sapphire) . [38] (#cite_note-History_of_Jewelry_website-38) Art deco style Art deco brooch See also [ edit ] Medieval art (/wiki/Medieval_art) Anglo-Saxon art (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art) Migration period art (/wiki/Migration_period_art) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Lapel pin (/wiki/Lapel_pin) Badge (/wiki/Badge) Pin-back button (/wiki/Pin-back_button) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) lexico.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040833/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/brooch) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198648_2-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , p. 48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198615–16_3-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , pp. 15–16. ^ (#cite_ref-Adams_4-0) Adams, Sophia Anne (2013). The First Brooches in Britain:from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age (PhD). University of Leicester. ^ a b Black 1988 (#CITEREFBlack1988) , p. 107. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986101_6-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , p. 101. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969146_7-0) Gregorietti 1969 (#CITEREFGregorietti1969) , p. 146. ^ a b Black 1988 (#CITEREFBlack1988) , p. 109. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986107_9-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , p. 107. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969139_10-0) Gregorietti 1969 (#CITEREFGregorietti1969) , p. 139. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoodley199917–19_11-0) Stoodley 1999 (#CITEREFStoodley1999) , pp. 17–19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007121_12-0) Walton-Rogers 2007 (#CITEREFWalton-Rogers2007) , p. 121. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker200442_13-0) Owen-Crocker 2004 (#CITEREFOwen-Crocker2004) , p. 42. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker2004138_14-0) Owen-Crocker 2004 (#CITEREFOwen-Crocker2004) , p. 138. ^ a b Walton-Rogers 2007 (#CITEREFWalton-Rogers2007) , p. 113. ^ (#cite_ref-Weetch_16-0) Weetch, Rosie (2014). Brooches in Late Anglo-Saxon England with a North West European Context (PhD). University of Reading. ^ (#cite_ref-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches_17-0) "Portable Antiquities brooches" (https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches) . Portable Antiquities Scheme . 2018-09-07 . Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114_18-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , pp. 112–114. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103_19-0) Black 1988 (#CITEREFBlack1988) , pp. 101–103. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325_20-0) Graham-Campbell 2013 (#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321_21-0) Graham-Campbell 2013 (#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117_22-0) Graham-Campbell 2013 (#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013) , p. 66,88,117. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162_23-0) Gregorietti 1969 (#CITEREFGregorietti1969) , p. 162. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140_24-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , pp. 138, 140. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986205_25-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , pp. 205. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138_26-0) Tait 1986 (#CITEREFTait1986) , pp. 138. ^ a b Gregorietti 1969 (#CITEREFGregorietti1969) , p. 240. ^ (#cite_ref-VA_Museum_28-0) "A History of Jewellery" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-history-of-jewellery) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 21 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jewellery_Editor_29-0) Bernstein, Beth. "Jewellery through the Ages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190619221117/http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/) . The Jewellery Editor . Archived from the original (http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/) on 19 June 2019 . Retrieved 21 June 2019 . The abundance of jewellery is well documented in paintings during the time period. ^ (#cite_ref-Mack_Gallery_30-0) "Georgian: 1710 to 1830s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203039/http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art%2Bnouveau/Art%2B%26amp;%2BJewelry%2BTerms/antiques/Jewelry%2BPeriods/education/Georgian/id/40) . Mackleowe Gallery . Archived from the original (http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art+nouveau/Art+%26amp%3B+Jewelry+Terms/antiques/Jewelry+Periods/education/Georgian/id/40) on 17 June 2019 . Retrieved 21 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-antique_jewelry_univ_31-0) "Neoclasical jewelry" (https://www.langantiques.com/university/neoclassical-jewelry/) . Antique Jewelry University . Retrieved 22 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245_32-0) Gregorietti 1969 (#CITEREFGregorietti1969) , p. 245. ^ a b Johnson, Andrew. "A History of Classic Jewelry Periods" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190619215403/https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods) . Longs Jewelers . Archived from the original (https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods) on 19 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-tanenbaum_34-0) Tanenbaum, Carole; Silvan, Rita (2006). Fabulous Fakes: A Passion for Vintage Costume Jewelry . Toronto: Madison Press. pp. 12, 18–19. ^ (#cite_ref-National_Jeweler_35-0) Graff, Michelle. "The history behind Art Nouveau Jewelry" (https://www.nationaljeweler.com/fashion/antique-estate-jewelry/1369-the-history-behind-art-nouveau-jewelry) . National Jeweler . Retrieved 22 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Antique_University_Edwardian_36-0) "Edwardian Jewelry: 1901-1915" (https://www.langantiques.com/university/edwardian-jewelry-1901-1915/) . Antique University . Retrieved 23 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Antique_University_Art_Deco_37-0) "Art Deco era Jewellery" (https://www.langantiques.com/university/art-deco-jewelry/) . Antique University . Retrieved 23 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-History_of_Jewelry_website_38-0) "Jewelry Timeline" (http://www.historyofjewelry.net/jewelry-facts/jewelry-timeline/) . History of Jewelry . Retrieved 16 June 2019 . References [ edit ] Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Katie Demakopoulou, "Bronze Age Jewellery in Greece" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060727010638/http://www.culture.gr/2/22/225/22501/225011/e01100.html) Graham-Campbell, James (2013). Viking Art . Thames & Hudson Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0500204191 . Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker) (2004) [1986]. Dress in Anglo-Saxon England (rev. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781843830818 . Owen Crocker, Gale (/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker) (2011). "Chapter 7: Dress and Identity" (https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91) . In Hamerow, Helena; Hinton, David A.; Crawford, Sally (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology . Oxford University Press. pp. 91–116 (https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91) . Stoodley, Nick (1999). The Spindle and the Spear: A Critical Enquiry into the Construction and Meaning of Gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite . British Archaeological Reports, British Series 288. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1841711171 . Walton-Rogers, Penelope (2007). Cloth and Clothing in Early Anglo-saxon England AD 450-700 . Council for British Archaeology. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1902771540 . Black, J. Anderson (1988). A History of Jewellery: Five Thousand Years . Random House Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0517344378 . Gregorietti, Guido (1969). Jewelry Through the Ages . American Heritage. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0828100076 . Tait, Hugh (1986). 7000 Years of Jewellery . British Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1554073955 . External links [ edit ] Media related to brooches (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brooches) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119777405) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119777405) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146703-6) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292556105171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017194) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph538783&CON_LNG=ENG) Artists KulturNav (http://kulturnav.org/e7ce6bb9-6807-416a-a3b4-87313d262bd9) Other NARA (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647765) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐74l8r Cached time: 20240719051705 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.630 seconds Real time usage: 0.880 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3546/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49411/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3145/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 131651/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.387/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7301797/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 806.925 1 -total 22.33% 180.156 1 Template:Reflist 13.36% 107.767 1 Template:Authority_control 11.84% 95.570 28 Template:Sfn 11.22% 90.565 2 Template:Cite_thesis 7.28% 58.757 1 Template:Short_description 6.77% 54.622 10 Template:Cite_web 5.95% 48.039 9 Template:Cite_book 5.40% 43.566 2 Template:IPAc-en 3.80% 30.647 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:335217-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719051705 and revision id 1202269854. 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Nigerian model Diana Eneje Chioma Born Diana Chioma Eneje ( 2002-08-19 ) 19 August 2002 (age 21) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) Citizenship Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) Occupation(s) Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , YouTuber (/wiki/YouTuber) , Influencer (/wiki/Social_media_influencer) Years active 2016-present Parents Kingsley Eneje (father) Linda Eneje (mother) Relatives Jennifer Eneje Doris Eneje Website dianaeneje (http://dianaeneje.com/) .com (http://dianaeneje.com/) Diana Chioma Eneje (born August 19, 2002), known professionally as Diana Eneje , is a Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) fashion enthusiast, model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , vlogger (/wiki/Vlogger) and Social media personality, born and raised in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , and hails from Enugu (/wiki/Enugu_state) , a state in the south-east region of Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) . She is known for starring in Rema music video Dumebi [1] (#cite_note-Vanguard-1) Early life [ edit ] Diana Chioma Eneje was born on August 19, 2002, in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) to Kingsley Eneje, and Linda Eneje. [1] (#cite_note-Vanguard-1) Her early influence in fashion, came from her eldest sisters Jennifer Eneje, and Doris Eneje, who inspired her fashion taste, while growing up. [2] (#cite_note-Tribune_Online-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] In 2016, she started her career in modeling as a teen model, at the age of 14. [4] (#cite_note-THISDAYLIVE-4) According to her, in an interview on Jermaine Okpe's podcast, she began her career as a model, while in high school without consciously thinking she was going into an industry. [5] (#cite_note-industry-5) On 19 August 2017, she launched her foundation, to support orphans. Eneje started a fashion vlog on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) in August 2019. She documents fashion, hair, food, and her travel experiences. [6] (#cite_note-6) On 19 August 2019, she launched her hair gel collection in collaboration with The Shine Cartel. She also appeared in Rema (/wiki/Rema_(musician)) music video Dumebi, released by Jonzing World (/wiki/Jonzing_World) , and Mavin Records (/wiki/Mavin_Records) on 21 May 2019, as the lead character in the video. [4] (#cite_note-THISDAYLIVE-4) [7] (#cite_note-7) Eneje has influenced (/wiki/Influencer_marketing) for HP (/wiki/Hewlett-Packard) , Cadbury (/wiki/Cadbury) , PayPorte, Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Stanbic IBTC (/wiki/Stanbic_IBTC_Holdings) , Krispy Kreme (/wiki/Krispy_Kreme) , Kellogg Tolaram, Infinix (/wiki/Infinix_Mobile) , Bolt (/wiki/Bolt_(company)) , Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) , Octafx and much more. [8] (#cite_note-8) On 18 June 2020, she spoke about her career, as an influencer on Guardian TV, with Popsicles host Emmanuella . [9] (#cite_note-9) On 19 August 2021, Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) , a jewelry and accessories company in Nigeria, unveiled Diana, as one of its brand influencers. [10] (#cite_note-10) Accolades [ edit ] Year Organization Category(s) Nominated work Results 2017 Nigerian Teens Choice Awards (/wiki/Nigerian_Teens_Choice_Awards) Choice Most Fashionable Female Herself Won 2018 Choice Social Media Influencer Nominated 2021 YNaija (/wiki/YNaija) 100 Most Influential People in Media [11] (#cite_note-11) Longlisted References [ edit ] ^ a b "Diana Eneje: Meet Nigeria's teens most influential and fashionable female model" (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/diana-eneje-meet-nigerias-teens-most-influential-and-fashionable-female-model/) . Vanguard News . 20 January 2020 . Retrieved 7 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tribune_Online_2-0) "Award-Winning Teen Influencer, Diana Eneje, speaks on life, career and aspirations" (https://tribuneonlineng.com/award-winning-teen-influencer-diana-eneje-speaks-on-life-career-and-aspirations/) . Tribune Online . 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Africamagazin. "Diana Eneje Biography: Age, School, Net Worth, Photos, Wiki" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210822043252/https://africamagazin.com/diana-eneje-biography-age-school-net-worth-photos-wiki/) . Archived from the original (https://africamagazin.com/diana-eneje-biography-age-school-net-worth-photos-wiki/) on 2021-08-22 . Retrieved 2021-08-22 . ^ a b "17 Years Old Nigeria's Most Influential, Fashionable Female Model" (https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/31/nigerias-teens-most-influential-fashionable-female-model/) . THISDAYLIVE . 31 January 2020 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-industry_5-0) "17 Years Old Nigeria's Most Influential, Fashionable Female Model" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/03/diana-eneje-on-jermaine-bts-reality/) . Bella Naija . 21 March 2023 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tv, Bn (9 June 2021). "Watch Diana Eneje's Ghana Tour Vlog" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/06/watch-diana-enejes-ghana-tour-vlog/) . BellaNaija . Retrieved 7 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Diana Eneje Awards, Boyfriend, Cars, Houses And Latest Biography - Update Hubs Naija" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220115014929/https://www.updatehubs.com/2021/08/diana-eneje-biography.html) . www.updatehubs.com . Archived from the original (https://www.updatehubs.com/2021/08/diana-eneje-biography.html) on 2022-01-15 . Retrieved 2022-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Knowing I can achieve more inspires me – Diana Eneje" (https://punchng.com/knowing-i-can-achieve-more-inspires-me-diana-eneje/) . Punch Newspapers . 8 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Diana Eneje talks about her influencer career and her most embarrassing moment" (https://tv.guardian.ng/entertainment/guardian-life/diana-eneje-talks-about-her-influencer-career-and-her-most-embarrassing-moment/) . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Swarovski Nigeria unveils Temi Young and Diana Eneje as its newest brand influencers" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/08/swarovski-nigeria-influencers/) . BellaNaija . 19 August 2021 . Retrieved 17 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Uche Pedro, Ebuka Obi-Uchendu, Rinu Oduala named in YNaija's "100 Most Influential People in Media" List for 2021" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/08/ynaija-100-most-influential-people-in-media/) . BellaNaija . 7 August 2021 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . 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Robert Perrier Born Robert Charles Perrier ( 1898-07-01 ) July 1, 1898 Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Died April 19, 1987 (1987-04-19) (aged 88) Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Nationality French (/wiki/France) Education HEC Paris (/wiki/HEC_Paris) Occupation(s) Haute couture textile supplier, Songwriter, Art collector Years active 1914–1970 Children Marie-Jacques Perrier (/wiki/Marie-Jacques_Perrier) Robert Charles Perrier (July 1, 1898 to April 19, 1987) was a French haute couture textile supplier, songwriter, socialite and art collector. [1] (#cite_note-1) His vintage silks rank among the world’s most coveted luxury fabrics, including exclusivities created for Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) and Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , now exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , the Musée de la Mode et du Textile (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Mode_et_du_Textile) and the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Perrier is further credited in history for having introduced synthetic fabrics to French haute couture, a major novelty at the time. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Perrier's family’s private artistic salon in Montmartre (/wiki/Montmartre) , dubbed R-26 (/wiki/R-26_(salon)) , was a bohemian gathering place for many creative luminaries of the 1930s to 1960s, including singer Josephine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) , architect Le Corbusier (/wiki/Le_Corbusier) and musician Django Reinhardt (/wiki/Django_Reinhardt) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) He was the husband of lyricist Madeleine (Brault) Perrier and the father of journalist Marie-Jacques Perrier (/wiki/Marie-Jacques_Perrier) . [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) Montmartre (/wiki/Montmartre) Musée de la Mode et du Textile (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Mode_et_du_Textile) Musée de Montmartre (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Montmartre) Musée Galliera (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Galliera) Marie-Jacques Perrier (/wiki/Marie-Jacques_Perrier) R-26 (salon) (/wiki/R-26_(salon)) Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Maison Robert Perrier (Fédération Nationale du Tissu). 2000. Exhibit. Mairie du 4e arrondissement de Paris, Paris. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cheverny. Paris: Philippe Rouillac, 2001. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Pissard, Jean-François. Le Livre des héros. Poitiers: Le Pictavien, 2007. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wendy Moonan (2001-05-25). "Moonan, Wendy. "ANTIQUES; Fabrics for Stars Are Themselves The Stars of a Sale." New York Times 25 May 2001, Arts sec. Print" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/25/arts/antiques-fabrics-for-stars-are-themselves-the-stars-of-a-sale.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fT%2fTextiles) . FRANCE: Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2014-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Clary, Michèle. “Marie-Jacques Perrier; Le Village de Montmartre, C’est Vous.” Paris Montmartre . 29 June 2011. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ramos, Barbara. “The Jazz Singer: Madame Perrier.” The Peacock. Paris. Winter 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nevers, Daniel. Intégrale Django Reinhardt Vol 11: Swing 42 (CD liner notes). Paris: Frémeaux & Associés" (http://www.hotclub.co.uk/html/fm0011.html) . Hotclub.co.uk . Retrieved 2014-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Django Reinhardt - Swing De Paris. 6 Oct. 2012. Exhibit. La Cité de la musique, Paris. (http://www.citedelamusique.fr/minisites/1210_django/index.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130202014517/http://www.citedelamusique.fr/minisites/1210_django/index.aspx) February 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Nécrologie: Marie-Jacques Perrier." Le Figaro. Paris. 11 December 2012. This French business–related biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Urwa_Hocane) on 6 July 2024 . Pakistani model and presenter, actress and VJ model Urwa Hussain عروہ حسین Born UrwaTul Wusqua Hussain ( 1991-07-02 ) 2 July 1991 (age 33) Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) , Sindh (/wiki/Sindh) , Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) Nationality Pakistani (/wiki/Pakistani) Occupation(s) Model, Actress, VJ (/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)) Years active 2011–present Spouse Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) ( m. 2016) Children 1 Relatives Mawra Hocane (/wiki/Mawra_Hocane) (sister) UrwaTul Wusqua Hussain , better known by her stage name Urwa Hocane (born 2 July 1991) is a Pakistani actress, model and media personality (/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)) . [1] (#cite_note-Name-1) She made her acting debut with Khushboo Ka Ghar (/wiki/Khushboo_Ka_Ghar) as Rukhsana in 2012. [2] (#cite_note-tri-2) Hocane is best known for portraying Meera in Udaari (/wiki/Udaari) which earned her Hum Awards for Best On-screen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) shared with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) and a nomination in the Hum Awards for Best Actress Popular (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress_Popular) . She played the role of Guddi in Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) 's Mushk (/wiki/Mushk) which earned her a Lux Style Award for Best Actress Critics (/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards) nomination. [3] (#cite_note-da-3) She made her film debut with Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) 's romantic comedy Na Maloom Afraad (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad) and later appeared in Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) , directed by Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) . In 2022, she is all set to make her debut as a producer with the romantic drama Tich Button (/wiki/Tich_Button) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and career [ edit ] Hocane was born in Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) , but she grew up in Islamabad (/wiki/Islamabad) , where she completed her education at Bahria College, Islamabad (/wiki/Bahria_College,_Islamabad) . She is the elder sister of another television actress, Mawra Hocane (/wiki/Mawra_Hocane) . As a teenager, she performed as a theater artist before she started working as a VJ for ARY Musik (/wiki/ARY_Musik) . [2] (#cite_note-tri-2) As a sign of filial devotion to her younger sibling Mawra (/wiki/Mawra_Hocane) , when Urwa started her career, she chose to use the name Hocane, [1] (#cite_note-Name-1) and over time, it stuck. [ citation needed ] Career [ edit ] Hocane made her acting debut with a leading role in the 2012 romantic drama Meri Ladli (/wiki/Meri_Ladli) alongside Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) and Sajal Ali (/wiki/Sajal_Ali) . She later appeared in serials such as Kahi Un Kahi (/wiki/Kahi_Un_Kahi) and Madiha Maliha (/wiki/Madiha_Maliha) . Her portrayal of a girl subjected to family pressures and a forced wedding in Marasim (/wiki/Marasim) . [ citation needed ] She made her film debut in the 2014 romantic comedy Na Maloom Afraad (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad) , opposite Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) , Mohsin Abbas Haider (/wiki/Mohsin_Abbas_Haider) , and Javed Sheikh (/wiki/Javed_Sheikh) . The film received generally positive reviews, and she was praised for her performance. [5] (#cite_note-5) She was offered Ekta Kapoor (/wiki/Ekta_Kapoor) 's Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) film Azhar (/wiki/Azhar_(film)) alongside Emran Hashmi (/wiki/Emran_Hashmi) , which she refused saying, she was not going to do kissing and bold scenes on screen. [6] (#cite_note-6) In January 2019, Hocane announced her first project as a producer, a romantic film with her husband Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) titled Tich Button . They are producing the film together. [7] (#cite_note-7) In March, Hocane posted a picture from her shooting of Tich Button (/wiki/Tich_Button) at Nankana Sahib (/wiki/Nankana_Sahib) , on her Instagram account. [8] (#cite_note-8) In June 2019, she launched her clothing line in collaboration with her sister Mawra Hocane (/wiki/Mawra_Hocane) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2020, she starred in the television series Mushk (/wiki/Mushk) opposite Imran Ashraf (/wiki/Imran_Ashraf) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Personal life [ edit ] Hocane married Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) on 16 December 2016 at Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) , Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) On 6 October 2023, Hocane and Saeed announced their pregnancy (/wiki/Pregnancy) through social media (/wiki/Social_media) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Filmography [ edit ] Films [ edit ] Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Film Role Director Notes 2014 Na Maloom Afraad (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad) Naina Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) [15] (#cite_note-15) 2017 Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) Durdana Butt Nadeem Beyg (/wiki/Nadeem_Beyg) 2017 Na Maloom Afraad 2 (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad_2) Naina Farhan Ahmed Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) 2017 Rangreza (/wiki/Rangreza) Reshmi Amir Mohiuddin 2022 Tich Button (/wiki/Tich_Button) Herself Qasim Ali Mureed Special appearance in song "Pretty Face" Also producer [16] (#cite_note-16) TBA Jhol (/wiki/Jhol_(film)) † TBA Shahid Shafaat Filming [17] (#cite_note-17) Television [ edit ] Year Series Role Notes 2011 Kountry Luv 2012 Khushboo Ka Ghar (/wiki/Khushboo_Ka_Ghar) Rukhsana 2013 Ideals Wajeeha 2013 Yeh Shadi Nahi Ho Sakti Alishba 2013 Kahi Unkahi (/wiki/Kahi_Unkahi) Anam 2013 Madiha Maliha (/wiki/Madiha_Maliha) Maliha 2013 Meri Ladli (/wiki/Meri_Ladli) Rafia 2013 Aik Pagal Si Larki Nabeela Nominated – Hum Award for Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actress) 2014 Namak Paray 2014 Marasim (/wiki/Marasim) Nayab 2014 Tum Meray He Rehna Rania 2014 Laal Chaadar Bareera 2014 Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain (/wiki/Kitni_Girhain_Baaki_Hain) Maya Anthology series – Recurring Role 2014 Ghayal (/w/index.php?title=Ghayal_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1) Sidra 2015 Mere Ajnabi Hareem 2016 Udaari (/wiki/Udaari) Meeran Nominated – Hum Award for Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Nominated – Hum Award for Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) along with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) [18] (#cite_note-18) 2020 Mushq (/wiki/Mushq) Guddi 2021 Neeli Zinda Hai (/wiki/Neeli_Zinda_Hai) Neeli 2021 Parizaad (/wiki/Parizaad) Laila Saba 2021 Amanat (/wiki/Amanat_(2021_TV_series)) Mehar 2022 Badzaat (/wiki/Badzaat) Anabiya "Biya" [19] (#cite_note-19) 2022–2023 Meri Shehzadi (/wiki/Meri_Shehzadi) Dania [20] (#cite_note-20) Telefilms [ edit ] Year Series Role Notes 2013 Anaya Or uski Mayen Anaya 2017 Pyar Ki Love Story Saman Special appearances [ edit ] Year Series Role Notes 2015 Tonite with HSY (/wiki/Tonite_with_HSY) Herself with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) Hum Sitaray (/wiki/Hum_Sitaray) Season 2 Episode 5 Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 2014 2nd Hum Awards (/wiki/2nd_Hum_Awards) Best Soap Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Soap_Actress) Aik Pagal Si Larki Nominated [21] (#cite_note-21) 2015 14th Lux Style Awards (/wiki/14th_Lux_Style_Awards) Best Actress - Film (/wiki/14th_Lux_Style_Awards#Winners_and_Nominees) Na Maloom Afraad (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad) Nominated [22] (#cite_note-22) 2017 5th Hum Awards (/wiki/5th_Hum_Awards) Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) Udaari (/wiki/Udaari) Nominated [23] (#cite_note-23) Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) (with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) ) Nominated Best Onscreen Couple - Jury (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) (with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) ) Won International Pakistan Prestige Awards (/wiki/Udaari#Awards_and_accolades) Best Onscreen Couple (with Farhan Saeed (/wiki/Farhan_Saeed) ) Won 2018 17th Lux Style Awards (/wiki/17th_Lux_Style_Awards) Best Supporting Actress - Film (/wiki/17th_Lux_Style_Awards#Winners_and_Nominees) Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) Won [24] (#cite_note-24) 2021 20th Lux Style Awards (/wiki/20th_Lux_Style_Awards) Best Television Actress (Critics' Choice) (/wiki/20th_Lux_Style_Awards#Winners_and_nominees) Mushk (/wiki/Mushk) Nominated [25] (#cite_note-25) References [ edit ] ^ a b Hassan Choudary (19 October 2015). "Unraveling the mystery: Here's why Mawra and Urwa's surname is 'Hocane' (http://tribune.com.pk/story/975067/unraveling-the-mystery-heres-why-mawra-and-urwas-surname-is-hocane/) " (http://tribune.com.pk/story/975067/unraveling-the-mystery-heres-why-mawra-and-urwas-surname-is-hocane/) . The Express Tribune (/wiki/The_Express_Tribune) . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ a b Amna Hashmi (19 July 2015). "Unravelling Urwa Hocane" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/920109/unravelling-urwa-hocane/) . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-da_3-0) "I am the bad girl in this industry: Urwa Hocane" (http://www.dawn.com/news/1171564) . DAWN (/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)) . 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "I did what any Pakistani should and would do: Urwa Hocane" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1728281/4-pakistani-urwa-hocane/) . The Express Tribune . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Na Maloom Afraad: the game-changer" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/769451/na-maloom-afraad-the-game-changer/) . The Express Tribune . 1 October 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Saadia Qamar (1 June 2015). "Urwa declines lead role in Bollywood film 'Azhar' (http://tribune.com.pk/story/895714/urwa-declines-lead-role-in-bollywood-film-azhar/) " (http://tribune.com.pk/story/895714/urwa-declines-lead-role-in-bollywood-film-azhar/) . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lodhi, Rida (22 January 2019). "Urwa Hocane: Pushing all the right buttons" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1893790/4-urwa-hocane-pushing-right-buttons/) . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 11 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Finally made time for some touristy behaviour at the #TichButton spell in Nankana" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BvG9PBqHbQ0) . Instagram . Urwa Hocane. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BvG9PBqHbQ0/) on 24 December 2021 . Retrieved 11 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sister act: Urwa and Mawra unveil their new clothing line" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1989053/4-sister-act-urwa-mawra-unveil-new-clothing-line/?amp=1) . The Express Tribune . 10 June 2019 . Retrieved 11 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Urwa Hocane set to return to television with Mushk" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/551677-urwa-hocane-set-to-return-to-television-with-mushk) . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 17 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Urwa, Farhan say 'qubool hai' at Badshahi Mosque" (https://www.geo.tv/latest/123907-Urwa-Farhan-Nikah-pictures-revealed-on-social-media) . 16 December 2016 – via Geo News (/wiki/Geo_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Twitter gets creative with this photo of Urwa and Farhan" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1179278) . Images . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Urwa Hocane, Farhan Saeed celebrate a year of matrimony with sizzling photoshoot" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1586337/4-urwa-hocane-farhan-saeed-celebrate-year-matrimony-sizzling-photoshoot/) . The Express Tribune . 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Web Desk (7 October 2023). "3 of us: Farhan Saeed, Urwa Hocane expecting their first child" (https://arynews.tv/farhan-saeed-urwa-hocane-expecting-first-child/) . ARY NEWS . Retrieved 13 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Nominations for Lux Style Awards 2015 announced" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150719140155/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/17-Jul-2015/nominations-for-lux-style-awards-2015-announced) . Daily Times (/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)) . July 17, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/17-Jul-2015/nominations-for-lux-style-awards-2015-announced) on July 19, 2015 . Retrieved July 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Ready, Steady, Shoot: Team 'Tich Button' is all set to start shooting!" (https://arynews.tv/en/tich-button-shoot/) . ARY News (/wiki/ARY_News) . 11 February 2019 . Retrieved 8 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The first look of Ali Azmat and Urwa Hocane in 'Jhol' revealed" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1353757/first-look-ali-azmat-urwa-hocane-jhol-revealed/) . The Express Tribune . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Hum Awards 2017 reveals nominations" (https://nation.com.pk/09-Apr-2017/hum-awards-2017-reveals-nominations) . The Nation . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Images Staff (22 February 2022). "New drama Badzaat starring Imran Ashraf Awan, Urwa Hocane and Ali Abbas is coming soon" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1189575/) . Images . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Meri Shehzadi Drama Cast Name, Pictures, Story, & Timing" (https://www.magpakistan.com/meri-shehzadi-drama-cast-name-pictures-story-timing/) . Mag Pakistan . 24 September 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Winners of Hum Awards 2014 and Pictures" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074155/http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html) . Humari Dunya. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Nominations for Lux Style Awards 2015 announced" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150719140155/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/17-Jul-2015/nominations-for-lux-style-awards-2015-announced) . Daily Times (/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)) . 17 July 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/17-Jul-2015/nominations-for-lux-style-awards-2015-announced) on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Images Staff (30 April 2017). "Sang-e-Mar Mar and Udaari win big at the Hum Awards 2017" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1177515) . Images . Retrieved 12 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4) 'Baaghi' and 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' stole the show at the 17th Lux Style Awards 2018" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4) . Tribune Express . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Urwa Hocane is nominated for 'Best Actress Critics' for drama 'Mushk' (https://dailytimes.com.pk/812807/urwa-hocane-nominated-for-best-female-actress-from-drama-mushk/) " (https://dailytimes.com.pk/812807/urwa-hocane-nominated-for-best-female-actress-from-drama-mushk/) . Daily Times . 6 September 2021 . Retrieved 15 September 2021 . External links [ edit ] Urwa Hocane (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6567541/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Urwa Hocane (https://www.instagram.com/urwatistic/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000049577768X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/194146094347900332698) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016210434) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urwa_Hocane&oldid=1232908278 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urwa_Hocane&oldid=1232908278) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Pakistani female models (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_female_models) Pakistani television actresses (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_television_actresses) Actresses from Karachi (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Karachi) People of Punjabi descent (/wiki/Category:People_of_Punjabi_descent) Pakistani film actresses (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_film_actresses) 21st-century Pakistani actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Pakistani_actresses) Pakistani video jockeys (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_video_jockeys) Actresses in Urdu cinema (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Urdu_cinema) 1991 births (/wiki/Category:1991_births) People from Karachi (/wiki/Category:People_from_Karachi) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages) Use dmy dates from December 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2023) Use Pakistani English from December 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_December_2023) All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin American clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_American_clothing) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐z278c Cached time: 20240720234433 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.058 seconds Real time usage: 0.147 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2617/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 392/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.032/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946184/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 138.708 1 Template:Commonscat 100.00% 138.708 1 -total 97.09% 134.674 1 Template:Sister_project 95.74% 132.798 1 Template:Side_box 4.16% 5.767 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5455443-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720234433 and revision id 1218848829. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. B Bolivian clothing (/wiki/Category:Bolivian_clothing) ‎ (3 P) Brazilian clothing (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_clothing) ‎ (1 P) C Chilean clothing (/wiki/Category:Chilean_clothing) ‎ (8 P) Colombian clothing (/wiki/Category:Colombian_clothing) ‎ (5 P) M Mexican clothing (/wiki/Category:Mexican_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 7 P) P Peruvian clothing (/wiki/Category:Peruvian_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 7 P) V Venezuelan clothing (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_clothing) ‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Latin American clothing" The following 13 pages are in this category, out of 13 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Abadá (/wiki/Abad%C3%A1) Aguayo (cloth) (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) C Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) G Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) H Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) L Levanta cola jeans (/wiki/Levanta_cola_jeans) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) P Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Peineta (comb) (/wiki/Peineta_(comb)) Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Latin_American_clothing&oldid=1218848829 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Latin_American_clothing&oldid=1218848829) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Latin America (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Latin_America) Clothing by culture (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_culture) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Tank crewmembers demonstrating the multiple layers. The Fire Resistant Environmental Ensemble ( FREE ) is a multi-layered, versatile insulating garment that is adaptable to varying mission requirements and environmental conditions. The system consists of undergarments, a base layer, midweight underlayer, light weather outer layer, intermediate weather outer layer, and an extreme/wet weather parka (/wiki/Parka) . It also includes cold weather gloves, a rigger belt, and wool socks. FREE is designed to be functional and increase comfort and ergonomic (/wiki/Ergonomic) efficiency in and out of aircraft and combat vehicles. It will replace aviation and combat vehicle crewmen cold-weather clothing. See also [ edit ] Flame Resistant Organizational Gear (/wiki/Flame_Resistant_Organizational_Gear) Sources [ edit ] This article incorporates work from [1] (https://peosoldier.army.mil/newpeo/Equipment/Temp.asp?id=cie_free) [ permanent dead link ] , which is in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) as it is a work of the United States Military. External links [ edit ] Flame Resistant Environmental Ensemble (https://web.archive.org/web/20140724043400/http://www.peosoldier.army.mil/portfolio/#29) Program Executive Office Soldier (http://www.peosoldier.army.mil) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐dxgwh Cached time: 20240709022635 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.044 seconds Real time usage: 0.079 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 188/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2469/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 862/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 861485/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 49.282 1 Template:Dead_link 100.00% 49.282 1 -total 70.27% 34.631 1 Template:Fix 59.33% 29.239 2 Template:Category_handler 8.95% 4.413 1 Template:Fix/category 3.77% 1.856 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28436625-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709022635 and revision id 1219643869. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_Resistant_Environmental_Ensemble&oldid=1219643869 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_Resistant_Environmental_Ensemble&oldid=1219643869) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : United States Army uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_uniforms) Military equipment introduced in the 2000s (/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_introduced_in_the_2000s) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)
The Skin House Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Founded 1979 Headquarters Seoul , South Korea Area served Worldwide Products Beauty products Website theskinhouse (http://theskinhouse.co.kr) .co (http://theskinhouse.co.kr) .kr (http://theskinhouse.co.kr) The Skin House is a cosmetics company founded in 1979. It is located at Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . History [ edit ] The Skin House cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) company was founded in Seoul, South Korea in 1979. [1] (#cite_note-1) In April 2011, [2] (#cite_note-2) Han Sunhwa (/wiki/Sunhwa) of Secret (/wiki/Secret_(South_Korean_band)) was chosen as the new model for The Skin House. A representative of the brand commented, “The Skin House uses natural and organic ingredients and is one of the top brands in the nation for those with sensitive skin. With Secret’s Sunhwa at our forefront, we’ll be making sure that everyone can have healthy, youthful skin with our natural products.” [3] (#cite_note-Sunhwa_Skin_House-3) [4] (#cite_note-AKP_The_Skin_House-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Skin House Brand History" (http://www.theskinhouse.co.kr/content/content.php?cont=brand_story) . The Skin House . Retrieved 2012-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Skin Care Tips and Treatment" (http://www.skincare.net) . Julia Bruns . Retrieved May 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sunhwa_Skin_House_3-0) Yi, Hye Rin (2011-04-13). 시크릿 선화, 걸그룹 최고 웨딩돌 등극 ‘영화돌 이어 2관왕’ . News Naver (/wiki/Naver) (in Korean). NHN Corp . Retrieved 2012-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-AKP_The_Skin_House_4-0) "SECRET's Sunhwa is the new model for "The Skin House" (http://www.allkpop.com/2011/04/secrets-sunhwa-is-the-new-model-for-the-skin-house) " (http://www.allkpop.com/2011/04/secrets-sunhwa-is-the-new-model-for-the-skin-house) . 6theory Media . Retrieved 2012-03-08 . External links [ edit ] (Korean) About The Skin House (http://www.theskinhouse.co.kr/content/content.php?cont=brand_story) at The Skin House website (The Skin House Thailand) (http://theskinhouseth.com) The SKIN HOUSE Thailand website http://theskinhouseth.com (http://theskinhouseth.com) (The Skin House Vietnam) (http://skinhouse.com.vn) The SKIN HOUSE Vietnam website http://skinhouse.com.vn (http://skinhouse.com.vn) Skin Care (http://ebdroseville.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59fc976584‐qgqb7 Cached time: 20240717104130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.231 seconds Real time usage: 0.393 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1186/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12596/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 752/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16903/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.138/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3844250/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 287.255 1 -total 59.07% 169.688 1 Template:Infobox_company 53.76% 154.425 1 Template:Infobox 39.80% 114.315 1 Template:Reflist 34.82% 100.034 4 Template:Cite_web 4.19% 12.048 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 3.10% 8.909 1 Template:URL 0.84% 2.420 5 Template:Main_other 0.61% 1.753 1 Template:Template_other 0.55% 1.574 1 Template:Longitem Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34998929-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717104130 and revision id 1148852106. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Skin_House&oldid=1148852106 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Skin_House&oldid=1148852106) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_South_Korea) South Korean companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_companies_established_in_1979) Chemical companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:Chemical_companies_established_in_1979) Hidden categories: CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko))
New York Social Diary Available in English Created by David Patrick Columbia (founder) URL newyorksocialdiary (http://newyorksocialdiary.com) .com (http://newyorksocialdiary.com) Launched 1993 ; 31 years ago ( 1993 ) (print) 2000 ; 24 years ago ( 2000 ) (website) Current status Active New York Social Diary is a website that publishes photographs of "the rich and powerful" socialites (/wiki/Socialite) and a social calendar of events that they might attend. It is maintained by David Patrick Columbia, [1] (#cite_note-Kendall2011-1) who founded it in 2000. [2] (#cite_note-NYT-20081003-2) History [ edit ] The Diary originated in 1993 as a monthly column in Quest (/wiki/Quest_(lifestyle_magazine)) magazine. The column had a similar focus to the present website. [2] (#cite_note-NYT-20081003-2) [3] (#cite_note-NYT-20120421-3) Many people are in the social diary. Influence [ edit ] Chase Coleman III (/wiki/Chase_Coleman_III) of old money and notoriously publicity-shy, has refused to be photographed for any publication since his 2005 wedding photographed by the New York Social Diary. [4] (#cite_note-Bloomberg9Jan-4) [5] (#cite_note-NYSD-5) See also [ edit ] Journalism portal (/wiki/Portal:Journalism) New York City portal (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) List of blogs (/wiki/List_of_blogs) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Kendall2011_1-0) Kendall, Diana Elizabeth (2011). Framing Class: Media Representations of Wealth and Poverty in America . Lanham, Maryland. p. 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4422-0223-8 . Retrieved June 10, 2013 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Dworin, Caroline H. (October 3, 2008). "Boswell to the Bluebloods" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/nyregion/thecity/05colu.html?pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT-20120421_3-0) Feur, Alan (April 21, 2012). "The Secret Life of a Society Maven" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/nyregion/the-secret-life-of-alan-z-feuer.html?pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bloomberg9Jan_4-0) Effinger, Anthony; Burton, Katherine (January 9, 2015). "Why Photos of Some Hedge-Fund Managers Are So Hard to Find" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-09/why-these-photos-of-tiger-cub-coleman-are-among-few-you-ll-find) . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYSD_5-0) "Hot & Cold" (http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/legacy/socialdiary/2005/01_25_05/socialdiary01_25_05.php) . Newyorksocialdiary . January 25, 2005 . Retrieved September 8, 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://newyorksocialdiary.com) This article about a blog (/wiki/Blog) , vlog (/wiki/Vlog) , or other Internet publication is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Social_Diary&action=edit) . v t e This New York City (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_New_York_City) –related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Manhunt International 2018 (/w/index.php?title=Manhunt_International_2018&redirect=no) ) Male Model Search, international male pageant competition This article may require copy editing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting) for cohesion and style . You can assist by editing it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manhunt_International) . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Manhunt International Formation 1993 Type Male Model Search Legal status Active Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) Location Australia (/wiki/Australia) Official language English President Rosko Dickinson Budget $3M Website manhunt (http://manhunt.international/) .international (http://manhunt.international/) Manhunt International is a major international male model search (/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants#Men's_pageants) for the next "Male Supermodel", founded in 1993, though the roots of the competition go back a few years more to when one single national preliminary was held in Singapore. The competition was conceived by Metromedia Singapore and Procon Leisure International which become co-partners in 1993. The current Manhunt International winner is Kevin Dasom from Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . He was crowned by the former titleholder, Lochlan "Lochie" Carey of Australia, on 26 May 2024, at Ayutthaya, Thailand. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Countries and territories placements in Manhunt International. Manhunt International wears the crown as the world's first and most prestigious of all pageants and competitions for men. Its roots began in 1988 when Alex Liu, pageant director of Metromedia Singapore, decided to stage the first male model contest in Singapore announcing a “Manhunt.” Manhunt International Organization was officially formed in 1993 by Liu, with a dream to offer the men of the world a platform to showcase their talents and skills. [2] (#cite_note-2) The first ever Manhunt International World Final was held in Australia in 1993 with 25 contestants. The pageant remained on Australia's Gold Coast when Nikos Papadakis of Greece won in 1994. The current president, Rosko Dickinson & Liu began the co-ownerships and partners of Manhunt International from 1994, until Liu's death in January 2018. [3] (#cite_note-3) Manhunt International is organized in a macho way with outdoor activities, thrilling events, public presentations, talent competitions, fun routines, and even a chance to meet and impress ladies. Contestants are judged on their runway skills, photogenic ability, personality, and physical attributes. The pageant is organized to promote new faces in the male modeling and fashion industry. The men that enter Manhunt International are also encouraged to become role models and good corporate citizens for younger people to look up to. Today, Manhunt International is easily the World's most recognized and longest-running international male model contest. It is the worldwide search for the best male models with the highest number of contestants in 2006 and 2012 in China and Thailand respectively. Several countries have hosted the world finals including Australia (/wiki/Australia) (1993, 1994, 1998, 2018), Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) (1995, 1997, 2000), Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) (1999, 2020, 2022), China (/wiki/China) (2001, 2002, 2006, 2016), Korea (/wiki/Korea) (2005, 2007, 2008, 2011), Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) (2010) and Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) (2012, 2017, 2024). Eligibility criteria [ edit ] Sex Male Age range 18 to 32 Marital status Married or Single Height At least 1.78 metres / 5'10" Skills Remarkable communication skills, modelling experience Additional attributes Photogenic, fit, pleasing character Competition [ edit ] The Manhunt competition is staged in two rounds, preliminary and final. During the preliminaries, the contestants are judged in Haute Couture Fashion, Swimwear, Formal Evening wear. The contestants with highest scores are named as finalists, from which the judges determine the winner and the runners up. During the finals, several other awards are also given besides the ultimate title of Manhunt International: Best Runway Model, Mister Photogenic, Mister Friendship, Mister Personality, Mister Physique and Mister Popularity (voted by the public via social media). Since the 2005 edition, Manhunt International has also given five continental awards to the best representatives of each continent. In the 2007 edition, it was announced that the winner of Mister Popularity would automatically advance to final round and in 2022 a new category was introduced called Digital Challenge (Video) with three segments being Runway Challenge, Swimwear/Physique and Casting Challenge. Once again the overall winner of the category went straight in to the Top 16. 30th year Anniversary [ edit ] On this special occasion, the final ten were awarded as runners-up. Titleholders [ edit ] Edition Year Date Manhunt International Runners-Up Location No. Ref. First Second Third Fourth 1st 1993 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1993) November 30, 1993 Thomas Sasse Germany (/wiki/Germany) Berke Hürcan Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Raffaele Memoli Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Aaron Small Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Michel Boeuf New Caledonia (/wiki/New_Caledonia) Gold Coast (/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) 22 2nd 1994 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1994) Unknown Nikos Papadakis Greece (/wiki/Greece) Trent Garfthon Australia (/wiki/Australia) Richard Planks United States (/wiki/United_States) Benedict Goh Wei Cheh (/wiki/Benedict_Goh_Wei_Cheh) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) Rajat Bedi India (/wiki/India) Gold Coast (/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) 24 3rd 1995 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1995) Unknown Albe Geldenhuys South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Dino Morea (/wiki/Dino_Morea) India (/wiki/India) David Arnold United States (/wiki/United_States) Javier Rodriguez Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) Rinat Khismatouli Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) Sentosa Island (/wiki/Sentosa_Island) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) 35 4th 1997 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1997) May 24, 1997 Jason Erceg New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) Sandro Finocchio (Finoglio) Speranza (/wiki/Sandro_Finoglio) Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Vincent Pinto Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Jonathan Rojas Ortega Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) Zulfi Syed Ahmad India (/wiki/India) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) 38 5th 1998 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1998) May 3, 1998 Peter Eriksen Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Tamme Boh Tjarks Germany (/wiki/Germany) Robert Korceki United States (/wiki/United_States) Philip Lee Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) Rets Renemaris Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) Gold Coast (/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) 34 6th 1999 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_1999) May 29, 1999 Juan Ernesto Calzadilla Regalado Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) John Abraham (/wiki/John_Abraham) India (/wiki/India) Peter Kerby Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Kirk Hedley Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica) Llewellyn Cordier South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) 34 7th 2000 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2000) September 29, 2000 Brett Wilson Australia (/wiki/Australia) David Zepeda Quintero (/wiki/David_Zepeda) Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) Brandon Choo Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) José Gabriel Madonía Panepinto Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Geraldino Nicolina Curaçao (/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) 33 8th 2001 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2001) November 12, 2001 Rajeev Singh (/wiki/Rajeev_Singh) India (/wiki/India) Leo Zhang Wei Biao China (/wiki/China) Luis Antonio Nery Gómez Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Adnan Taletovic Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) Kenneth Bryan Cayman Islands (/wiki/Cayman_Islands) Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , China (/wiki/China) 43 [4] (#cite_note-auto-oh-2001-4) 9th 2002 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2002) November 9, 2002 Fabrice Bertrand Wattez France (/wiki/France) Bart Deschuymer Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Murat Erbaytan Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Adrian Medina Scull Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) Daniel Leonard Navarrete Muktans Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , China (/wiki/China) 46 10th 2005 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2005) September 8, 2005 Tolgahan Sayışman (/wiki/Tolgahan_Say%C4%B1%C5%9Fman) Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Agris Blaubuks Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) Henry Romero Curaçao (/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao) Chen ZeYu China (/wiki/China) Romeo Quiñones Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) Busan (/wiki/Busan) , Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) 42 11th 2006 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2006) April 19, 2006 Jaime Augusto Mayol (/wiki/Jaime_Augusto_Mayol) United States (/wiki/United_States) Fabien Hauquier Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Zhao Zheng China (/wiki/China) Gökhan Keser Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Jose Mendez Spain (/wiki/Spain) Jinjiang (/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian) , China (/wiki/China) 53 12th 2007 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2007) February 12, 2007 Jeffrey Zheng Yu Guang China (/wiki/China) Jason Charles Millot Canada (/wiki/Canada) Ioannis Athitakis Greece (/wiki/Greece) Craig Barnett Australia (/wiki/Australia) Abhimanyu Jain India (/wiki/India) Gangwon (/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)) , Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) 48 13th 2008 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2008) June 2, 2008 Abdelmoumen El Maghraouy Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) Egill Arnljots Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Cesar Vegas Costa Rica (/wiki/Costa_Rica) Lee Jae-Hwan South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) Claudio Furtado Angola (/wiki/Angola) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) 47 14th 2010 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2010) November 20, 2010 Peter Meňky Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) Bogdan Brasoveanu Gibraltar (/wiki/Gibraltar) Marlon de Gregori Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Daniel Guerra United States (/wiki/United_States) Jerry Chang Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) Taichung (/wiki/Taichung) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) 50 15th 2011 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2011) October 10, 2011 John Chen Jiang Feng China (/wiki/China) Nelson Omar Sterling Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) Gianni Sinnesael Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Truong Nam Thanh Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Martin Smahel Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) 48 16th 2012 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2012) November 9, 2012 June Macasaet (/wiki/June_Macasaet) Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Bo Peter Jonsson Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Martin Wang Macau (/wiki/Macau) Jimmy Perez Rivera Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) Jason Chee Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) 53 17th 2016 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2016) October 29, 2016 Patrik Sjöö Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Ba Te Er Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Christopher Bramell England (/wiki/England) Maurício Eusébio Angola (/wiki/Angola) Ramon Pissaia Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Shenzhen (/wiki/Shenzhen) , China (/wiki/China) 43 18th 2017 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2017) November 27, 2017 Trương Ngọc Tình Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Kongnat Choeisuwan Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Gaetan Osman Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) Mohamed Wazeem Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) Andry Permadi Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand 37 [5] (#cite_note-5) 19th 2018 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2018) December 2, 2018 Vicent Llorach González Spain (/wiki/Spain) Dale Maher Australia (/wiki/Australia) Luca Derin Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Jeffrey “Jeff” Langan Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Mai Tuan Anh Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Gold Coast (/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) 28 [6] (#cite_note-6) 20th 2020 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2020) February 22, 2020 Paul Luzineau Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Nikos Antonopoulos Greece (/wiki/Greece) Matheus Cruz Giora Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Yeray Hidalgo Hernández Spain (/wiki/Spain) Mayur Gangwani India (/wiki/India) Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) 36 [7] (#cite_note-7) 21st 2022 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2022) October 1, 2022 Lochlan “Lochie” Carey Australia (/wiki/Australia) Joshua Raphael De Sequera Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Elijah Van Zanten United States (/wiki/United_States) Trần Mạnh Kiên Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Cas Hagman Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) 33 22nd 2024 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2024) May 26, 2024 Kevin Aphisittinun Len Dasom Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Lucas Schlachter France (/wiki/France) Kenneth Stromsnes Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Víctor Michele Battista Infante Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Vincenzo Melisi Italy (/wiki/Italy) Ayutthaya (/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_province) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) 37 [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) 5th-9th Runner-Up Since 2024, Manhunt International pageant has awarded a Top 10 finalists as 5th-9th Runner-Up. This table lists the name of 5th-9th Runner-Up titles by year. Edition Year Date Runners-Up Location No. Ref. Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth 22nd 2024 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_International_2024) May 26, 2024 Daniel Lorente Spain (/wiki/Spain) Matt Dixon Canada (/wiki/Canada) Marcel Riera Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Ruan Mendes Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Luke Van South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Ayutthaya (/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_province) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) 37 [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Gallery of winners [ edit ] Manhunt International 2024 Kevin Dasom Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Manhunt International 2020 Paul Luzineau Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Manhunt International 2005 Tolgahan Sayışman (/wiki/Tolgahan_Say%C4%B1%C5%9Fman) Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Country by number of wins [ edit ] Country Titles Year Australia (/wiki/Australia) 2 2000, 2022 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) 1998, 2016 China (/wiki/China) 2007, 2011 Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) 1 2024 Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) 2020 Spain (/wiki/Spain) 2018 Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) 2017 Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) 2012 Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) 2010 Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) 2008 United States (/wiki/United_States) 2006 Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) 2005 France (/wiki/France) 2002 India (/wiki/India) 2001 Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) 1999 New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) 1997 South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) 1995 Greece (/wiki/Greece) 1994 Germany (/wiki/Germany) 1993 Continents by number of wins [ edit ] Continent Titles Years Europe (/wiki/Europe) 9 1993, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2018, 2020 Asia (/wiki/Asia) 6 2001, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2024 Oceania (/wiki/Oceania) 3 1997, 2000, 2022 Africa (/wiki/Africa) 2 1995, 2008 Americas (/wiki/Americas) 2 1999, 2006 Victory Rank by Country [ edit ] Rank Country #Wins [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) #1ST R.U.s #2ND R.U.s #3RD R.U.s #4TH R.U.s 1 Australia (/wiki/Australia) 2 2 0 1 0 2 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) 2 2 0 0 0 3 China (/wiki/China) 2 1 1 1 0 4 India (/wiki/India) 1 2 0 0 4 5 Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) 1 1 2 [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) 2 0 6 Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) 1 1 1 2 [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) 1 7 Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) 1 1 1 1 0 8 Greece (/wiki/Greece) 1 1 1 0 0 9 Germany (/wiki/Germany) 1 1 0 0 0 9 France (/wiki/France) 1 1 [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) 0 0 0 9 Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) 1 [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) 1 0 0 0 10 United States (/wiki/United_States) 1 0 4 1 0 11 Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) 1 0 1 0 1 12 Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) 1 0 0 2 1 13 Spain (/wiki/Spain) 1 0 0 1 1 14 Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) 1 0 0 0 1 14 South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) 1 0 0 0 1 18 Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) 1 0 0 0 0 18 New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) 1 0 0 0 0 20 Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) 0 2 1 0 0 21 Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) 1 0 0 1 22 Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) 1 0 0 0 22 Canada (/wiki/Canada) 1 0 0 0 22 Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) 1 0 0 0 22 Gibraltar (/wiki/Gibraltar) 1 0 0 0 22 Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) 1 0 0 0 27 Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) 0 2 0 1 28 Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) 1 2 1 29 Curacao (/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao) 1 0 1 30 Costa Rica (/wiki/Costa_Rica) 1 0 0 30 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) 1 0 0 30 England (/wiki/England) 1 0 0 30 Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) 1 0 0 30 Macau (/wiki/Macau) 1 0 0 30 Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) 1 0 0 36 Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) 0 3 1 37 Angola (/wiki/Angola) 1 1 38 Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) 1 0 38 Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) 1 0 38 Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica) 1 0 38 Korea (/wiki/Korea) 1 0 38 Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) 1 0 43 Italy (/wiki/Italy) 0 1 [a] (#cite_note-22nd-9) 43 Cayman Islands (/wiki/Cayman_Islands) 1 43 Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) 1 43 Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) 1 43 New Caledonia (/wiki/New_Caledonia) 1 43 Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) 1 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f New ranking from 22nd edition (2024) See also [ edit ] Mister International (/wiki/Mister_International) Mister World (/wiki/Mister_World) Mister Global (/wiki/Mister_Global) Mister Supranational (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational) Man of the World (/wiki/Man_of_the_World_(pageant)) Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wang, Nickie (26 May 2024). "Philippines' Kenneth Stromsnes places 3rd at Mister Manhunt International 2024" (https://manilastandard.net/showbitz/314451611/philippines-kenneth-stromsnes-places-3rd-at-mister-manhunt-international-2024.html) . Manila Standard (/wiki/Manila_Standard) . Retrieved 26 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "History \| Manhunt International" (https://manhunt.international/history/) . Manhunt International . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Manhunt founder and beauty pageant veteran Alex Liu dies at 57" (https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/manhunt-founder-and-beauty-pageant-veteran-alex-liu-dies-at-57#:~:text=SINGAPORE%20%2D%20Beauty%20pageant%20veteran%20and,Toa%20Payoh%20at%20about%202pm.) . straitstimes.com . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto-oh-2001_4-0) Business India, Issues 615–620 , A.H. Advani, 2001, p. 160 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Manhunt International – Timeline \| Facebook" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/253742254726891/824433067657804) . web.facebook.com . Archived from the original (https://web.facebook.com/ERMManhunt/photos/a.253752061392577.41801.253742254726891/824433067657804) on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mediterráneo, El Periódico. "El peñiscolano Vicent Llorach regresa a la final del Manhunt International" (https://www.elperiodicomediterraneo.com/noticias/gentedecastellon/peniscolano-vicent-llorach-regresa-final-manhunt-international_1278789.html) . El Periódico Mediterráneo (in Spanish). ^ (#cite_ref-7) "IN PHOTOS: Meet the 36 candidates of Manhunt International 2020" (https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/1019-lifestyle/252194-photos-manhunt-international-candidates-2020) . Rappler . ^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Nickie (26 May 2024). "Philippines' Kenneth Stromsnes places 3rd at Mister Manhunt International 2024" (https://manilastandard.net/showbitz/314451611/philippines-kenneth-stromsnes-places-3rd-at-mister-manhunt-international-2024.html) . Manila Standard (/wiki/Manila_Standard) . Retrieved 26 May 2024 . 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American bullet-resistant clothing manufacturer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspetto) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Aspetto) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2023 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Aspetto" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aspetto%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aspetto%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aspetto%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aspetto%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aspetto%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aspetto%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Aspetto Industry Clothing Founded 2008 Founder Abbas Haider Headquarters Fredericksburg, Virginia (/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia) Key people Abbas Haider (CEO) Robert Davis (COO) Website aspetto (https://aspetto.com/) .com (https://aspetto.com/) Aspetto is an American producer and retailer of ballistic clothing and non-ballistic fashion. Founding [ edit ] Aspetto is based in Fredericksburg, Virginia (/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia) . The president and CEO of the company is Abbas Haider (/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Haider_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1) , who founded Aspetto in 2008. Robert Davis later joined the company, and serves as the company's chief operating officer. The company began as a regular clothing line, and later changed its focus to ballistic clothing, an idea that Haider and Davis developed for a 2011 university class at the University of Mary Washington (/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington) . The two met with a ballistics producer and built a prototype suit, and began fielding queries from government agencies within a few months. Following the end of the class, Haider and Davis began to develop and sell the bullet-resistant products, [1] (#cite_note-1) and began producing what it referred to as “ballistic” fashion. [2] (#cite_note-Virginia-2) The company name “Aspetto” comes from the Italian word for “appearance”. [3] (#cite_note-WTKR-3) Clothing [ edit ] Aspetto body armor is certified by the National Institute of Justice (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice) , the US national certification body for bullet-resistant body armor, [2] (#cite_note-Virginia-2) and exceeds the testing standards for the NIJ, in addition to the DEA (/wiki/DEA) and FBI (/wiki/FBI) . [4] (#cite_note-News-4) Much of its clothing is produced for government agencies in the United States, [2] (#cite_note-Virginia-2) including the Department of Homeland Security (/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security) for U.S. Customs and Border Protection (/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection) . [5] (#cite_note-5) It is also available through retail sale for civilians, after customers have passed a background check. [6] (#cite_note-Esquire-6) Clothing items include both business suits and casual wear such as t-shirts, underwear, vest, shoes, undershirts, and others, [6] (#cite_note-Esquire-6) in addition to custom-made items [2] (#cite_note-Virginia-2) and local cultural apparel. [4] (#cite_note-News-4) The company produces non-ballistic wear clothing as well. [3] (#cite_note-WTKR-3) Fabrics used have included wool and silk, among 500 different options. [4] (#cite_note-News-4) The company also produces uniform designs for the American military, specifically for females soldiers. [7] (#cite_note-7) Bullet resistance [ edit ] Bullets that Aspetto clothing provides protection from include 9mm, .40 caliber, .45 semiautomatic rifle bullets and others. [4] (#cite_note-News-4) Clothing can be designed to stop most handguns at point blank range, or with hard armor plates for protection against more powerful weapons. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Greenwood, Chelsea (December 14, 2017). "Bulletproof Clothing Is on the Rise in America" (https://www.racked.com/2017/12/14/16738162/bulletproof-clothing) . Racked . ^ a b c d "Company produces bullet-resistant clothing line" (https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/company-produces-bullet-resistant-clothing-line/) . Virginia Business . April 26, 2018. ^ a b "Behind the making of Aspetto Inc.'s bulletproof clothing" (https://wtkr.com/2018/02/25/behind-the-making-of-aspetto-inc-s-bullet-proof-clothing/) . February 25, 2018. ^ a b c d EDT, Polly Mosendz On 03/29/15 at 1:02 PM (March 29, 2015). "A Virginia Retailer's Quest to Make Bulletproof Clothing Look Beautiful" (https://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/10/fine-art-stopping-bullet-317491.html) . Newsweek . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) LANCE–STAR, CATHY JETT THE FREE (24 September 2019). "Aspetto moving headquarters into larger space in Fredericksburg" (https://www.fredericksburg.com/business/aspetto-moving-headquarters-into-larger-space-in-fredericksburg/article_b423da26-2044-5c24-86d5-adda06954523.html) . Fredericksburg.com . ^ a b "This Is the Bulletproof Limo of Suits" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a34714/how-to-be-bulletproof-in-regular-clothes/) . Esquire . June 18, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Survivors & Thrivers" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2020/10/06/survivors--thrivers/?sh=38e6eb364202) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Survival of the Stylish: This Company Makes Bulletproof Fashionable" (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/survival-stylish-company-makes-bulletproof-fashionable-n597301) . NBC News . 25 June 2016. 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Gradual blending of color Ombré : black to blue Ombré / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ ɒ m b r eɪ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (literally "shaded" in French) is the blending of one color hue (/wiki/Hue) to another, usually moving tints and shades (/wiki/Tints_and_shades) from light to dark. [1] (#cite_note-1) It has become a popular feature for hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) , nail art (/wiki/Nail_art) , and even baking, in addition to its uses in home decorating and graphic design. [2] (#cite_note-Gourley-2) In contrast to ombré, sombré is a much softer and gradual shading of one color to another. [3] (#cite_note-3) In fashion [ edit ] History [ edit ] Further information: Shading (/wiki/Shading) Using shading or creating an ombré effect is ubiquitous. For instance in fabric printing, a special printing block, called a "rainbowed" block, was used in the early 19th century to produce textiles with graduated color designs. [4] (#cite_note-vam1-4) Ombré as a textile treatment came back into fashion in around 1840 and was used throughout the 19th century. [4] (#cite_note-vam1-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In machine embroidery, an ombré effect was achieved by dyeing the threads in graded colors beforehand. [6] (#cite_note-6) 21st century [ edit ] A woman with ombré hair “Ombré” as a hair-coloring technique had been popularized in 2000 when the singer Aaliyah (/wiki/Aaliyah) had her hair dyed in a subtle gradual fade from black at the roots to lighter towards the hair tips. As of 2010 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ombr%C3%A9&action=edit) , the ombré hair trend was still popular. [7] (#cite_note-Marie-7) The style has been adopted by many celebrities, such as Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Alexa Chung (/wiki/Alexa_Chung) , Lauren Conrad (/wiki/Lauren_Conrad) , Vanessa Hudgens (/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens) , Drew Barrymore (/wiki/Drew_Barrymore) , Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , and even Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) , among others. [7] (#cite_note-Marie-7) One stylist found that the ombré hairstyle requires very little upkeep, making it easier for it to remain on trend (/wiki/Fad) . [2] (#cite_note-Gourley-2) While ombre was initially the gradual lightening of the hair from dark to light, it has expanded to take on various other techniques, including the fading of a natural color from the roots to a more unnatural color (/wiki/Dip_dye) (such as turquoise or lavender) at the tips. The popularization of ombré hair encouraged the spread of this technique to other facets of beauty, such as nail art. The adoption of the ombré nails trend by celebrities such as Lauren Conrad (/wiki/Lauren_Conrad) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , and Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , helped popularise it. [8] (#cite_note-8) Home [ edit ] A cake with purple ombré frosting Following the early 21st-century trend, many popular home decorators have incorporated ombré into their home decorating styles. Ombré can be used in many products from textiles to glassware, and as a wall-painting technique, where walls are painted in colors graduating to a lighter or darker tone towards the other end. Martha Stewart (/wiki/Martha_Stewart) describes the gentle progression of color in ombré as a transition from wakefulness to slumber. [9] (#cite_note-9) David Kohn Architects (/wiki/David_Kohn_Architects) have explored the ombré effect in the design of the floor tiling of the interior of an apartment, Carrer Avinyó, Barcelona. [10] (#cite_note-10) The tile pattern is graded in colour from green at one end of the apartment to red at the other to differentiate the two owners' private spaces. The encaustic tiles (/wiki/Encaustic_tile) were manufactured by Mosaics Martí, suppliers of tiles to Antoni Gaudí (/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD) . Baking [ edit ] In baking, ombré effects are typically achieved through applied techniques such as frosting (/wiki/Icing_(food)) on a cake, but baking individual cake layers in graduated tones from light to dark is possible. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The effect can also be achieved by dyeing and stacking the layers of a cake in the ombré fade. [13] (#cite_note-13) Makeup [ edit ] Due to the colour range available for different types of cosmetic products, an ombré effect can be achieved by blending two or more shades together on the eyes, lips, [14] (#cite_note-14) or cheeks. [15] (#cite_note-15) The gradient from dark to light is similar to the practice of contouring (/wiki/Contouring) , where different tints and shades of natural skin tones are blended, but differs in that contouring is often intended to artificially sculpt the face, whereas ombré can be said to simply mean the blending of any two or more shades, natural or otherwise. See also [ edit ] Color gradient (/wiki/Color_gradient) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Ombré" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141021051942/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/ombre#ombr%E9) . oxforddictionaries.com . Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/ombre#ombr%E9) on October 21, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ a b Meghan Gourley (November 6, 2013). "Ombré: a ubiquitous word for that faded look" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/fashion/Ombre-a-ubiquitous-word-for-that-faded-look.html?_r=1&) . New York Times . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Balayage vs Flamboyage vs Ombre vs Sombre vs Foiling" (https://www.arsova.com/balayage-vs-flamboyage-vs-ombre-vs-sombre-vs-foiling) . Arsova Salon . July 22, 2014. ^ a b "Wedding dress, 1841. Block-printed cotton" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O125291/wedding-dress-unknown/?print=1) . Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved November 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Long Purse, late 19th century" (http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/299227.html) . Philadelphia Museum of Art: Search Collections . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Retrieved November 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Machine embroidered trimming, 1853" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O77732/trimming-houldsworth-co/) . Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved November 19, 2014 . ^ a b "Ombre Hair" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/beauty/galleries/36871/ombre-hair.html) . Marie Claire . June 17, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Nailasaurus (May 1, 2012). "Nail Art Alert! How To Get Ombre Nails at Home" (http://www.glamour.com/lipstick/blogs/girls-in-the-beauty-department/2012/05/gradient-nails-picture-tutoria) . Glamour . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Martha Stewart (May 2008). "Ombre Craft Projects" (http://www.marthastewart.com/271427/ombre-craft-projects) . Martha Stewart . Martha Stewart Living . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) David Kohn (December 2013). "Carrer Avinyó" (https://davidkohn.co.uk/projects/carrer-avinyo) . David Kohn Architects . Retrieved August 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "What is an (http://bakingbites.com/2014/08/what-is-an-ombre-cake/) ombré cake?" (http://bakingbites.com/2014/08/what-is-an-ombre-cake/) . Encyclopedia of Things . Baking Bites. August 26, 2014 . Retrieved October 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ombre cakes and cupcakes: shortcut to a hot trend" (http://www.kingarthurflour.com/blog/2013/09/27/ombre-cupcakes/) . King of Arthur flour . September 27, 2013 . Retrieved November 1, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Ombre Cake: How To Bake Them In Every Color" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/28/ombre-cake_n_1919520.html) . The Huffington Post . Julie R Thompson. September 28, 2014 . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Ombre Lips in Makeup" (https://glamlipstick.com/how-to-do-ombre-lips-step-by-step-tutorial.html) . GlamLipstick.com. April 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Beauty trend: Ombre makeup" (http://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/article/beauty-trend-ombre-makeup) . External links [ edit ] Ombre Hair Guide (https://thelifesquare.com/the-best-ombre-hair-guide-you-need-8575249/) Ombre Nails (https://www.womenstyle.com/ombre-nails-design-ideas-and-combine-with-your-dresses/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐84zhh Cached time: 20240708084655 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.281 seconds Real time usage: 0.426 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25134/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1026/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54246/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.171/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5877855/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 390.699 1 -total 43.13% 168.509 1 Template:Reflist 36.05% 140.849 14 Template:Cite_web 34.50% 134.809 1 Template:Short_description 15.93% 62.248 5 Template:Main_other 15.13% 59.130 1 Template:SDcat 14.60% 57.059 2 Template:Pagetype 7.88% 30.785 1 Template:IPAc-en 5.62% 21.960 1 Template:See 4.08% 15.955 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44288944-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708084655 and revision id 1222984994. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Mija_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Mija+Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Mija+Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Mija_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87) for suggestions. ( November 2021 ) Mija Knezevic Born Belgrade (/wiki/Belgrade) , Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) Education New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) Occupation Brand Management (/wiki/Online_advertising) Website mij-a-porter.com (http://www.mij-a-porter.com) Mija Knežević is Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrins) fashion celebrity and online brand management expert. Knezevic is one of the leading trendsetters in Eastern Europe today and has been featured in the Financial Times, Vogue, Elle, L’Officiel, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, W Magazine, Grazia, Style.com, WWD, Harper's Baazar, Refinery 29, The Cut and others. Knezevic graduated high school from Institut Le Rosey (/wiki/Institut_Le_Rosey) in Switzerland. In 2012, she obtained her Master's degree from New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) , where she studied Media and Culture. Career [ edit ] Knezevic is known for her talent in helping emerging brands as well as her individual style. Knezevic has worked with brands such as Burberry, [1] (#cite_note-1) Tiffany & Co; Yoox Group, Tod’s, Belstaff, Gorgio Armani, Ferrgamo, Farm Rio, Patou, Baum und pferdgarten, Mietis, Stand Studio, Emilio Pucci, Sunnei, Wandler, Plan C, Proenza Schouler, [2] (#cite_note-2) W Magazine, Tory Burch and Marina Abramovic Institute. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Devojka za primer: Mija Knežević (http://wannabemagazine.com/devojka-za-primer-mija-knezevic/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Srpska blogerka brend ambasador Barberija (http://www.b92.net/superzena/kolaz.php?yyyy=2013&mm=10&nav_id=771902) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6758b554dc‐fspfj Cached time: 20240701200919 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.209 seconds Real time usage: 0.293 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1450/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9835/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1692/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5004/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.115/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2681075/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 276.666 1 -total 50.11% 138.628 1 Template:Infobox_person 36.65% 101.393 1 Template:Orphan 29.14% 80.633 1 Template:Draft_other 28.12% 77.811 1 Template:Ambox 10.70% 29.604 1 Template:Wikidata_image 8.96% 24.792 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.97% 22.040 1 Template:Authority_control 6.32% 17.476 14 Template:Main_other 4.44% 12.295 1 Template:Reflist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41199765-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701200919 and revision id 1137475325. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mija_Knežević&oldid=1137475325 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mija_Knežević&oldid=1137475325) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) New York University alumni (/wiki/Category:New_York_University_alumni) Alumni of Institut Le Rosey (/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Institut_Le_Rosey) Montenegrin businesspeople (/wiki/Category:Montenegrin_businesspeople) Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_November_2021) All orphaned articles (/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
For similarly named unions, see garment workers union (/wiki/Garment_workers_union) . Logo of the union The Garment Workers' Union ( Norwegian (/wiki/Norwegian_language) : Bekledningsarbeiderforbundet , BAF) was a trade union (/wiki/Trade_union) representing workers in the clothing industry in Norway. History [ edit ] The union was founded in 1969, when the Norwegian Union of Clothing Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Clothing_Workers) merged with the Norwegian Union of Textile Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Textile_Workers) , and the Norwegian Union of Shoe Makers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Shoe_Makers) . Like all its predecessors, it affiliated to the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (/wiki/Norwegian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions) . It absorbed the Norwegian Union of Hide and Leather Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Hide_and_Leather_Workers) in 1973. [1] (#cite_note-snl-1) By 1987, the union had 12,109 members. [2] (#cite_note-ebbinghaus-2) The following year, it merged with the Norwegian Union of Forestry and Land Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Forestry_and_Land_Workers) , the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Iron_and_Metalworkers) , the Norwegian Union of Building Industry Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Building_Industry_Workers) and the Norwegian Union of Paper Industry Workers (/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Paper_Industry_Workers) to form the United Federation of Trade Unions (/wiki/United_Federation_of_Trade_Unions) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Presidents [ edit ] 1969: Finn Nilsen References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-snl_1-0) Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). "Norsk Skog- og Landarbeiderforbund" (http://www.snl.no/Norsk_Skog-_og_Landarbeiderforbund) . Store norske leksikon (/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-ebbinghaus_2-0) Ebbinghaus, Bernhard; Visser, Jelle (2000). Trade Unions in Western Europe Since 1945 . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 522. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0333771125 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "In English" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100710042548/http://www.fellesforbundet.no/internet/templates/Section.aspx?id=2804) . United Federation of Trade Unions. Archived from the original (http://www.fellesforbundet.no/internet/templates/Section.aspx?id=2804) on 10 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/131808850) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98001427) This article about an organisation based in Norway is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion designer Bill Frank Whitten (October 4, 1944 – April 8, 2006) was a Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) who designed stage clothing and high-end fashion for musicians (/wiki/Musicians) and celebrities (/wiki/Celebrities) . In 1974, Whitten's custom shirt business in West Hollywood (/wiki/West_Hollywood) , Workroom 27, was discovered by Neil Diamond (/wiki/Neil_Diamond) who became an advocate for Whitten's custom-designed clothing. [1] (#cite_note-The_Los_Angeles_Times-1) At the height of his business, Whitten had a factory with 50 employees making stage clothing for 20 groups including the Commodores (/wiki/Commodores) , The Jacksons (/wiki/The_Jacksons) , and Edgar Winter (/wiki/Edgar_Winter) . [1] (#cite_note-The_Los_Angeles_Times-1) He also designed Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) 's famous rhinestone glove [1] (#cite_note-The_Los_Angeles_Times-1) and crystal-encrusted socks. [2] (#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_custom_socks-2) In 1990, he opened a store, Bill Whitten, on Melrose Avenue (/wiki/Melrose_Avenue) . [3] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-3) Whitten died of cancer on April 8, 2006, and is buried in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California. [4] (#cite_note-Find_a_Grave-4) He is the brother of artist Jack Whitten (/wiki/Jack_Whitten) . [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Robinson, Gaile (21 February 1990). "Whitten Time : Fashion: For a long time Bill Whitten designed in obscurity while his rock music creations stole the spotlight, but no more" (http://articles.latimes.com/1990-02-21/news/vw-1158_1_bill-whitten) . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_custom_socks_2-0) Chochrek, Ella (6 November 2019). "Michael Jackson's Moonwalking Socks Are Expected To Sell for More Than $1 Million" (https://footwearnews.com/2019/influencers/news/michael-jackson-moonwalk-socks-costume-auction-1202868799/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_3-0) Louie, Elaine (27 May 1990). "Style Makers; Bill Whitten; Designer and Retailer" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/27/style/style-makers-bill-whitten-designer-and-retailer.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Find_a_Grave_4-0) "Billy Frank Whitten" (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/61938742) . Find a Grave . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/jack-whittens-newly-published-journals-1327919) 'I Am Black, Angry, Tired of Teaching, Tired of Being Poor': Jack Whitten's Newly Published Journals Reveal a Long, Painful Road to Recognition" (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/jack-whittens-newly-published-journals-1327919) . artnet News . 2018-08-06 . Retrieved 2018-08-10 . This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Frank_Whitten&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wnrsp Cached time: 20240712190511 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.236 seconds Real time usage: 0.370 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 466/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12828/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 422/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24149/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4190666/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 352.856 1 -total 46.55% 164.265 1 Template:Reflist 37.20% 131.253 3 Template:Cite_web 19.20% 67.759 1 Template:Short_description 19.17% 67.630 1 Template:Fashion-designer-stub 18.58% 65.564 1 Template:Asbox 13.84% 48.844 1 Template:Authority_control 10.91% 38.504 2 Template:Pagetype 5.18% 18.285 3 Template:Main_other 4.62% 16.312 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56457871-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712190511 and revision id 1153366848. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Frank_Whitten&oldid=1153366848 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Frank_Whitten&oldid=1153366848) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1944 births (/wiki/Category:1944_births) 2006 deaths (/wiki/Category:2006_deaths) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) Fashion designer stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designer_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Agloves) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Agloves" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Agloves%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Agloves%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Agloves%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Agloves%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Agloves%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Agloves%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Agloves (pronounced “a-gloves”) was an American, privately held winter touchscreen glove company that made gloves which worked on all capacitive touchscreens (/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The company was based in Boulder, Colorado (/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado) . Agloves were launched on September 29, 2010. [ citation needed ] Jennifer Spencer, inventor of the gloves, served as the company’s CEO and President. [2] (#cite_note-BCBR1-2) The gloves incorporated silver-nylon yarn to conduct the body's bioelectricity (/wiki/Bioelectricity) to the touchscreen device. [3] (#cite_note-ChipChick-3) [4] (#cite_note-Gizmag-4) Agloves won several awards including Best New Product and Best New Company from 2011 Stevie Awards; [5] (#cite_note-5) and the Innovation Quotient Award from the Boulder County Business Report. [6] (#cite_note-BCBR2-6) As of May 10, 2013, Agloves closed their business for personal reasons. [7] (#cite_note-7) In August 2014, AGloves' rights and patents were purchased by NY based Prolific Innovations LLC, which continued to bring the AGlove to the marketplace. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Des gants prévus pour fonctionner avec les écrans tactiles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175106/https://www.commentcamarche.net/news/5854607-des-gants-prevus-pour-fonctionner-avec-les-ecrans-tactiles) . CommentCaMarche (in French). Archived from the original (https://www.commentcamarche.net/news/5854607-des-gants-prevus-pour-fonctionner-avec-les-ecrans-tactiles) on 2018-05-16 . Retrieved 2018-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-BCBR1_2-0) Gold, Elizabeth. "Agloves Makes Touch Screens Winter Friendly." Boulder County Business Report [Boulder] 02 Sept. 2011. 02 Sept. 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. < http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59551 (http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59551) >. [ failed verification ] ^ (#cite_ref-ChipChick_3-0) Stone, Helena. "Agloves Are Afforable Gloves for IPad, IPhone and Other Touchscreen Devices." Chip Chick. Chip Chick, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. < http://www.chipchick.com/2010/10/agloves-touchscreen-gloves.html (http://www.chipchick.com/2010/10/agloves-touchscreen-gloves.html) >. [ failed verification ] ^ (#cite_ref-Gizmag_4-0) "Agloves Give Full 10-finger Gloved Touchscreen Functionality - Image 1 of 4." Gizmag \| New and Emerging Technology News. Gizmag (/w/index.php?title=Gizmag&action=edit&redlink=1) , Jan. 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. < http://www.gizmag.com/agloves-touchscreen-gloves/16807/picture/123839/ (http://www.gizmag.com/agloves-touchscreen-gloves/16807/picture/123839/) >. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Stevie R Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051504/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Stevie-R-Awards-Women-iw-2140220077.html) . Archived from the original (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Stevie-R-Awards-Women-iw-2140220077.html) on 2016-03-05 . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-BCBR2_6-0) "11 Claim IQ Awards for Innovation." Editorial. Boulder County Business Report 25 Aug. 2011. http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59424 (http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59424) . 25 Aug. 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. < http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59424 (http://www.bcbr.com/article.asp?id=59424) >. ^ (#cite_ref-7) [1] (https://archive.today/20141126124245/http://blogs.denverpost.com/techknowbytes/2013/05/10/mother-daughter-team-behind-boulders-agloves-closing-business-to-) focus-on-relationship/10094/ NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐c8zxc Cached time: 20240716035134 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.178 seconds Real time usage: 0.241 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18255/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1531/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12183/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.119/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4268247/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 219.622 1 -total 39.90% 87.631 2 Template:Cite_web 39.17% 86.034 1 Template:Refimprove 32.04% 70.371 1 Template:Ambox 14.41% 31.647 3 Template:Fix 11.57% 25.402 1 Template:Cn 6.70% 14.716 2 Template:Failed_verification 6.36% 13.978 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 5.18% 11.387 3 Template:Delink 3.82% 8.399 4 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36125065-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716035134 and revision id 1234785153. 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Textile factory in Tver, Russia This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Tver_Garment_Factory&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Tver+Garment+Factory&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Tver+Garment+Factory) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Tver_Garment_Factory) for suggestions. ( July 2016 ) WikiMiniAtlas 56°50′45″N 35°54′48.4″E / 56.84583°N 35.913444°E / 56.84583; 35.913444 Tver Garment Factory Headquarters Pobedy av., 14, Tver , Russia Number of employees 300 (July 2016) Website TVSF.com (http://www.tvsf.ru/) Tver Garment Factory is a clothing industry facility in Tver. Established in 1918 as "Gubodezhda" factory, since that moment repeatedly changed its name: since 1923 — "Tverodezhda" factory since 1927 — garment factory "Moscvoshvey" No. 11 since 1930 (after moving to new building) — garment factory "Moscvoshvey" No. 11 since 1946 — Knitwear Factory since 1950s — factory No. 1 in 1962 merged with Kalinin garment factory No. 2 since 1975 under its modern name. [1] (#cite_note-1) Fall 1941 partly evacuated to Tomsk, and many employees was sent to the front. Building and remaining supplies was hardly damaged during town occupation in October - December 1941. In 1942 was partly recovered and until 1945 was manufacturing military equipment. In 1946 there was installed German equipment, in 1950s was built new building, in 1960 established own newspaper and cultural institutions, in 1970s — fitted with a new equipment. [2] (#cite_note-2) Tver garment factory produces men's suits under brand "Kavalier". Directors [ edit ] CEO - Gumenyuk Rafilya Ravilyevna [3] (#cite_note-3) External links [ edit ] Энциклопедический справочник «Тверская область» (http://region.tverlib.ru/cgi-bin/fulltext_opac.cgi?show_article=1333) Тверская швейная фабрика. Официальный сайт (https://web.archive.org/web/20100625032509/http://www.tvsf.ru/onas.htm) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Фирменный магазин Тверской швейной фабрики" (http://www.tvsf-shop.ru/#!about/c2414) . Фирменный магазин Тверской швейной фабрики . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Энциклопедический справочник «Тверская область». Статья (http://region.tverlib.ru/cgi-bin/fulltext_opac.cgi?show_article=1333) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "АО «ТВЕРСКАЯ ШВЕЙНАЯ ФАБРИКА» — Тверская область — ОГРН 1026900526344, ИНН 6905005430 — адрес, контакты, гендиректор" (https://companies.rbc.ru/id/1026900526344-oao-tverskaya-shvejnaya-fabrika/) . РБК Компании (in Russian) . Retrieved 2024-06-17 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing by function (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐qt7vp Cached time: 20240720172153 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.073 seconds Real time usage: 0.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2704/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 316/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.040/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1003587/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 97.042 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 97.042 1 -total 96.31% 93.460 1 Template:Sister_project 92.79% 90.047 1 Template:Side_box 45.15% 43.819 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9964970-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172153 and revision id 943802515. Rendering was triggered because: unknown Subcategories This category has the following 28 subcategories, out of 28 total. A Academic dress (/wiki/Category:Academic_dress) ‎ (1 C, 37 P) Adaptive clothing (/wiki/Category:Adaptive_clothing) ‎ (5 P) Aviation wear (/wiki/Category:Aviation_wear) ‎ (1 C, 17 P) C Casual wear (/wiki/Category:Casual_wear) ‎ (3 C, 11 P) Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) ‎ (11 C, 21 P) Clubwear (/wiki/Category:Clubwear) ‎ (1 C, 27 P) Wearable computers (/wiki/Category:Wearable_computers) ‎ (4 C, 36 P) Costume design (/wiki/Category:Costume_design) ‎ (10 C, 40 P, 3 F) D Dancewear (/wiki/Category:Dancewear) ‎ (3 C, 25 P) Dress codes (/wiki/Category:Dress_codes) ‎ (10 C, 8 P) F Fetish clothing (/wiki/Category:Fetish_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 42 P, 1 F) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) ‎ (9 C, 105 P) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) ‎ (11 C, 26 P) J Judicial clothing (/wiki/Category:Judicial_clothing) ‎ (8 P) M Maternity clothing (/wiki/Category:Maternity_clothing) ‎ (11 P) N Nightwear (/wiki/Category:Nightwear) ‎ (16 P) O Outerwear (/wiki/Category:Outerwear) ‎ (4 C, 7 P) P Protective gear (/wiki/Category:Protective_gear) ‎ (14 C, 111 P) R Religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Religious_clothing) ‎ (11 C, 14 P) Rodeo clothing (/wiki/Category:Rodeo_clothing) ‎ (6 P) S Safety clothing (/wiki/Category:Safety_clothing) ‎ (6 C, 54 P) Semi-formal wear (/wiki/Category:Semi-formal_wear) ‎ (3 C, 16 P, 1 F) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) ‎ (11 C, 82 P) U Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) ‎ (7 C, 95 P) Uniforms (/wiki/Category:Uniforms) ‎ (11 C, 34 P) W Western wear (/wiki/Category:Western_wear) ‎ (1 C, 27 P) Winter clothes (/wiki/Category:Winter_clothes) ‎ (22 P) Workwear (/wiki/Category:Workwear) ‎ (4 C, 32 P) Pages in category "Clothing by function" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Black bloc (/wiki/Black_bloc) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) C Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Cycling jersey (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Cycling kit (/wiki/Cycling_kit) H Heated clothing (/wiki/Heated_clothing) I Informal wear (/wiki/Informal_wear) Interview suit (/wiki/Interview_suit) L Layered clothing (/wiki/Layered_clothing) M Maternity clothing (/wiki/Maternity_clothing) O List of outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) P Plain dress (/wiki/Plain_dress) Propaganda kimono (/wiki/Propaganda_kimono) R Resort wear (/wiki/Resort_wear) Reversible garment (/wiki/Reversible_garment) S Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) T Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) W Winter clothing (/wiki/Winter_clothing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_by_function&oldid=943802515 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_by_function&oldid=943802515) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
(Redirected from Sole (shoe) (/w/index.php?title=Sole_(shoe)&redirect=no) ) Footwear This article is about footwear. For other uses, see Shoe (disambiguation) (/wiki/Shoe_(disambiguation)) . "Insole" redirects here. For other uses, see Insole (disambiguation) (/wiki/Insole_(disambiguation)) . A variety of shoes displayed at the Nordic Museum (/wiki/Nordic_Museum) , including models from 1700 to the 1960s. A shoe is an item of footwear (/wiki/Footwear) intended to protect and comfort the human foot (/wiki/Foot) . Though the human foot can adapt to varied terrains and climate conditions, it is vulnerable, and shoes provide protection. Form was originally tied to function, but over time, shoes also became fashion items. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boots) , which are required footwear at industrial worksites. Additionally, shoes have often evolved into many different designs, such as high heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) , which are most commonly worn by women during fancy occasions. Contemporary footwear varies vastly in style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals (/wiki/Sandal) may consist of only a thin sole (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) and simple strap and be sold for a low cost. High fashion shoes made by famous designers (/wiki/Fashion_design) may be made of expensive materials, use complex construction and sell for large sums of money. Some shoes are designed for specific purposes, such as boots (/wiki/Boot) designed specifically for mountaineering (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) or skiing (/wiki/Ski_boot) , while others have more generalized usage such as sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) which have transformed from a special purpose sport shoe into a general use shoe. Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather (/wiki/Leather) , wood (/wiki/Wood) or canvas (/wiki/Canvas) , but are increasingly being made from rubber (/wiki/Synthetic_rubber) , plastics (/wiki/Plastic) , and other petrochemical (/wiki/Petrochemical) -derived materials. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Globally, the shoe industry is a $200 billion a year industry. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) 90% of shoes end up in landfills, because the materials are hard to separate, recycle or otherwise reuse. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History Antiquity The oldest known leather shoe (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) , about 5500 years old, found in Armenia (/wiki/Armenia) Esparto (/wiki/Esparto) sandals from the 6th (/wiki/6th_millennium_BC) or 5th millennium BC (/wiki/5th_millennium_BC) found in Spain (/wiki/Spain) Roman shoes: a man's, [2] (#cite_note-2) a woman's [3] (#cite_note-3) and a child's [4] (#cite_note-4) shoe from Bar Hill Roman Fort (/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort) , Scotland. Earliest evidence The earliest known shoes are sagebrush bark sandals (/wiki/Sandal) dating (/wiki/Carbon_dating) from approximately 7000 or 8000 BC, found in the Fort Rock Cave (/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave) in the US (/wiki/United_States) state of Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) in 1938. [5] (#cite_note-Connolly_Tom-5) The world's oldest leather shoe (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) , made from a single piece of cowhide laced with a leather cord along seams at the front and back, was found in the Areni-1 cave complex (/wiki/Areni-1_cave_complex) in Armenia (/wiki/Armenia) in 2008 and is believed to date to 3500 BC. [6] (#cite_note-Ravilious_Kate-6) [7] (#cite_note-Petraglia_Michael-7) Ötzi the Iceman (/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman) 's shoes, dating to 3300 BC, featured brown bearskin bases, deerskin side panels, and a bark-string net, which pulled tight around the foot. [6] (#cite_note-Ravilious_Kate-6) The Jotunheimen shoe (/wiki/Jotunheimen_shoe) was discovered in August 2006: archaeologists estimate that this leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC, [8] (#cite_note-Nesje_Pilø_Finstad_Solli-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia. Sandals and other plant fiber based tools were found in Cueva de los Murciélagos (/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Murci%C3%A9lagos) in Albuñol (/wiki/Albu%C3%B1ol) in southern Spain in 2023, dating to approximately 7500 to 4200 BC, making them what are believed to be the oldest shoes found in Europe. [10] (#cite_note-Science_Advances-10) It is thought that shoes may have been used long before this, but because the materials used were highly perishable, it is difficult to find evidence of the earliest footwear. [11] (#cite_note-Johnson_Olivia-11) Footprints (/wiki/Footprints) suggestive of shoes or sandals due to having crisp edges, no signs of toes found and three small divots where leather tying laces/straps would have been attached have been at Garden Route National Park (/wiki/Garden_Route_National_Park) , Addo Elephant National Park (/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park) and Goukamma Nature Reserve (/wiki/Goukamma_Marine_Protected_Area) in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . [12] (#cite_note-Helm_Lockley_Cawthra_De_Vynck-12) These date back to between 73,000 and 136,000 PB. Consistent with the existence of such shoe is the finding of bone awls (/wiki/Bone_tool) dating back to this period that could have made simple footwear. [12] (#cite_note-Helm_Lockley_Cawthra_De_Vynck-12) Another source of evidence is the study of the bones of the smaller toes (as opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their thickness decreased approximately 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists (/wiki/Archaeologist) to deduce the existence of common rather than an occasional wearing of shoes as this would lead to less bone growth, resulting in shorter, thinner toes. [13] (#cite_note-Trinkaus_Erik-13) These earliest designs were very simple, often mere "foot bags" of leather to protect the feet from rocks, debris, and cold. Americas Many early natives in North America wore a similar type of footwear, known as the moccasin (/wiki/Moccasin) . These are tight-fitting, soft-soled shoes typically made out of leather or bison (/wiki/Bison) hides. Many moccasins were also decorated with various beads and other adornments. Moccasins were not designed to be waterproof, and in wet weather and warm summer months, most Native Americans (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) went barefoot (/wiki/Barefoot) . [14] (#cite_note-Laubin_Laubin_Vestal-14) The leaves of the sisal (/wiki/Sisal) plant were used to make twine (/wiki/Twine) for sandals in South America while the natives of Mexico used the Yucca (/wiki/Yucca) plant. [15] (#cite_note-Curtin_Cameron-15) [16] (#cite_note-DeMello_Margo-16) Africa and Middle East As civilizations began to develop, thong sandals (precursors to the modern flip-flop (/wiki/Flip-flops) ) were worn. This practice dates back to pictures of them in ancient Egyptian (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) murals from 4000 BC. "Thebet" may have been the term used to describe these sandals in Egyptian times, possibly from the city Thebes (/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt) . The Middle Kingdom (/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) is when the first of these thebets were found, but it is possible that it debuted in the Early Dynastic Period (/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)) . [17] (#cite_note-17) One pair found in Europe was made of papyrus (/wiki/Papyrus) leaves and dated (/wiki/Carbon_dating) to be approximately 1,500 years old. They were also worn in Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) during the first century of the Christian era. [18] (#cite_note-Kendzior_Russell-18) Thong sandals were worn by many civilizations and made from a vast variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves. The Masai (/wiki/Maasai_people) of Africa made them out of rawhide (/wiki/Rawhide_(textile)) . In India they were made from wood. While thong sandals were commonly worn, many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) , Hindus (/wiki/Hindus) and Greeks (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) , saw little need for footwear, and most of the time, preferred being barefoot. [19] (#cite_note-Frazine_Richard-19) The Egyptians and Hindus made some use of ornamental footwear, such as a soleless sandal known as a "Cleopatra", [ citation needed ] which did not provide any practical protection for the foot. Asia and Europe The ancient Greeks largely viewed footwear as self-indulgent, unaesthetic and unnecessary. Shoes were primarily worn in the theater, as a means of increasing stature, and many preferred to go barefoot. [19] (#cite_note-Frazine_Richard-19) Athletes in the Ancient Olympic Games (/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games) participated barefoot—and naked. [20] (#cite_note-ancient_olympics-20) Even the gods (/wiki/Twelve_Olympians) and heroes were primarily depicted barefoot, as well as the hoplite (/wiki/Hoplite) warriors. They fought battles in bare feet and Alexander the Great (/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) conquered his vast empire with barefoot armies. The runners of Ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) had also been believed to have run barefoot. [21] (#cite_note-Krentz_Peter-21) Footwear of Roman soldiers (reconstruction) The Romans (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) , who eventually conquered the Greeks and adopted many aspects of their culture, did not adopt the Greek perception of footwear and clothing. Roman clothing (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) was seen as a sign of power, and footwear was seen as a necessity of living in a civilized world, although the slaves and paupers usually went barefoot. [19] (#cite_note-Frazine_Richard-19) Roman soldiers were issued with chiral (/wiki/Chiral) (left and right shoe different) footwear. [22] (#cite_note-22) Shoes for soldiers had riveted insoles to extend the life of the leather, increase comfort, and provide better traction. The design of these shoes also designated the rank of the officers. The more intricate the insignia and the higher up the boot went on the leg, the higher the rank of the soldier. [23] (#cite_note-23) There are references to shoes being worn in the Bible (/wiki/Bible) . [24] (#cite_note-24) In China and Japan, rice straws were used. [ citation needed ] Starting around 4 BC, the Greeks began wearing symbolic footwear. These were heavily decorated to clearly indicate the status of the wearer. Courtesans wore leather shoes colored with white, green, lemon or yellow dyes, and young woman betrothed or newly married wore pure white shoes. Because of the cost to lighten leather, shoes of a paler shade were a symbol of wealth in the upper class. Often, the soles would be carved with a message so it would imprint on the ground. Cobblers became a notable profession around this time, with Greek shoemakers becoming famed in the Roman empire. [25] (#cite_note-25) Middle Ages and early modern period Asia and Europe A common casual shoe in the Pyrenees (/wiki/Pyrenees) during the Middle Ages was the espadrille (/wiki/Espadrille) . This is a sandal with braided jute soles and a fabric upper portion, and often includes fabric laces that tie around the ankle. The term is French (/wiki/French_language) and comes from the esparto (/wiki/Esparto) grass. The shoe originated in the Catalonian (/wiki/Catalonia) region of Spain (/wiki/Spain) as early as the 13th century, and was commonly worn by peasants (/wiki/Peasant) in the farming communities in the area. [16] (#cite_note-DeMello_Margo-16) New styles began to develop during the Song dynasty in China, one of them being the debut of foot straps. It was first used by the noble Han classes, but soon developed throughout society. Women would use these shoes to develop their "lotus feet", which would entice the males. The practice allegedly started during the Shang dynasty, but it grew popular by c. AD 960 . [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) When the Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) conquered China, they dissolved the practice in 1279, and the Manchus banned foot binding in 1644. The Han people, however, continued to use the style without much government intervention. [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) Dutch pattens, c. 1465 . Excavated from the archeological site of Walraversijde (/wiki/Walraversijde) , near Ostend (/wiki/Ostend) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) In medieval times shoes could be up to two feet long, with their toes sometimes filled with hair, wool, moss, or grass. [27] (#cite_note-27) Many medieval shoes were made using the turnshoe (/wiki/Turnshoe) method of construction, in which the upper was turned flesh side out, and was lasted onto the sole and joined to the edge by a seam. [28] (#cite_note-28) The shoe was then turned inside-out so that the grain was outside. Some shoes were developed with toggled flaps or drawstrings (/wiki/Drawstring) to tighten the leather around the foot for a better fit. Surviving medieval turnshoes often fit the foot closely, with the right and left shoe being mirror images. [29] (#cite_note-29) Around 1500, the turnshoe method was largely replaced by the welted rand method (where the uppers are sewn to a much stiffer sole and the shoe cannot be turned inside-out). [30] (#cite_note-Blair_John-30) The turn shoe method is still used for some dance (/wiki/Dance_shoe) and specialty shoes. By the 15th century, pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) became popular by both men and women in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . These are commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) , [31] (#cite_note-high_heels-31) while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were barefoot. [19] (#cite_note-Frazine_Richard-19) In the 15th century, the Crakow (/wiki/Crakow_(shoe)) was fashionable (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_fashion) in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . This style of shoe is named because it is thought to have originated in Kraków (/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w) , the capital of Poland (/wiki/Poland) . The style is characterized by the point of the shoe, known as the "polaine", which often was supported by a whalebone (/wiki/Baleen) tied to the knee to prevent the point getting in the way while walking. [32] (#cite_note-polaine-32) Also during the 15th century, chopines (/wiki/Chopine) were created in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , and were usually 7–8 in (180–200 mm) high. These shoes became popular in Venice (/wiki/Venice) and throughout Europe, as a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) revealing wealth and social standing. During the 16th century, royalty, such as Catherine de Medici (/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici) or Mary I of England (/wiki/Mary_I_of_England) , started wearing high-heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life. By 1580, even men wore them, and a person with authority or wealth was often referred to as, "well-heeled". [31] (#cite_note-high_heels-31) In 17th century France, heels were exclusively worn by aristocrats. Louis XIV of France (/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France) outlawed anybody from wearing red high heels except for himself and his royal court. [33] (#cite_note-33) Eventually the modern shoe, with a sewn-on sole, was devised. Since the 17th century, most leather shoes have used a sewn-on sole. This remains the standard for finer-quality dress shoes today. Until around 1800, welted rand shoes were commonly made without differentiation for the left or right foot. Such shoes are now referred to as "straights". [34] (#cite_note-Yue_Charlotte-34) Only gradually did the modern foot-specific shoe become standard. Industrial era Asia and Europe A shoemaker (/wiki/Shoemaker) in the Georgian era (/wiki/Georgian_era) , from The Book of English Trades , 1821. Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) became more commercialized in the mid-18th century, as it expanded as a cottage industry (/wiki/Cottage_industry) . Large warehouses (/wiki/Warehouse) began to stock footwear, made by many small manufacturers from the area. Until the 19th century, shoemaking was a traditional handicraft, but by the century's end, the process had been almost completely mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. Despite the obvious economic gains of mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) , the factory system produced shoes without the individual differentiation that the traditional shoemaker was able to provide. The 19th century was when Chinese feminists called for an end to the use of foot straps, and a ban in 1902 was implemented. The ban was soon repealed until it was banned again in 1911 by the new Nationalist government. It was effective in coastal cities, but countryside cities continued without much regulation. Mao Zedong enforced the rule in 1949 and it continues throughout contemporary times. A number of people still have lotus feet today. [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) Woman's shoe, China, possibly Shanxi or Ningbo style, late 19th to early 20th century The first steps towards mechanisation were taken during the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) by the engineer, Marc Brunel (/wiki/Marc_Brunel) . He developed machinery for the mass production of boots for the soldiers of the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) . In 1812, he devised a scheme for making nailed-boot-making machinery that automatically fastened soles to uppers by means of metallic pins or nails. [35] (#cite_note-Napol-35) With the support of the Duke of York (/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany) , the shoes were manufactured, and, due to their strength, cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of the army. In the same year, the use of screws and staples was patented by Richard Woodman (/wiki/Richard_Woodman_(martyr)) . Brunel's system was described by Sir Richard Phillips (/wiki/Sir_Richard_Phillips) as a visitor to his factory in Battersea (/wiki/Battersea) as follows: By the late 19th century, the shoemaking industry had migrated to the factory and was increasingly mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory in Lynn, Massachusetts (/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts) , 1872. In another building I was shown his manufactory of shoes, which, like the other, is full of ingenuity, and, in regard to subdivision of labour, brings this fabric on a level with the oft-admired manufactory of pins. Every step in it is affected by the most elegant and precise machinery; while, as each operation is performed by one hand, so each shoe passes through twenty-five hands, who complete from the hide, as supplied by the currier, a hundred pairs of strong and well-finished shoes per day. All the details are performed by the ingenious application of the mechanic powers; and all the parts are characterised by precision, uniformity, and accuracy. As each man performs but one step in the process, which implies no knowledge of what is done by those who go before or follow him, so the persons employed are not shoemakers, but wounded soldiers, who are able to learn their respective duties in a few hours. The contract at which these shoes are delivered to Government is 6s. 6d. per pair, being at least 2s. less than what was paid previously for an unequal and cobbled article. [36] (#cite_note-36) However, when the war ended in 1815, manual labour (/wiki/Manual_labour) became much cheaper, and the demand for military equipment subsided. As a consequence, Brunel's system was no longer profitable and it soon ceased business. [35] (#cite_note-Napol-35) Americas Similar exigencies at the time of the Crimean War (/wiki/Crimean_War) stimulated a renewed interest in methods of mechanization and mass-production, which proved longer lasting. [35] (#cite_note-Napol-35) A shoemaker in Leicester (/wiki/Leicester) , Tomas Crick, patented the design for a riveting machine in 1853. His machine used an iron plate to push iron rivets into the sole. The process greatly increased the speed and efficiency of production. He also introduced the use of steam-powered (/wiki/Steam-power) rolling-machines (/w/index.php?title=Rolling-machine&action=edit&redlink=1) for hardening leather and cutting-machines, in the mid-1850s. [37] (#cite_note-37) Advertisement in an 1896 issue of McClure's (/wiki/McClure%27s) for "The Regal". Attila, a former shoe factory from the 1910s in Tampere (/wiki/Tampere) , Finland (/wiki/Finland) The sewing machine was introduced in 1846, and provided an alternative method for the mechanization of shoemaking. By the late 1850s, the industry was beginning to shift towards the modern factory, mainly in the US and areas of England. A shoe-stitching machine was invented by the American Lyman Blake in 1856 and perfected by 1864. Entering into a partnership with McKay, his device became known as the McKay stitching machine and was quickly adopted by manufacturers throughout New England (/wiki/New_England) . [38] (#cite_note-38) As bottlenecks opened up in the production line due to these innovations, more and more of the manufacturing stages, such as pegging and finishing, became automated. By the 1890s, the process of mechanisation was largely complete. On January 24, 1899, Humphrey O'Sullivan of Lowell, Massachusetts (/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts) , was awarded a patent (/wiki/Patent) for a rubber heel for boots and shoes. [39] (#cite_note-39) Globalization A process for manufacturing stitchless, that is, glued, shoes— AGO (/wiki/AGO_system) —was developed in 1910. Since the mid-20th century, advances in rubber, plastics, synthetic cloth, and industrial adhesives have allowed manufacturers to create shoes that stray considerably from traditional crafting techniques. Leather, which had been the primary material in earlier styles, has remained standard in expensive dress shoes, but athletic shoes often have little or no real leather. Soles, which were once laboriously hand-stitched on, are now more often machine stitched or simply glued on. Many of these newer materials, such as rubber and plastics, have made shoes less biodegradable. It is estimated that most mass-produced shoes require 1000 years to degrade in a landfill (/wiki/Landfill) . [40] (#cite_note-Clark_Brian-40) In the late 2000s, some shoemakers picked up on the issue and began to produce shoes made entirely from degradable materials (/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle_Design) , such as the Nike Considered. [41] (#cite_note-nike_considered-41) [42] (#cite_note-CSR-42) In 2007, the global shoe industry had an overall market of $ (/wiki/United_States_Dollar) 107.4 billion, in terms of revenue (/wiki/Revenue) , and is expected to grow to $122.9 billion by the end of 2012. Shoe manufacturers in the People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) account for 63% of production, 40.5% of global exports and 55% of industry revenue. However, many manufacturers in Europe (/wiki/Europe) dominate the higher-priced, higher value-added end of the market. [43] (#cite_note-PRWeb_ibisworld-43) Culture and folklore See also: Tradition of removing shoes in home (/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_home) Haines Shoe House in Hallam, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hallam,_Pennsylvania) Sports shoes in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Children's shoes at school in Ladakh (/wiki/Ladakh) As an integral part of human culture and civilization, shoes have found their way into our culture, folklore, and art. A popular 18th-century nursery rhyme (/wiki/Nursery_rhyme) is There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe (/wiki/There_was_an_Old_Woman_Who_Lived_in_a_Shoe) . This story tells about an old woman living in a shoe with a lot of children. In 1948, Mahlon Haines (/wiki/Mahlon_Haines) , a shoe salesman in Hallam, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hallam,_Pennsylvania) , built an actual house shaped like a work boot (/wiki/Boot) as a form of advertisement. The Haines Shoe House (/wiki/Haines_Shoe_House) was rented to newlyweds and the elderly until his death in 1962. Since then, it has served as an ice cream (/wiki/Ice_cream) parlor, a bed and breakfast (/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast) , and a museum (/wiki/Museum) . It still stands today and is a popular roadside attraction. [44] (#cite_note-Lake_Matt-44) Shoes also play an important role in the fairy tales (/wiki/Fairy_tales) Cinderella (/wiki/Cinderella) and The Red Shoes (/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(fairy_tale)) . In the movie (/wiki/Motion_picture) adaption of the children's book (/wiki/Children%27s_literature) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz) , a pair of red ruby slippers play a key role in the plot. The 1985 comedy The Man with One Red Shoe (/wiki/The_Man_with_One_Red_Shoe) features an eccentric man wearing one normal business shoe and one red shoe that becomes central to the plot. One poem, written by Phebus Etienne with the title "Shoes", focuses on them. It describes religious messages and is 3 stanzas long. The first stanza is one line, whereas the second is 13 lines and the third being 14 lines. Throughout the poem the main character talks about their dead mother and their routine with her grave. Haitians are said to "not put shoes on the dead." as it makes spirits easier to "step over the offerings". [45] (#cite_note-45) Athletic sneaker collection has also existed as a part of urban subculture in the United States for several decades. [46] (#cite_note-Skidmore_Sarah-46) Recent decades have seen this trend spread to European nations such as the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) . [47] (#cite_note-Czech-47) A Sneakerhead (/wiki/Sneakerhead) is a person who owns multiple pairs of shoes as a form of collection and fashion. A contributor to the growth of sneaker collecting is the continued global popularity of the Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) line of sneakers designed by Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) for Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) star Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) . In the Bible (/wiki/Bible) 's Old Testament (/wiki/Old_Testament) , the shoe is used to symbolize something that is worthless or of little value. In the New Testament (/wiki/New_Testament) , the act of removing one's shoes symbolizes servitude. Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples (/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples) regarded the act of removing their shoes as a mark of reverence when approaching a sacred person or place. [48] (#cite_note-Farbridge_Maurice-48) In the Book of Exodus (/wiki/Book_of_Exodus) , Moses (/wiki/Moses) was instructed to remove his shoes before approaching the burning bush: Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest [is] holy ground. [49] (#cite_note-49) Salt Crystal Shoes, art installation at the Dead Sea (/wiki/Dead_Sea) by Israeli (/wiki/Israel) artist Sigalit Landau (/wiki/Sigalit_Landau) The removal of the shoe also symbolizes the act of giving up a legal right. In Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) custom, if a man chose not to marry his childless brother's widow (/wiki/Levirate_marriage) , the widow removed her brother-in-law's shoe to symbolize that he had abandoned his duty. In Arab (/wiki/Arab_people) custom, the removal of one's shoe also symbolized the dissolution of marriage. [48] (#cite_note-Farbridge_Maurice-48) In Arab culture (/wiki/Arab_culture) , showing the sole of one's shoe is considered an insult, and to throw a shoe (/wiki/Shoe_tossing#Insult) and hit someone with it is considered an even greater insult. Shoes are considered to be dirty as they frequently touch the ground, and are associated with the lowest part of the body—the foot (/wiki/Foot) . As such, shoes are forbidden in mosques (/wiki/Mosque) , and it is also considered unmannerly to cross the legs and display the soles of one's shoes during conversation. This insult was demonstrated in Iraq, first when Saddam Hussein (/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) 's statue was toppled in 2003, Iraqis gathered around it and struck the statue with their shoes. [50] (#cite_note-Gammell_Caroline-50) In 2008, United States President George W. Bush (/wiki/George_W._Bush) had a shoe thrown at him (/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoeing_incident) by a journalist as a statement against the war in Iraq. [51] (#cite_note-Asser_Martin-51) More generally, shoe-throwing (/wiki/Shoe-throwing) or shoeing, showing the sole of one's shoe or using shoes to insult (/wiki/Insult) are forms of protest in many parts of the world. Incidents where shoes were thrown at political figures have taken place in Australia, India, Ireland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and most notably the Arab world (/wiki/Arab_world) . [52] (#cite_note-Tel-52) [53] (#cite_note-BBC-53) Empty shoes may also symbolize death. In Greek (/wiki/Greece) culture, empty shoes are the equivalent of the American funeral wreath. For example, empty shoes placed outside of a Greek home would tell others that the family's son has died in battle. [54] (#cite_note-Reeve_Andru-54) At an observation memorializing the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) , 3,000 pairs of empty shoes were used to recognize those killed. [55] (#cite_note-Cohen_Sam-55) The Shoes on the Danube Bank (/wiki/Shoes_on_the_Danube_Bank) is a memorial in Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) . Conceived by film director Can Togay (/wiki/Can_Togay) , he created it on the east bank of the Danube River (/wiki/Danube_River) with sculptor Gyula Pauer (/w/index.php?title=Gyula_Pauer&action=edit&redlink=1) to honor the Jews who were killed by fascist Arrow Cross (/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party) militiamen in Budapest during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . They were ordered to take off their shoes and were shot at the edge of the water so that their bodies fell into the river and were carried away. The memorial represents their shoes left behind on the bank. Construction "Insole" redirects here. For other uses, see Insole (disambiguation) (/wiki/Insole_(disambiguation)) . "Shoe sole" redirects here. For the French pastry called shoe-soles, see palmier (/wiki/Palmier) . See also: Shoe insert (/wiki/Shoe_insert) The basic anatomy of a shoe is recognizable, regardless of the specific style of footwear. All shoes have a sole , which is the bottom of a shoe, in contact with the ground. Soles can be made from a variety of materials, although most modern shoes have soles made from natural rubber (/wiki/Natural_rubber) , polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) , or polyvinyl chloride (/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride) (PVC) compounds. [56] (#cite_note-Karak_Niranjan-56) Soles can be simple—a single material in a single layer—or they can be complex, with multiple structures or layers and materials. When various layers are used, soles may consist of an insole, midsole, and an outsole. [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot under the footbed (also known as sock liner). The purpose of the insole is to attach to the lasting margin of the upper, which is wrapped around the last (/wiki/Last) during the closing of the shoe during the lasting operation. Insoles are usually made of cellulosic paper board or synthetic non woven insole board. Many shoes have removable and replaceable footbeds. Extra cushioning is often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe) or health reasons (to help deal with differences in the natural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot during standing or walking). [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have leather or resin rubber outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like polyurethane. The outsole may comprise a single piece or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of different materials. On some shoes, the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic or so-called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes embedded in the outsole to improve traction. [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) The midsole is the layer in between the outsole and the insole, typically there for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have additional material for shock absorption (/wiki/Shock_absorption) , usually beneath the heel of the foot, where one puts the most pressure down. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all. [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) The heel (/wiki/Heel_(shoe)) is the bottom rear part of a shoe. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for more practical and comfortable use. [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) On some shoes the inner forward point of the heel is chiselled off, a feature known as a "gentleman's corner". This piece of design is intended to alleviate the problem of the points catching the bottom of trousers and was first observed in the 1930s. [58] (#cite_note-58) A heel is the projection at the back of a shoe which rests below the heel bone (/wiki/Calcaneus) . The shoe heel is used to improve the balance of the shoe, increase the height of the wearer, alter posture or other decorative purposes. Sometimes raised, the high heel (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) is common to a form of shoe often worn by women, but sometimes by men too. See also stiletto heel (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) . The upper helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip-flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The upper is connected to the sole by a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched between it and the sole, known as a welt (/wiki/Welt_(shoe)) . [57] (#cite_note-Vonhof_John-57) Most uppers have a mechanism, such as laces, straps with buckles, zippers, elastic, velcro straps, buttons, or snaps, for tightening the upper on the foot. Uppers with laces usually have a tongue that helps seal the laced opening and protect the foot from abrasion by the laces. Uppers with laces also have eyelets or hooks to make it easier to tighten and loosen the laces and to prevent the lace from tearing through the upper material. An aglet (/wiki/Aglet) is the protective wrapping on the end of the lace. The vamp is the front part of the shoe, starting behind the toe, extending around the eyelets and tongue and towards back part of the shoe. The medial is the part of the shoe closest to a person's center of symmetry, and the lateral is on the opposite side, away from their center of symmetry. This can be in reference to either the outsole or the vamp. Most shoes have shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) on the upper, connecting the medial and lateral parts after one puts their shoes on and aiding in keeping their shoes on their feet. In 1968, Puma SE (/wiki/Puma_SE) introduced the first pair of sneakers with Velcro (/wiki/Velcro) straps in lieu of shoelaces, and these became popular by the 1980s, especially among children and the elderly. [59] (#cite_note-Suddath_Claire-59) [60] (#cite_note-Frank_Robert-60) The toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) is the part that covers and protects the toes. People with toe deformities, or individuals who experience toe swelling (such as long-distance runners (/wiki/Long-distance_running) ) usually require a larger toe box. [61] (#cite_note-61) Diagram of a typical dress shoe. The area labeled as the "Lace guard" is sometimes considered part of the quarter and sometimes part of the vamp. A shoemaker making turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoes) at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum (/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum) . English subtitles. Cutaway view of a typical shoe. Types This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Most types of shoes are designed for specific activities. For example, boots (/wiki/Boot) are typically designed for work or heavy outdoor use. Athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoe) are designed for particular sports such as running, walking, or other sports. Some shoes are designed to be worn at more formal (/wiki/Dress_shoe) occasions, and others are designed for casual wear. There are also a vast variety of shoes designed for different types of dancing. Orthopedic shoes are special types of footwear designed for individuals with particular foot problems or special needs. Clinicians evaluate patient's footwear as a part of their clinical examination. However, it is often based on each individual's needs, with attention to the choice of footwear worn and if the shoe is adequate for the purpose of completing their activities of daily living. [62] (#cite_note-62) Other animals, such as dogs (/wiki/Dog) and horses (/wiki/Horse) , may also wear special shoes to protect their feet as well. Depending on the activity for which they are designed, some types of footwear may fit into multiple categories. For example, Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) are considered boots, but may also be worn in more formal occasions and used as dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) . Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boots) incorporate many of the protective features of boots, but also provide the extra flexibility and comfort of many athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoe) . Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) are considered casual footwear, but have also been worn in formal occasions, such as visits to the White House (/wiki/White_House) . [63] (#cite_note-Ward_Julie-63) [64] (#cite_note-Lister_Richard-64) Athletic Main article: Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) A pair of athletic running shoes Bowling centers maintain bowling shoes for rental to patrons, to prevent damage to lane approaches. Athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoes) are designed for various sports activities, focusing on maximizing friction (/wiki/Friction) between the foot and the ground. These shoes often utilize materials like rubber (/wiki/Natural_rubber) to achieve this purpose. [65] (#cite_note-McGinnis_Peter-65) The earliest athletic shoes, dating to the mid-19th century, were track spikes (/wiki/Track_spikes) with metal cleats (/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)) for increased traction. Over time, athletic shoe design evolved, with companies like Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) and Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) contributing to the development of modern athletic shoes. Notable innovations include rubber-soled athletic shoes and the introduction of specialized shoes for different sports, such as basketball (/wiki/Basketball) and golf (/wiki/Golf) . More recently, minimalist shoes have gained popularity as barefoot running (/wiki/Barefoot_running) became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. Their purpose is to allow one's feet and legs to feel more subtly the impacts and forces involved in running, allowing finer adjustments in running style. [66] (#cite_note-Dan_Winters-66) [16] (#cite_note-DeMello_Margo-16) [67] (#cite_note-Farrally_Cochran-67) The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the United Kingdom, when the New Liverpool Rubber Company made plimsolls (/wiki/Plimsolls) , or sandshoes, designed for the sport of croquet (/wiki/Croquet) . Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States by Humphrey O'Sullivan, based on Charles Goodyear (/wiki/Charles_Goodyear) 's technology. The United States Rubber Company (/wiki/United_States_Rubber_Company) was founded the same year and produced rubber-soled and heeled shoes under a variety of brand names, which were later consolidated in 1916 under the name, Keds (/wiki/Keds_(shoes)) . These shoes became known as, "sneakers", because the rubber sole allowed the wearer to sneak up on another person. In 1964, the founding of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) by Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) and Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) of the University of Oregon (/wiki/University_of_Oregon) introduced many new improvements common in modern running shoes, such as rubber waffle soles, breathable nylon (/wiki/Nylon) uppers, and cushioning in the mid-sole and heel. During the 1970s, the expertise of podiatrists (/wiki/Podiatrist) also became important in athletic shoe design, to implement new design features based on how feet reacted to specific actions, such as running, jumping, or side-to-side movement for men and women. [16] (#cite_note-DeMello_Margo-16) A pair of Converse All-Stars Shoes specific to the sport of basketball (/wiki/Basketball) were developed by Chuck Taylor (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(salesman)) , and are popularly known as Chuck Taylor All-Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) . In 1969, Taylor was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame) in recognition of this development, and in the 1970s, other shoe manufacturers, such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, and others began imitating this style of athletic shoe. [68] (#cite_note-Peterson_Hal-68) In April 1985, Nike introduced its own brand of basketball shoe which would become popular in its own right, the Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) , named after the then-rookie Chicago Bulls (/wiki/Chicago_Bulls) basketball player, Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) . The Air Jordan line of shoes sold $100 million in their first year. [69] (#cite_note-Papson_Goldman-69) As barefoot running (/wiki/Barefoot_running) became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, many modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimic this experience, maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. Some of these shoes include the Vibram FiveFingers (/wiki/Vibram_FiveFingers) , [70] (#cite_note-TrailSpace-70) Nike Free (/wiki/Nike_Free) , [71] (#cite_note-Cortese_Amy-71) and Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) 's Kinvara and Hattori. [72] (#cite_note-Saucony-72) [73] (#cite_note-Jhung_Lisa-73) Mexican huaraches (/wiki/Huarache_(running_shoe)) are also very simple running shoes, similar to the shoes worn by the Tarahumara (/wiki/Tarahumara) people of northern Mexico, who are known for their distance running abilities. [74] (#cite_note-McDougall_Christopher-74) Wrestling shoes (/wiki/Wrestling_shoes) are also very light and flexible shoes that are designed to mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection. Many athletic shoes are designed with specific features for specific activities. One of these includes roller skates (/wiki/Roller_skates) , which have metal or plastic wheels on the bottom specific for the sport of roller skating. Similarly, ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skates) have a metal blade attached to the bottom for locomotion across ice (/wiki/Ice) . Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoes) have also been designed to provide a comfortable, flexible and durable shoe for the sport of skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) . [75] (#cite_note-Welinder_Whitley-75) Climbing shoes (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) are rubber-soled, tight-fitting shoes designed to fit in the small cracks and crevices for rock climbing (/wiki/Rock_climbing) . Cycling shoes (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) are similarly designed with rubber soles and a tight fit, but also are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals (/wiki/Bicycle_pedal#Clipless_pedals) , as well as a stiff sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot. [76] (#cite_note-IPMBA-76) Some shoes are made specifically to improve a person's ability to weight train (/wiki/Weight_training) . [77] (#cite_note-77) Sneakers that are a mix between an activity-centered and a more standard design have also been produced: examples include roller shoes (/wiki/Roller_shoe) , which feature wheels that can be used to roll on hard ground, and Soap shoes (/wiki/Soap_(shoes)) , which feature a hard plastic sole that can be used for grinding (/wiki/Grind_(sport)) . Boot Main article: Boot (/wiki/Boot) A pair of steel-toed (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) safety boots Boots (/wiki/Boot) are a specialized type of footwear that covers the foot and extends up the leg. They serve both functional and fashion purposes, offering protection from elements like water, snow, and mud while also being a fashion statement. Cowboy boots, for instance, are known for their distinctive style and are popular among cowboys in the western United States (/wiki/Western_United_States) . Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boot) , on the other hand, are designed for comfort and support during long walks in rough terrains. Snow boots (/wiki/Snow_boot) are ideal for wet or snowy weather, providing warmth and protection against the elements. Additionally, boots are used in specialized activities like skiing, ice skating, and climbing due to their unique features tailored to these activities. [78] (#cite_note-DeWeese_Daniel-78) [79] (#cite_note-Chand_Elise-79) [80] (#cite_note-Howe_Steve-80) [81] (#cite_note-Stimpert_Desiree-81) Boots may also be attached to snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) to increase the distribution of weight over a larger surface area (/wiki/Surface_area) for walking in snow (/wiki/Snow) . Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boots) are a specialized snow boot which are used in alpine (/wiki/Alpine_skiing) or cross-country skiing (/wiki/Cross-country_skiing) and designed to provide a way to attach the skier to his/her skis (/wiki/Ski) using ski bindings (/wiki/Ski_binding) . The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the skier's legs to the snow. Ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skate) are another specialized boot with a metal blade attached to the bottom which is used to propel the wearer across a sheet of ice (/wiki/Ice) . [82] (#cite_note-Bellis_Mary_Ice-82) Inline skates (/wiki/Inline_skates) are similar to ice skates but with a set of three to four wheels in lieu of the blade, which are designed to mimic ice skating on solid surfaces such as wood or concrete. [83] (#cite_note-Olsen_Scott&Brennan-83) Boots are designed to withstand heavy wear to protect the wearer and provide good traction. They are generally made from sturdy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles. They may be used for uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) of the police (/wiki/Police) or military (/wiki/Military) , as well as for protection in industrial settings such as mining (/wiki/Mining) and construction (/wiki/Construction) . Protective features may include steel-tipped toes (/wiki/Steel-toe_boots) and soles or ankle (/wiki/Ankle) guards. [84] (#cite_note-Construction_Materials-84) Dress and casual Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) are characterized by their smooth leather uppers, leather soles, and sleek design, suitable for formal occasions. In contrast, casual shoes have sturdier leather uppers, non-leather outsoles, and a wider profile for everyday wear. Some dress shoe designs are unisex, while others are specific to men or women. Men's This male dress shoe, known as a derby shoe (/wiki/Derby_shoe) , is distinguished by its open lacing. Men's dress shoes include styles like Oxfords, Derbies, Monk-straps, and Slip-ons, each with its unique characteristics in terms of lacing, decoration, and formality. Women's High heel sandals Women's shoes cover a wide range of styles, including high heels, mules, slingbacks, ballet flats, and court shoes, with high-heeled footwear being a popular choice for formal occasions. Unisex Clog (/wiki/Clog_(shoe)) Platform shoe (/wiki/Platform_shoe) : shoe with very thick soles and heels Sandals (/wiki/Sandal_(footwear)) : open shoes consisting of a sole and various straps, leaving much of the foot exposed to air. They are thus popular for warm-weather wear, because they let the foot be cooler than a closed-toed shoe would. Saddle shoe (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) : leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped band over the instep, typically white uppers with black "saddle". Slip-on shoe (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) : a dress or casual shoe without shoelaces or fasteners; often with tassels, buckles, or coin-holders (penny loafers). Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) , also known as "deck shoes": similar to a loafer, but more casual. Laces are usually simple leather with no frills. Typically made of leather and featuring a soft white sole to avoid marring or scratching a boat deck. The first boat shoe was invented in 1935 by Paul A. Sperry (/wiki/Paul_A._Sperry) . Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) : For indoor use, commonly worn with pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) . Dance Dancers use a variety of footwear depending on the style of dance and the surface they will be dancing on. Pointe shoes, for instance, are designed for ballet dancing, featuring a stiffened toe box and hardened sole to allow dancers to stand on the tips of their toes. Ballet shoes, on the other hand, are soft, pliable shoes made of canvas or leather, providing flexibility and comfort for ballet dancing. Other dance shoe types include jazz shoes, tango, and flamenco shoes, ballroom shoes, tap shoes, character shoes, and foot thongs, each designed to meet the specific needs of different dance styles. Pointe shoes (/wiki/Pointe_shoes) Ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoes) Jazz shoes (/wiki/Jazz_shoe) . This style is frequently worn by acro dancers (/wiki/Acro_dance) A foot thong , viewed from the bottom Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Ladies' ballroom shoes Men's ballroom shoes Tap shoes (/wiki/Tap_shoe) Kierpce (/w/index.php?title=Kierpce&action=edit&redlink=1) Children's shoe from the early 80s. Orthopedic See also: Diabetic shoe (/wiki/Diabetic_shoe) Orthopedic heavy duty black leather school uniform shoes Orthopedic shoes are specially designed to alleviate discomfort associated with various foot and ankle disorders, such as blisters (/wiki/Blister) , bunions, calluses, and plantar fasciitis. They are also used by individuals with diabetes, unequal leg length (/wiki/Unequal_leg_length) , or children with mobility issues. [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) [87] (#cite_note-87) These shoes typically feature a low heel, wide toe box, and firm heel for added support. Some orthopedic shoes come with removable insoles or orthotics to provide extra arch support. [16] (#cite_note-DeMello_Margo-16) Measures and sizes Main article: Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) World's largest pair of shoes (/wiki/Giant_shoes_of_Marikina) , Riverbank Center (/wiki/Riverbanks_Center) , Philippines—5.29 metres (17.4 ft) long and 2.37 metres (7 ft 9 in) wide, equivalent to a French shoe size of 75. Shoe sizes are indicated by a numerical value representing the length of the shoe, with different systems used globally. European sizes are measured in Paris Points, while the UK and American units are based on whole-number sizes spaced at one barleycorn (1/3 inch) with UK adult sizes starting at size 1 = 8 + 2 ⁄ 3 in (22.0 cm). In the US, this is size 2. Men's and women's shoe sizes often use different scales [ citation needed ] , and some systems are measured using a Brannock Device (/wiki/Brannock_Device) which considers the width and length size values of the feet. The Mondopoint system, introduced in the 1970s by International Standard ISO 2816:1973 "Fundamental characteristics of a system of shoe sizing to be known as Mondopoint" and ISO 3355:1975 "Shoe sizes – System of length grading (for use in the Mondopoint system)" includes measurements of both length and width of the foot. [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) Toddler-sized shoe. Accessories Various accessories are used to enhance the functionality and comfort of shoes. Crampons provide traction on icy terrain, foam taps adjust shoe fit, heel grips prevent slipping, and ice cleats enhance stability on slippery surfaces. Overshoes protect shoes from rain and snow, while shoe bags are used for storage. Shoe brushes and polishing cloths maintain shoe appearance, while shoe inserts offer additional comfort. Removal of shoes "Plzz REMOVE YOUR SHOES" sign at entrance to stupa (/wiki/Stupa) . Nubra (/wiki/Nubra) , India Main article: Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship (/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_the_home_and_houses_of_worship) In many places in the world, shoes are removed when moving from exteriors to interiors, particularly in homes [90] (#cite_note-Kurzius_2023_p020-90) [91] (#cite_note-Nast_Spier_2020_y674-91) and religious buildings. [92] (#cite_note-Sood_2011_e867-92) In many Asian countries, outdoor shoes are exchanged for indoor shoes or slippers (/wiki/Slipper) . [93] (#cite_note-LaMotte_2023_u513-93) Fitness center (/wiki/Fitness_center) etiquette encourages the exchange of outdoor shoes for indoor shoes, both to prevent dirt and grime from being transferred to the equipment and to ensure that participants are wearing the right shoes for their activities. [94] (#cite_note-C.P.T_2023_s056-94) See also Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) List of shoe companies (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) Locomotor effects of shoes (/wiki/Locomotor_effects_of_shoes) Runner's toe (/wiki/Runner%27s_toe) , injury from malfitting shoes Shoe dryer (/wiki/Shoe_dryer) Shoe rack (/wiki/Shoe_rack) Shoe tossing (/wiki/Shoe_tossing) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Shoe fetish (/wiki/Shoe_fetish) References ^ a b c Hoskins, Tansy E. (2020-03-21). " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/21/some-soles-last-1000-years-in-landfill-the-truth-about-the-sneaker-mountain) 'Some soles last 1,000 years in landfill': the truth about the sneaker mountain" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/21/some-soles-last-1000-years-in-landfill-the-truth-about-the-sneaker-mountain) . The Guardian . Retrieved 2021-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Scottish Ten" (https://www.engineshed.org/about-us/the-scottish-ten/sites/antonine-wall-scotland/) . The Engine Shed . Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation LLP . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lady's Shoe, Bar Hill" (https://vimeo.com/140404027) . 2015-09-25 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Child's Shoe, Bar Hill" (https://vimeo.com/140054166) . 2015-09-22 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Connolly_Tom_5-0) Connolly, Tom. "The World's Oldest Shoes" (http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm) . University of Oregon (/wiki/University_of_Oregon) . 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Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2010PLoSO...510984P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...510984P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1371/journal.pone.0010984 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010984) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2882957 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882957) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20543959 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20543959) . Reported in (among others) Belluck, Pam (9 June 2010). "This Shoe Had Prada Beat by 5,500 Years" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10shoe.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100611103130/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10shoe.html) from the original on 11 June 2010 . 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PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8354267 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8354267) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34373314 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373314) . ^ (#cite_ref-88) US patent 1725334 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1725334) , "Foot-measuring instrument", published 1929-08-20 ^ (#cite_ref-89) R. Boughey. Size Labelling of Footwear. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics. Volume 1, Issue 2. June 1977. DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1977.tb00197.x ^ (#cite_ref-Kurzius_2023_p020_90-0) Kurzius, Rachel (October 2, 2023). "The case for — and against — taking your shoes off in the house" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/home/2023/10/02/take-shoes-off-indoors-house/) . Washington Post . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nast_Spier_2020_y674_91-0) Spier, Ally (April 24, 2020). "Should You Take Your Shoes Off While Indoors?" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/should-you-take-your-shoes-off-while-indoors) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sood_2011_e867_92-0) Sood, Suemedha (June 17, 2011). "Religious tourism etiquette" (https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110616-travelwise-religious-tourism-etiquette) . BBC Home . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-LaMotte_2023_u513_93-0) LaMotte, Sandee (December 7, 2023). "The dirty truth about taking your shoes off at the door" (https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/07/health/remove-shoes-germs-wellness/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-C.P.T_2023_s056_94-0) C.P.T, Lee Boyce (2023-11-06). "Gym Etiquette Code of Conduct: 12 Rules for Every Lifter" (https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/gentlemans-guide-gym-etiquette#wear-indoor-shoes) . Men's Journal . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . Bibliography Bergstein, Rachelle (2012). Women from the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us (Hardback). New York: Harper Collins. pp. 284 pages (https://archive.org/details/womenfromankledo00berg/page/284) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-196961-4 . Doe, Tamasin (1998), Patrick Cox: Wit, Irony, and Footwear , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8230-1148-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-1148-8) . Pattison, Angela, A Century of Shoes: Icons of Style in the 20th Century , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7858-0835-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-0835-3) . Swann, June. History of Footwear in Norway, Sweden and Finland: Prehistory to 1950 , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 91-7402-323-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7402-323-3) . Further reading Design Museum. Fifty Shoes That Changed the World (https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/30656443-fifty-shoes-that-changed-the-world) . London: Conran Octopus, 2009. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84091-539-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84091-539-6) . External links Shoes at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shoes) from Wiktionary Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shoe) from Commons News (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shoes) from Wikinews Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shoes) from Wikiquote Texts (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shoes) from Wikisource Textbooks (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shoes) from Wikibooks Resources (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shoes) from Wikiversity Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) 's online exhibits on the history and variety of footwear: "All About Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164952/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/) . Archived from the original (http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/) on 2022-10-05. "Footwear History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085112/http://www.footwearhistory.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.footwearhistory.com/) on 2006-08-13. "International Shoe Size Conversion Charts" (http://www.i18nguy.com/l10n/shoes.html) . , from i18nguy's website, offers more information. "Shoe Care" (https://archive.today/20121218002956/http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-care.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-care.html) on 2012-12-18. Illustrated "Glossary of Shoe Terms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083936/https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/) . Archived from the original (https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/) on 2022-03-19. Map: "Medieval shoes in museums" (https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1M-CQxxbfVfh7GtlSsNhZa5MTteiI2Dbb&ll=38.964142178237196%2C2.784477716013839&z=2) . v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) 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(/wiki/Wrestling_shoe) Folk footwear (/wiki/Folk_costume) Abacas (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abarkas (/wiki/Abarka) Alpargatas (/wiki/Espadrille) Avarcas (/wiki/Avarca) Balghas (/wiki/Balgha) Bast shoes (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Ciocie (/wiki/Ciocie) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Espadrilles (/wiki/Espadrille) Furlane (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) Galesh (/wiki/Galesh) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Giveh (/wiki/Giveh) Haferlschuh (/wiki/Haferlschuh) Hnyat-phanats (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Hwa (/wiki/Hwa) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) Jorabs (/wiki/Jorabs) Kamiks (/wiki/Kamik) Kolhapuri chappals (/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) Mojaris (/wiki/Mojari) Mukluks (/wiki/Mukluk) Nalins (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Opanci (/wiki/Opanak) Peshawari chappals (/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) Snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouchi) Takunya (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Upanah (/wiki/Upanah) Valenkis (/wiki/Valenki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Historical 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Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) v t e Athletic shoe (/wiki/Sneakers) brands Companies and brands Footwear-only Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Feiyue (/wiki/Feiyue) Gola (/wiki/Gola_(manufacturer)) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Keds (/wiki/Keds) Pro-Keds (/wiki/Pro-Keds) Spira (/wiki/Spira_(footwear_company)) Vibram (/wiki/Vibram) Xero Shoes (/wiki/Xero_Shoes) 361 Degrees (/wiki/361_Degrees) Footwear and apparel Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Airwalk (/wiki/Airwalk) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(sports_manufacturer)) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) Avia (/wiki/Avia_(shoes)) Bata (/wiki/Bata_Corporation) British Knights (/wiki/British_Knights) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Cariuma (/wiki/Cariuma) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) DC Shoes (/wiki/DC_Shoes) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) DVS (/wiki/DVS_Shoes) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Erke (/wiki/ERKE) Etnies (/wiki/Etnies) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Frasers (/wiki/Frasers_Group) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grays International (/wiki/Grays_International) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) Invicta (/wiki/Invicta_(company)) Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) KangaRoos (/wiki/KangaRoos) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) K-Swiss (/wiki/K-Swiss) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Muddyfox (/wiki/Muddyfox) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike, Inc. 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(/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress 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Filipino fashion designer (1934–2023) In this Philippine name (/wiki/Filipino_name) , the middle name (/wiki/Middle_name) or maternal family name (/wiki/Surname) is de Leon and the surname or paternal family name is Espiritu . Christian Espiritu Born Christian de Leon Espiritu ( 1934-01-04 ) January 4, 1934 Parañaque (/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque) , Philippine Islands (/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands) Died June 18, 2023 (2023-06-18) (aged 89) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, couturier to Imelda Marcos Spouse Gliceria Limcaoco Children Talitha Espiritu (/wiki/Talitha_Espiritu) Christian de Leon Espiritu (January 4, 1934 – June 18, 2023) was a Filipino fashion designer and couturier. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Early life [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_Espiritu) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Christian Espiritu" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christian+Espiritu%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Christian Espiritu was born on January 4, 1934, to Eugenio Espiritu, a school principal, and Felicula Espiritu in Parañaque, Metro Manila. Espiritu studied architecture at the University of Santo Tomas (/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas) . He became a draftsman for Leandro Locsin before deciding to shift careers into fashion design. Career [ edit ] Espiritu was considered an important figure in redefining the Filipiniana (/wiki/Filipiniana) attire and Filipino fashion along with a generation of designers that included Pitoy Moreno (/wiki/Pitoy_Moreno) , Ben Farrales, Aureo Alonzo, Gilbert Perez, Rudy Dandan, Arturo V. Cruz, Emil Valdez, Ernie Arandia, and Casimiro Abad from the 1960s onward. [2] (#cite_note-2) Espiritu gained renown mainly as the chief couturier of Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) , who wore his gowns to state visits in the United States, Cuba, China, and during the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire in Persepolis in 1971. He ran an atelier and a couture shop in Leon Guinto Street and then in Adriatico Street in Malate until the late 1980s. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) [3] (#cite_note-auto2-3) In the 1980s he ventured into costume design for movies, designing wardrobes for actors Hilda Koronel (/wiki/Hilda_Koronel) , Sharon Cuneta (/wiki/Sharon_Cuneta) , and Jay Ilagan (/wiki/Jay_Ilagan) . He is credited as costume designer for Salawahan (1979, directed by Ishmael Bernal), Nagalit ang buwan sa haba ng gabi (1983), To Love Again (1983), Palabra de honor (1983), and Gaano kadalas ang minsan? (1982). He ventured into filmmaking with Alaga (1980) which he wrote and directed and starred Charito Solis (/wiki/Charito_Solis) and Edu Manzano (/wiki/Edu_Manzano) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Espiritu mentored Barge Ramos, Jojie Lloren, and Gang Gomez in his atelier. He said that he "hand-picked" the young Inno Sotto to be his apprentice after seeing him draw. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Espiritu's long-time muse was Margarita "Tingting" de los Reyes-Cojuangco (/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco) who was just in college when she started modeling for Espiritu. He would later make Tingting Cojuangco's wedding gown. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Retirement [ edit ] Espiritu had a falling out with Imelda Marcos in the late 1970s as the former first lady started to scout for "fresh talent." He eventually cut ties with her and participated in the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution. [5] (#cite_note-5) After four decades in the fashion scene which included a six-year stint as a fashion designer in New York City, Espiritu closed shop and became a columnist for The Philippine Star . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2003, he appeared in the Imelda documentary on Imelda Marcos, stating that so many women "got blind" making embroideries for the former first lady's clothes which were often ordered on short notice. [7] (#cite_note-7) Espiritu died on June 18, 2023, at the age of 89. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers from the Philippines (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Philippines) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Chua, Paolo. "11 Legendary Filipino Fashion Designers of Old Manila" (https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/what-she-wants/legendary-fashion-designers-in-the-philippines-a00208-20180922-lfrm3) . Esquire Philippines . Esquire . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Best of Karilagan" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/08/26/1733004/best-karilagan) . Philippine Star . Retrieved August 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto2_3-0) "Profile: Christian Espiritu" (https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/tatler-philippines/20150309/283579514052434) . Tatler Philippines . Tatler . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "IMDB" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2817819/) . IMDB profile for Christian Espiritu . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Espiritu, Talitha (November 2017). Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime . Ohio Swallow. p. 284. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896803121 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Espiritu, Christian. "Authors" (https://www.philstar.com/authors/1227206/christian-espiritu) . Philippine Star . Retrieved 20 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Imelda Marcos - A Documentary Film" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SApCwC9xJog) . Youtube- Imelda Marcos Documentary . Independent Lens . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Designer Christian Espiritu dies at 89 (https://tribune.net.ph/2023/06/19/designer-christian-espiritu-dies-at-89/) , tribune.net. Accessed June 20, 2023. 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American DJ, influencer, and entrepreneur Hannah Bronfman Born Hannah Marcina Bronfman ( 1987-10-26 ) October 26, 1987 (age 36) New York City, U.S. Alma mater Bard College (/wiki/Bard_College) Occupation Entrepreneur Spouse Brendan Fallis ( m. 2017 ) Children 2 Parent Edgar Bronfman Jr. (/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Jr.) (father) Family Bronfman (/wiki/Bronfman_family) Lehman (/wiki/Lehman_family) Website hbronfman (http://hbronfman.com) .com (http://hbronfman.com) Hannah Marcina Bronfman (born October 26, 1987) [1] (#cite_note-si-1) is an American angel investor (/wiki/Angel_investor) [2] (#cite_note-cult23-2) and social media influencer (/wiki/Social_media_influencer) . [3] (#cite_note-W-3) [4] (#cite_note-wwd-4) [5] (#cite_note-elle-5) [6] (#cite_note-glam-6) [7] (#cite_note-nymag-7) Early life and education [ edit ] Bronfman is the daughter of African American actress Sherri Brewer and Edgar Bronfman Jr. (/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Jr.) , former Warner Music Group (/wiki/Warner_Music_Group) CEO (/wiki/CEO) and heir to one of the wealthiest and most influential Jewish families in Canada (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada) . [8] (#cite_note-coveteur-8) [9] (#cite_note-nymag2-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-Ebony-11) She is a member of the Lehman family (/wiki/Lehman_family) through her paternal grandmother, Ann Loeb Bronfman. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-AnnLBronfman-obit-12) She graduated from Bard College (/wiki/Bard_College) in December 2010 with a degree in sculpture. [4] (#cite_note-wwd-4) Career [ edit ] When she was 20, Bronfman invested in the restaurant Hotel Griffou. [13] (#cite_note-paper-13) She and her older brother Benjamin Bronfman (/wiki/Benjamin_Bronfman) were co-founders of Green Owl, an ecologically oriented multimedia company, which she managed. [4] (#cite_note-wwd-4) [13] (#cite_note-paper-13) [11] (#cite_note-Ebony-11) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2012, Bronfman co-founded Beautified, a defunct mobile app (/wiki/Mobile_app) for finding last-minute beauty services. [8] (#cite_note-coveteur-8) [15] (#cite_note-fashionista-15) [16] (#cite_note-teenvogue-16) The app originally covered only New York City, but expanded to Los Angeles and San Francisco in August 2014. [17] (#cite_note-techcrunch-17) Beautified's expansion coincided with an announcement that it had raised $1.2 million in seed funding. Bronfman was ousted from the company in 2014; [18] (#cite_note-jbnews-18) as of April 2018 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Bronfman&action=edit) , the app was defunct. [19] (#cite_note-sensortower-19) She was featured in the fashion documentary This is My Reality in 2013, [20] (#cite_note-Essence-20) [21] (#cite_note-elle2-21) and was a featured model at DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) 's Fall 2014 Fashion Show and walked the runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) . [22] (#cite_note-harpers-22) It was her first appearance on a runway. [22] (#cite_note-harpers-22) She published a health and wellness book titled Do What Feels Good and ran an associated website for three years. [23] (#cite_note-NYT-23) Bronfman is a former New York City-based event DJ. [2] (#cite_note-cult23-2) Personal life [ edit ] On August 17, 2015, Bronfman became engaged to Brendan Fallis. [24] (#cite_note-refinery29-24) [25] (#cite_note-interview-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) They were married in Marrakesh (/wiki/Marrakesh) , Morocco, on May 20, 2017, [3] (#cite_note-W-3) and have homes in Amagansett, New York (/wiki/Amagansett,_New_York) , [23] (#cite_note-NYT-23) and Manhattan. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) They have two children, a son born in 2020 [29] (#cite_note-29) and a daughter born in 2023. [30] (#cite_note-30) Filmography [ edit ] Grand Street (2014) – Mia American Milkshake (/wiki/American_Milkshake) (2013) – Cheerleader References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-si_1-0) Kelsey Hendrix (November 17, 2015). "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit 2016 Casting Call" (https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2015/11/16/si-swimsuit-2016-casting-call-hannah-bronfman) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved October 2, 2016 . ^ a b "Hannah Bronfman on Why Art Collecting Is a Lot Like Angel Investing" (https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2023/04/20/young-collector-hannah-bronfman-angel-investing) . www.culturedmag.com . Retrieved 2024-01-29 . ^ a b Lauren McCarthy (May 21, 2017). "Inside Hannah Bronfman and Brendan Fallis's Moroccan Wedding Extravaganza" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/hannah-bronfman-brendan-fallis-wedding-instagram/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 1, 2020 . ^ a b c Alessandra Codinha (August 11, 2008). "Hannah Bronfman Saves the World" (http://www.wwd.com/eye/people/hannah-bronfman-saves-the-world-5041901?full=true) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-elle_5-0) Emily Zemler (January 24, 2007). "Hannah Bronfman's Grammy Playlist" (http://www.elle.com/news/culture/hannah-bronfman-weekend-playlist) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-glam_6-0) Lauren Kaplan (December 10, 2013). "Hannah Bronfman: Beauty Entrepreneur, DJ, and Lipstick Whisperer" (http://www.glam.com/hannah-bronfman-beauty-entrepreneur-dj-and-lipstick-whisperer/) . Glam (/wiki/Mode_Media) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag_7-0) Julie Ma (August 21, 2013). "See Hannah Bronfman Reveal Her Wardrobe Contents" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/08/see-hannah-bronfman-reveal-her-wardrobe-contents.html) . New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ a b "Hannah Bronfman, Entrepreneur. New York" (http://www.thecoveteur.com/hannah-bronfman/) . The Coveteur . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag2_9-0) Jessica Pressler (February 18, 2014). "202 Minutes With the Busy, Glitzy Bronfmans" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/02/encounter-with-the-bronfman-family.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jenny Singer (April 18, 2017). "The 6 Jews You Need To Follow On Instagram" (https://forward.com/schmooze/369262/the-6-jews-you-need-to-follow-on-instagram/) . The Forward (/wiki/The_Forward) . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . ^ a b "Style Profile: Hannah Bronfman" (https://www.ebony.com/style/style-profile-hannah-bronfman-447/) . Ebony (/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)) . August 30, 2012 . Retrieved August 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT-AnnLBronfman-obit_12-0) "Ann L. Bronfman: Obituary" (http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=150140174) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . April 10, 2011 . Retrieved December 24, 2013 – via Legacy.com. ^ a b Alexandria Symonds (August 12, 2010). "A Night in the Life of Hannah Bronfman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171108211510/http://www.papermag.com/a-night-in-the-life-of-hannah-bronfman-1425699931.html) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.papermag.com/2010/08/a_night_in_the_life_of_hannah_bronfman.php) on November 8, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Joe Pompeo (November 24, 2009). "The Bed-Stuy Bronfman" (https://observer.com/2009/11/the-bedstuy-bronfman/2/) . The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . Retrieved August 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashionista_15-0) Kathleen Hu (February 27, 2013). "From It Girl to Tech Entrepreneur: Get the Scoop on Hannah Bronfman's New Beauty App" (http://fashionista.com/2013/02/from-it-girl-to-tech-entrepreneur-get-the-scoop-on-hannah-bronfmans-new-beauty-app) . Fashionista . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-teenvogue_16-0) Hannah Bronfman (August 18, 2014). "How It Girl Hannah Bronfman Made the Must-Have Beauty App of the Moment" (http://www.teenvogue.com/beauty/2014-08/hannah-bronfman-beautified) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-techcrunch_17-0) Sarah Buhr (August 13, 2014). "Beautified Gets $1.2 Million Seed, Updates Its Look And Takes On StyleSeat In SF And LA" (https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/13/beautified-gets-1-2-million-seed-and-updates-its-look-and-takes-on-styleseat-in-sf-and-la/) . Tech Crunch (/wiki/Tech_Crunch) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-jbnews_18-0) "The Ugly Side Of Beautified: Hannah Bronfman Sues Partner" (http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/12/03/the-ugly-side-of-beautified-hannah-bronfman-sues-partner/) . Jewish Business News . December 3, 2014 . Retrieved April 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-sensortower_19-0) "Publisher profile: Beautified, LLC" (https://sensortower.com/ios/publisher/beautified-llc/645642287) . Sensor Tower . Retrieved April 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Essence_20-0) Celia L. Smith (May 13, 2013). "Who's That Girl?: Hannah Bronfman" (http://www.essence.com/2013/05/13/whos-girl-hannah-bronfman/) . Essence (/wiki/Essence_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-elle2_21-0) Lauren Levinson (February 5, 2013). "Bar III Gets into the Reality Show Biz" (http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/bar-iii-reality-video-series-hannah-bronfman-chiara-ferragni-brendan-fallis) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ a b Chrissy Rutherford (February 9, 2014). "Hannah Bronfman's Runway Debut" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/hannah-bronfman-dkny-show-fall-2014) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ a b "Two D.J.s Trade in Their Turn Tables for More Time Outdoors" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/fashion/weddings/two-djs-trade-in-their-turn-tables-for-more-time-outdoors.html) . The New York Times . June 12, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-refinery29_24-0) Annie Georgia Greenberg (November 16, 2012). "Inside The Soho Love Nest Of NYC's Cutest Power Couple" (https://www.refinery29.com/hannah-bronfman#slide-1) . Refinery29 . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-interview_25-0) Clara Cheeseman. "Fashion and Fine Whisky with Brendan Fallis & Hannah Bronfman" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/brendan-fallis-hannah-bronfman-jwp#_) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Zachary Weiss (August 20, 2015). "New York's Favorite 'It' Couple Is Finally Engaged" (https://observer.com/2015/08/new-yorks-favorite-it-couple-is-finally-engaged/) . The New York Observer . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Melissa Minton (May 5, 2017). "Hannah Bronfman and Brendan Fallis's Home in New York City Is a Minimalist's Dream" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/hannah-bronfman-brendan-fallis-new-york-city-triplex) . Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) . Retrieved August 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Jennifer Gould (May 9, 2018). "Hannah Bronfman and Brendan Fallis list stunning triplex" (https://nypost.com/2018/05/09/hannah-bronfman-and-brendan-fallis-list-stunning-triplex/) . The New York Post (/wiki/The_New_York_Post) . Retrieved August 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Jen Juneau; Gabrielle Chung (December 3, 2020). "Hannah Bronfman Announces the Birth of Her First Child with Help from Barack Obama" (https://people.com/parents/hannah-bronfman-welcomes-son-preston-announces-birth-with-help-from-barack-obama/) . People . Retrieved December 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Hannah Bronfman Welcomes Second Baby — and Reveals Her Sweet Name: 'So in Love' (https://people.com/hannah-bronfman-welcomes-second-baby-reveals-name-7509980) " (https://people.com/hannah-bronfman-welcomes-second-baby-reveals-name-7509980) . People . Retrieved 2023-06-16 . 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Fashion designer Gabriela Hearst Born Gabriela Perezutti ( 1976-11-03 ) November 3, 1976 (age 47) Nationality Uruguayan / American Alma mater Universidad ORT Uruguay (/wiki/Universidad_ORT_Uruguay) Awards Woolmark (/wiki/Woolmark) 2016 Womenswear USA Woolmark (/wiki/Woolmark) 2017 Womenswear International Pratt Institute (/wiki/Pratt_Institute) 2018 Pratt Fashion Visionary Award CFDA Fashion Awards (/wiki/CFDA_Fashion_Awards) 2020 American Womenswear Designer of the Year The Fashion Awards (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) 2020 Environment Designer of the Year Frank Alvah Parsons Award Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) 2021 for Sustainability FGI Night of Stars Award 2021 for Sustainability The Fashion Awards (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) 2021 Leaders of Change Award, Environment Infinity Trustees Award 2022, Trustess Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) 2023 Couture Council Award For Artistry Of Fashion Gabriela Hearst (née Perezutti ; born November 3, 1976) is a Uruguayan women's luxury ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and accessories designer. In addition to designing her namesake collection, she runs and operates her family's ranch in Uruguay. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Hearst grew up on her family's ranch in Paysandú Department, Uruguay which is around 400 km away from the capital city, Montevideo. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) She attended The British School of Montevideo (/wiki/The_British_Schools_of_Montevideo) [3] (#cite_note-3) and graduated from Universidad ORT Uruguay (/wiki/Universidad_ORT_Uruguay) with a B.A. (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) in communications. [4] (#cite_note-4) In her early 20s, after a short period in Paris, she moved to New York to study performing arts (/wiki/Performing_arts) at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of Theatre (/wiki/Neighborhood_Playhouse_School_of_the_Theatre) . [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Career [ edit ] In 2004, she started Candela in Brooklyn with $700. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) The collection was made of T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) with silk-screened (/wiki/Screen_printing) illustrations [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) of a winged woman on top of a horse (based on a photo of her mother). In 2006, the collection expanded to ready-to-wear and shoes. [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) After eleven years working in design, Hearst became a member of the CFDA (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) [8] (#cite_note-8) in 2012. In fall 2015, Hearst launched her eponymous label: Gabriela Hearst. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) The brand has been compared as an American competitor to Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) for its high-quality and fine use of garments. [10] (#cite_note-10) The collections are characterized by quality craftsmanship, [11] (#cite_note-11) high-end [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) and innovative materials, [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) such as the anti-radiation fabric that shields against the radiation emitted by mobile phones—introduced in the Resort 2017 collection as lining for the jacket pockets [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) —or the ultra-fine 14.5 micron merino (/wiki/Merino) wool [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) and the aloe (/wiki/Aloe) -treated linen introduced in the Resort 2018 collection, a sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) and utilitarian process that instantly softens the linen and gives the fabric the property to moisturize the skin. [14] (#cite_note-:18-14) Also the production is very attentive to the environment [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) and sustainability, [15] (#cite_note-:13-15) including the use of wool coming from Hearst's sheep farm in Uruguay, an end-to-end production cycle that helps minimizing the environmental impact. [14] (#cite_note-:18-14) Hearst is also the first brand that make use of Tipa compostable bio-plastics for all their packaging [16] (#cite_note-16) —an Israeli startup that is developing a flexible alternative to plastic that can be thrown into compost to decompose in 24 weeks. [17] (#cite_note-17) Her line's first bag was the Nina Bag (named after Nina Simone (/wiki/Nina_Simone) ), [15] (#cite_note-:13-15) which started as a limited edition of 20 [18] (#cite_note-:8-18) that Hearst gave to women she admired—some of them high-profile like Miroslava Duma (/wiki/Miroslava_Duma) and Brie Larson (/wiki/Brie_Larson) [19] (#cite_note-:9-19) —as well as to women she enjoyed collaborating with, such as the owner of the factory or the shoe developer. [15] (#cite_note-:13-15) The bag had an extensive waiting list as of 2017. [18] (#cite_note-:8-18) In January 2016, Hearst was included in the "Ten of Tomorrow" by Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) (WWD). [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) On September 9, 2017, Gabriela Hearst was added to the Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) BOF500 2017—the professional index of the people shaping the global fashion industry. In January 2019, LVMH Luxury Ventures (/wiki/LVMH) , the fund launched by French luxury giant LVMH to support "already iconic" emerging brands, invested in Gabriela Hearst, allowing the brand to expand their presence around the world. Since the fund creation in 2017, this investment is the first in a creative label. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) In January 2021 Hearst designed the dress worn by First Lady Dr. Jill Biden (/wiki/Jill_Biden) for the 2021 presidential inauguration (/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden) : an ivory dress representing the new administration's message of unity that was embroidered with each of the 50 state's flowers and that of D.C. [22] (#cite_note-22) In December 2021 Hearst was nominated by the Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) as one of the 25 most influential women of the year. [23] (#cite_note-23) In January 2023, the Gabriela Hearst ensemble worn by First Lady Dr. Jill Biden to the 2021 presidential inauguration evening celebration [24] (#cite_note-24) joined the Smithsonian's First Ladies Collection at the Smithsonian's National Museum (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History) of American History's. The ensemble includes an ivory double-breasted cashmere coat, an ivory silk wool cady dress and face mask, with embroidery reflecting the federal flowers from every state and territory of the U.S. as a symbol of unity. Hearst designed the costumes for the world premiere of female-first Carmen at San Francisco Ballet (/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet) as part of Dos Mujeres, the company’s first-ever double bill of works by Latina choreographers. In her stage design debut, Hearst created the costumes crafted entirely from merino wool, the most sustainable fabric. [25] (#cite_note-25) In March 2024, TIME announced Hearst as one of the honorees of the 2024 TIME Earth Awards, which recognizes individuals influencing the future of the planet through their work on climate justice, awareness, and activism. [26] (#cite_note-26) Chloé [ edit ] In December 2020 Hearst was named Creative Director of Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) , [27] (#cite_note-27) the luxury prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) brand launched in 1952 by Gaby Aghion (/wiki/Gaby_Aghion) . Gabriela Hearst is the first female designer with a multicultural heritage to both Uruguay and the United States to take the helm of a Paris fashion house. [28] (#cite_note-28) For her debut collection at Chloé, Hearst paid homage to the founder of the maison, Gaby Aghion, in the year of the brand's centenary with a collection that focuses on sustainability. The scalloped details, which Aghion applied to a cotton piqué dress in her 1960 show at Brasserie Lipp (/wiki/Brasserie_Lipp) appeared as top-stitching on georgette blouses, in leather petals or patchwork denim, as a quilting technique, and along the cuffs of knitwear. The Broderie anglaise is transformed from classic to contemporary as a knitwear, and as a leather edge while the iconic Edith Bag has been reissued repurposing 50 vintage bags bought on eBay (/wiki/EBay) . [29] (#cite_note-29) Hearst also collaborated with nonprofit founder Bass Timmer to create backpacks made from deadstock (/wiki/Vintage_clothing#Deadstock) , whose sales will donate two Sheltersuits (a garment with a technical outer shell that can be turned into a sleeping bag) to homeless people. [30] (#cite_note-30) Sustainability [ edit ] On February 14, 2017, [31] (#cite_note-31) Gabriela Hearst presented its first runway show at the Refectory of the High Line Hotel. [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) The Angela Davis (/wiki/Angela_Davis) –inspired collection, [32] (#cite_note-:16-32) while luxurious, had a non-wasteful approach. [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) The catwalk show was aimed at minimizing the environmental waste through a no-plastic policy, [33] (#cite_note-:7-33) furnished with pews and chairs borrowed from her home and office. Cashmere pillows for guests were knitted by the nonprofit organization Manos del Uruguay (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_del_Uruguay) from excess yarn from her previous collection [34] (#cite_note-34) and seven sets of clothes were made with existing fabrics and materials. [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) With FW18 collection, Hearst became the first brand to introduce compostable bio-plastics for all their packaging. [35] (#cite_note-35) A flexible alternative to plastic that can be thrown into compost to decompose in 24 weeks, developed by an Israel startup called TIPA Sustainable Packaging. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) For spring/summer 2020, Gabriela Hearst became the first brand to stage a carbon-neutral (/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) fashion. In collaboration with Bureau Betak and EcoAct, an international advisory council that works with businesses to address sustainability challenges, Hearst worked on reducing the carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) of her show. [38] (#cite_note-38) This has been possible by booking models that did not have to fly, using catering services that cook with local and seasonal food, and reducing all the appliances backstage. In addition, she will be offsetting emissions by donating the energy costs associated with production to the Hifadhi-Livelihoods Project in Kenya, a country where Hearst has traveled in the past with Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children) . The offset funds will be used to provide modern, efficient cookstoves to families in Kenya's Embu (/wiki/Embu_County) and Tharaka Nithi (/wiki/Tharaka-Nithi_County) counties, cutting down on wood usage and the noxious fumes that accompany it, which primarily impact women and children. [39] (#cite_note-39) Looking forward to the future of sustainability, with SS20 collection Hearst introduced the digital identity for collections—in partnership with Eon (https://www.eongroup.co) . The digital identity connects all products with a QR Code providing each garment's origin, material, production process and carbon footprint of the product. This technology provides customers more transparency about the clothes and better understanding on how to recycle the products in a move toward a circular fashion economy. [40] (#cite_note-40) AW20 collection was themed around "waste". [41] (#cite_note-41) Products have been made from repurposed Turkish kilim remnants to make outerwear, old pieces from Hearst stock disassembled and reconstructed and 30% of the collection has been made with recycled cashmere, hand-knitted by the Mano del Uruguay collective. [42] (#cite_note-vogue1-42) The decoration of the runway show was made by giant shredded paper bales acted as visual metaphor of the "waste" theme. [42] (#cite_note-vogue1-42) Hearst sets a goal to use 80% deadstock in 2023 and no use of virgin materials by 2022. [43] (#cite_note-43) Fusion [ edit ] In November 2022, Hearst participated at the 27th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties ( CoP27 (/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) ) in Sharm El-Sheikh (Egypt) to discuss the critical role fusion power (/wiki/Fusion_power) has in the fight against climate change. [44] (#cite_note-44) Hearst dedicated her Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) Spring Summer 2023 [45] (#cite_note-45) collection to creating awareness around fusion energy (/wiki/Fusion_power) , [46] (#cite_note-46) with her team they researched fusion and learnt from engineers, scientists and both the private sector (Commonwealth Fusion System and Helion Energy) and the public sector (Iter and the UK Atomic Energy Authority) to work on the collection. [47] (#cite_note-47) Vanity Fair documented her visit to the tokamak building at the ITER campus in the South of France with an extensive article titled "How Chloé's Gabriela Hearst Turned Her Climate Obsession Into High Fashion". [48] (#cite_note-48) In December 2023, Hearst participated in the “An Inclusive Fusion Energy (/wiki/Fusion_power) Future” panel, part of the Global Energy Forum, at the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties ( CoP28 (/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) ) in Dubai (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES). At this event hosted by the Atlantic Council (/wiki/Atlantic_Council) , the U.S. officially launched its first international fusion strategy, presented by John Kerry (/wiki/John_Kerry) , United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate (/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate) . [49] (#cite_note-49) Notable clients [ edit ] Hearst's collections have been worn by celebrities, including Gillian Anderson (/wiki/Gillian_Anderson) , [50] (#cite_note-50) Laura Dern (/wiki/Laura_Dern) , [51] (#cite_note-:17-51) Miroslava Duma (/wiki/Miroslava_Duma) , [52] (#cite_note-52) Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) , [53] (#cite_note-53) Dakota Fanning (/wiki/Dakota_Fanning) , [54] (#cite_note-54) Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) , [55] (#cite_note-55) Gugu Mbatha-Raw (/wiki/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw) , [56] (#cite_note-56) Anne Hathaway (/wiki/Anne_Hathaway) , [57] (#cite_note-57) Rebecca Hall (/wiki/Rebecca_Hall) , [58] (#cite_note-58) Naomi Harris (/wiki/Naomie_Harris) , [59] (#cite_note-59) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) , [60] (#cite_note-60) Gwen Jorgesen (/wiki/Gwen_Jorgensen) , [61] (#cite_note-61) Mindy Kaling (/wiki/Mindy_Kaling) , [62] (#cite_note-62) Brie Larson (/wiki/Brie_Larson) , [63] (#cite_note-63) Demi Moore (/wiki/Demi_Moore) , [19] (#cite_note-:9-19) Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) , [64] (#cite_note-64) Emma Watson (/wiki/Emma_Watson) , [65] (#cite_note-65) Allison Williams (/wiki/Allison_Williams_(actress)) , [66] (#cite_note-66) Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) , [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) , [69] (#cite_note-69) Zoe Kravitz (/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz) , [70] (#cite_note-70) Oprah (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) , [71] (#cite_note-71) Diane Lane (/wiki/Diane_Lane) , [72] (#cite_note-72) Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) , [73] (#cite_note-73) Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , [74] (#cite_note-74) Danai Gurira (/wiki/Danai_Gurira) , [75] (#cite_note-75) Patricia Clarkson (/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson) , [76] (#cite_note-76) Gemma Chan (/wiki/Gemma_Chan) , [77] (#cite_note-77) Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , [78] (#cite_note-78) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , [79] (#cite_note-79) Amal Clooney (/wiki/Amal_Clooney) , [80] (#cite_note-80) Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) , [81] (#cite_note-81) Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , [82] (#cite_note-82) Christine Baranski (/wiki/Christine_Baranski) , [83] (#cite_note-instyle1-83) Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) , [83] (#cite_note-instyle1-83) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) , [84] (#cite_note-84) Vanessa Kirby (/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby) , [85] (#cite_note-85) Julianna Margulies (/wiki/Julianna_Margulies) , [86] (#cite_note-86) Glenn Close (/wiki/Glenn_Close) , [87] (#cite_note-87) Gabrielle Union (/wiki/Gabrielle_Union) , [88] (#cite_note-88) Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , [89] (#cite_note-89) Lorena Ponce De León (/wiki/Lorena_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n) , [90] (#cite_note-90) Jill Biden (/wiki/Jill_Biden) [91] (#cite_note-91) and Jodie Comer (/wiki/Jodie_Comer) . [92] (#cite_note-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) Collaborations [ edit ] For the Fall 2016 collection, she partnered with Manos del Uruguay (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_del_Uruguay) , a nonprofit organization that pays living wages to craftswoman who handmade the tweeds using wool from her farm. [94] (#cite_note-94) In April 2016, she collaborated with Peter Miles on the design of signature socks used as a parting gift for guests at the annual gala of The Paris Review (/wiki/The_Paris_Review) . [95] (#cite_note-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) In 2017, Hearst collaborated with an Italian mill [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) to produce cloth for fine wool suiting from merino wool from her ranch. [97] (#cite_note-97) In March 2017, the store Le Bon Marché (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) offered Hearst a space to open her first pop-up shop (/wiki/Pop-up_shop) during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [98] (#cite_note-:1-98) Following the "no waste" approach of her Fall 2017 collection, Hearst collaborated with Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) , [99] (#cite_note-99) who donated stock crystals used on limited-edition starry-night-sky velvet slip dresses in runway looks during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [32] (#cite_note-:16-32) [33] (#cite_note-:7-33) For the Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) in 2017, Hearst collaborated with Laura Dern (/wiki/Laura_Dern) on the design of a modern gown with geometric cutouts and a removable polka dot train to honor the Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) style. [51] (#cite_note-:17-51) In August 2019, Gabriela Hearst opens its London store in Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) , at 59 Brook Street. The store, designed in collaboration between Gabriela Hearst and architect Lord Norman Foster (/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank) , represents the brand's commitment to sustainable design, and shares a core design sensibility with the New York flagship store. [100] (#cite_note-100) In February 2020, Gabriela Hearst announces its partnership with EON, a leading digital identity platform for the fashion and apparel industry, connecting products throughout their lifecycle by unlocking visibility, traceability, and insight through a QR code (/wiki/QR_code) . The goal is to provide customers with more transparency by sharing the supply chain and giving them access to learn about their garment's journey. [101] (#cite_note-101) In 2021, for its Spring Summer show, Gabriela Hearst collaborated with the Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) community bringing the Americas craft together in a collection along the work of Uruguay and Bolivia, through the work of the non- for- profits they work with. [102] (#cite_note-102) She also showcased on the runway, its shoe collaboration with Clergerie (/wiki/Robert_Clergerie) , the last remaining shoemaker that still produces its shoes in the French region of Romans sur Isere (/wiki/Romans-sur-Is%C3%A8re) . [103] (#cite_note-103) On August 29, 2023, Hearst launched her first fragrance, in collaboration with Fueguia 1833, with two unique scents inspired by the two geographies of her life: Paysandú (/wiki/Paysand%C3%BA) and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . The editions of the first batch, I-XXII, are numbered up to 315 of each fragrance. [104] (#cite_note-104) The Gabriela Hearst Autumn Winter 2023 show was inspired by Irish artist, architect and furniture designer Eileen Gray (/wiki/Eileen_Gray) , who was a pioneer of the modernist movement (/wiki/Modernism) that began in the 1920s. [105] (#cite_note-105) Gabriela Hearst collaborated with Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill_Taller_de_Arquitectura) on the set design, inspired by Ricardo Bofill's utopian 'The City in Space’ (La Ciudad en el Espacio), and with Tricker's (/wiki/Tricker%27s) , one of the longest-established shoemakers in England founded in 1829, [106] (#cite_note-106) on the exclusive development of archival officer boots as well as a new brogue style made exclusively for the collaboration. [107] (#cite_note-107) For the 2024 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) , Hearst collaborated with Lily Gladstone (/wiki/Lily_Gladstone) on the design of a custom black silk wool cady bustier dress and black silk organza cape with hand-embroidered stars handcrafted. from recycled silver and glass beads by Ataumbi Metals, fine jewelry label by Indigenous jeweler and metalsmith artist Keri Ataumbi (/wiki/Keri_Ataumbi) . Each individual star was hand-crafted from recycled silver and glass beads and hand-embroidered in place to appear as they would be seen in the night sky of the Great Plains (/wiki/Great_Plains) on the summer solstice, including the Orion (/wiki/Orion_(constellation)) and the Pleiades (/wiki/Pleiades) constellations. The Pleiades, specially requested by Lily Gladstone, was embroidered at the neckline of the cape as a custom closure. A total of 493 stars and glass beads were hand-crafted and hand-embroidered, taking over 120 hours to complete. [108] (#cite_note-108) Philanthropy [ edit ] In June 2016, she started a collaboration with Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) to update their classic slip-on sneaker with a men's brogue detail in Morse code (/wiki/Morse_code) that reads "love" [109] (#cite_note-109) —20 percent of proceeds went to Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children) . [110] (#cite_note-:12-110) [111] (#cite_note-111) To promote the project, Gabriela Hearst organized a portrait project featuring Dakota Fanning (/wiki/Dakota_Fanning) , Miroslava Duma (/wiki/Miroslava_Duma) , Lindsey Adelman, Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) , and the Save the Children donor Dorrit Morley and member Zaineb Malick. [110] (#cite_note-:12-110) In May 2017, Hearst produced a hundred pieces of a limited-edition sweater called Ram Ovaries. The design was a representation of strength symbolized by the use of a woman's reproductive system and ram's horns. The profits from the sales were used to support Planned Parenthood (/wiki/Planned_Parenthood) . [112] (#cite_note-112) In July 2017, upon learning that east Africa was facing its worst drought in 70 years, Hearst visited rural Turkana County (/wiki/Turkana_County) , Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) , with Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children_USA) president and CEO Carolyn Miles (/wiki/Carolyn_Miles) . In October 2017, Hearst partnered with Net-a-Porter (/wiki/YOOX_Net-a-Porter_Group) and Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) to raise awareness about the humanitarian crisis by making her handbag collection available to the public for the first time. [113] (#cite_note-113) For one week only, bags were available for direct purchase online and at the Bergdorf Goodman store in New York. Gabriela Hearst pledged a donation of $600,000 to Save the Children to give more than 1,000 families of the Turkana region the ability to buy food, water, and livestock to help them survive the drought. [114] (#cite_note-114) In September 2018, following several philanthropic campaigns, Hearst started serving on the Save the Children's Board of Trustees. [115] (#cite_note-115) [116] (#cite_note-116) In September 2019, in collaboration with MyTheresa (https://www.mytheresa.com) , Hearst launched an 18-piece capsule collection to mark Save the Children centennial year. The collection, with colors inspired by the iconic logo of Save the Children, comprises suits, maxi-length dresses and skirts, knitwear and coats. Twenty percent of the proceeds went to support the organization's Centennial Campaign. [117] (#cite_note-117) From 2 to 9 December 2019, Hearst donated 100 per cent of her brand's net proceeds to Save the Children to support relief efforts in war-torn Yemen (/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)) . To support the initiative, Hearst also made her signature bags available for direct purchase online. [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) For the Spring Summer 2020 show, all guests received a scarf featuring a print of animals that've recently gone extinct, also, Hearst made donations in their name to Our Children's Trust (/wiki/Our_Children%27s_Trust) , a nonprofit organization in Oregon that has filed lawsuits against governments for infringing on the children's right to a stable climate system. [120] (#cite_note-120) From June 29 to July 12, 2020, Hearst teamed up with Net-a-Porter for a limited two weeks initiative to support Save the Children global relief efforts in the fight against COVID-19 (/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019) . The collaboration featured Hearst signature bags Baez, Nina and Diana, that were made available in the "Bags of Purpose" sale on Net-a-Porter. [121] (#cite_note-121) Awards [ edit ] Year Awarding Organization Category Result Ref 2016 Woolmark Womenswear USA Prize Final Won [122] (#cite_note-122) 2017 Woolmark Womenswear International Prize Won [123] (#cite_note-:14-123) 2017 CFDA Swarovski Award for Emerging Talent Nominated [124] (#cite_note-124) 2018 Pratt Institute's Pratt Fashion Visionary Award Won [125] (#cite_note-125) 2018 CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Nominated [126] (#cite_note-126) 2020 CFDA American Womenswear Designer of the Year Won [127] (#cite_note-127) 2020 CFDA American Accessories Designer of the Year Nominated [128] (#cite_note-128) 2020 The Fashion Awards Environment Won [129] (#cite_note-129) 2021 Frank Alvah Parsons Award Sustainability Won [130] (#cite_note-130) 2021 FGI Night of Stars Sustainability Won [131] (#cite_note-131) 2021 CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Nominated [132] (#cite_note-CFDA-132) 2021 CFDA American Accessories Designer of the Year Nominated [132] (#cite_note-CFDA-132) 2021 The Fashion Awards Leaders of Change Award, Environment Won [133] (#cite_note-133) 2021 Savvy Awards Award for Innovation & Creativity Won [134] (#cite_note-134) 2022 International Center of Photography Infinity Awards Infinity Trustees Award Won [135] (#cite_note-135) 2022 CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Nominated [136] (#cite_note-136) 2022 The Fashion Awards Leaders of Change Award, Environment Won [137] (#cite_note-137) 2023 Fashion Institute of Technology 2023 Couture Council Award For Artistry Of Fashion Won [138] (#cite_note-138) 2024 Time 2024 Time Earth Awards Won [139] (#cite_note-139) Retail [ edit ] Hearst sold at more than 50 retailers in several countries, including Forty Five Ten, [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Le Bon Marchè (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) , [98] (#cite_note-:1-98) The Line, [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street) , [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) Matches Fashion (/wiki/Matches_Fashion) , [141] (#cite_note-141) Boon the Shop, [13] (#cite_note-:11-13) Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) , [123] (#cite_note-:14-123) and others. In November 2018, Hearst opened its first flagship store, located on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) , adjacent to the New York institution that is the Carlyle Hotel (/wiki/Carlyle_Hotel) . Following Hearst's mission on sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) , the store was built without synthetics or chemicals (/wiki/Chemical_substance) , using natural, non-treated reclaimed oak (/wiki/Oak) . The lifestyle and fashion magazine Vogue has claimed it as "the most beautiful store in New York City". [142] (#cite_note-142) Since January 2019, Gabriela Hearst has been working along with Sir Norman Foster (/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank) to design the first London flagship store, which occupies a corner of a late-19th-century building in Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) . As all the aspects of Gabriela Hearst brand, every detail of the boutique has been dictated by sustainability. The custom-built Benchmark furniture has been made in Hungerford (/wiki/Hungerford) from a London plane tree that fell in a recent storm in Lincoln, the floor is reclaimed oak herringbone, the lights are on automatic dimmers, the leather has been dyed using non-toxic vegetable dyes, and the curtains are linen rather than cotton. The feeling of the store is described by Gabriela Hearst as "anti-retail", pervaded by serenity and calmness, avoiding the visual over-hyping. [143] (#cite_note-143) On November 9, 2023, Hearst opened the first store and flagship on the West Coast on Wilshire Boulevard (/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard) in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , [144] (#cite_note-144) designed by Foster + Partners (/wiki/Foster_and_Partners) led by Norman Foster (/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank) and featuring a bespoke ‘Nomad’ furniture collection by Benji Gavron and Antoine Dumas of Gavron Dumas Studio, with an emphasis on natural materials inspired by Hearst's family ranch in Uruguay (/wiki/Uruguay) . [145] (#cite_note-145) Personal life [ edit ] Gabriela Perezutti married John "August" Augustine Hearst (/wiki/John_Augustine_Hearst) in 2013. She currently lives in Manhattan with her husband and their children. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Hass, Nancy (2016-08-16). "Gabriela Hearst at Home, in Uruguay" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/t-magazine/fashion/gabriela-hearst-uruguay-home-ranch.html) . 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Retrieved 2018-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) "Gabriela Hearst And Mytheresa Launch Exclusive Capsule Collection To Mark Save The Children's 100 Years \| Ethical Marketing News" (https://ethicalmarketingnews.com/gabriela-hearst-and-mytheresa-launch-exclusive-capsule-collection-to-mark-save-the-childrens-100-years) . 28 October 2019 . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) "The Best Possible Reason To Invest In One Of Gabriela Hearst's Wildly Popular Bags This Christmas" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/gabriela-hearst-save-the-children) . British Vogue . 29 November 2019 . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) Sanchez, Chelsey (2019-12-02). "Gabriela Hearst to Donate 100 Percent of Proceeds to Help Children in Yemen" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a30079487/gabriela-hearst-save-the-children-yemen/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Phelps, Nicole (5 September 2019). "Gabriela Hearst's Spring 2020 Show To Be Carbon Neutral—An Industry First" (https://www.vogue.com/article/gabriela-hearst-carbon-neutral-fashion-show) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Cohn, Alison S. (2020-06-29). "Gabriela Hearst and Net-a-Porter Launch Bags of Purpose Sale to Help Fight COVID-19" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a32989487/gabriela-hearst-save-the-children-covid-19/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) "Rochambeau and Gabriela Hearst win 2016/17 International Woolmark Prize USA final" (https://www.woolmarkprize.com/news/rochambeau-and-gabriela-hearst-win-201617-international-woolmark-prize-usa-final/) . Retrieved 2017-04-20 . ^ a b "Gabriela Hearst wins 2016/17 womenswear International Woolmark Prize" (https://www.woolmarkprize.com/news/gabriela-hearst-wins-2016-17-womenswear-international-woolmark-prize/) . Retrieved 2017-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-124) swarovskigroup.com, Swarovski Group -. 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"The 2022 CFDA Award Nominees" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/2022-cfda-award-nominees-highlights-1235403798/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-12-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-137) "Meet the Fashion Awards' 2022 sustainability 'leaders of change' (https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/meet-the-fashion-awards-2022-sustainability-leaders-of-change) " (https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/meet-the-fashion-awards-2022-sustainability-leaders-of-change) . Vogue Business . 2022-12-05 . Retrieved 2022-12-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) "2023 Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion: Gabriela Hearst" (https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/couture-council/gabriela-hearst.php) . www.fitnyc.edu . Retrieved 2023-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) "The TIME Earth Awards \| 2024" (https://time.com/collection/earth-awards-2024/) . TIME . Retrieved 2024-04-02 . ^ a b Horie, Marine de la (2017-03-16). "Gabriela Hearst s'invite au Bon Marché" (http://www.lepoint.fr/mode-design/gabriela-hearst-s-invite-au-bon-marche-16-03-2017-2112172_265.php) . Le Point (in French) . Retrieved 2017-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) "Style you can slip on" (http://wantedonline.co.za/style/fashion/2017-02-16-style-you-can-slip-on/) . Retrieved 2017-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-142) "Gabriela Hearst Just Opened the Most Beautiful Store in New York City" (https://www.vogue.com/article/gabriela-hearst-flaghsip-991-madison-avenue-opening) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) "Gabriela Hearst On Her New Sustainability Focused Mayfair Store, Designed By Norman Foster" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/gabriela-hearst-on-her-sustainability-focused-mayfair-store-designed-by-norman-foster) . British Vogue . 26 September 2019 . 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Sri Lanka portal (/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐k28x4 Cached time: 20240705134706 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.030 seconds Real time usage: 0.041 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 720/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.016/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 630276/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 34.087 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 34.087 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62218417-0!canonical and timestamp 20240705134706 and revision id 924073127. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing brands of Sri Lanka" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Brandix (/wiki/Brandix) H Hela Apparel Holdings (/wiki/Hela_Apparel_Holdings) M MAS Holdings (/wiki/MAS_Holdings) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_brands_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=924073127 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_brands_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=924073127) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sri Lankan fashion (/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_fashion) Clothing brands by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_by_country) Clothing companies of Sri Lanka (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Sri_Lanka) Sri Lankan brands (/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_brands)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing of Korea (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_of_Korea) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xwlpf Cached time: 20240720174940 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.049 seconds Real time usage: 0.075 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2533/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 338/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.026/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946202/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 68.282 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 68.282 1 -total 93.75% 64.012 1 Template:Sister_project 91.37% 62.392 1 Template:Side_box 7.84% 5.356 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5475182-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174940 and revision id 1213130449. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. F Korean footwear (/wiki/Category:Korean_footwear) ‎ (1 C, 6 P) K Korean headgear (/wiki/Category:Korean_headgear) ‎ (22 P) S South Korean clothing (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_clothing) ‎ (2 C, 1 P) T Textile arts of Korea (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Korea) ‎ (1 C, 3 P) Pages in category "Korean clothing" The following 40 pages are in this category, out of 40 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . List of Korean clothing (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) B Baji (clothing) (/wiki/Baji_(clothing)) Binyeo (/wiki/Binyeo) C Chima (clothing) (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) Chima jeogori (/wiki/Chima_jeogori) D Dangui (/wiki/Dangui) Dapho (/wiki/Dapho) Baeja (/wiki/Baeja) Dopo (clothing) (/wiki/Dopo_(clothing)) Jikryeong (/wiki/Jikryeong) Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) Durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) Dwikkoji (/wiki/Dwikkoji) E Eunjangdo (/wiki/Eunjangdo) F Fashion in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) G Garot (/wiki/Garot) Geodeulji (/wiki/Geodeulji) Geumbak (/wiki/Geumbak) Gwanbok (/wiki/Gwanbok) H Hakchangui (/wiki/Hakchangui) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hu (ritual baton) (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) Hwarot (/wiki/Hwarot) J Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) Jeonbok (/wiki/Jeonbok) K Kkachi durumagi (/wiki/Kkachi_durumagi) M Magoja (/wiki/Magoja) Maweiqun (/wiki/Maweiqun) Myeonbok (/wiki/Myeonbok) N Norigae (/wiki/Norigae) O Obangsaek (/wiki/Obangsaek) P Po (clothing) (/wiki/Po_(clothing)) S Saekdongot (/wiki/Saekdongot) Sagyusam (/wiki/Sagyusam) Sokgot (/wiki/Sokgot) Sseugaechima (/wiki/Sseugaechima) V Vinylon (/wiki/Vinylon) W White clothing in Korea (/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea) Wonsam (/wiki/Wonsam) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Korean_clothing&oldid=1213130449 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Korean_clothing&oldid=1213130449) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity) Culture of Korea (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Korea) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Ceremonial hat worn in Mardi Gras celebrations For the raised lip on a funnel or chimney, see Capuchon (chimney) (/wiki/Capuchon_(chimney)) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Capuchon) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Capuchon" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Capuchon%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Capuchon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Capuchon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Capuchon%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Capuchon%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Capuchon%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mardi Gras celebrants wearing capuchons A capuchon is a cone-shaped (/wiki/Pointed_hat) ceremonial hat worn during the Mardi Gras (/wiki/Mardi_Gras) celebration in the Cajun (/wiki/Cajun) areas of southern Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) , known as the Courir de Mardi Gras (/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The rural celebration is based on early begging rituals, similar to those still celebrated by mummers (/wiki/Mummer) , wassailers (/wiki/Wassailing) and celebrants of Halloween (/wiki/Halloween) . As Mardi Gras is the celebration of the final day before Lent (/wiki/Lent) , celebrants drink and eat heavily, but dress in costume, ostensibly to protect their identities. Many of the traditional costumes are derivatives of the costumes worn in early rural France (/wiki/France) during the same celebration. The costumes directly mock the nobility, the clergy and the educated; celebrants wear miter (/wiki/Mitre) hats, mortarboards (/wiki/Mortarboard) and capuchons, which were initially designed to mock the tall pointy hats (/wiki/Hennin) worn by noble women. These hats are still worn, primarily by men. The name "capuchon" comes from the same root word, "cappa" in Latin, meaning a cape or hood, that gives us "cap", "cape", "cope", "chapeau" in French, Capuchin monkeys (/wiki/Capuchin_monkey) , Capuchin friars (/wiki/Capuchin_friars) , cappuccinos (/wiki/Cappuccino) and baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) . Chaperon (headgear) (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) describes the development of the word. The hats are vibrantly decorated to match (or intentionally mis-match) the colorful Mardi Gras costumes that they accompany. They are often worn with a mask. The capuchons worn by Mardi Gras celebrants are unrelated to the pointed hoods worn by the Ku Klux Klan (/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan) , and predate the hoods by several hundred years. See also [ edit ] Pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) List of hats and headgear (/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Valdman, Albert; Rottet, Kevin; Ancelet, Barry (/wiki/Barry_Jean_Ancelet) ; Klingler, Thomas; LaFleur, Amanda; Lindner, Tamara; Picone, Michael; Ryon, Dominique, eds. (November 12, 2009). Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities (1 ed.). University Press of Mississippi. p. 107. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60473-403-4 . 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Traditional Polish frock coat lined with fur and decorated with frogs The Czamara (from Polish language (/wiki/Polish_language) ; plural czamary ; also known in the English language (/wiki/English_language) as Cracow/Kraków coat ; [note 1] (#cite_note-1) originally Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) : zamarra , French (/wiki/French_language) : chamarre , German (/wiki/German_language) : Tschamarre , Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : samur - fur coat) was a type of outer garment in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth) . The czamara was introduced to the Commonwealth in the 16th century, likely through Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) from Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) . Initially, it was primarily worn by priests, but by the 18th century, it had gained popularity among burghers (/wiki/Burgher_(title)) who were not of noble status. During the 19th century, the czamara became a prominent element of male Polish national and patriotic attire (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) . The czamara itself was a type of frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) that reached the hips or thighs. It had a cut similar to a kontusz (/wiki/Kontusz) , a traditional Polish garment. The coat was lined with fur and featured long, straight, narrow sleeves, a lined narrow high collar, and decorative frogs (/wiki/Frog_closure) for fastening. Men in czamaras Man wearing a czamara Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) A portrait of Tadeusz Kościuszko (/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko) in czamara is described in Pan Tadeusz (/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz) ; George Rapall Noyes translates it as Cracow coat, Bill Johnston as Kraków coat. Bibliography [ edit ] Kubalska-Sulkiewicz, Krystyna; Bielska-Łach, Monika; Manteuffel-Szarota, Anna (1996). Słownik terminologiczny sztuk pięknych . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-01-11785-0 . Encyklopedia Polski , Kraków 1996 s. 110. This Poland (/wiki/Poland) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czamara&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6qjhx Cached time: 20240713075636 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.285 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 349/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6469/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 760/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9975/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14998941/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 372.165 1 -total 28.87% 107.434 1 Template:Cite_book 24.80% 92.299 1 Template:Lang-es 21.20% 78.883 1 Template:Short_description 18.07% 67.255 1 Template:Poland-stub 17.50% 65.132 1 Template:Asbox 12.51% 46.571 2 Template:Pagetype 5.28% 19.654 3 Template:Main_other 4.78% 17.787 1 Template:SDcat 3.44% 12.818 1 Template:Reflist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63220957-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713075636 and revision id 1161620379. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czamara&oldid=1161620379 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czamara&oldid=1161620379) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Polish clothing (/wiki/Category:Polish_clothing) Lithuanian clothing (/wiki/Category:Lithuanian_clothing) Coats (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Coats_(clothing)) Poland stubs (/wiki/Category:Poland_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Spanish-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) Articles containing German-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)

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