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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐slmzc Cached time: 20240720075153 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11084709-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720075153 and revision id 1132699393. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. L Luggage (/wiki/Category:Luggage) ‎ (2 C, 43 P) Pages in category "Clothing containers" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Chest of drawers (/wiki/Chest_of_drawers) Chifforobe (/wiki/Chifforobe) Cloakroom (/wiki/Cloakroom) Closet (/wiki/Closet) Clothing bin (/wiki/Clothing_bin) D Drawer (/wiki/Drawer) H Hamper (/wiki/Hamper) L Linen-press (/wiki/Linen-press) T Tansu (/wiki/Tansu) W Wardrobe (/wiki/Wardrobe) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_containers&oldid=1132699393 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_containers&oldid=1132699393) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Containers (/wiki/Category:Containers)
Reda Group is an Italian (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) wool (/wiki/Wool) mill established in 1865 by Carlo Reda. The mill is located in Valdilana (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdilana) , in the historic Biella (/wiki/Biella) region. History [ edit ] Lanificio Carlo Reda e figli ( Carlo Reda and Sons Woolen Mill ) was founded in 1865 [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) in Valle Mosso, in the Province of Biella, by entrepreneur Carlo Reda, who started the company from an old mill. The company was carried forward by his son Giovanni until Luigi Botto took over in 1919. [3] (#cite_note-3) After the total destruction of its facilities (then known as Successori Reda ) in the 1968 (/wiki/1968) floods, the company was reborn. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1993, the company bought its first farm in New Zealand and currently owns three: Otamatapaio (1993), Rugged Ridges (1997) and Glenrock (2003), for a total of 74,100 acres and 30,000 sheep. In 2015, in collaboration with The Woolmark Company (/wiki/International_Wool_Secretariat) , Reda celebrated its 150th anniversary with a touring exhibition and a photography book created with Magnum Photos (/wiki/Magnum_Photos) and curated by Angelo Flaccavento. In April 2018, the company, owned by the fourth generation of the Botto Poala family, bought Comero, a woolen mill based in Gattinara, Vercelli. [5] (#cite_note-5) Reda's production is divided across three lines: Reda 1865 (classic fabrics), Reda Active for technical sportswear and Reda Flexo, which uses the ROICA™ V550 polymer. It is one of the few textile companies in the world that manages the entire production chain (/wiki/Vertical_integration) , from breeding farms in New Zealand to finished fabric. [6] (#cite_note-6) Rewoolution is Reda Group's activewear (/wiki/Activewear) line. The range's collections are designed for athletes, mountain lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. In 2020, Reda became the first textile company in Italy and one of the first worldwide to receive the B Corporation (/wiki/B_Corporation) certification. In November 2020, the company fully acquired Lanieri, a digital start-up in which it already was a minority shareholder. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "I primi 150 anni di una lana d'artisti" (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/i-primi-150-anni-lana-dartisti-1090794.html) . ilGiornale.it (in Italian). 2015-02-07 . Retrieved 2022-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Coiz, A. (1873). Guida storico-artistico-industriale di Biella a circondario: Anno 1873 (in Italian). A. Chiorino. ^ (#cite_ref-3) International Textiles . International textiles. 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "L'alluvione del 2 novembre 1968 - Archivi Tessili del Biellese" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160807050649/http://www.archivitessili.biella.it/site/home/il-tessile-biellese-ieri-e-oggi/luoghi/articolo6521.html) . 2016-08-07. Archived from the original (http://www.archivitessili.biella.it/site/home/il-tessile-biellese-ieri-e-oggi/luoghi/articolo6521.html) on 2016-08-07 . Retrieved 2022-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) IT, FashionNetwork com. "Gruppo Reda acquisisce il lanificio Comero" (https://it.fashionnetwork.com/news/Gruppo-reda-acquisisce-il-lanificio-comero,971322.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 2022-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ambrosi, Luigi (2017), "«Nella direzione sbagliata». Rappresentazioni della Rivoluzione nel «Corriere della Sera» e nella «Stampa» (1947-1987)", Sfumature di rosso , Accademia University Press, pp. 103–130, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4000/books.aaccademia.2301 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.aaccademia.2301) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788899982294 See also [ edit ] Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Fratelli Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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South Korean fashion model In this Korean name (/wiki/Korean_name) , the family name is Shin (/wiki/Shin_(Korean_surname)) . Hyun Ji Shin Shin walks at the Paco Rabanne Spring Summer 2020 show in 2019 Born ( 1996-03-15 ) 15 March 1996 (age 28) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) Modeling information Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (worldwide) Gost Agency (Seoul) [1] (#cite_note-1) Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 신현지 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Sin Hyeon-ji McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Sin Hyŏnchi IPA (/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean) [ɕʰin (/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean) çjʌ̹n.t̟͡ɕi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean) Shin Hyun-ji ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 신현지 ; born 15 March 1996) is a South Korean fashion model. After winning Korea's Next Top Model (/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model) , Shin appeared on the cover of international Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) editions. [2] (#cite_note-voguebig-2) She currently ranks on models.com's "Industry Icons" list. Career [ edit ] Shin (left) with Madison Stubbington (/wiki/Madison_Stubbington) backstage at Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) 's Fall/Winter 2017 show Shin's mother enrolled her in a modeling academy and she began her career on Korea's Next Top Model ; had she not become a model she would've considered a career as an architect. [3] (#cite_note-bazaarwatchthisface-3) After winning the fourth season (/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_4)) of Korea's Next Top Model , besting fellow model HoYeon Jung (/wiki/HoYeon_Jung) , she signed with IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . [4] (#cite_note-wmags-4) Internationally, Shin began her career in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia, [5] (#cite_note-Vogue-5) before walking for Coach (/wiki/Coach_New_York) at New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) 's Hudson Yards (/wiki/Hudson_Yards_(development)) building. [6] (#cite_note-TheGrads-6) She appeared in 30 fashion shows during her first season, such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Jacquemus (/wiki/Jacquemus) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Dries van Noten (/wiki/Dries_van_Noten) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) , Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) , 3.1 Philip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Philip_Lim) , Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) , and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) . [3] (#cite_note-bazaarwatchthisface-3) [4] (#cite_note-wmags-4) Shin was selected as a "Top Newcomer" by Models.com for the Spring Summer 2016 season. [7] (#cite_note-topnew16-7) Shin was photographed by Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) shortly before his death, for what would ultimately become his final Chanel campaign. [6] (#cite_note-TheGrads-6) She also appeared in Chanel's Fall Winter 2019 fashion show, which was a tribute to Lagerfeld. Her other career highlights with Chanel include closing the Fall Winter 2020 show alongside American model Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) and Danish model Mona Tougaard (/wiki/Mona_Tougaard) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2020, she walked more than 20 different shows for designers including Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) , Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , and Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) . [9] (#cite_note-marieclaire2020-9) Shin has appeared on the cover of CR Fashion Book , [10] (#cite_note-10) and Asian editions of W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) and Vogue among others. [2] (#cite_note-voguebig-2) She has also been featured in Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) 's summer advertisement. [9] (#cite_note-marieclaire2020-9) Shin ranked on models.com's "Top 50" list, [11] (#cite_note-11) and was nominated as a "Breakout Star" for their 2018 Model of the Year Awards. [12] (#cite_note-12) Shin says her ultimate goal is to model for decades and she would like to have the longevity of models like Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) , and Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) . [6] (#cite_note-TheGrads-6) In July 2023, Shin closed the Chanel Haute Couture Fall 2023 Show. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hyunji Shin – Model" (https://models.com/models/hyunji-shin) . ^ a b Okwodu, Janelle (1 October 2015). "Hyun Ji Shin Is Having a Very Big Season" (https://www.vogue.com/article/dries-van-noten-hyun-ji-shin-model) . Vogue . Condé Nast. ^ a b McCluskie, Megan; Hart, Alice (30 January 2017). "Watch This Face: Hyun Ji Shin" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a38977/watch-this-face-hyun-ji-shin/) . Harper's Bazaar UK . Hearst UK. ^ a b Petrarca, Emilia (22 March 2016). "Korea's Next Top Model Winner Hyun Ji Shin Strikes a Pose" (https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/koreas-next-top-model-hyun-ji-shin) . W . W Media. ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_5-0) Kim, Monica (October 31, 2016). "Korean Model Hyun Ji Shin Shares the Secrets to Her Flawless Skin" (https://www.vogue.com/article/hyun-ji-shin-korean-model-skin-care-secrets) . Vogue . Condé Nast. ^ a b c Moskovic, Stephen. "The Graduates Hyun Ji Shin" (https://models.com/mdx/hyun-ji-shin-on-turning-reality-fame-into-editorial-wins/) . Models.com MDX . ^ (#cite_ref-topnew16_7-0) "Top Newcomers S/S 2016" (https://models.com/mdx/top-newcomers-ss-2016/#hyunji-shin) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Newbold, Alice (3 March 2020). "Gigi Hadid Is The Ring Leader Of Chanel's New Girl Gang – And We Want In" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/chanel-girl-gang-gigi-hadid) . British Vogue . ^ a b Holzman, Sarah (23 June 2020). "The Generation of Models to Watch Right Now" (https://www.marieclaire.com/fashion/g32801166/top-models-2020/?slide=5) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lin, Summer (21 February 2019). "CYNTHIA ERIVO, SONOYA MIZUNO, ANOK YAI, AND HYUNJI SHIN COVER CR FASHION BOOK ISSUE 14" (https://www.crfashionbook.com/celebrity/a26434712/cr-fashion-book-issue-14-cynthia-erivo-sonoya-mizuno-anok-yai-hyunji-shin/) . CR Fashion Book . Hearst Digital Media. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/18903#18903) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Model of the Year Awards 2018" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2018/) . models.com . December 19, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Chanel Haute Couture Fall 2023 Show" (https://models.com/work/chanel-chanel-haute-couture-fall-2023-show/1992236) . Models.com . July 4, 2023 . Retrieved November 7, 2023 . 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Anabaptist women wearing cape dresses and headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) A cape dress describes a woman's dress that combines features of the cape and the dress. Either a cape-like garment is attached to the dress, pinned or sewn on, [1] (#cite_note-epp-1) and integrated into its construction, or the dress and cape are made to coordinate in fabric and/or color. [2] (#cite_note-2) Cape dresses provide a modest double layer in the bodice area. They also provide a long, full, skirt that conceals the form and falls at least below the knee and sometimes down to the ankle, depending upon the Christian denomination. In Christianity, this practice has been followed since the times of the Early Church (/wiki/Early_Church) , immediately after the New Testament (/wiki/New_Testament) time period. [3] (#cite_note-Steinberg2020-3) [4] (#cite_note-Winger1919-4) [5] (#cite_note-Alexandria-5) Cape dresses are traditionally worn by female Anabaptist (/wiki/Anabaptist) Christian church members, such as Mennonite (/wiki/Mennonite) , Brethren (/wiki/Brethren_(religious_group)#Anabaptist_groups) , Amish (/wiki/Amish) and Charity (/wiki/Charity_Ministries) women. [6] (#cite_note-KellerRuetherCantlon2006-6) [7] (#cite_note-Scott1996-7) Along with the adjective kosmios (κόσμιος) meaning "modest", 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) uses the Greek word catastola katastolé (καταστολῇ) for the apparel suitable for Christian females, and for this reason, women belonging to traditional Anabaptist denominations often wear a cape dress; for example, members of the Charity Christian Fellowship (/wiki/Charity_Christian_Fellowship) (an Anabaptist denomination) wear the cape dress as the denomination teaches that "the sisters are to wear a double layered garment as the Greek word 'catastola' describes." [7] (#cite_note-Scott1996-7) Cape dresses have additionally been worn by traditional Christians of the Quaker (/wiki/Quaker) and Shaker (/wiki/Shakers) denominations, among others. [8] (#cite_note-OYM2022-8) Each local church group has its own regulations and basic pattern, so that when meeting each other, members of plain churches can generally recognize each other's specific congregations. Many churches have a dress pattern where the cape is attached at the waist. Others, especially among the Brethren churches, have maintained a dress pattern where the cape is loose at the bottom edge. Additionally the cape dress, in extreme forms, has become a part of fashion vocabulary. The cape dress is worn with a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) , often in the form of a kapp (/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)) or an opaque hanging veil (/wiki/Hanging_veil) . [6] (#cite_note-KellerRuetherCantlon2006-6) The cape dress and Mennonite women [ edit ] A clothing exhibit at the Mennonite Heritage Village (/wiki/Mennonite_Heritage_Village) museum showing apparel worn by Mennonite men and women. In the 19th and 20th century popular female fashion changed radically to be more form-fitting and revealing. At the same time, the cape dress continued to be worn by women who were members of conservative, traditional Mennonite and other Anabaptist communities. [9] (#cite_note-9) The cape dress has a plain style and a double layer of fabric covers the bodice. This piece of fabric has a square or V-shape form and cloaks, or de-emphasizes the female form. [1] (#cite_note-epp-1) The women of the Holdeman Mennonite community in California wear a cape-dress that has a high neckline, loose bodice and fitted waist. The cape of the dress covers the shoulders and bust. [10] (#cite_note-lba-10) Because of religious reasons, no (or only minor) adornment of the dress is allowed. [10] (#cite_note-lba-10) The plainer the dress, the higher it is valued by some churches. For the Plain Christian community, women's clothing symbolizes her embrace of Biblical and traditional gender roles. [1] (#cite_note-epp-1) According to men, the cape dress signifies a woman’s submission to God, her desire to be modest and not serve as a temptation or snare to men, her glad embrace of her place in the order of creation, as well as identification with the other members of her church. [10] (#cite_note-lba-10) Besides that it continues to be a statement of nonconformity to the world (/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world) , especially against rapid and dramatically changing, body revealing fashions from the end of the 19th century onwards. [1] (#cite_note-epp-1) As a fashionable garment [ edit ] A pink coloured cape dress The cape dress has occurred in different variations in fashion and film. Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) wore an Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) inspired cape dress in the film The Torrent (1926). The dress has a geometrical black-and-white pattern and a stiff round ruff. [11] (#cite_note-11) The cape dress was also popular in the 1950s. Two types were prominent at the time: a full-skirted, sleeveless dress with a matching, elbow-length cape or a beltless, sheath dress with matching cape. [12] (#cite_note-12) In the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) various cape dresses can be found. In 1933 Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) created a woollen jersey dress and matching cape. [13] (#cite_note-13) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) designed a dress with matching cape in 1937–38. The dress consisted of silk and net covered with black sequins. It was lined with satin. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 1967 Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) created an evening ensemble consisting of a matching cape and sleeveless dress out of black gazar silk. [15] (#cite_note-15) Philippe Venet created a black-and-white dress with a cape-like collar in 1989. [16] (#cite_note-16) Recently, the cape dress has occurred in different collections of fashion designers: Stéphane Rolland (/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Rolland) created various cape dresses in black, blue and white as part of his Fall 2010 collection. [17] (#cite_note-17) Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) wore a white cape and dress by Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) to the Oscars in 2012. [18] (#cite_note-18) Queen Máxima wore a dress and matching cape by Jan Taminiau (/wiki/Jan_Taminiau) during the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander on 30 April 2013 (Netherlands). [19] (#cite_note-19) Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) wore a red cape dress by Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) to the Golden Globe Awards in January 2014. [20] (#cite_note-20) See also [ edit ] Plain people (/wiki/Plain_people) Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) Prairie dress (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Outward holiness (/wiki/Outward_holiness) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Epp, Marlene (2008). Mennonite women in Canada a history . Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. pp. 184–187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780887554100 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Picken, Mary Brooks (1957). A dictionary of costume and fashion : historic and modern . Courier Dover Publications (2013 reprint). p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486141602 . ^ (#cite_ref-Steinberg2020_3-0) Steinberg, Aliza (7 February 2020). Weaving in Stones: Garments and Their Accessories in the Mosaic Art of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity . Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 197. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78969-322-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-Winger1919_4-0) Winger, Otho (1919). History and Doctrines of the Church of the Brethren . Brethren Publishing House. p. 218. I. We examined prayerfully the scriptural grounds of Christian attire, and found that Jesus and the apostles taught modesty and simplicity of life and modesty in dress and manners. The scriptures bearing on the subject of dress and adornment are of several classes: First. Jesus condemned anxious thought for raiment (Matt. 6: 25-33; Luke 12:22-31). Second. The direct teachings, such as 1 Tim. 2:9, 10; 1 Peter 3:3-5. Third. Teachings on nonconformity to the world in general, and that apply to dress on general principles, such as Romans 12:1, 2; 1 Cor. 10:31; 1 Peter 1:14-15; 1 John 2:15-17. II. Investigation shows that the early church fathers and our own church fathers taught strongly and uniformly against pride and superfluity in dress, and constantly in favor of gospel plainness. ^ (#cite_ref-Alexandria_5-0) Clement of Alexandria Collection [3 Books] . Aeterna Press. As, then, in the fashioning of our clothes, we must keep clear of all strangeness, so in the use of them we must beware of extravagance. For neither is it seemly for the clothes to be above the knee, as they say was the case with the Lacedaemonian virgins; nor is it becoming for any part of a woman to be exposed. Though you may with great propriety use the language addressed to him who said, "Your arm is beautiful; yes, but it is not for the public gaze. Your thighs are beautiful but, was the reply, for my husband alone. And your face is comely. Yes; but only for him who has married me." But I do not wish chaste women to afford cause for such praises to those who, by praises, hunt after grounds of censure; and not only because it is prohibited to expose the ankle, but because it has been enjoined that the head should be veiled and the face covered; for it is a wicked thing for beauty to be a snare to men. ^ a b Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America . Indiana University Press. p. 266. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-34685-8 . ^ a b Scott, Stephen (1 January 1996). Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups: People's Place Book No. 12 . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-68099-243-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-OYM2022_8-0) "Q: So what about the funny clothes? Do you dress like the Amish?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809211604/https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) . Stillwater Monthly Meeting of Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends. Archived from the original (https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) on 9 August 2021 . Retrieved 10 April 2022 . Women usually wear long-sleeved, long dresses, and a head-covering such as a scarf, bonnet, or cap. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Lippy, Charles H.; Williams, Peter W. (2010). Encyclopedia of religion in America . Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780872895805 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b c Arthur, Linda B., 1997. "'Clothing is a Window to the Soul': The Social Control of Women in Mennonite Society". Journal of Mennonite Studies 15, p. 15 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Fischer, Lucy. "Greta Garbo and Silent Cinema: The Actress as Art Deco Icon". Camera Obscura 48 16 (3), p. 85 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Widmer, Marilou. New Orleans in the Fifties . Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 1991, p. 80 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Victoria and Albert Museum. "Day dress\|Madeleine Vionnet". V&A Search the Collections. Accessed: 14-10-2014. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15564/day-dress-madeleine-vionnet/ (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15564/day-dress-madeleine-vionnet/) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Victoria and Albert Museum. "Evening dress and cape\|Coco Chanel". V&A Search the Collections. Accessed: 14-10-2014. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88627/evening-dress-and-coco-chanel/ (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88627/evening-dress-and-coco-chanel/) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Victoria and Albert Museum. "Evening ensemble\|Cristóbal Balenciaga". V&A Search the Collections. Accessed: 14-10-2014. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O71705/evening-ensemble-cristobal-balenciaga/ (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O71705/evening-ensemble-cristobal-balenciaga/) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Evening Dress \| Venet, Philippe \| V&A Explore The Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15657/) . Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections . 1989 . Retrieved 2023-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Elle. "Stephane Rolland Fall 2010 Couture Runway - Stephane Rolland Haute Couture Collection". Elle.com . Accessed: 15-10-2014. http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-37 (http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-37) ; Elle. "Stephane Rolland Fall 2010 Couture Runway - Stephane Rolland Haute Couture Collection". Elle.com . Accessed: 15-10-2014. http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-23 (http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-23) ; Elle. "Stephane Rolland Fall 2010 Couture Runway - Stephane Rolland Haute Couture Collection". Elle.com . Accessed: 15-10-2014. http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-21 (http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-21) ; Elle. "Stephane Rolland Fall 2010 Couture Runway - Stephane Rolland Haute Couture Collection". Elle.com . Accessed: 15-10-2014. http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-5 (http://www.elle.com/runway/haute-couture/fall-2010-couture/stephane-rolland/collection/?click=main_sr#slide-5) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Misener, Jessica. "Gwenyth Paltrow Oscars Dress 2012: Tom Ford White Cape!". Huffington Post . 27-02-2012. 15-10-2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/26/gwyneth-paltrow-oscars-2012-dress_n_1302888.html (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/26/gwyneth-paltrow-oscars-2012-dress_n_1302888.html) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Riemersma, Femke. "Interview: Jan Taminiau over de jurken van Koningin Máxima". Elle . 01-05-2013. 15-10-2014. http://www.elle.nl/lifestyle/interviews/Interview-Jan-Taminiau-over-de-jurk-van-Maxima (http://www.elle.nl/lifestyle/interviews/Interview-Jan-Taminiau-over-de-jurk-van-Maxima) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Barsamian, Edward. "Lupita Nyong'o's 10 Best Red Carpet Looks". Vogue . 19-06-2014. 14-10-2014. http://www.vogue.com/868887/lupita-nyongo-best-red-carpet-looks/ (http://www.vogue.com/868887/lupita-nyongo-best-red-carpet-looks/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103102545/http://www.vogue.com/868887/lupita-nyongo-best-red-carpet-looks/) 2014-11-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Sewing a Cape Dress - Lynette Yoder (Conservative Anabaptist clothing) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqjL6BcIMJE) Why do your sisters dress in such an old fashioned manner with such long dresses? - Pilgrim Conservative Mennonite Ministry (Cape Dress description) (https://www.pilgrimministry.org/faq-page) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐dffsw Cached time: 20240709022527 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.237 seconds Real time usage: 0.317 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 847/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21787/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 909/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.124/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3946435/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 254.045 1 -total 88.22% 224.106 1 Template:Reflist 47.49% 120.645 8 Template:Cite_book 21.73% 55.193 1 Template:Dead_link 20.09% 51.043 1 Template:Fix 18.11% 46.012 2 Template:Category_handler 7.64% 19.406 1 Template:Bibleverse 3.73% 9.466 2 Template:Cite_web 3.07% 7.798 1 Template:Webarchive 1.52% 3.858 1 Template:Fix/category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44119834-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709022527 and revision id 1229158813. 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Athletic shoe manufacturing company J.W. Foster & Sons Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 1895 [1] (#cite_note-1) Founder Joseph William Foster Defunct 1976 ; 48 years ago ( 1976 ) Fate Taken over by Reebok in 1976 [2] (#cite_note-look-2) Successor Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Headquarters Bolton (/wiki/Bolton) , England (/wiki/England) Products Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) J W Foster & Sons (Athletic Shoes) Limited was an athletic shoe (/wiki/Sneakers) manufacturing company located in Bolton (/wiki/Bolton) , England (/wiki/England) . Established by Joseph W. Foster in 1895, the company was a pioneer in the use of track spikes (/wiki/Track_spikes) for runners and athletes, producing most of the highly-regarded running shoes in the 1920s. J.W. Foster & Sons was absorbed by Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) (a company established by Foster's sons) in 1976. [2] (#cite_note-look-2) History [ edit ] 1924 Olympic 100 m champion Harold Abrahams (/wiki/Harold_Abrahams) wearing J.W. Foster's pioneering running spikes The company founder, Joseph William Foster, was born in 1881 and trained as a cobbler. At the age of 14 in 1895, as a member of the local harriers, he started work in his bedroom above his father's sweet shop in Bolton, and designed some of the earliest spiked running shoes (/wiki/Spiked_running_shoe) . [3] (#cite_note-Company_history-3) After his ideas progressed, he founded his business 'J.W. Foster' in 1900. Later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to "J.W. Foster and Sons" in 1910. [4] (#cite_note-AFP-4) [5] (#cite_note-RTF-5) Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps". [3] (#cite_note-Company_history-3) During the World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , the company produced army boots (/wiki/Army_boots) (which production would be resumed by the company in the Second War (/wiki/World_War_II) ). [2] (#cite_note-look-2) Revolution [ edit ] For pioneering the use of spikes (/wiki/Track_spikes) , the company's revolutionary running pumps appear in the book, Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport . [6] (#cite_note-Coles-6) The company began distributing shoes across the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) which were worn by British athletes, and were made famous by 100m Olympic champion Harold Abrahams (/wiki/Harold_Abrahams) (who would be immortalized in the Oscar winning film Chariots of Fire (/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire) ) in the 1924 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics) held in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [6] (#cite_note-Coles-6) [7] (#cite_note-ny86-7) In 1933, Joseph William Foster died, and "J. W. Foster & Sons" was continued by sons Billy and Jim, headed at first by Joe's widow Maria. Eventually, Maria transferred the leadership of the family business (/wiki/Family_business) over to Billy and Jim in 1939. Again war interrupted the business, but J W Foster & Sons picked up their business, with Derek Ibbotson (/wiki/Derek_Ibbotson) breaking the Mile world record. Foster was also supplying most First Division (/wiki/Football_League_First_Division) (now English Premier League) Football teams with trainers and signed a contract for distribution in the United States by Frank Ryan and Bob Geinjack, coaches at Yale University. Jeffrey William Foster (Jeff), Jim's eldest son, joined J. W. Foster in 1948 and his younger brother Joseph William (Joe) (/wiki/Joseph_William_Foster) . later joined in 1952. In 1953 National Service took Jeff and Joe away for 2 years. Upon their return to J. W. Foster & Sons, they saw a business failing to react to the growth of rival manufacturers such as Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Puma (/wiki/Puma_AG) , which had successfully entered the market after World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . Their requests to improve the family business went unheeded, so the two brothers established their own company, Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) in Bury (/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester) in November 1958. [6] (#cite_note-Coles-6) [2] (#cite_note-look-2) Eighteen months after Joe and Jeff left J W Foster to set up their own company, Billy died at the age of 58. Jim carried on the business at Deane Road, until the ‘Olympic Works’ made way for the new Bolton Technical College, which was later to become Bolton University. Jim moved J. W. Foster & Sons (Athletic Shoe) Ltd to the North of Bolton, opening as a sports shop. J. W. Foster & Sons continued until his death in 1976, at which time the company was absorbed by Reebok. [2] (#cite_note-look-2) The J.W. Foster Tradition continues today as J W. Foster (Heritage) Ltd, with many items held on loan in the Reebok archive at the company's worldwide headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Our Story" (https://www.jwfosterheritage.com/our-story) . ^ a b c d e Running the show: Reebok (http://letslookagain.com/tag/j-w-foster-sons/) on Let's look website, Sep 2017 ^ a b "Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html) . The Telegraph. 6 October 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-AFP_4-0) "Brand History" at ShoeBacca.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20140118045412/http://www.shoebacca.com/brand/reebok) (Archive) ^ (#cite_ref-RTF_5-0) at reebokthefounder.com (http://www.reebokthefounder.com) (Brand History) ^ a b c Colea, Jason (2016). Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 14–16. ^ (#cite_ref-ny86_7-0) Vartanig G. Vartan (May 15, 1986). "Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock" (https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved February 24, 2015 . External links [ edit ] Replica Sneakers (https://www.ckshoes.com/) v t e Reebok International Ltd. (/wiki/Reebok) Subsidiaries Former Avia (/wiki/Avia_(shoes)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Rockport (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) Brands Classic (/wiki/Reebok_Classic) Sneakers Freestyle (/wiki/Reebok_Freestyle) Nano (/wiki/Reebok_Nano) Pump (/wiki/Reebok_Pump) Ventilator (/wiki/Reebok_Ventilator) Zig (/wiki/Reebok_Zig) Related companies Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) (parent) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) (former parent) J.W. Foster & Sons (predecessor) Advertising Campaigns (/wiki/Reebok_advertising_campaigns) Dan & Dave (/wiki/Dan_%26_Dave) Terry Tate: Office Linebacker (/wiki/Terry_Tate:_Office_Linebacker) Sponsorships Boston Track Club (/wiki/Reebok_Boston_Track_Club) Human Rights Award (/wiki/Reebok_Human_Rights_Award) Pro Summer League (/wiki/Reebok_Pro_Summer_League) Reebok Stadium (/wiki/Toughsheet_Community_Stadium) Key people Joseph W. Foster (/wiki/Joseph_William_Foster) (co-founder) Swizz Beatz (/wiki/Swizz_Beatz) Category (/wiki/Category:Reebok) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reebok_International_Limited) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f856f9b8b‐47r4w Cached time: 20240716043254 Cache expiry: 1366027 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.465 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1732/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27283/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1261/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26669/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.224/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4503667/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 424.448 1 -total 29.86% 126.746 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.01% 123.131 1 Template:Reflist 27.37% 116.171 1 Template:Infobox 23.13% 98.189 1 Template:Reebok 22.88% 97.115 2 Template:Navbox 20.90% 88.713 1 Template:Cite_web 16.67% 70.769 1 Template:Short_description 8.88% 37.681 2 Template:Pagetype 5.64% 23.951 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51538682-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716043254 and revision id 1217593228. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Left_Shoe_Company) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "The Left Shoe Company" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Left+Shoe+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Left Shoe Company Formerly The Left Foot Company (1998-2010) Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 1998 ; 26 years ago ( 1998 ) Defunct 2016 ( 2016 ) Fate Bankruptcy liquidation Number of locations London (/wiki/London) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) Helsinki (/wiki/Helsinki) The Left Shoe Company , previously Left Foot Company, was a made-to-measure male footwear manufacturer with offices in London (/wiki/London) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and in Helsinki (/wiki/Helsinki) . The company was founded in 1998 as The Left Foot Company. It was renamed and rebranded The Left Shoe Company in the fall of 2010 and filed for bankruptcy in 2016. [1] (#cite_note-Pacer_Bankrupt-1) Business model [ edit ] Because of the Made to measure (/wiki/Made_to_measure) 3D scanning method the shoes are available in a wide range of sizes and more personalized models. Normally, tailor made high quality shoes come at a high price, the delivery is around six months and the customer must revisit the shoemaker frequently. In contrast, 3D measured shoes can be delivered in 6 weeks. The company – or its retailers – does not carry any inventory or overhead. This puts The Left Shoe Company in the same retail market as regular Ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) shoes with the exception that they are made-to-measure Once the 3D-scanning process is completed, the customer is able to individualize his choice of shoes in accordance with the made-to-measure term, both in the store and on the website he can choose the sole, colour and leather to his liking. The Left Shoe Company received recognition from management guru C. K. Prahalad (/wiki/C._K._Prahalad) in his book The New Age of Innovation (/wiki/The_New_Age_of_Innovation) . The Left Shoe Company unfortunately didn't make it and filed for bankruptcy in 2016. Carter Clark from Essex in the UK is the curator. In the US the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on May 10, 2016. [1] (#cite_note-Pacer_Bankrupt-1) In the UK it's in the process of liquidation since July 18, 2016. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "The Left Shoe Company North America, LLC" (https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/11410508/The_Left_Shoe_Company_North_America,_LLC) . PacerMonitor . Retrieved 7 January 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.leftshoecompany.com) Hypekicks Reps Shoes (https://www.hypekicks.net/) Article in Financial Times: The Shoe that is sure to fit (http://xinkaishi.typepad.com/a_new_start/2007/03/ft_the_shoe_tha.html) Article about The Left Shoe Company in Forbes (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020242/http://blogs.forbes.com/findoftheday/2008/01/11/left-foot-co-custom-shoes-300-and-up/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6cdc8549b5‐hrcxw Cached time: 20240702044132 Cache expiry: 2575110 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.316 seconds Real time usage: 0.439 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1424/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18612/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1256/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10458/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3909763/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 419.118 1 -total 46.61% 195.365 1 Template:Infobox_company 40.67% 170.439 1 Template:Infobox 22.28% 93.360 1 Template:Reflist 21.57% 90.402 1 Template:Verification 20.47% 85.780 1 Template:Ambox 19.22% 80.547 1 Template:Cite_web 9.43% 39.530 1 Template:Hlist 9.05% 37.918 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.96% 16.586 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31030774-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702044132 and revision id 1178792334. 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American entrepreneur (born 1959) Tom Kartsotis (born 1959) is an American entrepreneur, best known as the founder of the brand development firm Bedrock Manufacturing Co., [1] (#cite_note-1) which is named for The Flintstones (/wiki/The_Flintstones) hometown and was founded in 2003. [2] (#cite_note-Making_it_in_America-2) Kartsotis was also known as the founder and the president of Fossil (/wiki/Fossil_Group) from 1984 until 2010. Career [ edit ] Tom Kartsotis (left) gives U.S. Secretary of Labor Thomas Perez (/wiki/Thomas_Perez) a tour of a new Shinola location. Kartsotis is the founder of Fossil Inc. (/wiki/Fossil_Inc.) in 1984 and served in roles including Director, President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman from 1984 to January 2010. [3] (#cite_note-Company_Overview-3) Kartsotis re-founded defunct shoe polish brand (/wiki/Brand) Shinola (/wiki/Shinola) as Shinola Detroit (/wiki/Shinola_Detroit) and re-positioned it as a wristwatch (/wiki/Wristwatch) brand. [4] (#cite_note-STACY_PERMAN-4) Controversy [ edit ] In June 2016, the US Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) ordered Shinola to stop using 'Where American is made' as a slogan because "100% of the cost of materials used to make certain watches is attributable to imported materials." [5] (#cite_note-5) Kartsotis responded with an open letter (/wiki/Open_letter) which noted that the regulations defining " Made in America (/wiki/Made_in_USA) " for cars are not the same as for watches. [6] (#cite_note-6) Other brands [ edit ] Kartsotis has also invested in American designer Steven Alan (/wiki/Steven_Alan) and outdoor goods brand Filson (/wiki/Filson_(company)) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Kartsotis has served on the Board of Directors (/wiki/Board_of_Directors) of Burton Snowboards (/wiki/Burton_Snowboards) since 2004. [8] (#cite_note-8) Personal life [ edit ] Kartsotis is of Greek parentage. [9] (#cite_note-9) He shuns media attention and is rarely photographed. [10] (#cite_note-10) His brother, Kosta also served as CEO & chairman of Fossil, replaced Tom's position from 2010 through March 2024. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) bloomberg.com Tom Kartsotis (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=108550994) ^ (#cite_ref-Making_it_in_America_2-0) "Making it in America: Mo' time for Motown" (https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2014/02/making-it-america) . The Economist (/wiki/The_Economist) . February 5, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Company_Overview_3-0) "Company Overview of Bedrock Manufacturing Co" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=317039&privcapId=108550994&previousCapId=474102&previousTitle=Irving%20Place%20Capital) . bloomberg.com. September 24, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-STACY_PERMAN_4-0) STACY PERMAN, The Real History of America's Most Authentic Fake Brand: A mogul from Texas is using the country's least aspirational city as the backdrop for his next global lifestyle company--a $225 million experiment in manufactured authenticity (http://www.inc.com/magazine/201604/stacy-perman/shinola-watch-history-manufacturing-heritage-brand.html) Inc. (magazine) (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) ^ (#cite_ref-5) NICHOLAS MANOUSOS, FTC Takes Action Against Shinola, Suggests 'Where American Is Made' Slogan Be Dropped (https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/ftc-takes-major-action-against-shinola-demands-where-american-is-made-slogan-to-be-dropped-immediately) HODINKEE, JUNE 17, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tom Kartsotis, An Open Letter From Shinola Founder Tom Kartsotis In Response To The FTC's Most Recent Action (https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/an-open-letter-from-shinola-founder-tom-kartsotis-in-response-to-the-ftcs-most-recent-action) hodinkee.com JUNE 17, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-7) businessoffashion.com (/wiki/Businessoffashion.com) Tom Kartsotis (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/tom-kartsotis) ^ (#cite_ref-8) simonequity.com Tom Kartsotis (http://www.simonequity.com/tom-kartsotis/) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Tom Kartsotis - The Greek behind the coolest brand in America" (https://www.ellines.com/en/achievements/32212-the-greek-behind-the-coolest-brand-in-america/) . www.ellines.com . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) LAUREN SHERMAN, How Tom Kartsotis Is Banking on America (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/tom-kartsotis-american-dream) businessoffashion.com MARCH 22, 2016 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6d9db867fd‐ljmtm Cached time: 20240627105452 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.171 seconds Real time usage: 0.229 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 400/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5514/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 476/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14958/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.096/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3213658/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 209.913 1 -total 56.85% 119.343 1 Template:Reflist 44.75% 93.936 2 Template:Cite_news 39.69% 83.310 1 Template:Short_description 23.83% 50.019 2 Template:Pagetype 8.97% 18.824 3 Template:Main_other 7.85% 16.485 1 Template:SDcat 2.09% 4.397 1 Template:Cite_web 1.48% 3.116 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51729340-0!canonical and timestamp 20240627105452 and revision id 1215568644. 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American fashion designer The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Jasmin Shokrian" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jasmin+Shokrian%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Jasmin Shokrian is an American, Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) –based artist, and fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Shokrian is known for her artistic sensibility and the sculptural lines of her clothes, [ citation needed ] which have become popular among art world figures like China Chow and Miranda July. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In November 2014, she opened a month-long shop-in-shop inside the MOCA Store at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Born and raised in L.A., Shokrian received her Bachelor in Fine Arts in film, sculpture and painting at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She started her eponymous fashion label in 2003, and in 2005 she was the recipient of the fourth annual Ecco Domani (/wiki/Ecco_Domani) Fashion Foundation Award for Womenswear Design. [7] (#cite_note-7) The award allowed her to present her first runway show at New York Fashion Week, for the Autumn/Winter 2005 collections, and her debut received praise from critics, including Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) of the New York Times. [8] (#cite_note-8) She has since been covered by publications like Vogue , W and T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T:_The_New_York_Times_Style_Magazine) , and she regularly shows her collections via film as part of Style.com's Video Fashion Week. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2008, she established Draft No. 17, an offshoot label focused on day-to-night basics priced more accessibly than her Atelier line, which utilized couture fabrics and was made entirely in-house. [11] (#cite_note-11) In Vanity Fair' s 2009 Best Dressed List , Shokrian was mentioned by First Lady Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) as one of her favorite up-and-coming designers. [12] (#cite_note-12) The First Lady has also worn Shokrian's designs publicly, both in New York and at the White House. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2010, Shokrian teamed up with the band OK Go (/wiki/OK_Go) as the costume designer for their "WTF" music video. [15] (#cite_note-15) As part of her Spring/Summer 2014 collection, presented in September 2013, Jasmin Shokrian introduced her " Je Pars Habiter A Los Angeles " (I'm going to live in Los Angeles) T-shirt, a riff on the seemingly-sudden interest in L.A. among Parisians and other fashion types. [16] (#cite_note-16) The tongue-in-cheek slogan has since appeared on her tote bags, sweatshirts and first-ever men's items, and continues to drive interest in the brand. [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Amy Verner, "Jasmin Shokrian Spring 2015 Ready to Wear" (http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/spring-2015-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian) , "Style.com", October 31, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Carlo McCormick, "Reality Check" (http://www.papermag.com/2010/06/reality_check_1.php,) , "Paper Magazine", June 1, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Khanh T.L. Tran, "They Are Wearing: Los Angeles Moca" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/they-are-wearing/they-are-wearing-los-angeles-moca-8036960) , "WWD", November 18, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Eviana Hartman, "Jasmin Shokrian, Designer to the Art World, Pops Up at MOCA" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/jasmin-shokrian-moca-store/) , "T: The New York Times Style Magazine", November 14, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ali Hoffman, "This Store Will Cure You Art Basel FOMO" (https://www.refinery29.com/2014/12/78926/jasmin-shokrian-moca-pop-up#slide) , "Refinery29", December 5, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jasmin Shokrian Fall 2005 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show: Runway Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211175802/http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/fall-2005-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian) . Style.com. 2005-02-05. Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/fall-2005-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian) on 2015-02-11 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jasmin Shokrian, Fashion Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141223155735/http://www.eccodomani.com/fashion-foundation/award-winners/jasmin-shokrian.asp) . Eccodomani.com. 2008-02-25. Archived from the original (http://www.eccodomani.com/fashion-foundation/award-winners/jasmin-shokrian.asp) on 2014-12-23 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Cathy Horn (February 7, 2005). "Suits to Wear on Earth and in the Air" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/07/fashion/07dres.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Watch Video Fashion Week \| Jasmin Shokrian: Spring 2014 Video Fashion Week \| Style.com Video \| CNE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211174438/http://video.style.com/watch/video-fashion-week-jasmin-shokrian-spring-2014-video-fashion-week) . Video.style.com. Archived from the original (http://video.style.com/watch/video-fashion-week-jasmin-shokrian-spring-2014-video-fashion-week) on 2015-02-11 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Watch Video Fashion Week \| Jasmin Shokrian: Fall 2014 Video Fashion Week \| Style.com Video \| CNE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211173727/http://video.style.com/watch/video-fashion-week-jasmin-shokrian-fall-2014-video-fashion-week) . Video.style.com. Archived from the original (http://video.style.com/watch/video-fashion-week-jasmin-shokrian-fall-2014-video-fashion-week) on 2015-02-11 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Jasmin Shokrian Draft No. 17 Fall 2013 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show: Runway Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211175846/http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/fall-2013-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian-draft-no-17) . Style.com. 2013-04-08. Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/fall-2013-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian-draft-no-17) on 2015-02-11 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Michelle Obama: Best-Dressed List 2009" (http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2009/08/michelle-obama-best-dressed-list-2009) . Vanity Fair. 2009-08-04 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "On the Town in Jasmin Shokrian - Home - Mrs.O - Follow the Fashion and Style of First Lady Michelle Obama" (http://mrs-o.com/newdata/2010/3/22/on-the-town-in-jasmin-shokrian.html) . Mrs.O. 2010-03-22 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Of Stripes and Service (Update) - Home - Mrs.O - Follow the Fashion and Style of First Lady Michelle Obama" (http://mrs-o.com/newdata/2009/5/12/of-stripes-and-service-update.html) . Mrs.O. 2009-05-12 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Chernikoff, Leah (2010-01-27). "Designer Jasmin Shokrian Teams With OK Go" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a3461/designer-jasmin-shokrian-teams-ok-go-1261/) . Elle.com . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Jasmin Shokrian Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show: Runway Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150312153821/http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/spring-2014-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian) . Style.com. 2013-10-18. Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/fashion-shows/spring-2014-ready-to-wear/jasmin-shokrian) on 2015-03-12 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Best Art, Fashion Moments of 2014 - Lauren Goodman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141913/http://www.style.com/culture/style-map/2015/best-culture-fashion-2014) . Style.com. 2015-01-05. Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/culture/style-map/2015/best-culture-fashion-2014) on 2015-04-02 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . 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Further information: List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) This is a list of various kinds of hat (/wiki/Hat) , contemporary or traditional. Headgear has been common throughout the history of humanity, present on some of the very earliest preserved human bodies and art. Image Name Description Ascot cap (/wiki/Ascot_cap) A hard style of hat, usually worn by men, dating back to the 1900s. Sometimes associated with livestock slaughter. Akubra (/wiki/Akubra) An Australian (/wiki/Australia) brand of bush hat, whose wide-brimmed styles are a distinctive part of Australian culture, especially in rural areas. Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) A traditional Korean (/wiki/Korea) winter cap mostly worn by women in the Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) and Daehan Jeguk (/wiki/Korean_Empire) periods (1392–1910). Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Headgear, usually made from fabric such as cotton and/or polyester, that covers the whole head, exposing only the face (/wiki/Face) or part of it. Sometimes only the eyes or eyes and mouth are visible. Also known as a ski (/wiki/Skiing) mask. Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Traditional Scottish bonnet or cap worn with Scottish Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) . Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) A floppy fabric pull-on hat, usually worn with its top flopped down. In red, it is now used as a symbol of Catalan (/wiki/Catalan_people) identity. Baseball cap (/wiki/Baseball_cap) A type of soft, light cotton cap with a rounded crown and a stiff, frontward-projecting bill. Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) A brimless cap, with or without a small visor (/wiki/Visor) , once popular among schoolboys. Sometimes includes a propeller. Note : In New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States, "beanie" also or otherwise refers to the knit cap (/wiki/Knit_cap) or tuque (/wiki/Tuque) used during winter to provide warmth. Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) A tall fur (/wiki/Fur) cap (/wiki/Cap) , usually worn as part of a ceremonial military uniform. Traditionally, the headgear of grenadiers (/wiki/Grenadier) , and remains in use by grenadier and guards regiments in various armies. Sometimes mistakenly identified as a busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) . Beret (/wiki/Beret) A soft round cap, usually of woollen felt, with a bulging flat crown and tight-fitting brimless headband. Worn by both men and women and traditionally associated with France (/wiki/France) , Basque people (/wiki/Basque_people) , and the military. Often part of [European?] schoolgirls' uniform during the 1920s, '30s and '40s. Bhaad-gaaule topi (/wiki/Bhaad-gaaule_topi) A typical Nepali cap. Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) A broad-brimmed felt hat with brim folded up and pinned front and back to create a long-horned shape. Also known as a cocked hat (/wiki/Cocked_hat) . Worn by European military officers in the 1790s and, as illustrated, commonly associated with Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte) . Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) A square cap with three or twelve ridges or peaks worn by Roman Catholic (/wiki/Roman_Catholic) (and some Anglican (/wiki/Anglican) and Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheran) ) clergy (/wiki/Clergy) . Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) A traditional Javanese man's hat. Boater (/wiki/Boater) A flat-brimmed and flat-topped straw (/wiki/Straw) hat formerly worn by seamen. Schools, especially public schools in the UK (/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)) , might include a boater as part of their (summer) uniform. Now mostly worn at summer regattas (/wiki/Regatta) or formal garden parties (/wiki/Garden_party) , often with a ribbon in club, college or school colors (/wiki/School_colors) . Boonie hat (/wiki/Boonie_hat) A soft, wide-brimmed cotton hat commonly used by military forces. Also known as a bush hat and similar to a bucket hat (#bucket_hat) . Börk (/w/index.php?title=Turkish_b%C3%B6rk&action=edit&redlink=1) A high cap wore by Janissaries (/wiki/Janissary) as a symbol of their devotion to their order during the Ottoman Empire. Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) A lightweight all-weather hat, with a high rounded crown and wide flat brim, designed by John B. Stetson (/wiki/John_B._Stetson) for the demands of the American frontier (/wiki/American_frontier) . Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) A type of decorative cap mainly worn in the 19th and early 20th century with sleepwear or lingerie. Bowler / Derby (/wiki/Bowler_hat) A hard felt hat with a rounded crown created in 1850 by Lock's of St James's (/wiki/St_James%27s) , the hatters (/wiki/Hatmaking) to Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester (/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester) , for his servants. More commonly known as a Derby in the United States. Breton (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) A woman's hat with round crown and deep brim turned upwards all the way round. Said to be based on hats worn by Breton (/wiki/Brittany) agricultural workers. Bucket hat (/wiki/Bucket_hat) A soft cotton hat with a wide, downwards-sloping brim. Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) A soft, woolen hat covering the ears and neck, worn by Communist military of the Russian Civil War (/wiki/Russian_Civil_War) and afterwards. Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) A small fur military hat. Bycocket (/wiki/Bycocket) " Robin Hood (/wiki/Robin_Hood) 's hat", a wide brimmed hat that is turned up in the back and pointed in the front like a bird's beak. Campaign hat (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Also known as a " Smokey Bear (/wiki/Smokey_Bear) " hat. A broad-brimmed felt or straw hat with high crown, pinched symmetrically at its four corners (the "Montana crease"). Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) A conical (/wiki/Cone) pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) with eye holes. Historically associated with the Ku Klux Klan (/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan) in the United States of America, but still used elsewhere in other contexts (such as the example illustrated, featuring people from Nazareno processing during Holy Week (/wiki/Holy_Week) in Spain (/wiki/Spain) ). Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) A hat worn between the 1590s and 1640s in England (/wiki/Puritan) and northwestern Europe (/wiki/Europe) . Also known as a " Pilgrim (/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)) hat" in the United States. Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) A round wide-brimmed hat worn by more traditional Roman Catholic clergy. Cartwheel hat (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Wide-brimmed and shallow-crowned hat, normally worn at an angle. Popular from 1910s but most closely associated with 1940s-50s fashion. Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) A small-peaked cap often worn by cyclists (/wiki/Cycling) . Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) An Irish beret (/wiki/Beret) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Cavalier hat (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) A wide-brimmed hat popular in 17th-century Europe. [2] (#cite_note-2) Chengziguan (/w/index.php?title=Chengziguan&action=edit&redlink=1) A traditional horse hair (/wiki/Horse_hair) hat dating back to 10th century China, which later became popular among the yangban (/wiki/Yangban) of Joseon Dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty) Korea (/wiki/Korea) as an alternative to the gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) . Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) A woven cap, typical of Chiloé Archipelago (/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago) , that is made of coarse raw wool and usually topped by a pom-pom (/wiki/Pom-pom#Clothing) . Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Peruvian (/wiki/Peruvian) or Bolivian (/wiki/Bolivia) hat with ear-flaps made from vicuña wool (/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool) , alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca) , llama (/wiki/Llama) or sheep's wool. [3] (#cite_note-3) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) A straw hat made in Chile (/wiki/Chile) . Cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) A bell (/wiki/Bell_(instrument)) -shaped woman's' hat that was popular during the Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) . Coal scuttle bonnet (/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet) A woman's bonnet with stiffened brim and a flat back (crown). Conical Asian hat (/wiki/Conical_Asian_hat) A conical (/wiki/Cone) straw hat associated with East and Southeast Asia. Sometimes known as a "coolie hat", although the term "coolie" may be interpreted as derogatory. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Coonskin cap (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) A hat, fashioned from the skin and fur of a raccoon (/wiki/Raccoon) , that became associated with Canadian and American frontiersmen (/wiki/American_pioneers) of the 18th and 19th centuries. Sombrero Cordobés (/wiki/Sombrero_cordob%C3%A9s) A traditional flat-brimmed and flat-topped hat originating from Córdoba, Spain (/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain) , associated with flamenco dancing and music (/wiki/Flamenco) and popularized by characters such as Zorro (/wiki/Zorro) . Cricket cap (/wiki/Cricket_cap) A type of soft cap traditionally worn by cricket (/wiki/Cricket) players. Custodian helmet (/wiki/Custodian_helmet) A helmet (/wiki/Helmet) traditionally worn by British police (/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom) constables (/wiki/Detective_Constable) while on foot patrol. Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) A warm, close-fitting tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) cap, with brims front and behind and ear-flaps that can be tied together either over the crown or under the chin. Originally designed for use while hunting in (/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom) the climate of (/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland) Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) . Occasionally worn by – and so closely associated with – the character Sherlock Holmes (/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes) , rarely in the original stories or their illustrations, but often in films. Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) A typical Nepali cap made up of fabric called dhaka Dixie cup hat (/wiki/Dixie_cup_hat) Also known as "gob hat" or "gob cap." A sailor cap worn in several navies, of white canvas with an upright brim. Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) A fashion dating back to at least the 18th century, in which fabric is draped or moulded to the head, concealing most or all of the hair. Original designs were said to be inspired by the turbans (/wiki/Turbans) of India (/wiki/India) and the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) Dunce cap (/wiki/Dunce_cap) A conical (/wiki/Cone) hat, usually tall and narrow, worn by late-19th and early-20th century school pupils as a punishment and/or humiliation. It often featured a large capital "D" inscribed on its side, to be shown frontwards when the hat was worn. Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) A small hat commonly made with feathers, flowers and/or beads. [6] (#cite_note-nytimes1-6) It attaches to the hair by a comb, headband or clip. Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) A soft felt hat with a medium brim and lengthwise crease in the crown. Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Red felt hat in the shape of a truncated cone, common to Arab-speaking countries. Flat cap (/wiki/Flat_cap) A soft, round wool or tweed men's cap with a small bill in front. Gandhi cap (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Typical cotton white cap named after Mahatma Gandhi 'father of nation' of India. Mostly worn by Indian politicians and people. Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) A traditional Korean hat worn by men. Gatsby (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) A soft brimmed hat popular in New York after the turn of the century made from eight quarter panels. Also known as a newsboy cap. Garrison or Forage cap or side hat (/wiki/Garrison_cap) A foldable cloth cap with straight sides and a creased or hollow crown. Gaung Paung (/wiki/Gaung_Paung) Headwrap worn by the Bamar (/wiki/Bamar) , Mon people (/wiki/Mon_people) , Rakhine (/wiki/Rakhine_people) and Shan (/wiki/Shan_people) peoples. Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) A traditional Scottish boat-shaped hat without a peak made of thick-milled woollen material with a toorie (/wiki/Toorie) on top, a rosette cockade (/wiki/Cockade) on the left, and (usually) ribbons hanging down behind. It is normally worn as part of Scottish military or civilian Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) . Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Once common-wear for office clerks. Half hat (/wiki/Half_hat) Millinery design that covers only half the head – particularly popular in the 1950s. Halo hat (/wiki/Halo_hat) Semi-circular or circular design that frames the face, creating a 'halo' or 'aureole' effect. Hard hat (/wiki/Hard_hat) A rounded rigid helmet with a small brim predominantly used in workplace environments, such as construction sites, to protect the head from injury by falling objects, debris and bad weather. Hardee hat (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Also known as the 1858 Dress Hat. Regulation hat for Union soldiers during the American Civil War. Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) A woman's hat of the Middle Ages. [7] (#cite_note-vibbert-7) This style includes the conical "princess" hats often seen in illustrations of folk-tale princesses. Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_(hat)) A semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal) hat with a medium brim and crown with a crease and no dents. Icelandic tail-cap (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Part of the national costume of Iceland (/wiki/Iceland) . Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) A traditional hat of Assam (/wiki/Assam) , India. Plain and decorative japies are available. Kalpak (/wiki/Kalpak) A traditional hat of Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) and Central Asia. Made primarily of lamb fur, it comes in a variety of regional styles. Karakul (Qaraqul) (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) A hat made from the fur of the Qaraqul breed of sheep, typically worn by men in Central and South Asia and popular among Soviet leaders. Keffiyah or Ghutrah (/wiki/Keffiyah) Three piece ensemble consisting of a Thagiyah skull cap, Gutrah scarf, and Ogal black band. Gutrahs are plain white or checkered, denoting ethnic or national identities. [ citation needed ] . Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) A generic worldwide military hat with a flat, circular top and visor. First seen in central Europe. Kippah or Yarmulke (/wiki/Kippah) A close-fitting skullcap worn by religious Jews. Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Brown fur hat worn by Hassidic (/wiki/Hassidic) Jews. Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Traditional cap from Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) . Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Brimless cylindrical cap with a flat crown, worn by men in East Africa. Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) A brimless, short, rounded cap worn by Africans and people throughout the African diaspora. Kolah namadi (/wiki/Kolah_namadi) A felt hat, typically worn by men in the rural areas of Iran. Kova tembel (/wiki/Kova_tembel) Cloth hat worn by Israeli (/wiki/Israel) pioneers and kibbutzniks (/wiki/Kibbutzniks) . Labbadeh (/wiki/Labbadeh) A conical brimless felt cap, traditionally worn by Lebanese men in rural areas. Makapili Hat (/w/index.php?title=Makapili_Hat&action=edit&redlink=1) Bamboo basket worn over the head covering the entire head with just holes for the eyes and worn by some members of the Makapili (/wiki/Makapili) , Filipinos who were Japanese collaborators during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) in the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . Mathal (/w/index.php?title=Mathal&action=edit&redlink=1) Distinctive hat worn by farmers in the Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) made of bamboo with a conical top. Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Distinctive hat worn by bishops in the Roman Catholic Church (/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church) , Eastern Orthodox Church (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) , and the Anglican Communion (/wiki/Anglican_Communion) . Montera (/wiki/Montera) A crocheted hat worn by bullfighters. Mortarboard (/wiki/Mortarboard) Flat, square hat. Usually has a button centered on top. A tassel is attached to the button and draped over one side. Worn as part of academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) . Traditionally, when worn during graduation ceremonies, the new graduates switch the tassel from one side to the other at the conclusion of the ceremony. Mushroom hat (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Hat with a distinctly downward-facing brim similar to the shape of a mushroom or toadstool. Popular from the 1870s, but particularly associated with the Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian) era and Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's "New Look." Newsboy cap (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Casual-wear cap similar in style to the flat cap (#flat_cap) . Like a flat cap, it has a similar overall shape and stiff peak (visor) in front, but the body of the cap is rounder, fuller, made of eight pieces, and panelled with a button on top and often with a button attaching the front to the brim. Pakul (/wiki/Pakul) Round, rolled wool hat with a flat top, common in Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) and Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) . Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Straw hat made in Ecuador (/wiki/Ecuador) . Papakhi (/wiki/Papakhi) Also known as astrakhan hat in English, a male wool hat worn throughout the Caucasus (/wiki/Caucasus) . Party hat (/wiki/Party_hat) A conical hat, similar to the dunce cap (#dunce_cap) , often worn at birthday parties and New Year's Eve celebrations. It is frequently emblazoned with bright patterns or messages. Patrol cap (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Also known as a field cap, a scout cap, or in the United States a mosh cap.; a soft cap with a stiff, rounded visor, and flat top, worn by military personnel in the field when a combat helmet is not required. Peach basket hat (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) A woman's hat resembling an upturned fruit basket. Usually lavishly trimmed, it achieved notoriety in the early 1900s. Peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) A military style cap with a flat sloping crown, band and peak (also called a visor). It is used by many militaries of the world as well as law enforcement, as well as some people in service professions who wear uniforms. Phrygian cap (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) A soft conical cap pulled forward. In sculpture, paintings and caricatures it represents freedom and the pursuit of liberty. The popular cartoon characters The Smurfs (/wiki/The_Smurfs) wear white Phrygian caps. Picture hat (/wiki/Picture_hat) Also known as a Gainsborough hat and garden hat, this is an elaborate women's design with a wide brim. Pilgrim's hat (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) A pilgrim's hat, cockel hat or traveller's hat is a wide brim hat used to keep off the sun. It is highly associated with pilgrims on the Way of St. James (/wiki/Way_of_St._James) . The upturned brim of the hat is adorned with a scallop shell to denote the traveller's pilgrim status. Pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) A small hat with straight, upright sides, a flat crown (/wiki/Hat#Parts_of_a_hat) , and no brim. Pith helmet (/wiki/Pith_helmet) A lightweight rigid cloth-covered helmet made of cork or pith, with brims front and back. Worn by Europeans in tropical colonies in the 19th century. The pith helmet is an adaptation of the native salakot headgear of the Philippines. Planter's hat (/w/index.php?title=Planter%27s_hat&action=edit&redlink=1) A lightweight straw hat, with a wide brim, a round crown and narrow round dent on the outside of the top of the crown. Worn by Clark Gable (/wiki/Clark_Gable) in Gone with the Wind (/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)) , and Paul Bettany (/wiki/Paul_Bettany) in Master and Commander (/wiki/Master_and_Commander) . Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) A woman's bonnet with a small crown and wide and rounded front brim. Porkpie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Felt hat with low flat crown and narrow brim. Printer's hat (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Traditional, box-shaped, folded paper hat, formerly worn by tradesmen such as carpenters, masons, painters and printers. Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) A white brimless felt (/wiki/Felt) cap (/wiki/Cap) traditionally worn by Albanians (/wiki/Albanians) . Also known as a plis or qylaf . Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) A tall, round, usually crocheted and brightly colored, cap worn by Rastafarians (/wiki/Rastafarians) and others with dreadlocks to tuck their locks away. Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) A characteristic field cap worn by partisans in World War II guerrilla fights (/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II) as well by the officers of Polish (/wiki/Poland) armies. Sami hat (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Also known as a "Four Winds" hat, traditional men's hat of the Sami people. Sailor cap (/wiki/Sailor_cap) A round, flat visorless hat worn by sailors in many of the world's navies Sailor hat (/wiki/Sailor_hat) A flat-crowned, brimmed straw hat inspired by nineteenth century sailors' headgear. Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Serbian (/wiki/Serbs) national and traditional hat worn by men. Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) A traditional hat in the Philippines. Santa Hat (/wiki/Santa_Claus) A floppy pointed red hat trimmed in white fur traditionally associated with Christmas (/wiki/Christmas) . Shako (/wiki/Shako) A tall cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, badge, and plume. Shovel hat (/wiki/Shovel_hat) A hat with low, round crown and a wide brim, which projected in a shovel-like curve at the front and rear and was often worn turned up at the sides. Formerly associated with the Anglican (/wiki/Anglican) clergy. Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) A fur hat worn by married Hassidic men on Shabbat (/wiki/Shabbat) and holidays. Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Generic term covering wide-brimmed felt-crowned hats often worn by military leaders. Less fancy versions can be called bush hats. Smoking cap (/wiki/Smoking_cap) A soft cap, shaped like a squat cylinder or close fitting like a knit cap (/wiki/Knit_cap) , and usually heavily embroidered (/wiki/Embroidered) with a tassel (/wiki/Tassel) on top worn by men while smoking (/wiki/Tobacco_smoking) to stop their hair from smelling of tobacco smoke (/wiki/Smoke) . [8] (#cite_note-Haug-8) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) A Mexican hat with a conical crown and a very wide, saucer-shaped brim, highly embroidered made of plush felt. Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) A cap widely worn in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern Philippines and southern Thailand, mostly among Muslim males. May be related to the taqiyah. Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) A traditional form of collapsible oilskin rain hat that is longer in the back than the front to protect the neck fully. A gutter front brim is sometimes featured. Stetson (/wiki/Stetson) Also known as a "Cowboy Hat". A high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat, with a sweatband on the inside, and a decorative hat band on the outside. Customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim. [9] (#cite_note-9) Student cap (/wiki/Student_cap) A cap worn by university students in various European countries. Sun hat (/wiki/Sun_hat) A hat which shades the face and shoulders from the sun. Tam o' Shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) A Scottish wool hat originally worn by men. Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) A round fabric cap worn by Muslim men. Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) A traditional Malay, Indonesian and Bruneian male headwear. It is made from long songket cloth folded and tied in particular style (solek). Top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) Also known as a beaver hat (/wiki/Beaver_hat) , a magician's hat, or, in the case of the tallest examples, a stovepipe (or pipestove) hat. A tall, flat-crowned, cylindrical hat worn by men in the 19th and early 20th centuries, now worn only with morning dress or evening dress. Cartoon characters Uncle Sam (/wiki/Uncle_Sam) and Mr. Monopoly (/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags) are often depicted wearing such hats. Once made from felted beaver fur. Toque (/wiki/Toque) (informally, "chef's hat") A tall, pleated, brimless, cylindrical hat traditionally worn by chefs. Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) In Canada, a knitted hat, worn in winter, usually made from wool or acrylic. Also known as a woolly hat, ski cap, knit hat, knit cap, sock cap, stocking cap, or watch cap. Sometimes called a toboggan or goobalini in parts of the USA. In New Zealand, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, the term "Stocking Cap" (and more recently, the misnomer "beanie" [ citation needed ] ) is applied to this cap. Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) A soft felt men's hat with a deeply indented crown and a narrow brim often upturned at the back. Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) A soft hat with a low crown and broad brim, pinned up on either side of the head and at the back, producing a triangular shape. Worn by Europeans in the 18th century. Larger, taller, and heavily ornamented brims were present in France and the Papal States (/wiki/Papal_States) . Trucker hat (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Similar to a baseball cap (#baseball_cap) , usually with a foam brim and front section and a breathable mesh back section. Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) A round, slightly pointed cap with embroidered or applique patterns worn throughout Central Asia. Tudor bonnet (/wiki/Tudor_bonnet) A soft round black academic cap with a stiff brim that has a cord with tasseled ends knotted around the base of the crown, the ends draping over the brim. Turban (/wiki/Turban) A headdress consisting of a scarf-like single piece of cloth wound around either the head itself or an inner hat. Tyrolean hat (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) A felt hat with a corded band and feather ornament, originating from the Alps. Umbrella hat (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) A hat made from an umbrella that straps to the head. Has been made with mosquito netting. Upe (/wiki/Upe) A Bougainvillean headdress made from tightly wound straw. Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) A Russian fur hat with fold-down ear-flaps. Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) An eight-pointed hat used by the US military branches within the Department of the Navy (/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy) . Vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) A Colombian hat of woven and sewn black and khaki dried palm braids with indigenous figures. Whoopee Cap (/wiki/Whoopee_cap) A skullcap made from a man's felt fedora hat with the brim trimmed with a scalloped cut and turned up. Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) A broad brimmed felt "countryman's hat" with a low crown. Wizard/witch hat Pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) A conical hat with a wide brim and a crooked top, traditionally worn by fictional wizards or witches. Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Skullcap worn by clerics typically in Roman Catholicism. See also [ edit ] List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "caubeen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042116/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/caubeen) . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/caubeen) on March 16, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cunnington, C. Willett (/wiki/C._Willett_Cunnington) ; Cunnington, Phillis (/wiki/Phillis_Cunnington) (1972). Handbook of English Costume in the Seventeenth Century (3rd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. pp. 24, 65–69. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Klinkenborg, Verlyn (2009-02-03). "Season of the chullo" (http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/23/opinion/edverlyn.1-414278.php) . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2011-07-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Malema under fire over slur on Indians" (http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Malema-under-fire-over-slur-on-Indians-20111020) . News24 (/wiki/News24_(website)) . 2011-10-20 . Retrieved 2013-06-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Most current dictionaries do not record any offensive meaning ("an unskilled laborer or porter usually in or from India hired for low or subsistence wages" Merriam-Webster (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=coolie) ) or make a distinction between an offensive meaning in referring to "a person from the Indian subcontinent or of Indian descent" and an at least originally inoffensive, old-fashioned meaning, for example " dated an unskilled native labourer in India, China, and some other Asian countries" ( Compact Oxford English Dictionary (https://web.archive.org/web/20050524195201/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/coolie?view=uk) ). However, some dictionaries indicate that the word may be considered offensive in all contexts today. For example, Longman (http://pewebdic2.cw.idm.fr) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20061127183935/http://pewebdic2.cw.idm.fr/) 2006-11-27 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) 's 1995 edition had " old-fashioned an unskilled worker who is paid very low wages, especially in parts of Asia", but the current version adds " taboo old-fashioned a very offensive word ... Do not use this word". ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes1_6-0) Millinery Madness: Hat Makers With Attitude (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/fashion/04iht-rhats04.html?pagewanted=all) ^ (#cite_ref-vibbert_7-0) Vibbert, Marie, Headdresses of the 14th and 15th Centuries, No. 133, SCA monograph series (August 2006) ^ (#cite_ref-Haug_8-0) Haug, Joanne. "Victorian Smoking Cap" (http://www.victoriana.com/Mens-Clothing/mens-smokingcap.htm) . Victoriana Magazine . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997). Stetson (/wiki/Stetson) Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970 . Atglen: Schiffer. p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-0211-6 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Hats by type (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hats_by_type) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Hardee (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Jeep (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) Nurse's (/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap) Maintenance (/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance) / Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Military beret (/wiki/Military_beret) / Uniform beret (/wiki/Uniform_beret) Black (/wiki/Black_beret) Blue (/wiki/Blue_beret) Green (/wiki/Green_beret) Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_beret) Red (/wiki/Red_beret) Tan (/wiki/Tan_beret) Patrol (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Mariner's (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Titovka (/wiki/Titovka_(cap)) Triglavka (/wiki/Triglavka) Ski (/wiki/Ski_cap) Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Student (/wiki/Student_cap) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Animal (/wiki/Animal_hat) Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Bobble (/wiki/Bobble_hat) Breton (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Chilote (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Fruit (/wiki/Fruit_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Party (/wiki/Party_hat) Shower (/wiki/Shower_cap) Tin foil (/wiki/Tin_foil_hat) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) Whoopee (/wiki/Whoopee_cap) Sports Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Bicycle clip (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Horse racing (/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_cap) Rally (/wiki/Rally_cap) Sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Stormy Kromer 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(/wiki/Folk_costume) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Aso Oke (/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat) Astrakhan (hat) (/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap) Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Bell-boy (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blue bonnet (/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Coloured (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork (/wiki/Cork_hat) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_cap) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Four Winds (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Fulani (/wiki/Fulani_hat) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) Icelandic tail (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jobawi (/wiki/Jobawi) Kalpak 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catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐sx6x6 Cached time: 20240719053415 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.612 seconds Real time usage: 0.907 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1663/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 73046/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1670/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32761/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5168441/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 418.133 1 -total 32.78% 137.071 1 Template:Reflist 26.36% 110.232 5 Template:Navbox 24.41% 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hat_styles&oldid=1224582523 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hat_styles&oldid=1224582523) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing-related lists (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_lists) Hats (/wiki/Category:Hats) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2008) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Ralph Lauren fragrance Lauren Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Released 1978 Label Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Website http://www.ralphlauren.com/ (http://www.ralphlauren.com/) Lauren is a perfume made by Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) in 1978. [1] (#cite_note-1) The perfume is manufactured by L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Oreal) . History [ edit ] This is a feminine and gracious floral bouquet with green top notes and powdery base of wood and spices. The heart contains the classic trio of rose, carnation (/wiki/Carnation) and violet (/wiki/Viola_odorata) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The fragrance also contains wild marigold (/wiki/Tagetes_minuta) , rosewood (/wiki/Rosewood) , pineapple (/wiki/Pineapple) , rose (/wiki/Rose) with cedarwood (/wiki/Cedarwood) , vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) and carnation (/wiki/Carnation) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Gadsden Times - Apr 6, 1984 (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fKkfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=etYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3198,2115957&dq=lauren+fragrance&hl=en) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lauren Ralph Lauren perfume - a fragrance for women 1978" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Ralph-Lauren/Lauren-891.html) . This cultural history (/wiki/Cultural_history) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_(perfume)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐pb7qs Cached time: 20240712175608 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.213 seconds Real time usage: 0.299 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 460/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7170/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 463/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10447/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.153/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3262135/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 283.041 1 -total 34.71% 98.230 1 Template:Reflist 30.86% 87.344 1 Template:Cite_web 24.12% 68.260 1 Template:Short_description 22.93% 64.902 1 Template:Cultural-hist-stub 22.21% 62.854 1 Template:Asbox 17.53% 49.604 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 16.73% 47.355 1 Template:Infobox 14.06% 39.795 2 Template:Pagetype 6.00% 16.995 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25577755-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175608 and revision id 1231710234. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_(perfume)&oldid=1231710234 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_(perfume)&oldid=1231710234) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) History of cosmetics (/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics) Products introduced in 1978 (/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_1978) Cultural history stubs (/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shoe factories (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shoe_factories) . Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap (https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Category%3AShoe_factories) Download coordinates as: KML (https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Category:Shoe_factories) GPX (all coordinates) (https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Category:Shoe_factories) GPX (primary coordinates) (https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Category:Shoe_factories) GPX (secondary coordinates) (https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Category:Shoe_factories) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐d7xk9 Cached time: 20240720225659 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.070 seconds Real time usage: 0.140 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 243/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5767/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 301/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2404/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.038/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1069111/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 131.376 1 -total 93.74% 123.156 1 Template:Commonscat 93.05% 122.241 2 Template:Side_box 91.17% 119.776 1 Template:Sister_project 58.15% 76.393 2 Template:If_then_show 6.14% 8.070 1 Template:GeoGroupTemplate 1.42% 1.861 1 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62976236-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720225659 and revision id 938265760. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Shoe factories" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Bata shoe factory (/wiki/Bata_shoe_factory) Beals and Torrey Shoe Co. Building (/wiki/Beals_and_Torrey_Shoe_Co._Building) Brown Shoe Company Factory (/wiki/Brown_Shoe_Company_Factory) Brown Shoe Company's Homes-Take Factory (/wiki/Brown_Shoe_Company%27s_Homes-Take_Factory) C Cummings Shoe Factory (/wiki/Cummings_Shoe_Factory) F Florsheim Shoe Company Building (/wiki/Florsheim_Shoe_Company_Building) Fore Shoe Company Building (/wiki/Fore_Shoe_Company_Building) G Graham and Laird, Schober and Mitchell Factories (/wiki/Graham_and_Laird,_Schober_and_Mitchell_Factories) H Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company Building (/wiki/Hamilton-Brown_Shoe_Company_Building) Hamilton-Brown Shoe Factory (Columbia, Missouri) (/wiki/Hamilton-Brown_Shoe_Factory_(Columbia,_Missouri)) Hoyt Shoe Factory (/wiki/Hoyt_Shoe_Factory) I International Shoe Company Building (St. Clair, Missouri) (/wiki/International_Shoe_Company_Building_(St._Clair,_Missouri)) International Shoe Company Building (West Plains, Missouri) (/wiki/International_Shoe_Company_Building_(West_Plains,_Missouri)) J Jung Shoe Manufacturing Company Factory (/wiki/Jung_Shoe_Manufacturing_Company_Factory) K Kimball Brothers Shoe Factory (/wiki/Kimball_Brothers_Shoe_Factory) L Landis Shoe Company Building (/wiki/Landis_Shoe_Company_Building) Leonard, Shaw & Dean Shoe Factory (/wiki/Leonard,_Shaw_%26_Dean_Shoe_Factory) R Roberts, Johnson and Rand-International Shoe Company Complex (/wiki/Roberts,_Johnson_and_Rand-International_Shoe_Company_Complex) S Smaltz Building (/wiki/Smaltz_Building) W West Brothers Knitting Company (/wiki/West_Brothers_Knitting_Company) Weyenberg Shoe Factory (/wiki/Weyenberg_Shoe_Factory) Wolff-Jung Company Shoe Factory (/wiki/Wolff-Jung_Company_Shoe_Factory) Woodbury Mill (/wiki/Woodbury_Mill) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_factories&oldid=938265760 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_factories&oldid=938265760) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Manufacturing plants (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_plants) Shoemaking (/wiki/Category:Shoemaking) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton Designer Daniella Issa Helayel Year 2010 Type Blue silk jersey Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Catherine_Middleton) wore a blue Issa dress during the photocall for her engagement to Prince William of Wales (/wiki/Prince_William_of_Wales) on 16 November 2010, at St. James's Palace (/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace) . The silk wrap dress matched her engagement ring (/wiki/Engagement_ring) , and sold out soon after its debut. It contributed to the start of "the Kate Middleton effect", Middleton's impact on the fashion industry, and sparked a trend in "little blue dresses". Background [ edit ] Brazilian-born London designer Daniella Issa Helayel had been producing form-fitting dresses under her eponymous (/wiki/Eponymous) Issa London label since 2001. [1] (#cite_note-huffpost-1) [2] (#cite_note-nytimes-issa-throne-2) [3] (#cite_note-vogue-soldout-3) [4] (#cite_note-vogue-elegance-4) In 2011, Issa was considered a "go-to" designer for fashionable London public figures, including Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice) , Princess Eugenie (/wiki/Princess_Eugenie) , Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) and Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) . [5] (#cite_note-dailybeast-5) [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) In the years leading up to her engagement, the Middleton sisters wore several of Issa's silk jersey dresses to public events and formal occasions. Middleton would often visit Helayel's studio, having pieces custom-fitted. [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) [7] (#cite_note-guardian2-7) [2] (#cite_note-nytimes-issa-throne-2) [8] (#cite_note-8) The dress had no name, and was known by the style number DJ157. [9] (#cite_note-vogueaus-9) Helayel stated that it was "the original Issa dress", based on a gown that belonged to her grandmother. [9] (#cite_note-vogueaus-9) Middleton purchased her engagement dress from the Issa concession at Fenwick's Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) store. [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) Design and Middleton's debut [ edit ] The engagement was announced in November 2010. The couple posed for the press at St. James's Palace (/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace) on November 16, where the piece was photographed. [10] (#cite_note-10) The dress is a sapphire, [a] (#cite_note-colour-13) tight fitting, long-sleeved, low-cut silk wrap dress with a gathered front, described as "one of Issa's classic silk jersey dresses". [11] (#cite_note-stylewatch-11) [13] (#cite_note-dailynews-14) [14] (#cite_note-stylewatch2-15) The deep blue colour of the gown complemented the shade of the engagement ring (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales%27s_jewels#Engagement_ring) , which had previously belonged to Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) . [11] (#cite_note-stylewatch-11) [12] (#cite_note-huffpost2-12) Middleton paired the wrap dress with her engagement ring, a set of sapphire cabochon (/wiki/Cabochon) earrings and a necklace, and black pumps (/wiki/Court_shoe) . [11] (#cite_note-stylewatch-11) [15] (#cite_note-16) Her fiancé, Prince William, wore a complementary navy suit with a burgundy tie. [16] (#cite_note-17) The event was Middleton's formal introduction to the press, and regarded as her "transition" from commoner into royal life before her marriage. [17] (#cite_note-18) [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) [18] (#cite_note-bazaar-19) Helayel told People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) that she was elated that Middleton had decided to wear her dress for the engagement announcement, stating she was thrilled with the engagement news and I'm very happy that she has chosen to wear Issa today... [s]he is a very pretty and lovely girl."' [11] (#cite_note-stylewatch-11) Reception and influence [ edit ] The dress, worth £385, sold out within hours of its debut in both the U.K (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and the U.S (/wiki/United_States) . [3] (#cite_note-vogue-soldout-3) [1] (#cite_note-huffpost-1) [19] (#cite_note-stylewatch-buydress-20) [13] (#cite_note-dailynews-14) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) wrote that the piece became an "overnight sensation" after photos of Middleton's engagement circulated worldwide. [20] (#cite_note-bvogue-21) In New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where the dress retails for about $615, a buyer for an Issa retailer stated "People are going crazy for this dress... We have a wait list growing by the day." [2] (#cite_note-nytimes-issa-throne-2) The high street (/wiki/High_street) "became awash with copies" of the gown. [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) Middleton's look was credited with increasing attention on Issa's designs during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in 2011. [7] (#cite_note-guardian2-7) A new tartan (/wiki/Tartan) was created by McCalls Highlandwear, named "Royal Pride", inspired by the dress. [21] (#cite_note-22) Several publications speculated that Issa was a contender to design Middleton's wedding gown. [22] (#cite_note-23) The dress's popularity helped boost sales by 45% for the Issa London label. [23] (#cite_note-CNN-24) As a result of unprecedented demand, Issa went "into administration" after having difficulty coping with the amount of orders, before relaunching in 2015 with House of Fraser (/wiki/House_of_Fraser) . The dress, named "The Kate Tie Wrap Dress", is now sold in various different colours, and retails for £99. [24] (#cite_note-25) Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazines)) referred to the dress as "iconic" and "unforgettable". [25] (#cite_note-26) StyleCaster (/wiki/StyleCaster) labelled it among the most iconic dresses of 2010. [26] (#cite_note-27) The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) opined that the design underscored Middleton's "youthful elegance". [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) The Guardian noted that Middleton had chosen a similar color to Diana's engagement outfit, with both dresses chosen to match the ring. [27] (#cite_note-28) After her engagement appearance, Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) reported that "the princess-to-be is already well on her way to becoming a serious trendsetter." [28] (#cite_note-29) Middleton was reported to have replaced Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) as the top online fashion search phrase. [7] (#cite_note-guardian2-7) The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) credited Middleton and Issa with an "aesthetic shift in British fashion" toward polished, "scrubbed-up", "attractive" trends, as opposed to previous grunge (/wiki/Grunge) fashion inspired by Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) . [5] (#cite_note-dailybeast-5) In 2019 The Telegraph wrote that the dress had been one of her "most memorable and significant fashion choices". [29] (#cite_note-30) The dress and its impact was described as the start of "the Kate effect", her reported impact on fashion and style. [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) [18] (#cite_note-bazaar-19) "Little Blue Dress" trend [ edit ] Middleton's blue dress sparked a trend in "little blue dresses," as a more colourful alternative to the famous little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) . According to Glamour contributing style editor Tracey Lomrantz, "Women saw (Middleton's iridescent Issa dress) and thought, 'I want to look like her.'" [30] (#cite_note-USAtoday-31) The colour, with hues ranging "from iris to cerulean, navy to indigo and everything between", was spotted across the runways and retailers after the engagement announcement. [31] (#cite_note-newstimes-32) Celebrities such as Tia Carrere (/wiki/Tia_Carrere) , Kristen Bell (/wiki/Kristen_Bell) , and Amy Smart (/wiki/Amy_Smart) were all spotted in shades of blue on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) during the Spring 2011 season. [31] (#cite_note-newstimes-32) See also [ edit ] Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Moss, Hilary (18 January 2011). "Kate Middleton's Engagement Dress Sold Out 'Almost Immediately' (PHOTOS)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/18/kate-middletons-engagemen_1_n_785380.html#s185574&title=Kate_and_Prince) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110720134028/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/18/kate-middletons-engagemen_1_n_785380.html#s185574&title=Kate_and_Prince) from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c La Ferla, Ruth (24 November 2010). "Is Issa in Line for Throne?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/fashion/25ROW.html) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010152/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/fashion/25ROW.html) from the original on 11 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Milligan, Lauren (18 November 2010). "Kate Middleton's Issa dress sells out" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110101070240/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101118-kate-middletons-issa-dress-sells-o.aspx) . British Vogue . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101118-kate-middletons-issa-dress-sells-o.aspx) on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue-elegance_4-0) Bumpus, Jessica (16 June 2008). "Daniella Issa Helyael brings elegance to the lives of women" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101119103848/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080616-issas-scarf-for-bold-.aspx) . British Vogue . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080616-issas-scarf-for-bold-.aspx) on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wilkinson, Isabelle (August 2011). "Kate Middleton's Favorite Fashion Brand, Issa, Bought by Camilla Al-Fayed" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/kate-middletons-favorite-fashion-brand-issa-bought-by-camilla-al-fayed) . The Daily Beast . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002334/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kate-middletons-favorite-fashion-brand-issa-bought-by-camilla-al-fayed) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lidbury, Olivia. "Tesco replica of Kate Middleton's 'engagement dress' sells out in an hour" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8154758/Tesco-replica-of-Kate-Middletons-engagement-dress-sells-out-in-an-hour.html) . The Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002336/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8154758/Tesco-replica-of-Kate-Middletons-engagement-dress-sells-out-in-an-hour.html) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fisher, Alice. "How royal bride Kate Middleton made Daniella Helayel's label Issa the star of London fashion week" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/13/issa-london-kate-middleton) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232751/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/13/issa-london-kate-middleton) from the original on 26 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dana, Rebecca (16 November 2010). "Kate Middleton's Classic Style: How to Dress Like a Princess" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/kate-middletons-classic-style-how-to-dress-like-a-princess) . The Daily Beast . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002333/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kate-middletons-classic-style-how-to-dress-like-a-princess) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gay, Danielle. "Is Kate Middleton's engagement dress responsible for the demise of this dressmaker?" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/is-kate-middletons-engagement-dress-responsible-for-the-demise-of-this-dressmaker/news-story/1cc29d3ac4b2373575bf0ab4ec6fcaab) . Vogue Australia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002334/https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/is-kate-middletons-engagement-dress-responsible-for-the-demise-of-this-dressmaker/news-story/1cc29d3ac4b2373575bf0ab4ec6fcaab) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Prince William, Kate Middleton Engaged" (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prince-william-kate-middleton-engaged/) . CBS News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027003621/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prince-william-kate-middleton-engaged/) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Kate Middleton's Royal Blue Issa Dress for a Royal Engagement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110322072438/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/17/kate-middletons-royal-blue-issa-dress-for-a-royal-engagement/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . 17 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/17/kate-middletons-royal-blue-issa-dress-for-a-royal-engagement/) on 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Moss, Hilary (16 January 2011). "Kate Middleton Engagement Ring: Diana's Former Ring Debuted By Future Princess (PHOTOS)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/16/kate-middleton-engagement-ring_n_784275.html#s183748) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110714061511/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/16/kate-middleton-engagement-ring_n_784275.html#s183748) from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Goldwert, Lindsay (18 November 2010). "Kate Middleton dress is sold out in London; Sapphire blue Issa London dress starts fashion craze" (http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-11-18/entertainment/27081696_1_dress-kate-middleton-kim-kardashian) . New York Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110303123028/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-11-18/entertainment/27081696_1_dress-kate-middleton-kim-kardashian) from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylewatch2_15-0) "Prince William Gives Kate Middleton Princess Diana's Engagement Ring" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094844/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/16/prince-william-gives-kate-middleton-diana%E2%80%99s-engagement-ring/) . People Magazine (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . 16 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/16/prince-william-gives-kate-middleton-diana%E2%80%99s-engagement-ring/) on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Long, Camila. "Crowning Kate" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/crowning-kate-bnjjt5tp9n5) . The Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027004751/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/crowning-kate-bnjjt5tp9n5) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Allaire, Christian (29 April 2020). "Kate Middleton and Prince William's 39 Most Memorable Style Moments" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/kate-middleton-prince-william-royal-couple-style-moments) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002335/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/kate-middleton-prince-william-royal-couple-style-moments) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Prince William To Wed Longtime Girlfriend" (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131365036) . NPR . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027003621/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131365036) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Burchfield, Rachel (24 February 2021). "This Will Mark Kate Middleton's 10th Year of Being a Duchess. Here's How She's Changed Royal Fashion Forever" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a35570887/kate-middleton-decade-modern-royal-style-book/) . Harper's Bazaar . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105141220/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a35570887/kate-middleton-decade-modern-royal-style-book/) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylewatch-buydress_20-0) "Buy Kate Middleton's Exact Issa Engagement Dress!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110805045522/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/29/buy-kate-middletons-exact-issa-engagement-dress/) . People . 29 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/11/29/buy-kate-middletons-exact-issa-engagement-dress/) on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-bvogue_21-0) Milligan, Laura (7 December 2011). "Want Kate's Dress?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/kate-middleton-issa-engagement-dress-selfridges) . British Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232751/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/kate-middleton-issa-engagement-dress-selfridges) from the original on 26 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Tartan honours Prince William and Kate Middleton" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-11875180) . BBC News . 30 November 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027004751/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-11875180) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Kate Middleton's Issa engagement dress is instant sell-out" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/kate-middleton-s-issa-engagement-dress-is-instant-sell-out-157080) . Marie Claire UK . 17 November 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002334/https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/kate-middleton-s-issa-engagement-dress-is-instant-sell-out-157080) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-CNN_24-0) dos Santos, Nina (27 May 2011). "Kate, queen of shops, boosts Britain's retailers" (http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/27/kate-the-queen-of-shops-boosts-bottom-line-for-britains-retailers/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110529011146/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/27/kate-the-queen-of-shops-boosts-bottom-line-for-britains-retailers/) from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Le Kerk, Amy (13 March 2018). "The Duchess of Cambridge's iconic engagement dress is now available in a rainbow of colours" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a19415254/kate-middleton-engagement-dress-issa/) . Harper's Bazaar . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232751/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a19415254/kate-middleton-engagement-dress-issa/) from the original on 26 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Weaver, Hilary. "Kate Middleton's Engagement Dress Is Back on the Market for a Steal at $175" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/08/kate-middleton-engagement-dress) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210924162631/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/08/kate-middleton-engagement-dress) from the original on 24 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "The Most Iconic Outfits Of 2010" (https://stylecaster.com/beauty/lady-gagas-iconic-meat-dress/) . StyleCaster . 20 December 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027003842/https://stylecaster.com/beauty/lady-gagas-iconic-meat-dress/) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Cartner-Morley, Jess (17 November 2010). "Royal engagement stylewatch" (https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/17/royal-engagement-style) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002333/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/17/royal-engagement-style) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Lormrantz Lester, Tracy (17 November 2010). "The Royal Fashion Effect? Kate Middleton's Issa Dress Sells Out In Minutes" (https://www.glamour.com/story/the-royal-fashion-effect-kate) . Glamour . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002334/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-royal-fashion-effect-kate) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Holt, Bethan (16 November 2019). "The story behind the Duchess of Cambridge's iconic engagement dress, 9 years on" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/royals/story-behind-duchess-cambridges-iconic-engagement-dress-9-years/) . The Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002333/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/royals/story-behind-duchess-cambridges-iconic-engagement-dress-9-years/) from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-USAtoday_31-0) "A trend in dresses comes out of the blue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110526171551/http://mediagallery.usatoday.com/A+trend+in+dresses+comes+out+of+the+blue/G2261?csp=lfmpg) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived from the original (http://mediagallery.usatoday.com/A+trend+in+dresses+comes+out+of+the+blue/G2261?csp=lfmpg) on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Little Blue Dresses" (http://www.newstimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/slideshow/Little-blue-dresses-14975.php) . The News-Times (/wiki/The_News-Times) . 19 May 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110618032430/http://www.newstimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/slideshow/Little-blue-dresses-14975.php) from the original on 18 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-colour_13-0) The dress has been described in colour as "sapphire" [3] (#cite_note-vogue-soldout-3) "navy", [11] (#cite_note-stylewatch-11) and "royal blue". [12] (#cite_note-huffpost2-12) v t e Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) ( 1982-01-09 ) 9 January 1982 (age 42) Titles and honours (/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay) Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Earl_of_Chester) Countess of Carrick (/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick) Countess of Strathearn (/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(title)) Lady Carrickfergus (/wiki/Baron_Carrickfergus) Family (/wiki/Family_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (husband) Prince George of Wales (/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales) (son) Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)) (daughter) Prince Louis of Wales (/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales) (son) Michael Middleton (/wiki/Michael_Middleton) (father) Carole Goldsmith (/wiki/Carole_Middleton) (mother) Philippa Matthews (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) (sister) James Middleton (/wiki/James_Middleton) (brother) Lupton family (/wiki/Lupton_family) (paternal ancestors) Events and charities Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) guests (/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) Overseas visits (/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_William,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) 2011 Canadian Tour (/wiki/2011_royal_tour_of_Canada) 2014 Australian and New Zealand Tour (/wiki/2014_royal_tour_of_Australia) The Royal Foundation (/wiki/The_Royal_Foundation) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Engagement dress Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Popular culture Portraits Portrait of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2013) Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2022) Publications Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020 (/wiki/Hold_Still:_A_Portrait_of_Our_Nation_in_2020) (2021) Film and television William & Kate: The Movie (/wiki/William_%26_Kate:_The_Movie) (2011) South Park: Royal Pudding (/wiki/Royal_Pudding) (2011) William & Catherine: A Royal Romance (/wiki/William_%26_Catherine:_A_Royal_Romance) (2011) The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; (/wiki/The_Windsors) play, 2021) (/wiki/The_Windsors:_Endgame) Spitting Image (/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)) (2020–21) The Prince (/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)) (2021) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2023) Animals Lupo (/wiki/Lupo_(dog)) Homes Nottingham Cottage (/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage) Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) Anmer Hall (/wiki/Anmer_Hall) Adelaide Cottage (/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐fzjgd Cached time: 20240712174327 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.517 seconds Real time usage: 0.613 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2301/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 89054/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1192/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 137264/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.349/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5588819/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 558.585 1 -total 50.31% 281.017 2 Template:Reflist 28.87% 161.288 14 Template:Cite_news 21.56% 120.411 1 Template:Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge 21.20% 118.447 2 Template:Navbox 13.05% 72.872 1 Template:Short_description 10.51% 58.702 12 Template:Cite_magazine 7.41% 41.392 2 Template:Pagetype 7.14% 39.860 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 6.77% 37.843 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32015415-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174327 and revision id 1221493484. 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Hanover Shoe Hanover Shoe Building (April 2004) Industry Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) Genre Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded December 26, 1899 ( 1899-12-26 ) Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Founder Harper Donelson Sheppard, C.N. Myers Area served United States (/wiki/United_States) Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoes) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Clarks (/wiki/C._%26_J._Clark) Hanover Shoe in Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania) , was once one of the largest and most successful shoe companies in York County, Pennsylvania (/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania) . History [ edit ] Harper Donelson Sheppard was born in Pitt County, North Carolina (/wiki/Pitt_County,_North_Carolina) , on October 9, 1868, the 13th of 15 children. Sheppard then entered into a financial partnership with C.N. Myers, and together they established the Hanover Shoe on December 26, 1899, with a common vision: sell the best shoes possible for one price, $2.50 a pair, and eliminate the middle-man by selling directly to the public. They opened their first store in York in June 1900; within fifteen years the Hanover Shoe Company had 61 stores from Indianapolis (/wiki/Indianapolis) to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-selectregistry.com-1) The two men were also responsible for financing or operating such ventures as the Hanover General Hospital, the Evening Sun , the public waterworks and two impounding dams, the local athletic field and the Hanover Shoe Farms (/wiki/Hanover_Shoe_Farms) , today the largest standardbred nursery in the world. [1] (#cite_note-selectregistry.com-1) In 1966, the Hanover Shoe Company opened a manufacturing facility in Franklin, West Virginia (/wiki/Franklin,_WV) & Marlinton, West Virginia, and contracted shoe orders for Bostonian and JC Penney (/wiki/JC_Penney) and made shoes for their own Hanover brand. In 1978, C&J Clark (/wiki/C%26J_Clark) purchased the Hanover Shoe Company and moved their North American headquarters to Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania) . The company moved all operations to West Virginia (/wiki/West_Virginia) in 1996 because of cheaper taxes. The original Hanover Shoe building on Carlisle Street in Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania) , was converted to residential apartments in 2001, after sitting abandoned since the 1970s. The power plant is now a museum for the Hanover Fire Department. [2] (#cite_note-2) A Hanover Shoe retailer remains in Hanover, Pennsylvania, but its shoes are manufactured outside of the United States. [3] (#cite_note-3) Horween Leather Company (/wiki/Horween_Leather_Company) in Chicago supplies leather shells for footwear to Hanover Shoe. [4] (#cite_note-horween1-4) [5] (#cite_note-encyclopedia1-5) [6] (#cite_note-chicagotribune2003-6) See also [ edit ] Hanover Shoe Farms (/wiki/Hanover_Shoe_Farms) Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "History from the Sheppard Mansion Bed & Breakfast" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090131163939/http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/340/cpid/382/custompage/bedandbreakfast.aspx) . Archived from the original (http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/340/cpid/382/custompage/bedandbreakfast.aspx) on 2009-01-31 . Retrieved 2010-01-09 . - http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/340/cpid/382/custompage/bedandbreakfast.aspx (http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/340/cpid/382/custompage/bedandbreakfast.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090131163939/http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/340/cpid/382/custompage/bedandbreakfast.aspx) 2009-01-31 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-2) [1] (http://hsc.thomas-industriesinc.com/HSC_History.htm) - http://hsc.thomas-industriesinc.com/HSC_History.htm (http://hsc.thomas-industriesinc.com/HSC_History.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-3) The Hanover Shoe Company - History (http://hsc.thomas-industriesinc.com/HSC_History.htm) . Accessed 29 January 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-horween1_4-0) "A Brief History « Horween Leather Company" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130204070405/http://horween.com/about/a-brief-history/) . Horween.com. Archived from the original (http://horween.com/about/a-brief-history/) on February 4, 2013 . Retrieved March 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-encyclopedia1_5-0) Horween Leather Company . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 26, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-chicagotribune2003_6-0) "Horween's leather bound by tradition" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-10-27/business/0310270217_1_bob-clevenhagen-rawlings-glove) . Chicago Tribune. October 27, 2003 . Retrieved March 27, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Hanover Shoe Company - a website dedicated to the Hanover Shoe (http://hsc.thomas-industriesinc.com) - History, past & present photos, timeline, & more. 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanover_Shoe&oldid=1106148922 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanover_Shoe&oldid=1106148922) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hanover, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Hanover,_Pennsylvania) Buildings and structures in York County, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_York_County,_Pennsylvania) Companies based in York County, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_York_County,_Pennsylvania) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) American companies established in 1899 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1899) 1899 establishments in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:1899_establishments_in_Pennsylvania) Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Pennsylvania) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata)
This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Todd_Shelton&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Todd+Shelton&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Todd+Shelton) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Todd_Shelton) for suggestions. ( December 2015 ) Todd Shelton is an American fashion brand (/wiki/Fashion_Brands) founded in 2002 by Tennessee native Todd Shelton. [1] (#cite_note-1) The brand's collections are manufactured within the company's New Jersey headquarters and sold exclusively online. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Todd Shelton factory and showroom are headquartered East Rutherford, New Jersey (/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Collections [ edit ] Todd Shelton designs and manufactures made-to-order jeans, shirts, pants and t-shirts for men. [4] (#cite_note-4) The company have a U.S. factory that offers e-commerce customers ways to personalize their button-down shirts or jeans with multiple-fit choices, such as straight or tapered leg, or the length of a sleeve, or shirttail. [5] (#cite_note-5) Manufacturing [ edit ] Todd Shelton is an American-Made Men's Clothing Brand. [6] (#cite_note-6) The brand's manufacturing puts a twist on online shopping. At the intersection of off-the-rack and bespoke tailoring. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Todd Shelton's company owns 55 sewing machines, a fusing machine and a handful of other specialty machines that help make their line of T-shirts, button-downs and jeans. The brand initially began by outsourcing, but in 2006, Todd Shelton moved all manufacturing to factories in the USA. [10] (#cite_note-10) Then, as Shelton grew increasingly frustrated by the supply chain and being dependent on manufacturer's timelines and frequent fickleness, he scaled things back and, in 2012, opened his own factory. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Designer hopes to make 'made in Jersey' a fashion statement" (https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/designer-hopes-to-make-made-in-jersey-a-fashion-statement/article_965ee804-1f22-5fbd-a836-c6e9f7d5e5e3.html) . PressofAtlanticCity.com . The Press of Atlantic City (/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City) . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "MADE TO MEASURE Online bespoke menswear has gone mainstream" (http://qz.com/368018/the-new-mens-bespoke-clothing-boom/) . QZ.com . Quartz (/wiki/Quartz_(publication)) . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Todd Shelton says bringing production back home has increased the quality of his luxury menswear" (http://www.njbiz.com/article/20150622/NJBIZ01/306229992/todd-shelton-says-bringing-production-back-home-has-increased-the-quality-of-his-luxury-menswear) . njbiz.com . NJBIZ . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Designer & Manufacturer" (http://alumnus.tennessee.edu/2015/09/designer-manufacturer/) . Tennessee Alumnus . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "East Rutherford company makes "Made in New Jersey" its fashion statement" (http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/n-j-fashion-statement-1.1332602) . Northjersey.com . North Jersey Media Group (/wiki/North_Jersey_Media_Group) . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "American Made Men's Clothing Brand" (http://smallbusiness.foxbusiness.com/entrepreneurs/2015/03/16/american-made-mens-clothing-brand/) . Foxbusiness.com . FOX (/wiki/FOXBusiness.com) . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A Glimpse Into The Future Of Bespoke Tailoring Inside Todd Shelton's Fit Kit factory" (http://www.thefader.com/2015/03/06/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-bespoke) . TheFader.com . The Fader (/wiki/The_Fader) . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Men's designer Todd Shelton a custom fit in N.J. fashion scene" (http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/02/todd_shelton_clothing_company_east_rutherford_nj_f.html) . NJ.com (/wiki/NJ.com) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Online bespoke menswear has gone mainstream" (http://qz.com/368018/the-new-mens-bespoke-clothing-boom/) . Qz.com . Quartz (/wiki/Quartz_(publication)) . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Made in America: The short list" (http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/13/living/made-in-america/) . CNN.com . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://toddshelton.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐vc89p Cached time: 20240701015924 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.225 seconds Real time usage: 0.346 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 560/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22116/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1236/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37900/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.153/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4098563/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 325.461 1 -total 53.05% 172.653 1 Template:Reflist 45.94% 149.530 10 Template:Cite_web 27.27% 88.752 1 Template:Orphan 22.21% 72.296 1 Template:Draft_other 21.56% 70.154 1 Template:Ambox 18.26% 59.444 1 Template:Official_website 0.62% 2.032 2 Template:Main_other 0.57% 1.855 1 Template:Monthyear-1 0.48% 1.576 1 Template:Monthyear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47980173-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701015924 and revision id 1178487394. 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Chinese combs A fine fan shaped ivory comb with red, gold and black hand-painted decoration, gifted to Lady MacDonald in 1898 AD at Peking by the Dowager Empress, Cixi (/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi) . Shubi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梳篦 ), also called as zhi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 栉 ), is a generic term used for Chinese combs (/wiki/Comb) in China (/wiki/China) , which includes thick-teeth comb shu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梳 ) and thin-teeth comb bi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 篦 ). [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:5-2) [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) Shubi originated about 6000 years ago in China during the late Neolithic period (/wiki/Neolithic) . [4] (#cite_note-:7-4) [5] (#cite_note-:10-5) Some Chinese combs dating from the Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) were found in the Tomb of Fuhao (/wiki/Fu_Hao) . [6] (#cite_note-:8-6) In ancient China (/wiki/China) , Chinese combs had a high special status, a high artistic value, was an important form of hair ornament in Chinese history. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) [4] (#cite_note-:7-4) Chinese comb also had and continues to hold unique cultural meaning and emotional value. [8] (#cite_note-8) Chinese combs in China were not used only for grooming purposes, they were also used holding and decorating hair. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [4] (#cite_note-:7-4) Both Chinese men and women wore decorative combs in their hair in ancient China. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) Chinese women often wore combs and fine-tooth combs in their hair buns. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) Chinese comb-making was also an important form of traditional Chinese art (/wiki/Chinese_art) and business industry. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) Terminology [ edit ] The term shubi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梳篦 ) also includes to two types of combs: shu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梳 ; also lit. translated as comb (/wiki/Comb) , and sometimes also refer to coarse and thick-teeth comb) and bi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 篦 ; a type of fine-tooth comb). [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:5-2) [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) The term shubi also refers to a form of hairstyle in ancient China. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The usage of the term zhi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 栉 ) has relatively unstable. The use of the term zhi to refer both types of combs; i.e. thick-tooth combs and fine-teeth combs were only found in the pre- Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) literature. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) However, the term zhi was partly changed by the word shu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梳 ) to refer to thick-tooth comb in the Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and Tang dynasties (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) The term zhi was partly changed again by the word bi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 篦 ) to only refer to thin-tooth combs after the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) Origin [ edit ] Invention of comb [ edit ] According to a legend, the Chinese comb was invented by one of the concubine of the Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) , called Fang Leishi (/wiki/Feng_Leishi) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 方雷氏 ). [10] (#cite_note-10) Invention of Bi [ edit ] The invention of bi, the fine-tooth comb, is attributed to a Spring and Autumn period (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) official called Chen Qizi who was put into prison after being found guilty. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In prison, Chen Qizi developed lice on his head which made him itched intolerably. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After being tortured by the prison wardens with bamboo planks, Chen Qizi discovered that the bamboo planks would be split into strips; he then packed these wooden strips together to create the original fine-toothed comb to clean his hair away from lice and dirt. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Foundation of Comb trade [ edit ] According to a legend, after the defeat of Chiyou (/wiki/Chiyou) , the craftsman Hao Lian, who knew how to make combs, was captured, imprisoned and given the death sentence. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The prison warden (/wiki/Prison_warden) , Huang Fu, discovered that Hao Lian could make combs and advised him to make a comb to save his life overnight. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The comb made by Hao Lian was presented to the Queen Luo Zu (/wiki/Leizu) , but Hao Lian was already executed before an amnesty could be issued. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After Hao Lian's death, Emperor Xuan Yuan (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) appointed Huang Fu to lead other craftsmen in comb-making based on the models left behind by Hao Lian. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Since this time, Hao Lian and Huang Fu have been both considered as the founders of comb trade. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Connotation and significance [ edit ] Symbolism [ edit ] Wedding dowry [ edit ] Chinese combs were also an essential component of dowry in ancient China; they are also a symbolism of a happy life. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Pre-wedding ceremony [ edit ] Prenuptial hair-combing ceremony, also known as shang tou (/w/index.php?title=Shang_tou&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 上头 ), is a traditional Cantonese Chinese (/wiki/Cantonese) ritual which takes place on the eve of the wedding by the couples. [12] (#cite_note-:9-12) It is held at a time which is considered auspicious at the homes of groom and bride respectively to symbolize a rite of passage (/wiki/Rite_of_passage) . [12] (#cite_note-:9-12) This practice is still performed in some ethnic groups in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) . [12] (#cite_note-:9-12) It is believed to have been introduced in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) by the Cantonese (/wiki/Cantonese) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Taboo [ edit ] Combs in some Chinese nationalities are considered a kind of taboo; for example, for the Tibetans, combs must be hidden in private places, people who wore combs in their hair were perceived as being impolite. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Item of special status [ edit ] Gift to other leaders [ edit ] In the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , Emperor Wendi gave combs to the leader of the Xiongnu, Maodun (/wiki/Modun_Chanyu) . [6] (#cite_note-:8-6) Special rights of business [ edit ] Chinese comb-making was an important form of business industry in ancient China. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) People who were in the business of the selling or the making of combs in China enjoyed special rights in both ancient and modern Chinese industry. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Royal status objects [ edit ] Some combs, such as the Changzhou combs (/wiki/Changzhou_combs) , could only be used by members of royalty in ancient China. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Nowadays, although the Changzhou combs are commonly used in everyday life, this form of Chinese combs are still considered as national and traditional treasures in China. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The city of Changzhou (/wiki/Changzhou) holds a large comb-making business which started operating in the fifth century AD and continues to produce hand-made Chinese combs made of wood; they are now operating as the "Palace Comb Factory" or the "Changzhou Combs Factory". [14] (#cite_note-14) Medical beliefs and practice [ edit ] In Traditional Chinese medicine (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) , hair combing is perceived as an efficient means to remain healthy. [4] (#cite_note-:7-4) In ancient China, Chinese people used shubi to maintain their health due to the doctors' belief that every day hair combing was an important need in traditional medicine. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) Hair combing is still used for massaging the head to keep one's healthy is still used in modern times China. [4] (#cite_note-:7-4) Influences [ edit ] Japan [ edit ] Ornamental Japanese comb, Edo (/wiki/Edo_period) or Taisho (/wiki/Taish%C5%8D) period. Japanese combs, kushi , started to be used by Japanese people (/wiki/Japanese_people) 6000 years ago in the Jomon era (/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period) . [5] (#cite_note-:10-5) Chinese combs were introduced in Japan (/wiki/Japan) along with the introduction of Chinese culture (/wiki/Chinese_culture) during the Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) . [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) During this period, the Chinese combs which were introduced in Japan were horizontal in shape. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) The design of the Chinese comb introduced in Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) was different from stick-shaped hair prongs that had been used by the Japanese before. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) In Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) , the Japanese combs, along with Japanese clothes and ornaments, were all influenced by the Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [5] (#cite_note-:10-5) Some combs continued to be imported from China (/wiki/China) even in the later centuries, i.e. in the 18th or 19th century AD. [16] (#cite_note-16) Gallery [ edit ] Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) comb. Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) comb. Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) comb. Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) jade comb Changzhou comb (/wiki/Changzhou_comb) , double-edged fine-toot comb. Western Han (/wiki/Han_dynasty) Jade Comb Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) or Liao dynasty (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) silver comb. [17] (#cite_note-17) Similar or related items [ edit ] Changzhou comb (/wiki/Changzhou_comb) Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) See also [ edit ] Buyao (/wiki/Buyao) Chinese hairpin (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) List of Hanfu headwear (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Chinese Shubi [page 1]" (http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/22/content_74068.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Culture insider: Prettiest Chinese combs[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2014-06/03/content_17555052.htm#:~:text=Combs%20also%20mean%20%22smooth%20and,(fine-toothed%20comb).) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Study on the Diachronic Substitution of Shu(梳),Bi(篦)and Zhi(栉)--《Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University》2009年04期" (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HNDB200904017.htm) . en.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Tradition of China - Hair Ornament Culture \| ChinaFetching" (https://www.chinafetching.com/tradition-of-china-hair-ornament) . ChinaFetching.com . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zhang, Linyi (2019). "Comparison of aesthetic styles of decorative combs in Japan and China" (http://ojslib3.buu.in.th/index.php/art/article/view/5167) . วารสารศิลปกรรมบูรพา . 20 (1): 374–384. ^ Jump up to: a b Higham, Charles (2004). Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . New York: Facts On File. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4381-0996-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 241301550 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/241301550) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chinese Shubi [page 3]" (http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/22/content_74068_3.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Agreeable and Comfortable—On Various Styles of Combs in Ancient and Modern Times--《Journal of Jilin College of the Arts》2007年06期" (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-JLYY200706009.htm) . en.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 80. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33145-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 61169697 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61169697) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Yellow Emperor" (http://en.chinaculture.org/2014-12/30/content_589822.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Chinese Shubi [page 4]" (http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/22/content_74068_4.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chinese weddings \| Infopedia" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1747_2010-12-30.html) . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Cantonese community \| Infopedia" (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1491_2009-03-25.html?s=Bugis%20community) . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . Retrieved 2021-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 87. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33145-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 61169697 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61169697) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33145-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 61169697 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61169697) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Asian material culture . Marianne Hulsbosch, Elizabeth Bedford, Martha Chaiklin. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2009. pp. 52–53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-485-0817-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 476297150 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476297150) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) "comb \| British Museum" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1938-0524-284) . The British Museum . 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Indian model, dancer and actor (born 1980) Farhad Shahnawaz Born ( 1980-09-28 ) 28 September 1980 (age 43) Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) , Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh) , India Nationality Indian Occupation(s) Actor, Model Farhad Shahnawaz (born 28 September 1980) is an Indian model, [1] (#cite_note-1) dancer and actor. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) He is known for playing the role of Rammy in Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki (/wiki/Sanskaar_-_Dharohar_Apnon_Ki) , an Indian soap opera (/wiki/Indian_soap_opera) that aired on Colors TV (/wiki/Colors_TV) . As a dancer, Farhad was the winner of Boogie Woogie (TV series) (/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_(Indian_TV_series)) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Early life [ edit ] Farhad Shahnawaz was born on 28 September 1980. His father was in the merchant navy (/wiki/Merchant_navy) . [5] (#cite_note-5) He is the youngest of three siblings. Career [ edit ] He has walked the ramp for Lakme Fashion Week from 2004 to 2009. He was the "Show stopper" for Sabyasachi Mukherjee (/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mukherjee) in Lakme Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) in 2008. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) He has worked with the leading fashion designers of India including Manish Malhotra (/wiki/Manish_Malhotra) , Rocky S. (/w/index.php?title=Rocky_S.&action=edit&redlink=1) , Asmita Marwa (/wiki/Asmita_Marwa) , Rohit Bal (/wiki/Rohit_Bal) , Sabyasachi Mukherjee (/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mukherjee) , JJ Valaya (/wiki/JJ_Valaya) , Wendell Rodricks (/wiki/Wendell_Rodricks) , Narendra Kumar, Raghavendra Rathore (/wiki/Raghavendra_Rathore) , Vikram Phadnis (/wiki/Vikram_Phadnis) , Arjun Khanna (/w/index.php?title=Arjun_Khanna&action=edit&redlink=1) , Dev & Neil (/w/index.php?title=Dev_%26_Neil&action=edit&redlink=1) and Muzafar Ali (/w/index.php?title=Muzafar_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1) . [8] (#cite_note-8) He was the brand ambassador for Kalaniketan (/w/index.php?title=Kalaniketan&action=edit&redlink=1) , Nokia (/wiki/Nokia) Champions starring Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) and was the face of 'Chi Man' in the United States to name a few. [9] (#cite_note-9) As a dancer, Farhad Shahnawaz was the winner of Boogie Woogie (TV series) (/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_(Indian_TV_series)) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) He acts in Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki (/wiki/Sanskaar_-_Dharohar_Apnon_Ki) , where he plays the role of Rammy. He made his Telugu cinema (/wiki/Telugu_cinema) debut with the film Relax , which was released in March 2005. [10] (#cite_note-10) His next movie, Style (/wiki/Style_(2006_film)) , was released in January 2006, where he played the role of a dance instructor. [ citation needed ] He is currently acting in a movie called Rey (/wiki/Rey_(film)) , [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) being directed and produced by Y. V. S. Chowdary (/wiki/Y._V._S._Chowdary) , which is due for release in 2014. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Vijay kumar, Renuka (21 June 2006). "Fashion all the Way" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111121034347/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/21/stories/2006062100930100.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Chennai. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/21/stories/2006062100930100.htm) on 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "New villain in Tollywood" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150101/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-villain-tollywood) . Deccan Chronicle . 10 January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rey-movie-review-by-viewers-live-update-627392) 'Rey' Movie Review by Viewers" (http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rey-movie-review-by-viewers-live-update-627392) . International Business Times . 27 March 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Bora, Prabalika (7 August 2013). "On song and dance" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-song-and-dance/article4996749.ece) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Chennai. NXg . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Style bhai!" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Style-bhai-/articleshow/3628287.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Vali, Aishan (23 September 2010). "The Winning Look" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-nxg/the-winning-look/article777899.ece) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Chennai. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Modelling is not forever" (http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/20/slide-show-1-lakme-fashion-week-model-hrishant-goswami-farhad-shahnawaz.htm#1) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . 20 September 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (18 October 2008). "Pottrait of a Model" (https://archive.today/20140304222537/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/18/stories/2008101854031000.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Chennai. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/18/stories/2008101854031000.htm) on 4 March 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Farhad Shahnawaz" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180315064056/http://www.explosivefashion.in/indian-models/farhad-shahnawaz.html/) . Explosive Fashion . Archived from the original (http://www.explosivefashion.in/indian-models/farhad-shahnawaz.html/) on 15 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Anuradha (1 March 2005). "Relax : A Very Hatke Movie!" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/01relax.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pillay, Deepika (15 July 2013). "Model Farhad makes a comeback in Tollywood" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Model-Farhad-makes-a-comeback-in-Tollywood/articleshow/21084547.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Chiranjeevi's nephew, Teja to debut in Telugu movie 'REY' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140616221057/http://www.gizmocrave.com/34359-chiranjeevis-nephew-teja-to-debut-in-telugu-movie-rey/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140616221057/http://www.gizmocrave.com/34359-chiranjeevis-nephew-teja-to-debut-in-telugu-movie-rey/) . Gizmo Crave . 14 June 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.gizmocrave.com/34359-chiranjeevis-nephew-teja-to-debut-in-telugu-movie-rey/) on 16 June 2014. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2007%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) 2007 Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) is an annual fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) sponsored by Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , a brand of lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) , such as current Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angel) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) , Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) , Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) , Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) , and Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) . The 12th fashion show featured some of the new Angels and also the returning Angels. There were special performances by will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) , Seal (/wiki/Seal_(musician)) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , and the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) , and the show was hosted by Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) . Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers (millions) Host Performers Previous Next November 16, 2007 (recorded), December 4, 2007 (aired) Kodak Theatre (/wiki/Kodak_Theatre) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) CBS 7.4 Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) , Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) , Seal (/wiki/Seal_(musician)) and Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2008 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) Fashion show segments [ edit ] Segment 1: Blade Runner [ edit ] Performer Song Status will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) " I Got It From My Mama (/wiki/I_Got_It_From_My_Mama) " Live Performance Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Shows Notes Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999-2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010-2018 2 Angel (2000-2018) Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000-2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010 3 Angel (2002-2009) German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) W 2005-2011 Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Hana Soukupová (/wiki/Hana_Soukupov%C3%A1) 2006-2007 French (/wiki/French_people) Noémie Lenoir (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lenoir) W 2007-2008 Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007-2010 • 2012 • 2014 Comeback Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005-2010 3 Angel (2005-2008) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000-2003 • 2005-2017 2 Angel (2004-2017) German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999-2010) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) W 2005-2016 3 Angel (2005-2008) Segment 2: Age Of Elegance [ edit ] Performer Song Status Cass Fox (/wiki/Cass_Fox) " Touch Me (/wiki/Touch_Me_(Rui_da_Silva_song)#Cassandra_Fox's_version) " Remixed Recording Finger Eleven (/wiki/Finger_Eleven) " Paralyzer (/wiki/Paralyzer) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Shows Notes Slovak (/wiki/Slovaks) Michaela Kocianova 2007 Newcomer French (/wiki/French_people) Morgane Dubled (/wiki/Morgane_Dubled) 2005–2008 Latvian (/wiki/Latvians) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) 2005 • 2007-2008 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Flávia de Oliveira (/wiki/Fl%C3%A1via_de_Oliveira) 2006-2008 • 2010-2011 Montenegrin (/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro) Marija Vujović (/wiki/Marija_Vujovi%C4%87) W 2005 • 2007 Comebacks Russian (/wiki/Russians) Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) 2002-2003 • 2005 • 2007 Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) 2005-2011 Americans (/wiki/Americans) Erin Wasson (/wiki/Erin_Wasson) 2007 Newcomer Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) 2000 • 2003 • 2005-2008 Belgian (/wiki/Belgians) Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) W 2006-2007 Segment 3: Think Pink [ edit ] Artist Song Status The Vines (/wiki/The_Vines_(band)) " Get Free (/wiki/Get_Free_(The_Vines_song)) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Show(s) Notes Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006-2009 • 2011-2012 3 Angel (2007-2013) • P Spokesmodel (2006-2009) South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2007-2015 • 2017-2018 Newcomer Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2007-2015 • 2018 Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) Andi Muise (/w/index.php?title=Andi_Muise&action=edit&redlink=1) W 2005-2007 American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) 2007-2014 Newcomer British (/wiki/British_people) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) 2006-2010 American (/wiki/Americans) Katie Wile 2007 PINK Model Hunt Winner • Newcomer Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) W 2006-2007 • 2010 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Flávia de Oliveira (/wiki/Fl%C3%A1via_de_Oliveira) 2006-2008 • 2010-2011 Segment 4: Rome Antique [ edit ] Artist Song Status Eurythmics (/wiki/Eurythmics) " Who’s That Girl (/wiki/Who%27s_That_Girl%3F_(Eurythmics_song)) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Show(s) Notes Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000–2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010 3 Angel (2005-2009) French (/wiki/French_people) Noémie Lenoir (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lenoir) 2007-2008 Newcomer German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) 2005-2011 Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Hana Soukupová (/wiki/Hana_Soukupov%C3%A1) W 2006-2007 Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_people) Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) 2000 • 2002-2003 • 2005-2007 Russian (/wiki/Russians) Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) 2002-2003 • 2005 • 2007 Comeback Americans (/wiki/Americans) Erin Wasson (/wiki/Erin_Wasson) 2007 Newcomer Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007-2009 3 Angel (2007-2009) • Newcomer Belgian (/wiki/Belgian_people) Élise Crombez (/wiki/%C3%89lise_Crombez) 2006-2007 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) W 2000-2003 • 2005-2017 2 Angel (2004-2017) Segment 5: Sureally Sexy [ edit ] Artist Song Status Apollo 440 (/wiki/Apollo_440) " Stop the Rock (/wiki/Stop_the_Rock) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Show(s) Notes American (/wiki/American_people) Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) W 2000 • 2003 • 2005-2008 Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005-2010 3 Angel (2005-2008) French (/wiki/French_people) Morgane Dubled (/wiki/Morgane_Dubled) 2005-2008 Montenegrin (/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro) Marija Vujović (/wiki/Marija_Vujovi%C4%87) 2005 • 2007 Comeback Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005-2016 3 Angel (2005-2008 American (/wiki/American_people) Jessica White (/wiki/Jessica_White) 2007 Newcomer German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999-2010) • Comeback Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007-2010 • 2012 • 2014 Comeback Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) W 1999–2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000-2018) Segment 6: Deck the Halls [ edit ] Artist Song Status Seal (/wiki/Seal_(musician)) " Amazing (/wiki/Amazing_(Seal_song)) ( Thin White Duke (/wiki/Stuart_Price) Edit)" Live Performance Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway Show(s) Notes Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005-2010 3 Angel (2005-2008) Wearing "Holiday Fantasy Bra" (Value: $ 4,500,000) Latvian (/wiki/Latvian_people) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) 2005 • 2007-2008 Comeback Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006-2009 • 2011-2012 3 Angel (2007-2013) • P Spokesmodel (2006-2009) Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) W 2000–2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010 3 Angel (2005-2009) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005-2016 3 Angel (2005-2008) American (/wiki/American_people) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007-2009 3 Angel (2007-2009) • Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000-2003 • 2005-2017 2 Angel (2004-2017) Slovak (/wiki/Slovaks) Michaela Kocianova 2007 Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007-2010 • 2012 • 2014 Comeback German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) 2005-2011 Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) 2006-2007 • 2010 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005-2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000-2018) German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) W 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999-2010) Finale [ edit ] Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) led the finale and models of only last section walked the finale , rest were displayed on giant rotating Christmas tree . Index [ edit ] Symbol Meaning 1 1st Generation Angels 2 2nd Generation Angels 3 3rd Generation Angels P PINK Spokesmodel W Wings External links [ edit ] VSFS 2007 Gallery (http://vsholic.com/gallery/2007/) The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pZzdyIzgQ0/) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) v t e Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2001 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003) 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2007 2008 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4rj5x Cached time: 20240712182055 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.359 seconds Real time usage: 0.468 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10485/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 80140/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14764/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11038/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.127/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2297673/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 334.242 1 -total 46.51% 155.452 65 Template:Flagicon 22.11% 73.908 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Shows 21.51% 71.898 1 Template:Navbox 21.43% 71.637 1 Template:Refimprove 17.26% 57.695 1 Template:Ambox 6.05% 20.234 65 Template:Flag_icon/core 4.71% 15.744 65 Template:Yesno-no 3.91% 13.079 1 Template:Multiple_image 3.55% 11.865 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39228016-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182055 and revision id 1216005583. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐79cbf896bd‐2k4zp Cached time: 20240706081100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22063171-0!canonical and timestamp 20240706081100 and revision id 940669954. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Costume in the French Revolution" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Carmagnole (/wiki/Carmagnole) P The Phryges (/wiki/The_Phryges) Phrygian cap (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Costume_in_the_French_Revolution&oldid=940669954 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Costume_in_the_French_Revolution&oldid=940669954) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1780s fashion (/wiki/Category:1780s_fashion) 1790s fashion (/wiki/Category:1790s_fashion) 18th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) Culture of the French Revolution (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_French_Revolution) Clothing in politics (/wiki/Category:Clothing_in_politics)
Type of dress Backless dress, 2014 A backless dress is a style of women's clothing (/wiki/Clothing) designed to expose the wearer's back (/wiki/Human_back) . The back may be either partially exposed with a low cut or fully exposed with the use of strings. A backless dress (/wiki/Dress) is most commonly worn on formal occasions or as evening wear (/wiki/Evening_gown) or as wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) and can be of any length, from a miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) -length to floor-length. Other backless styles include backless swimsuits (/wiki/Swimsuit) and tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) , such as a halter top (/wiki/Halter_top) . Evolution [ edit ] Early backless dress worn by Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) , mid-1920s Backless dresses first appeared in the 1920s. [1] (#cite_note-1) In the 1930s, the style became associated with the sun tanning (/wiki/Sun_tanning) fashions of the time, and the backless dress was a way of showing off a tan, usually without tan lines. The wearer usually had to be slim to be able to pull off the effect. [2] (#cite_note-2) In December 1937, the actress Micheline Patton (/wiki/Micheline_Patton) was controversially filmed from behind while wearing a backless dress in the final episode of the early BBC (/wiki/BBC) fashion documentary Clothes-Line (/wiki/Clothes-Line) . [3] (#cite_note-taylor2-3) The illusion of nudity led to outraged viewers writing in to complain, and Pearl Binder (/wiki/Pearl_Binder) , who co-presented the show, quipped, "Grandmamma looks back but Micheline has no back to be seen." [3] (#cite_note-taylor2-3) Styles [ edit ] A Latin dancer in a dress with low-cut back A backless dress can be held up in a number of ways. The most common is by a single piece of cloth or strap which passes behind the wearer's neck (/wiki/Neck) , halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) -style. [4] (#cite_note-4) The neck strap can itself be covered by the wearer's hair (/wiki/Hair) , leaving the impression from behind that nothing is holding the dress up. Alternatively, the dress may be held up by short sleeves or by a single or two spaghetti straps (/wiki/Spaghetti_strap) , which hold the dress up at the shoulders (/wiki/Shoulder) . A stick-on dress (/w/index.php?title=Stick-on_dress&action=edit&redlink=1) is another way that a dress can be held up. [5] (#cite_note-5) Choli [ edit ] Main article: Choli (/wiki/Choli) The backless style is also found in the choli (/wiki/Choli) , the blouse worn by Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) women along with saris (/wiki/Sari) and ghagras (/wiki/Ghagra) . The back is either "partially exposed" with a low cut or "fully exposed" by use of strings. [6] (#cite_note-ch-6) The backless styles were created mainly due to the influence of Western fashion. [7] (#cite_note-chk-7) It was made popular by Madhuri Dixit (/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit) when she wore it and appeared in the Dhak Dhak song. [8] (#cite_note-md-8) "The drape and the blouse make the saree a sexy ensemble, and my blouses are always low back because I love the peep of the skin against so much fabric", as stated by Indian actress Vidya Balan (/wiki/Vidya_Balan) . [9] (#cite_note-str-9) Breast support [ edit ] Breast support may be an issue for many women when wearing a backless dress, but nevertheless most women choosing this style of top prefer to go braless. Bra designs (/wiki/List_of_brassiere_designs) are available that offer breast support with backless dresses. Some bra designs use convertible styles, adhesive bras, underwire and strapless bras. See also [ edit ] Halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "A Guide On Backless Wedding Dresses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110624234348/http://www.backlessweddingdresses.org/) . Backless Wedding Dresses . 9 May 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.backlessweddingdresses.org/) on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Weston Thomas, Pauline. "1930s Fashion History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110413094113/http://fashion-era.com/stylish_thirties.htm) . Fashion-Era.com . Archived from the original (http://www.fashion-era.com/stylish_thirties.htm) on 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . ^ a b Taylor, Lou, Establishing Dress History (//archive.org/details/establishingdres0000tayl) , chapter 2 (Manchester 2002) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7190-6639-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6639-5) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Starpulse.com: AnnaLynne McCord (/wiki/AnnaLynne_McCord) wearing a backless dress (https://web.archive.org/web/20121204160623/http://www.starpulse.com/news/media/AnnaLynne-McCord-backless-1.jpg) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Olivia Wilde (/wiki/Olivia_Wilde) used nude netting dress at the Emmy Awards: Front view (http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EZHn9YzGKL0/Srf2XYbIrOI/AAAAAAAAAfY/OBDyEnxxToo/s320/olivia-wilde-emmy-awards-2009.jpg) and back view (http://www.stylebyme.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/olivia_wilde_arri3.jpg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120326011217/http://www.stylebyme.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/olivia_wilde_arri3.jpg) 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-ch_6-0) Dhanwanti Keshavrao (8 October 2005). "Dressed for dandiya" (http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051008/saturday/main4.htm) . The Tribune . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-chk_7-0) * "Choli check" (https://archive.today/20130103093143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/trends/28274999_1_choli-sari-blouse) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 21 July 2010. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/trends/28274999_1_choli-sari-blouse) on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Sandhya Iyer (4 November 2002). "Fusion saris" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Fusion-saris/articleshow/27174532.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-md_8-0) "Choli ke peeche kya hai!" (https://archive.today/20130103160116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-15/trends/28296548_1_indian-woman-blouse-ke-peeche-kya-hai) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 15 June 2010. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-15/trends/28296548_1_indian-woman-blouse-ke-peeche-kya-hai) on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-str_9-0) Nimisha Tiwari (19 June 2011). "The choli lowdown!" (https://archive.today/20130103172821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/trends/29493005_1_choli-saree-blouse) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/trends/29493005_1_choli-saree-blouse) on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backless_dress&oldid=1235923217 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backless_dress&oldid=1235923217) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st-century fashion (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Human back (/wiki/Category:Human_back) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2018) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Statue of the child Amenmes, depicted naked with the sidelock of youth. 1480-1390 b.C., New Kingdom (/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) . Museo Egizio (/wiki/Museo_Egizio) , Turin. Rameses II (/wiki/Rameses_II) represented as a child with his sidelock The sidelock of youth (also called a Horus lock, Prince's lock , Princess' lock , lock of childhood or side braid ) was an identifying characteristic of the child (/wiki/Child) in Ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) . It symbolically indicates that the wearer is a legitimate heir of Osiris (/wiki/Osiris) . The sidelock was used as a divine attribute from at least as early as the Old Kingdom (/wiki/Old_Kingdom) . In earlier depictions, the sidelock can be seen with short hat-like hairstyles in, for example, mortuary cults (/wiki/Mortuary_cult) . Later it was usually attached to an almost shoulder-length wig, which was worn in three styles: curled, straight, or in tresses. Based on the connection between sidelocks and children, Egyptologists (/wiki/Egyptology) coined the term "sidelock of youth". They are worn by both mortal and divine children. [1] (#cite_note-1) Forms [ edit ] The name "sidelock of youth" is not entirely accurate, since it is usually a braid (/wiki/Braid) rather than a lock, with its end twisted into a spiral. In Middle Kingdom (/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) depictions, the end is rolled to the front. [2] (#cite_note-2) The sidelock was generally worn on the right. In reliefs (/wiki/Relief) it can be depicted on the left or the right, since otherwise the lock would not be visible on a figure in profile facing left. A strand of hair was separated off from the side of the skull, itself further separated into three individual braids. The braided portion was held in place by a clasp at its point of origin. Thereafter there were several different possibilities, such as the triple braided sidelock, whose three strands converged in a spiral. Only in a few cases was it gathered with a clasp at its point of origin and ended with a spiral but left as a loose lock of hair in between. Further types of divine sidelock are also known. The Horus (/wiki/Horus) lock, like the sidelock, was braided from three strands of hair, which seem to terminate in a claw-like shape and are connected with the goddess Mafdet (/wiki/Mafdet) in Egyptian mythology (/wiki/Egyptian_mythology) . Mythological significance [ edit ] Neferubity (/wiki/Nefrubity) (sister of Hatshepsut (/wiki/Hatshepsut) ) as a child with the sidelock of youth The sidelock of youth was used by the children of the pharaohs, not only to show them to be children, but also to indicate their connection to the youthful Horus (/wiki/Horus) . Like them, the young Horus had worn the sidelock as the heir apparent of his father Osiris (/wiki/Osiris) . In accordance with the mythological precedent, the children of the king, as his designated heirs, received the Horus lock as an indication of the special duties that were bound up with that status. In iconography, royal children were depicted naked and sucking on their finger, with their heads shaved entirely bald except for the sidelock. Amenhotep I (/wiki/Amenhotep_I) , as well as Thutmoses III (/wiki/Thutmoses_III) , reused the special form of the Middle Kingdom, which is connected with their revival of the imagery of the Middle Kingdom more generally. Again in the Late Period (/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt) , the Middle Kingdom depiction of the sidelock was revived. With the beginning of the New Kingdom (/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) , the lock of youth achieved central significance as a special symbol of the princes and princesses of the 18th Dynasty (/wiki/18th_Dynasty) . Particularly notable is the connection of the lock of youth with princesses, who as children of the reigning king were also seen as probable heirs and therefore were also depicted with the Horus lock. See also [ edit ] Payot (/wiki/Payot) Bibliography [ edit ] Erika Feucht. Das Kind im Alten Ägypten - Die Stellung des Kindes in Familie und Gesellschaft nach altägyptischen Texten und Darstellungen . Campus, Frankfurt/Main 1995, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-593-35277-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-35277-X) . Victorine von Gonzenbach. Untersuchungen zu den Knabenweihen im Isiskult der römischen Kaiserzeit. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1957. Rolf Gundlach, Matthias Rochholz. Ägyptische Tempel . Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1994, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-8067-8131-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8067-8131-1) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sylvia Schoske, Dietrich Wildung (/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Wildung&action=edit&redlink=1) . Gott und Götter im Alten Ägypten . von Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-8053-1420-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1420-5) , No. 85. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Rolf Gundlach, Matthias Rochholz. Ägyptische Tempel , pp. 304–307 and 310–311. External links [ edit ] Horus lock on Khaemwaset (Son of Rameses II) (http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3441) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐659f8b4dd6‐j28fh Cached time: 20240704125717 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.090 seconds Real time usage: 0.119 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 750/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2683/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 486/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9298/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.036/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 918214/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 84.032 1 -total 83.94% 70.538 3 Template:ISBN 66.66% 56.020 3 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 19.38% 16.286 1 Template:Reflist 5.59% 4.698 9 Template:Yesno-no 3.88% 3.257 12 Template:Yesno 2.42% 2.036 4 Template:Main_other 2.25% 1.893 3 Template:Yesno-yes 1.58% 1.324 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14074478-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704125717 and revision id 1232574870. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidelock_of_youth&oldid=1232574870 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidelock_of_youth&oldid=1232574870) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Ancient Egyptian culture (/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_culture) Hairstyles (/wiki/Category:Hairstyles)
English society beauty and mannequin Paula Gellibrand Portrait of Paula Gellibrand from 1924 Born 1898 Penarth (/wiki/Penarth) , Glamorgan (/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan) , Wales Died 1986 (aged 87–88) Occupation mannequin Parent William Clarke Gellibrand (father) Paula Gellibrand, Marquise de Casa Maury (1898–1986) was an English society beauty and mannequin, once one of the favourite models of Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , and described by contemporaries as "the most beautiful woman in Europe". Her sister was Nadeja Gellibrand, also known as Nada Ruffer, Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) editor. [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) Background [ edit ] Paula Gellibrand was born in Penarth (/wiki/Penarth) in 1898, the daughter of William Clarke Gellibrand, a timber importer based in Cardiff (/wiki/Cardiff) . [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) William Clarke Gellibrand was the son of Thomas Samuel Gellibrand (died 1897), Russia merchant, of Morgan Gellibrand and Co. [3] (#cite_note-3) He married, firstly, in 1885, Agnes Steel Drynan Johnson, daughter of Charles Johnson of Richmond, Surrey (/wiki/Richmond,_Surrey) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She died in 1886 at age 22. [5] (#cite_note-5) There was a son Guy of this marriage, born 5 December 1886. [6] (#cite_note-6) William married, secondly, in Boston (/wiki/Boston) , Isabel Marie Dever, fifth daughter of James Dever (/wiki/James_Dever) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Dever's sixth daughter Adah Felicitas married in 1891 in Kensington (/wiki/Kensington) a British graduate of Trinity Hall, Cambridge (/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge) , Frederick Arthur Roberts, son of the merchant William Roberts. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) William left Penarth for London at some point in 1903. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1906 his address was 169 Queen's Gate (/wiki/Queen%27s_Gate) , Kensington. [12] (#cite_note-12) When his elder daughter Noel ( Margaret Adah Noel Nadeja Gellibrand ) was married in June 1917, he was in Petrograd (/wiki/Petrograd) , and the bride was given away by Knowles Stansfield (/wiki/Knowles_Stansfield) ; [13] (#cite_note-13) he had married in 1908 Isabel's sister Mary Caroline. [14] (#cite_note-14) The Gellibrand family had by this time moved within Kensington to 2 Drayton Court, Drayton Gardens (/wiki/Drayton_Gardens) . [15] (#cite_note-15) William Clarke Gellibrand died in 1919. [16] (#cite_note-16) Debutante, mannequin, model [ edit ] Paula Gellibrand came out (/wiki/Debutante#United_Kingdom) as a "striking" debutante in 1919. [17] (#cite_note-Morgan168-17) That year Augustus John (/wiki/Augustus_John) painted the portrait Portrait of Baronne Baba d'Erlanger and Miss Paula Gellibrand . [18] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-18) She made a London social splash around 1920, as a protégée of the Baroness d'Erlanger (/wiki/Baroness_d%27Erlanger) . [19] (#cite_note-19) The Baroness's daughter Mary Liliane Matilda (/wiki/Baba,_Baroness_d%27Erlanger) , called Baba (1901–1945), was her fashion stylist and childhood friend. [20] (#cite_note-Grazia-20) When Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) opened a London boutique in 1927, dressing Baba, Paula and Daisy Fellowes (/wiki/Daisy_Fellowes) , the three could be considered "London's leading beauties". [21] (#cite_note-21) Gellibrand was the first London debutante to work as a mannequin (/wiki/House_model) . She was followed by others such as Nancy Beaton (/wiki/Nancy_Beaton) . [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) She was known as "The Gellibrand". [24] (#cite_note-Cartland-24) She began in the shop owned by the Baroness d'Erlanger. [24] (#cite_note-Cartland-24) In 1922 she was working as a mannequin at the dressmaker Madame Victoire, in Brompton Road (/wiki/Brompton_Road) , with the Baroness; [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) the Baroness and her daughter painted dress designs. [27] (#cite_note-27) The Victoire business at 229 Brompton Road in 1921 provided stage costumes for Viola Tree (/wiki/Viola_Tree) 's production of The Tempest (/wiki/The_Tempest) at the Aldwych Theatre (/wiki/Aldwych_Theatre) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In a space above it, the Baroness held with assistance from Marcel Boulestin (/wiki/Marcel_Boulestin) an exhibition of works by Jean Émile Laboureur (/wiki/Jean_%C3%89mile_Laboureur) . [29] (#cite_note-29) A noted 1928 photographic session for Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) by Cecil Beaton of Gellibrand posed her in a sequin dress in front of a sequin curtain at her modernist home. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) In 1933, Beaton described Gellibrand as "a good-looking tomboy, with gold hair and mushroom-coloured skin around the eyes". She was "[...] seen at every ball and appeared in Society pageants in the form of a Grecian goddess, and as the months passed, her beauty became more exotically attenuated [...] when I see her in fancy-dress costume, I cannot believe that I have not designed her myself, she is so exactly like my idea of what a beauty of to-day should be." [32] (#cite_note-Beaton-32) He was particularly struck by her "Modigliani features and exquisitely slender hands." [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) Sheila Chisholm (/wiki/Sheila_Chisholm) wrote: Paula's blonde beauty was quite unique. She had large strange-coloured eyes, and her hair was the colour of light and dark honey. She was tall and dressed to perfection. [33] (#cite_note-33) Associations [ edit ] After both were married, Paula struck up a long-lasting friendship with Edwina Mountbatten (/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten) . [17] (#cite_note-Morgan168-17) She and her husband in 1926 visited the Mountbattens at Adsdean House, which they had leased, near Chichester (/wiki/Chichester) . [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) In wartime and by then Paula Long, she visited the Mountbattens at Broadlands (/wiki/Broadlands) in 1942. [36] (#cite_note-36) Another good friend was Alice de Janzé (/wiki/Alice_de_Janz%C3%A9) , first met in Paris in 1921. [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) Paula became a lifelong friend of Cecil Beaton, who in The Glass of Fashion (1954) documented her appearance. The 1928 portrait of Paula Gellibrand, Marquise de Casa Maury by Beaton sold at Christie's for £1,375 in 2017. [37] (#cite_note-37) Paula visited the Mountbattens in India in 1948, in a house party including Malcolm Sargent (/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent) and his wife. She kept in touch with Edwina, and visited them again at Classiebawn Castle (/wiki/Classiebawn_Castle) in Ireland in 1955. [38] (#cite_note-38) Works [ edit ] In 1936, together with her husband William Allen, Paula wrote Strange Coast , a novel of romance and adventure set in "the Meskhian Republic" — a fictionalized Georgia of the 1920s, published under the pseudonym "Liam Pawle". Family [ edit ] Paula Gellibrand married three times: in 1923, Pedro José Isidro Manuel Ricardo Monés, the 1st Marquis de Casa Maury (Peter de Casa Maury) (1896-1968), a Wing Commander, intelligence officer and founder of Curzon Cinemas (/wiki/Curzon_Cinemas) . [20] (#cite_note-Grazia-20) [39] (#cite_note-39) Beaton remembers that when she married she was "dressed as a nun with scarlet finger nails". [32] (#cite_note-Beaton-32) from 1932 to 1939, William Edward David Allen (/wiki/William_Edward_David_Allen) . [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) "Boy" Long, a rancher at Elementaita in Kenya. [18] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-18) Before marrying the Marquis de Casa Maury, she had an affair with Freddie Guest (/wiki/Freddie_Guest) . [40] (#cite_note-40) It was Freddie who commissioned the Augustus John double portrait. [18] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-18) In 1942, her sister Nada Ruffer divorced from Iva Patcevitch, the Head of Condé Nast. [41] (#cite_note-41) Beaton said that she was "a very pleasing exaggeration of her [Gellibrand] painted by any Parisian fashion-artist. She is taller, thinner, her nose is more pointed and her eyelashes are longer, her hands more claw-like, her hair more sleek; she is even more exaggeratedly chic." [32] (#cite_note-Beaton-32) In literature [ edit ] The 1924 novel Serena Blandish by Enid Bagnold (/wiki/Enid_Bagnold) was based on Paula Gellibrand's early life, Bagnold being a Kensington neighbour at 29 Hyde Park Gate (/wiki/Hyde_Park_Gate) . [20] (#cite_note-Grazia-20) [1] (#cite_note-Spicer-1) [42] (#cite_note-42) It also had a character based on Baroness Catherine d'Erlanger, who introduced Paula to society. [43] (#cite_note-43) It was put on the stage by S. N. Behrman (/wiki/S._N._Behrman) in 1929 at the Morosco Theatre (/wiki/Morosco_Theatre) , with Ruth Gordon (/wiki/Ruth_Gordon) playing the title role. [44] (#cite_note-44) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Spicer, Paul (2010). The Temptress: The scandalous life of Alice, Countess de Janzé . Simon and Schuster. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857200105 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Mrs. Dudley Ward to Marry: The Marquis of Casa Maury" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000104/19371014/276/0015) . Western Mail . 14 October 1937. p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Wills and Bequests" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18971120/088/0009) . Morning Post . 20 November 1897. p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Marriages" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18850424/002/0001) . Morning Post . 24 April 1885. p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Deaths" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004612/18861218/078/0001) . Wallington & Carshalton Herald . 18 December 1886. p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Cheltonian . Darter's College Book and Stationery Depot. 1901. p. 290. ^ (#cite_ref-7) New Brunswick Vital Statistics from Newspapers . The Society. 1998. p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Burke, Bernard (1891). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry ... Harrison. p. 291. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Howard, Joseph Jackson; Crisp, Frederick Arthur (1903). Visitation of England and Wales . Vol. 11. London: Priv. printed. p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Roberts, Frederick Arthur (RBRS878FA)" (http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=RBRS878FA&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50) . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The Entire Contents of the Residence" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000104/19030530/008/0001) . Western Mail . 30 May 1903. p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide . 1906. p. 886. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Barter Hastings-Gellibrand" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19170623/189/0024) . The Queen . 23 June 1917. p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1910). Armorial Families: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-armour . T.C. & E.C. Jack. p. 1511. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cupid in Wartime" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19170404/020/0024) . The Tatler . 4 April 1917. p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Index entry" (https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=veSuzgcW3m2tlORQjU3Vfw&scan=1) . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ a b Morgan, Janet P. (1991). Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own . Scribner. p. 168. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-19346-5 . ^ a b c "Portrait of Baronne Baba d'Erlanger (1901-1945) and Miss Paula Gellibrand (1898-1964)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175457/https://www.richardgreen.com/artwork/bk144-augustus-john-portrait-of-baronne-baba-derlanger-1901-1945-and-miss-paula-gellibrand-1898-1964/) . Richard Green Fine Paintings . Archived from the original (https://www.richardgreen.com/artwork/bk144-augustus-john-portrait-of-baronne-baba-derlanger-1901-1945-and-miss-paula-gellibrand-1898-1964/) on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Famous Beauty Engaged" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000566/19230211/124/0011) . Sunday Post . 11 February 1923. p. 11. ^ a b c "Paula Gellibrand" (http://www.rockandfiocc.com/2011/archive/senza-categoria/paula-gellibrand) . Grazia . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Madsen, Axel (17 March 2015). Chanel: A Woman of Her Own . Open Road Media. p. 250. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5040-0853-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Glynn, Prudence (1978). In Fashion: Dress in the Twentieth Century . Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-520072-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Horn, Pamela (15 October 2013). Country House Society: The Private Lives of England's Upper Class After the First World War . Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 245. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4456-3538-5 . ^ a b Cartland, Barbara (1943). The Isthmus Years . Hutchinson. p. 60. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Beauty's New Role: Miss Paula Gellibrand as Leading Mannequin" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003212/19220731/116/0005) . Daily News (London) . 31 July 1922. p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "£250 to Be a Mannequin: Mystery Advertisement Puzzles West End" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19221128/127/0011) . Leeds Mercury . 28 November 1922. p. 11. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Dress Designs" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19200331/118/0014) . Globe . 31 March 1920. p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-28) " (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002229/19210218/035/0012) "The Tempest" at The Aldwych" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002229/19210218/035/0012) . Common Cause . 18 February 1921. p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Boulestin, Xavier Marcel (1936). Myself, My Two Countries .. . Cassell, Limited. p. 279. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Paula Gellibrand, Marquise de Casa Maury - National Portrait Gallery" (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw69137/Paula-Gellibrand-Marquise-de-Casa-Maury) . www.npg.org.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Pepper, Terence; Beaton, Cecil; Conrad, Peter; Beaton, Sir Cecil Walter Hardy; Britain), National Portrait Gallery (Great; Allemagne), Kunstmuseum (Wolfsburg (1 January 2004). Beaton Portraits . Yale University Press. p. 12. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-10289-5 . ^ a b c Beaton, Cecil (1933). The Book Of Beauty . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Wainwright, Robert (1 January 2017). Sheila: The Australian ingenue who bewitched British society . Atlantic Books. p. 96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-925575-39-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Morgan, Janet P. (1991). Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own . Scribner. p. 188. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-19346-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Parks and Gardens. "Adsdean Park - Funtington" (https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/adsdean-park) . Parks & Gardens . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Morgan, Janet P. (1991). Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own . Scribner. p. 314. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-19346-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Sir Cecil Beaton (British, 1904-1980)" (http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/sir-cecil-beaton-british-1904-1980-paula-gellibrand-6085374-details.aspx) . Christie's . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Morgan, Janet P. (1991). Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own . Scribner. pp. 421, 432, 459. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-19346-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) National Portrait Gallery (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp63269/pedro-jose-isidro-manuel-ricardo-mones-peter-de-casa-maury) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Lovell, Mary S. (2012). The Churchills: In Love and War . W. W. Norton & Company. p. 337 (https://archive.org/details/churchillsinlove00love/page/337) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780393062304 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Iva Patcevitch, 92, Retired Chairman Of Magazine Firm" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/15/obituaries/iva-patcevitch-92-retired-chairman-of-magazine-firm.html) . The New York Times . 1993 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Rennison, Nick (29 May 2009). The London Blue Plaque Guide: Fourth Edition: Fourth Edition . The History Press. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7524-9996-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Rintoul, M. C. (5 March 2014). Dictionary of Real People and Places in Fiction . Routledge. p. 397. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-11932-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Bordman, Gerald (1995). American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930 . OUP USA. p. 376. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-509078-9 . 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Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank Designer Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) Year 2005 ( 2005 ) Type Navy blue backless dress The navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank refers to the navy blue backless Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) dress worn by Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) at the 77th Academy Awards (/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards) on February 27, 2005. [1] (#cite_note-1) In a poll by Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) published in The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) the dress was voted the 16th greatest red carpet gown of all time. [2] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-2) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine cited the dress as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, "Making a serious comeback from that pink gauze number two years before, Hilary shows off her flawless back in this stunning sapphire gown by Guy Laroche. Appropriately, this is the year she won the Oscar for Best Actress in Million Dollar Baby (/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby) , because that's exactly what she looks like in this dress." [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Allaire, Christian (2017-02-24). "The 51 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) . Vogue . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph08_2-0) Urmee Khan (9 October 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Jewelry company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ritani) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ritani) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritani&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( May 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ritani) . ( May 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ritani is a jewelry company based in New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) . History [ edit ] In 2012, Chief investor Cantor Fitzgerald (/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald) invested $15 million in Ritani, following the Julius Klein Group selling their stake in the company. [1] (#cite_note-1) [ dead link ] In January 2014, Ritani was selected for the Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) list of America's Most Promising Companies [2] (#cite_note-2) for its unique "clicks and bricks" model that blends online shopping and brick-and-mortar stores. [3] (#cite_note-3) In June 2014, Ritani announced that the former Blue Nile (/wiki/Blue_Nile_(company)) CEO Diane Irvine had joined the company's board of directors. [ citation needed ] Ritani's independent jewelry store partners network has over 180 locations across the United States and Canada. [ citation needed ] The focus of "clicks and bricks" is to assist the customer in ring design, [4] (#cite_note-4) [ unreliable source? ] Ritani also offers a free in-store preview [5] (#cite_note-5) and has an inventory of over 60,000 diamonds ranging in price from $184 to $1.7 million. [6] (#cite_note-6) [ dead link ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Julius Klein Sells Stake in Ritani as Brand Launches E-Commerce Site (http://www.jckonline.com/2012/10/11/julius-klein-sells-stake-in-ritani-brand-launches-e-commerce-site) , Bates, Rob. JCK Online . Published October 11, 2012; retrieved April 9, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-2) America's Most Promising Companies List (https://web.archive.org/web/20130206193156/http://www.forbes.com/most-promising-companies/list/) . Forbes . Published January 2014; retrieved May 16, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ritani on Forbes America's Most Promising Companies List (https://www.forbes.com/companies/ritani/) . Forbes . Published January 2014; retrieved May 16, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-4) This Month in Bespoke: Ritani (http://marketsmedia.com/month-bespoke-ritani/) . Markets Media . Published February 24, 2014; retrieved May 16, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-5) How is Ritani Disrupting Luxury Retail? (https://www.bloomberg.com/video/how-is-ritani-disrupting-luxury-reatail-VQIVdS4hRE~DzBWy6Aj6yg.html) . Bloomberg TV . Published February 14, 2014; retrieved May 16, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dealing diamonds online (http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/opening-bell/index.html#/v/3562743327001) . Opening Bell with Maria Bartiromo . Published May 13, 2014; retrieved May 16, 2014. 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Tishynah Buffalo is an Indigenous fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) from Alexander First Nation (/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation) in Canada but now residing in Gordon First Nation (/wiki/Gordon_First_Nation) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Buffalo is perhaps best known for making Pendleton jackets (/wiki/Pendleton_jacket) with a modern twist. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Her work has been shown at a number of fashion shows such as Fashion Speaks Regina, Western Canada Fashion Week, International Indigenous Fashion Week, and Couture Fashion Week in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Personal life [ edit ] Buffalo grew up in Alexander First Nation, Alberta, with her parents, two younger sisters, and younger brother. Buffalo now lives in George Gordon First Nation in Saskatchewan with her husband and two children, Tayvon Lloyd and Lariah Monroe. [4] (#cite_note-cbc.ca-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) As a young teenager, Buffalo noticed the lack of representation of indigenous peoples in the media, specifically in fashion magazines. In an interview (http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/869787203839/) with CBC News in Edmonton, Canada, Buffalo said that "[she] wanted to be the one to show the people in the world [ Cree (/wiki/Cree) ] Indigenous creativity." [4] (#cite_note-cbc.ca-4) Work [ edit ] Buffalo's fashion career began when she began making clothing for her children in 2010, starting with powwow insignia and moving on to creating coats out of Pendleton blankets. With encouragement from others, Buffalo began to make custom designs for customers. [6] (#cite_note-6) Buffalo's current work consists of mainly designs including the patterns of Pendleton blankets and Cree beading styles. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Albertan Indigenous designer to showcase culture during London Fashion Week \| CBC News" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/indigenous-designer-alberta-london-fashion-week-1.3966430) . CBC . Retrieved 2018-08-31 . ^ a b "Tishynah Buffalo, Alberta Designer, Heads To London Fashion Week To Show Off Cree Culture" (https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/02/08/tishynah-buffalo_n_14636468.html) . HuffPost Canada . 2017-02-08 . Retrieved 2018-08-31 . ^ a b "Tishynah Buffalo Blends Modern and Traditional-Couture Fashion Week" (http://www.couturefashionweek.com/tishynah-buffalo-couture-fashion-week/) . Couture Fashion Week . 2016-08-26 . Retrieved 2018-08-31 . ^ a b "Albertan Indigenous designer to showcase culture during London Fashion Week \| CBC News" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/indigenous-designer-alberta-london-fashion-week-1.3966430) . CBC . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Tishynah Buffalo" (https://www.facebook.com/Sheena90?lst=100007263480314:1042382779:1543860010) . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Tishynah Buffalo (@tishynahbuffalodesigns) • Instagram photos and videos" (https://www.instagram.com/tishynahbuffalodesigns/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Beading Techniques of the Northern Cree Indians" (https://ourpastimes.com/the-beading-techniques-of-the-northern-cree-indians-12491290.html) . Our Pastimes . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British menswear retailer T.M.Lewin & Sons Limited Company type Private company (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 1898 ; 126 years ago ( 1898 ) Founder Thomas Mayes Lewin Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Area served Worldwide Products Shirts (/wiki/Shirt) , Suits (/wiki/Suit) , Ties (/wiki/Necktie) , Jackets (/wiki/Jackets) , Knitwear, Accessories for men, Chinos Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Bain Capital (/wiki/Bain_Capital) (2015-2020) Torque Brands (2020-2022) TM Lewin Shirtmaker Limited (2022-present) Website www.tmlewin.co.uk (https://www.tmlewin.co.uk/) TM Lewin shop in Jermyn Street T. M. Lewin Shirtmaker , [1] (#cite_note-1) commonly known as TM Lewin , is a British online menswear retailer. It was started in 1898 by Thomas Mayes Lewin who opened his first shop on London's Panton Street and later moved to Jermyn Street (/wiki/Jermyn_Street) , renowned as a base for formal shirts. TM Lewin started out making shirts but later started to sell suits, outerwear, knitwear, jackets, chinos, ties and accessories for men. The company is headquartered in Farringdon (/wiki/Farringdon,_London) , in the London Borough of Islington (/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington) . By 2020, it had over 150 stores worldwide. TM Lewin went into administration (/wiki/Administration_(law)) on 30 June 2020, closing its 66 UK stores. Stonebridge Capital bought the company's assets in a pre-pack (/wiki/Pre-packaged_insolvency) deal. History [ edit ] 19th century [ edit ] The business was founded by Thomas Mayes Lewin on London's Panton Street in 1898, before moving to Jermyn Street in 1903. Lewin has been credited with helping to popularise the modern, button-front shirt. In the past, men had pulled shirts on over their heads. [2] (#cite_note-2) 20th century [ edit ] During the 1900s, Thomas Mayes developed a reputation for design and quality among London's gentlemen. In 1903, Mr Lewin's “coat shirt” was described as a “novel idea” in London Opinion and Today (/wiki/London_Opinion) . During World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , TM Lewin supplied the RAF and British Army with uniform. TM Lewin was for a time a partnership between Thomas Mayes Lewin and Geoffrey James Lewin, operating from 39 Panton Street in London. Following retirement, the partnership was dissolved from 1 January 1938, the business continuing as TM Lewin and Sons Ltd. [3] (#cite_note-Gazette-10Jun1938-3) In 1978, the McKenna family bought TM Lewin. In 1980, future MD Geoff Quinn joined, and helped grow the company so that it had its first £1m year in 1982. In 1993, the company started an early mail order facility and began moving production from its factory in Southend-on-Sea (/wiki/Southend-on-Sea) overseas into Europe. 21st century [ edit ] 2000 saw TM Lewin open its fifth store (at Ludgate Circus (/wiki/Ludgate_Circus) in London) and start testing its promotional offers, something that would become a defining characteristic of the brand. It was also awarded the GQ (/wiki/GQ) magazine award for 5* shirt. In 2005, TM Lewin branched out from shirts and started making suits. In the same year, it supplied the ties for the London 2012 Olympic Bid and introduced the 4 for £100 deal. By 2011, TM Lewin had 99 stores and outlets in Great Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) , one in Northern Ireland (/wiki/Northern_Ireland) and one in the Republic of Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) . A year later, it launched its first store outside of Europe in Sydney, Australia. Following a 2015 deal with Bain Capital (/wiki/Bain_Capital) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Sven Gaede took over as CEO in 2018. In April 2020, the company began talks with potential buyers, as the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) jeopardised the retailer's operations. [5] (#cite_note-5) It was reported that rival menswear retailer Charles Tyrwhitt (/wiki/Charles_Tyrwhitt) was among a number of parties which submitted offers for TM Lewin. [6] (#cite_note-6) Bain Capital – the private equity group that has been supporting TM Lewin since 2015 through its debt investment arm – was keen to sell the heritage menswear retailer and enlisted corporate finance firm Alantra to conduct an auction. On 13 May 2020, TM Lewin was acquired by Torque Brands, a vehicle of private equity firm Stonebridge Capital. [7] (#cite_note-Nazir-13May2020-7) Around 650 of TM Lewin's 700-strong employees were furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme of the UK government, while the stores remain temporarily closed throughout the pandemic. [7] (#cite_note-Nazir-13May2020-7) The 50 unfurloughed employees were active in digital operations and supply chain for TM Lewin. [8] (#cite_note-8) On 30 June 2020, TM Lewin announced the closure of all of its 66 UK shops and the redundancy of 600 workers. [9] (#cite_note-9) Stonebridge bought back the brand's remaining assets, including its online business, in a pre-pack (/wiki/Pre-packaged_insolvency) deal after concluding TM Lewin was no longer viable in its current format. [10] (#cite_note-Butler-30Jun2020-10) Campaigns [ edit ] In 2017, Gary Lineker (/wiki/Gary_Lineker) signed up to be the face of TM Lewin. [11] (#cite_note-11) This partnership continued in 2018 and 2019. TM Lewin has collaborated with several sporting events and teams including Royal Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Harlequins (/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.) (rugby), [13] (#cite_note-13) and the England and Wales Cricket Board (/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board) . [14] (#cite_note-14) In May 2021, TM Lewin announced that they had partnered with the British & Irish Lions (/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions) for the 2021 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa (/wiki/2021_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_South_Africa) . Stores [ edit ] As of 2019, the company owned 68 stores in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , and 89 based internationally, including in Ireland, Australia (/wiki/Australia) , the United States (/wiki/United_States) and across Europe. TM Lewin has collaborated with several brands and mills including Liberty (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) , Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) , Albini and Falke. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "TM Lewin confirms rescue deal and online relaunch - Retail Gazette" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2022/04/tm-lewin-confirms-rescue-deal-and-online-relaunch/) . 11 April 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Historic Clothing" (https://www.elgarshirts.com/historic-clothing/) . Elgar Shirts . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gazette-10Jun1938_3-0) "Partnership notice" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34519/page/3779/data.pdf) (PDF) . London Gazette . No. 34519. 10 June 1938 . Retrieved 6 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "TM Lewin management buys remaining 20% stake in the business" (https://www.retail-week.com/finance/tm-lewin-management-buys-remaining-20-stake-in-the-business/5077696.article) . Retail Week . 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Whitehead, Matt (17 April 2020). "TM Lewin seeks bids amid pandemic shutdown" (https://www.rli.uk.com/tm-lewin-seeks-bids-amid-pandemic-shutdown/) . Retail & Leisure International . Retrieved 6 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jahshan, Elias (2 May 2020). "Charles Tyrwhitt mulls TM Lewin takeover - Retail Gazette" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/05/charles-tyrwhitt-mulls-tm-lewin-takeover/) . Retrieved 6 May 2020 . ^ a b Nazir, Sahar (13 May 2020). "TM Lewin snapped up by new private equity owner" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/05/tm-lewin-snapped-up-by-new-private-equity-owner/) . Retail Gazette . Retrieved 2 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Jahshan, Elias (2 May 2020). "Charles Tyrwhitt mulls TM Lewin takeover" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/05/charles-tyrwhitt-mulls-tm-lewin-takeover/) . Retail Gazette . Retrieved 8 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Coronavirus: TM Lewin to close all UK shops (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53242719) (1 July 2020), BBC News . Retrieved: 2 July 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-Butler-30Jun2020_10-0) Butler, Sarah; Wood, Zoe (30 June 2020). "Harveys and TM Lewin fall into administration with loss of 800 jobs" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/30/harveys-falls-into-administration-with-loss-of-240-jobs) . Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Gary Lineker unveiled as the face (and body) of T.M.Lewin's latest campaign" (https://www.threepipe.co.uk/gary_lineker_tmlewin/) . Threepipe . 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "TM Lewin and Ascot Racecourse unveil multi-year deal" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Tm-lewin-and-ascot-racecourse-unveil-multi-year-deal,1055685.html) . Fashion Network . 14 January 2019 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Harlequins suit up with T.M.Lewin" (https://www.quins.co.uk/news/harlequins-suit-up-with-tmlewin/) . Harlequins Rugby Union . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "TM Lewin – Official formalwear of England cricket" (https://www.ecb.co.uk/sponsors-and-partners/tm-lewin) . England and Wales Cricket Board . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.tmlewin.co.uk/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐bd2gw Cached time: 20240701020416 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.340 seconds Real time usage: 0.540 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2024/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31760/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2511/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49878/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.200/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6105367/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 505.064 1 -total 37.85% 191.162 1 Template:Infobox_company 35.71% 180.372 1 Template:Infobox 33.00% 166.688 1 Template:Reflist 25.57% 129.139 10 Template:Cite_web 15.01% 75.833 1 Template:Short_description 8.58% 43.328 2 Template:Pagetype 8.22% 41.496 1 Template:Official_website 3.97% 20.068 8 Template:Main_other 3.34% 16.871 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9669678-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701020416 and revision id 1226962337. 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2002 fashion collection by Alexander McQueen Look 33, the collection's central showpiece, a long red and white ruffled flamenco-style dress designed to look as though it – and the model – had been pierced by decorative bullfighting spears, worn here on the runway by Irish model Laura Morgan. The Dance of the Twisted Bull (Spring/Summer 2002; Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) : El baile del toro retorcido ) is the nineteenth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) for his eponymous fashion house (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . Twisted Bull was inspired by Spanish culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Spain) and art (/wiki/Spanish_art) , especially the traditional clothing worn for flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) dancing and bullfighting (/wiki/Bullfighting) . In McQueen's typical fashion, the collection included sharp tailoring and historicist (/wiki/Historicism_(art)) elements and emphasised femininity and sexuality. The runway show (/wiki/Runway_show) for Twisted Bull was staged during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) on 6 October 2001 at the headquarters of the Stade Français sports club (/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_(sports_club)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais) ] . It was McQueen's first collection following his departure from Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) and the sale of his company to the Gucci Group (/wiki/Gucci_Group) in 2001. Compared to his previous seasons, which tended to be theatrical and artistic, the runway show was simple, and the clothing designs were unusually commercial. McQueen confirmed that this was a business decision intended to drive sales for his first season under Gucci. Sales for the collection were reportedly strong. Reception for Twisted Bull was mostly positive, especially from British journalists, who highlighted the accessible designs and polished presentation. American journalists were less impressed, particularly with the dressmaking. The most noted look from the collection was a showpiece dress made to look as though its torso was pierced through by spears, which later appeared in both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) . Other looks appeared in the 2022 retrospective exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (/w/index.php?title=Lee_Alexander_McQueen:_Mind,_Mythos,_Muse&action=edit&redlink=1) . Background [ edit ] British designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. [1] (#cite_note-BBCSixWays-1) During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) , femininity, sexuality, and death. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14-2) [3] (#cite_note-:17-3) [4] (#cite_note-:18-4) His collections were strongly historicist (/wiki/Historicism_(art)) , referencing and reworking historical narratives and concepts. [5] (#cite_note-5) His fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art (/wiki/Performance_art) . [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201210-6) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox201613-7) The runway shows for his last two collections before The Dance of the Twisted Bull had both been in this mode: Voss (/w/index.php?title=Voss_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Spring/Summer 2001) was staged as a voyeuristic (/wiki/Voyeurism) look inside a stereotypical insane asylum (/wiki/Insane_asylum) , while the set dressing (/wiki/Staging_(theatre,_film,_television)) for What A Merry-Go-Round (/w/index.php?title=What_A_Merry-Go-Round&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2001) included an actual carousel (/wiki/Carousel) ride. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015253,_261-8) From 1996 to October 2001, McQueen was also – in addition to his responsibilities for his own label – head designer at French fashion house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox2015327-9) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015255-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) His time at Givenchy was fraught, primarily because of creative differences between him and the label, and the press speculated that he would leave his contract early. [12] (#cite_note-12) In December 2000, before his contract with Givenchy had finished, McQueen signed a deal with Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , an Italian fashion house and rival to Givenchy, effectively daring Givenchy to fire him. [a] (#cite_note-14) [14] (#cite_note-15) Gucci bought 51 per cent of McQueen's company with McQueen remaining its creative director. [15] (#cite_note-bbc_obit-16) Twisted Bull was McQueen's first collection for his own label under Gucci. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015266-17) Concept and creative process [ edit ] Woman dancing in a traditionally-styled flamenco dress with ruffles and polka dots, holding a manila shawl (/wiki/Manila_shawl) A matador's elaborately decorated chaquetilla (/wiki/Chaquetillas) , part of the traditional bullfighting (/wiki/Bullfighting) costume The Dance of the Twisted Bull (Spring/Summer 2002) is the nineteenth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) for his eponymous fashion house (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . It was inspired by Spanish culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Spain) and art (/wiki/Spanish_art) , particularly the traditional clothing worn for flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) dancing and bullfighting (/wiki/Bullfighting) – traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) and traje de luces (/wiki/Traje_de_luces) , respectively. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [18] (#cite_note-Guardian_review-19) The romantic, feminine collection incorporated ruffled and polka-dotted flamenco dresses, ornamented short jackets in the vein of the matador's traditional chaquetilla , and sharply tailored suits, the latter a McQueen staple. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [18] (#cite_note-Guardian_review-19) [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) Some designs appeared to reference The Tailor's Pattern Book , a 1589 book of patterns by Spanish mathematician Juan de Alcega (/wiki/Juan_de_Alcega) . [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012187-21) Other historicist elements included corsets (/wiki/Corset) , which appeared integrated into garments and as outerwear. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [21] (#cite_note-Independent_review-22) The collection's primary palette was red, black, and white. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201294-23) The darker colours of some ensembles referenced the moody work of Spanish painter Francisco Goya (/wiki/Francisco_Goya) , and architectural elements referenced Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí (/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD) . [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) Writing in 2012, fashion historian Judith Watt noted that the collection's highly-feminine styling was in line with trends for 2002, although she also found a significant influence from sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012186-24) McQueen described his customer for Twisted Bull as a woman wanting to look sexy at a nightclub, and consequently the collection had sexuality front and centre. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012187-21) Many outfits were styled to expose cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) . Dresses were skintight, and some ensembles had cutouts exposing skin. On some runway looks, the breasts of the models were fully exposed. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) [24] (#cite_note-Daily_Tele-25) The form-fitting cut of the trouser suits emphasised the bodies of the models, and the use of masculine elements for womenswear subversively played up the sexual attractiveness of the traditional matador in a way that is often sidelined in Spanish culture. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [18] (#cite_note-Guardian_review-19) [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) The juxtaposition of sexuality with violence and death and the tension between aggression and fragility were recurring themes in McQueen's work. [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) [21] (#cite_note-Independent_review-22) [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022139-26) The clothing in Twisted Bull was far more commercial than McQueen's typical designs, which tended to be more artistic than practical. Making the collection accessible and customer-focused was a business decision for McQueen, intended to drive sales for his first season with Gucci. [24] (#cite_note-Daily_Tele-25) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015266–267-27) McQueen stated that the overt sexuality of the collection was explicitly intended to push sales, saying: "It's romantic and it's hot sex. That's what makes the world go around and it's what sells clothes too." [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) [24] (#cite_note-Daily_Tele-25) McQueen's commercial strategy seemingly paid off; Gucci president Domenico De Sole (/wiki/Domenico_De_Sole) reported that the brand saw a 400 per cent increase in sales compared to previous collections. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012192-28) Runway show [ edit ] Jacket from Look 47 from the runway show, presented at Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (2023 staging) The runway show for Twisted Bull was staged on 6 October 2001, during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , at the headquarters of the Stade Français sports club (/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_(sports_club)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais) ] in the 16th arrondissement of Paris (/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris) . [b] (#cite_note-29) [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012185-30) As a British designer, McQueen had always presented in London during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . Twisted Bull was the first collection he presented in Paris for his own label; afterward he showed all his womenswear collections there until his death in 2010. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015266-17) [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201123-31) The show was sponsored by American Express (/wiki/American_Express) , which had sponsored McQueen several times. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012167,_185-32) Production was handled by Gainsbury & Whiting, and Katy England was in charge of overall styling. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016338-33) Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned to handle set design (/wiki/Set_design) . [32] (#cite_note-34) Headpieces were made by miliner Philip Treacy (/wiki/Philip_Treacy) . [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016338-33) Makeup artist Val Garland (/wiki/Val_Garland) , then with MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) , styled makeup for the models. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016338-33) [33] (#cite_note-35) The look was dark and smoky, with a red, black, and grey colour palette that echoed the clothing. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012186-24) Stylist Guido Palau (/wiki/Guido_Palau) was responsible for the hair, which was given a retro style (/wiki/Retro_style) reminiscent of classic pin-up models (/wiki/Pin-up_model) and rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) fashion. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012186-24) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016342-36) The overall effect, according to Watt, was a grungy glamour that suggested the models had "crawled out of bed and thrown on something from the night before". [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012187-21) Unlike many of his previous shows, the runway show for Twisted Bull was relatively mundane, with no complex set pieces or performance aspects. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [24] (#cite_note-Daily_Tele-25) [35] (#cite_note-:0-37) Models entered and exited through a curtain of grey smoke at the rear of the stage, upon which video clips – flamenco dancing, bullfighting, and softcore pornography (/wiki/Softcore_pornography) – were projected. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) The soundtrack was a combination of electronic (/wiki/Electronic_music) tracks, flamenco guitar (/wiki/Flamenco_guitar) music, and Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) songs. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) Following the last model, the soundtrack changed to the sound of a woman moaning. A woman's face, apparently mid-coitus, was projected on the smokescreen. Her expression changed to one of fear, and the projection cut to a man swinging a sword. The smoke turned blood-red, and the models appeared en masse for a final turn. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201294-23) Notable pieces [ edit ] The collection's central showpiece was Look 33, worn on the runway by Irish model Laura Morgan. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012187-21) Look 33 is a long red and white ruffled flamenco-style dress designed to look as though it – and the model – had been pierced by decorative bullfighting spears. [36] (#cite_note-38) [37] (#cite_note-Vogue_overview-39) The long train of the dress was caught up on the spears in the back. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) [37] (#cite_note-Vogue_overview-39) The spears were created by jeweller Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) . [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232-40) Watt noted a similarity between the dress and a sketch of an impaled mermaid McQueen had made in 1990. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012187-21) A second dress, Look 61, also incorporated weaponry. This look was a strapless black-and-white dress with a sword sewn into the skirt. On the runway, the model held the sword perpendicular to her body so that the skirt's train was lifted up behind her. [37] (#cite_note-Vogue_overview-39) Jewellery designer Naomi Filmer (/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Filmer&action=edit&redlink=1) created blown-glass body pieces for the collection at McQueen's request. [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2015193-41) Look 4 features "Ball in the Small of my Back", a sphere which fits over the wearer's hands while held behind them, dictating a dance-like posture with pulled-back shoulders. [40] (#cite_note-42) [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2018184–185-43) Reception [ edit ] Dress from commercial release, presented at Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (2023 staging) with headpiece by Michael Schmidt The collection was generally well-received by British critics, who appreciated its more commercial designs. [24] (#cite_note-Daily_Tele-25) [35] (#cite_note-:0-37) Despite the low-key presentation, journalist Hilary Alexander (/wiki/Hilary_Alexander) called it a "powerful and passionate show". [19] (#cite_note-Sunday_Tel-20) John Davidson of The Glasgow Herald (/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald) called the collection "truly polished" and agreed with McQueen's decision to forgo theatrics for the show, although he found the sexuality excessive. [35] (#cite_note-:0-37) An unbylined style brief in The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) criticised the appearance of drop crotch pants (/wiki/Drop_crotch_pants) in the collection, describing them as "not a nice look". [42] (#cite_note-44) The staff writer at Vogue España (/wiki/Vogue_Espa%C3%B1a) noted that the influence was a series of Spanish cultural clichés but called the collection a "perfect adaptation" to his brand's new home at Gucci. [43] (#cite_note-45) American critics were less impressed, particularly with the dressmaking. Writing for The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) called the show "overwrought" and dismissed the style of the dresses as being like a "rigid satin party skirt of the 1950s genre". [44] (#cite_note-46) American fashion editor Robin Givhan (/wiki/Robin_Givhan) found the tailoring excellent but found the "dressmaking flourishes were too showy and indulgent". [45] (#cite_note-47) Critics called out Look 33, the spear-pierced dress, as the most significant look from the collection. American journalist Dana Thomas (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) wrote that it was the collection's "most poignant look". [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015325–326-48) Journalist Jess Cartner-Morley (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) called it one of McQueen's "classic show pieces". [18] (#cite_note-Guardian_review-19) Rebecca Lowthorpe of The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) agreed, also calling out Look 14 for having a skirt which appeared to be made "entirely out of Spanish fans". [21] (#cite_note-Independent_review-22) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201294-23) On the other hand, Davidson criticised the spear dress as "masochistic tromp l'oeil nonsense". [35] (#cite_note-:0-37) Retrospective consensus is mostly positive towards Twisted Bull . Judith Watt found it "on trend" and a "sharp, contemporary take on sportswear". [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012186-24) In the Little Book of Alexander McQueen , Karen Homer wrote that Twisted Bull was a "solid collection for a designer whose label had recently undergone big changes". [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer202387-49) Analysis [ edit ] In her book Alexander McQueen: Evolution , Catherine Gleason reports that some audience members were upset by the use of sexual sounds and imagery of apparent sexual violence that concluded the show. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201294-23) Some critics found the content particularly shocking as it came less than a month after the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) in the United States. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201123-31) Conversely, The Adelaide Advertiser (/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)) suggested that the relatively low-key shows at Paris Fashion Week that season indicated a subdued feeling in the fashion world following 11 September. [48] (#cite_note-50) The concept for the show had in fact been developed approximately four months in advance, well before the terrorist incident. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012185-30) McQueen dismissed the idea that he should have altered his collection in response to the attacks, saying "There's no link between the two things as far as I can see." [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201123-31) Journalist Dana Thomas noted the parallel to an earlier Spanish-themed collection by British designer John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) during his time at Givenchy. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015325–326-48) The two men were often compared in the press due to their roughly parallel career arcs and similarly maximalist styles, and McQueen often sought to emulate or outdo Galliano's designs in his own work. [49] (#cite_note-51) [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20152–3-52) Thomas argued that Twisted Bull was an effort to do so across an entire collection. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015325–326-48) Look 61, the dress which incorporated a sword, was similar to Look 10 from Galliano's Filibustiers (Spring/Summer 1993), a dress which also used a sword to hold up its train at an angle. [37] (#cite_note-Vogue_overview-39) [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015Photo_inset_p._6-53) [52] (#cite_note-54) Fashion historian Ingrid Loschek discussed Twisted Bull as an example of McQueen's habit of playing with dichotomies, and his ability to express emotions and ideas through the styling of the clothes and the runway show. She noted particularly the transformation of the "confident flamenco dancer who becomes a victim herself when a lance 'skewers' body and dress". [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoschek200956–57-55) Legacy [ edit ] McQueen revisited elements of the matador costume in Sarabande (Spring/Summer 2007), which featured a pair of black and white ensembles with ruffled shirts and embroidery reminiscent of Spanish blackwork (/wiki/Blackwork) . One outfit had tight trousers like the matador's taleguilla (/wiki/Taleguilla) , and one had beadwork resembling their traditional braces (/wiki/Suspenders) . [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022139,_143-56) The Alexander McQueen archive retains ownership of Look 33, the spear-pierced dress. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232-40) This look appeared in both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) , where it was one of only two pieces from Twisted Bull to be featured. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232-40) [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles2014199-57) The other was Look 66, from the collection of Daphne Guinness (/wiki/Daphne_Guinness) : a beaded black jacket over beaded black jumpsuit, with a leather hat by Philip Treacy. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232-40) Look 33 was used again for "Dark Angel", a 2015 retrospective editorial of McQueen's work in British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) by British fashion photographer Tim Walker (/wiki/Tim_Walker) . [56] (#cite_note-58) Several looks from Twisted Bull owned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) appeared at the 2022 retrospective exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (/w/index.php?title=Lee_Alexander_McQueen:_Mind,_Mythos,_Muse&action=edit&redlink=1) . The collection was placed in the Evolution and Existence section of the exhibition, which highlighted collections focused on "life cycles and the human condition". [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022131,_139,_170-59) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-14) They did not, but they did cancel his final catwalk show, replacing it with a pair of simple presentations to a very small number of invitees. [13] (#cite_note-13) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Although the text of the Victoria & Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum) Savage Beauty catalogue says the show was held on 6 September, this is an error. The invitation photographed in the book says 6 October, and all other sources report an October date as well. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015313-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-BBCSixWays_1-0) Vaidyanathan, Rajini (12 February 2010). "Six ways Alexander McQueen changed fashion" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8511404.stm) . BBC Magazine (/wiki/BBC_Magazine) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100222201747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8511404.stm) from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14_2-0) Frankel 2011 (#CITEREFFrankel2011) , pp. 13–14. ^ (#cite_ref-:17_3-0) "Alexander McQueen – an introduction" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210317231608/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) from the original on 17 March 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:18_4-0) Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) . Luxury . 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20511817.2022.2194039) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2051-1817 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1817) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231124035643/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) from the original on 24 November 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Alexander McQueen – an introduction" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210317231608/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) from the original on 17 March 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleason201210_6-0) Gleason 2012 (#CITEREFGleason2012) , p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox201613_7-0) Fairer & Wilcox 2016 (#CITEREFFairerWilcox2016) , p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2015253,_261_8-0) Wilson 2015 (#CITEREFWilson2015) , pp. 253, 261. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcox2015327_9-0) Wilcox 2015 (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , p. 327. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2015255_10-0) Wilson 2015 (#CITEREFWilson2015) , p. 255. ^ (#cite_ref-11) D'Souza, Christa (/wiki/Christa_D%27Souza) (4 March 2001). "McQueen and country" (https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/mar/04/life1.lifemagazine5) . The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) . Retrieved 11 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Socha, Miles (13 September 2000). "McQueen's Future: Will He Say Adieu to House of Givenchy?" (https://wwd.com/feature/article-1199229-1708371/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204055317/https://wwd.com/feature/article-1199229-1708371/) from the original on 4 February 2023 . Retrieved 4 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cartner-Morley, Jess (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) (13 March 2001). "A subdued swansong as McQueen leaves Givenchy" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/13/jesscartnermorleyonfashion.expertopinions) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204055317/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/13/jesscartnermorleyonfashion.expertopinions) from the original on 4 February 2023 . Retrieved 4 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Porter, Charlie (5 December 2000). "McQueen move fuels fashion feud" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/05/charlieporteronmensfashion.expertopinions) . The Guardian . 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"Dark Angel". British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . p. 356. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022131,_139,_170_59-0) Esguerra & Hansen 2022 (#CITEREFEsguerraHansen2022) , pp. 131, 139, 170. Bibliography [ edit ] Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) (2011). Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58839-412-5 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003904/https://books.google.com/books?id=3pcTzKWTFTIC&q=%22savage+beauty%22) from the original on 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 30 January 2023 . Frankel, Susannah (/wiki/Susannah_Frankel) . Introduction. In Bolton (2011) (#CITEREFBolton2011) , pp. 17–27. Bowles, Hamish (/wiki/Hamish_Bowles) (2014). Vogue & the Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute: Parties, Exhibitions, People . New York: Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4197-1424-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 871511830 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/871511830) . Esguerra, Clarissa M.; Hansen, Michaela (2022). Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse . New York: Delmonico Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-63681-018-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1289986708 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289986708) . Fairer, Robert (/wiki/Robert_Fairer) ; Wilcox, Claire (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) (2016). Alexander McQueen: Unseen . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (/wiki/Yale_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-22267-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 946216643 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946216643) . Gleason, Katherine (2012). Alexander McQueen: Evolution . New York: Race Point Publishing (/wiki/Race_Point_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61058-837-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230105053333/https://books.google.com/books?id=N1H0AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22widows+of+culloden%22&pg=PA147) from the original on 5 January 2023 . Retrieved 5 January 2023 . Homer, Karen (2023). Little Book of Alexander McQueen: The Story of the Iconic Brand . London: Welbeck Publishing Group (/wiki/Welbeck_Publishing_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-80279-270-6 . Lee, Selee (31 May 2018). "The Works of Naomi Filmer With Reference to Ecological Insights" (http://aodr.org/_common/do.php?a=full&bidx=1047&aidx=13806) . Archives of Design Research (in Korean). 31 (2). Korean Society of Design Science. 3. 1. Space of Reversal. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.15187/adr.2018.05.31.2.181 (https://doi.org/10.15187%2Fadr.2018.05.31.2.181) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 149684827 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149684827) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221206005959/http://aodr.org/_common/do.php?a=full&bidx=1047&aidx=13806) from the original on 6 December 2022 . Retrieved 6 December 2022 . Loschek, Ingrid (2009). When Clothes Become Fashion: Design and Innovation Systems . Oxford: Berg Publishers (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/9781847883681 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F9781847883681) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85785-144-4 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230105053333/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nqvAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22widows+of+culloden%22&pg=PA81) from the original on 5 January 2023 . Retrieved 5 January 2023 . Thomas, Dana (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) (2015). Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano . New York City: Penguin Publishing (/wiki/Penguin_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-101-61795-3 . Watt, Judith (2012). Alexander McQueen: The Life and the Legacy . New York: Harper Design (/wiki/Harper_Design) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84796-085-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 892706946 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892706946) . Wilcox, Claire (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) , ed. (2015). Alexander McQueen . New York: Abrams Books (/wiki/Abrams_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4197-1723-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 891618596 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891618596) . Bethune, Kate. "Encyclopedia of Collections". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 303–326. Evans, Caroline. "Modelling McQueen: Hard Grace". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 189–202. Wilson, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(author)) (2015). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin . New York: Simon and Schuster (/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4767-7674-3 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dance of the Twisted Bull (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Dance_of_the_Twisted_Bull) . "Women's Spring / Summer 02: "The Dance of the Twisted Bull" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101025084106/http://alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2002.aspx) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101025084106/http://alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2002.aspx) . Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . Archived from the original (http://www.alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2002.aspx) on 25 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2023 . Alexander McQueen \| Women's Spring/Summer 2002 \| Runway Show on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) v t e Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Label Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(fashion_house)) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) (former creative director) Collections (/wiki/List_of_Alexander_McQueen_collections) Early years Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims) (1992 graduation collection) Taxi Driver (/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1993)† Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1994)‡ The Birds (/wiki/The_Birds_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1995) Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) (A/W 1995) The Hunger (/wiki/The_Hunger_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1996) Dante (/wiki/Dante_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1996) It's a Jungle Out There (/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1997) Joan (/wiki/Joan_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1998) Mid-career The Overlook (/wiki/The_Overlook_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1999) Eye (/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2000) The Dance of the Twisted Bull (S/S 2002) Irere (/wiki/Irere_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2003) Pantheon ad Lucem (/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem) (A/W 2004) Final works Neptune (/wiki/Neptune_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2006) The Widows of Culloden (/wiki/The_Widows_of_Culloden) (A/W 2006) The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree) (A/W 2008) Designs Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) Bumster (/wiki/Bumster) Illusion of Kate Moss (/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss) Oyster dress (/wiki/Oyster_dress) No. 13 finale (/wiki/No._13_Finale) Union Jack coat (/wiki/Earthling_(album)) In media Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano (/wiki/Gods_and_Kings:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Alexander_McQueen_and_John_Galliano) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(play)) (2015 play) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(film)) (2018 documentary film) Related articles Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) ‡S/S = Spring/Summer †A/W = Autumn/Winter NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐l8pzf Cached time: 20240721203520 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.849 seconds Real time usage: 0.965 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7089/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 127276/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8664/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 180359/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.572/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 26101406/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 879.364 1 -total 27.63% 242.927 2 Template:Reflist 21.84% 192.009 64 Template:Sfn 17.52% 154.087 16 Template:Cite_news 11.54% 101.521 1 Template:Lang-es 8.63% 75.888 1 Template:Alexander_McQueen 8.63% 75.867 2 Template:Navbox 6.64% 58.383 11 Template:Cite_book 6.00% 52.775 1 Template:Short_description 4.39% 38.624 9 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72412168-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721203520 and revision id 1235903442. 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American fashion designer (born 1989) Emily Adams Bode Aujla Born ( 1989-06-13 ) June 13, 1989 (age 35) Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Georgia [1] (#cite_note-CFDA-1) Nationality American Alma mater Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts (/wiki/Eugene_Lang_College_of_Liberal_Arts) Occupation Fashion designer Notable work Founder of BODE (/wiki/Bode_(fashion_brand)) [2] (#cite_note-vogue-2) Spouse Aaron Aujla [3] (#cite_note-gq-3) Emily Adams Bode Aujla (née Emily Adams Bode ; born 13 June 1989, in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Georgia) in is an American fashion designer and the founder of BODE (/wiki/Bode_(fashion_brand)) . [1] (#cite_note-CFDA-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Bode Aujla was born and raised in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Georgia and studied in Switzerland. In 2013, she graduated from the Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) and Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts (/wiki/Eugene_Lang_College_of_Liberal_Arts) with a BA/BFA dual degree in menswear design and philosophy. [1] (#cite_note-CFDA-1) [2] (#cite_note-vogue-2) Career [ edit ] The brand was formally launched in 2016. Its initial collection were created from antique textiles. This collection began the brand's cornerstone of storytelling and preservation in American menswear. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In February 2017, she was the first female designer to show at New York Fashion Week: Men's (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , the dedicated menswear shows at the event. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She was runner-up in the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund in 2018, won the Emerging Designer of the Year title at the CFDA Awards (/wiki/CFDA_Awards) in 2019, and was an LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) prize and Woolmark prize finalist in 2019 and 2020, respectively. [1] (#cite_note-CFDA-1) Personal life [ edit ] Bode Aujla is married to interior designer Aaron Aujla, cofounder of Green River Project design firm. [3] (#cite_note-gq-3) [9] (#cite_note-AD-9) The two married in the yard of their home. The couple planned the wedding themselves and enlisted the help of their respective brands– Bode (/wiki/Bode_(fashion_brand)) designed the menswear, bridesmaid dresses, lobster bibs, and Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) . The wedding became the inspiration for her 2022 Pre-Fall collection. [10] (#cite_note-Vogue_June_2022-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Emily Adams Bode" (https://cfda.com/members/profile/emily-adams-bode-2#:~:text=Emily%20Adams%20Bode%20was%20born,and%20philosophy%2C%20graduating%20in%202013.) . CFDA . Retrieved August 29, 2023 . ^ a b Sullivan, Robert (January 17, 2023). "Emily Adams Bode Aujla Launches The Long-Awaited Bode Women's Line" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-adams-bode-aujla-launches-bode-womens-line) . Vogue . Retrieved August 14, 2023 . ^ a b Hine, Samuel (June 6, 2023). "The Making of Emily Bode, America's Next Great Fashion Designer" (https://www.gq.com/story/emily-bode-profile) . GQ . Retrieved August 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Emily Adams Bode is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/emily-adams-bode) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lakin, Max (February 5, 2018). "Bode: Men's Clothing Made From Women's History" (https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/mb5jn3/bode) . Garage . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wray, Adam (May 10, 2019). "Bode is scaling through storytelling" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/fashion/bode-scaling-collections-through-storytelling) . Vogue Business . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Emily Adams Bode" (https://cfda.com/programs/designers/nyfw/nyfw-mens/designer/emily-adams-bode) . CFDA . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Herriman, Kat (June 14, 2019). "The Woman Who Saved Menswear: An Emily Adams Bode Story" (https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2019/06/14/bode) . Cultured . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-AD_9-0) Kamath, Akanksha (12 July 2022). "Inside designers Emily Adams Bode and Aaron Aujla's whimsical New York home" (https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/inside-designers-emily-adams-bode-and-aaron-aujlas-whimsical-new-york-home/) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved 29 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_June_2022_10-0) Garcia-Furtado, Laia (6 June 2022). "Emily Bode and Aaron Aujla Made (Almost) Everything for Their At-Home Wedding" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/emily-bode-aaron-aujla-at-home-wedding) . Vogue . Retrieved 3 October 2023 . 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This category is maintained by WikiProject Stub sorting (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting) . Please propose new stub templates and categories here (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Proposals) before creation. This category is for stub articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) relating to clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . You can help by expanding them. To add an article to this category, use {{ clothing-stub (/wiki/Template:Clothing-stub) }} instead of {{ stub (/wiki/Template:Stub) }} . 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If an upmerged template is used on more than 60 stubs (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Proposals#Proposing_new_stub_types_-_procedure) you can request a sub-category at WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Proposals) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing stubs" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 506 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_stubs&pagefrom=Galesh#mw-pages) ) Template:Clothing-stub (/wiki/Template:Clothing-stub) Template:Clothing-hist-stub (/wiki/Template:Clothing-hist-stub) Template:Shoe-stub (/wiki/Template:Shoe-stub) A Abaca slippers (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abaniko (/wiki/Abaniko) Academic stole (/wiki/Academic_stole) Acapulco Gold (clothing brand) (/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(clothing_brand)) Achkan (/wiki/Achkan) Adhotar (/wiki/Adhotar) Adidas Kampung (/wiki/Adidas_Kampung) Afghan (blanket) (/wiki/Afghan_(blanket)) Afghan coat (/wiki/Afghan_coat) Akademiks (/wiki/Akademiks) Al Wissam (/wiki/Al_Wissam) Alasho (/wiki/Alasho) Alb (/wiki/Alb) Alkaluk (/wiki/Alkaluk) Amice (/wiki/Amice) Ammama (/wiki/Ammama) Anaku (dress) (/wiki/Anaku_(dress)) Angavastra (/wiki/Angavastra) Angola (shawl) (/wiki/Angola_(shawl)) Anklet (sock) (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Anti-flash gear (/wiki/Anti-flash_gear) Apir (/wiki/Apir) Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Approach shoe (/wiki/Approach_shoe) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Arani Sari (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Argon (clothing) (/wiki/Argon_(clothing)) Argyll jacket (/wiki/Argyll_jacket) Arming cap (/wiki/Arming_cap) Armscye (/wiki/Armscye) Artois (cloak) (/wiki/Artois_(cloak)) Ascot cap (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Ascot Chang (/wiki/Ascot_Chang) Avarca (/wiki/Avarca) Ave Maria lace (/wiki/Ave_Maria_lace) Avirex (/wiki/Avirex) B Baati (garment) (/wiki/Baati_(garment)) Baby bumper headguard cap (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Badlah (Egyptian folklore costume) (/wiki/Badlah_(Egyptian_folklore_costume)) BAFWEEK (/wiki/BAFWEEK) Baggies (trousers) (/wiki/Baggies_(trousers)) Baguette (bag) (/wiki/Baguette_(bag)) Baidiequn (/wiki/Baidiequn) Baji (clothing) (/wiki/Baji_(clothing)) Baleno (clothing retailer) (/wiki/Baleno_(clothing_retailer)) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Ballerina neckline (/wiki/Ballerina_neckline) Baltika Group (/wiki/Baltika_Group) Balzarine (/wiki/Balzarine) Band collar (/wiki/Band_collar) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barragon (/wiki/Barragon) Barrel sash (/wiki/Barrel_sash) Bashkeer Aligmani (/wiki/Bashkeer_Aligmani) Basque (clothing) (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bast shoe (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Batakari (/wiki/Batakari) Battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) Beaska (/wiki/Beaska) Beca (garment) (/wiki/Beca_(garment)) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bell-boy jacket (/wiki/Bell-boy_jacket) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Beshmet (/wiki/Beshmet) Bianfu (/wiki/Bianfu) Bigeard cap (/wiki/Bigeard_cap) BIKE Athletic Company (/wiki/BIKE_Athletic_Company) Bixi (clothing) (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) Black Manufacturing Company (/wiki/Black_Manufacturing_Company) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blucher shoe (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Bluenotes (/wiki/Bluenotes) Bondage hood (/wiki/Bondage_hood) Bondage suit (/wiki/Bondage_suit) Bonham Strand (tailor) (/wiki/Bonham_Strand_(tailor)) BonWorth (/wiki/BonWorth) Boot jack (/wiki/Boot_jack) Bootee (/wiki/Bootee) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Michael T. Boyd (/wiki/Michael_T._Boyd) Braies (/wiki/Braies) Breeks (/wiki/Breeks) Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Brunswick (clothing) (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Brutus Jeans (/wiki/Brutus_Jeans) Buccal mask (/wiki/Buccal_mask) Buckskins (/wiki/Buckskins) Buffalo coat (/wiki/Buffalo_coat) Buffalo robe (/wiki/Buffalo_robe) Bugle Boy (/wiki/Bugle_Boy) Bunny slippers (/wiki/Bunny_slippers) Būrk (/wiki/B%C5%ABrk) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Butler-Bowden Cope (/wiki/Butler-Bowden_Cope) Byzantine chain (/wiki/Byzantine_chain) C Cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Camisa blouse (/wiki/Camisa_blouse) Camp shirt (/wiki/Camp_shirt) Canezou (/wiki/Canezou) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Canterbury cap (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Capulana (/wiki/Capulana) Carpenter jeans (/wiki/Carpenter_jeans) Cassock-alb (/wiki/Cassock-alb) Cavalier hat (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chang'ao (/wiki/Chang%27ao) Chap boot (/wiki/Chap_boot) Chedda of Tlemcen (/wiki/Chedda_of_Tlemcen) Chendamangalam saree (/wiki/Chendamangalam_saree) Chepken (/wiki/Chepken) Chesterfield coat (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chiltah (/wiki/Chiltah) Chippewa Boots (/wiki/Chippewa_Boots) Choga (garment) (/wiki/Choga_(garment)) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Chugha (/wiki/Chugha) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Cingulum militare (/wiki/Cingulum_militare) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth merchant (/wiki/Cloth_merchant) Clothes valet (/wiki/Clothes_valet) Clothing bin (/wiki/Clothing_bin) Cocktail hat (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Colback (hat) (/wiki/Colback_(hat)) Coleridge Collar (/wiki/Coleridge_Collar) Colobium sindonis (/wiki/Colobium_sindonis) Color Image Apparel (/wiki/Color_Image_Apparel) Colorado Trading & Clothing (/wiki/Colorado_Trading_%26_Clothing) Continental tie (/wiki/Continental_tie) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Cork hat (/wiki/Cork_hat) CR No Guts No Glory (/wiki/CR_No_Guts_No_Glory) Crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress of Uma Thurman (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) Đinh Tự (/wiki/%C4%90inh_T%E1%BB%B1) Cut (clothing) (/wiki/Cut_(clothing)) D Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Damao (hat) (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) Dangerous Mathematicians (/wiki/Dangerous_Mathematicians) Dayang Group (/wiki/Dayang_Group) Delia (clothing) (/wiki/Delia_(clothing)) Derby shoe (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhilja (/wiki/Dhilja) Mohamed Dia (/wiki/Mohamed_Dia) Diana Slip (/wiki/Diana_Slip) Dirac (dress) (/wiki/Dirac_(dress)) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Dolphin shorts (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dr. Kong (brand) (/wiki/Dr._Kong_(brand)) Dress for Success (book) (/wiki/Dress_for_Success_(book)) Dubbin (/wiki/Dubbin) Duchamp (clothing) (/wiki/Duchamp_(clothing)) Dumdyam (/wiki/Dumdyam) Dumpra (/wiki/Dumpra) E Earth shoe (/wiki/Earth_shoe) Ease (sewing) (/wiki/Ease_(sewing)) Ekpatta (/wiki/Ekpatta) Elbow pad (/wiki/Elbow_pad) Elevator shoe (/wiki/Elevator_shoe) Eleven James (/wiki/Eleven_James) Emmett London (/wiki/Emmett_London) Epingline (/wiki/Epingline) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) F Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Falda (/wiki/Falda) Famous Stars and Straps (/wiki/Famous_Stars_and_Straps) Farzi (coat) (/wiki/Farzi_(coat)) Fashion Park Clothes (/wiki/Fashion_Park_Clothes) Fengguan xiapei (/wiki/Fengguan_xiapei) Ferreruolo (/wiki/Ferreruolo) Fichu (/wiki/Fichu) Figaro chain (/wiki/Figaro_chain) Fillet (clothing) (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) Elizabeth Parke Firestone (/wiki/Elizabeth_Parke_Firestone) Fit and flare (/wiki/Fit_and_flare) Floating canvas (/wiki/Floating_canvas) Fly (clothing) (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) Form-fitting garment (/wiki/Form-fitting_garment) Fracket (/wiki/Fracket) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Bella Freud (/wiki/Bella_Freud) Frimla (/wiki/Frimla) Frock Me! (/wiki/Frock_Me!) G Gabi (clothing) (/wiki/Gabi_(clothing)) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_stubs&pagefrom=Galesh#mw-pages) ) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_stubs&oldid=546582886 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_stubs&oldid=546582886) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Stub categories (/wiki/Category:Stub_categories) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 301–600 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_301%E2%80%93600_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC)
Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Switzerland portal (/wiki/Portal:Switzerland) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐ffb54cd48‐tfgm2 Cached time: 20240716170029 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.078 seconds Real time usage: 0.104 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1526/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.045/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 740875/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 83.982 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 83.982 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38198367-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716170029 and revision id 921936177. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. + Swiss women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Swiss_women_fashion_designers) ‎ (7 P) S Swiss milliners (/wiki/Category:Swiss_milliners) ‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Swiss fashion designers" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Consuelo Castiglioni (/wiki/Consuelo_Castiglioni) F Prince Egon von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Prince_Egon_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) J Gaby Jouval (/wiki/Gaby_Jouval) K Albert Kriemler (/wiki/Albert_Kriemler) M Sandra Mansour (/wiki/Sandra_Mansour) Mattli (/wiki/Mattli) P Robert Piguet (/wiki/Robert_Piguet) S Fiona Swarovski (/wiki/Fiona_Swarovski) T Stefi Talman (/wiki/Stefi_Talman) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Swiss_fashion_designers&oldid=921936177 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Swiss_fashion_designers&oldid=921936177) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) Swiss designers (/wiki/Category:Swiss_designers)
Textiles designed to release cosmetic product Cosmetotextiles or cosmetic textiles merge cosmetics and textiles through the process of micro-encapsulation (/wiki/Micro-encapsulation) . According to the Bureau de Normalisation des Industries Textiles et de l'Habillement (BNITH), “a cosmetotextile is a textile consumer article containing durably a cosmetic product which is released over time.” [1] (#cite_note-1) Cosmetic textiles currently offered on the market claim to be moisturizing, perfumed (through cyclodextrins [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) ), cellulite (/wiki/Cellulite) reducing and body slimming. [3] (#cite_note-3) Cosmetotextiles are impregnated with a finish composed of solid microcapsules (/wiki/Microcapsules) , each holding a specific amount of cosmetic substance meant to be released totally and instantly on the human body. Cosmetotextiles currently offered on the market claim to be moisturising, perfumed, cellulite reducing or body slimming. The release pattern of the microcapsules on cosmetotextiles is triggered by an impact, most likely friction or pressure between the body and fabric, breaking the capsules into fragments and liberating the cosmetic properties. The release can also be triggered by sweat, temperature, and rubbing. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Recent studies have started to question the nature of the microcapsules’ shells and their toxicity impact or possible allergy reactions on humans. Because shell residues and excessive irregular amounts of substance are left on the skin surface after liberation, micro-encapsulation (/wiki/Micro-encapsulation) is more and more preferred for applications that are not in direct contact with human body, while the dermotextile (/wiki/Dermotextile) technology, using natural based micro-particles as cosmetic carriers instead of microcapsules, is slowly taking over the skincare field. Nevertheless, micro-encapsulation (/wiki/Micro-encapsulation) is still widely used in the smart textiles area and offers optimal results when applied to diffuse a substance in the environment like perfume or to act as a protective barrier against external elements. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bureau de Normalisation des Industries Textiles et de l'Habillement (BNITH) ^ a b "Cosmetotextiles - an overview \| ScienceDirect Topics" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/cosmetotextiles) . www.sciencedirect.com . Retrieved 2021-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Beyond Beauty: The Future of Cosmétotextiles" (http://www.knittingindustry.com/beyond-beauty-the-future-of-cosmtotextiles/) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐kkljs Cached time: 20240623003206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.145 seconds Real time usage: 0.696 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 290/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3744/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 574/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8256/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2843624/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 684.114 1 -total 79.61% 544.601 1 Template:Short_description 72.40% 495.310 2 Template:Pagetype 19.81% 135.530 1 Template:Reflist 16.46% 112.597 2 Template:Cite_web 4.27% 29.180 3 Template:Main_other 3.55% 24.268 1 Template:SDcat 0.51% 3.483 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27023789-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623003206 and revision id 1099720264. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmetotextile&oldid=1099720264 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmetotextile&oldid=1099720264) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Underarm liners are an alternative to antiperspirants (/wiki/Antiperspirants) . The liners are applied directly to clothing. They contain absorbent material that wicks away moisture from sweat, keeping the axilla (/wiki/Axilla) dry. Underarm liners were used more commonly before chemical antiperspirants, primarily by women, to preserve fine dresses from soiling. Sweat contains substances that stain yellow or fade dyes. Underarm liners are also known as underarm shields, underarm pads, sweat guards, dress shields, [1] (#cite_note-1) and pity protectors. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] For centuries, heavy colognes (/wiki/Colognes) were used to mask body odor (/wiki/Body_odor) . In the late nineteenth century chemists developed products that prevented the formation of body odor, but these still could not prevent underarm sweating. Early antiperspirants eventually included creams, solids, pads, dabbers, roll-ons, and powders. Today, anti-perspirants are most common in the forms of sticks, sprays, and roll-ons. But an older form of sweat protection, underarm liners, never went away. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Reusable underarm liners [ edit ] Disposable "peel and stick" underarm liners are made for both men and women The traditional reusable (or washable) liners are less common today. Typically used only by women, the liner secures to the underarm area of the garment via an adjustable strap on a bra. Reusable liners consist of double ply cotton (/wiki/Cotton) on one side and either a nylon (/wiki/Nylon) or vinyl (/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride) barrier on the other side. The cotton side rests on the actual skin of the armpit while the vinyl or nylon rests on the clothing as the final barrier, preventing any sweat from reaching the garment. Disposable underarm liners [ edit ] Disposable liners are offered for men and women. The thin liner is a "peel and stick" product the user places directly onto the inside of the garment. One side of the liner consists of a plastic barrier with a layer of purposely formulated glue (/wiki/Glue) . The other side of the liner is the absorbent side. Constructed with air-laid paper (/wiki/Air-laid_paper) , it rests against the skin of the armpit and absorbs the moisture. See also [ edit ] Hyperhidrosis (/wiki/Hyperhidrosis) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cobb, Linda (2002). How the Queen Cleans Everything . SImon and Schuster. p. 289. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7434-5145-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ketal, V. "Dress Shields for Safety" (http://www.miaaow.com/dress-shields/) . miaaow . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Laden, Karl (1999). Anti-Perspirants and Deodorants, Second Edition . CRC Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8247-1746-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Antiperspirant/Deodorant Stick" (http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Antiperspirant-Deodorant-Stick.html) . How Things Are Made. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐56c6548766‐kffrm Cached time: 20240708150826 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.148 seconds Real time usage: 0.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 229/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5060/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 79/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14536/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2996275/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 152.918 1 Template:Reflist 100.00% 152.918 1 -total 74.86% 114.472 2 Template:Cite_book 5.37% 8.218 1 Template:Cite_news 3.64% 5.568 1 Template:Cite_web 1.82% 2.786 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28117566-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708150826 and revision id 1026347706. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underarm_liners&oldid=1026347706 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underarm_liners&oldid=1026347706) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Personal hygiene products (/wiki/Category:Personal_hygiene_products)
Entrepreneur, Author, Philanthropist Tatiana Tatiana in 2015 Born Tatiana Ellinka Blatnik ( 1980-08-27 ) 27 August 1980 (age 43) Caracas (/wiki/Caracas) , [1] (#cite_note-1) Venezuela Spouse Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Prince_Nikolaos_of_Greece_and_Denmark) ( m. 2010; sep. 2024) House (/wiki/Dynasty) Glücksburg (/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg) (by marriage) Father Ladislav Vladimir Blatnik Mother Marie Blanche Bierlein Occupation Entrepreneur, author, philanthropist Greek royal family (/wiki/Greek_royal_family) The Crown Prince (/wiki/Pavlos,_Crown_Prince_of_Greece) The Crown Princess (/wiki/Marie-Chantal,_Crown_Princess_of_Greece) Prince Constantine-Alexios (/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Alexios_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Prince Achileas-Andreas (/wiki/Prince_Achileas-Andreas_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Prince Odysseus-Kimon (/wiki/Prince_Odysseus-Kimon_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Prince Aristidis-Stavros (/wiki/Prince_Aristidis-Stavros_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Princess Maria-Olympia (/wiki/Princess_Maria-Olympia_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Queen Anne-Marie (/wiki/Queen_Anne-Marie_of_Greece) Princess Alexia, Mrs. Morales (/wiki/Princess_Alexia_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Prince Nikolaos (/wiki/Prince_Nikolaos_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Princess Tatiana Princess Theodora (/wiki/Princess_Theodora_of_Greece_and_Denmark_(born_1983)) Prince Philippos (/wiki/Prince_Philippos_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Princess Nina (/wiki/Princess_Nina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Queen Sofía of Spain (/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain) Spanish royal family (/wiki/Spanish_royal_family) Princess Irene (/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Prince Michael (/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Greece_and_Denmark) Marina, consort of Prince Michael (/wiki/Marina_Karella) Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Mirzayantz (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Greece_(born_1968)) The Duchess of Aosta (/wiki/Princess_Olga_of_Savoy-Aosta) v t e Princess Tatiana of Greece and Denmark ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Blatnik ; born 27 August 1980) is an entrepreneur, author and philanthropist. She is a member of the non-reigning Greek royal family and the Danish royal family (/wiki/Danish_royal_family) as the wife of Prince Nikolaos (/wiki/Prince_Nikolaos_of_Greece_and_Denmark) , son of Constantine II (/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece) , who reigned as King of Greece until the monarchy was abolished in 1973. She worked as a publicist and event planner for Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) and, in 2016, published the cookbook A Taste of Greece (/wiki/A_Taste_of_Greece) . Early life and ancestry [ edit ] Tatiana Blatnik was born in Caracas (/wiki/Caracas) , Venezuela, and was raised in Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Tatiana and her brother, Boris Blatnik are the children of Ladislav Vladimir Blatnik and Marie Blanche Bierlein. Her mother is of aristocratic descent being a direct descendant of William II, Elector of Hesse (/wiki/William_II,_Elector_of_Hesse) . Her maternal grandparents are Ernst Bierlein and his wife, Countess Ellinka Karin Harriet von Einsiedel (/wiki/File:COA_Einsiedel_-_Tyroff_HA.png) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Princess Tatiana's father was born in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia) in 1931 and later moved to Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) . He was engaged to the Hollywood actress Natalie Wood (/wiki/Natalie_Wood) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Her father died when she was seven and she was raised by her mother. Her stepfather, Attilio Brillembourg, is the owner of a New York area financial services company. Tatiana studied at Aiglon College (/wiki/Aiglon_College) , [5] (#cite_note-5) then at Georgetown University (/wiki/Georgetown_University) graduating in 2003 with a degree in sociology. [6] (#cite_note-6) Until July 2010, when she resigned to concentrate on her wedding plans, Tatiana had worked in the publicity department as an event planner (/wiki/Event_planner) for fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Engagement and marriage [ edit ] Prince Nikólaos's engagement to Tatiana Blatnik, with whom he had been in a long-term relationship, was announced on 28 December 2009, by the office of King Constantine in London. [8] (#cite_note-8) Blatnik and Prince Nikólaos were married in the Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas, Spetses (/wiki/Spetses) , Greece, on 25 August 2010. The bride wore a gown designed by Venezuelan Ángel Sánchez (/wiki/%C3%81ngel_S%C3%A1nchez_(fashion_designer)) . The couple announced their amicable separation on 19 April 2024. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Luyken-10) Notable published works [ edit ] A Taste of Greece (/wiki/A_Taste_of_Greece) : Recipes, Cuisine & Culture - with Diana Farr Louis – (2016). [11] (#cite_note-11) Honours [ edit ] Greek Royal Family (/wiki/Greek_Royal_Family) : 25 August 2010: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia (/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Olga_and_Sophia) [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Tatiana de Grecia: "Para mi marido era un sueño volver a su país y soy feliz haciendo realidad ese sueño" (https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-tatiana-grecia-para-marido-sueno-volver-pais-y-feliz-haciendo-realidad-sueno-201606251202_noticia.html) " (https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-tatiana-grecia-para-marido-sueno-volver-pais-y-feliz-haciendo-realidad-sueno-201606251202_noticia.html) . abc . 25 June 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191002173440/https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-tatiana-grecia-para-marido-sueno-volver-pais-y-feliz-haciendo-realidad-sueno-201606251202_noticia.html) from the original on 2 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Πριγκίπισσα Τατιάνα - Royal Greek Family" (https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/princess-tatiana.html) . greekroyalfamily.gr . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003353/https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/princess-tatiana.html) from the original on 29 October 2020 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pedigree Chart for Tatiana Elinka Blatnik: Genealogics" (https://www.genealogics.org/pedigree.php?personID=I00484087&tree=LEO&parentset=0&display=standard&generations=8) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Natalie Wood: What Remains Behind . HBO. 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Tatiana Blatnik \| Women Working for the World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160924001943/https://juanfe.org/foro/en/conference-speakers/tatiana-blatnik/) . Archived from the original (https://juanfe.org/foro/en/conference-speakers/tatiana-blatnik/) on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "About" (https://www.tatianablatnik.com/pages/about) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171019/https://www.tatianablatnik.com/pages/about) from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 23 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Huffingtonpost" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/25/princess-tatiana-photos_n_3153927.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240421075208/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/princess-tatiana-greece-photos_n_3153927) from the original on 21 April 2024 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Greek Royal Family website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100121013634/http://www.greekroyalfamily.org/index.cfm?get=news&show=releases&ItemID=246) . Prince Nikolaos' engagement announcement . Archived from the original (http://www.greekroyalfamily.org/index.cfm?get=news&show=releases&ItemID=246) on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Latest News" (https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en) . Greek Royal Family . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240419192656/https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en) from the original on 19 April 2024 . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Luyken_10-0) Luyken, Jörg (20 April 2024). "Greek prince and princess to divorce after 14 years of marriage" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/04/20/royal-divorce-greece-nikolaos-glyksburg-tatiana/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 22 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Louis, Diana Farr (2016). A Taste of Greece: Recipes, Cuisine & Culture: Princess Tatiana, Diana Farr Louis: 0884581126416: Amazon.com: Books . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3832733377 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "La boda de Carlos Felipe de Suecia y Sofía Hellqvist, en imágenes" (https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/multimedia/album/casas-reales/2015-06-13/la-boda-de-carlos-felipe-de-suecia-y-sofia-hellqvist-en-imagenes_883392/) . El Confidencial . 13 June 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191002173438/https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/multimedia/album/casas-reales/2015-06-13/la-boda-de-carlos-felipe-de-suecia-y-sofia-hellqvist-en-imagenes_883392/) from the original on 2 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 October 2019 . v t e Greek princesses by marriage (/wiki/List_of_princesses_of_Greece_by_marriage) 1st generation None 2nd generation Princess Sophia of Prussia (/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia) Princess Marie Bonaparte (/wiki/Marie_Bonaparte) Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia) Princess Alice of Battenberg (/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_Battenberg) Nonie Stewart (/wiki/Princess_Anastasia_of_Greece_and_Denmark) * Princess Françoise d'Orléans (/wiki/Princess_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1902%E2%80%931953)) 3rd generation Princess Elisabeth of Romania (/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Romania) Aspasia Manos (/wiki/Aspasia_Manos) * Princess Frederica of Hanover (/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover) Irina Ovtchinnikova (/wiki/Irina_Ovtchinnikova) * 4th generation None 5th generation Marie-Chantal Miller (/wiki/Marie-Chantal,_Crown_Princess_of_Greece) * Tatiana Blatnik * Nina Flohr (/wiki/Princess_Nina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) * * did not have a royal or noble title by birth v t e Danish princesses by marriage (/wiki/List_of_princesses_of_Denmark_by_marriage) The generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by Frederick III (/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark) in 1660. 1st generation Princess Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie_of_Hesse-Kassel) Anne of Great Britain (/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain) 2nd generation Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow) 3rd generation Princess Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (/wiki/Sophie_Magdalene_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach) 4th generation Princess Louise of Great Britain (/wiki/Louise_of_Great_Britain) 5th generation Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (/wiki/Duchess_Sophia_Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin) 6th generation Princess Marie of Hesse-Kassel (/wiki/Marie_of_Hesse-Kassel) Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (/wiki/Duchess_Charlotte_Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin) Princess Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (/wiki/Caroline_Amalie_of_Augustenburg) Princess Caroline of Denmark (/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Denmark) ^ 7th generation Princess Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark (/wiki/Princess_Vilhelmine_Marie_of_Denmark) ^ Duchess Caroline Mariane of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (/wiki/Duchess_Caroline_Mariane_of_Mecklenburg) Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel (/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel) 8th generation Princess Louise of Sweden and Norway (/wiki/Louise_of_Sweden) Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia) Princess Marie of Orléans (/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1865%E2%80%931909)) 9th generation Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (/wiki/Alexandrine_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Maud_of_Wales) Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (/wiki/Princess_Helena_Adelaide_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg) Princess Sophia of Prussia (/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia) * Princess Marie Bonaparte (/wiki/Marie_Bonaparte) * Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia) * Princess Alice of Battenberg (/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_Battenberg) * Nonie Stewart (/wiki/Princess_Anastasia_of_Greece_and_Denmark) * Princess Françoise of Orléans (/wiki/Princess_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1902%E2%80%931953)) * Princess Margaretha of Sweden (/wiki/Princess_Margaretha_of_Sweden) 10th generation Princess Ingrid of Sweden (/wiki/Ingrid_of_Sweden) Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark (/wiki/Princess_Caroline-Mathilde_of_Denmark) ^ Princess Elisabeth of Romania (/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Romania) * Aspasia Manos (/wiki/Aspasia_Manos) * Princess Frederica of Hanover (/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover) * Irina Ovtchinnikova (/wiki/Irina_Ovtchinnikova) * Anne Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Anne_Bowes-Lyon) 11th generation Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark (/wiki/Queen_Anne-Marie_of_Greece) ^ 12th generation Mary Donaldson (/wiki/Queen_Mary_of_Denmark) Alexandra Manley (/wiki/Alexandra,_Countess_of_Frederiksborg) § Marie Cavallier (/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Denmark) Marie-Chantal Miller (/wiki/Marie-Chantal,_Crown_Princess_of_Greece) * Tatiana Blatnik * Nina Flohr (/wiki/Princess_Nina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) * *also a princess of Greece by marriage ^ also a Danish princess by birth § title lost due to divorce and subsequent remarriage Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/151146822020807380465) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1104851555) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wdcd7 Cached time: 20240719214341 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.489 seconds Real time usage: 0.821 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2400/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 72324/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3284/2097152 bytes Highest expansion 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Historical treatment for hair loss Trade mark of Atkinsons of London, c. 1830 Hildegard of Bingen recommended the use of Bear's grease for hair loss Old Bumblehead the 18th trying on the Napoleon Boots, 1823 Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss (/wiki/Hair_loss) from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) . The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears (/wiki/Bear) are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. [1] (#cite_note-MRPS-1) Nicholas Culpeper (/wiki/Nicholas_Culpeper) , the English botanist and herbalist wrote in 1653, in his The Physician's Library , "Bears Grease staies [stops] the falling off of the hair." [1] (#cite_note-MRPS-1) Hildegard of Bingen (/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen) (1098–1179), Benedictine mystic, composer and woman of letters, also recommended the use of the substance in her Physica (repeated in her Causae et Curae ). [2] (#cite_note-2) A number of cosmetics companies sold bear's grease, and it was a trademark of Atkinsons of London (/wiki/Atkinsons_of_London) , who sold "Bears Grease Pomade". In the early 1880s in Arkansas (/wiki/Arkansas) , an ell of bear grease, formed from the hide from the head and neck of a deer, was a standard medium of exchange. [3] (#cite_note-3) Preparation [ edit ] Bear's grease was made from the fat of the brown bear (/wiki/Brown_bear) mixed with beef marrow (/wiki/Bone_marrow) and a perfume to disguise the smell. Before the start of the twentieth century, manufacturers were substituting pig, [4] (#cite_note-Wood1855-4) veal, suet (/wiki/Suet) , lard and beef marrow fat for bear's fat as the demand exceeded the available supply of genuine bear's fat. To these substitutes they added lavender, thyme, rose essence, or oil of bitter almonds for perfume. A green dye was added for the sake of appearances. [1] (#cite_note-MRPS-1) [5] (#cite_note-Crellin-5) It was speculated that 99% of "bear grease" in 1850s England actually contained pig fat, and that unscrupulous manufacturers would keep a bear skin which they would occasionally attach to a dead pig carcass. The purpose of this carcass was just for display to convince their customers that they sold genuine bear grease. [4] (#cite_note-Wood1855-4) Europe [ edit ] The general public believed that grease from Russian bears was the best available. [1] (#cite_note-MRPS-1) In the 1823 cartoon by George Cruikshank (/wiki/George_Cruikshank) on the right, reference is made to "heels well rub'd with bears grease" (by which Russian support is meant). The French King Louis XVIII (/wiki/Louis_XVIII) is unable to put on Napoleon II (/wiki/Napoleon_II) 's boots, and Napoleon's son stands ready to catch the Bourbon crown should it fall. [6] (#cite_note-BritishMuseum-6) Professor John Strachan in his book, Advertising and Satirical Culture in the Romantic Period notes that Atkinsons of London (/wiki/Atkinsons_of_London) were best known for their bear's grease product, which remained in production until after the First World War. [7] (#cite_note-Strachan-7) Atkinsons' logo was a chained bear, and this was heavily featured in their advertising. The claim that bear's grease could facilitate the regrowth of hair for bald men, was made by Atkinsons and others. [7] (#cite_note-Strachan-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Among the members of the Ursari (/wiki/Ursari) community, a group of nomadic Romani (/wiki/Romani_people) bear trainers, who manufactured objects of bone, it became widespread to treat the material with bear fat, a luxury good (/wiki/Luxury_good) which, they believed, helped make the products in question more durable. [9] (#cite_note-grigoreantrop-9) The fat was also being sold to Romanians as medicine to combat rheumatism (/wiki/Rheumatism) and skeletal disorders (/wiki/List_of_skeletal_disorders) , together with bear hairs that were a popular amulet (/wiki/Amulet) . [10] (#cite_note-sendreazbacau-10) Native American use [ edit ] The use of bear's grease among the Native Americans (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) on their hair to make it shinier was widespread. Other popular substances included deer marrow and raccoon fat. In the Northeast tribes of the Sauk (/wiki/Sauk_people) , Huron (/wiki/Huron_tribe) , and Delaware (/wiki/Delaware_tribe) , the daily use of bear grease on their hair was popular among both men and women. Men in the Dakota Sioux (/wiki/Dakota_Sioux) and Crow (/wiki/Crow_people) tribes also regularly used bear's grease. [11] (#cite_note-FE-11) Benjamin West (/wiki/Benjamin_West) , who was one of the early American fine artists, said he was first taught how to make paint as a child by a Native American friend who showed him how paint could be made by mixing clay with bear grease. [12] (#cite_note-fuller-12) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Developing Treatments" (http://www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/h-treatmentsformen.pdf) (PDF) . Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) von Bingen, Hildegard. (1998). Physica . Translated by Priscilla Throop. Rochester: Healing Arts Press. p. 209. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59477-775-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Smith, KG, Clark, JD, Gipson, PS (1990). History of black bears in Arkansas: over-exploitation, near elimination, and successful reintroduction (PDF) . Proceedings of the Tenth Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Restoration and Management. 10:5–14. ^ a b Wood, J.G. (1855). Animal Traits & Characteristics; or, Sketches and Anecdotes of Animal Life . Second series, new edition. London: Routhedge. p. "Swine". 203. ^ (#cite_ref-Crellin_5-0) Crellin, John K. (1994). Home Medicine: The Newfoundland Experience . Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 88. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7735-1197-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_6-0) "Old Bumblehead the 18th trying on the Napoleon Boots" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3018312&partId=1) . BritishMuseum.org . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ a b Strachan, John (2007). Advertising and Satirical Culture in the Romantic Period (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) . p. 213. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0521293068 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Strachan, John (2007). Advertising and Satirical Culture in the Romantic Period . Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781139468848 . ^ (#cite_ref-grigoreantrop_9-0) (in Romanian) Delia Grigore (/wiki/Delia_Grigore) , Curs de antropologie şi folclor rrom Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080423232321/http://www.romanothan.ro/romana/studii/minoritati/curs_antropologie.htm) 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , hosted by Romanothan (/w/index.php?title=Romanothan&action=edit&redlink=1) , retrieved 24 June 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-sendreazbacau_10-0) (in Romanian) Eugen Şendrea, "Distracţii de tîrgoveţi" (http://www.ziaruldebacau.ro/index.php?articol=20889) , in Ziarul de Bacău (/w/index.php?title=Ziarul_de_Bac%C4%83u&action=edit&redlink=1) , 26 May 2007; retrieved 24 June 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-FE_11-0) "Bear Grease" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Early-Cultures-Native-American/Bear-Grease.html) . Fashion Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-fuller_12-0) Music and Art: West and Antes Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140810095201/http://www.wgbh.org/articles/Music-and-Art--West-and-Antes-1679) 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Cathy Fuller, WGBH, 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. 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American fashion designer and retailer Elyse Walker Born ( 1967-05-22 ) May 22, 1967 (age 57) Scarsdale, New York, US Alma mater Columbia University Occupation Fashion designer Organization(s) Capretto, Towne by Elyse Walker Website www (http://www.elysewalker.com) .elysewalker (http://www.elysewalker.com) .com (http://www.elysewalker.com) Elyse Walker (born May 22, 1967) is an American fashion designer, retailer, and owner of Capretto LLC. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Walker was born on May 22, 1967, and grew up in Scarsdale, New York (/wiki/Scarsdale,_New_York) . She started working during high school at her mother’s shoe store in Scarsdale. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Walker has received a degree in applied mathematics (/wiki/Applied_mathematics) from Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) . [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Career [ edit ] Walker opened her first store, Capretto Shoes, in 1987 in Manhattan, New York (/wiki/Manhattan) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) She later moved to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) when her husband had to move due to his job in 1996. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) In 1999, she opened her first namesake boutique, Elyse Walker. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) The boutique sold clothing by Isabel Marent (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , MadeWorn, William B, Katayone Adeli, and Velvet. Walker opened the second branch of the boutique in 2016 in Newport Beach, California (/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California) . The second boutique included jewelry, denim, shoes, handbags, and other items. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 2021, she will open the third branch of the boutique at The Commons at Calabasas (/wiki/The_Commons_at_Calabasas) , California. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2011, Walker partnered with the team of Revolve to be the fashion director of their site, Forward. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Later in 2012, she launched a shopping site Forward by Elyse Walker. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Walker launched a footwear line, elysewalker Los Angeles , in her mother’s memory in 2014. After one year, with Sable Banoun, she launched a clothing line of leather, knits, and suede jackets, ThePerfext. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [17] (#cite_note-17) Walker opened the men’s and women’s luxury concept store, Towne by Elyse Walker at Palisades Village, in 2018. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) The store sells items like denim, knits, vintage tees, footwear and is currently located at three locations, including Newport Beach and Los Angeles. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2018, Walker was awarded the Retailer of the Year by Los Angeles Business Journal (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Business_Journal) and was also honored by the Women’s Guild Cedars-Sinai annual luncheon in 2019. [22] (#cite_note-22) Pink Party [ edit ] In 2005, Walker organized a reception in Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) in honor of her mother, Barbara Feder, who died from ovarian cancer (/wiki/Ovarian_cancer) and raised funds for cancer research. The event evolved into an annual fundraiser, Pink Party, where they raise money to benefit the Women’s Cancer Program (WCP) at Cedars-Sinai (/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center) Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2014, the director of the WCP, Beth Karlan, announced a women’s cancer (/wiki/Cancer) tissue screening lab at Cedars would be named after Walker. [25] (#cite_note-25) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) From 2005 till 2014, the event raised more than $11.5 million for cancer research and treatment. [28] (#cite_note-28) Walker and her husband were honored by The Wellness Community (/wiki/The_Wellness_Community) West Los Angeles in 2009 for their organization in providing support, education, and help to the people affected by cancer. [29] (#cite_note-:7-29) Personal life [ edit ] Walker is married to a real estate developer, David Walker, and has two sons. [29] (#cite_note-:7-29) [7] (#cite_note-:6-7) She owned a private retreat, Casa Yvonne, in San Jose del Cabo (/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Cabo) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) . [30] (#cite_note-30) It was sold in 2019. [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Ogunnaike, Nikki (2016-06-10). "Elyse Walker: You Will Not Find Your Successes Until You've Experienced Your Key Failures" (https://www.elle.com/culture/news/a36975/elyse-walker/) . ELLE . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b c "Elyse Walker: You Will Not Find Your Successes Until You've Experienced Your Key Failures" (http://finance.yahoo.com/news/elyse-walker-not-successes-until-195642614.html) . finance.yahoo.com . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Elyse Walker brings newest store to Calabasas" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Elyse-walker-brings-newest-store-to-calabasas,1233656.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b c d e Moore, Booth (2019-10-11). "How Retailer Elyse Walker Brings Hollywood Styling to Customers' Everyday Lives" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/moore-from-l-a-retailer-elyse-walker-brings-hollywood-styling-to-customers-1203341387/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b c "With Shoe Boutique, Scarsdale's Elyse Walker Follows Her Mother's Footsteps" (https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/with-shoe-boutique-scarsdales-elyse-walker-follows-her-mothers-footsteps/) . Westchester Magazine . 2014-11-21 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wolfson, Alisa (2019-09-01), " Elyse Walker's small business brings big fashion to the Palisades (https://issuu.com/longvalleymedia/docs/palisades_magazine_-_fall_2019_-_issuu) ", Palisades Magazine, pages 10-14. Retrieved 2020-05-25. ^ a b "Boutique banks on O.C. expansion" (https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/tn-wknd-et-1030-elyse-walker-20161029-story.html) . Daily Pilot . 2016-10-28 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b Meers, Carolyn (2018-06-25). "Elyse Walker Curates Your Perfect Look" (https://robbreport.com/muse/fashion-jewelry/elyse-walker-curates-perfect-look-2802231/) . Robb Report . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Moore, Booth (2020-07-23). "Elyse Walker Opening Flagship Location in Calabasas" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/elyse-walker-opening-flagship-calabasas-1203685430/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Asch, Andrew (July 28, 2020). "Elysewalker Announces New Store" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2020/jul/28/elysewalker-announces-new-store/) . www.apparelnews.net . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "ElyseWalker Store to Open in Calabasas" (https://www.sfvbj.com/news/2020/jul/24/elysewalker-store-open-calabasas/) . www.sfvbj.com . San Fernando Valley Business Journal. 24 July 2020 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Elyse Walker Opening Flagship Location in Calabasas" (https://caruso.com/newsroom/in-the-news/2020/elyse-walker-opening-flagship-location-in-calabasas/) . Caruso . 23 July 2020 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Spinelli Kilcollin Debuts Jewelry Customization Workshop at Elysewalker" (https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/spinelli-kilcollin-debuts-workshop/) . 4 October 2019 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Elyse Walker Hosts Dinner for Fashion Designer David Koma" (https://hauteliving.com/2015/04/david-koma/561032/) . Haute Living . 2015-04-03 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Inside Forward by Else Walker and the CFDA's Rising Talent Party" (https://www.instyle.com/news/inside-forward-by-elyse-walker-cfda-rising-talent-party) . InStyle . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b "Elyse Walker on the Secret to Fashion Retail" (https://www.pymnts.com/news/retail/2018/elyse-walker-apparel-luxury-fashion-ecommerce/) . www.pymnts.com . 2018-07-12 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Anderson, Melinda (2015-04-28). "Elyse Walker dishes on what it takes to 'Perfext' her newest designs" (https://nypost.com/2015/04/28/elyse-walker-dishes-on-what-it-takes-to-perfext-her-newest-designs/) . New York Post . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Scharf, Lindzi (2019-09-24). "Elyse Walker celebrates 20th anniversary with new Spinelli Kilcollin jewelry collaboration" (https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2019-09-19/la-ig-elyse-walker-spinelli-kilcollin-jewelry) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Asch, Andrew (March 27, 2018). "Elyse Walker Announces Towne by ElyseWalker" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2018/mar/27/elyse-walker-announces-towne-elysewalker/) . www.apparelnews.net . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Estrada, Jessica. "Shop at Towne by Elyse Walker for California Cool" (https://dujour.com/cities/elyse-walker-opens-boutique-towne-newport-beach-california/) . Dujour . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Medina, Marcy (2018-06-25). "Elyse Walker's Localized Concept Towne to Open Second Location" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/elyse-walker-localized-retail-concept-towne-to-open-second-location-1202736519/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) (2018-12-10) "Elyse Walker, Retailer of the Year, Fashion & Beauty Awards (https://www.cbjonline.com/a2labj/supplements/FashionAwardsPost_20181210.pdf) ", Los Angeles Business Journal, page 38. Retrieved 2020-05-25. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Pink Party" (https://hauteliving.com/2014/10/pink-party/528444/) . Haute Living . 2014-10-20 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Burton, Danielle (2013-10-20). "Anne Hathaway Hosts Elyse Walker's 9th Annual Pink Party" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/anne-hathaway-hosts-elyse-walker-649652/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Elyse Walker's 9th Annual Pink Party" (http://laconfidentialmag.com/elyse-walkers-9th-annual-pink-party) . laconfidentialmag.com . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Moore, Booth. "Jennifer Garner, Rachel Zoe host Pink Party with Elyse Walker" (https://www.courant.com/la-ar-pink-party-20141020-post.html) . courant.com . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Pink Party cancer fundraisers are coming to a close" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-elyse-side-20140921-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2014-09-21 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Chan, Stephanie (2014-10-19). "Jennifer Garner, Rachel Zoe Host Elyse Walker's 10th Annual Pink Party" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jennifer-garner-rachel-zoe-host-741939/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ a b "Wellness Community Honors Elyse and David Walker" (https://www.palipost.com/wellness-community-honors-elyse-and-david-walker/) . Palisadian Post . 2009-05-14 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Flamer, Keith (2014-10-16). "California Dreamin': A Peek Inside Elyse Walker's Cabo Retreat" (https://hauteliving.com/2014/10/elyse-walker-cabo-mexico-retreat/528022/) . Haute Living . Retrieved 2021-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Designer Retreat" (https://digs.net/designer-retreat/) . Digs.net . 2017-06-15 . Retrieved 2021-05-27 . This article needs additional or more specific categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) . Please help out (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elyse_Walker&action=edit) by adding categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#How_do_I_add_an_article_to_a_category?) to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. 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American model and actress (1933–2021) Ivy Nicholson (February 22, 1933 – October 25, 2021) was an American model (/wiki/Model_(person)) and actress (/wiki/Actor) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Early life [ edit ] Nicholson grew up in Cypress Hills (/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn#Cypress_Hills) , New York. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) World magazine reported that she was "born to a humble working-class family". [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) She started working as a model at 16. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) She first modeled in a Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) department store, after winning a beauty contest. [5] (#cite_note-auto3-5) In her teens she settled in Greenwich Village (/wiki/Greenwich_Village) and worked in the Garment District (/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) . [5] (#cite_note-auto3-5) Model [ edit ] She appeared on the covers of major fashion magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) Life , [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Mademoiselle [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) and Elle . [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) In the mid-Fifties she was romantically linked with Colin Tennant (/wiki/Colin_Tennant) , son of the second Baron Glenconnor (/wiki/Baron_Glenconnor) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Nicholson moved to Italy and worked for fashion designers such as Irene Galitzine (/wiki/Irene_Galitzine) , Fernanda Gattinoni (/wiki/Fernanda_Gattinoni) , the Sorelle Fontana, Simonetta, Alberto Fabiani and Emilio Pucci. [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) [9] (#cite_note-auto4-9) Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) painted her for Life Magazine . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 1954, director Howard Hawks (/wiki/Howard_Hawks) tested her to play the lead female role of Princess Nellifer in his movie Land of the Pharaohs (/wiki/Land_of_the_Pharaohs) . Instructed to nip at the hand of actor Jack Hawkins (/wiki/Jack_Hawkins) in her screen test, Nicholson bit him “to the bone,” and Hawks decided to go with Joan Collins (/wiki/Joan_Collins) instead. Said production designer Alexander Trauner (/wiki/Alexandre_Trauner) , Nicholson “was very beautiful, but a little cuckoo.” [10] (#cite_note-10) According to a 1960 profile in Look Magazine , [5] (#cite_note-auto3-5) Nicholson was painted by Marc Chagall (/wiki/Marc_Chagall) , Lucian Freud (/wiki/Lucian_Freud) and her friend Bernard Buffet (/wiki/Bernard_Buffet) . At the time of the Look article she was living in Paris, the wife of French writer and actor, Count Regis Ruyneau St. Georges de Poleon. [5] (#cite_note-auto3-5) Andy Warhol's Factory [ edit ] Nicholson returned to the United States and entered into Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) 's circle. "Andy was taken by her," said Gerard Malanga (/wiki/Gerard_Malanga) , a poet and photographer who was part of the Warhol circle. "She became his first superstar." [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In a caption to a 1966 photo he took of her, Billy Name (/wiki/Billy_Name) , a photographer associated with Andy Warhol's Factory (/wiki/The_Factory) recorded "...the glamorous model Ivy Nicholson who had recently arrived in New York from Europe". [11] (#cite_note-11) She acted in films made by the Factory. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) She was depicted in the film Andy Warhol's Factory People . [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) She frugged (/wiki/Frug_(dance)) for a few minutes in the film Lonesome Cowboys (/wiki/Lonesome_Cowboys) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Describing her activities at the Factory, biographer Victor Bockris described her as "a tough, violent and hysterical woman". [13] (#cite_note-13) Catherine O'Sullivan Schorr included a picture of Nicholson in her book Andy Warhol's Factory People with the caption "Fiery fashion model Ivy Nicholson in a rare docile moment sits for a Warhol Screen Test". [14] (#cite_note-14) Personal life [ edit ] Nicholson had four children: three sons and a daughter. [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) In 1963 she met and married John Palmer, a co-director of Warhol's silent film Empire (/wiki/Empire_(1964_film)) . Their short marriage produced twins. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Nicholson also had a son by a different man. [5] (#cite_note-auto3-5) The San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) reported that in the early 1980s Ivy Nicholson was "living the low life in the Tenderloin (/wiki/Tenderloin,_San_Francisco) ." [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) Subsequently, for some time she was homeless (/wiki/Homeless) in San Francisco. [9] (#cite_note-auto4-9) According to the New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) "She spent her last decades in or near poverty, sometimes homeless, telling anyone who would listen that she was on her way back up." [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Prior to 2014 Ivy and her son Gunther lived together in a small apartment at the North Shore of Staten Island. In 2014 Nicholson lived in Venice Beach (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) , California, [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) but she was homeless again by 2018. [4] (#cite_note-auto5-4) Nicholson died on October 25, 2021, at an assisted living facility in Bellflower, California (/wiki/Bellflower,_California) . She was 88. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) William Fever, The Lives of Lucian Freud, The Restless Years , Knopf Doubleday, 2019, page 399. ^ a b c d e Leland, John (2021-11-04). "Ivy Nicholson, Model and Warhol Factory Star, Dies at 88" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/arts/ivy-nicholson-dead.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-11-14 . ^ a b c d e f "Ivy Nicholson by Conrad Ventur - BOMB Magazine" (https://bombmagazine.org/articles/ivy-nicholson/) . bombmagazine.org . Retrieved 2021-11-14 . ^ a b c d e f "Selfies with a supermodel" (https://wng.org/articles/selfies-with-a-supermodel-1620593839) . WORLD . Retrieved 2021-11-14 . ^ a b c d e "Wild Grows the Ivy," Look , May 10, 1960, pp. 91–93 ^ a b c " (https://lbpost.com/hi-lo/art/i-want-to-speak-to-everyone-the-human-behind-humans-of-long-beach) 'I want to speak to everyone': The human behind Humans of Long Beach • the Hi-lo" (https://lbpost.com/hi-lo/art/i-want-to-speak-to-everyone-the-human-behind-humans-of-long-beach) . lbpost.com . 12 December 2018 . Retrieved 2021-11-14 . ^ a b c d "Armimondi's work on display at S.F. Main Library," Sam Whiting, Chronicle Staff Writer, December 12, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "But You Married Him," London Review of Books, Volume 2, No 11, June 4, 2020 ^ a b Manning, Emily (November 2, 2016). "powerfully intimate portraits of octogenarian warhol superstar ivy nicholson" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/8xg9nz/powerfully-intimate-portraits-of-octogenarian-warhol-superstar-ivy-nicholson) . I-d . ^ (#cite_ref-10) McCarthy, Todd (2000). Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood . Grove Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0802137401 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Name, Billy (2014-11-09). "From Andy Warhol to Nico and beyond: Billy Name's Factory photographs" (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/nov/09/andy-warhol-nico-beyond-billy-names-factory-photographs) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2021-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Our Kind of Movie: The Films of Andy Warhol," Douglas Crimp, Page 112, Copyright 2014 by the MIT Press ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Warhol: The Biography, Victor Bockris, Page 271, copyright Hachette Book Group, 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Andy Warhol's Factory People," Catherine O'Sullivan Schorr, pages are not numbered, Copyright 2015 by Open Road Media Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/244788804) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMd9K7DhqqqHCBCtw6Kd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012051379) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hf7b2 Cached time: 20240714155012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.331 seconds Real time usage: 0.449 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 751/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16157/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 542/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36834/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4345509/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 412.183 1 -total 43.05% 177.426 1 Template:Reflist 30.94% 127.535 1 Template:Authority_control 27.80% 114.571 2 Template:Cite_news 21.75% 89.636 1 Template:Short_description 10.57% 43.566 2 Template:Pagetype 7.99% 32.944 3 Template:Main_other 7.40% 30.518 1 Template:SDcat 4.98% 20.516 4 Template:Cite_web 2.64% 10.881 1 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63536850-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714155012 and revision id 1224955999. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmetics (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmetics) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 16 subcategories, out of 16 total. B Beauty salons (/wiki/Category:Beauty_salons) ‎ (1 C, 7 P) Cosmetics brands (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands) ‎ (4 C, 111 P) Brushes (/wiki/Category:Brushes) ‎ (8 P) C Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Category:Cosmetic_industry) ‎ (5 C, 21 P) Cosmetics chemicals (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_chemicals) ‎ (4 C, 109 P) Cosmetics law (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_law) ‎ (7 P) F Fictional beauticians (/wiki/Category:Fictional_beauticians) ‎ (1 C, 32 P) Fictional hairdressers (/wiki/Category:Fictional_hairdressers) ‎ (1 C, 52 P) H History of cosmetics (/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics) ‎ (1 C, 93 P) L Lipstick (/wiki/Category:Lipstick) ‎ (6 P) M Makeup (/wiki/Category:Makeup) ‎ (3 C, 14 P) N Nail polish (/wiki/Category:Nail_polish) ‎ (13 P) P Cosmetics people (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_people) ‎ (4 C, 31 P) Perfumery (/wiki/Category:Perfumery) ‎ (7 C, 55 P) S Skin care (/wiki/Category:Skin_care) ‎ (2 C, 82 P) Cosmetic surgery (/wiki/Category:Cosmetic_surgery) ‎ (4 C, 32 P) Pages in category "Cosmetics" The following 109 pages are in this category, out of 109 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) * List of cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/List_of_cosmetic_ingredients) A Anal bleaching (/wiki/Anal_bleaching) Anti-aging product (/wiki/Anti-aging_product) Anti-aging supplements (/wiki/Anti-aging_supplements) B Baking (make-up) (/wiki/Baking_(make-up)) Barbie Magic Hair Styler (/wiki/Barbie_Magic_Hair_Styler) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Bear's grease (/wiki/Bear%27s_grease) Beard oil (/wiki/Beard_oil) Beauty mark (/wiki/Beauty_mark) Beauty micrometer (/wiki/Beauty_micrometer) Beauty salon (/wiki/Beauty_salon) Bindi (decoration) (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) Biomesotherapy (/wiki/Biomesotherapy) Blotting paper (/wiki/Blotting_paper) Borak (cosmetic) (/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)) Brush (/wiki/Brush) C CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Cinema Makeup School (/wiki/Cinema_Makeup_School) Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Compact (cosmetics) (/wiki/Compact_(cosmetics)) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Contouring (/wiki/Contouring) Corpse paint (/wiki/Corpse_paint) Cosmeceutical (/wiki/Cosmeceutical) Cosmetic camouflage (/wiki/Cosmetic_camouflage) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetic palette (/wiki/Cosmetic_palette) Cosmetic textile (/wiki/Cosmetic_textile) Cosmetics in Korea (/wiki/Cosmetics_in_Korea) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) Cosmetovigilance (/wiki/Cosmetovigilance) Cosmos (standard) (/wiki/Cosmos_(standard)) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) D DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) E Egg oil (/wiki/Egg_oil) Electrotherapy (cosmetic) (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Emlin (/wiki/Emlin) Eye black (/wiki/Eye_black) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Eyelash perm (/wiki/Eyelash_perm) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) F Face Forward (/wiki/Face_Forward) Face powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Facial prosthetic (/wiki/Facial_prosthetic) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) False eyelashes (/wiki/False_eyelashes) Foam latex (/wiki/Foam_latex) Foundation (cosmetics) (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Funeral cosmetology (/wiki/Funeral_cosmetology) G Glitter (/wiki/Glitter) Gold in cosmetics (/wiki/Gold_in_cosmetics) H Hada Labo (/wiki/Hada_Labo) Hair removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) Head cone (/wiki/Head_cone) Herbal distillate (/wiki/Herbal_distillate) Highlighter (cosmetics) (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) I International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (/wiki/International_Nomenclature_of_Cosmetic_Ingredients) ISO 22715 (/wiki/ISO_22715) J Japanese female beauty practices and ideals (/wiki/Japanese_female_beauty_practices_and_ideals) K Kabuki brush (/wiki/Kabuki_brush) Kohl (cosmetics) (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Kumkuma (/wiki/Kumkuma) L Light skin in Japanese culture (/wiki/Light_skin_in_Japanese_culture) Lip balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Lip gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Lip liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Lip stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Lipstick effect (/wiki/Lipstick_effect) Lipstick index (/wiki/Lipstick_index) M Makeover (/wiki/Makeover) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Male grooming (/wiki/Male_grooming) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Masonjoany (/wiki/Masonjoany) Mesotherapy (/wiki/Mesotherapy) Mineral cosmetics (/wiki/Mineral_cosmetics) Multi-lamellar emulsion (/wiki/Multi-lamellar_emulsion) N Nail buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Nanotechnology in cosmetics (/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_cosmetics) Nasolabial fold (/wiki/Nasolabial_fold) O Oshiroi (/wiki/Oshiroi) P Passion Dust (/wiki/Passion_Dust) Perfume (/wiki/Perfume) Period-after-opening symbol (/wiki/Period-after-opening_symbol) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Phytocosmetics (/wiki/Phytocosmetics) Powder puff (/wiki/Powder_puff) Primer (cosmetics) (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Prosthetic makeup (/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup) R Radio-frequency skin tightening (/wiki/Radio-frequency_skin_tightening) Rouge (cosmetics) (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) S Setting spray (/wiki/Setting_spray) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Skull mexican make-up (/wiki/Skull_mexican_make-up) Stain removal (/wiki/Stain_removal) T Teep (decoration) (/wiki/Teep_(decoration)) Thanaka (/wiki/Thanaka) Theatrical makeup (/wiki/Theatrical_makeup) Tilaka (/wiki/Tilaka) Trotula (/wiki/Trotula) U Uoma Beauty (/wiki/Uoma_Beauty) V Vajazzle (/wiki/Vajazzle) W Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup? (/wiki/Who_Said_Boys_Can%27t_Wear_Makeup%3F) Z Z-Cote (/wiki/Z-Cote) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics&oldid=1187843783 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics&oldid=1187843783) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Beauty (/wiki/Category:Beauty) Toiletry (/wiki/Category:Toiletry) Body art (/wiki/Category:Body_art) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Custom-fit means personalized (/wiki/Personalization) with regard to shape and size. A customized product would imply the modification of some of its characteristics according to the customers requirements such as with a custom car (/wiki/Custom_car) . However, when fit is added to the term, customization could give the idea of both the geometric characteristics of the body and the individual customer requirements, [1] (#cite_note-1) e.g. , the steering wheel of the Formula 1 driver Fernando Alonso (/wiki/Fernando_Alonso) . The custom-fit concept can be understood as the idea of offering one-of-a-kind products that, due to their intrinsic characteristics and use, can be totally adapted to geometric characteristics in order to meet the user requirements. [2] (#cite_note-2) With this new concept, industry moves from a resource based manufacturing system to a knowledge based manufacturing system and from mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) to individual production. This encourages the Lean Production (/wiki/Lean_manufacturing) trend as established by Toyota, or in other words, an efficiency-based production. Research [ edit ] There are some studies referring to the positive impacts this concept would have on society: Customised Motorcycle Seats [3] (#cite_note-3) Orthopaedic Profession [4] (#cite_note-4) The research studies found in February 2008 on the subject are the following: Customised Motorcycle and Helmet [5] (#cite_note-5) Knee and Maxillo-facial Implants and Prosthetics Sockets [6] (#cite_note-6) Technical Tools [ edit ] Data Capturing [ edit ] The process starts with the capturing of data directly from the user by CAD (/wiki/Computer-aided_design) techniques with the ultimate aim of manufacturing products using CAM (/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing) techniques. Process Design and Validation [ edit ] Converting scanned data directly and automatically into final models ready for printing: Digital Cad Approach (/w/index.php?title=Digital_Cad_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1) and Hybrid Approach (/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1) . Representing Structure for Functionally Graded Material: Interface Innerspace (/w/index.php?title=Interface_Innerspace&action=edit&redlink=1) developed by TNO which integrates the RDT Centers in The Netherlands. Multi Phase Topology Optimisation (/wiki/Multi_Phase_Topology_Optimisation) , designed by Fraunhofer (/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society) (comparable to TNO in Germany). Finite Element Representation Finite element analysis (/wiki/Finite_element_analysis) used by Materialise in Belgium. A rapid manufacturing (/wiki/Rapid_manufacturing) interface called Slice Raster Interface (/w/index.php?title=Slice_Raster_Interface&action=edit&redlink=1) , also designed by Materialise. Although all these developments have been of great interest, the RM-processes have not fallen behind, due to improvement of new Rapid Prototyping Direct digital manufacturing (/wiki/Direct_digital_manufacturing) techniques. Rapid Manufacturing Systems, Tools and Materials [ edit ] The Metal Printing Process developed by SINTEF in Norway, produces 3D products with metal powder with different graduation, sintered layer-by-layer. [7] (#cite_note-7) MPP aims to become the equivalent of a high speed 3D-printer that produces three-dimensional objects directly from powder materials. This technique is based on the process principles of xerographic (/wiki/Xerographic) printers, (for example, laser or LED printers (/wiki/LED_printer) ) that combine electrostatic printing with photography. The MPP process approach uses the same fundamental principles to build solid objects on a layer-by-layer basis. Layers of powder materials are generated by attracting different metal- and/or ceramic powders to their respective position on a charged pattern on a photoreceptor by means of an electrostatic field. The attracted layer is transferred to a punch and transported to the consolidation unit where each layer of part material is sintered onto the previous by pressure and heat. The procedure is repeated layer-by-layer until the three-dimensional object is fully formed and consolidated. MPP has the ability to print different powders within the same layer and progressively change from one material to another, i.e., producing a functionally graded material. In addition to this, MPP uses external pressure to speed the densification process (sintering), which allows manufacturing with a wide range of materials and opens the possibility to produce unique material combinations and microstructures. The High Viscosity Inkjet printing (/wiki/Inkjet_printing) developed by TNO has the capability of printing with one or more materials with graded structures in a single process using additive technology. It has several print heads that produce continuous streams of material droplets at high frequency. The High Viscosity Inkjet Printing machine is also capable of printing multi-materials simultaneously and also enables the mixing and grading of materials in any combination that is desired. This will enable the manufacturing of products with two or more materials that are graded and there will be no distinct boundary between the materials. This will result in products with unique mechanical properties. Dr. Michiel Willemse who is leading the project says, "The process is unique in its capability to print highly viscous, UV curable, resins. Material formulations with viscosities up to 500 mPa•s (at ambient temperature) have been printed successfully. This offers the opportunity to print products with unequaled mechanical properties when compared to any other printing systems." [8] (#cite_note-8) The Plastic Powder Printing Process developed by The Monfort University in the United Kingdom is based on the concept of fusing layers of a wide range of plastic powders in the desired combination by laser printing (/wiki/Printing) . PPP aims to develop the equivalent of a high speed laser printer (/wiki/Laser_printer) that produces three-dimensional 3D objects from plastic powder where powder is first deposited by means of laser printing /electrophotography technique and subsequently fused under infrared heating units to make solid layers. Layers are consolidated further to make 3D plastic objects. Various thermoplastic (/wiki/Thermoplastics) toners from standard engineering polymers like polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) (high and low density), polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) , and polystyrene (/wiki/Polystyrene) have already been deposited using this technique and later fused with infrared rays to form the layers. See also [ edit ] Bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) Mass customization (/wiki/Mass_customization) Personalization (/wiki/Personalization) Configurator (/wiki/Configurator) Personalized marketing (/wiki/Personalized_marketing) Product differentiation (/wiki/Product_differentiation) Product management (/wiki/Product_management) Rapid manufacturing (/wiki/Rapid_manufacturing) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tuck et al., 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Anton et al., 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ong et al., 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wagner et al., 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Tuck et al., 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dolinsek, 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Material Issues of the Metal Printing Process, MPP" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191045/http://www.rm-platform.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=287) . Archived from the original (http://www.rm-platform.com/index.php?option%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D287) on 2011-07-15 . Retrieved 2008-04-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Printing Multi Materials and Graded Structures Now Possible" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080725192316/http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/materials_science/report-100199.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/materials_science/report-100199.html) on 2008-07-25 . Retrieved 2008-04-14 . References [ edit ] C. J. Tuck; R. J. M. Hague; M. Ruffo; M. Ransley; P. Adams (2007). "Rapid manufacturing facilitated customization". International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing . Guerrits, Anton; Lewis Jones, Chris; Valero, Rafael. (2006). "Volume 9". Custom-Fit: Quality of Life of European Sporting Public through Custom-Fit products . The Engineering of Sports 6 - Developments for innovation, Springer London. pp. 229–249. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/BF02866061 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02866061) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195338646 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195338646) . 10.1007/BF02866061. Ong, Min Huey; Wagner, Helen; Tuck, Christopher; Hague, Richard (2008). "Body-fitting customisation of Motorcycle seats: an investigation of consumer requirements". International Journal of Mass Customisation . 2 (3–4): 375–393. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1504/IJMASSC.2008.017149 (https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJMASSC.2008.017149) . H. Wagner; A. Dainty; R. Hague; C. Tuck; M. H. Ong (2007). "The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession" (https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00512988/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F00207540701432623.pdf) (PDF) . International Journal of Production Research . 46 (22). 1: 6461–6478. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00207540701432623 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207540701432623) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 109204241 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109204241) . 10.1080/00207540701432623. Chris Tuck; Min Huey Ong; Helen Wagner; Richard Hague (October 2007). "Extreme Customization: Rapid Manufacturing Products that Enhance the Consumer" (http://www.robertfreund.de/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/MCPC2007_program-06-Sept-07.pdf) (PDF) . 4th Interdisciplinary World Congress on Mass Customization and Personalization . Retrieved 2008-01-30 . Dolinsek, Slavko (2007). "Aplikacije hitre izdelave v medicini –projekt Custom-fit" (http://www.irt3000.si/default-300,597.html?PHPSESSID=bacdc3e3294f41076b7a6c47b2fdd180) . IRT3000 . 11 (5): 56–58. 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Italian style of women's dress popular in the 15th and early 16th centuries Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni, 1488, by Domenico Ghirlandaio (/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio) . A woman wearing a gamurra underneath a giornea. A gamurra was an Italian (/wiki/Italians) style of women's dress (/wiki/Dress) popular in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It could also be called a camurra or camora in Florence or a zupa , zipa , or socha in northern Italy. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It consisted of a fitted bodice (/wiki/Bodice) and full skirt (/wiki/Skirt) worn over a chemise (/wiki/Chemise) (called a camicia ). It was usually unlined. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The gamurra probably developed from a fourteenth century garment called the gonna , gonnella , or sottana . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Early styles were front-laced, but the fashion later changed to side-laced styles. The fashion for sleeves also changed: though sleeves earlier in the fifteenth century are attached to the bodice, after 1450, they are usually detached [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) and laced or pinned to the bodice. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The gamurra could be worn on its own in the home or in an informal setting; in a formal setting, it would typically be worn underneath an overdress such as a giornea or a cioppa . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Gallery [ edit ] Madonna del Parto , c.. 1455, by Piero della Francesca (/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca) . This image shows a gamurra laced in front and at the side, used here to regulate the size of the gamurra during pregnancy. Portrait of a Woman , c. 1475, by Sandro Botticelli (/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli) . A woman wearing a brown gamurra. The Visitation (detail), c. 1488, by Domenico Ghirlandaio. A full-length image of Giovanna Tornabuoni wearing a gamurra and giornea. The Birth of St. John the Baptist , c. 1485–1490, by Domenico Ghirlandaio. The woman to the left wears a gamurra underneath a giornea and the women in the center seems to wear a gamurra under an overdress. References [ edit ] ^ a b c Herald, Jacqueline. (1981). Renaissance dress in Italy 1400-1500 . Bell & Hyman. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 557681355 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557681355) . ^ a b c Frick, Carole Collier. (2005). Dressing Renaissance Florence : families, fortunes, and fine clothing . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8018-8264-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 62531995 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62531995) . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamurra&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐nlzlx Cached time: 20240712172637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.303 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 294/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7038/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 729/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17752/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3395758/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 340.469 1 -total 34.46% 117.327 2 Template:Cite_book 27.02% 91.978 1 Template:Clothing-stub 26.30% 89.543 1 Template:Short_description 26.26% 89.416 1 Template:Asbox 14.52% 49.442 2 Template:Pagetype 7.35% 25.027 2 Template:Main_other 6.57% 22.361 1 Template:SDcat 0.88% 2.985 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30113252-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172637 and revision id 1149694452. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamurra&oldid=1149694452 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamurra&oldid=1149694452) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 15th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
See also: Category:Japanese clothing (/wiki/Category:Japanese_clothing) This is a list of items of clothing, as well as clothing accessories, traditionally worn in Japan. These include items worn in both formal and informal situations, such as the kimono (/wiki/Kimono) and happi (/wiki/Happi) coats, as well as items reserved for auspicious, ceremonial and/or religious occasions. Members of the Imperial family (/wiki/Imperial_family) on formal occasions, geisha (/wiki/Geisha#Appearance) , maiko (/wiki/Maiko#Appearance) , and sumo (/wiki/Sumo) wrestlers wear variations on common traditional accessories that are not found in everyday dress, such as certain types of kimono. As an extension of this, many practitioners of Japanese traditional dance (/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance) wear similar kimono and accessories to geisha and maiko . For certain traditional holidays and occasions, some specific types of kimono accessories are worn. For instance, yukata (/wiki/Yukata) are worn to festivals, and okobo (/wiki/Okobo) and furisode are worn by girls for shichi-go-san (/wiki/Shichi-go-san) and young women on seijin no hi (/wiki/Seijin_no_hi) (Coming of Age Day). A slightly taller, plainer variation of okobo are also worn by maiko in some areas of Japan throughout their apprenticeship. C [ edit ] Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) ( ちはや/襅 ) An item of clothing worn only by kannushi (/wiki/Kannushi) and miko (/wiki/Miko) in some Shinto shrine (/wiki/Shinto_shrine) ceremonies. D [ edit ] Datejime ( 伊達締め ) or Datemaki ( 伊達巻き ) A wide undersash used to flatten and keep in place the kimono and/or the nagajuban when tied. Datejime can be made of a variety of fabrics, including silk, linen and elastic. [1] (#cite_note-1) F [ edit ] Fā ( ファー (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC#Japanese) ) The Japanese term for a fur collar (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) , boa (/wiki/Feather_boa) , stole (/wiki/Shawl#Stole) , or even a muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) , worn over a kimono. White fur stoles are usually worn by young women on their Coming of Age Day (/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day) , whereas other colours are likely to be worn by older women to keep warm. Futokorogatana ( 懐刀 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%87%90%E5%88%80#Japanese) ) Translating as "chest sword", a small dagger held in a small, decorative brocade-fabric purse tucked into the collar of a woman's wedding kimono. Similar to a kaiken (/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)) . G [ edit ] Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) ( 下駄 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%A7%84#Japanese) ) Wooden thong sandals. Geta are usually made of a lightweight wood such as paulownia (/wiki/Paulownia) , and come in a variety of styles, such as ama geta ("rain geta", covering the feet) and tengu geta (with just one prong on the sole instead of two). Geta are typically worn with yukata and other casual kimono, or traditionally, in bad weather. H [ edit ] Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) ( 鉢巻 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%89%A2%E5%B7%BB#Japanese) ) A traditional Japanese headband (/wiki/Headband) , worn to keep sweat off of one's face. Hachimaki are typically made of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , sometimes featuring a printed design. In Japanese media, it is used as a trope to show the courage of the wearer, symbolising the effort put into their strife, and in kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) , when appearing as a purple headband tied to the left, it can symbolise a character sick with love. Hadagi (/wiki/Hadagi) ( 肌着 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%9D%80) , lit. ' underwear ' ) Underwear, specifically referring to a kimono-style undershirt and trousers, or skirt slip, in the context of kimono. Hadagi are sometimes worn only in cold weather as a base layer. The hadagi usually features tube sleeves, or is sleeveless, and is tied shut with ties attached to it at the front openings. Hadagi are made of either linen (/wiki/Linen) , silk crepe (/wiki/Crepe) , or cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Historically, hadagi were worn by the samurai (/wiki/Samurai) classes, mainly during the Sengoku period (/wiki/Sengoku_period) (16th century). Hadajuban ( 肌襦袢 ) A thin, nagajuban -style garment, considered to be "kimono underwear" and worn underneath the nagajuban . Hadajuban have tube-shaped sleeves and are worn with a slip-like wrap tied around the waist. [2] (#cite_note-yamanaka-2) : 60 [3] (#cite_note-3) Hadajuban are not always worn underneath kimono, and may be substituted for a t-shirt and shorts in the modern day. Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) ( 袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A2%B4#Japanese) ) A divided ( umanori-bakama ( 馬乗り袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B9%97%E3%82%8A%E8%A2%B4) ) ) or undivided ( andon-bakama ( 行灯袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%81%AF%E8%A2%B4) ) ) 'skirt', which resembles a wide pair of trousers. Hakama were historically worn by both men and women, and in modern-day can be worn to a variety of formal (for women) and informal (for men) events. A hakama is typically pleated at the waist and fastened by waist ties over the obi . Shorter kimono may be worn underneath the hakama for ease of movement. Hakama are worn in several budō (/wiki/Bud%C5%8D) arts such as aikido (/wiki/Aikido) , kendo (/wiki/Kendo) , iaidō (/wiki/Iaid%C5%8D) and naginata (/wiki/Naginata) . They are also worn by Miko in Shinto shrines. See also mo-bakama ( 裳袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B3%E8%A2%B4) ) . Hakama boots ( 袴ブーツ ) A pair of boots (leather or faux leather), with low-to-mid heels, worn with a pair of hakama . Boots are a style of footwear that came to Japan from the West during the Meiji period (/wiki/Meiji_period) (1868–1912); worn by women while wearing a hakama , optional footwear worn by young women, students and teachers at high-school and university graduation ceremonies, and by young women out celebrating their Coming of Age at shrines, often with a hakama with furisode combination. Hakoseko ( 筥迫 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%A5%E8%BF%AB#Japanese) / 箱迫 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E8%BF%AB#Japanese) , lit. ' boxy narrow thing ' ) A small box-shaped billfold (/wiki/Billfold) accessory; sometimes covered in materials to coordinate with the wearer's kimono or obi . Fastened closed with a cord, and carried tucked-within a person's futokoro , the space within the front of kimono collar and above the obi . Used for formal occasions that require traditional dress, such as a traditional Shinto wedding or a child's Shichi-Go-San ceremony. Originally used for practical uses, such as carrying around a woman's beni ita ( lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) ), omamori (an amulet/talisman), kagami (mirror), tenugui (handkerchief), coins, and the like, it now has a more of a decorative role. Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) ( 袢纏 , lit. ' half-wrap ' ) The worker's version of the more formal haori , typically with narrow, tube-shaped sleeves. As winterwear, it is often padded for warmth, giving it insulating properties, as opposed to the somewhat lighter happi . It could be worn outside in the wintertime by fieldworkers out working in the fields, by people at home as a housecoat (/wiki/Housecoat) or a cardigan, and even slept-in over one's bedclothes. Haori (/wiki/Haori) ( 羽織 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E7%B9%94#Japanese) ) A hip- or thigh-length kimono-like overcoat with straight, rather than overlapping, lapels. Haori were originally worn by men until they were popularised as women's wear as well by geisha in the Meiji period. The jinbaori ( 陣羽織 ) was specifically made for armoured samurai to wear. Haori himo ( 羽織紐 ) A tasseled, woven cord fastener for haori . The most formal colour is white. Happi (/wiki/Happi) ( 法被 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A2%AB#Japanese) ) A type of overcoat traditionally worn by shop keepers, sometimes as uniform by employees of the shop (not unlike a propaganda kimono (/wiki/Propaganda_kimono) , but for advertising business), typically with brightly-coloured designs in white, red and blue, often featuring text in Edomoji (/wiki/Edomoji) . The happi is now associated mostly with festivals. Haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(clothing)) ( 腹巻 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%B7%BB#Japanese) , lit. ' belly wrap ' ) Items of Japanese clothing that cover the stomach. They are worn for health, fashion and superstitious reasons. Hifu (/wiki/Hifu_(garment)) ( 被布 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%B8%83#Japanese) ) Originally a kind of padded over-kimono for warmth, this has evolved into a sleeveless over-kimono like a padded outer vest (/wiki/Vest) or pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) (also similar to a sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) or gilet (/wiki/Gilet) ), worn primarily by girls on formal outings such as the Shichi-Go-San ceremony for children aged seven, five, and three. Hiōgi ( 檜扇 ) An elaborate cypress (/wiki/Cypress) wood hand fan (/wiki/Hand_fan#Japan) used in the Heian period, which could be tied together by tassels tied onto the end fan bones. These fans were made of cypress wood entirely, with the design painted onto the wide, flat bones themselves. Hirabitai ( 平額 ) A decoration, part of a kamiagegu , and similar to a kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) , worn on the front of the hair, above the forehead, held into the hair by pins worn by Edo-era aristocratic women in court, like a tiara (/wiki/Tiara) , with their jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) robes. See also tenkan (below). Hitatare ( 直垂 ) A traditional two-piece set of clothing worn in some form since the early Heian period, consisting of a long-sleeved robe tucked into hakama trousers, where the robe opening in front is tied closed with a cord, and the sleeves each have a drawstring at the opening to cinch them up as needed. Horo (/wiki/Horo_(cloak)) ( 母衣 ) A type of cloak or garment attached to the back of the armour worn by samurai on the battlefields of feudal Japan. I [ edit ] Inro (/wiki/Inro) ( 印籠 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%B1%A0#Japanese) ) A traditional Japanese case for holding small objects, suspended from the obi worn around the waist when wearing kimono. They are often highly decorated, in a variety of materials and techniques, often using lacquer (/wiki/Japanese_lacquerware) . (See also netsuke and ojime ). J [ edit ] Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) ( 地下足袋 ) A modification of the usual split-toe tabi sock design for use as a shoe, complete with rubber sole. Invented in the early 20th century. Jinbei (/wiki/Jinbei) ( 甚平 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%9A%E5%B9%B3#Japanese) ) Traditional loose-woven two-piece clothing, consisting of a robe-like top and shorts below the waist; the seams connecting the sleeves to the body are traditionally loosely-sewn, showing a slight gap. Worn by men, women, boys, girls, and even babies, during the hot, humid summer season, in lieu of kimono. Jittoku ( 十徳 ) A style of haori , formerly more widespread but in modern times generally worn only by male practitioners of tea ceremony. Jittoku are made of unlined silk gauze, fall to the hip, and have sewn himo ties at the front made of the same fabric as the main garment. The jittoku has a wrist opening that is entirely open along the sleeve's vertical length. The garment originated in the late Kamakura period (/wiki/Kamakura_period) (1185–1333 CE). Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) ( 十二単 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%98) , lit. ' twelve layers ' ) The layered garments worn by court ladies (/wiki/Lady-in-waiting#Japan) during the Heian period. The jūnihitoe consisted of up to, or above, twelve layered garments, with the innermost garment being the kosode , worn as underwear underneath a pair of hakama . An entire jūnihitoe ensemble could weigh up to 20 kg (44 lb). The garments were decorated with large motifs, and considerable attention was paid to the seasonality of garment colour combinations, with a number of named combinations recorded in various texts, such as Sei Shonagon (/wiki/Sei_Shonagon) 's The Pillow Book (/wiki/The_Pillow_Book) . No extant garments from the Heian period survive, and today the jūnihitoe can only be seen as a reproduction in museums, movies, festivals and demonstrations. The Imperial Household (/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan) still officially uses them at some important functions, such as the coronation of the new Empress. K [ edit ] Ka (/wiki/Clothes_valet) ( 架 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%B6#Japanese) , lit. ' rack ' ) A rack or stand used for holding and displaying kimono. Kappōgi (/wiki/Kapp%C5%8Dgi) ( 割烹着 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E7%83%B9%E7%9D%80#Japanese) , lit. ' cooking wear ' ) A type of gown-like apron; first designed to protect kimono from food stains, it has baggy sleeves, is as long as the wearer's knees, and fastens with strips of cloth ties that are tied at the back of the neck and the waist. Particularly used when cooking and cleaning, it is worn by Japanese housewives (/wiki/Housewife) , lunch ladies (/wiki/Lunch_lady) , and cleaners. Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) ( 簪 (/w/index.php?title=Wikit:%E7%B0%AA&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Kanzashi are hair ornaments used in traditional Japanese hairstyles (/wiki/Nihongami) . A variety of kanzashi are used on different occasions as a means of symbolism: for maiko (/wiki/Maiko) , certain types of kanzashi are used in accompaniment with different hairstyles (/wiki/Nihongami#Maiko) to symbolise the progression of their apprenticeship, the seasons and special events such as New Years'. Geisha also wear different kanzashi , though theirs are more subdued and follow seasonality, occasion or personal taste. In bridalwear, kanzashi made of tortoiseshell or faux-tortoiseshell are worn with a takashimada (/wiki/Nihongami#Brides) wig. These kanzashi are a matching set, and typically include a highly-decorated kushi comb and kogai hair stick, and a number of bira-bira -style kanzashi , often decorated with flowers in either tortoiseshell or metal and coral or coral-substitute. Kasa (/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella#Oil-paper_umbrella_in_Japan) ( 傘 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%82%98#Japanese) ) A traditional Japanese oil-paper (/wiki/Washi) umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) or parasol (/wiki/Parasol) , these umbrellas as typically crafted from one length of bamboo split finely into spokes. See also Gifu (/wiki/Gifu_umbrellas) umbrellas. Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ( 着物 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E7%89%A9#Japanese) ) Traditional square-cut wrap-around garment. Kimono slip ( 着物スリップ , kimono surippu ) A one-piece undergarment combining the hadajuban and the susoyoke . [2] (#cite_note-yamanaka-2) : 76 [4] (#cite_note-4) Kinchaku (/wiki/Kinchaku) ( 巾着 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%BE%E7%9D%80#Japanese) ) A traditional Japanese drawstring bag or pouch, worn like a purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) or handbag (/wiki/Handbag) (vaguely similar to the English reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) ), for carrying around personal possessions. A kind of sagemono . Koshihimo ( 腰紐 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%85%B0%E7%B4%90#Japanese) , lit. ' hip cord ' ) A narrow strip of fabric used to tie the kimono, nagajuban and ohashori in place while dressing oneself in kimono. They are often made of silk or wool. Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) ( 小袖 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A2%96#Japanese) ) A traditional short-sleeved Japanese garment, and the direct predecessor of the kimono. Though its component parts directly parallel those of the kimono, its proportions differed, typically having a wider body, a longer collar and narrower sleeves. The sleeves of the kosode were typically sewn to the body entirely, and often featured heavily rounded outer edges. The kosode was worn in Japan as common, everyday dress from roughly the Kamakura period (1185–1333) until the latter years of the Edo period (1603–1867), at which a point its proportions had diverged to resemble those of modern-day kimono; it was also at this time that the term kimono, meaning "thing to wear on the shoulders", first came into use when referring to the garment formerly known as the kosode . Kyahan (/wiki/Kyahan) ( 脚絆 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E7%B5%86#Japanese) ) Traditional Japanese leg-wrappings, similar to leggings (/wiki/Leggings) or a Western soldier's gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) (and, in modern times, is used as the Japanese word for Western soldier's gaiters), worn by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan. M [ edit ] Michiyuki ( 道行き (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%8D#Japanese) ) A traditional Japanese overcoat (not to be confused with a haori or a hifu ), characterised with a signature square neckline formed by the garment's front overlap. It is fastened at the front with snaps or buttons, and is often worn over the kimono for warmth, protection from the weather or as a casual housecoat. Some michiyuki will include a hidden pocket beneath the front panel, and they are typically thigh- or even knee-length. Michiyuki worn by maiko and geisha may not have a square front neckline, instead having a regular kimono neckline with a black satin collar. Mo-bakama ( 裳袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B3%E8%A2%B4) ) Not to be mistaken with the divided ( umanori-bakama ( 馬乗り袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B9%97%E3%82%8A%E8%A2%B4) ) ) or undivided ( andon-bakama ( 行灯袴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%81%AF%E8%A2%B4) ) ) 'skirt', which resembles a wide pair of trousers, mo-bakama were like wrap-skirts (/wiki/Wrap_dress) , historically worn by women, similar to an apron (/wiki/Apron) . N [ edit ] Nagajuban ( 長襦袢 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A5%A6%E8%A2%A2#Japanese) , lit. ' long under-robe ' ) A long under-kimono worn by both men and women beneath the main outer garment, [2] (#cite_note-yamanaka-2) : 61 sometimes simply referred to as a juban . Since silk kimono are delicate and difficult to clean, the nagajuban helps to keep the outer kimono clean by preventing contact with the wearer's skin (paralleling the European (/wiki/Europe) petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) ). Only the collar edge of the nagajuban shows from beneath the outer kimono. [5] (#cite_note-5) Many nagajuban have removable collars, to allow them to be changed to match the outer garment, and to be easily washed without washing the entire garment. They are often as beautifully ornate and patterned as the outer kimono. Since men's kimono are usually fairly subdued in pattern and colour, the nagajuban allows for discreetly wearing very striking designs and colours. [6] (#cite_note-6) : 32–46 Nemaki ( 寝間着 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%9D%E9%96%93%E7%9D%80#Japanese) ) A unisex cotton robe resembling a yukata , but with tube-shaped sleeves. Nemaki are commonly given as guest clothing at inns, and are worn as sleepwear. Netsuke (/wiki/Netsuke) ( 根付 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E4%BB%98) / 根付け (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91) ) An ornament worn suspended from the men's obi , serving as a cordlock (/wiki/Cord_lock) or a counterweight. (See also inro and ojime ). Similar to yaopei (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) ( 腰佩 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%85%B0%E4%BD%A9) , lit. ' waist wear ' ), worn in hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) wear (see also yupei (/wiki/Yupei) , norigae (/wiki/Norigae) and lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) ). O [ edit ] Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) ( 帯 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF#Japanese) ) A belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) , waist-wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) or sash (/wiki/Sash) of varying sizes, lengths and shapes worn with both traditional Japanese clothing and uniforms for Japanese martial arts styles. Originating as a simple thin belt in Heian period Japan, the obi developed over time into a belt with a number of different varieties, with a number of different sizes and proportions, lengths, and methods of tying. The obi , which once did not differ significantly in appearance between men and women, also developed into a greater variety of styles for women than for men. Obi-age (/wiki/Obi_(sash)#accessories_for_women's_obi) ( 帯揚げ (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF%E6%8F%9A%E3%81%92#Japanese) ) A scarf-like sash worn tied above the obi , either knotted or tucked into the garment's collars. The obi-age has the dual purpose of hiding the obi-makura and providing a colour contrast against the obi . Obi-age are often silk, and are typically worn with more formal varieties of kimono. Obi-age can be plain-dyed silk, but are often decorated with shibori tie-dyeing; for maiko , obi-age are only ever red with a gold or silver foil design. Obidome ( 帯留め (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF%E7%95%99%E3%82%81#Japanese) ) A decorative fastening accessory piece, strung onto the obijime . For maiko , the obi-dome is commonly the most expensive part of the outfit, as they are usually hand-made from precious stones and metal such as gold or silver. Some obijime are woven specially to allow the obi-dome to be pinned on. Obi-ita ( 帯板 ) A thin, stiff board, commonly inserted behind the obi at the front, helping to give a smooth, uniform appearance. Obijime ( 帯締め (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF%E7%B7%A0%E3%82%81#Japanese) ) A decorative woven or padded cord (often kumihimo (/wiki/Kumihimo) ) used to assist in tying more complex bows with the obi , also worn as simple decoration on the obi itself. It can be tied at the front, and the ends tucked into the band itself, or tied at the back, in the case of being worn with an obi-dome . Obi-makura ( 帯枕 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF%E6%9E%95#Japanese) ) Padding used to put volume under the obi knot ( musubi ); to support the bows or ties at the back of the obi and keep them lifted. An essential part of the common taiko musubi ("drum knot"). Ojime (/wiki/Ojime) ( 緒締め ) A type of bead used to fasten a obijime in place, like a cordlock. They are also worn between the inrō and netsuke and are typically under an inch in length. Each is carved into a particular shape and image, similar to the netsuke cordlock, though smaller. Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) ( おこぼ ) Also referred to as pokkuri, bokkuri , or koppori geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) (all onomatopoeic terms taken from the sound okobo make when walking), are traditional Japanese (/wiki/Culture_of_Japan) wooden sandals worn by young girls for Shichi-Go-San (/wiki/Shichi-Go-San) , young women during Coming of Age Day (/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day) , and apprentice geisha (/wiki/Maiko) in some regions of Japan (/wiki/Japan) . S [ edit ] Samue (/wiki/Samue) ( 作務衣 ) A two-piece wrapped-front garment appearing similar to a jinbei (above), but with longer sleeves and trouser legs, and without the loosely-woven and -sewn fabric and construction. The samue is everyday clothing for a male Zen Buddhist (/wiki/Zen) lay-monk, and the favoured garment for komusō (/wiki/Komus%C5%8D) monks playing the shakuhachi (/wiki/Shakuhachi) . Sarashi (/wiki/Sarashi) ( 晒し (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%92%E3%81%97) ) Sarashi is Japanese for ' bleached cloth ' , usually cotton, or less commonly linen. Such cloth may be wrapped around the body (under a kimono), usually around the chest (similar to a girdle (/wiki/Compression_garment) or a bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) ). Sometimes it is wrapped around below the belly during pregnancy, or around the waist after the birth of a child. It is used by men and women. The whiteness and purity of the cloth has ritual significance, therefore it may also be used in rituals. [ citation needed ] Sensu (/wiki/Hand_fan) ( 扇子 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%87%E5%AD%90#Japanese) ) A handheld folding fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) , generally made of washi paper coated in paint, lacquer (/wiki/Lacquer) or gold leaf (/wiki/Gold_leaf) , with bamboo spines. As well as being used for cooling-off, sensu fans are used as dancing props, and are often worn tucked into the obi . For use in bridalwear, sensu in either entirely gold or silver leaf are worn tucked into the obi . Setta ( 雪駄 ) A flat, thick-bottomed sandal made of bamboo and straw with leather soles, and with metal spikes protruding from the heel of the sole to prevent slipping on ice. Suikan (/wiki/Suikan) ( 水干 ) An informal garment, like a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) , worn by males of the Japanese nobility in the Heian period, as outerwear; originally made from cloth that had been stretched and dried using only water and no starch. [ citation needed ] In the present day, the suikan is worn by members of Japanese nobility for some formal ceremonies. Susoyoke ( 裾除け (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BE%E9%99%A4%E3%81%91#Japanese) ) A thin half-slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) -like piece of underwear, like a petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) , worn by women under their nagajuban . [2] (#cite_note-yamanaka-2) : 60 [7] (#cite_note-7) Suzu (/wiki/Suzu_(bell)) ( 鈴 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%88%B4#Japanese) ) A round, hollow Shinto bell. They are somewhat like a jingle bell in form, though the materials produce a coarse, rolling sound. Suzu come in many sizes, ranging from tiny ones on good luck charms (called omamori ( お守り )) to large ones at shrine entrances. As an accessory to kimono wear, suzu are often part of kanzashi . T [ edit ] Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) ( 足袋 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E8%A2%8B#Japanese) ) Ankle-high, divided-toe socks usually worn with zōri or geta . Tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) ( 襷 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A5%B7#Japanese) ) A pair of sashes that loop over each shoulder and across the back, used for holding up kimono sleeves when working. Tenkan ( 天冠 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%A0#Japanese) , lit. ' divine crown ' or 'heavenly crown') A design of golden- filigree (/wiki/Filigree) crown worn by Buddha and celestial beings, such as Tennyo (below). Also worn by imperial princesses in the Heian period; now worn by miko (/wiki/Miko) during formal occasions such as festivals. Tenkan is also a name for the triangularly-folded cloth headband worn by yūrei in traditional Japanese artwork. See also hirabitai (above). Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) ( 手拭い (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8B%AD%E3%81%84#Japanese) , lit. ' hand wiper ' ) A rectangular piece of fabric, usually cotton or linen, used for a variety of purposes, such as a handkerchief, hand towel and headscarf. Tenugui come in a number of colours and patterns, and are also used as accessories in traditional Japanese dance and in kabuki. Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) ( 角隠し (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%9A%A0%E3%81%97#Japanese) , lit. ' horn-hiding ' ) A white headdress worn by some brides in traditional Shinto wedding ceremonies. The tsunokakushi is typically made of white silk, and is worn with the bride's white shiromuku (white uchikake over-kimono), or otherwise with a colourful uchikake . The tsunokakushi , unlike the wata bōshi , does not cover the high topknot of the bride's takashimada (/wiki/Nihongami#brides) -style wig. According to folk etymology, the tsunokakushi was worn to hide the bride's horns of jealousy and selfishness; however, this headdress was originally a simpler cap worn to keep the dirt and dust off a woman's hairstyle when travelling. [8] (#cite_note-8) The custom spread from married women in samurai families in the Muromachi (/wiki/Muromachi_period) and Momoyama periods (/wiki/Momoyama_period) , to younger women of lower classes during the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) . [ citation needed ] U [ edit ] Uchiwa (/wiki/Uchiwa) ( 団扇 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A3%E6%89%87#Japanese) ) A type of rigid Japanese fan, typically crafted out of a single length of bamboo split into bones for the fan, and covered with washi paper. The uchiwa is used in summer, and may be worn tucked into the obi . W [ edit ] Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) ( 草鞋 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%9E%8B#Japanese) ) Traditional sandals woven from rope, designed to wrap securely around the foot and around the ankle; mostly worn by monks, and previously common footwear for the working classes. Wata bōshi ( 綿帽子 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90#Japanese) , lit. ' cotton hat ' ) A full-coverage hood worn some brides in traditional Shinto weddings. The wata bōshi is always white, and is worn in coordination with a shiromuku . The hood entirely covers the bride's hairstyle, [9] (#cite_note-9) hiding her face from effectively everyone but the groom. Y [ edit ] Yumoji ( 湯文字 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97#Japanese) ) A traditional kimono undergarment; a simple wrap-around skirt, worn with a susoyoke . Z [ edit ] Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) ( 草履 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%A5#Japanese) ) Traditional sandals worn by both men and women, similar in design to flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) . Their formality ranges from strictly informal to fully formal. They are made of many materials, including cloth, leather, vinyl and woven bamboo, and can be highly decorated or very simple. See also [ edit ] Glossary of Shinto (/wiki/Glossary_of_Shinto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Coline, Youandi (5 December 2018). "Datejime" (https://chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com/2018/12/05/datejime/) . Chayatsuji Kimono . chayatsujikimono.wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 January 2020 . ^ a b c d Yamanaka, Norio (1982). The Book of Kimono . Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 4-7700-0986-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Underwear (Hadagi): Hada-Juban (http://kidorakujapan.com/wear/women_under_hadajuban.html) . KIDORAKU Japan. Accessed 22 October 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Underwear (Hadagi): Kimono Slip (http://kidorakujapan.com/wear/women_under_kimonoslip.html) . KIDORAKU Japan. Accessed 22 October 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nagajuban (http://kimono.sighvogue.com/nagajuban-under-kimono-garment.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080830040914/http://kimono.sighvogue.com/nagajuban-under-kimono-garment.html) 2008-08-30 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) undergarment for Japanese kimono ^ (#cite_ref-6) Imperatore, Cheryl; MacLardy, Paul (2001). "Nagajuban—Undergarments". Kimono Vanishing Tradition: Japanese Textiles of the 20th Century . Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-1228-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 44868854 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44868854) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Underwear (Hadagi): Susoyoke (http://kidorakujapan.com/wear/women_under_susoyoke.html) . KIDORAKU Japan. Accessed 22 October 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kimino, Rinko; Somegoro, Ichikawa (2016). Photographic Kabuki Kaleidoscope (1st ed.). Tokyo: Shogakukan. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-4-09-310843-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Yoshie, Fuami (26 March 2008). "Japanese Traditional Wedding Style: Shiromuku for Brides" (https://fyoshie060861.blogspot.com/2008/03/japanese-traditional-wedding-style.html) . Japanese Mind ―日本の心― . fyoshie060861.blogspot.com. Archived (https://archive.today/20211211165923/https://fyoshie060861.blogspot.com/2008/03/japanese-traditional-wedding-style.html) from the original on 11 December 2021 . Retrieved 4 January 2020 . v t e Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) List of items traditionally worn in Japan Traditional Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) Haori (/wiki/Haori) Happi (/wiki/Happi) Jinbei (/wiki/Jinbei) Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) Keikogi (/wiki/Keikogi) Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kyahan (/wiki/Kyahan) Mawashi (/wiki/Mawashi) Mino (/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)) Nemaki (/wiki/Nemaki) Samue (/wiki/Samue) Shitagi (/wiki/Shitagi) Sokutai (/wiki/Sokutai) Uwagi (/wiki/Uwagi) Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) Headgear Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kanmuri (/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)) Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Shaguma (/wiki/Shaguma) Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Belt / sash Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Uwa-obi (/wiki/Uwa-obi) Tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) Footwear Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐z5dw5 Cached time: 20240719163114 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.942 seconds Real time usage: 1.096 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10827/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 205417/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 63925/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35283/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.569/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14183806/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 960.098 1 -total 29.17% 280.101 66 Template:Defn 28.13% 270.033 228 Template:Transliteration 21.11% 202.641 66 Template:Term 13.61% 130.680 1 Template:Reflist 13.12% 125.945 1 Template:Japanese_clothing 12.92% 124.022 1 Template:Navbox 9.50% 91.213 2 Template:Cite_web 8.16% 78.297 1 Template:Short_description 7.18% 68.936 60 Template:Nihongo Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68188105-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719163114 and revision id 1201274333. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan&oldid=1201274333 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan&oldid=1201274333) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese clothing (/wiki/Category:Japanese_clothing) Japanese culture-related lists (/wiki/Category:Japanese_culture-related_lists) Clothing-related lists (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_lists) Glossaries of textile arts (/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_textile_arts) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Articles containing Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021) Wikipedia glossaries using description lists (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_glossaries_using_description_lists)
American fashion designer Michelle Ochs Born Gaithersburg, Maryland (/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland) , United States Nationality American Alma mater Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2005–present Title Creative director of Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) Founder of Cushnie et Ochs (/wiki/Cushnie_et_Ochs) Founder of Et Ochs Spouse Matthew Kopko Michelle Ochs is an American fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-1) She has designed for Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) , Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , and Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) . [2] (#cite_note-2) She is the winner of the 2009 Ecco Domani Award (/wiki/Ecco_Domani) , a finalist for the 2011 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) , a nominee for the 2012 CFDA Swarovski Award for Womenswear and 2010 Fashion Group International (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) Rising Star Award, and Forbes 30 under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_under_30) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She has been an active member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA) since 2012. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 2023, she was named Creative Director of Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She is also the founder and creative director of ET OCHS, which was launched in 2021. [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life and education [ edit ] She was born and raised in Gaithersburg, Maryland (/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland) , and completed a military high school (/wiki/Military_high_school) education. [7] (#cite_note-7) She is of mixed German and Filipino heritage. [8] (#cite_note-8) Ochs attended Parsons School of Design in New York City (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) , where she pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree in Fashion Design. [9] (#cite_note-fashionelite_carly-cushnie-michelle-ochs-9) She received the Designer of the Year award in 2007. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) During her time at Parsons, she worked as a design intern for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) before moving on to Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) 's Made to Order. [9] (#cite_note-fashionelite_carly-cushnie-michelle-ochs-9) She interned at Chado Ralph Rucci (/wiki/Ralph_Rucci) 's workshop during her senior year of high school, where she learned firsthand about the couture processes. [11] (#cite_note-11) Career [ edit ] Ochs, along with her partner Carly Cushnie, established their fashion brand Cushnie et Ochs (/wiki/Cushnie_(fashion_house)) in 2008 following their graduation from Parsons New School for Design. [12] (#cite_note-12) Her inaugural runway shows for Spring 2009, the duo has garnered Critical acclaim, Her debut collection for Spring 09 was exclusively retailed at Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) in New York. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2012, at just 27 years old, Ochs experienced a pivotal moment when a stylist from Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) 's office reached out to their brand to design a dress for the First Lady. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2018, it was announced that she abruptly left the company. [15] (#cite_note-15) During her time at Cushnie et Ochs, she designed for Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) , Rosie Huntington-Whitely (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whitely) , Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , Reese Witherspoon (/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon) , and Diane Kruger (/wiki/Diane_Kruger) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2021, Ochs founded her eponymous label, ET OCHS; she Partnered with JS Group, a Canadian family-run business, and Ochs debuted her first spring collection via a virtual show on the CFDA's Runway360 (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) . [17] (#cite_note-fashion-news_1234907761-17) In 2023, she was appointed as the creative director of Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) ; her debut collection at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) focused on adding dimension, movement, and fluidity to the brand's signature bandage dresses, expanding into streamlined separates like pants, jumpsuits, and tops. [18] (#cite_note-18) Drawing inspiration from the brand's extensive archives, [19] (#cite_note-19) Ochs has Infused modern touches into classic designs,Taking the reins in 2023, she has revitalized the label known for its signature bandage dress, [20] (#cite_note-20) introducing contemporary updates and expanding its offerings beyond the famed silhouette. [21] (#cite_note-:2-21) Style and inspiration [ edit ] She is known for using style and attention to detail; Ochs's style is characterized by sleek lines and silhouettes. [22] (#cite_note-22) Ochs's aesthetic is characterized by staples that blur the line; she focused on tailoring and uses stretch fabrics to create silhouettes. [23] (#cite_note-23) She has a knack for incorporating innovative elements into her collections, such as wire-filled hems for moldable silhouettes and sweater dresses crafted from recycled yarns. [21] (#cite_note-:2-21) Personal life [ edit ] She married Matthew Kopko in July 2015. [24] (#cite_note-24) The couple exchanged vows in a ceremony held at the Flower Hill villa in Montego Bay, Jamaica (/wiki/Montego_Bay,_Jamaica) . [25] (#cite_note-25) Ochs is a mother of two children; son Adrian and daughter Penelope. [26] (#cite_note-26) Ochs's close relationship with her family and friends, including her business partner Carly Cushnie, has played an integral role in shaping her personal and professional journey. [27] (#cite_note-27) Awards and recognition [ edit ] PARSONS (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Designer of the Year 2007. [28] (#cite_note-28) Winner of the 2009 Ecco Domani (/wiki/Ecco_Domani) Award. [29] (#cite_note-29) Finalist for the 2011 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Nominee for the 2012 CFDA Swarovski Award (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) for Womenswear. [17] (#cite_note-fashion-news_1234907761-17) Nominee for the 2010 Fashion Group International (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) Rising Star Award. [31] (#cite_note-31) Named in Forbes 30 under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_under_30) . [32] (#cite_note-32) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lockwood, Lisa (2023-06-12). "Michelle Ochs Named Creative Director of Hervé Léger" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/michelle-ochs-tapped-as-creative-director-of-herve-leger-1235679814/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Donovan, Louise (2018-02-12). "The Duo Behind Cushnie Et Ochs Talk Zaha Hadid, Curves And Dressing Gal Gadot" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/trends/articles/a41587/cushnie-et-ochs-new-york-fashion-week/) . ELLE . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Scheidnes, Jean (2009-01-05). "Ecco Domani Names Award Winners" (https://wwd.com/feature/ecco-domani-names-award-winners-1907964-1568234/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_4-0) Benissan, Ezreen (2023-06-12). "Michelle Ochs Joins Hervé Léger to Revive the Bandage Dress Brand" (https://www.vogue.com/article/michelle-ochs-joins-herve-leger-to-revive-the-bandage-dress-brand) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Campbell, Nicky. "Michelle Ochs is the New Creative Director at Hervé Léger" (https://cfda.com/news/michelle-ochs-is-the-new-creative-director-at-herve-leger) . cfda.com . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Grechko, Irina. "Beyond The Bandage Dress: Michelle Ochs Is Taking Herve Leger Into A New Era" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/herve-leger-michelle-ochs-interview) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hendricks, Kaitlynn. "The state of fashion in the District" (http://www.elevationdcmedia.com/features/FashionDC_070213.aspx) . Elevation DC . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "US fashion world asks: where are all the black designers?" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Us-fashion-world-asks-where-are-all-the-black-designers-,790815.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ a b "Carly Cushnie & Michelle Ochs" (https://fashionelite.com/profile/carly-cushnie-michelle-ochs/) . Fashion Elite . 2016-09-20 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_10-0) "Michelle Ochs Appointed as Creative Director of Hervé Léger" (https://authenticnewsroom.com/press-releases/michelle-ochs-creative-director-herve-leger) . Authentic Newsroom . 2023-06-12 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Carly Cushnie and Michelle Ochs Celebrate 10 Years" (https://crfashionbook.com/fashion-a17016018-cushnie-et-ochs-10-year-anniversary/) . CR Fashion Book . 2018-02-12 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) WW, FashionNetwork com. "Michelle Ochs steps back from Cushnie et Ochs" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Michelle-ochs-steps-back-from-cushnie-et-ochs,948660.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Travers, Alex (2014-12-04). "Carly Cushnie and Michelle Ochs on Doing More Than Sexy Cutouts" (https://fashionista.com/2014/12/cushnie-et-ochs-cutouts) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Barrow, Delece Smith-. "Designer Michelle Ochs brings a D.C. flavor to New York Fashion Week" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/designer-michelle-ochs-brings-a-dc-flavor-to-new-york-fashion-week/2012/01/20/gIQARfbPnQ_story.html) . Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cushnie et Ochs Was One of New York Fashion's Most Striking Young Brands, Now its Founders Are Fighting in Court" (https://www.thefashionlaw.com/cushnie-et-ochs-was-one-of-new-york-fashions-most-striking-young-brands-now-its-founders-are-fighting-in-court/) . The Fashion Law . 2020-06-03 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Carly & Michelle Of Cushnie et Ochs Take Us Behind The Scenes Of NYC's Coolest Label" (https://guestofaguest.com/new-york/guest-list/cushnie-et-ochs) . Guest of a Guest . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ a b Lockwood, Lisa (2021-09-07). "EXCLUSIVE: Michelle Ochs Is Back in Business With Et Ochs Collection" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/michelle-ochs-own-collection-et-ochs-1234907761/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "michelle ochs-herve-leger-nyfw-first-collection" (https://vogue.ph/fashion/michelle-ochs-herve-leger-nyfw-first-collection/) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Manoff, Jill (2023-11-01). "Hervé Léger's Melissa Lefere-Cobb and Michelle Ochs on reviving the brand with 'product, price and PR' (https://www.glossy.co/podcasts/herve-legers-melissa-lefere-cobb-and-michelle-ochs-on-reviving-the-brand-with-product-price-and-pr/) " (https://www.glossy.co/podcasts/herve-legers-melissa-lefere-cobb-and-michelle-ochs-on-reviving-the-brand-with-product-price-and-pr/) . Glossy . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Novato, Olivia (2023-06-12). "Must Read: Michelle Ochs Joins Hervé Léger, Former 'America's Next Top Model' Contestants Tell All" (https://fashionista.com/2023/06/herv%C3%A9-l%C3%A9ger-creative-director-michelle-ochs) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ a b "Designer Michelle Ochs Is Back, And Her Second Coming ..." (https://vogue.ph/fashion/designer-profile/designer-michelle-ochs-is-back-and-her-second-coming-is-even-better/) Vogue Philippines . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Barrow, Delece Smith. "Designer Michelle Ochs brings a D.C. flavor to New York Fashion Week" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/designer-michelle-ochs-brings-a-dc-flavor-to-new-york-fashion-week/2012/01/20/gIQARfbPnQ_story.html) . Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Et Ochs Spring/Summer 2022: Gorgeous Cut-Outs & Fit" (https://www.fashionality.nyc/et-ochs-spring-summer-2022-gorgeous-cut-outs-fit/) . Fashionality.nyc . 2022-01-20 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Bobb, rooke (2015-12-21). "Cushnie et Ochs's Michelle Ochs and Matthew Kopko's Destination Wedding in Jamaica" (https://www.vogue.com/article/weddings-cushnie-et-ochs-michelle-ochs-jamaica) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Faz, Silvia (2015-12-21). "Michelle Ochs and Matthew Kopko's Jamaican Wedding" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/michelle-ochs-matthew-kopko-wedding-photos) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Syrett, Alison (11 May 2023). "4 Fashion Designers On Style And Motherhood (& What They Think Of The Sad Beige Trend)" (https://www.romper.com/life/fashion-designer-mothers) . Romper . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Matthew Kopko, '12: Marries Designer and Cofounder of Cushnie et Ochs, Michelle Ochs \| University of Chicago Law School" (https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/matthew-kopko-12-marries-designer-and-cofounder-cushnie-et-ochs-michelle-ochs) . www.law.uchicago.edu . 2015-12-28 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Mackin Cipro, Jessica. "Michelle Ochs: New Hervé Léger Creative Director Honored At Hamptons Fashion Week" (https://jameslanepost.com/michelle-ochs-new-herve-leger-creative-director-honored-at-hamptons-fashion-week/07/31/2023/Hamptons-News-Happenings) . Jameslane post . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Murg, Stephanie (2009-01-06). "Ecco Domani Announces Fashion Foundation Award Winners" (https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/ecco-domani-announces-fashion-foundation-award-winners/) . www.adweek.com . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The 2011 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Finalists" (https://www.vogue.com/article/the-2011-cfda-vogue-fashion-fund-finalists) . Vogue . 2011-07-27 . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Michelle Ochs" (https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/fof2024/articles/critics/michelle-ochs.html) . fashionshow.fitnyc.edu . Retrieved 2024-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Adams, Susan. "30 Under 30: The Bright Young Stars Of Art And Style" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/12/17/30-under-30-the-bright-young-stars-of-art-and-style/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . 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Chinese model (born 1989) The native form of this personal name (/wiki/Personal_name) is Jū Xiǎowén (雎晓雯) . This article uses Western name order (/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order) when mentioning individuals. In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is Ju (雎) (/wiki/Ju_(surname)) . Xiao Wen Ju Jū Xiǎowén / 雎晓雯 Xiao Wen Ju in September 2018 Born ( 1989-05-19 ) 19 May 1989 (age 35) Xi'an (/wiki/Xi%27an) , Shaanxi province (/wiki/Shaanxi_province) , China Occupation Model Years active 2010–present Modeling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (New York, Paris, Milan, London, Sydney) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Xiao Wen Ju ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 雎晓雯 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 雎曉雯 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Jū Xiǎowén ; born 19 May 1989) is a Chinese model (/wiki/Fashion_model) . She was the first model of Chinese descent to be the face of Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs_(brand)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Xiao Wen Ju was born on May 19, 1989, in the city of Xi'an (/wiki/Xi%27an) in Shaanxi (/wiki/Shaanxi) province. [4] (#cite_note-4) She began her modeling career in China in 2010, signing with IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . Career [ edit ] After gaining attention with her appearance on the cover of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) China May 2010, which focused on Chinese models, [5] (#cite_note-5) Ju debuted in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) at the Honor Fall 2011 show. [6] (#cite_note-6) During the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) Fall/Winter 2011 she also walked for DKNY (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) [7] (#cite_note-7) and L.A.M.B. by Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) during which she fell after the platform of her right shoe broke mid-walk. [8] (#cite_note-8) During the next 2011 fashion seasons she walked for Shiatzy Chen (/wiki/Shiatzy_Chen) , 3.1 Phillip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Phillip_Lim) , Calvin Klein Jeans (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) , Emanuel Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) , Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Prada, Rochas (/wiki/Rochas) and Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) among others. In addition she was picked to be on Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) 's Fall/Winter 2011 campaign, along with other top Chinese models like Ming Xi (/wiki/Ming_Xi) and Shu Pei (/wiki/Shu_Pei) . In 2012 she has walked for 3.1 Phillip Lim, DKNY, DSquared² (/wiki/DSquared%C2%B2) , Hermès, Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , Jonathan Saunders (/wiki/Jonathan_Saunders) , Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Moschino Cheap & Chic (/wiki/Moschino) and Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) . She has done ad campaigns for Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) , Lane Crawford and Marc Jacobs (becoming the first Chinese to front the designer's campaign). She has also appeared on the cover of Vogue China (/wiki/Vogue_China) and Numero China (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) (twice). [9] (#cite_note-9) At Tibi's Fall/Winter 2012 show she mistakenly walked down the runway in the wrong direction. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2015 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) . As of July 2012 she was ranked number 22 on Models.com's Top 50 female models list. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2015 she was placed as number 6 in Arogundade's top ten Asian models list. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2016 she became the new face of L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) . [13] (#cite_note-13) She walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , [14] (#cite_note-14) becoming only fifth Chinese model to do so after Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) , Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) , Shu Pei (/wiki/Shu_Pei) , and Ming Xi (/wiki/Ming_Xi) . She walked again at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) . [15] (#cite_note-15) As of 2017, she was inducted into Models.com's list of "Industry Icons". [16] (#cite_note-Icon_ranking-16) In 2018, Ju was featured in a show called Model Diaries where her trip to Dubai was documented by Etihad Airways (/wiki/Etihad_Airways) as it shows its support for the global fashion industry. [17] (#cite_note-2018_Model_Diaries-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Portfolio" (https://www.imgmodels.com/xiaowenju/milan/women) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Xiao Wen Ju - Model" (https://models.com/models/Xiao-Wen-Ju) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Unknown Asian Model Lands Marc Jacobs Spring Campaign" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2012/01/unknown-asian-model-lands-marc-jacobs-ads.html) . New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Xiao Wen Ju" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/xiao+wen_ju/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Retrieved 2012-08-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Harper's Bazaar China May 2010 Cover (also Xiao Wen Ju, Yan Lu)" (http://models.com/work/harpers-bazaar-china-harpers-bazaar-china-may-2010-cover) . Models.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Xiao Wen Ju, la Blanche Neige venue de Chine, article in French by Marie-Caroline Bougère (http://www.glamourparis.com/mode/people-mode/diaporama/xiao-wen-ju-mannequin-chinoise-mode/30497#xiao-wen-ju-la-fille-qui-revient-de-loin) . Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Photo of Xiao Wen Ju during the Prada Fall/Winter 2011 fashion show (https://www.bellazon.com/main/uploads/monthly_02_2011/post-11622-0-1446016567-2147.jpg) . Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "A model falls after her shoe breaks on the runway at the L.A.M.B. fashion show at the Fall 2011 Collections at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week at Lincoln Center In New York City on February 17, 2011", photo by John Angelillo (http://arhiva.dalje.com/en/foto.php?id=19&rbr=20577&idrf=856641) . Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Xiao Wen Ju" (http://models.com/models/Xiao-Wen-Ju) . Models.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Runway Model Candy Fashion Weeks A/W 2012-13" (http://stylecartel.com/2012/03/runway-model-candy-fashion-weeks-aw-2012-13/) . Style Cartel (http://stylecartel.com/) . Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Top 50 Models / Women" (http://models.com/model_culture/50topmodels/index.cfm) . Models.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Pop Culture in Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&q=xiao+wen+ju&pg=PA385) Murray, J, A & K, M, Nadeau. 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Top Model Xiao Wen Ju Joins L'Oréal Paris As Spokesmodel" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/beauty/xiao-wen-ju-is-the-latest-model-to-join-loreal-paris-as-a-spokesperson/) , article published on Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) on February 11, 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Who Is Xiao Wen Ju? This Victoria’s Secret Angel Is Not New To The Modeling World", article published on bustle.com on November 30, 2016 (https://www.bustle.com/articles/197562-who-is-xiao-wen-ju-this-victorias-secret-angel-is-not-new-to-the-modeling-world) . Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Tout ce qu’il faut savoir sur le défilé Victoria’s Secret 2017" (http://www.vanityfair.fr/style/mode/articles/defile-victorias-secret-2017-tout-ce-quil-faut-savoir/55753) , article in French published on Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) on August 30, 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-31. ^ (#cite_ref-Icon_ranking_16-0) "Industry Icons: Xiao Wen Ju" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/IndustryIcons-All/8480#8480) . models.com. Back when she was on our Top 50 list, we said her career was unstoppable. Now, the doll-faced, Chinese gem Xiao Wen Ju can inscribe her name in the uppermost echelons of model muses. Maybe it's her million-and-counting expressions or her leggy lengths or her inimitable style, either way you don't wind up on accident with five Vogue China covers, fronting Vogue Italia and Australia, or shooting with almost every blue-chip photographer in the book and finally this year, becoming a L'Oreal spokeswoman. So chalk it up to her endless effervescence and loyalty to her craft, Xiao Wen Ju makes being one of the best look easy. ^ (#cite_ref-2018_Model_Diaries_17-0) "Etihad Airways launches model diary of Xiaowen at China international import expo" (https://www.zawya.com/uae/en/companies/story/Etihad_Airways_launches_model_diary_of_xiaowen_at_China_international_import_expo-ZAWYA20181106101739/) . Thomson Reuters . 6 November 2018. External links [ edit ] Xiao Wen Ju (https://weibo.com/viviwen19) on Weibo (/wiki/Weibo) (in Chinese) Xiao Wen Ju (https://www.instagram.com/jujujuxiaowen/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Xiao Wen Ju (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/xiao+wen_ju/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Xiao Wen Ju (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/xju/xiaowenju/) at NYmag.com (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f7b7f4dcb‐8l667 Cached time: 20240710221513 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.409 seconds Real time usage: 0.586 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26708/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4484/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28828/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.287/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18450964/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 514.998 1 -total 37.05% 190.799 1 Template:Infobox_model 20.56% 105.865 1 Template:Sinaweibo 20.52% 105.666 1 Template:Reflist 17.47% 89.953 1 Template:In_lang 16.07% 82.773 4 Template:Cite_web 11.37% 58.541 1 Template:Short_description 7.63% 39.280 1 Template:Infobox 6.72% 34.589 2 Template:Pagetype 6.50% 33.468 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36781169-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710221513 and revision id 1216005683. 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Indian beauty pageant titleholder Pragnya Ayyagari Born ( 2002-02-10 ) February 10, 2002 (age 22) Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) , Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) , India Alma mater International Institute of Fashion Design, Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) Occupation Model Height 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss India Telangana 2022 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) Miss Supranational India 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2022) Major competition(s) Femina Miss India 2022 (Top 5) Miss Diva Supranational 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Diva) (Appointed) Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) (Top 12) (Miss Supranational Asia) Pragnya Ayyagari (born 10 February 2002) is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was appointed and crowned as Miss Supranational India (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2022) on 28 August 2022 in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) by outgoing Miss Supranational India and Miss Supranational Asia 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) Ritika Khatnani (/wiki/Ritika_Khatnani) . Pragnya represented India at Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) competition held on 14 July 2023 in Poland (/wiki/Poland) and placed among the Top 12 finalists. She also won the title of Miss Supranational Asia (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) , marking it India’s second consecutive year of winning the title. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Pageantry [ edit ] Pragnya won the Femina Miss India Telangana 2022 title in May and represented Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) at the Femina Miss India 2022 pageant on 3 June 2022, finishing among the Top 5 finalists. [4] (#cite_note-4) Later, in early August, she was chosen from a pool of contestants to represent India at the Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational) pageant the following year. Pragnya was crowned Miss Diva Supranational 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2022) on August 28, 2022, by her predecessor Ritika Khatnani, Miss Diva Supranational 2021 and Miss Supranational Asia 2022. [5] (#cite_note-5) Miss Supranational 2023 [ edit ] Pragnya represented India at the Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) pageant, which took place on 14 July 2023 in Poland (/wiki/Poland) and placed among the Top 12 finalists making India's third consecutive placement in the Top 12 since 2021. [6] (#cite_note-6) During the competition, she won the Supra-Chat sub contest among her group and advanced to the Top 10 and later to Top 5 of the contest. Her Indian classical dance in the Talent round earned her a spot in the Top 12 finalists. Pragnya was one of the Top 10 Supra Fan-vote finalists, in which the audience or general public votes for a delegate to move on to the semi-finals. [7] (#cite_note-7) With Pragnya been among the Top 12 finalists, India has now placed in the competition ten times in a row since 2013, third in the Top 12 and second to win the Miss Supranational Asia continental title. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Pragnya Ayyagari, Miss Diva Supranational Winner 2022" (https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/pragnya-ayyagari-from-telangana-wins-miss-diva-supranational2022-article-206384) . herzindagi.com . 29 August 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "A grand homecoming for Pragnya Ayyagari: LIVA Miss Diva Supranational 2022" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/a-grand-homecoming-for-pragnya-ayyagari-liva-miss-diva-supranational-2022/articleshow/94005456.cms?from=mdr) . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 6 September 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pragnya Ayyagari, Miss Diva Supranational 2022" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/miss-diva-contestants/2022/pragnya-ayyagari/articleshow/93852342.cms?from=mdr) . beautypageants.indiatimes.com . 29 August 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Femina Miss India Telangana 2022 Pragnya Ayyagari's life story in words" (https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-india/femina-miss-india-telangana-2022-pragnya-ayyagaris-life-story-in-words/articleshow/91874770.cms) . beautypageants.in . 28 May 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Who Is Pragnya Ayyagari Miss Diva Supranational India 2022 Winner" (https://thesportsgrail.com/who-is-pragnya-ayyagari-miss-diva-supranational-india-2022-winner-biography-age-height-weight-family-hometown-education-instagram-photos/) . thesportsgrail.com . 30 August 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Meet Pragnya Ayyagari, the stunner who won Miss Diva Supranational 2022" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/meet-pragnya-ayyagari-the-stunner-who-won-miss-diva-supranational-2022/articleshow/93858554.cms) . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 29 August 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "India's Pragnya Ayyagari reigns as Miss Supranational Asia 2023" (https://mirchi.in/stories/lifestyle/indias-pragnya-ayyagari-reigns-as-miss-supranational-asia/101795044) . mirchi.in . 16 July 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Miss Supranational 2023: India's Pragnya Ayyagari Crowned Miss Supranational Asia" (https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/miss-supranational-2023-indias-pragnya-ayyagari-crowned-miss-supranational-asia-article-101775654) . timesnownews.com . 15 July 2023. External links [ edit ] Awards and achievements Preceded by Ritika Khatnani Miss Diva Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Diva) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2022) Succeeded by Sonal Kukreja (/wiki/Sonal_Kukreja) Preceded by Ritika Khatnani Miss Supranational Asia 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) 2023 Succeeded by Alethea Ambrosio v t e Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives 2013 Navneet Kaur Dhillon (/wiki/Navneet_Kaur_Dhillon) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Manasi Moghe (/wiki/Manasi_Moghe) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) ) Gurleen Grewal (/wiki/Gurleen_Grewal) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) ) Sobhita Dhulipala (/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala) ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Vijaya Sharma (Supranational) Rupa Khurana (Grand International) Purva Rana (/wiki/Purva_Rana) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2014 Koyal Rana (/wiki/Koyal_Rana) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) ) Jhataleka Malhotra (/wiki/Jhataleka_Malhotra) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Alankrita Sahai ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2014) ) Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) (Supranational; Winner ) Monica Sharma (Grand International) Gail Nicole Da Silva (/wiki/Gail_Nicole_Da_Silva) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2015 Aditi Arya (/wiki/Aditi_Arya) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Urvashi Rautela (/wiki/Urvashi_Rautela) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) ) Supriya Aiman ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2015) ) Aaital Khosla ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) Aafreen Rachael Vaz (Supranational) Vartika Singh (/wiki/Vartika_Singh) (Grand International; Runner-up ) Sushrii Shreya Mishraa (/wiki/Sushrii_Shreya_Mishraa) (United Continents; Runner-up ) 2016 Priyadarshini Chatterjee (/wiki/Priyadarshini_Chatterjee) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Roshmitha Harimurthy (/wiki/Roshmitha_Harimurthy) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Rewati Chetri (/wiki/Rewati_Chetri) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2016) ) Rashi Yadav ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) ) Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ; Winner ) Pankhuri Gidwani (Grand International) Lopamudra Raut (/wiki/Lopamudra_Raut) (United Continents; Runner-up ) Aarushi Sharma (Intercontinental) 2017 Manushi Chhillar (/wiki/Manushi_Chhillar) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ; Winner ) Shraddha Shashidhar (/wiki/Shraddha_Shashidhar) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Ankita Kumari ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2017) ) Shaan Sumas Kumar ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017) ) Peden Ongmu Namgyal ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) ) Anukriti Gusain (/wiki/Anukriti_Gusain) (Grand International) Sana Dua (/wiki/Sana_Dua) (United Continents) Priyanka Kumari (Intercontinental) 2018 Anukreethy Vas (/wiki/Anukreethy_Vas) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Nehal Chudasama (/wiki/Nehal_Chudasama) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) ) Tanishqa Bhosale (/wiki/Tanishqa_Bhosale) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Nishi Bhardwaj ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) Aditi Hundia ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Meenakshi Chaudhary (/wiki/Meenakshi_Chaudhary) (Grand International; Runner-up ) Gayatri Bharadwaj (/wiki/Gayatri_Bhardwaj) (United Continents) Suman Chellani (Intercontinental) 2019 Suman Rao (/wiki/Suman_Rao) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ; Runner-up ) Vartika Singh (/wiki/Vartika_Singh) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Simrithi Bathija (/wiki/Simrithi_Bathija) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Tejaswini Manogna (/wiki/Tejaswini_Manogna) ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Shefali Sood ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Shivani Jadhav (/wiki/Shivani_Jadhav) (Grand International) Shreya Shanker (/wiki/Shreya_Shanker) (United Continents) 2020 Adline Castelino (/wiki/Adline_Castelino) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2020) ; Runner-up ) Tanvi Nitin Kharote ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Simran Sharma (Grand International) 2021 Manasa Varanasi (/wiki/Manasa_Varanasi) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Harnaaz Sandhu (/wiki/Harnaaz_Sandhu) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ; Winner ) Rashmi Madhuri ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2021) ) Aavriti Choudhary (/wiki/Aavriti_Choudhary) ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) ) Manika Sheokand (Grand International) 2022 Sini Sadanand Shetty (/wiki/Sini_Shetty) ( World (/wiki/Miss_World_2022) ) Divita Rai (/wiki/Divita_Rai) ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Zoya Afroz (/wiki/Zoya_Afroz) ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2022) ) Vanshika Parmar ( Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) ) Ritika Khatnani ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Praachi Nagpal ( Grand International (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2022) ) 2023 ( Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) ) (World) Kashish Methwani ( International (/wiki/Miss_International_2023) ) Pragnya Ayyagari ( Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) ) (Grand International) Winners are in red colored text and Runners-up are in blue colored text v t e Miss Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) contestants Sancler Frantz (/wiki/Sancler_Frantz) Valentina Mora (/wiki/Valentina_Mora) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) Pragnya Ayyagari Yasinta Aurellia (/wiki/Yasinta_Aurellia) Pauline Amelinckx (/wiki/Pauline_Amelinckx) Aleksandra Klepaczka (/wiki/Aleksandra_Klepaczka) Selene Delgado (/wiki/Selene_Delgado) Đặng Thanh Ngân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Thanh_Ng%C3%A2n) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐ncrq8 Cached time: 20240715020111 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.507 seconds Real time usage: 0.667 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4935/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64964/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8634/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52030/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.323/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9635123/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 597.947 1 -total 37.81% 226.071 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 19.92% 119.094 1 Template:Reflist 17.34% 103.713 8 Template:Cite_web 15.38% 91.961 2 Template:Navbox 11.18% 66.835 1 Template:Short_description 8.97% 53.608 11 Template:Flagicon 8.73% 52.226 1 Template:Indian_Beauty_Pageant_Representatives 8.65% 51.735 36 Template:Main_other 7.45% 44.523 1 Template:Miss_Supranational_2023_delegates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71693490-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715020111 and revision id 1233090380. 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18th–19th-century item of women's clothing in Europe Square Paisley shawl of ca 1830 1860s ambrotype (/wiki/Ambrotype) of an unnamed British veteran and his wife; the woman is wrapped in a Paisley shawl Paisley shawls were a fashionable item of women's clothing in Europe during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many were made of intricately woven and delicate wool, as well as examples being printed onto silks, wools, and cotton. These pieces were highly decorative. Although now known as the Paisley pattern (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) , the teardrop motif originated in Persia and India, becoming popular in Europe—and synonymous with Paisley, Renfrewshire (/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire) , therefore earning name-association with the town—in the nineteenth century. [1] (#cite_note-Textile_Collection-1) History [ edit ] 1824 portrait of an elegant lady with an embroidered shawl Shawl of 1840–1850 The Paisley shawl has its antecedents in the Kashmir shawl (/wiki/Kashmir_shawl) , produced in Kashmir, India (/wiki/Kashmir) , since the eleventh century, and more intensively in central Asia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the eighteenth century, travel, trade, and colonisation, namely by the British East India Company (/wiki/British_East_India_Company) , saw examples of Kashmir shawls brought back to Europe. Around 1805, the first shawls in imitation of Kashmir originals were produced in Paisley (/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire) , Scotland, following manufacture in Lyon (/wiki/Lyon) , Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) , and Norwich (/wiki/Norwich) in the latter decades of the eighteenth century. This began a 70-year period during which the town of Paisley, which had long been an important weaving and textile working town, became the most important centre of production for these kinds of shawls in Europe. By 1850, there were over 7,000 weavers working in the town. [2] (#cite_note-Tart-2) [3] (#cite_note-thistleandbroom.com-3) Shawls were also produced in Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) , Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) , France, and Norwich (/wiki/Norwich) , but Paisley's innovations in production methods (particularly, their subdivision of labour), as well as the reduced prices of Paisley-produced shawls, meant that by 1850 Edinburgh halted production, no longer able to compete. [4] (#cite_note-4) Paisley's overtaking of other centres in production of imitation shawls earned the town an association with the product, therefore altering the European name of the shawl and pattern from 'pine pattern' to 'Paisley'. Following an extreme downturn in the trade in shawls between 1841 and 1843, Queen Victoria purchased 17 Paisley-made shawls, in order to revive the trade in 1842. [2] (#cite_note-Tart-2) Similar patronage of declining textile industries had been shown by the Queen with other British products, like the Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) she wore on her wedding dress in 1840. The popularity of the shawl declined in the 1870s, due in part to a reduction in price and increase in availability, and also a change in women's fashion, transforming crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) skirts into the bustle (/wiki/Bustle) . A decorative bustle was meant to be seen and a shawl would cover it. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) : 42 Additionally, a shawl worn with a bustle skirt would no longer drape in the same manner as when worn with a crinoline, [3] (#cite_note-thistleandbroom.com-3) therefore deeming it unsuitable. Shawls gave way to differently designed wraps, including mantles (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) , capes (/wiki/Cape) , and dolmans (/wiki/Dolman) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) : 42 Another reason for their reduced popularity was due to their limited availability: the Franco-Prussian War (/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War) (1870-1871) prevented the export of fine goat-hair shawls from Kashmir. [6] (#cite_note-6) Production methods [ edit ] In 1812, weavers in Paisley were responsible for innovations in the hand-loom process, adding an attachment which increased the number of wool colours from two to five. Up until the 1820s, weaving was a cottage industry, but the introduction of the Jacquard loom (/wiki/Jacquard_loom) in 1820 meant that weaving moved into the manufactory setting, housing six to eight weavers in a loom shop, working alongside one another. Between 1820 and 1850, the shawls would be woven by individual weavers. However, increases in demand meant that changes in production methods became necessary to cater to the expanding market. [7] (#cite_note-7) The increasing commercialisation of production meant that highly skilled weavers worked with managers and subsidiary trades in order to increase output. For example, where the weaver originally created their own designs, now patterns would be supplied to them. This caused a reduction of wages, autonomy, and prestige, altering the social standing of the Paisley weaver as well as their independence as a practitioner. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) : 45–47 The Paisley Museum shawl collection [ edit ] Paisley Museum houses a nationally significant collection of Paisley Shawls A collection of Paisley shawls is on display at the Paisley Museum and Art Galleries (/wiki/Paisley_Museum_and_Art_Galleries) in Scotland, along with examples of original hand looms. [1] (#cite_note-Textile_Collection-1) The collection is a Recognised Collection of National Significance to Scotland. [8] (#cite_note-8) Sma' Shot Cottages [ edit ] Also located in Paisley town centre are the Sma' Shot Cottages. Owned and run by the Old Paisley Society, a volunteer organisation, the Sma' Shot Cottages are made up of an original Paisley weaver's cottage, dating to the 1750s, and also a mill-worker's cottage, from the early nineteenth century. Both spaces house period objects which show how weavers and mill-workers lived during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. The weaver's cottage houses two original hand looms from the period. Within their collections, the Sma' Shot Cottages also hold many examples of surviving Paisley shawls. [9] (#cite_note-9) Further reading [ edit ] Haptic & Hue Podcast on the history and culture of the Paisley pattern, and the Paisley shawl (https://hapticandhue.com/podcast-episode-20-paisley/) Choudhury, S. (https://www.vam.ac.uk/dundee/articles/paisley-shawls-in-literature) Paisley Shawls in Literature , V&A [online (https://www.vam.ac.uk/dundee/articles/paisley-shawls-in-literature) ] McConnel, L. E. (2020). "The Rise and Fall of the Paisley Shawl through the Nineteenth century" (https://dresshistorians.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JDH_Spring_2020.pdf) (PDF) . The Journal of Dress History . 4 (1): 30–53. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2515-0995 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2515-0995) . References [ edit ] ^ a b "Textile Collection" (http://www.renfrewshireleisure.com/paisleymuseum/textile-collection/) . www.renfrewshireleisure.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ a b "The Paisley Shawl \| Scottish Tartans Authority" (http://www.tartansauthority.com/resources/archives/the-archives/harrison/the-paisley-shawl/) . www.tartansauthority.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ a b "Thistle & Broom :: The history of the Paisley pattern" (http://www.thistleandbroom.com/scotland/paisley.htm) . www.thistleandbroom.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Paisley Shawl \| Shawls of Paisley Design" (http://www.victoriana.com/Shawls/paisley-shawl.html) . www.victoriana.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ a b c Reilly, Valerie (1989). The Paisley pattern : the official illustrated history . Frank Ames. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87905-317-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 18834833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18834833) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fashion, Guardian. "A brief history of paisley" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2011/sep/26/paisley-london-fashion-week) . the Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Paisley Shawl \| Shawls of Paisley Design" (http://www.victoriana.com/Shawls/paisley-shawl.html) . www.victoriana.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Paisley Museum and Art Galleries" (http://www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk/member/paisley-museum-and-art-galleries) . www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sma' Shot Cottages" (https://www.smashotcottages.com/) . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paisley shawls (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paisley_shawls) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paisley_shawls&oldid=1217581234 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paisley_shawls&oldid=1217581234) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Paisley, Renfrewshire (/wiki/Category:Paisley,_Renfrewshire) Scottish clothing (/wiki/Category:Scottish_clothing) Scottish design (/wiki/Category:Scottish_design) Shawls and wraps (/wiki/Category:Shawls_and_wraps) Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Unnatural coloration For the TV Girl song, see Death of a Party Girl (/wiki/Death_of_a_Party_Girl) . Person with hair dyed blue during WikiCon Brasil 2022 (https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2022) An Australian blue heeler (/wiki/Blue_heeler) dog Blue hair does not naturally occur in human hair pigmentation (/wiki/Human_hair_color) , [1] (#cite_note-7UAWF-1) although the hair of some animals (such as dog coats (/wiki/Coat_(dog)) ) is described as blue. Some people (typically of East Asian descent) are born with black hair that is so dark that it appears to have a metallic blue luster. In Japan, the beauty ideal for a woman is to have glossy "blue-black" hair, [2] (#cite_note-Minor_2004_p._164-2) and Western foreign observers have also held this quality in high regard. [3] (#cite_note-Lawson_1910_p._150-IA3-3) Fashion [ edit ] The 18th-century English politician Charles Fox (/wiki/Charles_James_Fox) was a fashionable macaroni (/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)) in his youth and tinted his hair with blue powder. [4] (#cite_note-nX3Hi-4) A group of Spanish women with blue rinsed hair In 1913–1914, just before World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , there was a vogue for dyed brightly-colored hair in different shades such as blue, violet or emerald. This started in Paris and then spread to other cities such as London. [5] (#cite_note-x0E5P-5) [6] (#cite_note-rYsbY-6) [7] (#cite_note-QFrpA-7) In 1924, the first celebrity hairstylist, Monsieur Antoine (/wiki/Monsieur_Antoine) (Antoni Cierplikowski), dyed his dog's hair blue. An influential client, Lady Elsie De Wolfe Mendl (/wiki/Lady_Elsie_De_Wolfe_Mendl) , took up the same style and this started a new fad. [8] (#cite_note-EoH-8) Later in the 20th century, mature ladies had a blue rinse (/wiki/Blue_rinse) to conceal grey hair (/wiki/Grey_hair) . The Queen Mother (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) was the trend-setter and the peak of popularity for this fashion was the period following World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . [9] (#cite_note-eoSWk-9) [10] (#cite_note-waite-10) In the 2007 fall fashion season, designers such as Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) and Duckie Brown (/wiki/Duckie_Brown) dyed the hair of their models blue to give them a shocking punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) look. [11] (#cite_note-ZTv3q-11) In 2011, the blue rinse became fashionable again and exemplars included Kate Bosworth (/wiki/Kate_Bosworth) with a dip-dyed style of turquoise tips while Thakoon Panichgul (/wiki/Thakoon_Panichgul) continued to present models with startling, all-blue hair. [10] (#cite_note-waite-10) A synthetic dye used to color hair blue was 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone (/wiki/Anthraquinone) prepared as Disperse Blue 1 with water and lignosulfonate (/wiki/Lignosulfonates) dispersant. This is a semi-permanent dye as the dye molecules do not penetrate the hair shaft and so wash out in subsequent shampooing. It is not used in the U.S. as it is thought to be carcinogenic. [12] (#cite_note-ePNQu-12) American politics [ edit ] Beginning in the 2010s, and into the early 2020s, blue hair (and less commonly purple hair) has become associated with environmentalism (/wiki/Environmentalism) , feminism (/wiki/Feminism) , anarchism (/wiki/Anarchism) , communism (/wiki/Communism) , socialism (/wiki/Socialism) , liberalism (/wiki/Liberalism) , abortion (/wiki/Abortion) and the LGBTQ (/wiki/LGBTQ) community, especially the young Generation Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) and Millennial (/wiki/Millennial) members of those socio-political movements. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In response, supporters of conservatism in the United States (/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States) and the Republican Party (/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) have started to use blue hair as a sign of an individual holding liberal philosophy, and some conservatives consider dyed hair, including blue, to be " danger hair (/wiki/Aposematism) ", in that the dyed person's opinions are irrelevant and not worth listening to. First coined by users of 4chan (/wiki/4chan) , itself often associated with the alt-right, conservatives in the US began using "blue-haired liberals" as a taunt towards those who have "blue hair and pronouns (/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun) ". [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Occupational causes [ edit ] The hair of workers who regularly come into close contact with cobalt (/wiki/Cobalt_blue) or indigo (/wiki/Indigo) may become blue because of the dust of the substance mixing into the hair follicles (/wiki/Hair_follicle) . The colour in these cases is "not merely superficial." [18] (#cite_note-KjanM-18) Other animals [ edit ] Some varieties of rabbit (/wiki/Rabbit) have been bred with blue hair such as the Belgian breed, the Blue of Sint-Niklaas (/wiki/Blue_of_Sint-Niklaas) . [19] (#cite_note-Brown-19) This was a light sky blue (/wiki/Sky_blue) in color with a white blaze. [19] (#cite_note-Brown-19) Other breeds of blue rabbit are darker and there are about 45 different shades or textures recognised by show judges. [19] (#cite_note-Brown-19) [20] (#cite_note-EmNF4-20) An example of a blue coated rat terrier (/wiki/Rat_terrier) . Note the pale or "diluted" pigment of the nose and eyes. There are several breeds of dogs which may have a blue coat including the Kerry Blue Terrier (/wiki/Kerry_Blue_Terrier) , Bluetick Coonhound (/wiki/Bluetick_Coonhound) and Grand Bleu de Gascogne (/wiki/Grand_Bleu_de_Gascogne) . This arises in two main ways: from a dilution or silvering of a black coat so that it is seen as blue-grey (/wiki/Bluish_grey) ; or from a mottling (/wiki/Merle_(coat_colour_in_dogs)) or marbling effect which mixes black and white to be seen as navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) . [ citation needed ] Sheep marked with blue dye The fleece (/wiki/Wool) of sheep may be a natural blue-grey, such as the Himalayan blue sheep (/wiki/Bharal) , or may be dyed blue as a raddle (/wiki/Raddle) or to make them more conspicuous in snowy conditions. [21] (#cite_note-UqfBn-21) [22] (#cite_note-gdlAC-22) Oxen breeds referred to as Blue Roane were plentiful centuries ago (shades of blue) and some of that genetics somehow evolved into slight tinting of blue in some Holstein cattle. The coat of several other animals is called blue, including those of blue roan (/wiki/Roan_(horse)) horses, the Russian Blue (/wiki/Russian_Blue) cat, and the blue variant of the Arctic fox (/wiki/Arctic_fox) 's coat. Artistic representations [ edit ] Pictures [ edit ] Blue hair has been described as a "sacred aesthetic" in ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) and Mesopotamia (/wiki/Mesopotamia) , where lapis lazuli (/wiki/Lapis_lazuli) was used in funerary art and statuary. [23] (#cite_note-Qvnu1-23) Many colored pictorials from the Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon) tribes after the departure of Roman (/wiki/Roman_Empire) troops feature women with blue hair. According to Gale R. Owen-Crocker (/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker) in Dress in Anglo-Saxon England "the use of colour in Anglo-Saxon art is not realistic ... and there is no need to assume dye was used on the hair." [24] (#cite_note-F7bDa-24) Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) painted on a rock wall in Tibet Representations of the Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) often feature blue hair, sometimes of a brilliant hue. [25] (#cite_note-5IElt-25) [26] (#cite_note-patricia-26) This artistic convention emphasizes the blue element in the 'blue-black' hair said to be one of the 32 special physical characteristics of the Buddha (/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha) . [26] (#cite_note-patricia-26) Traces of ancient blue pigment could be seen in the hair grooves of some of the 4-6C Buddhas known as the 'Qingzhou Buddhas' found in an ancient schoolyard pit in China in Qingzhou ( Shandong (/wiki/Shandong) ) in 1996, shown on exhibit in London and many other world capitals. [27] (#cite_note-OUUJH-27) Literary works [ edit ] In some works by Homer (/wiki/Homer) , characters are said to have dark blue ( kyaneos (/wiki/Cyan) ) hair or eyebrows when they are angry or in an emotionally intense state. [28] (#cite_note-rprky-28) For example, Odysseus (/wiki/Odysseus) ' beard became black blue when he was transformed by Athena (/wiki/Athena) upon returning home to confront his wife's suitors. [29] (#cite_note-UrQKc-29) Other Greek gods were also shown as having blue hair. [30] (#cite_note-oyXab-30) This imagery may stem from Egyptian myth (/wiki/Egyptian_mythology) , in which their gods were said to have hair of lapis lazuli (/wiki/Lapis_lazuli) . [31] (#cite_note-dAc3z-31) [32] (#cite_note-3mD5n-32) In a similar vein, characters from the Bible (/wiki/Bible) , such as Eve (/wiki/Eve) , Leah (/wiki/Leah) , and Rachel (/wiki/Rachel) , are often depicted with a "sky-blue" color of hair. [33] (#cite_note-e1nft-33) Color in ancient countries (Greece and Egypt) were also more expressive rather than natural: blue or gold indicated divinity due to its unnatural appearance and association with precious materials. The Fairy with Turquoise Hair (/wiki/The_Fairy_with_Turquoise_Hair) is a major character in Pinocchio (/wiki/Pinocchio) . She is often titled as the "Child with the Blue Hair" and even has a chapter in The Adventures of Pinocchio (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio) devoted to this title. [34] (#cite_note-Aof7H-34) Literary critics have offered varied interpretations of her hair color. It may invoke associations with "the ineffable or infinite", with the Italian sky, or with the Virgin Mary (/wiki/Virgin_Mary) , who is often shown with a blue mantle. [35] (#cite_note-2AnN6-35) Bluebeard (/wiki/Bluebeard) The color blue owned aristocratic associations in Europe during the second millennium, and this linkage with blue blood (/wiki/Nobility) was reflected in Charles Perrault (/wiki/Charles_Perrault) 's story of Bluebeard (/wiki/Bluebeard) . [36] (#cite_note-OynZ6-36) In Maria Tatar (/wiki/Maria_Tatar) 's view, the color of his beard suggests otherworldly origins. [37] (#cite_note-vK6GM-37) In pop culture [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Lady Gaga with blue hair Musicians Loredana Bertè (/wiki/Loredana_Bert%C3%A8) , Ashnikko (/wiki/Ashnikko) , Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Halsey (/wiki/Halsey_(singer)) , and Alissa White-Gluz (/wiki/Alissa_White-Gluz) have dyed their hair blue alongside female rappers such as Latto (/wiki/Latto) . [ citation needed ] Other visual media [ edit ] The cartoon character Marge Simpson (/wiki/Marge_Simpson) is depicted as having blue hair, as are a number of other characters from the show (/wiki/The_Simpsons) like Chief Wiggum (/wiki/Chief_Wiggum) and Milhouse (/wiki/Milhouse_Van_Houten) . Ed, Edd n Eddy (/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy) has two of their visible set of characters being blue-haired: Marie Kanker and Rolf. 2-D (/wiki/2-D_(character)) , the fictional singer of the British virtual band (/wiki/Virtual_band) , Gorillaz (/wiki/Gorillaz) has natural blue hair caused by a head injury after he fell out of a tree as a child. Jok Church's character, Beakman (/wiki/You_Can_With_Beakman_and_Jax) , also has blue hair, which is a throwback reference, according to the creator, to an older version of Superman (/wiki/Superman) , who also had a blue tint to his hair. [38] (#cite_note-tQhVa-38) A similar case of bluish black hair can also be seen in Batman (Bruce Wayne) (/wiki/Batman) in his older comics. This “blue tint technique“ was very common to avoid any black hair to appear grizzled. [ citation needed ] Anime (/wiki/Anime) characters sometimes have blue hair, including Bulma (/wiki/Bulma) of the popular Dragon Ball (/wiki/Dragon_Ball) series, Mana Takamiya of the Date A Live (/wiki/Date_A_Live) series, Sailor Mercury (/wiki/Sailor_Mercury) of the Sailor Moon (/wiki/Sailor_Moon) series and Rei Ayanami (/wiki/Rei_Ayanami) of the Neon Genesis Evangelion (/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion) . One author, in writing of Rei, sees her hair color as a marker of both her 'unearthliness' and her introversion (/wiki/Introversion) . [39] (#cite_note-bqT3S-39) Strong Bad (/wiki/Strong_Bad) , from the animated webseries Homestar Runner (/wiki/Homestar_Runner) , lampshades this trend by stating emphatically that in order to be a proper anime character, "You gotta have blue hair!" [40] (#cite_note-5pXrk-40) [41] (#cite_note-ifpd1-41) The 2010 graphic novel Blue Is the Warmest Color (/wiki/Blue_Is_the_Warmest_Color_(comics)) and its 2013 film adaptation (/wiki/Blue_Is_the_Warmest_Colour) features a lesbian relationship between a teenage girl and an art student with blue hair. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue hair (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blue_hair) . Black hair (/wiki/Black_hair) Blond hair (/wiki/Blond_hair) Brown hair (/wiki/Brown_hair) Red hair (/wiki/Red_hair) White hair (/wiki/White_hair) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-7UAWF_1-0) Rod Fairweather (1998), Basic studio directing , Focal Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-240-51525-0 ^ (#cite_ref-Minor_2004_p._164_2-0) Minor, W. (2004). Jazz Journeys to Japan: The Heart Within . Jazz Perspectives Series. University of Michigan Press. p. 164. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-472-11345-3 . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lawson_1910_p._150-IA3_3-0) Lawson, K. (1910). Highways and Homes of Japan . T. Fisher Unwin. p. 150-IA3 . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . "Japanese woman's hair is invariably glossy black, with a beautiful blue - black metallic lustre about it, and as it is kept soft with much washing and ointments, it makes up well." ^ (#cite_ref-nX3Hi_4-0) William Edward Mead (1970), The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century , Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company ^ (#cite_ref-x0E5P_5-0) "Emerald Coiffure New London Style" (https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/28/archives/emerald-coiffure-new-london-style-brilliant-blue-and-purple-other.html) , The New York Times , 28 December 1913 ^ (#cite_ref-rYsbY_6-0) Emile Long (1999), "January 1914: Blue, Green, Red and Violet Hair in Demand in Paris" (https://books.google.com/books?id=467EMbGsruMC&pg=PA95) , Hairstyles and fashion: a hairdresser's history of Paris, 1910-1920 , Berg Publishers, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-222-9 ^ (#cite_ref-QFrpA_7-0) "Coloured Hair: A New Fashion From Paris" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5PkoAAAAIBAJ&pg=6938,5711590) , The Sydney Mail , May 20, 1914, Some hair is of a strange blue tint, unreal ... ^ (#cite_ref-EoH_8-0) Victoria Sherrow (2006), Encyclopedia of hair , Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 164–5, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 ^ (#cite_ref-eoSWk_9-0) David Derbyshire (April 21, 2006). "End of the blue rinse" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1516308/End-of-the-blue-rinse.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . The blue rinse hairstyle became popular in Britain in the 1930s, but grew to its peak after the war. The rinse was a dilute hair dye designed to reduce the appearance of greying hair. ... ^ Jump up to: a b Alicia Waite (26 October 2011), "Welcome to the new blue-rinse brigade" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8849023/Welcome-to-the-new-blue-rinse-brigade.html) , The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) ^ (#cite_ref-ZTv3q_11-0) "Designers Punk Out With Blue Hair, Eyes" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2007/02/electra_glide_in_blue.html) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) , 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-ePNQu_12-0) Barry Leonard (1999-11-01), "Disperse Blue 1" (https://books.google.com/books?id=uAP7svih6pEC&pg=PA113) , Eighth Annual Report on Carcinogens: 1998 Summary , DIANE, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7881-8396-6 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ellis, Emma Grey (2020-11-03). "My Life as a Blue-Haired 'Commie Bitch' in Portland" (https://www.wired.com/story/portland-blue-hair-stereotype/) . Wired . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1059-1028 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028) . Retrieved 2023-03-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "4 Reasons Why Gay People Might Dye Their Hair" (https://www.sdlgbtn.com/4-reasons-why-gay-people-might-dye-their-hair/) . Sdlgbtn . 20 October 2022 . Retrieved 2023-03-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The bottomless self-pity of American conservatives" (https://theweek.com/feature/opinion/1007432/the-bottomless-self-pity-of-american-conservatives) . The Week . 24 November 2021 . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Blue Hair Is a Liberal Trait, According to Triggered Republicans" (https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/blue-hair-insult-4chan-gender-wars) . MEL Magazine . 2022-05-12 . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Every Insult the Right Uses to Troll Liberals, Explained" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/mg9pvx/every-insult-the-right-uses-to-troll-liberals-explained) . www.vice.com . 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-KjanM_18-0) Hermann Beigel (1869), The human hair: its structure, growth, diseases, and their treatment ^ Jump up to: a b c Meg Brown; Virginia Richardson (2000), Rabbitlopaedia: A Complete Guide to Rabbit Care , Interpet, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86054-182-7 ^ (#cite_ref-EmNF4_20-0) Barry Martin (1990), Rabbits as a new pet , T.F.H. Publications, p. 42, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-86622-618-9 ^ (#cite_ref-UqfBn_21-0) Fighting leaves male sheep blue , BBC, 24 September 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-gdlAC_22-0) "Dyed blue sheep graze in the hills of County Antrim" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/8219811/Winter-wonderland-picture-postcard-views-of-Britain-in-the-snow.html?image=21) , The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , December 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-Qvnu1_23-0) David Wengrow (/wiki/David_Wengrow) (2010), What Makes Civilization?: The Ancient Near East and the Future of the West , Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) , p. 34, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-280580-5 ^ (#cite_ref-F7bDa_24-0) Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker) (July 1990), Dress in Anglo Saxon England , Manchester Univ Press, p. 169, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7190-3290-3 ^ (#cite_ref-5IElt_25-0) Veronica Freeman (2006), The poetization of metaphors in the work of Novalis. Volume 78 of Studies on themes and motifs in literature , Peter Lang, p. 171, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8204-7865-4 ^ Jump up to: a b Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky (2000), Early Buddhist narrative art: illustrations of the life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan , University Press of America, p. 78, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7618-1671-3 ^ (#cite_ref-OUUJH_27-0) "The Lost Buddhas: Chinese Buddhist Sculpture from Qingzhou \| Asian Art" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150624115810/http://asianartnewspaper.com/article/lost-buddhas-chinese-buddhist-sculpture-qingzhou) . Archived from the original (http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/article/lost-buddhas-chinese-buddhist-sculpture-qingzhou) on 2015-06-24 . Retrieved 2016-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-rprky_28-0) Selina Stewart (2006), "The Blues of Aratus" (https://books.google.com/books?id=RnVgtiBx5gsC&pg=PA334) , Beyond the canon , Peeters Publishers, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-429-1813-9 ^ (#cite_ref-UrQKc_29-0) Homer (1990), The Odyssey of Homer , translated by Allen Mandelbaum, University of California Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-07021-9 ^ (#cite_ref-oyXab_30-0) Fenno Hoffman, Charles; Lewis Gaylord Clark; Kinahan Cornwallis; Timothy Flint; John Holmes Agnew; Washington Irving (1834), The Knickerbocker; or, New York monthly magazine, Volume 3 , pp. 218–219 , retrieved December 10, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-dAc3z_31-0) RD Griffith (2005), "Gods' blue hair in Homer and in eighteenth-dynasty Egypt (/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt) ", The Classical Quarterly , 55 (2), Cambridge University Press: 329–334, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/cq/bmi034 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2Fbmi034) ^ (#cite_ref-3mD5n_32-0) W.H.R. Rivers (1901), "Primitive Color Vision" (https://books.google.com/books?id=CisKAAAAIAAJ&q=%22blue+hair%22&pg=PA54) , Popular Science (/wiki/Popular_Science) , 59 , McClure, Phillips and Co.: 54 , retrieved December 11, 2010 , Even in the case of Egyptian art, one reads of statues of human figures with blue hair, and in the case of early Greek art, the inappropriate Use of one color, blue appears to have been very common. ... ^ (#cite_ref-e1nft_33-0) Conant Church, William (1873), The Galaxy, Volume 15 , W.C. and F.P. Church, p. 289 , retrieved December 10, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-Aof7H_34-0) H. Frey, Charles; John W. Griffith (1987), The literary heritage of childhood: an appraisal of children's classics in the Western tradition , Greenwood Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-25681-3 , retrieved December 12, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-2AnN6_35-0) Carlo Collodi (/wiki/Carlo_Collodi) ; Nicolas J. Perella (2005), The Adventures of Pinocchio/ Le Avventure Di Pinocchio , University of California Press (/wiki/University_of_California_Press) , p. 30, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-24686-7 ^ (#cite_ref-OynZ6_36-0) Maria Tatar (2004), Secrets beyond the door: the story of Bluebeard and his wives , Princeton University Press (/wiki/Princeton_University_Press) , p. 19, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-691-11707-2 ^ (#cite_ref-vK6GM_37-0) Maria Tatar (/wiki/Maria_Tatar) (2002), The annotated classic fairy tales , W. W. Norton & Company, p. 145, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-393-05163-6 ^ (#cite_ref-tQhVa_38-0) Jok Church (June 30, 2006), "Comics: Meet the Artist" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/06/20/DI2006062000567.html) , The Washington Post , It was actually Marge Simpson. But the blue hair is really more of a tribute to Superman than to Marge, as much as I do love Marge. Superman/Clark Kent's hair was always black with a blue sheen to it. ^ (#cite_ref-bqT3S_39-0) Dennis Redmond (2004), The world is watching: video as multinational aesthetics, 1968-1995 , Southern Illinois University (/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University) Press, p. 135, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8093-2535-1 ^ (#cite_ref-5pXrk_40-0) Japanese Cartoon ^ (#cite_ref-ifpd1_41-0) sbemail 57 v t e Human hair color (/wiki/Human_hair_color) Hair color Auburn (/wiki/Auburn_hair) Black (/wiki/Black_hair) Blond (/wiki/Blond) Brown (/wiki/Brown_hair) Gray (/wiki/Gray_hair) Red (/wiki/Red_hair) Titian (/wiki/Titian_hair) White (/wiki/White_hair) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Blue Blue rinse (/wiki/Blue_rinse) Dye stripping (/wiki/Hair_dye_stripping) Highlighting (/wiki/Hair_highlighting) Hydrogen peroxide (/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide) Other Disappearing blonde gene (/wiki/Disappearing_blonde_gene) Fischer–Saller scale (/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale) Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Melanocortin 1 receptor (/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6b76898595‐lmxsc Cached time: 20240720164301 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.502 seconds Real time usage: 0.648 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2859/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 81193/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3579/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 160743/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.312/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6782477/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 556.448 1 -total 46.19% 257.003 1 Template:Reflist 32.05% 178.322 32 Template:Citation 13.79% 76.711 1 Template:Hair_colors 13.51% 75.177 1 Template:Short_description 13.49% 75.085 1 Template:Navbox 9.29% 51.708 3 Template:Fix 8.54% 47.517 2 Template:Cn 6.99% 38.922 2 Template:Pagetype 6.72% 37.408 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27902459-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164301 and revision id 1231271062. 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Form of body piercing on a part of the genitalia Vulva piercings: Nefertiti (middle) and Christina piercings Penis and scrotum piercings: dydoe, hafada, pubic Genital piercing is a form of body piercing (/wiki/Body_piercing) that involves piercing a part of the genitalia (/wiki/Genitalia) , thus creating a suitable place for wearing different types of jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) . Nevertheless, the term may also be used pars pro toto (/wiki/Pars_pro_toto) to indicate all body piercings in the area of the anus (/wiki/Human_anus) , perineum (/wiki/Perineum) , penis (/wiki/Human_penis) , scrotum (/wiki/Scrotum) , and vulva (/wiki/Vulva) , including piercings such as anal (/wiki/Anal_piercing) , guiche (/wiki/Guiche_piercing) , and pubic (/wiki/Pubic_piercing) that do not involve perforation of genitalia. Genital piercings can be done regardless of sex, with various forms of piercings available. The main motive is beautification and individualization; in addition, some piercings enhance sexual pleasure by increasing stimulation. [1] (#cite_note-bustle-1) [2] (#cite_note-hogan-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Pre-modern genital piercings is most culturally widespread in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) , where it has been part of traditional practice since ancient times. Records of genital piercing are found in the Kama Sutra (/wiki/Kama_Sutra) . [4] (#cite_note-Brown-4) History [ edit ] Gilt marginalia (/wiki/Marginalia) on the Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) ( c. 1590 ) with the only known illustration of the pre-colonial Visayan (/wiki/Visayans) tugbuk and sakra genital piercing from the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) The traditional prehistoric and historic practice of genital piercing is most culturally widespread in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) (particularly in Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , and Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) ), where the insertion of various kinds of implants into the penis were common until modern times, in addition to other ancient body modifications (/wiki/Body_modification) like tattooing (/wiki/Tattooing) , supercision (/wiki/Supercision) or circumcision (/wiki/Circumcision) , pearling (/wiki/Pearling_(body_modification)) , ear piercings (/wiki/Ear_piercing) and ear plugs (/wiki/Plug_(jewellery)) , gold teeth fillings, teeth filing (/wiki/Teeth_filing) , teeth blackening (/wiki/Teeth_blackening) , and artificial cranial deformation (/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation) . The primary purpose of such inserts were to enhance pleasure. [4] (#cite_note-Brown-4) [5] (#cite_note-Henley-5) [6] (#cite_note-Hull-6) The practice also spread to neighboring regions, where scattered references to genital piercings exist, like the South Asian (/wiki/South_Asia) apadravya (/wiki/Apadravya) , a male genital piercing that passes vertically through the glans (/wiki/Glans_penis) (unlike most Southeast Asian piercings which are inserted horizontally), in the Kama Sutra (/wiki/Kama_Sutra) (2nd century AD). [7] (#cite_note-7) Other smaller traditions of genital piercings also arose independently in other cultures (like in Central America (/wiki/Central_America) ). [4] (#cite_note-Brown-4) In the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) , penile piercings were widely documented by European explorers among the Visayan people (/wiki/Visayan_people) . [8] (#cite_note-Scott-8) Visayan penile piercings consists of a rod or bar (usually made from gold, brass, tin, or ivory; and often ornamented) called the tugbuk or tudruk that is inserted horizontally through the glans of the penis. Its ends are attached to the sakra (also transcribed as sacra or sagra ), a wheel or half-ring (made from the same material as the tugbuk ) that goes around the head of the penis, similar to a cock ring (/wiki/Cock_ring) . The sakra comes in many variants, but is usually ornamented with blunt knobs around the circumference. The ends of the tugbuk are then secured to the sakra with plugs (also often ornamented). The Italian explorer Antonio Pigafetta (/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta) who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan (/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan) in the first circumnavigation of the globe (/wiki/First_circumnavigation_of_the_globe) describes the practice as such: [8] (#cite_note-Scott-8) [9] (#cite_note-Harrisson-9) [10] (#cite_note-De_Leon-10) [11] (#cite_note-Umali-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The males, both large and small, have the head of their member pierced from one side to the other, with a pin of gold or of tin as thick as a goose feather, and at each end of this pin some have a star-shaped decoration like a button, and others, one like the head of a cart nail… In the middle of this pin or tube is a hole through which they urinate, and the pin and the stars always remain firm, holding the member stiff. — Antonio Pigafetta (/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta) , Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (1550-1559), [10] (#cite_note-De_Leon-10) The anonymously-written Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) ( c. 1590s ) also has a similar description: Two holes are fashioned in the round part of the hoop or ring, one on the top and the other on the bottom, through which a small bolt or pin made of the same metal as the ring is inserted and which is then thrust through the man’s member as the base of his foreskin. And thus the hoop or ring ( sakra ) is worn on the genital member itself in the same way a ring is worn on a finger. — Unknown, Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) ( c. 1590s ), [10] (#cite_note-De_Leon-10) These piercings were done to boys at an early age. They were meant to enhance sensation and pleasure during sexual activity for both men and women. Notably, Pigafetta describes that it was the women who controlled how the penis with the sakra is inserted. Men without penile piercings were reported to be derided by women as asog ("impotent" or "effeminate"). The practice was heavily suppressed by the Spanish clergy and eventually lost during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines (/wiki/Spanish_colonial_period_of_the_Philippines) , as it was considered by the Spanish clergy to be a "sin of the flesh." [8] (#cite_note-Scott-8) [10] (#cite_note-De_Leon-10) [9] (#cite_note-Harrisson-9) [13] (#cite_note-Jocano-13) [14] (#cite_note-Junker-14) [11] (#cite_note-Umali-11) Indian Fakirs (/wiki/Fakir) , one of them wearing a big piece of jewelry through an ampallang piercing, 1870–1880 Two Kenyah (/wiki/Kenyah) -Dajaks, both with barbell-style studs in ampallang piercings – Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) , 1920 The ampallang (/wiki/Ampallang) , a similar piercing (which also passes horizontally through the glans, but differs in that it is not attached to a ring), is found in different tribes throughout Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak) and Sabah (/wiki/Sabah) on the island of Borneo. Genital piercings became first introduced in western countries by ethnographic report, done by explorers such as in the 19th century. The Dutch explorer Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis (/wiki/Anton_Willem_Nieuwenhuis) described in his ethnographic record In Centraal Borneo: reis van Pontianak naar Samarinda – documenting his travel through Borneo in 1897 – the procedure of an ampallang piercing: ″The young men through the tattoo, because it is performed by them only to a limited extent, much less than women to suffer for it but they must in order to gain their full manhood, subject of another test, namely the through-hole the glans penis. This operation procedure is as follows: First, the glans made anemic by pressing between the two arms of a folded over strip of bamboo. At each of these arms are opposite each other where needed openings through which one after the round pressed glans become less sensitive to an acute kapfernen pin; formerly was used for this purpose a pointed bamboo sticks. The bamboo and the clamp is removed by means of a cord attached to pin left in the opening until the channel is healed. Later, the copper pin (utang) by another, usually through a tin, replaced, which is worn at all times, making only heavy work or strenuous operations of the metal pin a wooden square. Particularly brave men enjoy with the chief's prerogative to be allowed to wear the penis a ring in the scales of the pangolin cut and blunt teeth is occupied; sometimes they can also be crossed with the first channel, a second by the glans . Drill In addition to the Kayan themselves, engage in many Malays from the upper Kapuas this art. The pain during surgery do not seem to be very violent, and it has only rarely serious consequences, although until recovery can often take a month.″ [15] (#cite_note-15) – Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis (/wiki/Anton_Willem_Nieuwenhuis) Modern: Genital piercings have become increasingly popular since the start of the 21st century: [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasten2007489–500-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) woman with a vertical clitoral hood piercing (/wiki/Clitoral_hood_piercing) , man with a Prince Albert piercing (/wiki/Prince_Albert_piercing) Piercing the genitals became a short-lived trend at the end of the 19th century, in particular for upper classes of the society: "It was during the Victorian era that the practice of body piercing in the Western world reemerged. Many men and women of the Victorian royalty chose to receive nipple and genital piercings.″ [18] (#cite_note-18) However, the popularity diminished again, with genital piercings becoming rather uncommon in the western world until the second half of the 20th century. In the 1970s, they were introduced to the emerging body modification community by the early piercings pioneers like Jim Ward (/wiki/Jim_Ward_(body_piercer)) and Doug Malloy (/wiki/Doug_Malloy) , many of them associated with the legendary piercing studio The Gauntlet (/wiki/Gauntlet_(body_piercing_studio)) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . With the advent of Piercing Fans International Quarterly (/wiki/Piercing_Fans_International_Quarterly) in 1977, information about genital piercings became available to a wider community. Genital piercings were later sported by the modern primitives (/wiki/Modern_primitive) movement that developed during the 1980s in the San Francisco Bay Area (/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) . Still, only until the 21st century, genital piercing was confined to a body modification subculture. Just like nipple piercings (/wiki/Nipple_piercing) , [19] (#cite_note-19) genital piercings became increasingly more popular and part of mainstream culture in the second decade of the 21st century, with ″nice and normal″ people endorsing them. [20] (#cite_note-20) Many celebrities such as Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) , [21] (#cite_note-21) Fantasia Barrino (/wiki/Fantasia_Barrino) , [22] (#cite_note-22) Pete Doherty (/wiki/Pete_Doherty) , [23] (#cite_note-23) Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) , [24] (#cite_note-24) Lenny Kravitz (/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz) , [25] (#cite_note-25) Katarina Waters (/wiki/Katarina_Waters) , [26] (#cite_note-26) or Pete Wentz (/wiki/Pete_Wentz) , [27] (#cite_note-naij-27) stated that they had or planned to have genital piercings. Genital piercings nowadays have a growing demand, especially in a young adult, college-aged population. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasten2007489–500-16) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) With regard to (female) genital piercings, Marilyn W. Edmunds, adjunct clinical professor at the Johns Hopkins University (/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University) , stated, "Women with genital piercings are no longer on the social fringe or part of the 'punk' culture who are experimenting with behaviors that are 'socially provocative.' Over the past 30 years, genital piercing has become mainstream, and women engage in it for a variety of reasons." [30] (#cite_note-30) However, according to Chelsea Bunz, professional piercer from UK (/wiki/UK) , the clearly existing rise in popularity might as well be an effect of more people openly talking about their genital piercings: "I think genital piercing has always been popular – it's just discussed more openly these days, which makes it increasingly acceptable to the mainstream. People from all classes and professions have them (...)." [31] (#cite_note-metro-31) Motives [ edit ] Like body piercings at large, genital piercings are often done for aesthetic reasons and as an expression of personal style. In addition, some (but not all) types of genital piercing increase sensitivity and provide additional stimulation during sexual intercourse or stimulation. According to an Association of Professional Piercers (/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Piercers) expert report by Elayne Angel (/wiki/Elayne_Angel) , body piercing pioneer, former member of The Gauntlet and inventor of several genital piercings such as the fourchette (/wiki/Fourchette_piercing) and the lorum (/wiki/Lorum_(piercing)) , individual motives and preferences are quite diverse: Left: Offering only minor added stimulation, the Christina piercing (/wiki/Christina_piercing) is primarily done for aesthetic reasons. Right: Beyond aesthetics, the apadravya (/wiki/Apadravya) can enhance sexual stimulation for both partners. "Many adults are interested in genital piercing but aren’t really sure which of the many options to select. They want to know which is the “best piercing” but there is no “one-piercing-fits-all” answer. It depends on many factors and highly individual desires and preferences (without even bringing individual anatomy in to the discussion yet). For some clients the most important aspect is that the piercing pleases their partner. Others have the priority of increasing their own sensation in a particular area or manner. Some want the one that will show the most, others to heal the fastest, yet others want one that is least likely to bleed! And on it goes. You will need to interview each client to determine the specific motivations and expectations for genital piercings. Inquire about which piercing(s) are of interest—and why? Is stimulation or aesthetics a primary motivation? Is the stimulation important more for the piercee, or does the piercee desire that sensation more for his/her partner? Then there are deeper specifics to probe (pardon the expression) such as whether the goal is increased sensation during penetration, or enhanced clitoral stimulation.[...]″ [32] (#cite_note-32) -– Elayne Angel (/wiki/Elayne_Angel) Aesthetic reasons [ edit ] Motivation can be restricted purely to aesthetic taste. Like all other types of body piercing, genital piercings are decorative, appealing to the people wearing them. Violet Fenn of Metro stated, "For me personally, it was sheer aesthetics – I just like how it looks. Even if I was the only person who ever saw my piercing, I’d like it in the same way that I like having painted toenails – something pretty for my own personal pleasure.″ [31] (#cite_note-metro-31) Culture and life style [ edit ] Traditional cultures [ edit ] In many traditional cultures, these piercings are done as a rite of passage (/wiki/Rite_of_passage) during adolescence and, symbolically and literally, mark the admittance to the adult world and serve as a marker of cultural identity. Similar to religiously motivated circumcision (/wiki/Circumcision) , it may be regarded as a "purification of the flesh" and a common bodily sign to members of the same faith. These traditional meanings of modifying the body were revived in contemporary western society by the modern primitive (/wiki/Modern_primitive) . Inspired by ethnographic accounts of tribal practices, this subculture adopted genital piercings as a matter of individuation (/wiki/Individuation) and spirituality. [33] (#cite_note-Lane2017-33) Contemporary western society [ edit ] For most people that seek genital piercings nowaday, a sense of uniqueness and non-conformism prevails. [34] (#cite_note-bust_What-34) A 2015 study that evaluated a qualitative dataset of 484 self-reports and characteristics of men and women with genital piercings came to the conclusion that: ″Although in and of themselves, none of these findings necessarily indicates that genital piercings reinforce and validate traditional gender and sexual norms, collectively, our interpretation of these findings does seem to lean in that direction and, at minimum, provides little reason to believe that genital piercings offer any kind of resistance to these norms. Thus, while not automatically discounting the findings and arguments of prior research, we speculate that perhaps the social and cultural meanings of genital piercings have changed so that while at an earlier time, persons with genital piercings may have indeed perceived their piercings as being markers of resistance or as signs of individuality or of subcultural identity, today, genital piercings are, by and large, just another mainstream and fairly conventional type of body decoration and adornment. [...] Our research does appear consistent with the possibility that genital piercings are well on their way toward both popular and fashionable acceptance.″ [35] (#cite_note-ThomasCrosby2015-35) – Jeremy N. Thomas, Professor of Sociology Enhanced pleasure and sensation [ edit ] Additionally, genital piercings can enhance sexual pleasure during masturbation, foreplay and intercourse. While female genital piercings do this only to the women wearing them, male genital piercings can enhance stimulation for both the person wearing the jewelry and their partner by stimulating both the glans of the wearer and the vaginal wall (/wiki/Vagina#Microanatomy) or the anus of the penetrated partner. Due to genital physiology, women seem to gain more sexual pleasure from both, their own as well as her partner's genital piercings. Prince Albert piercings (/wiki/Prince_Albert_(genital_piercing)) are commonly used for enhanced sexual pleasure for both partners as well as for aesthetic reasons. [36] (#cite_note-36) For the sexual partner [ edit ] This effect is in particular reported for piercings passing through the glans penis: the ampallang and apadravya piercing. Women of the Dayak (/wiki/Dayak_people) in Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak) , Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) prefer men with an ampallang, claiming that intercourse without would be dull: Historic photograph of a Dayak (/wiki/Dayak_people) with ampallang piercing (top), detailed view of traditional jewelry (bottom) Paolo Mantegazza stated, "The Dayak women have a right to insist upon the ampallang and if the man does not consent they may seek separation. They say that the embrace without this contrivance is plain rice; with it is rice with salt." [37] (#cite_note-Mantegazza2001-37) On another account by the anthropologist Tom Harrisson (/wiki/Tom_Harrisson) , who spent much of his life in Borneo and interviewed natives about the traditional ampallang; he stated, "the function of this device is, superficially, to add to the sexual pleasure of the women by stimulating and extending the inner walls of the vagina. It is, in this, in my experience, decidedly successful." [38] (#cite_note-Rowanchilde1996-38) For the pierced person [ edit ] For men, piercings that stimulate the sensitive urethra (/wiki/Urethra) , either during masturbation or sexual intercourse, increase sensation. [2] (#cite_note-hogan-2) Female genital piercings that are reported to enhance pleasure are the piercings that pass through or close to the clitoris, i.e. the clitoris piercing and the clitoral hood piercing. [1] (#cite_note-bustle-1) In an empirical study at the University of South Alabama (/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama) , the authors reported a positive relationship between vertical clitoral hood piercings and desire, frequency of intercourse, and sexual arousal. [39] (#cite_note-MillnerEichold2005-39) However, this might depend on many factors such as placement, jewelry shape, and the individual. The triangle piercing is known to be quite pleasurable by providing stimulation of the underside of the clitoral glans, an area that is usually not stimulated at all. [40] (#cite_note-nbcn_Cans-40) Potential health risks [ edit ] Comparable to other piercings, improper hygiene during the piercings process carries the risk of transmitting blood borne diseases and during the healing process it might lead to infection. Some physicians believe that male genital piercings increase the risk of STI (/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection) transmission by making safer sex barriers (condoms) less effective. [41] (#cite_note-Stirn2003-41) [42] (#cite_note-Gokhale2001-42) [43] (#cite_note-Tampa_etal2015-43) Most professional piercers and body art enthusiasts believe these risks are over-stated or nonexistent. In two surveys, 5%–18% of men with genital piercings reported unspecified "problems using condoms" though it is unclear how many of these men used condoms regularly. [44] (#cite_note-NeliusArmstrong2011-44) There is no conclusive evidence that wearers of genital piercings are more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections. [44] (#cite_note-NeliusArmstrong2011-44) Aftercare [ edit ] The time to fully heal a genital piercing varies tremendously, depending on piercing site and individual characteristics: it can range from a week up to six months. Until fully healed, preparations should be made against possible causes of infection, such as proper cleaning on a daily basis. People with fresh piercings should abstain from sexual activity for the first few days and also then should use physical protection barriers such as condoms until the piercing is fully healed. Legal considerations [ edit ] Laws in other countries vary. In many European (/wiki/Europe) countries, minors are required to bring a signed consent form from or to be escorted by a legal guardian. Even in countries that have no laws regulating genital piercing in minors, many piercers refrain from doing them (since physiological development is not completed in minors). In the United States (/wiki/United_States) , it is prohibited to pierce the genitals of persons younger than 18 years. Types of genital piercings [ edit ] Male genital piercings [ edit ] Possible piercing sites on the male genitalia include the glans (/wiki/Glans_penis) , the skin of the penis shaft (/wiki/Body_of_penis) , the scrotum (/wiki/Scrotum) or the perineum (/wiki/Perineum) . Glans penis [ edit ] Piercings through the glans of the penis include the ampallang (/wiki/Ampallang) , which passes horizontally, and the apadravya (/wiki/Apadravya) , that passes vertically through the glans. The Prince Albert piercing (/wiki/Prince_Albert_piercing) is situated on the ventral side (underside) of the penis immediately behind the glans, while the reverse Prince Albert piercing (/wiki/Reverse_Prince_Albert_piercing) passes through the dorsal (top) side of the glans. The dydoe (/wiki/Dydoe) pierces through the coronal rim of the glans. With the exception of the dydoe, all these piercings traditionally pass through the urethra. This is preferred because healing time and incidence of infection are reduced by the flow of sterile urine. [45] (#cite_note-45) These piercings provide increased stimulation during intercourse to the male (who is carrying the piercing) as well as to the partner. Piercings through the head, or the glans, are the genital piercings with the best-documented historical evidence. [46] (#cite_note-46) Ampallang (/wiki/Ampallang) Apadravya (/wiki/Apadravya) Prince Albert (/wiki/Prince_Albert_(genital_piercing)) Dydoe piercing (/wiki/Dydoe_piercing) Reverse Prince Albert piercing (/wiki/Reverse_Prince_Albert_piercing) Skin of the penis shaft and scrotum [ edit ] Foreskin piercing (/wiki/Foreskin_piercing) passes through the penile prepuce (/wiki/Foreskin) on the dorsal, ventral or lateral side. It is required that the male is not circumcised. The frenum piercing (/wiki/Frenum_piercing) passes through the penile frenum (/wiki/Penile_frenulum) , a small skin bridge that connects the glans with the shaft skin. This anatomical part is also often missing in circumcised men. The hafada piercing (/wiki/Hafada_piercing) is situated on the skin of the scrotum while a transscrotal piercing (/wiki/Transscrotal_piercing) travels through it. As an intermediate version between frenulum and hafada, the lorum piercing (/wiki/Lorum_(piercing)) ( lo w fren um ) sits at the point where penis and scrotum connect. The Jacob's Ladder is a ladder from frenum to scrotum. The guiche piercing is a body piercing on the perineum. These piercings play a lesser role in adding stimulation and more or less fulfill only a decorative purpose. Foreskin piercing (/wiki/Foreskin_piercing) Frenum piercing (/wiki/Frenum_piercing) Lorum piercing (/wiki/Lorum_(piercing)) Hafada piercing (/wiki/Hafada_piercing) Female genital piercings [ edit ] In female individuals as well, various anatomical parts can be suitable for piercings. These include the mons pubis (/wiki/Mons_pubis) , the clitoral hood (/wiki/Clitoral_hood) , the outer (/wiki/Labia_majora) , inner labia (/wiki/Labia_minora) and the vulval vestibule (/wiki/Vulval_vestibule) (which is the area surrounding the vaginal opening). Clitoris and clitoral hood [ edit ] The glans (/wiki/Clitoris#Glans) of the clitoris (/wiki/Clitoris) itself can be pierced. Since this anatomical part is too small in many cases and is susceptible to nerve damage, this piercing is not very common. [47] (#cite_note-Pitts-Talyor-47) In contrast, the clitoral hood piercing (/wiki/Clitoral_hood_piercing) is the most common genital piercing for female bodied individuals. It can be applied horizontally and vertically. The deep hood piercing (/wiki/Deep_hood_piercing) is a variation of the clitoral hood piercing that pass deeper through the clitoral hood. The Isabella piercing (/wiki/Isabella_piercing) passes vertically through the clitoral shaft (/wiki/Clitoris#Body) and is rather complicated to pierce. Clitoris piercing (/wiki/Clitoris_piercing) Isabella piercing (/wiki/Isabella_piercing) Vertical clitoral hood piercing (/wiki/Clitoral_hood_piercing) (VCH) Horizontal clitoral hood piercing (/wiki/Clitoral_hood_piercing) (HCH) Deep hood piercing Labia and vulval vestibule [ edit ] Labia piercing (/wiki/Labia_piercing) can be applied to the labia majora or the labia minora. The triangle piercing (/wiki/Triangle_piercing) is located at the ventral end of the labia minora, at the point of transition between labia and clitoral hood. It runs horizontally, partly under the clitoral shaft. The fourchette piercing (/wiki/Fourchette_piercing) passes through the dorsal rim of the vulval vestibule. A less common version of the fourchette piercing is the suitcase piercing which can be considered as a deeper version of the fourchette because it enters through the perineum. Also rather uncommon is the Princess Albertina piercing (/wiki/Princess_Albertina_piercing) , the female version of the Prince Albert piercing, that passes through the ventral (lower) wall of the urethra. Inner labia piercing (/wiki/Labia_piercing) Outer labia piercing (/wiki/Labia_piercing) Triangle piercing (/wiki/Triangle_piercing) Princess Albertina piercing (/wiki/Princess_Albertina_piercing) Fourchette piercing (/wiki/Fourchette_piercing) Mons pubis [ edit ] The Christina piercing (/wiki/Christina_piercing) is a surface piercing (/wiki/Surface_piercing) , situated on the upper part of the mons pubis (/wiki/Mons_pubis) where the outer labia (/wiki/Labia_majora) meet. It is similar to the Nefertiti piercing (/wiki/Nefertiti_piercing) , that can be seen as a combination between vertical clitoral hood piercing and Christina piercing. Christina piercing (/wiki/Christina_piercing) Nefertiti piercing (/wiki/Nefertiti_piercing) Unisex genital piercings [ edit ] Body piercings that do not involve perforation of genitalia but referred to as "genital piercings" by convention can be worn by all sexes. These include the pubic piercing (/wiki/Pubic_piercing) , which is situated above the penis in males and on the mons pubis in females (comparable to the Christina piercing, but horizontally). The guiche piercing (/wiki/Guiche_piercing) passes horizontally through the perineum while the anal piercing (/wiki/Anal_piercing) passes through the anus. Pubic piercing (/wiki/Pubic_piercing) Guiche piercing (/wiki/Guiche_piercing) Anal piercing (/wiki/Anal_piercing) See also [ edit ] Bikini waxing (/wiki/Bikini_waxing) Chastity piercing (/wiki/Chastity_piercing) Cock ring (/wiki/Cock_ring) Genital jewellery (/wiki/Genital_jewellery) Genital modification and mutilation (/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation) Genital tattooing (/wiki/Genital_tattooing) Nipple piercing (/wiki/Nipple_piercing) Play piercing (/wiki/Play_piercing) Pubic piercing (/wiki/Pubic_piercing) Transdermal implant (/wiki/Transdermal_implant) Vajazzle (/wiki/Vajazzle) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b Page, Danielle (25 April 2015). "How A Clit Piercing Affects Your Sex Life" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/78730-does-a-clit-piercing-lead-to-better-orgasms-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-piercing) . Bustle . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . ^ a b Hogan; Rinard, K.; Young, C.; Roberts, A.; Armstrong, M.; Nelius, T. (2010). "A cross-sectional study of men with genital piercings" (http://bjmp.org/files/2010-3-2/bjmp-2010-3-2-315.pdf) (PDF) . British Journal of Medical Practitioners . 3 (2): 315–322. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Van der Meer, G.; Schultz, W. W.; et al. (2008). "Intimate body piercings in women". Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology . 29 (4): 235–239. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/01674820802621874 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01674820802621874) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19065394 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19065394) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 31807575 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31807575) . ^ a b c Brown, Donald E.; Edwards, James W.; Moore, Ruth (1988). The Penis Inserts of Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography with an Overview and Comparative Perspectives . Berkeley: Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780944613054 . ^ (#cite_ref-Henley_5-0) Henley, David; Porath, Nathan (3 April 2021). "Body Modification in East Asia: History and Debates" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2020.1849026) . Asian Studies Review . 45 (2): 198–216. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10357823.2020.1849026 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2020.1849026) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1887/3192763 (https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3192763) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 229430746 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229430746) . ^ (#cite_ref-Hull_6-0) Hull, Terence H.; Budiharsana, Meiwita (1 January 2001). "Male circumcision and penis enhancement in Southeast Asia: Matters of pain and pleasure". Reproductive Health Matters . 9 (18): 60–67. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/s0968-8080(01)90091-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2801%2990091-6) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11765401 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11765401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 31616910 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31616910) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bekman, Stas. "8.2 The Apadravya In The Kama Sutra" (https://stason.org/TULARC/art/body-art/piercing/8-2-The-Apadravya-In-The-Kama-Sutra.html) . stason.org . ^ a b c Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society . Ateneo University Press. pp. 20–27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789715501354 . ^ a b Harrisson, Tom (November 1964). "The "PALANG", its History and Proto-History in West Borneo and the Philippines" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492204) . Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 37 (2 (206)): 162–174. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41492204 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492204) . ^ a b c d De Leon, Jay Israel (2017). "Penis Piercing and the Status of Women in Pre-colonial Visayan Societies" (https://medium.com/@dyeydeleon/penis-piercing-and-the-status-of-women-in-pre-colonial-visayan-societies-4702a5db7d02) . Hulagway: Paglikha ng Imaheng Pilipino sa Timog-Silangang Asya . UUP Lipunang Pangkasaysayan . Retrieved 10 May 2022 . ^ a b Umali, Justin (3 March 2020). "High Culture: The Visayans Before Spanish Colonization Were Badasses" (https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/visayan-culture-a2212-20200303-lfrm2) . Esquire . Retrieved 26 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Did You Know That" (https://pressreader.com/article/281900180821464) . Sun Star Cebu . 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jocano_13-0) Jocano, F. Landa (1958). "The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines". Philippine Studies . 6 (4): 401–436. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 42720408 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720408) . ^ (#cite_ref-Junker_14-0) Junker, Laura L. (1999). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780824864064 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Apadravya Piercing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120115063108/http://www.body-modification.com/Piercing-Types/apadravya-piercing/All-Pages.html) . Body-modification.com . 22 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.body-modification.com/Piercing-Types/apadravya-piercing/All-Pages.html) on 15 January 2012. ^ a b Kasten 2007 (#CITEREFKasten2007) , pp. 489–500. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "FORUM Sexualaufklärung und Familienplanung" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220303125100/https://forum.sexualaufklaerung.de/index.php?docid=1425) . forum.sexualaufklaerung.de . Archived from the original (https://forum.sexualaufklaerung.de/index.php?docid=1425) on 2022-03-03 . Retrieved 2022-03-03 . Intimmodifikationen bei Jugendlichen ^ (#cite_ref-18) Larkin, B. G. (2004). "The ins and outs of body piercing". AORN Journal . 79 (2): 330–342. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0001-2092(06)60609-1 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0001-2092%2806%2960609-1) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 15002830 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15002830) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Free the Nipple Ring! Why One Vogue Writer Got Pierced - Vogue ^ (#cite_ref-20) Nice, Normal Girls Don't Get Their Genitals Pierced - Vice Magazine ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Female body piercing" (https://body-jewelry-guide.com/female-body-piercing.html) . Body Jewelry Guide . 10 December 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Fantasia’s Pierced Down There Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202359/http://www.socialitelife.com/fantasias_pierced_down_there-07-2007) 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) - Socialite Life ^ (#cite_ref-23) Pete Doherty's penis piercing Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170516180649/http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/Pete+Doherty-14809.html) 2017-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) - Female First ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Janet Jackson's Interview With Vibe Vixen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071018003744/http://brownsista.com/janet-jacksons-interview-with-vibe-vixen/) . Brown Sista (blog) . 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-25) Brodsky, Rachel (8 August 2015). "Lenny Kravitz's Penis Piercer Is Proud to See Her Work 'Still Alive and Kicking' (https://www.spin.com/2015/08/lenny-kravitz-penis-piercer-comment/) " (https://www.spin.com/2015/08/lenny-kravitz-penis-piercer-comment/) . Spin . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Piercing genital de Karina Bacchi na Playboy causa polêmica" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061141/http://diversao.terra.com.br/gente/noticias/0,,OI3552504-EI13419,00-Piercing+genital+de+Katarina+Waters+na+Playboy+causa+polemica.html) . Terra . 6 December 2006. Archived from the original (http://diversao.terra.com.br/gente/noticias/0,,OI3552504-EI13419,00-Piercing+genital+de+Katarina+Waters+na+Playboy+causa+polemica.html) on 27 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-naij_27-0) Timaya, Andrew (19 December 2016). "Top 13 celebrities with piercings in unusual places" (https://www.legit.ng/1078303-these-13-celebrities-piercings-unusual-places.html) . Legit.ng . Nigeria. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Genital piercing increasing among Kumasi youth - Ghanaweb ^ (#cite_ref-29) Angel, Elayne (Winter 2004). "VCH Piercings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111122063400/http://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/point31.pdf) (PDF) . The Point: The Official Newsletter of The Association of Professional Piercers . No. 31. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (http://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/point31.pdf) (PDF) on 22 November 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Edmunds, Marilyn W. (23 March 2010). "Why Women Choose Genital Piercing" (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/718653) . Medscape . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . ^ a b Fenn, Violet (14 March 2017). "Why genital piercings aren't as scary as you think" (http://metro.co.uk/2017/03/14/genital-piercings-arent-as-scary-as-you-think-heres-what-to-expect-from-them-6478526/) . Metro . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Angel, Elayne. "An Approach to Genital Piercings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100152/https://www.safepiercing.org/docs/point40.pdf) (PDF) . The Point . No. 40. p. 5. Archived from the original (https://www.safepiercing.org/docs/point40.pdf) (PDF) on 29 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-Lane2017_33-0) Lane, David C. (2017). "Understanding body modification: A process-based framework". Sociology Compass . 11 (7): e12495. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/soc4.12495 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoc4.12495) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1751-9020 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9020) . ^ (#cite_ref-bust_What_34-0) Gallagher, Ray (26 February 2016). "What It's Like To Get An Intimate Piercing" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/138490-what-its-like-to-get-your-clitoral-hood-pierced) . Bustle . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-ThomasCrosby2015_35-0) Thomas, Jeremy N.; Crosby, Lauren; Milford, Jessica (2015). "Gender Differences among Self-Reported Genital Piercing Stories". Deviant Behavior . 36 (6): 441–462. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/01639625.2014.944062 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2014.944062) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0163-9625 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-9625) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144501650 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144501650) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Allarakha, Shaziya. "Dr" (https://www.medicinenet.com/why_do_guys_get_prince_alberts/article.htm) . Why Guys Get Prince Alberts . MedicineNet . Retrieved 31 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mantegazza2001_37-0) Mantegazza, Paolo (2001) [1935]. The Sexual Relations of Mankind . Translated by Samuel Putnam. The Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89875-411-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rowanchilde1996_38-0) Rowanchilde, Raven (1996). "Male genital modification". Human Nature . 7 (2): 189–215. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/BF02692110 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02692110) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1045-6767 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6767) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24203319 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24203319) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 206820828 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206820828) . ^ (#cite_ref-MillnerEichold2005_39-0) Millner, Vaughn S.; Eichold, Bernard H.; Sharpe, Thomasina H.; Lynn, Sherwood C. (2005). "First glimpse of the functional benefits of clitoral hood piercings". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 193 (3): 675–676. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.130 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2005.02.130) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0002-9378 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16150259 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16150259) . ^ (#cite_ref-nbcn_Cans_40-0) Alexander, Brian (4 December 2007). "Can selfish lovers ever give as good as they get?" (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18039467/#.Wry2SYhubIU) . msnbc.com . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-Stirn2003_41-0) Stirn, Aglaja (2003). "Body piercing: medical consequences and psychological motivations". The Lancet . 361 (9364): 1205–1215. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12955-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912955-8) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-6736 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 12686054 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12686054) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 44892866 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44892866) . ^ (#cite_ref-Gokhale2001_42-0) Gokhale, R. (2001). "Genital piercing and sexually transmitted infections" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1744390) . Sexually Transmitted Infections . 77 (5): 393–a–394. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/sti.77.5.393-a (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fsti.77.5.393-a) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1368-4973 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1368-4973) . 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S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 44339720 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44339720) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Introduction to Male Genital Piercings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140901122901/http://www.intimatemedicine.com/sex-in-society/introduction-to-male-genital-piercings/) . Archived from the original (http://www.intimatemedicine.com/sex-in-society/introduction-to-male-genital-piercings/) on 2014-09-01 . Retrieved 2013-06-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) The Point Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120325045125/http://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/thepoint44_web.pdf) 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) - An Approach to Genital Piercings Part 5 ^ (#cite_ref-Pitts-Talyor_47-0) Pitts-Talyor, Victoria (2008). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body . Greenwood Publishing Group (/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group) . pp. 233–234. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0313341458 . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . Sources [ edit ] Anderson, W.R.; Summerton, D.J.; Sharma, D.M.; Holmes, S.A. (2003). "The urologist's guide to genital piercing". BJU International . 91 (3): 245–251. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04049.x (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1464-410X.2003.04049.x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1464-4096 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-4096) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 12581013 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581013) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 756744 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:756744) . Bone, A.; Ncube, F.; Nichols, T.; Noah, N. D (2008). "Body piercing in England: a survey of piercing at sites other than earlobe" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2432173) . BMJ . 336 (7658): 1426–1428. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bmj.39580.497176.25 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39580.497176.25) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0959-8138 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 20510103 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20510103) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2432173 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2432173) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18556275 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556275) . Esen, U. I (2008). "Health and regulation issues for body piercing" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453253) . BMJ . 337 (jul08 2): 67. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bmj.a595 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a595) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0959-8138 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 20510253 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20510253) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2453253 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453253) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18614491 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18614491) . Johnsdotter, Sara; Essén, Birgitta (2010). "Genitals and ethnicity: the politics of genital modifications" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2810%2935495-4) . Reproductive Health Matters . 18 (35): 29–37. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0968-8080(10)35495-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2810%2935495-4) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0968-8080 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25767326 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25767326) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20541081 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20541081) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 2261601 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2261601) . Kasten, E. (2007). "Genitale Body-Modifications bei Frauen" [Genital Body Modifications in Women]. Der Gynäkologe (in German). 40 (6): 489–500. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00129-007-1985-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00129-007-1985-8) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0017-5994 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-5994) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 28455932 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28455932) . Myers, J. (1992). "NONMAINSTREAM BODY MODIFICATION: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography . 21 (3): 267–306. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/089124192021003001 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089124192021003001) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0891-2416 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2416) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143746278 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143746278) . Ferguson, Henry (1999). "Body Piercing" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127091) . British Medical Journal . 319 (7225): 1627–1629. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1627 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1627) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25186687 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25186687) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 1127091 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127091) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 10600973 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600973) . Aubrey, Karen (April 1995). "Body Piercing: Gender Nihilism in the 90s". Studies in Popular Culture . 17 (2): 31–37. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23413700 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413700) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genital piercings (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genital_piercings) . General information [ edit ] Elayne Angel (/wiki/Elayne_Angel) : An approach to genital piercings. published by the Association of Professional Piercers (/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Piercers) : General issues (https://web.archive.org/web/20120203190651/https://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/thepoint_issue40_web.pdf) Clitoral hood and labia piercings (https://web.archive.org/web/20120203190716/https://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/thepoint41_web_uncensored.pdf) Prince Albert and pubic piercings (https://web.archive.org/web/20120203150146/https://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/thepoint_issue42_web1.pdf) Frenum, Lorum, Hafada and Guiche (https://web.archive.org/web/20120203190803/https://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/thepoint_issue43_web.pdf) Foreskin, Dydoe, Ampallang and Apadravya (https://web.archive.org/web/20120325045125/http://www.safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/thepoint44_web.pdf) v t e Body 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Hungarian fashion designer (1952–2013) The native form of this personal name (/wiki/Personal_name) is Király Tamás . This article uses Western name order (/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order) when mentioning individuals. Tamás Király Király in 1987 Born ( 1952-09-13 ) 13 September 1952 Gyöngyös (/wiki/Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s) , Hungarian People's Republic (/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic) Died 7 April 2013 (2013-04-07) (aged 60) Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Hungary Cause of death Murder (strangulation) Occupations Fashion designer costume designer performance artist Style Avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) , queer art (/wiki/Queer_art) Tamás Király ( toh- MAHSH keer- EYE ; 13 September 1952 – 7 April 2013) was a Hungarian underground avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) fashion designer active beginning in the 1980s. In many cases, Király used found materials (/wiki/Found_material) , took clues from queer art (/wiki/Queer_art) , and employed geometric forms in a "decadent" manner; in at least some projects of the period, he took additional inspiration from previous experiments within the Russian avant-garde (/wiki/Russian_avant-garde) scene. Though not expressly political, his work sometimes flaunted the artistic conventions permitted by the communist regime (/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic) ; authorities tolerated his shows, which came with performance art elements, but did not promote them. He relied on self-promotion, establishing an unconventional store in Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) and living in poverty. Throughout his life, he was opposed to selling his creations as wearable clothes. Beyond his cult following in Hungary, Király achieved international fame after he participated in the 1988 Dressater fashion show (/w/index.php?title=Dressater_fashion_show&action=edit&redlink=1) in West Berlin, as the only designer from the Eastern Bloc (/wiki/Eastern_Bloc) . This allowed him to live from his shows in post-communist Hungary. Though he remained focused on Budapest—he had a studio in Józsefváros (/wiki/J%C3%B3zsefv%C3%A1ros) , and was affiliated with the NA-NE artists' collective—he would sometimes showcase his work in provincial Hungarian towns. He was murdered in 2013 by a man with whom he was possibly having a sexual encounter. Academics have posthumously given additional attention to his work, much of which is preserved by the Museum of Applied Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts_(Budapest)) . Biography [ edit ] Early life and debut years [ edit ] Király was born on 13 September 1952, and grew up in the town of Gyöngyös (/wiki/Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s) , in what was then the Hungarian People's Republic (/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic) . [1] (#cite_note-Bodi-1) Reportedly, he first performed in public in that town. [2] (#cite_note-Hegyi-2) He also traveled to neighboring Vámosgyörk (/wiki/V%C3%A1mosgy%C3%B6rk) , where, as he recalled in 1998, he "got my ears pierced. This was not an everyday thing at that time." [3] (#cite_note-vigasságok-3) In May 1971, as a student at Berze Nagy János High School (/w/index.php?title=Berze_Nagy_J%C3%A1nos_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berze_Nagy_J%C3%A1nos_Gimn%C3%A1zium) ] , he was granted a second prize ("bronze certificate") at an art festival organized by the Hungarian Young Communist League (/wiki/Hungarian_Young_Communist_League) . [4] (#cite_note-4) He moved to Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , where, after receiving encouragements from costume-maker Gizella "Gizi" Koppány, [2] (#cite_note-Hegyi-2) [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) he began to study design. For a time, he was employed as a display window (/wiki/Display_window) designer. [1] (#cite_note-Bodi-1) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202318_minutes_in-6) His first film credits were as Koppány's assistant costume designer in Narcissus and Psyche (/wiki/Narcissus_and_Psyche) , released in 1981 by Gábor Bódy (/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_B%C3%B3dy) . It "started him on the path toward clothing design." [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) Király's career as an independent fashion designer coincided with Hungary's experiment in " Goulash Communism (/wiki/Goulash_Communism) "—integrating free-market elements to the socialist command economy and loosening political censorship restrictions. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202310–11_minutes_in-7) He initially sold his creations out of New Art Studio, an underground boutique in central Budapest, whose main founder was his mentor, Koppány. [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) Though "his store did not have a sales counter, and customers were received at extreme opening hours", it was a major success, with queues of customers meandering around the street-corner. [8] (#cite_note-Zoob-8) Király also flaunted convention by using live models in the display window. [1] (#cite_note-Bodi-1) Beginning in 1981, he organized "fashion walks" on Váci Street (/wiki/V%C3%A1ci_Street) , an upscale fashion district in central Pest (/wiki/Pest,_Hungary) , in which his friends would dress up in outre outfits without permits, [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) including trash bags and bank notes. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman20232_minutes_in-10) [1] (#cite_note-Bodi-1) His first fashion show was at the Fiatal Művészek Klubja (FMK; "Club for Young Artists") in 1983. [1] (#cite_note-Bodi-1) Király often showcased his works at the Petőfi Csarnok (/wiki/Pet%C5%91fi_Csarnok) , a large community center with a concert hall. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202319_minutes_in-11) The runway shows (/wiki/Runway_show) he held there, which he called "fashion performances," incorporated elements of contemporary dance (/wiki/Contemporary_dance) and performance art (/wiki/Performance_art) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202320_minutes_in-12) [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) He also collaborated with theater groups starting in the 1980s, most famously designing white- and cream-colored costumes evoking the phantasmagoric atmosphere of A Midsummer Night's Dream (/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream) for a reinterpretation by the Baltazar Theatre (/w/index.php?title=Baltazar_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1) , a company of intellectually disabled actors. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) Király sitting with some of his designs, 1988 After a "chance encounter" during one his frequent travels in West Berlin (/wiki/West_Berlin) , [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) Király was co-opted as a costume designer for Az Emberevő szerelme ("A Man-eater's Love"), a 1984 film produced by Mafilm (/wiki/Mafilm) and ZDF (/wiki/ZDF) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 1988, he presented at the Dressater fashion show (/w/index.php?title=Dressater_fashion_show&action=edit&redlink=1) in West Berlin as the only designer from an Eastern Bloc country, having been recruited by Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) . [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202328_minutes_in-14) According to a 1989 piece in Reform magazine, his approach in preparation for that event was: "Be so challenging that they go out and kill for you". [15] (#cite_note-Reform-15) He called his collection, which featured black velvet dresses stretched into geometric shapes, [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202330_minutes_in-16) "Open Doors," a subtle jab at the Soviet authorities who had granted him permission to attend in an attempt to demonstrate their openness. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) It was extremely well-received, bringing him fame in the Western world. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202331–32_minutes_in-17) In 1990, fellow artist Gábor Szerényi reported his "patriotic pride" at seeing Király featured and advertised "in capital letters" by Vogue México (/wiki/Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_y_Latinoam%C3%A9rica) . [18] (#cite_note-Szer-18) Király lacked the credentials to be officially registered as an artist, complicating his career. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202318_minutes_in-6) [18] (#cite_note-Szer-18) For one of his fashion shows, he used a rejection letter from the Hungarian Arts Fund (/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Arts_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1) as the poster. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202318_minutes_in-6) Király was poor during the 1980s, scraping by through commissioned work and borrowing money from friends; however, he held many parties. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202322_minutes_in-19) Friends described him as kind and sociable; [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202335_minutes_in-20) his surname, which translates to "king", resulted in his cult following, consolidated in or around 1986, being labeled as "royalism" ( királyizmus ). [21] (#cite_note-gábor-21) His devotees greeted him with a related pun: Éljen a Király! ("Long live the King!"). [22] (#cite_note-k.sz.-22) 1989 and after [ edit ] Király with a model wearing a hat resembling the dome of the Hungarian Parliament Building (/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building) in 1989 Király's performance art was awarded public visibility during 1989, the year when communism ended in Hungary (/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary) . In June or July 1989, [15] (#cite_note-Reform-15) before the full transition to a market economy, Király designed a hat resembling the dome of the Hungarian Parliament Building (/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building) and photographed himself with a model wearing it in view of the building. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) He was stopped and questioned by the national police (/wiki/Rend%C5%91rs%C3%A9g) , but was not arrested as they were unsure how to interpret the message of the outfit and he was not violating any law. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202313–15_minutes_in-23) The regime change presented Király with other travel opportunities. In June 1990, his "Animal's Dreams" (part of a trilogy) was presented as an opening act for a Hungarian rock show (/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary) at Melkweg (/wiki/Melkweg) of Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Between 1989 and 1992, he presented no catwalk shows in his native country; from as early as 1987, he had refused to sell his creations through any boutique business. [21] (#cite_note-gábor-21) Király's focus was on art events and stable exhibits. In December 1990, at NA-NE Gallery on Pest's Lónyay Street, he exhibited work from the previous decade alongside architects and designers—including Gábor Bachman (/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Bachman) , Giorgio Soss, and János Czalbert-Halasi. [25] (#cite_note-Szeg-25) [26] (#cite_note-Vadas-26) Király had opened his own workshop in Józsefváros (/wiki/J%C3%B3zsefv%C3%A1ros) , and, as Szerényi notes, used it as a "base from which corridors lead to the wider world." [18] (#cite_note-Szer-18) He had by then embarked on a series of collaborations with "hundreds of actors", as well as his own artist friends— János Gasner (/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Gasner&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasner_J%C3%A1nos) ] , Péter Sziámi Müller (/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ter_Szi%C3%A1mi_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller_P%C3%A9ter_Szi%C3%A1mi) ] , János Vető (/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Vet%C5%91) , and the members of Balkán Tourist (/w/index.php?title=Balk%C3%A1n_Tourist&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1n_Tourist) ] . [18] (#cite_note-Szer-18) Throughout the 1990s, he rejected travel offers, preferring instead to stay in Budapest and pursue smaller, less commercialized projects. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202333_minutes_in-27) During early 1992, Király, alongside Marianna Pádé and István Ocztos, submitted a project to have Chain Bridge tunnel (/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge) transformed into a fashion runway for that year's World No Tobacco Day (/wiki/World_No_Tobacco_Day) . [28] (#cite_note-28) According to legend, American avant-garde guru Allen Ginsberg (/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg) promised to contribute a poem for the event, if it ever took place (which it did not). [22] (#cite_note-k.sz.-22) Király still enjoyed success, and in 1998 his hometown of Gyöngyös made him president of the local fashion show (he awarded top prize to a designer who had reused a car tarpaulin (/wiki/Tarpaulin) ). [3] (#cite_note-vigasságok-3) In the 2000s, he returned with costumes for hair shows in London and elsewhere. [8] (#cite_note-Zoob-8) : 64 [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202334_minutes_in-29) In August 2001, he and fellow designer Krisztián Prokob produced a show for the Sziget Festival (/wiki/Sziget_Festival) on Hajógyári Island (/wiki/Haj%C3%B3gy%C3%A1ri_Island) . [30] (#cite_note-30) In May 2005, Király arranged for one of his fashion shows to be hosted by Mátra Cultural Center in Gyöngyös. Critic József Keresztesi gave it a positive review, arguing that Király's feat was outstanding in itself: "Anyone who spent his childhood in a small town is aware of the risk of returning." The costumes presented were "pictures, very consciously selected, to intense musical accompaniment." [31] (#cite_note-31) That same year, fellow designer Kati Zoób referred to Király as "perhaps the greatest talent in domestic fashion design", noting that he still would not "sell clothes". He reportedly made most of his income from his costume design and from selling tickets to a worldwide audience of "Király fans". [8] (#cite_note-Zoob-8) : 64 In 2007, critic Zoltán Hegyi made a similar observation: "[Király is] the Hungarian underground fashion designer. The mainstream would take him, but he wants no part of it." [2] (#cite_note-Hegyi-2) Style [ edit ] Journalist and radio producer Avery Trufelman (/wiki/Avery_Trufelman) has described Király's coutoure as "outlandish," "decadent," and "campy." [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman20231_minute_in-32) As noted in 1993 by critic Judit Acsay, Király had repeatedly explained that, "despite all appearances, his art is not about the clothes." [33] (#cite_note-Acsay-33) He instead referred to his garments as "clothing sculptures". [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) These were constructed out of found material (/wiki/Found_material) , including fishing rope and kitchen supplies. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) [15] (#cite_note-Reform-15) His muse Judit Gyüre, who also worked on the dressmaking process, recalled: "I didn't just have to sew, I had to connect a wide variety of materials: plastic with metal, textile with dry bread. This unleashed enormous creativity in me, since Tamás only informed me of what he wanted, but we enjoyed artistic freedom all the way from there." Also a model, she recalled "standing in Tamás's bathtub covered in plaster from head to toe, waiting for him to bind me". [34] (#cite_note-34) Curator Gyula Musckovics characterized Király's work as anti-political (/wiki/Anti-politics) , existing in a parallel realm not directly in opposition to the political one. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202315_minutes_in-35) He was tolerated by the communist authorities despite flouting norms of socialist fashion good taste (/wiki/Soviet_fashion) of the era (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) . [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) Several of his creations employed communist iconography (/wiki/Communist_symbolism) , including a 1987 dress that folded out to resemble the Red Star (/wiki/Red_star) . [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202313_minutes_in-36) Such works were additionally infused with queer aesthetics (/wiki/Queer_aesthetics) ; though Király was married with children, he may have been pansexual (/wiki/Pansexual) . [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202324_minutes_in-37) In a 2020 piece, artist Eszter Ágnes Szabó drew attention to Az Emberevő szerelme as being quintessentially "camp", and thus naturally suited to Király's "entire creative career". [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) : 61 Szabó sees its usage of electric blue (/wiki/Electric_blue_(color)) as one of the "almost mandatory references" to David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) , who had a cult status in the Hungarian underground, adding: "Bowie embodied almost everything that was opposed to the Hungarian official culture of the time". [5] (#cite_note-Szab-5) : 61, 62 "No one could tell what statement Király was exactly making," Trufelman said of the parliamentary hat of 1989. "Was it a joke? Was it a political protest? Was it quite simply just a cool hat?" [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202315_minutes_in-35) By contrast, Reform magazine claimed that the item had been designed as part of a publicity stunt for its independent journalism: "Although Tamás Király claims to be apolitical, he still designed a parliamentary fur hat for Reform ". [15] (#cite_note-Reform-15) In the early 1990s, the artistic relevancy of Király and NA-NE was seen by author György Szegő as threatened: "The question now is what will happen after the political opposition of the avant-garde is no longer needed. Or is it?" [25] (#cite_note-Szeg-25) : 66 Art historian József Vadas reported on NA-NE's "big surprise"—namely, that all its affiliates, including Király, were taking direct inspiration from Cubo-Futurism (/wiki/Cubo-Futurism) and other currents of the early-20th-century Russian avant-garde (/wiki/Russian_avant-garde) . [26] (#cite_note-Vadas-26) One of Király's exhibits, showcased in 1992–1993 at Székesfehérvár (/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r) , was panned by Acsay: "[His designs] are only shocking, interesting and strange if someone happens to call them clothes. Without this intentionally false label, the effect is considerably smaller and, what's more, highly doubtful", she wrote. "Tamás Király is much less convincing as a [fashion] designer than as a visual designer and choreographer." [33] (#cite_note-Acsay-33) Death and legacy [ edit ] The Museum of Applied Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts_(Budapest)) in Budapest, where Király's surviving designs are stored Király was murdered on 7 April 2013, after an argument broke out between him and a man with whom he was possibly having a sexual encounter. [38] (#cite_note-:1-38) [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202336_minutes_in-39) According to initial reports, the man strangled him and then robbed his home. [38] (#cite_note-:1-38) In February 2014, shortly before sentencing, the murder weapon was revealed to have been a silk scarf, with authorities choosing not to disclose the motive; one report, ultimately sourced to RTL (/wiki/RTL_(Hungarian_TV_channel)) , alleged that the murderer had been diagnosed as schizophrenic (/wiki/Schizophrenia) . [40] (#cite_note-40) Court records identified him as "József L.", who "lives by loitering and sometimes prostitutes himself". He allegedly "testified that the fashion designer, upon learning that he was homeless, had invited him to sleep at his place." [41] (#cite_note-41) As Trufelman notes, public perception of Király's works was negatively influenced by a hostile 2013 documentary that aired on TV2 (/wiki/TV2_(Hungarian_TV_channel)) and portrayed him as insane, and by coverage of his death that emphasized its scandalous aspects. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) The academic world took greater interest in his works after a 2014 exhibition at the art gallery Tranzit.hu (/w/index.php?title=Tranzit.hu&action=edit&redlink=1) , which was followed by a 2019 retrospective (/wiki/Retrospective) at the Ludwig Museum (/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Museum_(Budapest)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BAzeum_%E2%80%93_Kort%C3%A1rs_M%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_M%C3%BAzeum) ] in Budapest. [9] (#cite_note-Vestoj-9) In July of that year, a "mini-exhibit", focusing on Király's private life, was opened at Pizzica Pizza restaurant in Terézváros (/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zv%C3%A1ros) . Its organizers were the designer's son, Iliasz, alongside writer György Kozma (/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kozma&action=edit&redlink=1) and radio personality Tivadar Krausz. [22] (#cite_note-k.sz.-22) Trufelman profiled Király in a 2023 episode of her podcast about fashion, Articles of Interest (/wiki/Articles_of_Interest) , examining him as an example of fashion transcending capitalism (/wiki/Capitalism) . [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman2023-42) According to Trufelman, the difficulty of classifying Király's work, as well as lingering censorship (/wiki/Censorship_in_Hungary) of Hungarian arts institutions, has hampered efforts to preserve his legacy. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202339_minutes_in-43) His surviving designs are kept by the Museum of Applied Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts_(Budapest)) in Budapest, as part of its collections, though many were reportedly stored in poor condition as of 2023. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrufelman202340_minutes_in-44) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bódi, Lóránt (28 November 2017). "Király, Tamás" (http://cultural-opposition.eu/registry/?uri=http://courage.btk.mta.hu/courage/individual/n12433) . COURAGE Registry . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hegyi, Zoltán (2007). "Stílus. A király" [Style. The king]. Magyar Nemzet Képeslap . LXX (267): 19. ^ Jump up to: a b Tari (22 June 1998). "Jövő századbeli vigasságok" [Fun from the next century]. Heves Megyei Hírlap . p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Diáknapok 1971. Újabb hevesi sikerek" [Student Days 1971. Another great success]. Népújság. Az MSZMP Heves Megyei Bizottsága és a Megyei Tanács Napilapja . 26 May 1971. p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Szabó, Eszter Ágnes (2020). " Blue Blue Electric Blue... Ziggy Stardust felemelkedése és..." ['Blue Blue Electric Blue...' The rise of Ziggy Stardust and...]. Tiszatáj . LXXIV (7–8): 61–62. ^ Jump up to: a b c Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 18 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202310–11_minutes_in_7-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 10–11 minutes in. ^ Jump up to: a b c Zoób, Kati (2005). "Nem tudni, kiből lesz vevő" [Buyer unknown]. Figyelő (/wiki/Figyel%C5%91) . XLIX (50): 64–65. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Domoszlai-Lantner, Doris; Egri, Petra (7 January 2020). "Tamás Király: Hungary's King of Fashion" (http://vestoj.com/tamas-kiraly-hungarys-king-of-fashion/) . Vestoj (/wiki/Vestoj) . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman20232_minutes_in_10-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 2 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202319_minutes_in_11-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 19 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202320_minutes_in_12-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 20 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kádár, Kata (1984). "Filmforgatáson. Az Emberevő szerelme " [On a film set. A Man-eater's Love ]. Film Színház Muzsika . XXVIII (43): 14. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202328_minutes_in_14-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 28 minutes in. ^ Jump up to: a b c d -lyes (1989). "Szeretemelháríló ruhaköltemény" [A love-repellent clothes' poem]. Reform . II (27): 43. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202330_minutes_in_16-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 30 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202331–32_minutes_in_17-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 31–32 minutes in. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Szerényi, Gábor (1990). "Király divat király" [Király the fashion king]. Ifjúsági Magazin (4): 50. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202322_minutes_in_19-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 22 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202335_minutes_in_20-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 35 minutes in. ^ Jump up to: a b Gábor, Gina (20 October 1992). "A Király régi és új ruhái. 'Csak azt csinálom, amit szeretek' " [The King's old and new clothes. 'I only do what I love']. Fejér Megyei Hírlap . p. 5. ^ Jump up to: a b c K.Sz. (8 July 2019). "Éljen a Király!" [Long live the King!]. Népszava (/wiki/N%C3%A9pszava) . p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202313–15_minutes_in_23-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 13–15 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Herskovits, Iván (1990). "Megmérettetés Hollandiában" [Competition in the Netherlands]. Magyar Ifjúság . XXXI (29): 30–31. ^ Jump up to: a b Szegő, György (1990). "Panoráma. NA-NE Galéria" [Panorama. NA-NE Gallery]. Új Művészet (3): 66–67. ^ Jump up to: a b Vadas, József (1990). "Képzőművészet. Na-ná!" [Fine art. Ta-dah!]. Élet és Irodalom (/wiki/%C3%89let_%C3%A9s_Irodalom) . XXXIV (27): 13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202333_minutes_in_27-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 33 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Érsek, Zoltán M. (29 March 1992). "Füstmentes napon. Buli az alagútban" [On a smoke-free day. Party in the tunnel]. Vasárnapi Hírek . p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202334_minutes_in_29-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 34 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Jávorszky, Béla Szilárd (2012). Sziget 1993–2012. 20 év hév [ Sziget 1993–2012. 20 years of heat ]. Kossuth Kiadó. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-963-09-7093-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Keresztesi, József (20 May 2005). "Vissza a városba" [Back in town]. Magyar Hírlap (/wiki/Magyar_H%C3%ADrlap) . p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman20231_minute_in_32-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 1 minute in. ^ Jump up to: a b Acsay, Judit (1993). "Rongyos bál. Király Tamás ruhái a székesfehérvári Csók István képtárban" [A ragtag ball. Tamás Király's clothes in the István Csók gallery in Székesfehérvár]. Kritika (/wiki/Kritika_(magazine)) (2): 45. ^ (#cite_ref-34) K. A. (11 June 2016). "Nő a pult mögött" [Woman behind the counter]. Vasárnapi Hírek . p. 19. ^ Jump up to: a b Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 15 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202313_minutes_in_36-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 13 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202324_minutes_in_37-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 24 minutes in. ^ Jump up to: a b Huszár, Krisztina (1 April 2014). "Nadrágtartóval fojtották meg a magyar divattervezőt" (http://24.hu/kozelet/2014/04/01/nadragtartoval-fojtottak-meg-a-magyar-divattervezot/) [Hungarian fashion designer strangled with a trouser hanger]. 24.hu (/w/index.php?title=24.hu&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/24.hu) ] (in Hungarian). Central Médiacsoport Zrt. (/w/index.php?title=Central_M%C3%A9diacsoport_Zrt.&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_M%C3%A9diacsoport_Zrt.) ] . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202336_minutes_in_39-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 36 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Király Tamás gyilkosa skizofrén" [Tamás Király's killer is schizophrenic]. Népszava (/wiki/N%C3%A9pszava) . 27 February 2014. p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Előzetesben Király Tamás gyilkosa" [Hearing held for Tamás Király's murderer]. Tolnai Népújság . 13 April 2013. p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman2023_42-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202339_minutes_in_43-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 39 minutes in. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrufelman202340_minutes_in_44-0) Trufelman 2023 (#CITEREFTrufelman2023) , 40 minutes in. Bibliography [ edit ] Trufelman, Avery (/wiki/Avery_Trufelman) (5 July 2023). "Fashion Without Capitalism" (https://articlesofinterest.substack.com/p/fashion-without-capitalism) . Articles of Interest (/wiki/Articles_of_Interest) (Podcast) . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Crowley, David; Kromschröder, Jan; Muskovics, Gyula (2017). Muskovics, Gyula; Soós, Andrea (eds.). Tamás Király '80s . Translated by Erőss, Nikolett; Jones, Lucy; Laki, Júlia; Soós, Andrea. Budapest: Tranzit.hu (/w/index.php?title=Tranzit.hu&action=edit&redlink=1) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-615-80566-3-2 . Csipes, Antal; Fabényi, Julia; Hermann, Veronika; Keszeg, Anna; Horváth, Zsolt K.; Király, Iliász; Muskovics, Gyula; Soós, Andrea; Timár, Katalin (2020). Timár, Katalin (ed.). Tamás Király. Out of the box . Budapest: Ludwig Museum (/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Museum_(Budapest)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BAzeum_%E2%80%93_Kort%C3%A1rs_M%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_M%C3%BAzeum) ] . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-963-9537-74-3 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/57442778) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMxbhkhxYkw9kfWpdvpP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/120331772) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2023069144) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐v8ddb Cached time: 20240719185545 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.693 seconds Real time usage: 0.888 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7025/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 66886/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5129/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 112716/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.457/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16745618/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 808.192 1 -total 24.18% 195.390 1 Template:Reflist 17.57% 142.001 1 Template:Infobox_artist 11.30% 91.350 5 Template:Lang 10.82% 87.440 1 Template:Authority_control 10.36% 83.748 24 Template:Sfn 9.46% 76.486 1 Template:Cite_web 8.29% 66.978 1 Template:Short_description 5.93% 47.960 11 Template:Cite_news 4.93% 39.829 50 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74493564-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719185545 and revision id 1222001013. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamás_Király&oldid=1222001013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamás_Király&oldid=1222001013) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2013 deaths (/wiki/Category:2013_deaths) 1952 births (/wiki/Category:1952_births) Hungarian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Hungarian_fashion_designers) Hungarian costume designers (/wiki/Category:Hungarian_costume_designers) Hungarian performance artists (/wiki/Category:Hungarian_performance_artists) People from Gyöngyös (/wiki/Category:People_from_Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s) Artists from Budapest (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Budapest) 20th-century Hungarian LGBT people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Hungarian_LGBT_people) 21st-century Hungarian LGBT people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Hungarian_LGBT_people) Queer men (/wiki/Category:Queer_men) Queer artists (/wiki/Category:Queer_artists) Hungarian LGBT artists (/wiki/Category:Hungarian_LGBT_artists) LGBT fashion designers (/wiki/Category:LGBT_fashion_designers) Deaths by strangulation (/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_strangulation) Hungarian murder victims (/wiki/Category:Hungarian_murder_victims) Hidden categories: CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023) Use American English from August 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2023) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hungarian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Canadian clothing brand Kit and Ace Industry Retail Founded 2014 Founder Shannon Wilson (/wiki/Shannon_Wilson) J. J. Wilson Headquarters Vancouver, British Columbia (/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia) , Canada [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) Number of locations 6 (2024) Products Technical apparel Owner Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) Frank Rocchetti David Lui Website www (https://www.kitandace.com) .kitandace (https://www.kitandace.com) .com (https://www.kitandace.com) Kit and Ace flagship location, Water Street (/wiki/Water_Street,_Vancouver) , Gastown (/wiki/Gastown) , Vancouver Kit and Ace, Monmouth Street (/wiki/Monmouth_Street,_London) , Covent Garden (/wiki/Covent_Garden) , London (/wiki/London) . This location has since closed Kit and Ace is a Canadian clothing brand [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) founded in 2014 by Shannon Wilson (/wiki/Shannon_Wilson) , former lead designer of Lululemon Athletica (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) , and her stepson J. J. Wilson, [3] (#cite_note-3) to sell machine-washable cashmere wool (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) clothing and accessories. [4] (#cite_note-4) It is currently owned by Unity Brands Inc. History [ edit ] The first store opened in July 2014 in Vancouver's Gastown (/wiki/Gastown) neighbourhood. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2015, the brand opened retail stores in the US, the UK and Australia. [6] (#cite_note-6) In September 2015, the company installed shop-in-shop cafes from Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) -based Sorry Coffee Co. in its London and Toronto stores. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-LaRose-8) In April 2017, Kit and Ace closed all its international stores, focusing on e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) and its eight Canadian shops. [9] (#cite_note-9) Hold It All Inc., a Vancouver-based company, owned the brand until the end of August 2018. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2018, CEO George Tsogas acquired it from the company's founders and changed the brand direction creating apparel that is Smart, Easy to Love, and Made to Last on a mission to Amplify Optimism in the world. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2018, the Navigator pant was selected as part of the "Ultimate Travel Gear" of 2018 by Air Canada (/wiki/Air_Canada) 's enRoute Magazine. [12] (#cite_note-12) In November 2019, Kit and Ace opens its first West Vancouver location in The Village, Park Royal. [13] (#cite_note-13) In December 2020, Kit and Ace returns to Edmonton opening a new location on Whyte Ave. [14] (#cite_note-14) In June 2022, Kit and Ace opened a new location on Queen Street in Toronto. [15] (#cite_note-15) In July 2023, Kit and Ace was acquired by Unity Brands Inc. under the ownership of veteran retail executives Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) , David Lui and Frank Rocchetti. [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-10-K_1-0) "Form 10-K – lululemon athletica inc" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1397187/000139718722000014/lulu-20220130.htm) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) . March 29, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_2-0) "Our Story \| Kit and Ace" (https://www.kitandace.com/us/en/content?cid=our-story) . www.kitandace.com . Retrieved 2019-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Korstrom, Glen (July 16, 2017). "Kit and Ace co-founder JJ Wilson spins out new business ventures" (https://biv.com/article/2017/07/kit-and-ace-co-founder-jj-wilson-spins-out-new-bus) . Business Vancouver . Retrieved November 2, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Brogan, Jacob (2015-12-17). " (https://slate.com/business/2015/12/kit-and-ace-sells-clothes-made-of-technical-cashmere-uh-whats-technical-cashmere.html) "Technical Cashmere" Is a Hot Fashion Item. It's Not the Fancy Material You Think" (https://slate.com/business/2015/12/kit-and-ace-sells-clothes-made-of-technical-cashmere-uh-whats-technical-cashmere.html) . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2019-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "How Kit and Ace plans to become the Lululemon of streetwear" (https://www.canadianbusiness.com/innovation/kit-and-ace/) . www.canadianbusiness.com . Retrieved 2019-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Kit and Ace steps up international growth with Lululemon founder..." (https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-canada-kitandace-idUKKBN0M12DO20150305) Reuters . 2015-03-05 . Retrieved 2019-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tomlinson, Ashley (February 28, 2017). "All Apologies: Toronto's Sorry Coffee Company Inside Kit And Ace" (http://sprudge.com/all-apologies-torontos-sorry-coffee-company-inside-kit-and-ace-111030.html) . sprudge.com . Retrieved November 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-LaRose_8-0) LaRose, Lauren (3 September 2015). " (https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/09/03/canadian-retailer-kit-and-ace-expands.html) "Canadian retailer Kit and Ace expands" (https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/09/03/canadian-retailer-kit-and-ace-expands.html) . The Star . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Wills, Andrew; Strauss, Marina (April 26, 2017). "Clothing chain Kit and Ace closes stores outside Canada" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/clothing-chain-kit-and-ace-closes-stores-outside-canada/article34819585/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kit and Ace lays off some head office staff, closes international stores (http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/kit-and-ace-lays-off-some-head-office-staff-closes-international-stores-1.3386162) The Canadian Press (/wiki/The_Canadian_Press) April 26, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kit and Ace mails a dose of optimism to shoppers" (https://strategyonline.ca/2020/12/11/kit-and-ace-mails-a-dose-of-optimism-to-shoppers/) . Strategy News (/w/index.php?title=Strategy_News&action=edit&redlink=1) . 11 December 2020 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Chabot, L. M. "The Ultimate Travel Gear of 2018" (http://enroute.aircanada.com/en/articles/the-ultimate-travel-gear-2018) . enroute.aircanada.com . Retrieved 2019-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Park Royal \| West Vancouver" (https://www.kitandace.com/us/en/shopdetails?StoreID=parkroyal) . www.kitandace.com . Retrieved 2019-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "7 pieces from Kit and Ace that will make for the coziest winter \| Curated" (https://dailyhive.com/edmonton/kit-and-ace-cozy-winter-apparel-edmonton-store) . dailyhive.com . Retrieved 2021-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Queen Street West Kit and Ace \| Curated" (https://www.kitandace.com/ca/en/shopdetails?StoreID=2-toronto) . kitandace.com . Retrieved 2022-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Vancouver clothing retailer Kit and Ace bought by company co-owned by Joe Mimran" (https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/vancouver-clothing-retailer-kit-and-ace-bought-by-company-co-owned-by-joe-mimran) . Vancouver Sun . July 5, 2023 . Retrieved November 28, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.kitandace.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_and_Ace&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐xmx5g Cached time: 20240712174934 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.308 seconds Real time usage: 0.665 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1738/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 34032/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1356/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 60513/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.204/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6628742/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 353.398 1 -total 38.72% 136.823 1 Template:Reflist 29.80% 105.313 11 Template:Cite_web 26.40% 93.280 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.78% 73.440 1 Template:Infobox 16.94% 59.861 1 Template:Short_description 16.49% 58.258 1 Template:Fashion-stub 16.02% 56.607 1 Template:Asbox 10.07% 35.597 2 Template:Pagetype 7.33% 25.902 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43614329-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174934 and revision id 1229986224. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Laird_Schober_Shoes&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Laird+Schober+Shoes&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Laird+Schober+Shoes) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Laird_Schober_Shoes) for suggestions. ( January 2021 ) Laird Schober Shoes began in 1870 in Philadelphia, United States as a small manufacturer of ladies', misses', and children' shoes by three young men in their mid-twenties. [1] (#cite_note-1) The company grew with sustained and measured increase until closing its doors in 1965. History [ edit ] Samuel S. Laird, the senior partner, his brother-in-law George P. Schober, and their friend George A. Mitchell, were joined by Samuel's younger brother, John, in 1875. [2] (#cite_note-2) This is also the year that William S. Duling (/w/index.php?title=William_S._Duling&action=edit&redlink=1) joined the company as a young designer. [3] (#cite_note-3) Duling worked tirelessly from the beginning and the company saw large increases as a result. The company expanded into all areas of the country and he helped to maintain the highest quality of output. The three men were equipped with all the necessary details of the business and its demands to guide its growth. Constantly adding new machines, including the McKay (/wiki/Gordon_McKay) that could sew 100 pairs of soles onto women's shoes in one hour in 1858, and the Reese Buttonholer (/wiki/Buttonholer) [4] (#cite_note-4) that made 100,000 button holes a week in 1891. Continuously taking on more responsibility and earning greater trust from the senior partners, Duling was made a partner himself in 1894. The company name was changed to Laird Schober & Co. [5] (#cite_note-5) Recognition [ edit ] The craftsmanship, design and comfort of the latest technology led to increased recognition and prominence of Laird Schober shoes. The company won many awards [6] (#cite_note-6) at international expositions, and when a group of French shoemakers in 1921 were shown the handmade, microscopic stitches on the welts, they exclaimed "magnifique!". [7] (#cite_note-7) This was considered high praise because the French were deemed the best in the trade. Laird Schober & Co. won the Franklin Institute (/wiki/Franklin_Institute) Engineering Award in 1900, [8] (#cite_note-8) for Excellence in Manufacturing of shoes, collaborated with fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) in 1938, and were sold in fine department stores like of Wanamaker's (/wiki/Wanamaker%27s) , and Strawbridge & Clothier (/wiki/Strawbridge%27s) of Philadelphia. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The Times - Philadelphia, (1891), Saturday, March 28 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Joyce, John St. George, (1919), The Story of Philadelphia, Rex Print House, pg. 581 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Joyce, (1919) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Depew, Chauncy Mitchell, (1895), 1795-1895. One Hundred Years of American Commerce, Vol. 2, pg. 539 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Joyce, (1919) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Delaware County Daily Times, (1938), Saturday, September 10 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Boot and Shoe Recorder, (1922), Vol. 82, pg. 125 ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Franklin Institute, (1900) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6758b554dc‐wlcwq Cached time: 20240701154057 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.112 seconds Real time usage: 0.146 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 259/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7111/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1182/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4799/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.050/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 894843/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 128.821 1 -total 75.72% 97.547 1 Template:Orphan 60.63% 78.098 1 Template:Draft_other 58.08% 74.824 1 Template:Ambox 19.00% 24.474 1 Template:Reflist 1.60% 2.058 1 Template:Main_other 1.59% 2.053 1 Template:Monthyear-1 1.39% 1.796 1 Template:Monthyear 1.16% 1.496 2 Template:PAGENAMEU Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56196197-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701154057 and revision id 1083769010. 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Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) 2012 Victoria's Secrets 2012 Angels Campaign (left to right in each row) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) , Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) , and Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) . The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) is an annual fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) sponsored by Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , an American premium brand of lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) , such as current Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angel) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , and Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) . The show featured performances by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) , and Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) . Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers (millions) Performers Previous Next November 7, 2012 (recorded); December 4, 2012 New York City CBS 9.48 Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) , and Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) 2011 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2011) 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) Fashion show segments [ edit ] Segment 1: Circus (Choreographed by Christopher Harrison (/wiki/Christopher_Calvin_Harrison) ) [ edit ] Artist(s) Song(s) Status The Doors (/wiki/The_Doors) " Break On Through (/wiki/Break_on_Through_(To_the_Other_Side)) " Remixed Recording Dick Dale (/wiki/Dick_Dale) " Misirlou (/wiki/Misirlou) " Remixed Recording Pendulum (/wiki/Pendulum_(drum_and_bass_band)) " Slam (/wiki/Slam_/_Out_Here) " Remixed Recording Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) " Get Ur Freak On (/wiki/Get_Ur_Freak_On) " Remixed Recording Billy Idol (/wiki/Billy_Idol) " Rebel Yell (/wiki/Rebel_Yell_(song)) " Remixed Recording Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) American (/wiki/Americans) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) W 2011–2014 • 2017 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) German (/wiki/Germans) Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) W 2011–2013 • 2018 American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) W 2008–2013 4 Angel (2010–2012) Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) Barbara Fialho 2012–2018 NEW • FM Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) 2009–2012 • 2016–2018 Puerto Rican (/wiki/Puerto_Ricans) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) W 2011–2016 Segment 2: Dangerous Liaisons [ edit ] Artist Song Status Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) " Diamonds (/wiki/Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)) " Live Performance Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) W 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–present) • Outfit Originally Given to Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) (Missed the show due to an ankle injury during rehearsal). British (/wiki/British_people) Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) 2010–2016 French (/wiki/French_people) Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) W 2010–2015 Australians (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) Shanina Shaik (/wiki/Shanina_Shaik) W 2011–2012 • 2014–2015 • 2018 Outfit Originally Given to Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Polish (/wiki/Polish_people) Magdalena Frackowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak) 2010 • 2012–2015 R Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) W 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) 2011–2012 • 2014 Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) 2011–2018 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) W 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) Segment 3: Calendar Girls [ edit ] Artist Song Status Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) " Locked Out of Heaven (/wiki/Locked_Out_of_Heaven) " Live Performance Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) W 2008–2013 4 Angel (2010–2012) South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) Americans (/wiki/Americans) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) W 2012–2013 NEW Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) 2011–2012 Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Frida Gustavsson (/wiki/Frida_Gustavsson) 2012 NEW Americans (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) W 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) W 2009–2017 4 Angel (2010–present) Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Barbara Fialho 2012–2018 NEW • FM Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) W 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–present) American (/wiki/Americans) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) 2011–2014 • 2017 Outfit edited out of broadcast due to controversy Hungarian (/wiki/Hungarians) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) W 2012 • 2018 NEW Special Performance [ edit ] Artist Song Status Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) " As Long As You Love Me (/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)) " Live Performance Segment 4: PINK Ball [ edit ] Artist Song Status Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) " Beauty and a Beat (/wiki/Beauty_and_a_Beat) " Live Performance Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes Australian (/wiki/Australians) Jessica Hart 2012–2013 P Spokesmodel (2011–2013) • NEW Latvian (/wiki/Latvians) Ieva Lagūna (/wiki/Ieva_Lag%C5%ABna) 2011–2014 Swedes (/wiki/Swedes) Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) W 2011–2018 P Spokesmodel (2011–2014) Dorothea Barth Jörgensen (/wiki/Dorothea_Barth_J%C3%B6rgensen) 2009 • 2012 R Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Shu Pei (/wiki/Shu_Pei) 2012 NEW British (/wiki/British_people) Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) 2012–2013 Angolan (/wiki/Demographics_of_Angola) Sharam Diniz (/wiki/Sharam_Diniz) W 2012 • 2015 American (/wiki/Americans) Jacquelyn Jablonski (/wiki/Jacquelyn_Jablonski) 2010–2015 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Maud Welzen (/wiki/Maud_Welzen) 2012 • 2014–2015 NEW British (/wiki/British_people) Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) 2012–2014 Segment 5: Silver Screen Angels [ edit ] Artist Song Status Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) " Young Girls (/wiki/Young_Girls) " Live Performance Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) W 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) 2011–2018 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) American (/wiki/Americans) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) 2012–2013 NEW Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) 2011–2012 • 2014 American (/wiki/Americans) Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) SW 2011–2012 Swarovski Outfit Puerto Rican (/wiki/Puerto_Ricans) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) 2011–2016 Polish (/wiki/Polish_people) Magdalena Frackowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak) W 2010 • 2012–2015 R British (/wiki/British_people) Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) 2010–2016 Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) W 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) · Last Walk Segment 6: Angels In Bloom [ edit ] Artist Song Status Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) " Phresh Out The Runway (/wiki/Phresh_Out_The_Runway) " Live Performance Nationality Name Wings Runway shows Notes South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) Australian (/wiki/Australians) Shanina Shaik (/wiki/Shanina_Shaik) 2011–2012 • 2014–2015 • 2018 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) W 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) Wearing "Floral Fantasy Bra & Gift Set" (Value: $2,500,000) American (/wiki/Americans) Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) 2012–2018 NEW Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 R Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Americans (/wiki/Americans) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) W 2009–2017 4 Angel (2010–present) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) SW 2011–2014 • 2017 Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) W 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–2019) French (/wiki/French_people) Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) 2010–2015 German (/wiki/Germans) Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) W 2011–2013 • 2018 Finale [ edit ] Artist(s) Song Status Rudimental (/wiki/Rudimental) • John Newman (/wiki/John_Newman_(singer)) " Feel the Love (/wiki/Feel_the_Love_(Rudimental_song)) " Remixed Recording Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) and Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) led the finale. Name Runway shows Notes Name Runway shows Notes Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 4 Angel (2010–present) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) 2009–2013 4 Angel (2010-2013) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) 2007–2014 4 Angel (2011–2014) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2007–2015 • 2018 3 Angel (2009–present) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) 2009–2017 4 Angel (2010–present) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) 2011–2014 • 2017 Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003–2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 R Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) 2010–2015 Magdalena Frackowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak) 2010 • 2012-2015 Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) 2011–2018 P Spokesmodel (2011–2014) Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) 2010–2016 Jessica Hart (/wiki/Jessica_Hart_(model)) 2012–2013 P Spokesmodel (2011–2013) • NEW Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) 2011–2016 Shanina Shaik (/wiki/Shanina_Shaik) 2011–2012 • 2014–2015 • 2018 Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) 2012–2013 NEW Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) 2012–2018 NEW Jacquelyn Jablonski (/wiki/Jacquelyn_Jablonski) 2010–2015 Barbara Fialho (/wiki/Barbara_Fialho) Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) 2012–2014 NEW Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) 2012–2013 Ieva Laguna (/wiki/Ieva_Laguna) 2011–2014 Sharam Diniz (/wiki/Sharam_Diniz) 2012 • 2015 Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) 2011–2012 • 2014 Frida Gustavsson (/wiki/Frida_Gustavsson) 2012 Dorothea Barth Jorgensen (/wiki/Dorothea_Barth_Jorgensen) 2009 • 2012 R Maud Welzen (/wiki/Maud_Welzen) 2012 • 2014–2015 Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) 2011–2012 Shu Pei (/wiki/Shu_Pei) 2012 Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) 2012 • 2018 NEW Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) 2009–2012 • 2016–2018 Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) 2011–2013 • 2018 Sui He (/wiki/Sui_He) 2011–2018 Index [ edit ] Symbol Meaning 2 2nd Generation Angels 3 3rd Generation Angels 4 4th Generation Angels P PINK Spokesmodel W Wings SW Swarovski Wings v t e Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2001 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003) 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2011) 2012 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2sfgh Cached time: 20240712172052 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.613 seconds Real time usage: 0.747 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 18795/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 119491/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 26584/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9385/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.161/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1255547/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 517.998 1 -total 60.43% 313.020 110 Template:Flagicon 21.53% 111.540 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Shows 21.01% 108.851 1 Template:Navbox 8.98% 46.539 110 Template:Flag_icon/core 7.24% 37.525 1 Template:Multiple_image 6.41% 33.204 110 Template:Yesno-no 5.15% 26.701 96 Template:Font_color 4.78% 24.757 26 Template:Country_data_USA 4.51% 23.366 110 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38964427-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172052 and revision id 1216005627. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012&oldid=1216005627 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012&oldid=1216005627) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Category:Victoria%27s_Secret) 2012 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2012_in_fashion)
Garment cut without a horizontal waist seam Not to be confused with coronation gown (/wiki/Coronation_gown) . "Princess Line" redirects here. For the franchise alternatively known as the "Princess Line", see Disney Princess (/wiki/Disney_Princess) . 1878-1880 Princess line dress. V&A (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , CIRC.606-1962 [1] (#cite_note-1) A princess line dress is shown on the left. The other dress has a clear separation between bodice and skirt. September 1905 Princess line or princess dress describes a woman's fitted dress (/wiki/Dress) or other garment cut in long panels without a horizontal join or separation at the waist. [2] (#cite_note-delamore-2) [3] (#cite_note-eliz-3) Instead of relying on darts (/wiki/Dart_(sewing)) to shape the garment, the fit is achieved with long seams (/wiki/Seam_(sewing)) ( princess seams (/wiki/Princess_seams) ) and shaped pattern pieces (/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)) . [4] (#cite_note-camp-4) A rarely used alternative name for the princess line was French-dart-line dress . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] 19th century [ edit ] The princess line is popularly associated with Charles Frederick Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) who first introduced it in the early 1870s. [2] (#cite_note-delamore-2) [7] (#cite_note-met-7) It was named in honour of the famously elegant Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark) . [7] (#cite_note-met-7) [8] (#cite_note-kyoto-8) By the late 1870s and early 1880s the princess dress was a popular style. It is considered one of the first " bodycon (/wiki/Bodycon_dress) " (body-conscious) fashions due to its extremely closely fitted design, presenting the figure in a natural (or at least, corseted (/wiki/Corset) ) form undistorted by either crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) or bustle (/wiki/Bustle) . [8] (#cite_note-kyoto-8) Princess-line polonaises (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) were worn over long underskirts. [9] (#cite_note-9) The princess line was also popular for young girls who wore it with a sash (/wiki/Sash) or, if slightly older, over a longer underskirt. [10] (#cite_note-10) 20th century [ edit ] The princess line was a staple of dress design and construction throughout the century. In 1951 the couturier Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) presented a princess-line based fashion collection which is sometimes called the "Princess Line", although its official name was Ligne Longue or "Long Line". [11] (#cite_note-11) 21st century [ edit ] The princess line remains a popular style for wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) and a design staple for both day and evening dresses. [2] (#cite_note-delamore-2) [4] (#cite_note-camp-4) More recently, the design principle has been applied to men's garments, which generally do not have waist seams. [12] (#cite_note-kim-12) See also [ edit ] Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Princess dress, 1878-1880, jacquard woven silk and ruched silk trimmed with machine made lace" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O117712/dress-unknown/) . V&A Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ a b c Delamore, Philip (2005). The wedding dress : a sourcebook . London: Pavilion Books. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781862057029 . ^ (#cite_ref-eliz_3-0) Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The complete costume dictionary . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 238. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810840041 . ^ a b Camp, Carole Ann (2011). Teach yourself visually fashion sewing . Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Pub. p. 230. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470881316 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Farmer, Bonnita M.; Gotwals, Lois M. (1982). Concepts of fit : an individualized approach to pattern design . New York: Macmillan. p. 199. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780023362606 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Shelden, Martha Gene (1974). Design through draping . USA: Burgess Pub. Co. p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808719069 . ^ a b Reeder, Jan Glier (2010). High style : masterworks from the Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781588393623 . ^ a b Fukai, Akiko (2002). Fashion : the collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute : a history from the 18th to the 20th century . Köln [etc.]: Taschen (/wiki/Taschen) . p. 246. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783822812068 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Stamper, Anita; Condra, Jill (2010). Clothing through American History the Civil War through the Gilded Age, 1861-1899 . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 271. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313084584 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ashelford, Jane (2009). The Art of Dress Clothes and Society, 1500-1914 ([New ed.?] ed.). London: Gardners Books. p. 283. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781905400799 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Marly, Diana de (1990). Christian Dior . London: B.T. Batsford. p. 45. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780713464535 . For the autumn 1951 Dior announced his Long Line, [...] The main cut for dresses was the princess line, Worth's invention to avoid waistlines... ^ (#cite_ref-kim_12-0) Kim, Myoung; Kim, Injoo (2014). Patternmaking for menswear : classic to contemporary . New York: Fairchild Books & Visuals. p. 197. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_line&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British fashion entrepreneur Alan Holston was a British fashion entrepreneur, one of the co-founders of Dandie Fashions (/wiki/Dandie_Fashions) , a Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) boutique that was a key part of Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) . Career [ edit ] In 1966, following a chance encounter at the Speakeasy Club (/wiki/Speakeasy_Club) with Freddie Hornik (/wiki/Freddie_Hornik) , who worked there as a doorman, [1] (#cite_note-Look-1) they combined forces with John Crittle (/wiki/John_Crittle) and the Guinness heir Tara Browne (/wiki/Tara_Browne) , and launched Dandie Fashions (/wiki/Dandie_Fashions) . [2] (#cite_note-Independent-2) Holston left in 1968, when it became the (short-lived) Beatles-funded Apple Tailoring, and became manager at the shirtmakers Deborah&Clare (/wiki/Deborah_%26_Clare) of Beauchamp Place (/wiki/Beauchamp_Place) , who were in business from 1965 to 1975. [3] (#cite_note-ModCulture-3) Holston entered the music business in 1974 with he newly-formed Anchor Records (/wiki/Anchor_Records) , which had hits with Ace, How Long and Stretch, Why Did You Do It? . [1] (#cite_note-Look-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Photo-memories of a 60s dandy" (http://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=1356) . The Look . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Independent_2-0) Perrone, Pierre (1 May 2009). "Freddie Hornik: Bespoke tailor to the rock aristocracy of the Seventies" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/freddie-hornik-bespoke-tailor-to-the-rock-aristocracy-of-the-seventies-1677080.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090503131955/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/freddie-hornik-bespoke-tailor-to-the-rock-aristocracy-of-the-seventies-1677080.html) from the original on 2009-05-03 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-ModCulture_3-0) "History" (http://www.modculture.co.uk/category/culture/page/5/) . Mod Culture . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f856f9b8b‐4nn78 Cached time: 20240716055719 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.277 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 342/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6090/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 449/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12098/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3324297/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 341.217 1 -total 64.55% 220.262 1 Template:Reflist 51.43% 175.473 2 Template:Cite_web 33.80% 115.340 1 Template:Short_description 19.53% 66.632 2 Template:Pagetype 6.59% 22.474 3 Template:Main_other 5.52% 18.836 1 Template:SDcat 3.87% 13.219 1 Template:Cite_news 1.11% 3.803 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43223967-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716055719 and revision id 1234798776. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Holston&oldid=1234798776 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Holston&oldid=1234798776) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : British fashion (/wiki/Category:British_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description)
British luxury goods company A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Asprey) . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asprey&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) For the surname, see Asprey (surname) (/wiki/Asprey_(surname)) . Asprey International Limited Company type Private (/wiki/Private_limited_company) Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Predecessor Asprey & Garrard Limited Founded 1781 ; 243 years ago ( 1781 ) in Mitcham (/wiki/Mitcham) , Surrey (/wiki/Surrey) , United Kingdom Founder William Asprey Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom Number of locations 13 points of sale Area served United Kingdom United States Switzerland Japan Key people John Rigas ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) ) Products Jewellery Leather goods Handbags Timepieces Silver China Crystal Website www (https://www.asprey.com) .asprey (https://www.asprey.com) .com (https://www.asprey.com) Asprey store on New Bond Street (/wiki/New_Bond_Street) A watch display at Asprey's store on New Bond Street Asprey , formerly Asprey & Garrard Limited , is a United Kingdom-based designer, manufacturer and retailer of jewellery, silverware (/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils) , home goods, leather goods, timepieces, and books. With its flagship retail store located in Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) , London, Asprey is a luxury retailer for royal and celebrity clients. It has held a Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) from the Prince of Wales (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) and collaborated with Formula 1 (/wiki/Formula_1) on product lines. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] Foundation [ edit ] Asprey was established in England in Mitcham (/wiki/Mitcham) , Surrey, in 1781. Founded as a silk printing business by William Asprey, it soon became a luxury emporium. In 1841, William Asprey's elder son Charles went into partnership with a stationer located on London's Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) . In 1847, the family broke with this partner and moved into 167 New Bond Street (/wiki/New_Bond_Street) . From its central London location, Asprey advertised 'articles of exclusive design and high quality, whether for personal adornment or personal accompaniment and to endow with richness and beauty the table and homes of people of refinement and discernment.' An early speciality was dressing cases. Asprey crafted traditional cases and designs, mostly in leather, suitable for the new style of travel ushered in by railways. The main competitors at the time were H.J. Cave & Sons (/wiki/H.J._Cave_%26_Sons) . Asprey was recognised for its expertise when it won honourable mention for its dressing cases at the International Exhibition (/wiki/International_Exhibition) of 1862, but it ultimately lost out to its rivals, H.J. Cave & Sons, in both 1862 and 1867. The company consolidated its position through acquisitions. In 1859, Asprey absorbed Edwards, a maker of dressing cases and holder of a Royal Warrant. Soon after the merger, Asprey would lose this warrant. The company also purchased the Alfred Club at 22 Albemarle Street (/wiki/Albemarle_Street) , which backed on to the New Bond Street store and meant that Asprey now had entrances on two of London's most fashionable streets. [4] (#cite_note-heritage-4) 20th century [ edit ] As the business grew, the company acquired manufacturing facilities and hired silversmiths (/wiki/Silversmith) , goldsmiths (/wiki/Goldsmith) , jewellers (/wiki/Jeweller) and watchmakers (/wiki/Watchmaker) including Ernest Betjeman, the father of the distinguished poet John Betjeman (/wiki/John_Betjeman) , one of the most highly regarded craftsman and designers of his day. In the 1920s, commissions poured in from around the world, from American billionaire J. Pierpont Morgan (/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan) to potentates such as the Maharaja of Patiala (/wiki/Maharaja_of_Patiala) , who commissioned a huge teak travelling trunk for each of his wives, in which each trunk was fitted with solid silver washing and bathing utensils with waterspouts of ornate tiger head and lined with blue velvet. Asprey cigarette cases became collectable amongst young sophisticates who delighted in its other modern products, including travel clocks, safety razors and automatic pencil sharpeners. [5] (#cite_note-asprey.com-5) Key dates [ edit ] 1781: Asprey begins trading as William Asprey in Mitcham (/wiki/Mitcham) , Surrey [4] (#cite_note-heritage-4) 1847: Asprey flagship store opens on New Bond Street (/wiki/New_Bond_Street) , London [4] (#cite_note-heritage-4) 1851: Asprey receives an 'Honourable Mention' at the Great Exhibition (/wiki/Great_Exhibition) for their lady's dressing case with 'Annie' cipher. [6] (#cite_note-6) 1862: Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) granted by Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) [4] (#cite_note-heritage-4) 1889: Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) grants the second Royal Warrant to Asprey [5] (#cite_note-asprey.com-5) 1925: Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) commissions a necklace, later given to Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) on the occasion of her 18th birthday [7] (#cite_note-7) 1930: Maharaja of Patiala (/wiki/Maharaja_of_Patiala) commissions five trunks, one for each of his wives [8] (#cite_note-8) 1973: Bespoke chess set is commissioned for Ringo Starr (/wiki/Ringo_Starr) 's birthday [9] (#cite_note-9) 1975: Asprey received the Queen's Award to Industry by Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) [10] (#cite_note-10) 1990: Asprey and Garrard merge [11] (#cite_note-11) 2002: Asprey and Garrard split [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) 2004: Lord Foster of Thames Bank (/wiki/Lord_Foster_of_Thames_Bank) redesigns the flagship store in New Bond Street, London [14] (#cite_note-14) 2006: Asprey celebrates its 225th anniversary and is granted a coat of arms by the English College of Arms (/wiki/College_of_Arms) [15] (#cite_note-15) 2006: Sciens Capital Management and Plainfield Asset Management purchase the brand [16] (#cite_note-16) 2009: Asprey becomes the official jewellery sponsor of The Orange British Academy Film Awards (/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards) [17] (#cite_note-17) 2012: Katie Hillier (/wiki/Katie_Hillier) creates new autumn/winter collection [18] (#cite_note-18) 2012: Asprey collaborates with light artist Chris Levine (/wiki/Chris_Levine) to create The Diamond Queen for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee [19] (#cite_note-19) 2012: May – New York based Luxury Institute ranks Asprey in the top two luxury brands for 2012 [20] (#cite_note-20) 2014: Bovet 1822 join Asprey's Timepiece portfolio [21] (#cite_note-21) 2015: Asprey becomes an official retailer of Rolex Watches, London [22] (#cite_note-22) 2016: Asprey becomes the official jewellery sponsor of The Olivier Awards (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards) [23] (#cite_note-23) 2017: Opening of Asprey at Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) Osaka and Sunmotoyama Ginza, Japan [24] (#cite_note-24) 2017: Celebration of the 20 year anniversary of the Asprey Boutique, Beverly Hills Hotel (/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Hotel) [25] (#cite_note-25) 2018: Asprey launches the Beverly Hills Collection [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) 2021: Asprey celebrates its 240th anniversary 2021: Asprey collaborates with Formula 1 (/wiki/Formula_1) [28] (#cite_note-28) 2021: Celebrating 240 years, Asprey moves its flagship store to Mayfair's Bruton Street (/wiki/Bruton_Street) , its permanent location, and the original location of its first workshops 2022: Asprey 240 launches its Digital Studio in the new flagship store 2022: Asprey collaborates with Bugatti (/wiki/Bugatti) [29] (#cite_note-29) on 'La Voiture Noire' Collection of Sculptures + NFTs [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Products [ edit ] Jewellery [ edit ] Asprey has a tradition of producing jewellery inspired by the blooms found in English gardens and woodland flora. Over the decades, jewelled interpretations of flowers have evolved to include daisy, woodland and sunflower collections. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) Asprey cut [ edit ] The master diamond cutter Gabi Tolkowsky (/wiki/Gabi_Tolkowsky) created the Asprey cut. The cushion cut gave Tolkowsky options for incorporating the Asprey "A" inscription around the edges of the stone. The result was the 61-facet Asprey cut, maximising light refraction to brilliant effect. Carat weights of Asprey-cut diamonds range from 0.50 to 3. Asprey-cut diamonds are inscribed on one side of the cushion with the GIA (/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America) certificate number and with four distinctive 'A's on the other. It is also the only diamond that has the letter "A" on the crown; the Asprey cut has a flower in the centre to create softness. The shape of the Asprey cut means that the cutting process can be done only by hand, unlike many other stones that involve machine cutting. [36] (#cite_note-36) Leather goods [ edit ] The latest handbag collection is the Beverly Hills collection, inspired by the 20th anniversary of the Boutique at the Beverly Hills Hotel, Los Angeles [37] (#cite_note-37) The men's collection includes wallets, cardholders and travel watch cases. Other items include briefcases and backgammon (/wiki/Backgammon) boards. Asprey's signature silhouettes have been carried by Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and many worn on the red carpet at prestigious events. [ citation needed ] Silver [ edit ] Asprey offers classic and contemporary silver pieces – such as sterling silver cocktail shakers, in traditional and contemporary, novel designs such as the Rocket cocktail shaker and many barware accompaniments. Asprey also produce children's items, including tooth boxes, picture frames and rattles. [38] (#cite_note-38) Trophies [ edit ] Asprey have designed and manufactured sporting trophies, including the Race to Dubai (/wiki/Race_to_Dubai) trophy [39] (#cite_note-39) and the Dubai World Championship (/wiki/Dubai_World_Championship) (DWC) trophy. In addition, Asprey is responsible for crafting the ICC (/wiki/International_Cricket_Council) cricket trophies, Wimbledon (/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon) championship runner-up and winner's salvers, the Arab Club Champions Cup (/wiki/Arab_Club_Champions_Cup) trophy, as well as the FA Cup (/wiki/FA_Cup) , and Premier League (/wiki/Premier_League) medals. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Books [ edit ] The Asprey fine and rare book tradition evolved from the early 1900s when small compendia of reference books were produced. However, it was not until the Second World War, when raw materials were in such short supply, that Asprey began to offer second-hand and antiquarian books. Following the war, this practice was further developed to include a range of books, old and new, that were bound by Asprey, thus augmenting the company's tradition in leather goods. Today, Asprey offers a range of first and limited editions, many in their original bindings and some, if appropriate, in leather bindings customised by Asprey. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) Asprey Polo [ edit ] Previously known as Argosy, Asprey Polo has developed products for player and pony. The range includes boots, saddles, bridles, helmets and mallets and is available from Asprey Polo. Asprey has a history in polo (/wiki/Polo) , sponsoring teams and creating trophies for polo tournaments. It sponsored a 40-goal team in the Argentine Open (/wiki/Campeonato_Argentino_Abierto_de_Polo) in 1996, winning the Championship and reaching the final in 1997. [45] (#cite_note-45) Bespoke and master craftsmanship [ edit ] Asprey has maintained its London workshops, allowing repairs and alterations to be completed while a customer waits. An expanded jewellery, silver and leather workshop based in London are where classic skills are employed by silversmiths, goldsmiths, jewellers, leatherworkers, engravers and watchmakers. [46] (#cite_note-46) The firm's craftsmen made a silver-gilt sandwich. They toasted three slices of bread in their workshop, fried the eggs, broiled the bacon, assembled the sandwich, made a mould, and cast it. It now sits on the desk of a Texan millionaire. [47] (#cite_note-47) "The Diamond Queen" [ edit ] To mark Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee, Asprey partnered with light artist Chris Levine to create a new work based upon his 2004 portrait Equanimity , commissioned by The Jersey Heritage Trust in 2004. This new work is entitled The Diamond Queen . [ citation needed ] Asprey re-created the Queen's diamond diadem (/wiki/Diadem) , worn at the Coronation (/wiki/Coronation) in 1953. One thousand white diamonds were set in platinum by Asprey craftsmen and overlaid onto the original three-dimensional image of the Queen to create the luminescent installation. [48] (#cite_note-48) Royal patronage [ edit ] In 1862, Asprey was granted a Royal Warrant by Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) . The Prince of Wales (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales) , later to be crowned Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) , granted another Royal Warrant. In 1953, for the coronation of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , Asprey paid homage with the Asprey Coronation Year Gold Collection, which featured a dessert, coffee and liqueur service in 18-carat gold and weighed almost 27 pounds. In April 1953, it went on show in the New Bond Street store and subsequently toured the United States. [5] (#cite_note-asprey.com-5) Asprey today holds a Royal warrant as silversmiths and Goldsmiths under HRH Prince of Wales patronage. In popular culture [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Asprey designed the Heart of the Ocean (/wiki/Heart_of_the_Ocean) necklace that was featured in the 1997 James Cameron (/wiki/James_Cameron) blockbuster Titanic (/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)) . [49] (#cite_note-49) Asprey has featured in a number of films: Help! (/wiki/Help!_(film)) (1965) Titanic (/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)) (1997) Flawless (/wiki/Flawless_(2007_film)) Match Point (/wiki/Match_Point) (2005) Notes on a Scandal (/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)) (2006) Sherlock Holmes (/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(2009_film)) Confessions of a Shopaholic (/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Shopaholic_(film)) (2009) [50] (#cite_note-50) The Ghost Writer (/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_(film)) Nanny McPhee (/wiki/Nanny_McPhee) : The Big Bang (2010) The Tourist (/wiki/The_Tourist_(2010_film)) [51] (#cite_note-51) The 2011 film My Week with Marilyn (/wiki/My_Week_with_Marilyn) was filmed at Asprey, 167 New Bond Street In 2009, Asprey became the official jewellery sponsor of The Orange British Academy Film Awards (/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards) and continues this partnership today. [52] (#cite_note-52) Asprey collaborated with Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) and Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) to create the Asprey's Protector Collection of fine jewellery for both children and adults in 2009. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) Literature [ edit ] In Jeffrey Archer (/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer) 's novel First Among Equals (/wiki/First_Among_Equals_(novel)) , Raymond Gould gives his mistress an Asprey miniature of a ministerial red box (/wiki/Red_box_(government)) inscribed with the words "For Your Eyes Only." In Kevin Kwan (/wiki/Kevin_Kwan) 's novel Rich People Problems (/wiki/Rich_People_Problems) , Edison Cheng learns that the only items bequeathed to him in family matriarch Shang Su Yi's will are a pair of Asprey sapphire-and-platinum cuff links previously given to his grandfather, Sir James Young, by a Malaysian sultan (/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia) . Corporate [ edit ] Asprey continues to trade as a luxury goods house, active in market such as the US and Japan. According to a survey of US high-net-worth consumers polled for the Luxury Institute (/wiki/The_Luxury_Institute) 's 2012 Luxury Brand Status Index (/wiki/Luxury_Brand_Status_Index) , Asprey was ranked among the top two of international fine jewellery brands. [55] (#cite_note-55) In March 2006, Sciens Capital Management, the US private equity firm, bought Asprey. "This is a historic luxury brand, and that is part of our reason for acquiring it," said chairman John Rigas, following the purchase from Lawrence Stroll, Silas Chou (/wiki/Silas_Chou) (of Sportswear Holdings Ltd) and Edgar Bronfman Jr. [56] (#cite_note-56) Subsequently, Rigas re-focused the business to concentrate on flagships and stand alone stores in key international locations. In 2009, Hermés (/wiki/Herm%C3%A9s) , the French luxury fashion house, made a property investment purchasing the freehold of the New Bond Street shop that Asprey occupied. Asprey held a 31-year lease on the premises and continued to remain in the space until 2021. [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) Asprey moved to 36 Bruton Street at the end of 2021, its new permanent flagship, firstly creating an installation space designed by the Storey Group, an immersive experience of discovery and exploration. [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) References [ edit ] Noon, Chris. "Billionaire Burkle Buys U.K. Crown Jeweller" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060827195059/http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2006/03/21/burkle-billionaires-asprey-cx_cn_0321autofacescan05.html) Forbes , 21 March 2006, retrieved 21 November 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Asprey London Limited \| Royal Warrant Holders Association" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/asprey-london-limited) . royalwarrant.org . Retrieved 31 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "By Royal Appointment" (https://www.asprey.com/gb/en/by-royal-appointment.html) . asprey.com . Retrieved 31 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Formula 1 (23 July 2021). "Sterling silver 2022 car stars in new Formula 1 Asprey gift collection" (https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.sterling-silver-2022-car-stars-in-new-formula-1-asprey-gift-collection.2fzuRI0VygSYgRvL4PdlB6.html) . Formula 1 . Retrieved 31 August 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b c d "Timeline" (https://archive.today/20130117062113/http://www.asprey.com/slideshow.php/item/11) . Asprey London . Asprey London Limited. 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.asprey.com/slideshow.php/item/11) on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . ^ a b c "The British Standard Since 1781" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212029/http://www.asprey.com/heritage/19th-and-20th-century/) . Asprey. Archived from the original (http://www.asprey.com/heritage/19th-and-20th-century/) on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ellis, Robert (1851). "Official Descriptive And Illustrated Catalogue Of The Great Exhibition Of The Works Of Industry Of All Nations 1851" (https://books.google.com/books?id=m0EhOAmDWLYC&pg=PA791) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Princess Margarets 5-Row Art Deco Pearl and Diamond Necklace" (https://www.internetstones.com/princess-margarets-five-row-art-deco-pearl-and-diamond-necklace.html) . Internetstones.com . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The British Standard Since 1781" (http://www.asprey.com/heritage/commissions-and-coronation/) . Asprey . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Luxury is an everyday affair at Asprey in 167 New Bond Street, London" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215359/http://www.luxos.com/magazine/luxury-is-an-everyday-affair-at-asprey-in-167-new-bond-street-london) . Luxos . Luxos.com. Archived from the original (http://www.luxos.com/magazine/luxury-is-an-everyday-affair-at-asprey-in-167-new-bond-street-london) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Asprey" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214739/http://www.hancocks-london.com/content/asprey) . Hancocks & Co. Archived from the original (http://www.hancocks-london.com/content/asprey) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Asprey & Garrard – Luxury for a New Millennium (繁体)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213200/http://www.rapnet.com/lang/zh-tw/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=2609) . RapNet.com. Archived from the original (http://www.rapnet.com/lang/zh-tw/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=2609) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Alexander, Hilary (21 September 2001). "Asprey & Garrard go separate ways" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1341164/Asprey-and-Garrard-go-separate-ways.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "PR Newswire UK: Asprey demerges from Garrard to become the ultimate authentic British luxury lifestyle House" (http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=83727) (Press release). Prnewswire.co.uk. 19 April 2002 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) redboxmedia.com. "Asprey Store, Bond Street \| Projects \| Foster + Partners" (http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1151/Default.aspx) . Fosterandpartners.com . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Asprey Celebrates 225 Years of British Luxury Opening New Flagship on Madison Avenue. – Free Online Library" (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Asprey+Celebrates+225+Years+of+British+Luxury+Opening+New+Flagship+on...-a0162798786) (Press release). Thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Conti, Samantha (20 March 2006). "Asprey and Garrard Sold to Private-Equity Firms. (Sciens Capital Management LLC, Plainfield Asset Management LLC)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121105040412/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-143816746.html) . WWD . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-143816746.html) on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Asprey named as Bafta jewellery sponsor" (http://www.retail-jeweller.com/asprey-named-as-bafta-jewellery-sponsor/3100154.article) . Retail Jeweller . 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Katie Hillier Asprey Bags – Designer Bag Collection (Vogue.com UK)" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/05/03/katie-hillier-asprey-bags---designer-bag-collection) . Vogue.co.uk. 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Asprey Jubilee Diadem – Christopher Levine (Vogue.com UK)" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/jewellery/news/2012/05/23/asprey-jubilee-diadem---christopher-levine) . Vogue.co.uk. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Graff and Asprey top Luxury Brand Status Index" (https://www.professionaljeweller.com/graff-and-asprey-top-luxury-brand-status-index/) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Live the Bovet experience" (https://www.bovet.com/boutiques/) . 3 February 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Asprey - London, Rolex Official Retailer" (https://www.rolex.com/rolex-dealers/dealer-locator/retailers/asprey) . Rolex . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Asprey partners with Olivier Awards" (https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/news/asprey-partners-with-olivier-awards-356499/) . Olivier Awards . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Asprey \| Great British Brands by Country & Town House" (https://www.countryandtownhouse.co.uk/brands-guide/asprey/) . What's On? By C&TH . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Asprey collection inspired by The Beverly Hills Hotel" (https://www.dorchestercollection.com/en/moments/asprey-collection-inspired-beverly-hills-hotel/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Introducing: Asprey's Beverly Hills Hotel Collection" (https://www.fashionfoiegras.com/2018/01/introducing-aspreys-beverly-hills-hotel.html) . 31 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-27) July 2018, Harper's Bazaar Staff 23 (23 July 2018). "Bazaar Loves: The Best Fashion Find Of The Day 2018" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/fashion/bazaar-loves-fashion-find-of-the-day-2018/) . Harper's Bazaar Singapore . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Asprey and Formula one unite \| the Rake" (https://therake.com/stories/asprey-and-formula-one-unite/) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Bugatti.com ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Vogue Business NFT Tracker" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/technology/the-vogue-business-nft-tracker?status=verified) . February 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Bugatti and Heritage Luxury Goods Maker Asprey Announce Invite-Only Access to Auction of Inaugural NFT" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexlevin/2022/02/16/bugatti-and-heritage-luxury-goods-maker-asprey-announce-invite-only-access-to-auction-of-inaugural-nft/?sh=4730add91d42) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Bugatti Collabs with Asprey on a 24-Karat Rose Gold Sculpture Honoring Its Famed la Voiture Noire Hypercar" (https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/bugatti-asprey-collab-on-24-karat-rose-gold-la-voiture-noire-sculpture-1234664963/) . 22 February 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "What's Trending in British Luxury? February 2022 - Style" (https://www.countryandtownhouse.com/style/whats-trending-in-british-luxury-february-2022/) . 25 February 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Woodland - Shop by Collection - Jewellery - Women" (https://www.asprey.com/us/women/jewellery/shop-by-collection/woodland.html) . Asprey . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Sunflower - Shop by Collection - Jewellery - Women" (https://www.asprey.com/us/women/jewellery/shop-by-collection/sunflower.html) . Asprey . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Asprey Cut Diamonds Shape: Diamond Source of Virginia Loose Diamonds Education" (http://www.diamondsourceva.com/Education/Shape/diamonds-shape-asprey.asp) . Diamondsourceva.com . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Beverly Hills - Shop by Collection - Leather - Women" (https://www.asprey.com/us/women/leather/shop-by-collection/beverly-hills.html) . Asprey . ^ (#cite_ref-38) [1] (http://www.asprey.com/assets/pdf/press/SILVER.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081121015508/http://www.asprey.com/assets/pdf/press/SILVER.pdf) 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-39) "An elite field of 132 tee off in the Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship" (https://www.adsc.ae/en/media-center/press-releases/adgolfchamp2021/) . Abu Dhabi Sports Council. 20 January 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210303053617/https://www.adsc.ae/en/media-center/press-releases/adgolfchamp2021/) from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 15 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Barclays Premier League Trophy visits Cambridge" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091010005135/http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/2008102332692/barclays/barclays-premier-league-trophy-visits-cambridge.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/2008102332692/barclays/barclays-premier-league-trophy-visits-cambridge.html) on 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Trophies" (http://www.asprey.com/slideshow.php/item/22) . Asprey . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Arab Club Champions Cup trophy" (https://mobile.twitter.com/UAFAAC/status/988864463301435393) . Union of Arab Football Associations (/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Football_Associations) . 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Leather \| Handbags \| Travel Leather \| Leather Goods \| Coin Purses \| Leather Wallets" (http://www.asprey.com/collection/leather) . Asprey . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Books" (http://www.asprey.com/collection/books) . Asprey . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Asprey Polo" (http://www.asprey.com/polo-heritage) . Aspreypolo.com . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Special Commissions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215515/http://www.asprey.com/bespoke-services) . Asprey. Archived from the original (http://www.asprey.com/bespoke-services) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Hiller, B. (1981) Asprey of Bond Street pp. 114–115 ^ (#cite_ref-48) "The Diamond Queen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195951/http://www.asprey.com/slideshow.php/item/51) . Asprey. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.asprey.com/slideshow.php/item/51) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Crown Jeweller, Asprey & Garrard, London, Creator of the Titanic Necklace, Secures 1999 Oscar Nominees" (http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=32351) (Press release). Prnewswire.co.uk. 22 March 1999 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Confessions of a Shopaholic Facts" (http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/movies/Confessions+of+a+Shopaholic-6827.html) . Femalefirst.co.uk. 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "YouTube" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iXHDFqI7qk) . YouTube . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "The British Standard Since 1781" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191611/http://www.asprey.com/news-events/past-events/2010/video/) . Asprey. Archived from the original (http://www.asprey.com/news-events/past-events/2010/video/) on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) O'Reilly, Kelly (16 November 2009). "Brangelina Designs "The Protector" for Asprey" (http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/threadny/Brangelina-x-Asprey-70185082.html) . NBC New York . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Angelina and Asprey" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-asprey) . 17 November 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-55) "News Release: Wealthy U.S. Consumers Rate the Most Prestigious Luxury Jewelry Brands « The Knowledge of Luxury" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213312/http://blog.luxuryinstitute.com/?p=627) (Press release). Blog.luxuryinstitute.com. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original (http://blog.luxuryinstitute.com/?p=627) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Prabhakar, Hitha (4 December 2006). "Asprey Heads To Madison" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100413164343/http://www.forbes.com:80/2006/12/04/asprey_brand_madison-forbeslife-cx_hp_1204asprey.html) . Forbes . Archived from the original (https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/04/asprey_brand_madison-forbes-life-cx_hp_1204asprey.html) on 13 April 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-57) Mathiason, Nick (27 September 2009). "Hermès pays £75m for Asprey's Bond Street store" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/27/hermes-asprey-bond-street-shop) . The Observer . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Post, Lucia van der (5 February 2013). "Heirlooms apparent" (https://howtospendit.ft.com/articles/19223heirlooms-apparent) . howtospendit.ft.com . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Asprey relocates flagship store in London to Bruton Street in Mayfair" (https://cpp-luxury.com/asprey-relocates-flagship-store-in-london-to-bruton-street-in-mayfair/) . CPPLUXURY. 22 November 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Asprey" (https://www.countryandtownhouse.com/brands-guide/asprey/) . Country & Town House. 21 January 2022. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asprey (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asprey) . 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Quick retail copying of catwalk trends This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fast_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fast_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( February 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may be too long (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size) to read and navigate comfortably . 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( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Clothes for sale at a Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) store in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Fast fashion is the business model (/wiki/Business_model) of replicating recent catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) trends and high-fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) designs, mass-producing (/wiki/Mass_production) them at a low cost, and bringing them to retail quickly while demand is at its highest. The term fast fashion is also used generically to describe the products of this business model, particularly clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and footwear (/wiki/Footwear) . Retailers who employ the fast fashion strategy include Primark (/wiki/Primark) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Shein (/wiki/Shein) , and Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) all of which have become large multinationals by driving high turnover of inexpensive seasonal and trendy clothing that appeals to fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -conscious consumers. Fast fashion grew during the late 20th century as manufacturing of clothing (/wiki/Clothing_industry) became less expensive—the result of more efficient supply chains (/wiki/Supply_chains) , new quick response manufacturing (/wiki/Quick_response_manufacturing) methods, and greater reliance on low-cost labor from the apparel manufacturing industries of South (/wiki/South_Asia) , Southeast (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) , and East Asia (/wiki/East_Asia) , where women make up 85-90% of the garment workforce (/wiki/Garment_worker) . Labor practices in fast fashion are often exploitative, and due to the gender concentration of the garment industry, women are more vulnerable. [2] (#cite_note-2) Fast fashion's environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) has also been the subject of controversy. The global fashion industry is responsible for 8–10% of global carbon emissions (/wiki/Carbon_emissions) per year, to which fast fashion is a large contributor. The low cost of production, favoring synthetic materials (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) , chemicals, and minimal pollution (/wiki/Pollution) abatement measures have led to excess waste (/wiki/Waste) . [3] (#cite_note-Niinimäki_Peters_Dahlbo_et_al_2020-3) Origins [ edit ] Before the 19th century, fashion was a laborious, time-consuming process that required sourcing materials like wool (/wiki/Wool) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , or leather (/wiki/Leather) , treating and preparing the materials by hand, then weaving or fashioning them into functional garments, also by hand. However, the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) changed the world of fashion by introducing new technology like the sewing machine (/wiki/Sewing_machine) and textile machines (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) . [4] (#cite_note-4) As a result, clothes became cheaper and easier to make and buy. Meanwhile, localized dressmaking (/wiki/Dressmaking) businesses emerged, catering to members of the middle class (/wiki/Middle_class) , and employing workroom employees along with garment workers (/wiki/List_of_textile_and_clothing_trade_unions) , [5] (#cite_note-5) who worked from home for meager wages. These dress shops were early prototypes (/wiki/Prototype) of the so-called ‘ sweatshops (/wiki/Sweatshop) ’ that would become the foundation for twenty-first-century clothing production. [6] (#cite_note-6) The former "Big Biba" building, circa 2006 The Cosmopolitan journalist Lauren Bravo sees fast fashion stretching back to utility clothing (/wiki/Utility_clothing) and tailors who sold mass-produced affordable suits (/wiki/Suit) for men. In the 1960s companies like Inditex (/wiki/Inditex) and Chelsea Girl (/wiki/River_Island) attained commercial acumen, but the brand Biba (/wiki/Biba) endured as a fast fashion icon. [7] (#cite_note-7) Before the popularization of the fast fashion model, the fashion industry traditionally operated on a four-season cycle, with designers working months in advance to anticipate customer preferences. However, this approach underwent a significant transformation in the 1960s and 1970s, as the younger generations began to create new trends. During this period there was still a clear distinction between luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) and high street (/wiki/High_Street) fashion. In the 21st century mass consumption of clothing has been on the rise. In 2014, the average person purchased 60 percent more articles of clothing and kept said clothing for half as long compared to the year 2000. [8] (#cite_note-8) [ better source needed ] Fast fashion retailers such as Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , [9] (#cite_note-9) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) , and, Primark (/wiki/Primark) emerged as prominent brands in the high street fashion scene. Initially starting as small stores located across Europe, they were able to quickly gain prominence in the U.S. fashion market by replicating design elements from runway shows and top fashion houses and quickly reproducing them at a fraction of the cost. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) The origins of the "fast fashion" phenomenon involve several key players, rather than a single brand or company. One influential figure in this movement was Amancio Ortega (/wiki/Amancio_Ortega) , the founder of Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) . Established in 1963 in Galicia, Spain (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Zara gained prominence by offering affordable imitations of high-end fashion trends alongside its original designs. In 1975, Ortega opened the first European retail outlet for his collections, pioneering his short-term production and distribution model. By the early 1990s, he had expanded to New York, and the New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) coined the term fast fashion to describe Zara's business model, highlighting its ability to bring a designer's idea to store shelves in as soon as 15 days. [10] (#cite_note-:4-10) In their 2008 article "Fast Fashion Lessons," [11] (#cite_note-11) Donald Sull and Stefano Turconi studied how Zara revolutionized the fast fashion industry. They attributed the company's success to its strategic supply chain and production network where Zara maintained complicated and capital-intensive operations (like computer-guided fabric cutting) in-house, and outsourced more labor-intensive operations, such as garment sewing, to a network of local subcontractors and seamstress operatives based in Galicia. [12] (#cite_note-auto-12) Thus, with shorter lead times (/wiki/Lead_time) , the company was able to respond rapidly to fluctuating demand by swiftly halting production of low-demand items and creating a sense of urgency for consumers to purchase in-demand clothing due to the ever-changing layout and stock of its stores. [12] (#cite_note-auto-12) Items in the store may not be in stock during subsequent visits, prompting consumers to make immediate purchases if they wish to remain on-trend. The clothing is then only worn a few times before it is no longer in style, creating the need to constantly return to the store and buy new, on-trend items cheaply. [13] (#cite_note-13) Unlike many fashion companies, Zara rarely invests in television adverts or press promotional campaigns. Instead, it relies on store windows to convey the brand image, word of mouth (/wiki/Word_of_mouth) , and establish store locations strategically in areas with high consumer traffic. [14] (#cite_note-14) The origin story of H&M shares common threads with Zara. Technically, it is the world's longest-running retailer. In 1946, Erling Persson (/wiki/Erling_Persson) , a Swedish entrepreneur, traveled to New York City, where he was greatly intrigued and impressed by the high-volume fashion production he witnessed. The following year, Persson established a womenswear (/wiki/Fashion) store called Hennes & Mauritz (or H&M (/wiki/H%26M) ) in Västerås (/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s) , Sweden. Between 1960 and 1979, the company rapidly expanded, with 42 stores across Europe, and began producing clothing for women, men, and children. [15] (#cite_note-auto1-15) The foundation for expansion into the global market was laid in the 1980s when H&M acquired Rowells, a Swedish mail order (/wiki/Mail_order) company, and used its networks to sell fast fashion by catalog and mail order. In the 1990s, H&M invested in large city billboard advertising, featuring celebrities and supermodels. H&M opened its flagship USA store on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) in New York City in 2000, marking the commencement of its expansion outside of Europe. [15] (#cite_note-auto1-15) Concept [ edit ] A H&M store in Downtown Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) Fast fashion brands produce pieces to get the newest style on the market as soon as possible. [16] (#cite_note-Schlossberg2019-16) They emphasize optimizing certain aspects of the supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) for the trends to be designed and manufactured quickly and inexpensively and allow the mainstream consumer (/wiki/Consumer) to buy current clothing styles at a lower price. This philosophy of quick manufacturing at an affordable price is used in large retailers such as SHEIN (/wiki/Shein) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , [18] (#cite_note-ALO_1-18) C&A (/wiki/C%26A) , Peacocks (/wiki/Peacocks_(clothing)) , Primark (/wiki/Primark) , ASOS (/wiki/ASOS_(retailer)) , [19] (#cite_note-19) Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , and Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) . [20] (#cite_note-gq.com-20) [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) These retailers produce and sell products in small batches, keep surplus manufacturing capacity on hand, and frequently induce items to be out of stock, [21] (#cite_note-doi.org-21) a practice designed to give retailers the ability to make substantial and immediate adjustments to manufacturing. For example, up to 85% of Zara's merchandise can be changed in the middle of the season: [21] (#cite_note-doi.org-21) A fast fashion system like Zara's can quickly update designs, resulting in short product cycles where a garment does not sit on the stores' shelf for long periods, giving the store a sense of exclusivity and raising the attractiveness of an item. [21] (#cite_note-doi.org-21) Fast fashion particularly came to the fore during the vogue for " boho chic (/wiki/Boho-chic) " in the mid-2000s. [22] (#cite_note-STS_1-22) According to the UK Environmental Audit Committee's report "Fixing Fashion", the practice "involves increased numbers of new fashion collections every year, quick turnarounds (/wiki/Turnaround_time) and often lower prices. Reacting rapidly to offer new products to meet consumer demand is crucial to this business model." [23] (#cite_note-23) Fast fashion has developed from a product-driven concept based on a manufacturing model referred to as " quick response (/wiki/Quick_response_manufacturing) " developed in the U.S. in the 1980s [24] (#cite_note-24) and moved to a market-based model of "fast fashion" in the late 1990s and the early 21st century. The Zara brand name has become almost synonymous with the term, but other retailers worked with the concept before the label was applied, such as Benetton (/wiki/Benetton_Group) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Fast fashion has also become associated with disposable fashion because it has delivered designer products to a mass market at relatively low prices. [27] (#cite_note-27) The advancement of technology has allowed fast fashion to gain popularity over the last decade. Technology has allowed designers to create specifically what their consumers want according to what is "in" at the given moment. Every month, new things are trending and are displayed in stores to market towards youth. Technology has the power to change all the issues within the fast fashion industry. Brands such as Zara have been listening to their consumers and "thinking green" to improve their environmental impact. As Nina Davis [ who? ] stated in 2020, "[Companies] are also adopting advanced technologies to improve supply chain efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) ." [28] (#cite_note-Davies_2020-28) Slow fashion counter [ edit ] The slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) or conscious fashion movement has risen in opposition to fast fashion, taking issue with responsibility for pollution (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) (both in the production of clothes and in the decay of synthetic fabrics), poor workmanship, and emphasis on very brief trends over classic style. [29] (#cite_note-29) Elizabeth L. Cline's 2012 book Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion was one of the first investigations into the human and environmental toll of fast fashion. The practice has also come under criticism for contributing to poor working conditions (/wiki/Outline_of_working_time_and_conditions) in developing countries (/wiki/Developing_country) . [30] (#cite_note-30) The 2013 Dhaka garment factory collapse (/wiki/Rana_Plaza_collapse) in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , the deadliest garment-related accident in world history, brought more attention to the safety impact of the fast fashion industry. [31] (#cite_note-31) In the rise of slow fashion, emphasis has been given to quality clothing that is more enduring. In the 2020 spring-summer fashion season, high-end designers led the movement of slow fashion by creating pieces that developed from environmentally friendly practices in the industry. [32] (#cite_note-:5-32) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) is a luxury designer who focuses on sustainable and ethical practices and has done so since the 1990s. [33] (#cite_note-33) British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) explained that the process of designing and creating clothing in slow fashion involves consciousness of materials, consumer demand, and climate impact. [32] (#cite_note-:5-32) In her 2016 article titled "Doing Good and Looking Good: Women in 'Fast Fashion' Activism", Rimi Khan criticized the slow fashion movement, particularly the work of high-profile designers and slow fashion advocates McCartney and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , as well as other well known industry professionals such as Livia Firth (/w/index.php?title=Livia_Firth&action=edit&redlink=1) , for creating fashion products which cater to a mostly western (/wiki/Western_world) , wealthy, and female demographic. [34] (#cite_note-:52-34) Khan also pointed out that because most slow fashion products are significantly more expensive than fast fashion items, consumers are required to have a certain amount of disposable income (/wiki/Disposable_and_discretionary_income) in order to participate in the movement. [34] (#cite_note-:52-34) Khan argues that by proposing a solution to fast-fashion that is largely inaccessible to many consumers, they are positioning wealthier women as "agents of change" in the movement against fast fashion, whereas the shopping habits of lower income women are often considered "problematic". [34] (#cite_note-:52-34) Andrea Chang provided a similar critique of the slow fashion movement in her article "The Impact of Fast Fashion on Women". She wrote that the slow and ethical fashion movements place too much responsibility on the consumers of fast fashion clothing, most of whom are women, to influence the industry through their consumption. [35] (#cite_note-:42-35) Chang suggests that because most consumers are limited in their ability to choose where and how they purchase clothing, largely due to financial factors, anti-fast fashion activists should target lawmakers (/wiki/Legislator) , manufacturers (/wiki/Manufacturing) , and investors (/wiki/Investor) with a stake in the fast fashion industry rather than create an alternative industry that is only accessible to some. [35] (#cite_note-:42-35) Economics [ edit ] Fast fashion proves successful economically for the retail industry worldwide. The fast-fashion market in 2020 globally produced $25.1 billion. [36] (#cite_note-:03-36) It was expected to increase at an annual compound growth rate ( CAGR (/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate) ) of 21.9%, resulting in the global market increase to $31 billion in 2021. [36] (#cite_note-:03-36) By 2030, it is estimated that the fast fashion industry will bring a revenue of $192 billion to the world's global economy. [37] (#cite_note-BTN_1-37) This economic growth from fast fashion is demonstrated through how companies like H&M (/wiki/H%26M) or Shein (/wiki/Shein) strategize in manufacturing. Most fast fashion clothes exporters are from developing countries across Asia, such as India (/wiki/India) , Bangladesh, Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) , China (/wiki/China) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , and Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) . Developing countries' economies rely on fast fashion consumption as most export earnings profit from ready-made clothes. China, for example, has gained a yearly profit of $158.4 billion from exporting such clothes. Additionally, the hazardous working circumstances these employees endure have an adverse effect on their health, as the employees have to regularly work with hazardous chemicals when manufacturing clothes. Toxic Chemicals, such as lead, phthalates, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are commonly used to preserve and increase the durability of clothes, however, too much contact with these chemicals puts employees and consumers at risk of getting deadly diseases. [38] (#cite_note-38) Alongside the risk of illness employees are more likely to suffer from accidents among their coworkers and having a negative effect on the labor force around the world. [3] (#cite_note-Niinimäki_Peters_Dahlbo_et_al_2020-3) Manufacturing [ edit ] The fast fashion industry can thrive economically through the low production costs of its manufacturers in Asia. One low production cost is the investment cost of materials to make a garment (/wiki/Clothing) . Fast fashion invests in polyester (/wiki/Polyester) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) fabric because they are inexpensive and durable. In 2020 polyester's global price per metric ton was $725 (or 32.9 cents per pound), and the global price for cotton (/wiki/Cotton) in 2021 was 126 cents per pound. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) According to these statistics, polyester fabric is more affordable than cotton, but both are relativity cheaper than higher quality fabric such as silk (/wiki/Silk) or wool (/wiki/Wool) . One basic T-shirt would require .5 pounds (/wiki/Pound_(mass)) of cotton material, resulting in less than $1 of cotton fabric used. [41] (#cite_note-41) Wage criticisms [ edit ] The fast fashion industry faces criticism for hiring garments (/wiki/Textile_industry) workers from developing countries for their low wages. There are more than 60 million workers that produce garments (/wiki/Clothing) for fast fashion retail, and 80 percent of those workers are women. [42] (#cite_note-:13-42) MVO Netherlands researched in 2019 that workers' monthly wages in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) that manufacture for H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , and JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) begins at $32 (equivalent to US$105 at U.S. prices), while an experienced worker is $122 a month (or US$400 at U.S. prices). [42] (#cite_note-:13-42) The lowest hourly wage for workers in developing countries is less than US$0.50 . [ clarification needed ] In developed countries like the United States, the average garment worker in Los Angeles, reported by the Garment Worker Center (GWC), is about $5.15 per hour despite the federal minimum wage being $7.25 per hour in 2016. [43] (#cite_note-43) Hence, workers' monthly income would be about $858 if they worked 40 hours a week. This is a much higher salary than in developing countries but still lower than the U.S. standard of living (/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States) in income conditions. To reach the target goals of consumer demands from the U.S. and Europe, garment laborers in developing countries, on average, are expected to work 11 hours a day. [42] (#cite_note-:13-42) Strategy [ edit ] Management [ edit ] Fashion is updated frequently to meet peoples demand for the availability of the newest and latest clothing styles. The efficiency is achieved through the retailers' understanding of the target market (/wiki/Target_market) 's wants, which is a high fashion-looking garment at a price at the lower end of the clothing sector (/wiki/Clothing_industry) . One of the largest causes of the high demand is the short trend cycles: The more an audience is exposed to new trends, the higher the demand grows. Primarily, the concept of category management (/wiki/Category_management) has been used to align the retail buyer and the manufacturer in a more collaborative relationship. [44] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-44) Quick response method [ edit ] Quick Response (QR) (/wiki/Quick_response_manufacturing) was developed to improve manufacturing processes in the textile industry to remove time from the production system. [45] (#cite_note-45) The U.S. Apparel Manufacturing Association initiated the project in the early 1980s to address a competitive threat to its textile manufactures from imported textiles in countries with low labor costs. [46] (#cite_note-46) During the project, lead times in the manufacturing process were halved; the U.S. industry became more competitive for a time, and imports were lowered as a result. [47] (#cite_note-47) The QR initiative was viewed by many as a protection mechanism for the American textile industry with the aim of improving manufacturing efficiencies. [48] (#cite_note-48) Quick response is now used to support fast fashion, creating new products while drawing consumers back to the retail experience for consecutive visits. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Quick response also makes it possible for new technologies to increase production and efficiency, typified by the introduction of the complementary concept of Fast Fit (/wiki/Fast_Fit) . [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) The Spanish mega chain Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , owned by Inditex (/wiki/Inditex) , has become the global model for how to decrease the time between design and production. This production shortcut enables the company to manufacture over 30,000 units of product every year to nearly 1,600 stores in 58 countries. [50] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-50) New items are delivered twice a week to the stores, reducing the time between initial sale and replenishment. As a result, the shortened time period improves consumer's garment choices and product availability while significantly increasing the number of per customer visits per annum. In the case of Renner (/w/index.php?title=Renner_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) , a Brazilian chain, a new mini-collection is released every two months. [50] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-50) Delivery and waste [ edit ] Fast fashion typically offers buyers quick shipping, meaning delivery can be same-day or only take a few days. [51] (#cite_note-51) Due to constantly evolving trends, buyers need to have their item before it is no longer in style. [52] (#cite_note-52) Oftentimes, fast fashion brands will offer the buyer deals, where they can spend a certain amount of money to get free shipping (/wiki/Free_shipping) . [53] (#cite_note-53) This creates a lot of impulse buying (/wiki/Impulse_purchase) , resulting in the items being returned. However, fast fashion returns do not always get sold again. The company will likely throw the item out because it is no longer in style. [54] (#cite_note-54) The concerns are not simply related to solid waste any longer either. Fast fashion packaging is accountable for 40% of plastic waste (/wiki/Plastic_waste) according to a 2022 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development report. [55] (#cite_note-55) While a recent survey found that nearly 10% of the microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) found in the ocean occur from textile waste and discarded fashion clothing which may raise a bit of a concern going forward. [56] (#cite_note-56) Marketing [ edit ] Marketing (/wiki/Marketing) is a key driver of fast fashion, creating the desire for consumption of new designs as close as possible to the point of creation. Marketing closes the gap between creation and consumption by promoting something fast, low-priced, and disposable. [57] (#cite_note-57) The continuous release of new products essentially makes the garments a highly cost-effective marketing tool that drives consumer visits, increases brand awareness, and results in higher rates of consumer purchases. Fast fashion companies have higher profit margins due to their lower % markdown percentage of 15% compared to competitors' 30% plus. The fast fashion business model reduces time cycles from production to consumption, stimulating sales through trends that change throughout the seasons. For example, the traditional fashion seasons followed the annual cycle of summer, autumn, winter and spring, but in fast fashion cycles have compressed into shorter periods of 4–6 weeks and in some cases less. Marketers have thus created more buying seasons in the same time-space. [58] (#cite_note-58) Companies use two marketing strategies, since the main difference is the amount of advertisement spending. While some companies invest in advertising, others like Primark (/wiki/Primark) operate with no advertising, investing in store layout and visual merchandising (/wiki/Visual_merchandising) to create the instant hook. [59] (#cite_note-59) Research shows that 75 percent of consumers' decisions are made in front of a fixture within three seconds. [44] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-44) Social media marketing [ edit ] Further information: Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) In recent years, fast fashion retailers have taken a new approach to reaching consumers. Initially, social media's sole purpose was to act as a platform allowing people to connect with other users worldwide. However, social media has become a way for retailers to promote their products and impact consumer behavior (/wiki/Consumer_behaviour) . [60] (#cite_note-:04-60) [ predatory publisher ] Now, consumers are able to look at products and businesses on social media before heading to a store or going online to make a purchase. Additionally, consumers can read real customer reviews on different social media accounts to get a better idea of the quality of the products as well as the customer service. [60] (#cite_note-:04-60) Fast fashion retailers were quick to jump on the trend. Fast fashion retailers like Boohoo.com (/wiki/Boohoo.com) realized that social media advertisements could be a great way to reach their target audience (/wiki/Target_audience) , young girls. [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) Such users were swarmed with fast fashion advertisements each time they opened Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . Companies like Boohoo hoped that the constant exposure to their products would influence users to not only visit their website, but also to buy clothing from them. [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) Instead of posting pre-made ads on their accounts, fast fashion retailers realized that an effective way to advertise could be to use social media influencers (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) . [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) Social media influencers can be defined as "regular" individuals who have accrued a large number of followers across multiple social media platforms as a result of the content they post. [61] (#cite_note-:26-61) For the most part, influencers focus their content on one subject area, like food or fashion [61] (#cite_note-:26-61) and have become their own kind of " internet celebrities (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) " whom followers value and whose opinions they trust. As a result, when social media influencers post content wearing an outfit from Shein (/wiki/Shein) , their followers may feel compelled to purchase clothing from that retailer too. Studies have shown that there is a correlation between following social media influencers and shopping more frequently. [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) Even though some fast fashion retailers still have "celebrity ambassadors" (/wiki/Celebrity_branding) , many retailers have turned to social media influencers to promote their clothing. [1] (#cite_note-Monroe2021-1) The world saw a surge in these social media marketing practices during the coronavirus (/wiki/Coronavirus) pandemic. [62] (#cite_note-:34-62) Shein (/wiki/Shein) quickly took center stage across numerous social media platforms. Social media users, specifically young women, could not go online without seeing something from this fast fashion website, and "Shein hauls" became one of the most popular trends on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , with 4.7 billion views as of March 2022. [ citation needed ] Haul videos (/wiki/Haul_video) consist of individuals recording themselves showing items they purchased (typically a large quantity) and posting the video on platforms like YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) or TikTok. [62] (#cite_note-:34-62) Amid a global pandemic, these billions of views allowed Shein to bring in about $10 billion in revenue that year. [62] (#cite_note-:34-62) Production [ edit ] "Supermarket" market [ edit ] The consumer in the fast fashion market thrives on constant change and the frequent availability of new products. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Fast fashion is considered to be a " supermarket (/wiki/Supermarket) " segment within the larger sense of the fashion market. [44] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-44) This term refers to fast fashion's nature to "race to make apparel an even smarter and quicker cash generator". [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Three crucial differentiating model factors exist within fast fashion consumption: market timing (/wiki/Market_analysis#market_trends) , cost, and the buying cycle. [44] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-44) Timing's objective is to create the shortest production time possible. The quick turnover has increased the demand for the number of seasons presented in the stores. This demand also increases shipping and restocking time periods. Cost is still the consumer's primary buying decision (/wiki/Buyer_decision_process) . Costs are largely reduced by taking advantage of lower prices in markets in developing countries. In 2004, developing countries accounted for nearly 75 percent of all clothing exports and the removal of several import quotas (/wiki/Import_quota) has allowed companies to take advantage of the even lower cost of resources. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) The buying cycle is the final factor that affects the consumer. Traditionally, fashion buying cycles are based around long-term forecasts that occur one year to six months before the season. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Supply chain, vendor relationships and internal relationships [ edit ] Supply chain [ edit ] Supply chains (/wiki/Supply_chain) are central to the creation of fast fashion, and supply chain systems are designed to add value and reduce cost in the process of moving goods from design concept to retail stores and through to consumption. [63] (#cite_note-63) The selection of a merchandising vendor is a key part in the process. Inefficiency primarily occurs when suppliers cannot respond quickly enough, and clothing ends up bottlenecked and in back stock. [50] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-50) Two kinds of supply chains exist, agile (/wiki/Business_agility) and lean (/wiki/Lean_manufacturing) . In an agile supply chain, the principal characteristics include sharing information and technology. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) The collaboration results in the reduction in the amount of stock in megastores (/wiki/Big-box_store) . A lean supply chain is characterized as the correct appropriation of the commodity (/wiki/Commodity) for the product. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Vendor relationships [ edit ] The companies in the fast fashion market also utilize a range of relationships with the suppliers. The product is first classified as "core" or "fashion". [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Internal relationships [ edit ] Productive internal relationships within the fast fashion companies are as important as the company's relationships with external suppliers, especially regarding the company's buyers. Traditionally with a "supermarket" market the buying is divided into multi-functional departments. The buying team uses the bottom-up approach when trend information is involved, meaning the information is only shared with the company's fifteen top suppliers. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) On the other hand, information about future aims, and strategies of production are shared downward within the buyer hierarchy (/wiki/Hierarchy) so the team can consider lower cost production options. [49] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-49) Environmental impact [ edit ] See also: Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) and Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) People on the road protesting saying fast fashion destroys the climate According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, [64] (#cite_note-64) the fast fashion system provides opportunities for economic growth, but the entire industry hinders sustainability efforts by contributing to 20% of wastewater (/wiki/Wastewater) . In addition, fast fashion is responsible for nearly 10 percent of global gas emissions. Providing insight, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur) released study results on fashion and suggests a new circular system. A singular t-shirt requires over 2,000 liters of water to make. [65] (#cite_note-65) Clothing is not utilized to its full potential, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation explains that linear systems are contributing to unsustainable behavior and the future of fashion may need to transition towards a circular system of production and consumer behavior (/wiki/Consumer_behaviour) . [ citation needed ] Journalist Elizabeth L. Cline, author of Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion and one of the earliest critics of fast fashion, notes in her Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) article "Where Does Discarded Clothing Go?" [66] (#cite_note-:2-66) that Americans are purchasing five times the amount of clothing than they did in 1980. Due to this rise in consumption, developed countries are producing more and more garments each season with the U.S. importing more than 1 billion garments annually from China alone. [67] (#cite_note-67) United Kingdom textile consumption surged by 37% from 2001 to 2005. [68] (#cite_note-68) The Global Fashion Business Journal reported that in 2018, the global fiber production has reached the highest all-time, 107 million metric tons. [69] (#cite_note-69) The average American household produces 70 pounds (32 kg) of textile waste (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) every year. [70] (#cite_note-:1-70) The residents of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) discard around 193,000 tons of clothing and textiles, which equates to 6% of all the city's garbage. [66] (#cite_note-:2-66) In comparison, the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) generates a total of 5.8 million tons of textiles each year. [71] (#cite_note-71) As a whole, the textile industry occupies roughly 5% of all landfill space. [70] (#cite_note-:1-70) This means that the clothing industry produces about 92 million tons of textile waste annually, much of which is burned or goes into a landfill and less than 1% of used clothing is recycled into new garments. [72] (#cite_note-72) The clothing that is discarded into landfills is often made from non-biodegradable synthetic materials. [73] (#cite_note-73) Greenhouse gases (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) and various pesticides (/wiki/Pesticide) and dyes (/wiki/Dye) are released into the environment by fashion-related operations. [74] (#cite_note-74) The United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) estimated that the business of what we wear, including its long supply chains, is responsible for 10 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) heating our planet. [75] (#cite_note-75) The growing demand for quick fashion continuously adds effluent release from the textile factories, containing both dyes and caustic solutions. [76] (#cite_note-76) In comparison, greenhouse gas emissions from textile production companies is more than international flights and maritime shipping combined annually. The materials used not only affect the environment in textile products, but also the workers and the people who wear the clothes. The hazardous substances affect all aspects of life and release into the environments around them. [77] (#cite_note-77) Optoro (/wiki/Optoro) estimates that 5 billion pounds of waste is generated through returns each year, contributing 15 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) to the atmosphere. [78] (#cite_note-78) Fast fashion production has doubled since 2000, with brands such as Zara producing 24 collections a year and H&M producing about 12 to 16 collections a year. [79] (#cite_note-79) Sustainability [ edit ] Further information: Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fast_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fast_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_fashion&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Some of this section's listed sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) may not be reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Recycling [ edit ] Further information: Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) The speed of clothing consumption has increased substantially since the late 1990s across the world. [80] (#cite_note-:05-80) All aspects of fast fashion have elements that are not environmentally friendly, the amounts of waste from disposal of textiles into the garbage system is increasing beyond the industries capabilities. [80] (#cite_note-:05-80) The fast fashion industry currently has little to do with the end of life cycle of clothing, however, with recent social pressures some fast fashion companies collect and export their disposed textiles to developing countries for charity. [81] (#cite_note-:23-81) As the production increases and charities are beginning to turn away fast fashion for being cheaply made, organizations are struggling to come up with sustainable solutions to continue against the social and soon governmental pressure. [81] (#cite_note-:23-81) There are many organizations that provide educational tools on how to reuse and recycle textiles to interested individuals, such as "Human Bridge (charitable organization)". [80] (#cite_note-:05-80) Additionally, the retail and textile chains that encourage recycling or reuse often provide incentives, such as Lindex (/wiki/Lindex) , which offered a rebate to customers who turned in their clothes. [80] (#cite_note-:05-80) There are the organizations that work to recycle the material into new usable materials for a wide variety of industry needs. Working with the Swedish Red Cross (/wiki/Swedish_Red_Cross) , the Swedish Prison and Probation Service (/wiki/Swedish_Prison_and_Probation_Service) is able to provide textile packing material to the shipping industry; additionally, more and more recycling programs like StenaRecycling are beginning to find new ways to use textiles to reach a large audience, being able to create construction materials, stuffing, and new and improved textiles. [80] (#cite_note-:05-80) Polyester and cotton dominate the textile industry with the synthetic fiber polyester exceeding production of cotton since 2002. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Fast fashion has caused a spike in textile waste, with no stop in production, waste management (/wiki/Waste_management) is needed. After clothing is reused until it is beyond usable for its given function, recycling it through a mechanical or chemical process is the next step. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) One concern with recycling textiles is the loss of "virgin material"; however, chemical recycling can extract the "virgin materials" like protein-based and cellulosic fibers to produce new products. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) The deterioration of material to provide new products is the process of mechanical recycling. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) There are categories or types of recycling that can be done: upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) , downcycling (/wiki/Downcycling) , closed-loop (/wiki/Closed-loop_recycling) , and open-loop recycling. Upcycling is the process of using a textile to create something higher quality than the original. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Downcycling is using a textile in a way that is less than the original value. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Closed-loop recycling is the reuse of one textile over and over again to create the same piece. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Open-loop recycling is the process of creating something new with the textile piece. [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) The EU is currently taking initiative to enforce circularity, closed-loop recycling, in the clothing cycle encouraging a less wasteful lifestyle by supporting second-hand and organic clothing pieces, organic in this case being cotton, silk, etc. [83] (#cite_note-:33-83) Even the US in New York City has begun working with natural fibers like bamboo and hemp to make not just clothing but bags as well. [84] (#cite_note-84) There are many technologies that assist in the recycling of textile products: Anaerobic digestion of textile waste – decomposition of organic cotton textile to collect methane and other biogas (/wiki/Biogas) [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Fermentation of textile waste for ethanol production – cotton fabric provides enhancement of bioethanol production [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Composting of textile waste – cotton waste provides an excellent source of nutrients in compost [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Fiber regeneration from textile waste – recovery of glucose and polyester is possible and allows for reuse of material [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Building/construction material from textile waste – use of textiles in building materials and construction [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Thermal recovery – incineration of remaining textiles to collect usable energy [82] (#cite_note-:14-82) Design strategies and techniques [ edit ] According to FutureLearn, [85] (#cite_note-85) [ better source needed ] the following design strategies and techniques can be applied to make fast fashion more sustainable: Zero-waste pattern (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) cutting: This technique eliminates potential textile waste right at the design stage, where the pattern pieces are strategically laid like a jigsaw puzzle onto a precisely measured piece of fabric. Minimal seam construction: This technique allows faster manufacturing time by lessening the number of seams that are necessary to stitch a garment. Design for disassembly (DfD): The main intention of this strategy involves designing a product in such a way that it can be easily taken apart at the end of its lifespan and this allows the use of fewer materials. Craft preservation: This technique combines and incorporates ancestral craft techniques into modern designs and in a way it ensures preservation of traditional craftsmanship through innovation. Pull factor framework: Brands such as L.L.Bean (/wiki/L.L.Bean) and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) have implemented a pull factor framework, which is a new methodology that strives to make sustainable innovation more enticing for consumers and producers alike. [86] (#cite_note-86) [ better source needed ] Technology [ edit ] Fast fashion brands like ASOS (/wiki/ASOS_(retailer)) , Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , and North Face (/wiki/The_North_Face) have turned to sizing technology that use algorithms (/wiki/Algorithm) to solve sizing issues, and give accurate size recommendations on their website to reduce environmental impact on returns. H&M's design team is implementing 3D design, 3D sampling and 3D prototyping (/wiki/Digital_prototyping) to help cut waste, while artificial intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) can be used to produce small garment runs for specific stores. [87] (#cite_note-87) Companies are helping support the circular system in fashion production and consumer behavior by renting out clothes to customers with recycled or reuse items. New York & Company (/wiki/New_York_%26_Company) Closet and American Eagle Style Drop (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) are examples of rental services that can be offered to customers when subscribed to the program. [88] (#cite_note-:6-88) Tulerie, a smartphone application offers borrowing, renting, or sharing of clothes in local communities across the globe; users have the opportunity to profit by renting clothes as well. [88] (#cite_note-:6-88) Overconsumption [ edit ] Discarded clothes in London, 2019 In contrast to modern overconsumption, fast fashion traces its roots to World War II austerity, where high design was merged with utilitarian materials. [89] (#cite_note-89) The business model of fast fashion is based on consumers’ desire for new clothing to wear. [90] (#cite_note-:0-90) In order to fulfill consumers' demand, fast fashion brands provide affordable prices and a wide range of clothing that reflects the latest trends. This ends up persuading consumers to buy more items which leads to the issue of overconsumption (/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)) . Dana Thomas, author of Fashionopolis , stated that Americans spent 340 billion dollars on clothing in 2012, the year before the Rana Plaza collapse. [16] (#cite_note-Schlossberg2019-16) Planned obsolescence (/wiki/Planned_obsolescence) plays a key role in overconsumption. Based on the study of planned obsolescence in The Economist (/wiki/The_Economist) , fashion is deeply committed to planned obsolescence. Last year's skirts, for example, are designed to be replaced by this year's new models. [91] (#cite_note-91) In this case, fashion goods are purchased even when the old ones are still wearable. The quick response model (/wiki/Quick_response_manufacturing) and new supply chain practices of fast fashion even accelerate the speed of it. In recent years, the fashion cycle has steadily decreased as fast fashion retailers sell clothing that is expected to be disposed of after being worn only a few times. [92] (#cite_note-92) A 2014 article about fast fashion in Huffington Post pointed out that in order to make the fast moving trend affordable, fast-fashion merchandise is typically priced much lower than the competition, operating on a business model of low quality and high volume. [90] (#cite_note-:0-90) Low-quality goods make overconsumption more severe since those products have a shorter life span and would need to be replaced much more often. Furthermore, as both industry and consumers continue to embrace fast fashion, the volume of goods to be disposed of or recycled has increased substantially. However, most fast-fashion goods do not have the inherent quality to be considered as collectables for vintage (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) or historic collections. [93] (#cite_note-93) Labour concerns [ edit ] Sweatshops [ edit ] Main article: Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) The fashion industry is known as the most labor dependent industry, [94] (#cite_note-94) as one in every six people works in acquiring raw materials and manufacturing clothing. There is an increasing concern for sweatshops as more fast fashion stores are lowering their prices and trends are fluctuating more frequently. Brands and store companies that use sweatshops are GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , Abercrombie and Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) and plenty of others. [ citation needed ] In particular, H&M has faced controversial issues and backlash regarding their sweatshops in Asian countries. H&M (/wiki/H%26M) is the largest producer of clothing in under-developed South Asian (/wiki/South_Asia) and Southeast Asian (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) countries such as India (/wiki/India) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) and Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) . [95] (#cite_note-WA_1-95) 500 employees in Indonesia left their work and protested for higher pay as their pay was below the country's minimum wage. Once a strike evolved, the factory removed their access to the building and paid men to harass the workers. [ citation needed ] Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) has received backlash over its use of sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) . Bangladesh – a country known for its cheap labor, is home to four million garment production workers in over 5000 factories, of which 85% are women. [96] (#cite_note-FOB_1-96) Many of these factories do not have proper working conditions for essential workers. In 2013 a group of garment workers protested in Bangladesh over the poor quality of the factory building. In 2013 in Dhaka District, Bangladesh, the Rana Plaza factory building collapsed (/wiki/Rana_Plaza_collapse) and killed over 1,000 workers. In addition to a structurally unsound building, the employees were overworked. Bangladesh has the lowest minimum wage of all countries exporting apparel. [97] (#cite_note-97) Women and export processing zones [ edit ] July 2011, women and men working The International Labour Organization defines export processing zones (/wiki/Free-trade_zone) as "industrial zones with special incentives set up to attract foreign investors, in which imported materials undergo some degree of processing before being re-exported". [98] (#cite_note-:02-98) These zones have been used by developing countries to bolster foreign investment, and produce consumer goods that are labour-intensive, like clothing. [99] (#cite_note-:12-99) Many export processing zones have been criticized for their substandard working conditions, low wages, and suspension of international and domestic labour laws. [100] (#cite_note-:22-100) Women account for 70–90% of the working population in some export processing zones, such as in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. [100] (#cite_note-:22-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) Despite their overrepresentation in export processing zone informal sector ( informal economy (/wiki/Informal_economy) ) employment, women are still likely to earn less than men. [100] (#cite_note-:22-100) Mainly, this discrepancy is due to employers preferring to hire men in technical and managerial positions and women in lower-skilled production work. [100] (#cite_note-:22-100) Moreover, employers tend to prefer hiring women for production jobs because they are seen as more compliant and less likely to join labour unions. [98] (#cite_note-:02-98) In addition, a report that interviewed Sri Lankan women working in export processing zones found that gender-based violence "emerged as a dominant theme in their narratives". [102] (#cite_note-:32-102) For example, 38% of women reported seeing or experiencing sexual harassment within their workplace. [102] (#cite_note-:32-102) However, proponents of textile and garment production as a means for economic upgrading in developing countries ( global value chain (/wiki/Global_value_chain) ) have pointed out that clothing production work tends to have higher wages than other available jobs, such as agriculture or domestic service work, and therefore provides women with a larger degree of financial autonomy. [99] (#cite_note-:12-99) Design legislation and lawsuits [ edit ] United States [ edit ] H.R. 5055 [ edit ] Design Piracy Prohibition Act would protect fashion designers from having their ideas imitated immediately after their public release, such as runway appearances. H.R. 5055, or Design Piracy Prohibition Act (/wiki/Design_Piracy_Prohibition_Act) , was a bill proposed to protect the copyright of fashion designers in the United States. [103] (#cite_note-aipla2006-103) The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives (/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) on March 30, 2006. Under the bill designers would submit fashion sketches or photos to the U.S. Copyright Office (/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office) within three months of the products' "publication". This publication includes everything from magazine advertisements to the garment's first public runway appearances. [104] (#cite_note-104) The bill would protect the designs for three years after the initial publication. If infringement of copyright occurred the infringer would be fined $250,000, or $5 per copy, whichever is a larger lump sum (/wiki/Lump_sum) . [103] (#cite_note-aipla2006-103) H.R. 2033 [ edit ] The Design Piracy Prohibition Act was reintroduced as H.R. 2033 during the first session of the 110th Congress on April 25, 2007. [105] (#cite_note-aipla2007-105) It had goals similar to H.R. 5055, as the bill proposed to protect certain types of apparel design through copyright protection of fashion design. The bill would grant fashion designs a three-year term of protection, based on registration with the U.S. Copyright Office. The fines of copyright infringement would continue to be $250,000 total or $5 per copied merchandise. [105] (#cite_note-aipla2007-105) Lawsuits [ edit ] As of 2007, Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , one of the larger fast fashion retailers, was involved in several lawsuits over alleged violations of intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) rights. [106] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-106) The lawsuits contended that certain pieces of merchandise at the retailer can effectively be considered infringements of designs from Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) and Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Lovers (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) line as well as many other well-known designers. [106] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-106) Forever 21 has not commented on the state of the litigation but initially said it was "taking steps to organize itself to prevent intellectual property violations". [106] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-106) See also [ edit ] Impact of fast fashion in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Cost per wear (/wiki/Cost_per_action) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Monroe, Rachel (/wiki/Rachel_Monroe) (6 February 2021). "Ultra-fast Fashion Is Eating the World" (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/ultra-fast-fashion-is-eating-the-world/617794/) . The Atlantic . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230803020218/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/ultra-fast-fashion-is-eating-the-world/617794/) from the original on 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 26 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Gender Based Violence in Garment Supply Chains" (https://archive.today/20240413154451/https://globallaborjustice.org/gap/) . Global Labor Justice. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original (https://globallaborjustice.org/gap/) on 13 April 2024 . 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-45446-2 . [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-94) "Labor-Intensive Industries: How immigration plays a critical role" (https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/labour-intensive-industries/) . New American Economy . Retrieved 2020-09-24 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-WA_1_95-0) "Why do we need a Fashion Revolution?" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/why-do-we-need-a-fashion-revolution) . Fashion Revolution Community Interest Company. 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030749/http://fashionrevolution.org/about/why-do-we-need-a-fashion-revolution) from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOB_1_96-0) Stotz, L. (2015). "Facts on Bangladesh's Garment Industry" (https://cleanclothes.org/resources/publications/factsheets/bangladesh-factsheet-2-2015.pdf) (PDF) . Clean Clothes Campaign (/wiki/Clean_Clothes_Campaign) . Retrieved 11 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt" (http://apps.npr.org/tshirt/) . NPR.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180411204328/http://apps.npr.org/tshirt/) from the original on 2018-04-11 . Retrieved 2021-10-24 . ^ a b Sarah, Perman (2004). Behind the brand names: working conditions and labour rights in export processing zones . International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1039301791 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039301791) . [ page needed ] ^ a b Keane, Jodie; te Velde, Dirk Willem (27 June 2014). "The role of clothing and textile industries in growth and development strategies" (https://odi.org/en/publications/the-role-of-clothing-and-textile-industries-in-growth-and-development-strategies/) . ODI: Think change . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221214222032/https://odi.org/en/publications/the-role-of-clothing-and-textile-industries-in-growth-and-development-strategies/) from the original on 14 December 2022 . Retrieved 14 December 2022 . ^ a b c d Romero, Ana Teresa (September 1995). "Labour Standards and Export Processing Zones: Situation and Pressures for Change". Development Policy Review . 13 (3): 247–276. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/j.1467-7679.1995.tb00093.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7679.1995.tb00093.x) . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Joni, Seager (2018). The women's atlas . Penguin Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-14-313234-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1125163859 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1125163859) . [ page needed ] ^ a b Hancock, Peter (January 2006). "Violence, Women, Work and Empowerment: Narratives from Factory Women in Sri Lanka's Export Processing Zones". Gender, Technology and Development . 10 (2): 211–228. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/097185240601000203 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097185240601000203) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145534573 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145534573) . ^ a b "109th Congress 2d Session H. R. 5055" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081008233839/http://www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Legislative_Action/109th_Congress/House1/HR5055.pdf) (PDF) . www.aipla.org . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.aipla.org/content/contentgroups/legislative_action/109th_congress/house1/hr5055.pdf) (PDF) on October 8, 2008 . Retrieved June 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) Woyke, Elizabeth (10 April 2006). "Fashion's Bid to Knock Out Knockoffs". Business Week . p. 16. ^ a b "110th Congress 1st Session H. R. 2033" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023853/http://www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Legislative_Action/110th_Congress1/House2/HR2033.pdf) (PDF) . www.aipla.org . April 25, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Legislative_Action/110th_Congress1/House2/HR2033.pdf) (PDF) on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved 2021-06-10 . ^ a b c Casabona, Liza (23 July 2007). "Retailer Forever 21 Facing A Slew of Design Lawsuits" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/retailer-forever-21-facing-a-slew-of-design-lawsuits-489335/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221214213133/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/retailer-forever-21-facing-a-slew-of-design-lawsuits-489335/) from the original on 14 December 2022 . Retrieved 14 December 2022 . Further reading [ edit ] MacKinnon, J.B. (28 May 2021). "What would happen if the world stopped shopping?" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90640964/what-would-happen-if-the-world-stopped-shopping) . Fast Company . 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2014 concert tour by Lady Gaga ArtRave: The Artpop Ball World tour by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Promotional poster for the tour Location Asia Europe North America Oceania Associated album Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) Start date May 4, 2014 ( 2014-05-04 ) End date November 24, 2014 ( 2014-11-24 ) Legs 5 No. of shows 79 Box office $83 million ($106.82 million in 2023 dollars) [1] (#cite_note-inflation-US-1) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) concert chronology Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) (2014) ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (2014) Cheek to Cheek Tour (/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek_Tour) (2014–2015) ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (stylized as artRAVE: the ARTPOP ball ) was the fourth headlining concert tour (/wiki/Concert_tour) by American singer Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) . Supporting her third studio album Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) (2013), the tour ran from May 4, 2014, to November 24, 2014. The tour dates included cities where Gaga had canceled shows of her previous Born This Way Ball (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball) tour after suffering a hip injury. The ArtRave tour was preceded by a performance at the South by Southwest (/wiki/South_by_Southwest) music festival, which drew controversy due to a segment where an artist vomited on Gaga, and a seven-day residency (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) at the Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom) in Manhattan, New York. ArtRave's concept and name are derived from the similarly named (/wiki/ArtRave) release party for Artpop . The stage resembled a cave and consisted of two sections connected by catwalks made of translucent lucite (/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)) , allowing the audience to move underneath the catwalks while still being able to watch the show. Gaga's costumes in the show included one with tentacles, one with bejeweled wings, a rave (/wiki/Rave) -inspired outfit and a necklace made of marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) leaves. Costume designers and choreographers aspired to make a single, coherent show. The lighting fixtures used for the concert were from Clay Paky (/wiki/Clay_Paky) and the main idea was to create an immersive rave experience with the lights. They were also designed to accommodate minor changes in the show sequences. The tour was produced by Live Nation (/wiki/Live_Nation) , and promoted by Absolut Vodka (/wiki/Absolut_Vodka) in the United States and O (/wiki/O2_(UK)) 2 in the United Kingdom. Tickets for several shows sold out immediately once available, prompting additional dates. Negative reports about the tour's commercial performance were dismissed by Live Nation chairman Arthur Fogel (/wiki/Arthur_Fogel) . Gaga repeatedly placed within the top-ten of the Billboard Boxscore lists for the 2014 tour grosses. At the end, ArtRave: The Artpop Ball grossed a total of $83 million from 920,088 sold tickets at the 74 reported performances. Billboard also listed it as the ninth best concert tour of the year with 76 reported shows. The tour additionally received positive response from reviewers, but some criticized it for being disjointed. On November 24, 2014, the concert was streamed live from Bercy Arena (/wiki/Bercy_Arena) in France. Background [ edit ] See also: ArtRave (/wiki/ArtRave) and Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) Gaga performing during her residency show at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) , March 2014 While releasing her third studio album Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) , Gaga held a private event in New York known as ArtRave (/wiki/ArtRave) , where she performed songs from the album and showcased art pieces. Later, she took the concept of ArtRave and created ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour. After abruptly cancelling the North American leg of her previous Born This Way Ball (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball) (2012–13) tour due to a major hip injury, the tour began with its first leg in the United States on May 4, 2014, in Sunrise, Florida (/wiki/Sunrise,_Florida) . [a] (#cite_note-Sunrise-2) [2] (#cite_note-3) ArtRave: The Artpop Ball had the singer visiting cities where she canceled tour dates in order to undergo the surgery, as well as playing new cities. [3] (#cite_note-rs1-4) Gaga explained to The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) : "When I'm onstage with the Artpop Ball, the point of the show is to take what was the mess of my life and make art of it – to raise the spirit of artistic dreams and creativity and take all the things I was feeling in pain about, and rage... I take a much more meditative approach to the performance. I've got wide-open ears. The ArtRave has routines, and there's a performance-art aspect that has been designed." [4] (#cite_note-5) Prior to the beginning of the tour, Gaga headlined six shows (March 28, 30, 31 and April 2, 4, and 6) at the Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom) in Manhattan, New York, and these shows were the final performances at the venue. A seventh show was also added for April 7 and officially closed the venue. [5] (#cite_note-6) Gaga also held a one-off concert for ArtRave: The Artpop Ball inside a six-storey (/wiki/Storey) vending machine (/wiki/Vending_machine) at Doritos (/wiki/Doritos) ' annual South by Southwest (/wiki/South_by_Southwest) (SXSW) music festival at Austin, Texas (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) . The city's Music and Entertainment division had initially denied permission to Gaga for playing inside the venue citing that it was for "public safety concerns". Don Pitts from the division said that the venue being in close proximity with a parking lot was the reason they had to cancel Gaga's application. [6] (#cite_note-7) On March 6, 2014, it was announced that Gaga would indeed play at the venue. Tickets were sold to the fans through different competitions and challenges. Randal Lane from Forbes reported that the concert would support Gaga's Born This Way Foundation (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Foundation) and charity events, but nevertheless opined that "the way they're doling out the tickets is still crass". [7] (#cite_note-forbesdoritos-8) [8] (#cite_note-9) [9] (#cite_note-10) The concert was criticized when artist Millie Brown vomited a green liquid over Gaga during the performance of " Swine (/wiki/Swine_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " from Artpop . The performance received complaints about "glamorizing" eating disorders. [10] (#cite_note-11) In response to the controversy, Brown told MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) : "I can understand why people would make that association, but my performance is really not a statement about eating disorders themselves." [11] (#cite_note-12) Gaga herself told Today (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) "Millie and I know that not everybody's going to love that performance, but we both really believe in artistic expression and strong identities, and I support her and what she does. Artpop , my new album, is about bringing art and music together in the spirit of creative rebellion, and for us, that performance was art in its purest form." [12] (#cite_note-13) Development [ edit ] Stage setup [ edit ] The tour stage showing the catwalks protruding into the audience For the tour, Gaga told Capital FM (/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)) that she wanted something other than the "Monster Pit" arrangement she previously had in the Born This Way Ball tour, since she was always limited to performing on one portion of the arena. Hence Gaga and her team thought of building two stages, one main stage and an accompanying one on the far end of the arena. It would be enhanced by the addition of a catwalk which would wind all around the arena floor, enabling the singer to interact with the audience. [13] (#cite_note-stage1-14) In March 2014, Gaga tweeted a picture of the stage which showed a runway extending from the main platform up to the general admission (/wiki/Seating_assignment) seats and then bifurcating into two additional runways, ending in small stages within the audience. At the end of the first runway, another platform was constructed which descended into the crowd directly. Gaga noted that the 110 feet (34 m) long runways would be made of lucite (/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)) rendering them translucent, so that the crowd can dance underneath it while still being able to watch the show. The main stage was described as a white cave, reminiscent of Atlantica from the 1989 Disney film The Little Mermaid (/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)) , and featured a digital backdrop showing stars and the moon. [14] (#cite_note-15) The band was placed inside the white dome like structures on the stage, described by John Jurgenson from The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) as like the planet Tatooine (/wiki/Tatooine) in the Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) series. At the end of one of the Lucite runways, a piano was hidden beneath enormous stalagmite (/wiki/Stalagmite) -like structures reminiscent of Superman (/wiki/Superman) 's Fortress of Solitude (/wiki/Fortress_of_Solitude) in the comics. [15] (#cite_note-hrreview-16) [16] (#cite_note-wsj-17) There was also a bar overlooking the piano area, where the audience could order drinks while watching the show. [17] (#cite_note-absolut-18) Carl Williot from Idolator (/wiki/Idolator_(website)) website compared the stage with that of ArtRave, and felt that it looked like an "insect" with the extended runway and smaller stages. [18] (#cite_note-19) Following the reveal of the image, the hashtag (/wiki/Hashtag) #LadyGagaTourStage started trending (/wiki/Twitter#Trending_topics) globally in Twitter. [19] (#cite_note-20) According to Stacy Lambe from Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) magazine, the stage took over 21,000 hours to construct, including the catwalks. There are 15 inflatable trees which are air hosed on the stage to re-create a garden during one of the segments. The whole set up took three hours to dismantle and 21 trucks to carry it from one venue to another. [20] (#cite_note-21) Production manager Jason "JD" Danter explained that the whole set up started from 8:00 am, with lighting and sound checks taking six hours to complete. [21] (#cite_note-22) For the production of the show, Gaga enlisted choreographer Richard Jackson and together with him and her creative team, the Haus of Gaga, they came up with ideas regarding how the show should be constructed and what music should be performed. They also had to find a way to co-mingle all the different ideas to make a single, coherent show. For the choreography, which encompassed all the stages present, Jackson had to employ a different approach, so that the audience could see the performance from every angle. [22] (#cite_note-23) Costume design [ edit ] Gaga in the rave girl inspired dress worn during the last segment Gaga did not preview the costumes for the tour until the opening night. There were seven outfits created for the show, all throughout the different segments. The first was a bejeweled leotard which had the Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) blue gazing ball attached in the middle; the ball was previously used in the album cover art for Artpop . Gaga accessorized the dress with a pair of feathered wings while wearing a blond bob wig reminiscent of her looks from The Fame (/wiki/The_Fame) era. [23] (#cite_note-mtvdress-24) [24] (#cite_note-huffdress-25) A rave (/wiki/Rave) inspired outfit was worn for the last segment and consisted of colorful dreadlocks and legwarmers made of fur. She added a shirt consisting of straps and plastic sleeves with it. One of the complex outfits was made of latex (/wiki/Latex) and consisted of a polka dotted (/wiki/Polka_dot) leotard and a number of tentacles attached to the dress as well as a headpiece with two tentacles from it. [23] (#cite_note-mtvdress-24) The singer also wore a short dress coupled with a platinum bob wig; another version of the dress had a gown attached to it, with Gaga wearing a long wig inspired by Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) . Before the final performance Gaga wore black latex pants and a top, with a green wig on her head and a necklace made of marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) leaves. Finally, Gaga also wore a seashell bikini top and voluminous wig; the ensemble had been worn by Gaga in previous live performances for the Artpop era. [23] (#cite_note-mtvdress-24) Her dancers wore neon colored (/wiki/Neon_color) outfits with matching head gears and accessories. Gaga also had a number of unique props, including a Gibson Flying V (/wiki/Gibson_Flying_V) guitar during "Venus", a plastic chair shaped like a claw and a keytar (/wiki/Keytar) which was shaped like a sea horse (/wiki/Sea_horse) . [16] (#cite_note-wsj-17) BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) reported that some of the costumes for the tour were designed by Sunderland University (/wiki/Sunderland_University) fashion graduate Dayne Henderson. He had been chosen by one of Gaga's stylists after seeing his tweet to the singer with a photo of his design which included clothing inspired by fetish fashion (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) . Henderson developed hoods, masks and head pieces for Gaga and her dancers. He had to produce the clothes in latex, and within 12 days had to deliver it to Gaga's management. [25] (#cite_note-26) [26] (#cite_note-27) Lighting fixtures [ edit ] Production and lighting designer Roy Bennett used Clay Paky (/wiki/Clay_Paky) 's A.leda B-Eye K20 LED-based (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) moving lights and Clay Paky Sharpys as lighting attachments. Also around 120 B-Eyes by PKG, were obtained for the tour as well with lighting control from three full-sized grandMA2s and 10 NPUs. According to lighting programmer Jason Baeri, "Bennett's approach to the show was to make it an immersive rave that reflected Gaga's non-stop party aesthetic... That means active, alive, vibrant and high energy—it requires us to be just as active on stage as in the crowd. The audience is every bit as much a set piece as they are a room of spectators, so we had to include them as part of Gaga's same party not just watching the spectacle from afar. Cue wise, that's almost like programming two shows at once: Both had to behave as one cohesive element." [27] (#cite_note-livedesign-28) Bennett had started designing the lighting from November 2013 and three months later presented it to Gaga. She approved off the audience experience theme that Bennett developed. [28] (#cite_note-plsn-29) The B-Eyes, which were previously used in the Roseland shows, were mounted above the 3 by 40 feet (0.91 m × 12 m) video screens in the tour. Sharpy rigging (/wiki/Fly_system) were used throughout, in the front of the stage, rear, side, as well as on the pods over the audience. They were the main lighting accessory for the tour. Baeri explained that they had faced technical challenges, due to high pixel (/wiki/Image_resolution) content. The B-Eyes added a total of 4,500 pixel and was varied through all possible configurations. The lighting effects varied along with the tone and the inflections of the song being performed. Clay Paky was distributed by A.C.T Lighting in North America. Solotech were signed as the video contractor, while 8th Day Sound group were the audio contractors throughout the tour. [27] (#cite_note-livedesign-28) Concert synopsis [ edit ] Gaga beginning the show with a performance of the track, " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) " The show starts off with a video introduction about the tour, followed by dancers appearing on stage with balloons and blue gazing balls. The video continues to play as Gaga emerges from beneath the stage, wearing a golden leotard with wings. She proceeds to sing " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) " and then " G.U.Y. (/wiki/G.U.Y.) ", the latter having choreography from its music video. The song transitions to "Donatella" with the screen showing flashing stars and colorful cloud formations. Gaga then performs "Fashion!" on the piano and goes back for a costume change as the band plays the remaining part of the song. The next section starts with " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " as large inflatable flowers rise from below on stage. Gaga appears in the seashell bikini ensemble and playing a guitar. After a welcome speech, "MANiCURE" and "Cake Like Lady Gaga" are performed. Gaga disappears inside for another outfit change as the band plays an outro. She emerges back onto stage in the white outfit and wig as a video shows her twirling on screen. " Just Dance (/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)) " is sung, with Gaga using a seahorse-shaped keytar and her dancers dressed as "sea people". It is followed by a medley of " Poker Face (/wiki/Poker_Face_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " Telephone (/wiki/Telephone_(song)) ". The act ends with Gaga exiting for a costume change and "Partynauseous" is played as an interlude. The fourth act begins with Gaga wearing the tentacle dress and singing " Paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ". She then removes the tentacles and sits on a hand-shaped chair, performing " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) ", followed by Gaga singing " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " You and I (/wiki/You_and_I_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " on piano. Later, Gaga invites a fan onstage and sings a piano version of " Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)) ". She and the fan exit through a trap down as "Jewels n' Drugs" is played as an interlude. As dancers move props and cannons around the stage, Gaga changes a black latex dress and green wig. She returns to stage and sings a medley of " The Edge of Glory (/wiki/The_Edge_of_Glory) ", " Judas (/wiki/Judas_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ", and " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) ", beginning the fifth act. A red couch is brought out on which " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) " is sung. Following this, white chairs are brought out onto the stage by the dancers for "Mary Jane Holland", during which a choreography is shown with the chairs. " Alejandro (/wiki/Alejandro_(song)) " takes place on the lucite runways. At the end of the song, Gaga descends for a quick change. The fifth act triggers when she arises in a Cher (/wiki/Cher) -like outfit, singing " Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)) ". Gaga then performs " Bad Romance (/wiki/Bad_Romance) " in a rave-inspired costume, followed by " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ", during which a video backdrop shows the singer in various disguises. Gaga bids the audience goodbye and sings " Swine (/wiki/Swine_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ", during which her dancers fire stuffed animals into the crowd using cannon. During the performance, Gaga removes her wig and dances with shirtless men in pig masks. She leaves the stage for a final costume change, appearing to perform " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " for the encore. Near the end, she crosses to the main stage and exits with her dancers and band. Commercial performance [ edit ] Ticket sales [ edit ] Gaga performing " Paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ", wearing the tentacle dress The tickets were first available to members of Gaga's social network website, Littlemonsters.com. They were provided with a unique code for ordering tickets from online, but were limited to four tickets per member. According to Live Nation (/wiki/Live_Nation) , the first batch of tickets for the tour went on sale from December 9, 2013, and sell-out shows were reported from Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Los Angeles and Edmonton within hours. This led to two new dates being added to the itinerary: June 26 at Milwaukee's Marcus Amphitheater (/wiki/Marcus_Amphitheater) , and June 28 at Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall (/wiki/Boardwalk_Hall) . [29] (#cite_note-pr1-30) On January 29, 2014, Gaga released the dates for the European leg of the tour, which would begin September 23, 2014, from Belgium. [30] (#cite_note-musicweek-31) The singer partnered with British mobile network O (/wiki/O2_(UK)) 2 , for a deal which would enable the company's customers to avail tickets for the tour three days prior to the general release. The deal included Gaga being featured in a new advertisement, for promoting the UK leg of the tour and showed her wearing a dress with large, glittering shoulder pads while running towards a concert stage. [31] (#cite_note-o2add-32) This was the second time Gaga partnered with O 2 , first in November 2013, for exclusive access to the tracks from Artpop , ahead of its UK release. [30] (#cite_note-musicweek-31) Upon release, Ticketmaster (/wiki/Ticketmaster) reported that the UK venues sold out within five minutes, prompting the singer to add another two dates in London. [32] (#cite_note-digitalspy-33) In April and May 2014, she released more floor tickets for sale, after ensuring larger crowd capacity for all the UK venues and a total of eight new dates. [33] (#cite_note-ukmore-34) [34] (#cite_note-35) For the US dates, Gaga partnered with Absolut Vodka (/wiki/Absolut_Vodka) , who transformed the bar adjacent to the stage into a lounge called "Absolut Artpop Lounge", where some of the lucky fans could watch the show, while ordering cocktails of their choice. Two fans would be chosen on the spot to have seats at the bar; tickets could also be won through a contest at the Absolut website. Gaga explained that with the help of Absolut she could "[create] a special experience where fans can actually sit inside the stage and have their own bar. It's going to be a huge rave in the spirit of art and creativity." Other promotions announced at the website included winning an all-expense-paid trip to see Gaga's show on September 30 at Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden, and Gaga-inspired runway shows at gay bars across the nation, from where another set of tickets could be won. [17] (#cite_note-absolut-18) Four dates were added in Australia, starting from August 20, 2014, at Perth (/wiki/Perth) . [35] (#cite_note-36) She had one concert at Dubai's Meydan Racecourse (/wiki/Meydan_Racecourse) on September 10, but newspaper Gulf News (/wiki/Gulf_News) reported that the show would be censored for respecting cultural traditions in the UAE. According to Marco Riois, chairman of AMI Live which organized the show in Dubai, "there will be some edits... It cannot be the full show, because it wouldn't be allowed. So it's a special show for Dubai and for the culture". [36] (#cite_note-37) Boxscore [ edit ] During the performance of " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ", large flowers cropped up on the stage Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) spoke about the commendable ticket pricing ensued by Live Nation for the tour. Jesse Lawrence from the magazine noticed how the ticket prices were lowered to an average of $68 in Gaga's primary markets and ensuing fast sell-outs, compared to those of her contemporaries, like Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) ' Bangerz Tour (/wiki/Bangerz_Tour) which had an average ticket price at $86. Conversely, the average price was raised to as high as $269 in Gaga's secondary markets, although with fewer tickets available than Cyrus' tour. This again ensued that the revenue was earned with profit. Lawrence concluded by saying that "Lady Gaga's pricing, seems to be taking a longer-term view and is focused on providing access to as many of her fans as possible as opposed to wringing out every last dollar on the current tour." [37] (#cite_note-forbes-38) In April 2014, Lawrence reported that following Gaga's performance at Roseland Ballroom, the tour ticket prices in the secondary markets went up by 5.3%, with major increases being visible at Philips Arena in Atlanta. Tickets at Madison Square Garden rose up to $338.81, which was 42.6% higher than the average price. Other locations where ticket prices saw an increase were MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, [b] (#cite_note-Paradise-39) TD Garden in Boston and United Center in Chicago. A higher price was set for the first of two nights at Staples Center in Los Angeles, resulting in one of the costliest tickets in the show. The pricing was leveled off for the second night and they gradually decreased with the tour's progress. [38] (#cite_note-40) This was evident in the tour date switch up between May 12 and 15 at Washington and Philadelphia, respectively, where the ticket prices fell by 29.5%. [39] (#cite_note-41) Reports arose in the media that the ticket sales for the tour were falling, leading Arthur Fogel (/wiki/Arthur_Fogel) , Chairman of Live Nation's Global Touring division, to brand them as "ridiculous". He clarified to Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) that the about 80% of the tickets were sold in North America and Europe, and they were still in the process of releasing future dates for numerous venues. The 29 shows in North America had grossed around US$26 million, with an average of almost $900,000 per show. Fogel also addressed concerns that Live Nation had lost $30 million from Gaga's tour, saying that if a similar situation really happened, then the company would have cancelled the concerts. "I just don't know how this shit gets any traction without people doing their homework... Just a complete fool would say something like that and it could only come from somebody who has an agenda, because it makes absolutely no sense, on any level", Fogel concluded. [40] (#cite_note-bbarthur-42) A total of 800,000 tickets have been sold for the tour, as reported by Billboard . [41] (#cite_note-tourforce-43) In June 2014, Billboard released the first boxscore figures for the tour, up to the June 2 date. Gaga placed at number four on the boxscore list with total gross of $13.9 million, and more than 171,000 tickets sold. The boxscore figure for her Roseland Ballroom performance was also revealed to have grossed $1.5 million with more than 24,000 tickets sold. [42] (#cite_note-44) In October 2014, the second set of boxscore were released, with sales of 509,741 tickets and a gross of $46,933,594, ranking at number two on the boxscore list. [43] (#cite_note-45) Final boxscores were released in December 2014, with the last performance at Paris' Palais Omnisports Bercy grossing $1.2 million and audience of 13,013. In total, ArtRave: The Artpop Ball grossed $83 million from 920,088 sold tickets at the 74 reported performances to Billboard Boxscore. [44] (#cite_note-46) On Pollstar (/wiki/Pollstar) ' s Year-end Top 20 Worldwide Tours list, Gaga ranked at number seven with $88.7 million in gross and 947,852 tickets sold for 84 shows, including the seven shows from Roseland Ballroom. [45] (#cite_note-47) Billboard listed it as the ninth best concert tour of the year with 76 reported shows. [46] (#cite_note-48) Critical response [ edit ] North America [ edit ] Gaga performing "Mary Jane Holland" in a green wig, covering herself with a set of chairs John Walker from MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) reviewed the opening concert in Sunrise, [a] (#cite_note-Sunrise-2) and was impressed with the show. He particularly liked the segment, when after the performance of "Alejandro", Gaga decided to change her costume onstage and did so with the help of her stylists. Walker added that "to prove this, [Gaga] ripped the green, shoulder-length wig right off of her head. Yes, she literally snatched her own wig. Reverse Warholian expedition (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) says what?" [47] (#cite_note-49) Walker further emphasized in another review for MTV that the tour expanded on Gaga's characteristic "fan-to-artist" connections and theatrics she had developed with the Born This Way Ball. [48] (#cite_note-mtvreview-50) Adam Carlson from Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) praised the show saying that it turned the "spectacle" into a "surprise". He complimented the choreography and the constant costume changes, explaining that "talking about [Gaga's] performances is more fun than listening to them, but don't take that as an insult. There's just a lot to talk about." [49] (#cite_note-51) Chris Richards from The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) said that "for a pop concert in an arena [Verizon Center], it felt good. As a public exercise in reciprocal, unconditional love, it felt unique [from Gaga]." [50] (#cite_note-52) Glenn Gamboa from Newsday (/wiki/Newsday) was impressed with the performances, saying "Whether it was the goofiness of 'Venus', the playfulness of 'Donatella' or the throwback soul of 'Do What U Want', which she crowned with an a cappella bit of gospel, she filled the songs with an intensity that was infectious." [51] (#cite_note-53) Lauren Moraski from CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) felt that Gaga was in "full-force" during the concert and "seemed right at home" with the New York crowd. [52] (#cite_note-54) Frank Scheck from The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) commended the stage setup, the costumes and the overall entertainment aspect of the tour, saying that "Unlike Madonna, who engages in similar, but decidedly chillier, over-the-top theatrics, Gaga invests her spectacles with an undeniable sweetness and heart." Scheck was positive about the performances of "Gypsy" and "Born This Way". [15] (#cite_note-hrreview-16) Negative commentary came from Rob Sheffield (/wiki/Rob_Sheffield) of Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) who reviewed the show at Madison Square Garden (/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden) and was disappointed, calling it "a run-of-the-mill arena-rock show, the kind where a band has a shoddy new album to flog". He was not impressed that Gaga chose to ignore songs from Born This Way and its successful singles. [53] (#cite_note-55) Dan DeLuca from Philadelphia Daily News (/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News) wrote that "the show was seriously marred by too many electro powered would-be dance cuts from ARTPOP whose weaknesses were exposed whenever she reached back to her more enticing greatest hits" and that she performed "far too many songs" from Artpop . [54] (#cite_note-56) The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) writer James Reed felt that "something" was missing from Gaga's performance, and it felt "hollow". He also criticized Gaga's reliance on backing tracks to sing her songs. [55] (#cite_note-57) Joey Guerra from Houston Chronicle (/wiki/Houston_Chronicle) found the show to be "disjointed", saying that there was "little in the way of real transition between sequences, particularly in the later moments." [56] (#cite_note-58) Oceania, Asia, and Europe [ edit ] Gaga playing on a seahorse (/wiki/Seahorse) -shaped keytar (/wiki/Keytar) while performing " Just Dance (/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)) " Candice Barnes from The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) gave the show positive review, saying that Gaga "delivered a show fit for a queen" at Perth Arena. "Plugged as an 'art rave', it was hard to distinguish where the art finished and the music began", she concluded. [57] (#cite_note-SydneyHerald-59) Conversely, Ross McCrae from The West Australian (/wiki/The_West_Australian) panned the show calling it "middle of the road arena rock show", and noticed the public's lack of interest in the performances. [58] (#cite_note-60) The lack of ticket sales was also noted by a reviewer for News.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) , who went on to add that "one could never accuse Lady Gaga of lacking attention to detail in her live productions or failing to put in a wholehearted and energetic performance." [59] (#cite_note-61) Jenny Valentish from Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) awarded the show in Melbourne five stars, calling Gaga "a phenomenal singer with an immense voice (...) who could try her hand at any genre", also praising her live band and the costume changes. [60] (#cite_note-62) The National (/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)) critic Saeed Saeed described the show as "hugely entertaining" and something that "delivers pop music's ultimate mandate: to dance your worries away". [61] (#cite_note-63) Writing about the subdued concert in Dubai due to religious sentiments, Mohammed Kadry from Khaleej Times (/wiki/Khaleej_Times) noted that Gaga could still put on a "spectacle" and she "was determined to connect with her local audience as she attempted to piece together flattering colloquial phrases". [62] (#cite_note-64) Debra Kamin from The Times of Israel (/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) praised Gaga's vocals, adding that "show was everything Gaga promised and everything fans have come to expect from her — loud, florescent, sexually explicit and mind-numbingly bright." [63] (#cite_note-timesisrael-65) Dave Simpson from The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) gave a positive review for the Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) concert, awarding the show with 4 out of 5 stars. He stated that "Gaga has often been accused of being all artifice and no heart, but tonight's show is a powerful statement from a star who refuses to be pinned down or written off." [64] (#cite_note-66) Daniel Dylan Wray from The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) awarded the Birmingham concert with 4 out of 5 stars and described ArtRave as "loud, colourful and frequently emblematic of feel-good, throwaway party times". [65] (#cite_note-67) Katie Fitzpatrick from Manchester Evening News (/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News) awarded the concert with 5 out of 5 stars. She praised Lady Gaga's voice, her live band, the outfits and the connection of the fans – especially in this show that Gaga helped a fan to propose to his partner on stage. Katie stated that "the ostentatiously named ArtRave may reaffirm that Gaga the show-woman is definitely about her art. But this little lady with the powerful set of lungs is also undoubtedly all heart." [66] (#cite_note-68) Ludovic Hunter-Tilney from the Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) rated the concert three out of five stars. He criticized the songs from Artpop except the title track, but complimented the acoustic and piano sequences. [67] (#cite_note-69) Broadcast and recording [ edit ] On November 17, 2014, Gaga announced through her social medias that the last concert show, which took place at Bercy Arena (/wiki/Bercy_Arena) in France on November 24, would be streamed live (/wiki/Streaming_media) around the world, online on Yahoo! Live (/wiki/Yahoo!_Live) . [68] (#cite_note-70) [69] (#cite_note-71) The concert started with a 30-minute video presentation of Gaga's portraits, as shot by Robert Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)) , and which were previously exhibited at the Louvre Museum (/wiki/Louvre_Museum) in Paris. [70] (#cite_note-72) The live stream broke records for Yahoo! Live and Live Nation (/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment) . [71] (#cite_note-73) Set list [ edit ] This set list is from the show in Newcastle (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) , England, on November 22, 2014. It is not intended to represent all tour dates. [72] (#cite_note-74) " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) " " G.U.Y. (/wiki/G.U.Y.) " "Donatella" " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " "Manicure" " Just Dance (/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)) " " Poker Face (/wiki/Poker_Face_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " / " Telephone (/wiki/Telephone_(song)) " " Paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) " " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " You and I (/wiki/You_and_I_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)) " "Jewels 'n Drugs" (interlude) " The Edge of Glory (/wiki/The_Edge_of_Glory_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Judas (/wiki/Judas_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " / " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) " " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) " "Mary Jane Holland" " Alejandro (/wiki/Alejandro_(song)) " " Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)#Other_versions) " " Bad Romance (/wiki/Bad_Romance) " " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Swine (/wiki/Swine_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " Encore " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " Notes "Fashion!" and "Cake Like Lady Gaga" were performed from May 4, 2014, to June 3, 2014. [73] (#cite_note-75) [74] (#cite_note-76) During the performance in New York City, T.I. (/wiki/T.I._(rapper)) joined Gaga onstage to perform "Jewels n' Drugs". [75] (#cite_note-77) During the performance in Calgary, Gaga performed " Hair (/wiki/Hair_(Lady_Gaga_song)) ". [76] (#cite_note-CBCNews-78) During the performance in Ottawa, Gaga performed a cover of George Gershwin (/wiki/George_Gershwin) 's " I've Got a Crush on You (/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Crush_on_You) ". [77] (#cite_note-79) During the performance in Tel Aviv, Tony Bennett (/wiki/Tony_Bennett) appeared on stage with Gaga to sing " I Can't Give You Anything but Love (/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_You_Anything_but_Love,_Baby#Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga_version) ". [63] (#cite_note-timesisrael-65) During the performances in Vienna, Manchester and Barcelona, Gaga performed a cover of 4 Non Blondes (/wiki/4_Non_Blondes) 's " What's Up? (/wiki/What%27s_Up%3F_(4_Non_Blondes_song)) ". [78] (#cite_note-80) [79] (#cite_note-81) Shows [ edit ] List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue Date (2014) City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue North America [80] (#cite_note-82) [81] (#cite_note-83) [82] (#cite_note-box_score_October_8-84) [83] (#cite_note-85) May 4 Sunrise (/wiki/Sunrise,_Florida) [a] (#cite_note-Sunrise-2) United States (/wiki/United_States) BB&T Center (/wiki/FLA_Live_Arena) Lady Starlight (/wiki/Lady_Starlight) 12,977 / 12,977 $1,173,695 May 6 Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) Philips Arena (/wiki/State_Farm_Arena) Lady Starlight Hatsune Miku (/wiki/Hatsune_Miku) 10,480 / 10,480 $941,142 May 8 Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) Consol Energy Center (/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena) 12,185 / 12,185 $961,090 May 10 Uncasville (/wiki/Uncasville,_Connecticut) Mohegan Sun Arena (/wiki/Mohegan_Sun_Arena) 7,722 / 7,722 $564,692 May 12 [c] (#cite_note-87) Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) Verizon Center (/wiki/Capital_One_Arena) 14,866 / 14,866 $1,014,800 May 13 New York (/wiki/New_York_City) Madison Square Garden (/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden) 14,326 / 14,326 $1,625,812 May 15 [d] (#cite_note-89) Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) Wells Fargo Center (/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)) 15,424 / 15,424 $1,037,606 May 17 Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) Joe Louis Arena (/wiki/Joe_Louis_Arena) 11,971 / 11,971 $954,173 May 18 Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland) Quicken Loans Arena (/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse) 12,792 / 12,792 $1,000,814 May 20 Saint Paul (/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota) Xcel Energy Center (/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center) 10,084 / 10,084 $796,395 May 22 Winnipeg (/wiki/Winnipeg) Canada (/wiki/Canada) MTS Centre (/wiki/Canada_Life_Centre) 12,507 / 12,507 $974,017 May 25 Calgary (/wiki/Calgary) Scotiabank Saddledome (/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome) 12,662 / 12,662 $982,731 May 26 Edmonton (/wiki/Edmonton) Rexall Place (/wiki/Northlands_Coliseum) 13,855 / 13,855 $1,053,861 June 2 San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) United States Viejas Arena (/wiki/Viejas_Arena) 9,332 / 9,332 $851,927 June 3 San Jose (/wiki/San_Jose,_California) SAP Center (/wiki/SAP_Center) 13,622 / 13,622 $1,201,315 June 26 [e] (#cite_note-91) Milwaukee (/wiki/Milwaukee) Marcus Amphitheater (/wiki/American_Family_Insurance_Amphitheater) Lady Starlight Crayon Pop (/wiki/Crayon_Pop) 18,201 / 23,089 $1,169,670 June 28 Atlantic City (/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey) Boardwalk Hall (/wiki/Boardwalk_Hall) 13,363 / 13,363 $1,366,626 June 30 Boston (/wiki/Boston) TD Garden (/wiki/TD_Garden) 13,848 / 13,848 $1,190,212 July 2 Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) Canada Bell Centre (/wiki/Bell_Centre) 12,709 / 12,709 $965,286 July 4 [f] (#cite_note-93) Quebec City (/wiki/Quebec_City) Plains of Abraham (/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham) — — — July 5 [g] (#cite_note-95) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa) LeBreton Flats (/wiki/LeBreton_Flats) July 7 Buffalo (/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York) United States First Niagara Center (/wiki/KeyBank_Center) Lady Starlight Crayon Pop 12,076 / 12,076 $874,785 July 9 Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) Canada Air Canada Centre (/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena) 15,813 / 15,813 $1,355,260 July 11 Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) United States United Center (/wiki/United_Center) 15,112 / 15,112 $1,314,360 July 14 San Antonio (/wiki/San_Antonio) AT&T Center (/wiki/AT%26T_Center) 10,125 / 10,125 $888,278 July 16 Houston (/wiki/Houston) Toyota Center (/wiki/Toyota_Center) 11,410 / 11,410 $967,441 July 17 Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) American Airlines Center (/wiki/American_Airlines_Center) 11,949 / 11,949 $1,006,048 July 19 Paradise (/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada) [b] (#cite_note-Paradise-39) MGM Grand Garden Arena (/wiki/MGM_Grand_Garden_Arena) 24,948 / 24,948 [h] (#cite_note-Las_Vegas-96) $2,379,981 [h] (#cite_note-Las_Vegas-96) July 21 Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) Staples Center (/wiki/Crypto.com_Arena) 26,923 / 26,923 $2,444,324 July 22 July 25 [i] (#cite_note-98) Atlanta Centennial Olympic Park (/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park) — — — July 30 Phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona) US Airways Center (/wiki/Footprint_Center) Lady Starlight Babymetal (/wiki/Babymetal) 8,187 / 8,187 $670,198 August 1 Paradise [b] (#cite_note-Paradise-39) MGM Grand Garden Arena [h] (#cite_note-Las_Vegas-96) [h] (#cite_note-Las_Vegas-96) August 2 Stateline (/wiki/Stateline,_Nevada) Harveys Outdoor Arena (/wiki/Lake_Tahoe_Outdoor_Arena) 7,189 / 7,189 $997,536 August 4 Salt Lake City (/wiki/Salt_Lake_City) EnergySolutions Arena (/wiki/Vivint_Arena) 9,359 / 9,359 $516,910 August 6 Denver (/wiki/Denver) Pepsi Center (/wiki/Ball_Arena) 10,660 / 10,660 $853,570 August 8 [j] (#cite_note-100) Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) KeyArena (/wiki/Climate_Pledge_Arena) Lady Starlight 10,882 / 10,882 $874,668 August 9 [k] (#cite_note-101) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) Canada Rogers Arena (/wiki/Rogers_Arena) 13,449 / 13,449 $962,524 Asia [82] (#cite_note-box_score_October_8-84) [91] (#cite_note-102) August 13 Chiba (/wiki/Chiba_(city)) [l] (#cite_note-Chiba-103) Japan (/wiki/Japan) QVC Marine Field (/wiki/Zozo_Marine_Stadium) Lady Starlight Momoiro Clover Z (/wiki/Momoiro_Clover_Z) 50,453 / 50,453 $7,874,436 August 14 August 16 [m] (#cite_note-105) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) Olympic Stadium (/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Stadium) — 55,000 — Oceania [82] (#cite_note-box_score_October_8-84) August 20 Perth (/wiki/Perth) Australia (/wiki/Australia) Perth Arena (/wiki/Perth_Arena) Lady Starlight 8,120 / 8,120 $744,661 August 23 Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) Rod Laver Arena (/wiki/Rod_Laver_Arena) 17,253 / 17,253 $1,732,910 August 24 August 26 Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) Brisbane Entertainment Centre (/wiki/Brisbane_Entertainment_Centre) 9,249 / 9,249 $913,894 August 30 Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) Allphones Arena (/wiki/Sydney_SuperDome) 20,445 / 20,445 $1,818,090 August 31 Asia [82] (#cite_note-box_score_October_8-84) September 10 Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Meydan Racecourse (/wiki/Meydan_Racecourse) Lady Starlight 8,365 / 8,365 $1,835,201 September 13 Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) Israel (/wiki/Israel) Yarkon Park (/wiki/Yarkon_Park) 18,984 / 18,984 $1,786,945 Europe [82] (#cite_note-box_score_October_8-84) [93] (#cite_note-106) September 16 Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) ITU Stadium (/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University) Lady Starlight 25,157 / 25,157 $1,123,106 September 19 Athens (/wiki/Athens) Greece (/wiki/Greece) Olympic Stadium (/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Athens)) 26,860 / 26,860 $941,091 September 23 Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Sportpaleis (/wiki/Sportpaleis) 15,188 / 15,188 $1,394,133 September 24 Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Ziggo Dome (/wiki/Ziggo_Dome) 14,196 / 14,196 $1,273,725 September 27 Herning (/wiki/Herning) Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Jyske Bank Boxen (/wiki/Jyske_Bank_Boxen) 10,534 / 10,534 $916,980 September 29 Oslo (/wiki/Oslo) Norway (/wiki/Norway) Telenor Arena (/wiki/Telenor_Arena) 8,948 / 8,948 $708,509 September 30 Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Ericsson Globe (/wiki/Avicii_Arena) — — October 3 Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) Germany (/wiki/Germany) O (/wiki/Barclays_Arena_(Hamburg)) 2 World Hamburg (/wiki/Barclays_Arena_(Hamburg)) 11,430 / 11,430 $1,094,202 October 5 Prague (/wiki/Prague) Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) O (/wiki/O2_Arena_(Prague)) 2 Arena Prague (/wiki/O2_Arena_(Prague)) 10,734 / 10,734 $776,719 October 7 Cologne (/wiki/Cologne) Germany Lanxess Arena (/wiki/Lanxess_Arena) 13,189 / 13,189 $1,139,559 October 9 Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) O (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arena_(Berlin)) 2 World Berlin (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arena_(Berlin)) 10,555 / 10,555 $950,331 October 15 Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) England (/wiki/England) Barclaycard Arena (/wiki/Utilita_Arena_Birmingham) 12,092 / 12,092 $1,329,847 October 17 Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) 3Arena (/wiki/3Arena) 11,497 / 11,497 $1,117,109 October 19 Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) SSE Hydro (/wiki/OVO_Hydro) 11,554 / 11,554 $1,278,571 October 21 Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) England Phones 4u Arena (/wiki/Manchester_Arena) 14,719 / 14,719 $1,625,149 October 23 London (/wiki/London) The O (/wiki/The_O2_Arena) 2 Arena (/wiki/The_O2_Arena) 42,845 / 42,845 $4,631,817 October 25 October 26 October 30 Paris (/wiki/Paris) France (/wiki/France) Zénith Paris (/wiki/Z%C3%A9nith_Paris) 12,301 / 12,301 $1,071,553 October 31 November 2 Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) Austria (/wiki/Austria) Wiener Stadthalle (/wiki/Wiener_Stadthalle) 11,586 / 13,598 $1,055,678 November 4 Milan (/wiki/Milan) Italy (/wiki/Italy) Mediolanum Forum (/wiki/Mediolanum_Forum) 10,852 / 10,852 $989,889 November 6 Zürich (/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich) Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Hallenstadion (/wiki/Hallenstadion) 13,259 / 13,259 $1,314,684 November 8 Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) Spain (/wiki/Spain) Palau Sant Jordi (/wiki/Palau_Sant_Jordi) 17,513 / 17,513 $1,420,987 November 10 Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) MEO Arena (/wiki/Altice_Arena) 7,345 / 7,345 $365,313 November 13 Birmingham England Barclaycard Arena 6,129 / 6,129 $455,781 November 16 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 10,403 / 10,403 $681,824 November 20 Sheffield (/wiki/Sheffield) England Motorpoint Arena Sheffield (/wiki/Sheffield_Arena) 11,528 / 11,528 $672,004 November 22 Newcastle (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) Metro Radio Arena (/wiki/Utilita_Arena_Newcastle) 8,779 / 8,779 $824,555 November 24 Paris France Bercy Arena (/wiki/Accor_Arena) 13,018 / 13,018 $1,249,746 Total 920,088 / 926,988 (99%) $83,040,746 Personnel [ edit ] Personnel taken from ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour book. [94] (#cite_note-107) Management Live Nation Global Touring (/wiki/Live_Nation) (Worldwide) – promoter (Worldwide) MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) – tour sponsor (Worldwide) Absolut Vodka (/wiki/Absolut_Vodka) (US), O (/wiki/O2_(UK)) 2 (UK) – tour sponsor Bobby Campbell at Haus of Gaga – management Lane Bentley at Haus of Gaga – Day-to-day management Vincent Herbert for Streamline – manager Mary Jo Spillane – road manager Ky Cabot – tour manager Peter van der Veen – personal security Kevin Bernal – personal security Robert Marshall – personal security Main personnel Lady Gaga – main performer Richard "Richie" Jackson – visual director, choreographer Brandon Maxwell – fashion director Roy Bennett – production, lighting designer Michael Bearden – musical director Lacee Franks – creative co-ordinator Alexander Delgado – art director Vincent Herbert – manager for Streamline Sonja Durham – managing director, Haus of Gaga Ashley Gutierrez – personal assistant Tara Savelo – make-up Frederic Aspiras – hair stylist Perry Meek – costume designer Sandra Amador – stylist Mary Jo Spillane – road manager Peter van der Been – personal security Robert Marshall – personal security Sarah Nicole Tanno – dancers and band's make up artist Travisean Haynes – dancers and band hair stylist David Odom – physical therapist Asiel Hardison at Haus of Gaga – dance captain Graham Breitenstein – dancer Karen Chuang – dancer Montana Efaw – dancer Kevin Frey – dancer Nick Geurts – dancer David Masterson – dancer Ian McKenzie – dancer Tamina Pollack-Paris – dancer Sloan-Taylor Rabinor – dancer Victor Rojas – dancer Gianinni Semedo Moreira – dancer Theresa Stone – dancer China Taylor – dancer Brockett Parsons – keyboards George "Spanky" McCurdy – drums Lanar "Kern" Brantley – bass Ricky Tillo – guitar Tim Stewart – guitar Lady Gaga – guitar and keyboard/piano (on "Venus"), keytar (on "Just Dance"), piano/keyboard (on "Dope", "You and I" and "Born This Way") LeRoy Bennett – production designer, lighting designer Whitney Hoversten – lighting director Jason Baeri – lighting programmer Oli James – lighting tech (crew chief) Alex Peters – lighting tech Mark Pritchard – lighting tech Mike Rothwell – lighting tech Leif Le Page – lighting tech James Jones III – lighting tech Matt "Skinny" Le Roux – lighting tech Chris Bartlett – lighting tech Jason Danter – production manager Alicia Geist - production coordinator Ky Cabot – tour manager Brian Wares – stage manager Chris Organ – stage manager/show caller Lisa Bruno - head of wardrobe Bert Pare – video director Tim Brennan – video engineer Loren Barton – video programmer Vincent Cadieux – video tech (crew chief) Maxime Dube-Morais – video tech Erin Lynch – video tech Patrick Vaillancourt – video tech Eric Simard – Hippo Media server tech Hayden Hale – laser operator and programmer Reid Schulte-Deme – special effects tech (crew chief) David Harkness – special effects tech Robin Henry – automation operator and programmer Todd Green – head carpenter Lonnie Adams – carpenter Kirk "Rockit" La Rocco – carpenter Erin O'Brian – carpenter Corey Proulx – carpenter Ernie Wagner – carpenter Scotty Waller – carpenter Carl Young – carpenter Ryan Snyder – carpenter Mike Farese – head rigger Danny Machado – rigger Kenny "Skippy" Ruhman – rigger Rick Wilmot – rigger Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Promoted as Ft. Lauderdale (/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida) ^ Jump up to: a b c Promoted as Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) ^ (#cite_ref-87) The concert of May 12, 2014 in Washington, D.C. at the Verizon Center was originally planned to take place on May 15, but was rescheduled to avoid any potential conflict with the Washington Wizards (/wiki/Washington_Wizards) playoff game. [84] (#cite_note-86) ^ (#cite_ref-89) The concert of May 15, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Wells Fargo Center was originally planned to take place on May 12 but was rescheduled to avoid any potential conflict with the Washington Wizards (/wiki/Washington_Wizards) playoff game. [85] (#cite_note-88) ^ (#cite_ref-91) The concert of June 26, 2014 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin at the Marcus Amphitheater is a part of Summerfest (/wiki/Summerfest) 2014. [86] (#cite_note-90) ^ (#cite_ref-93) The concert of July 4, 2014 in Quebec City, Quebec at the Plains of Abraham is a part of the Festival d'été de Québec (/wiki/Quebec_City_Summer_Festival) 2014. [87] (#cite_note-92) ^ (#cite_ref-95) The concert of July 5, 2014 in Ottawa, Ontario at the LeBreton Flats is a part of the Ottawa Bluesfest (/wiki/Ottawa_Bluesfest) 2014. [88] (#cite_note-94) ^ Jump up to: a b c d The score data is representative of the two shows in Las Vegas, Nevada at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on July 19 and August 1 respectively. ^ (#cite_ref-98) The July 25, 2014 surprise concert in Atlanta is a part of "Microsoft Week". [89] (#cite_note-97) ^ (#cite_ref-100) The concert at the KeyArena (/wiki/Climate_Pledge_Arena) on August 8, 2014 was originally scheduled to take place on May 28, but was postponed due to Gaga having a severe case of bronchitis. [90] (#cite_note-vancouver_post-99) ^ (#cite_ref-101) The concert at the Rogers Arena (/wiki/Rogers_Arena) on August 9, 2014 was originally scheduled to take place on May 30, but was postponed due to Gaga having a severe case of bronchitis. [90] (#cite_note-vancouver_post-99) ^ (#cite_ref-Chiba_103-0) Promoted as Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) ^ (#cite_ref-105) The concert of August 16, 2014 in Seoul, South Korea at the Olympic Stadium is a part of the AIA Real Life: NOW Festival 2014. [92] (#cite_note-104) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-inflation-US_1-0) 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (/wiki/John_J._McCusker) (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF) . American Antiquarian Society (/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society) . 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (/wiki/John_J._McCusker) (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF) . American Antiquarian Society (/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society) . 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" (https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-) . Retrieved February 29, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lady Gaga Cancels Rest of Tour to Have Surgery" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-cancels-rest-of-tour-to-have-surgery-20130214) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . February 14, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131119153627/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-cancels-rest-of-tour-to-have-surgery-20130214) from the original on November 19, 2013 . Retrieved December 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-rs1_4-0) Grow, Kory (December 3, 2013). "Lady Gaga Taking 'ArtRave' on the Road" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-taking-artrave-on-the-road-20131203) . Rolling Stone . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131205235810/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-taking-artrave-on-the-road-20131203) from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved December 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) McLean, Craig (September 27, 2014). "Lady Gaga interview: 'I got really lost for a while, I didn't even know who I was anymore' (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lady-gaga-interview-i-got-really-lost-for-a-while-i-didnt-even-know-who-i-was-anymore-9758412.html) " (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lady-gaga-interview-i-got-really-lost-for-a-while-i-didnt-even-know-who-i-was-anymore-9758412.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140927000507/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lady-gaga-interview-i-got-really-lost-for-a-while-i-didnt-even-know-who-i-was-anymore-9758412.html) from the original on September 27, 2014 . Retrieved September 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) McManus, Brian (November 19, 2013). "Lady Gaga Concerts to Close New York's Famed Roseland Ballroom" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131125200001/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2013/11/lady_gaga_conce.php) . The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2013/11/lady_gaga_conce.php) on November 25, 2013 . Retrieved November 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Montgomery, James (February 27, 2014). "Sorry Lady Gaga, You Can't Perform Inside A Giant Doritos Vending Machine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140302113728/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1723081/lady-gaga-sxsw-doritos-denied.jhtml) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1723081/lady-gaga-sxsw-doritos-denied.jhtml#) on March 2, 2014 . Retrieved March 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbesdoritos_8-0) Lane, Randal (March 6, 2014). "SXSW's Death by Doritos – With an Assist from Lady Gaga" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2014/03/06/sxsws-death-by-doritos-with-an-assist-from-lady-gaga/) . Forbes . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140309070028/http://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2014/03/06/sxsws-death-by-doritos-with-an-assist-from-lady-gaga/) from the original on March 9, 2014 . Retrieved March 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hampp, Andrew (March 7, 2014). "Lady Gaga Playing Stubbs at SXSW For Doritos, Must Do 'Bold Mission' To Get In" (http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5923209/lady-gaga-playing-stubbs-at-sxsw-for-doritos-must-do-bold-mission-to-get) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140309030909/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5923209/lady-gaga-playing-stubbs-at-sxsw-for-doritos-must-do-bold-mission-to-get) from the original on March 9, 2014 . Retrieved March 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Lady Gaga Talks Intimate South by Southwest Show" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-talks-intimate-south-by-southwest-show-20140306) . Rolling Stone . March 7, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140307102659/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-talks-intimate-south-by-southwest-show-20140306) from the original on March 7, 2014 . Retrieved March 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Coleman, Miriam (March 16, 2014). "Demi Lovato Lambastes Lady Gaga for 'Glamorizing' Eating Disorders" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/demi-lovato-lambastes-lady-gaga-for-glamorizing-eating-disorders-20140316) . Rolling Stone . 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Retrieved November 20, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Gaga, Lady (2014). Official ArtRave: The Artpop Ball Tour Program . United States of America: Interscope Records Merchandise. pp. 15–16. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball) . ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour gifs (https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061205/http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2013/12/04/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-ball-tour-gifs) MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour costumes (http://www.eonline.com/news/538574/lady-gaga-bares-her-breasts-in-concert-plus-see-pics-of-her-crazy-artrave-costumes) E! 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(/wiki/Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga:_Cheek_to_Cheek_Live!) 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Study of how people use clothing and adornments to signify various cultural and societal positions The semiotics of dress is the study of design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and customs associated with dress (/wiki/Dress) ( clothing (/wiki/Clothing) ), as patterned to a kind of symbolism (/wiki/Symbol) that has rules and norms. It describes how people use clothing and adornments (/wiki/Adornment) to signify various cultural and societal positions. [1] (#cite_note-1) " Semiotics (/wiki/Semiotics) " is defined as the philosophical (/wiki/Philosophical) study and interpretation of signs. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) The semiotic system is not limited to just verbal communication. Therefore, the term "semiotics of dress" can be further referred to as a non-linguistic semiotic resource which interrelates with facial expressions (/wiki/Facial_expression) , gestures (/wiki/Gesture) and body semiotics in an effort to develop and communicate meaning. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) People develop meaning of signs and signals based on an individual and personal ideology (/wiki/Ideology) . [3] (#cite_note-3) It is important to note that clothing and fashion, by definition, are not the same. While clothing (/wiki/Clothing) is defined as "any covering of the human body", [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) is defined as the style of dress accepted by members of a society as being appropriate for specific times and occasions. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) The human body (/wiki/Human_body) is the key element of this non-linguistic semiotic resource. The way one dresses is informed by the biological and social needs of the individual. Central to the semiotics of dress is the psychology of self-perception and self-presentation, both as individuals (/wiki/Individual) who see themselves, as well as how individuals are seen within a greater group, society (/wiki/Society) , culture (/wiki/Culture) or subculture (/wiki/Subculture) . Social views [ edit ] When the term semiotics is applied to dress, it refers to the words and symbols used to describe the images supporting "the structure of social interaction". [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 Examples of these social interactions include: the system of statuses and roles. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 Therefore, the way one dresses can be analyzed as a symbol mechanism to communicate ideas and values with other members in a society, as sociologists Erving Goffman (/wiki/Erving_Goffman) and Gregory P. Stone have suggested. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 Clothing is a visual signifier that can be interpreted differently based especially on context and culture. Fred Davis expressed the difficulty of understanding and interpreting clothing and fashion. Davis explained that the difficulty is increased because similar expressive elements frequently have substantial differences in symbolic influence based on geographic (/wiki/Geographic) and demographic (/wiki/Demographic) differences." [5] (#cite_note-5) Symbolism/ideals/values of dress [ edit ] Ruth Rubinstein, a sociologist (/wiki/Sociologist) and author, identified six distinct categories of dress. [6] (#cite_note-6) "Clothing symbols," have several meanings and involve individual choice and preference. Name brand athletic wear is an example. "Clothing tie-signs," are specific types of clothing that indicate membership in a community outside of mainstream culture. Amish (/wiki/Amish) and Hutterite (/wiki/Hutterite) attire are examples. "Clothing tie-symbols," act as a means of broader social affiliation emanating especially from fears, hopes, and dreams. This can include Save the Earth clothing, Pro-Choice (/wiki/Pro-Choice) T-shirts, and religious crosses. "Personal dress," refers to the "I" component we bring in when dressing the public self. This category allows for individuality in the public sphere (/wiki/Public_sphere) . "Contemporary fashion," is the interaction between political and economic events and consumer sentiments, involving public memory. "Clothing signs," is the sixth category, and is made up of three sub-categories. The first, is task oriented or instrumental in nature; the second, is having one primary meaning; and the third, is being recognized as a sign for those who wear it. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 Clothing that shows or portrays some kind of authority in society would fall in the first category. An example would be military uniforms, wigs used in English courts, law enforcement uniforms, clerical collars, or the trademark white labcoat of a medical doctor. People who wear these kinds of clothing are expected by society to behave in certain ways. Not only that, but it is assumed that they possess certain economic, educational and social statuses. Clothing that separates the sexes, and creates differences between a male and a female, would fall into the second category of clothing signs according to Rubinstin. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 10 Sex differences in clothing are due to "Social judgments, personal evaluation and appropriate expectations of dress". [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 10 Because of these, society has coercive power upon colors, shapes and fabrics in the clothes that men and women should wear. Men would wear pants while women would wear skirts, for example. Within the third category one may find "seductive attire" as it was labeled by Flugel. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 10 However, wearing sex-specific clothing doesn't necessarily mean one will feel sensual or inclined to have sexual intercourse. Perhaps a better understanding of this could be derived from the church fathers, who said that seductive attire is a mixture of exposure and coverage of the body. A clothing piece one may use for reference is the décolletage , which was "first in use during the end of the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) ". [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 10 Symbolism in clothing or dress is very much subjective, unlike clothing signs. Symbols in clothing don't represent one's level in a social institution. Therefore, they are not governed by any kind of rules or regulations. Clothing symbols are a reflection of what a specific society believes is valuable at a given time. Clothing symbols do not offer implications about a person's rights, duties or obligations, and they should not be used to judge or predict one's behavior. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 11 Therefore, an intimate comprehension of an individual's history as well as time investment is required to understand and comprehend an individual through clothing symbols. Cultural values in dress can easily increase an individual's self-significance by portraying those good, desirable values in accordance with one's society. This can be further explained by looking at or taking members of the European aristocracy (/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)) as an example. They would wear clothes made with expensive fabrics and ornaments, which would differentiate them from the rest. All in efforts to show others that they possess a privileged place in a social class, where they could not be seen working in a field. Therefore, giving the impression of freedom and relaxation from harsh labor, unlike their servants. Cultural dress has the ability to disclose information about intimate aspects of our lives and relationships.It also projects perceptions about class. [7] (#cite_note-7) Men v. women [ edit ] Throughout history there has been a separation between the roles and relationships that men (/wiki/Man) and women (/wiki/Woman) play. These socially structured differences between men and women have contradicted each other at times. Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) has picked up on the tensions left by these contradictions as well. The symbolic separation of men and women is fundamental to the history of dress. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 68 As time has gone by, the forms of clothing (colors, fabrics and shapes) have changed, but the idea of gender difference has survived. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 68 From an early point in life, children learn to differentiate between a male and a female based on clothing and hairstyles. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 68 An example this may be attributed to is television cartoons where superheroines are pictured with strong and muscular bodies. However; due to their clothing, they portray an image or an idea to the viewer of being sexy or attractive, therefore putting her physical strength as a secondary attribute. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 120 Psychology in dress [ edit ] Psychologist J. C. Flugel concluded that styles of dress affect one's appearance, yet triggering feelings that enable role performance. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 This means that when an individual's body and clothes fuse together to form one, the individual's sense of importance increases. Increments in one's sense of importance yields to feelings and behaviors of being able to control the environment in which one is in. At the same time, this may work backwards. In other words, if one's body and clothes don't come together as a whole, then one may feel embarrassed, and therefore belittle its sense of importance. Flugel called this idea Image Contrast . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) : 7 Clothing can be perceived as one's medium or channel for self-expression. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 146 Every day people communicate ideas and express feelings about them to others through the use of clothing, and vice versa. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 146 This way of thinking leads to the idea of the social self , which is that the idea of self-reflection is a social construction. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 146 Self-perception [ edit ] The term self-schema could be used to defined thought processes that modify, organize and integrate qualities assigned to the self. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 148 This idea may include visual images or verbal descriptions that people may use to describe which "look" suits them best and which "look" doesn't. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 148 Teen boys see themselves as more physically effective than teen girls. While at the same time, teen girls perceive themselves as being more effective by means of attractiveness. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 121 Recently these perceptions among men and women have changed. Women are increasingly concerned with their physical effectiveness, while men have become more interested in their physical attractiveness. Today, unlike men, women are more critical when assessing their bodies in terms of physical fitness, appearance, health and sexuality. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 122 However, both men and women tend to be equally satisfied when it comes to their bodies and their self-perceptions. [8] (#cite_note-:02-8) : 122 See also [ edit ] Alison Lurie (/wiki/Alison_Lurie) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_laws) Wardrobe malfunction (/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rubinstein, Ruth (2000). Society's Child: Identity, Clothing, and Style . the University of Michigan: Westview Press. p. 297. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813366715 . ^ a b c d Owyong, Yuet See Monica (2009-06-01). "Clothing semiotics and the social construction of power relations". Social Semiotics . 19 (2): 191–211. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10350330902816434 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330902816434) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1035-0330 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-0330) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144239853 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144239853) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Chandler, Daniel (June 14, 2017). Semiotics: the basics (3 ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 332. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781315311043 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rubinstein, Ruth (2001). Dress Codes: meanings and messages in American culture . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0813322834 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Davis, Fred. (1994). Fashion, Culture, and Identity. The University of Chicago Press . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rubenstein, Ruth (2018). Dress Codes: Meanings And Messages In American Culture (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 388. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780429974915 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Maynard, argaret (1993). Fashioned from penury : dress as cultural practice in colonial Australia . Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521453103 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kaiser, Susan (1997). The Social Psychology of Clothing . New York: Fairchild Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1563671074 . Further reading [ edit ] R. Broby-Johansen, Body and Clothes (1968) J. C. Flugel, The Psychology of Clothes (1930) Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (2002). The dress of women: a critical introduction to the symbolism and sociology of clothing . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Kaiser, Susan B. (1985). The social psychology of clothing and personal adornment . New York; London: Macmillan; Collier Macmillan. Roach-Higgins, Mary Ellen; Eicher, Joanne B. (/wiki/Joanne_Eicher) (1992). "Dress and Identity". Clothing and Textiles Research Journal . 10 (4): 1–8. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0887302X9201000401 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0887302X9201000401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145736502 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145736502) . 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Boticca Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) , fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) Founded October 2009 Founder Kiyan Foroughi, Avid Larizadeh Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) Area served Global Products Jewelry, Handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , Fashion accessories Website Boticca.com (http://boticca.com/) Boticca was a London (/wiki/London) -based retail website for jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) and fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) , that featured a selection of emerging fashion (/wiki/Fashion) designers (/wiki/Designer) . [1] (#cite_note-BBC11645439-1) [2] (#cite_note-NYT112210-2) [3] (#cite_note-VogueBijoux-3) History [ edit ] Kiyan Foroughi, a French (/wiki/French_people) former investment banker (/wiki/Investment_banking) while on holiday in Marrakesh (/wiki/Marrakesh) in December 2008, engaged in conversation with jewelry designer Mariam. [4] (#cite_note-BotAU-4) Living in the Atlas Mountains (/wiki/Atlas_Mountains) , Mariam travelled to the souq (/wiki/Souq) in Marrakesh three times a week to sell her jewelry, mainly to tourists. Foroughi decided to launch a retail website with co-founder Avid Larizadeh (/wiki/Avid_Larizadeh) selling emerging designers like Mariam. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) Since launching in January 2010, [2] (#cite_note-NYT112210-2) the company featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) , [3] (#cite_note-VogueBijoux-3) and worn by Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) and Jessica Alba (/wiki/Jessica_Alba) . [3] (#cite_note-VogueBijoux-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) In the company's first round of funding, Boticca raised $2.5M, led by ISAI and joined by Japanese Internet incubator Digital Garage. [7] (#cite_note-finacial-7) In its second round in September 2013 it raised an additional $4 million (£2.44m), led by UK venture capital firm MMC Ventures (/w/index.php?title=MMC_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1) , and high-net-worth individuals, including Sina Afra. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) In April 2014, co-founder Avid Larizadeh, left Boticca operationally in her role as COO while remaining a founding shareholder of the business. In September 2014, Boticca unveiled a fully rebranded website with major UI (/wiki/User_interface) improvements, a novel content strategy, a shipping partnership with DHL and the appointment of Dave Killeen (formerly Product Lead at Badoo (/wiki/Badoo) and Executive Product Manager for the BBC iPlayer (/wiki/IPlayer) ) as Product Director. [8] (#cite_note-8) In October 2014, Boticca appointed former Liberty (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) Fashion Director and MyWardrobe Buying and Merchandising Director Luisa De Paula as the new Fashion & Brand Director. [9] (#cite_note-9) In August 2015, Boticca was acquired by Wolf & Badger (/wiki/Wolf_%26_Badger) . [10] (#cite_note-10) As of June 2020, Boticca.com redirects to the Wolf & Badger website. Operations [ edit ] The company took only a maximum 35% of the sale price, [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) as opposed to the normal online retail model of between 40% and 50%, leaving the creator with 65%. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) The company garnered between 30 and 40 new retail designer applications each week, of which on average just 3 or 4 were listed on the website. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) The company also sourced through two in-house style hunters, who through researching through web, magazines, blogs, trade shows and fashion weeks spotted new talent, and hence sourced around 90% of the newly listed product. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) Global designers could apply to be featured, but all designers had to uphold the "Designer Charter" in order to ensure quality of both product and customer service. [11] (#cite_note-TechCrunch-11) By January 2011 Boticca was retailing independent designers from over 40 countries, including Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) , Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) and Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) . [1] (#cite_note-BBC11645439-1) 155 of the 350 brands sold through the website led on jewelry, whilst the rest covered accessories such as bags, scarves, belts and hats. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) After the second round of fund raising, the company launched Boticca.fr in September 2013, making France (/wiki/France) the companies' third biggest market after the UK and United States. [5] (#cite_note-ProJew14104-5) Awards [ edit ] The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) rated it first in their 2014 survey of the top six jewelry retail websites. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ a b Kabir Chibber (31 October 2010). "High fashion learns to love selling online" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11645439) . BBC News . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . ^ a b Eric Pfanner (21 November 2010). "Luxury Brands Tailoring Approach to the Web" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/22/style/22iht-fashion22.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . ^ a b c "Bijoux Bar at Boticca" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127160148/http://www.vogue.co.uk/jewellery/news/101123-bijouxbar-at-boticca.aspx) . Vogue. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/jewellery/news/101123-bijouxbar-at-boticca.aspx) on 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-BotAU_4-0) "About Us" (http://boticca.com/page/story/) . Boticca . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h Kathryn Bishop (17 January 2014). "How Boticca became the world's local jeweller" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140213123415/http://www.professionaljeweller.com/article-14104-how-boticca-became-the-worlds-local-jeweller/) . Professional Jeweller . Archived from the original (http://www.professionaljeweller.com/article-14104-how-boticca-became-the-worlds-local-jeweller/) on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "I-SPIED competition: win five unique pieces of designer jewellery" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8160131/I-SPIED-competition-win-five-unique-pieces-of-designer-jewellery.html) . Telegraph Fashion . 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-finacial_7-0) Julie Klein (16 May 2011). "Deals & More: Boticca gets $2.5M to help shoppers discover indie jewelry" (https://venturebeat.com/2011/05/16/deals-more-boticca-funding/) . VentureBeat . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kathryn Bishop (30 September 2014). "Boticca reveals rebrand and executive appointments" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074838/http://www.professionaljeweller.com/article-15091-boticca-reveals-rebrand-and-executive-appointments/) . Professional Jeweller . Archived from the original (http://www.professionaljeweller.com/article-15091-boticca-reveals-rebrand-and-executive-appointments/) on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ruth Faulkner (17 October 2014). "Boticca appoints Luisa de Paula" (http://www.retail-jeweller.com/news/boticca-appoints-luisa-de-paula/5065304.article?blocktitle=LATEST-NEWS&contentID=3379) . Retail Jeweller . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Sarah Jordan (31 July 2015). "Wolf & Badger merges with Boticca to create global omni-channel powerhouse" (http://www.professionaljeweller.com/wolf-badger-merges-with-boticca-to-create-global-omni-channel-powerhouse/) . Professional Jeweller . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-TechCrunch_11-0) Tsosis, Alexia (29 October 2010). "Boticca, An Online Marketplace For More Original Accessories" (https://techcrunch.com/2010/10/29/boticca) . Tech Crunch . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "What a gem! 6 best online jewellery shops" (https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/fashion-beauty/find-a-gem-5-best-online-jewellery-shops-9062473.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . External links [ edit ] Boticca website (http://boticca.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐58wxv Cached time: 20240624024257 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.218 seconds Real time usage: 0.275 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1744/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26994/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 934/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48138/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5396618/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 254.016 1 -total 48.59% 123.437 1 Template:Reflist 37.25% 94.631 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.19% 74.142 2 Template:Cite_news 29.06% 73.819 1 Template:Infobox 12.18% 30.944 10 Template:Cite_web 9.98% 25.344 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 5.69% 14.460 5 Template:Main_other 4.81% 12.209 1 Template:Wikidata 3.91% 9.923 2 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30638172-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624024257 and revision id 961522283. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐vl7pp Cached time: 20240718004416 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45380989-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718004416 and revision id 898325444. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "American chief executives of fashion industry companies" The following 82 pages are in this category, out of 82 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Angela Ahrendts (/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts) Aron Goldfarb (/wiki/Aron_Goldfarb) Carolyn Aronson (/wiki/Carolyn_Aronson) Mary Kay Ash (/wiki/Mary_Kay_Ash) Lubov Azria (/wiki/Lubov_Azria) B Leslie M. Baker Jr. (/wiki/Leslie_M._Baker_Jr.) Henri Willis Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Willis_Bendel) Sara Blakely (/wiki/Sara_Blakely) Joseph B. Bloomingdale (/wiki/Joseph_B._Bloomingdale) Lyman Bloomingdale (/wiki/Lyman_Bloomingdale) Samuel Bloomingdale (/wiki/Samuel_Bloomingdale) Rose Marie Bravo (/wiki/Rose_Marie_Bravo) Colin Browne (businessman) (/wiki/Colin_Browne_(businessman)) C Julie Chaiken (/wiki/Julie_Chaiken) Bernard Chaus (/wiki/Bernard_Chaus) Josephine Chaus (/wiki/Josephine_Chaus) Maureen Chiquet (/wiki/Maureen_Chiquet) David Chu (designer) (/wiki/David_Chu_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Sean Combs (/wiki/Sean_Combs) Michael Crooke (/wiki/Michael_Crooke) D Cherylanne DeVita (/wiki/Cherylanne_DeVita) Jeff DeWit (/wiki/Jeff_DeWit) Anthony DiPaolo (/wiki/Anthony_DiPaolo) Mickey Drexler (/wiki/Mickey_Drexler) E Charles Evans (businessman) (/wiki/Charles_Evans_(businessman)) F Max Factor Jr. (/wiki/Max_Factor_Jr.) Jennifer Fleiss (/wiki/Jennifer_Fleiss) Katie Ford (CEO) (/wiki/Katie_Ford_(CEO)) Lewis Frankfort (/wiki/Lewis_Frankfort) Patrik Frisk (/wiki/Patrik_Frisk) G Michael R. Gallagher (/wiki/Michael_R._Gallagher) Ryan Gellert (/wiki/Ryan_Gellert) Laurie Ann Goldman (/wiki/Laurie_Ann_Goldman) Michael Groveman (/wiki/Michael_Groveman) H Walter A. Haas Jr. (/wiki/Walter_A._Haas_Jr.) Kikka Hanazawa (/wiki/Kikka_Hanazawa) John Wesley Hanes I (/wiki/John_Wesley_Hanes_I) Uri Harkham (/wiki/Uri_Harkham) Fran Horowitz (/wiki/Fran_Horowitz) I John D. Idol (/wiki/John_D._Idol) J Henry Jackson (businessman) (/wiki/Henry_Jackson_(businessman)) Daymond John (/wiki/Daymond_John) Jeff Jones (executive) (/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(executive)) Jessica Jung (/wiki/Jessica_Jung) K Karen Kane (/wiki/Karen_Kane) Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) L Stefan Larsson (businessman) (/wiki/Stefan_Larsson_(businessman)) Estée Lauder (businesswoman) (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Ilia Lekach (/wiki/Ilia_Lekach) Terry Lundgren (/wiki/Terry_Lundgren) M Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) Annie Turnbo Malone (/wiki/Annie_Turnbo_Malone) Natalie Massenet (/wiki/Natalie_Massenet) Elizabeth McCaul (/wiki/Elizabeth_McCaul) Jessica McClintock (/wiki/Jessica_McClintock) Christopher McCormick (/wiki/Christopher_McCormick) Sheri McCoy (/wiki/Sheri_McCoy) Betsy McLaughlin (/wiki/Betsy_McLaughlin) Georgette Mosbacher (/wiki/Georgette_Mosbacher) William C. W. Mow (/wiki/William_C._W._Mow) O Michelle Ochs (/wiki/Michelle_Ochs) P Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) Art Peck (/wiki/Art_Peck) Kevin Plank (/wiki/Kevin_Plank) R Edward Razek (/wiki/Edward_Razek) Andrew Rosen (retail executive) (/wiki/Andrew_Rosen_(retail_executive)) S Barry K. Schwartz (/wiki/Barry_K._Schwartz) Wendy Selig-Prieb (/wiki/Wendy_Selig-Prieb) Bradford Shellhammer (/wiki/Bradford_Shellhammer) Kimora Lee Simmons (/wiki/Kimora_Lee_Simmons) Sebastian Suhl (/wiki/Sebastian_Suhl) Sonia Syngal (/wiki/Sonia_Syngal) T Susie Tompkins Buell (/wiki/Susie_Tompkins_Buell) Douglas Tompkins (/wiki/Douglas_Tompkins) Kris Tompkins (/wiki/Kris_Tompkins) Marvin Traub (/wiki/Marvin_Traub) Sharen Jester Turney (/wiki/Sharen_Jester_Turney) Nancy Twine (/wiki/Nancy_Twine) Y Bethany Yellowtail (/wiki/Bethany_Yellowtail) Z Dasha Zhukova (/wiki/Dasha_Zhukova) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_chief_executives_of_fashion_industry_companies&oldid=898325444 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_chief_executives_of_fashion_industry_companies&oldid=898325444) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_businesspeople) American chief executives (/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives)
World War II clothing rationing in the UK A wartime shop window displaying utility clothing designed by Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) The Utility Clothing Scheme was a programme introduced in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) during the Second World War (/wiki/World_War_II) . In response to the shortage of clothing materials and labour due to wartime austerity, the Government's Board of Trade (/wiki/Board_of_Trade) put the Utility Clothing Scheme in place in order to standardise the production, sale, and purchase of clothing in wartime. The Scheme embodied a variety of measures to ensure the availability of fabric, clothing, and shoes, which were proposed to ensure availability, no matter of the consumer’s socioeconomic circumstances. The creation of Utility clothing meant meeting tight regulations regarding the amount of material allowed to be used in their construction, as per the restrictions of clothes rationing (/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom) in this period. Utility clothing, and later Utility furniture (/wiki/Utility_furniture) , was marked with the CC41 (/wiki/CC41) tag. [1] (#cite_note-HullMuseums-1) In response to public misconceptions around austerity regulated specifications and the impacts these would have on the fashionability of Utility clothing, designs for a Utility collection were commissioned in 1942 from leading fashion designers, as members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) , which included Hardy Amies (/wiki/Edwin_Hardy_Amies) and Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) , amongst others. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Utility Clothing Scheme ran from 1941 until 1952. Utility clothing [ edit ] Raw materials and as a result clothing available for civilian consumption were limited due to the needs of the Second World War. Consequently, prices increased and some materials, such as silk, ceased to be available. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Utility two-tone 'Atrima' dress, costing 7 coupons, photographed 1943. Ministry of Information Photo Division Photographer. While clothes rationing was put in place in Britain on 1 st June 1941, where purchasing clothing required the use of clothing coupons alongside monetary payment, there was still disparity in access to clothing. Rationing sought to limit consumption of clothing by the public, however, ‘trading-up’ by both manufacturers and civilian customers to get the most from clothing coupons had drastically increased the cost of living, with shortages in clothing being experienced across the socioeconomic landscape. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In order to counteract this, the Utility Clothing Scheme was implemented. In September 1941, the Government began to impose regulations that took into consideration the economic condition of the country, stating in the second edition of the Clothing Quiz for 1941-1942 that “Special releases of cloth are made for the production of clothing of general utility. The cloth and clothes which are made from it will bear the official mark CC41 the prices at which they can be sold will be controlled and the public will thus find on sale an adequate of clothing in the lower range of prices.”. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Through the Utility Clothing Scheme, the Government took control of supplies of raw materials for the manufacture of Utility garments. Conserving raw materials such as cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , wool (/wiki/Wool) , and leather (/wiki/Leather) was necessary because of limited supplies. [5] (#cite_note-5) Designated manufacturers had a quota to produce Utility clothing, which was set at 85% of total clothing production. The Board of Trade (/wiki/Board_of_Trade) allowed the 15% left for the garment industry to create non-utility clothing which met the requirements of general clothing controls and regulations. [1] (#cite_note-HullMuseums-1) The garment (/wiki/Clothing) industry was encouraged to produce limited stocks in order to sustain the needs of civilians and reduce the choices available to buyers and to maintain an essential quantity of garments. [6] (#cite_note-6) Utility garments were liable to price control, to be sold at fixed prices so that civilians could afford to purchase clothes of good quality. [7] (#cite_note-7) The Utility Clothing Scheme therefore aimed to control prices, regulate production and sale, and make durable clothing which was long-lasting, and available for sale throughout Britain. Despite regulations and the limitation of raw materials, manufacturers and the garment industry were able to create a variety of styles and colours of Utility clothing. [8] (#cite_note-8) Though seeking to control industry production and civilian consumption, efficiency of manufacture, and the regulations which ensured this, meant a range of different garments that met the fashionable styles of the era were able to be produced as part of the Utility Clothing Scheme, through wartime and beyond. CC41 Mark, designed by Reginald Shipp, 1941. Board of Trade. The 'CC41' Mark [ edit ] The CC41 (/wiki/CC41) mark was to be affixed to all Utility cloth, clothing, shoes, furniture, and homewares (including home textiles) as either a label, printed, or impressed mark. The symbol, colloquially referred to as ‘cheeses’ was designed by Reginald Shipp, and is understood to represent ‘Civilian Clothing 1941’. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Utility shoes [ edit ] The Utility Clothing Scheme also included shoes. Utility shoes came in a wide variety of different designs. Though the materials used to make them were controlled, their styling was not standardised, apart from the restriction on heel height (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) , which measured a maximum of 2 + 1 ⁄ 8 inch (8 cm). [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) The heel was to be made from wood, with Utility shoes having a leather upper . [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) Open-toed shoes were only permitted to be made after 1947. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "1940s Fashion - Utility scheme" (http://museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk/collections/storydetail.php?irn=233) . Hull Museums Collections . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Daoust, Robert (18 February 2010). "Fashion or ration: Hartnell, Amies and dressing for the Blitz" (http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/fashion-or-ration-hartnell-amies-and-dressing-for-the-blitz/) . The National Archives (/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)) . Retrieved 28 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "How Clothes Rationing Affected Fashion In The Second World War" (https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-clothes-rationing-affected-fashion-in-the-second-world-war) . Imperial War Museums . Retrieved 2023-06-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b Howell, Geraldine (2013). Wartime Fashion: From Haute Couture to Home Made, 1939-1945 (1st ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8578-5071-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Robinson, Julian (1980). Fashion in the 40s . New York: St. Martin's Press (/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-31228-456-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) English, Bonnie (2007). A Cultural History of Fashion in the 20th Century . New York: Berg (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84520-342-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Baylay, Ian. "An Introduction to Utility Clothing" (http://www.1940.co.uk/acatalog/an-introduction-to-utility-clothing.html) . 1940s Society . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Seleshanko, Kristina (1996). Vintage Fashion for Women 1920s-1940s . Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing (/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-88740-986-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Mike (2014). CC41 Utility Clothing: The Label that Transformed British Fashion (1st ed.). Kent: Sabrestorm Publishing. pp. 47–49. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78122-005-4 . External links [ edit ] liztregenza (22 August 2011). "Utility and CC41" (https://advantageinvintage.co.uk/2011/08/22/utility-and-cc41/) . Advantage In Vintage . Crawford, Dawn (23 August 2012). "CC41 - Utility Clothing of the 1940s" (https://www.candysays.co.uk/blogs/vintage-blog/6678856-cc41-utility-clothing-of-the-1940s) . Candysays.co.uk . A brief history of CC41 - The Utility Clothing Scheme with examples. (https://www.itsbeyondmycontrol.com/a-brief-history-of-cc41-the-utility-clothing-scheme/) It's Beyond My Control NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐66546ff478‐cvmbn Cached time: 20240715103235 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.258 seconds Real time usage: 0.344 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 673/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17470/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 560/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39173/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.157/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4778442/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 290.351 1 -total 56.97% 165.413 1 Template:Reflist 44.96% 130.538 6 Template:Cite_web 31.03% 90.109 1 Template:Short_description 19.03% 55.260 2 Template:Pagetype 8.78% 25.481 5 Template:Cite_book 6.50% 18.859 3 Template:Main_other 5.51% 15.988 1 Template:SDcat 5.09% 14.766 1 Template:Frac 1.30% 3.763 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34241339-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715103235 and revision id 1224767305. 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Practical joke Roy Collette shows the trousers recovered from his Christmas present The Pesky Pants prank was an ongoing practical joke (/wiki/Practical_joke) between 1965 and 1989. Two brothers-in-law took turns giving each other the same pair of trousers as a Christmas present with the packaging becoming more elaborate each year. The prank ended in 1989 with the accidental destruction of the pants. Origin [ edit ] The pants, made of moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) , were originally given to Larry Kunkel by his mother in 1964. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Kunkel disliked the pants because the material became uncomfortably stiff in the cold Minnesota winters. Rather than throw them away, he regifted (/wiki/Regift) them to his brother-in-law, Roy Collette, the following Christmas. Collette didn't like them either so he waited until the following year and gave them back. For the next couple years, the pants were traded back and forth with traditional wrapping. Escalation & gentleman's agreement [ edit ] After several years, Collette took the additional step of twisting the pants tightly and stuffing them into a tube to conceal the nature of the present. Kunkel retaliated by compressing them into a small cube approximately seven inches square and wrapping it with wire. As the packaging became more elaborate, the goal shifted to making the gift harder for the recipient to open and recover the pants. An informal agreement existed that only “legal and moral” methods of wrapping were permitted and expenses were kept to a minimum by using junk parts and donated supplies. They also agreed to end the tradition if the pants were destroyed or became unwearable. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Double-crosses [ edit ] On two occasions, the men agreed to end the tradition early. In 1984, they planned to mount the trousers in a glass frame and present them back to Kunkel's mother Ethel Kunkel. Collette had the trousers professionally cleaned and pressed and delivered them to Kunkel for framing. Kunkel instead returned the pants to Collette in a 1974 Chevrolet Camaro (/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro) filled with concrete. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Again, in 1987 they agreed to end the saga, this time by destroying the pants with media present. They arranged an event where the pants would be secured between their vehicles and torn in two. Kunkel managed to sabotage the rope and made off with the trousers intact. They were returned to Collette the following year. List of gift years [ edit ] Year Description Recipient 1964 Original gift to Kunkel from his mother Kunkel 1965 Regift Collette 1966-1972 Regifting continues alternating 1973 Twisted and rolled into three-foot 1-inch tube. Kunkel 1974 Compressed to seven-inch wire-wrapped cube. Collette 1975 2-foot crate full of stones and banded with steel Kunkel 1976 Double-pane bullet-proof glass (/wiki/Bulletproof_glass) frame. Collette 1977 5 gallon bucket of concrete. Kunkel 1978 None 1979 Steel Ash-tray 225lbs [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Collette 1980 Steel office safe. Welded door. Dial removed [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Kunkel 1981 1974 AMC Gremlin (/wiki/AMC_Gremlin) (crushed) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Collette The pants were contained in a steel cylinder in the glove compartment 1982 Industrial truck (/wiki/Heavy_equipment) tire. Fused rim. Filled internally with 3 tons of concrete [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Kunkel Concrete filled tire 1983 Rocket ship. 17.5' tall. 5' diameter. 6 tons of concrete [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Collette Six-ton steel and concrete rocket (non-functional) 1984 1974 Camaro filled with concrete [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Collette Extracting the pants from a block of concrete poured into a junked car 1985 4 ton Rubik's Cube (/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube) (non-functional) Kiln-dried, reinforced concrete core surrounded by lumber [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Kunkel A four-ton concrete and wood rubiks cube (non-functional) 1986 Station-wagon car. Filled with electric generators welded into steel mass [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Collette A junk station wagon filled with hundreds of welded generators 1987 Agreement to destroy. The men agreed to destroy the pants and end the tradition. The pants were tied between two SUVs driven by them. Kunkel managed to sabotage Collette's rope and made off with the trousers intact. Kunkel Moleskin Pants Prepared for Destruction 1988 Concrete filled cement truck (/wiki/Concrete_mixer#Concrete_mixing_transport_trucks) mixer drum [4] (#cite_note-4) Collette Roy Collette and Larry Kunkel pose with a reporter in front of Collette's Christmas present 1989 Pants destroyed (Delivered in brass urn) [5] (#cite_note-5) Kunkel Ash remains of pants Destruction [ edit ] In 1989 Collette intended to encase the pants in 10,000 pounds of poured molten glass. During the pouring process, the pants were to be protected by an insulated container. However, the container fractured allowing the pants to burn. The ashes were deposited into a brass urn and given to Kunkel ending the tradition. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Name and media coverage [ edit ] The story was first reported in the Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) in a story that used the name 'Pesky Pants'. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In subsequent years, the prank was covered by many newspapers [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) including New York Times [15] (#cite_note-15) and Chicago Tribune, [16] (#cite_note-16) radio programs and TV news. On 9 October 1988 the two appeared on Incredible Sunday . [17] (#cite_note-17) External links [ edit ] Snopes.com (https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/panting-in-anticipation/) Today I Found Out: The Story of How Two Friends Elaborately Re-Gifted the Same Pair of Pants for Over Two Decades (http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/11/story-two-friends-exchanged-pair-pants-20-years/) Futility Closet: The Christmas War (https://www.futilitycloset.com/2013/11/04/the-christmas-war/) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Moleskin Pants Destroyed in Fire; Tradition, Too" (https://apnews.com/article/2ce0c65416cd7e4548d97893a073aa68) . AP News (/wiki/AP_News) . December 29, 1989. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201225143741/https://apnews.com/article/2ce0c65416cd7e4548d97893a073aa68) from the original on December 25, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "A pair of fuzzy brown moleskin pants were traded..." (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/12/25/A-pair-of-fuzzy-brown-moleskin-pants-were-traded/8336535870800/) United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) . 25 December 1986. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Herzog, Kurt (24 December 1986). "Pants welded in station wagon". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-4) O'Rourke, Mike (22 December 1988). "Pants joke continues". Brainerd Daily Dispatch (/wiki/Brainerd_Daily_Dispatch) . p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ehlers, Jodi (24 December 1989). "Pesky pants meet their maker". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Macalus, Sam (1980-12-18). "Pesky pants caper persists". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. A1. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Macalus, Sam (21 March 1982). "Hold your pants on, please!". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. A1. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pearson, Kelly (18 December 1988). " 'Pesky pants' space ship lands at Collette's house". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. A1. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Gift Wrapped - Tons of Fun Every Yuletide" (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/21/Moleskin-saga-continues/9695409294800/) . United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) . 22 December 1982. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Next Year They're Coming in the Space Shuttle". United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) . 23 December 1983. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "17-foot-tall rocket wears the pants in Owatonna family". Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 25 December 1983. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Black, Eric (24 December 1984). "Moleskin pants (and heavy wrapper) have arrived". Minneapolis Star and Tribune (/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_and_Tribune) . p. 9A. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Christmas Pants Packaged in Rubik's Cube" (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/12/25/Christmas-pants-packaged-in-Rubiks-Cube/5084504334800/) . United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) . 25 December 1985. ^ (#cite_ref-14) von Sternberg, Bob (29 December 1989). "Will Owatonna pair finally wrap up holiday tradition of giving moleskin pants?". Minneapolis Star-Tribune (/wiki/Minneapolis_Star-Tribune) . p. 1B. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "FOR 13TH YEAR SANTA BRINGS A PAIR OF UNWEARABLE PANTS" (https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/25/us/for-13th-year-santa-brings-a-pair-of-unwearable-pants.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . December 25, 1983. p. Section 1, Page 33. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221206020033/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/25/us/for-13th-year-santa-brings-a-pair-of-unwearable-pants.html) from the original on 6 December 2022 . Retrieved 2 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "WHAT'S IN THE CUBE? THAT'S SURE NO PUZZLE" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-12-27-8503290917-story.html) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . 27 December 1985. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211017064342/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-12-27-8503290917-story.html) from the original on 17 October 2021 . Retrieved 2 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Gandrud, Marcia (5 October 1988). "Infamous pair on national TV". Owatonna People's Press (/wiki/Owatonna_People%27s_Press) . p. 1. 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The Condé Nast College of Fashion and Design Established April 2013 Location London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Address 30 Bedford Square, WC1B 3EE London, UK Website http://www.condenastcollege.ac.uk (http://www.condenastcollege.ac.uk) v t e The Condé Nast College of Fashion & Design is the first educational establishment of the Condé Nast Publications (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) Ltd. in London, UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] The Condé Nast College of Fashion and Design, established by Condé Nast Britain's Managing Director, Nicholas Coleridge, opened in April 2013. [4] (#cite_note-bbc-4) The College [ edit ] The College is accredited by the University of Buckingham (/wiki/University_of_Buckingham) and Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education) (QAA). [5] (#cite_note-qaa-5) The College delivers following courses: Vogue Foundation Programme, BA (Hons) Fashion Communication & Industry Practice, MA Fashion Communication, MA Luxury Brand Strategy & Business, MA Entrepreneurship: Fashion & Creative Industries, MA Fashion Styling, MA Creative Direction for Fashion Media, MA Fashion Journalism & Editorial Direction MA Fashion Media Strategy MA Luxury Brand Management in partnership with Richmond University. Short Courses: Certificate in Fashion Media, Certificate in Fashion Marketing, Certificate in Fashion Communication Vogue Intensive Summer Course, 5 Days of Fashion Journalism, 5 Days of Fashion Business, 5 Days of Fashion Styling, 5 Days of Creative Direction, Vogue Teen Festivalonly for 16–17 years old Insights Online 6–8 weeks Courses: Fashion Styling, Fashion Branding & Communication, Creative Direction, Digital Content Creation. Some of the guest speakers included: Edward Enninful OBE (https://www.condenastcollege.ac.uk/news-events/edward-enninful-obe-on-the-revolutionary-issue-of-british-vogue-being-fearless-and-his-memoir/) , editor-in-chief British Vogue and European editorial director of Condé Nast, [6] (#cite_note-6) Martina Fuchs (https://english.news.cn/europe/20220224/9826e31e3ede45528a9ec860302180a4/c.html) , international TV Anchor, Business Journalist, Event Moderator, Expert on China and the Middle East, [7] (#cite_note-7) William Banks-Blaney (/wiki/William_Banks-Blaney) , fashion expert; [8] (#cite_note-gq-magazine-8) Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , fashion designer; [9] (#cite_note-vogue2-9) Lucinda Chambers (/wiki/Lucinda_Chambers) , fashion director of British Vogue ; [10] (#cite_note-condenastcollege-10) Nicholas Coleridge (/wiki/Nicholas_Coleridge) , Managing Director of Condé Nast Britain and President of Condé Nast International; Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management (/wiki/Storm_Model_Management) ; [11] (#cite_note-businessmodelmag-11) Jo Elvin, editor of Glamour magazine; [12] (#cite_note-glamourmagazine-12) Henry Holland, fashion designer; [13] (#cite_note-vanityfair-13) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , fashion designer; [13] (#cite_note-vanityfair-13) Anya Hindmarch (/wiki/Anya_Hindmarch) , fashion accessories designer; [14] (#cite_note-condenastcollege2-14) Caroline Issa, magazine publisher and consultant; [15] (#cite_note-condenastcollege3-15) Dylan Jones (/wiki/Dylan_Jones) , journalist, author and editor of British GQ; [16] (#cite_note-theindustrylondon-16) Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) , model; [17] (#cite_note-condenastcollege4-17) Julien Macdonald (/wiki/Julien_Macdonald) , fashion designer; [18] (#cite_note-condenastcollege5-18) Tamara Mellon (/wiki/Tamara_Mellon) , fashion designer and former chief creative officer of Jimmy Choo; [19] (#cite_note-condenastcollege6-19) Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) , journalist, fashion critic and Vogue International Editor; [20] (#cite_note-condenastcollege7-20) Bertrand Michaud, Managing Director of Hermès UK; [21] (#cite_note-condenastcollege8-21) Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) , fashion designer; [22] (#cite_note-condenastcollege9-22) Kate Phelan (/wiki/Kate_Phelan) , Creative Director of Topshop and Senior Contributing Fashion Editor at British Vogue; [23] (#cite_note-condenastcollege10-23) Caroline Rush (/wiki/Caroline_Rush) , Chief Executive of the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) ; [21] (#cite_note-condenastcollege8-21) Alexandra Shulman (/wiki/Alexandra_Shulman) , journalist, author and editor-in-chief of British Vogue; Alice Temperley (/wiki/Alice_Temperley) , fashion designer; [13] (#cite_note-vanityfair-13) Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) , fashion designer; [24] (#cite_note-glamourmagazine2-24) In 2013, the College was listed as number 53 in the PPA Magazine list of '100 Great Magazine Moments'. [25] (#cite_note-25) Overseas [ edit ] Condé Nast International runs several ventures in education, including in Spain where the Vogue Masters in Communication, Fashion and Beauty is operated in conjunction with University Carlos III (/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid) . [26] (#cite_note-condenastinternational-26) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Condé Nast College Interpret Modesty Styling" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/conde-nast-college-vogue-arabia-modest-styling-project/) . Vogue Arabia . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Guttenplan, D. D. (19 May 2013). "New Condé Nast School Offers Front-Row View of Fashion Industry" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/world/europe/conde-nast-offers-fashion-industry-courses.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Marfil, Lorelei (15 April 2013). "Condé Nast College of Fashion & Design Opens in London" (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/style-school-6892671/) . WWD . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-bbc_4-0) "Vogue publisher Conde Nast to open fashion and design college - BBC News" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14914395) . BBC News . 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-qaa_5-0) "Q&A" (https://www.condenastcollege.ac.uk/about-us/policies/qaa/) . condenastcollege.ac.uk . 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Edward Enninful, OBE, on the revolutionary February issue of British Vogue, being fearless, and his memoir A Visible Man" (https://www.condenastcollege.ac.uk/news-events/edward-enninful-obe-on-the-revolutionary-issue-of-british-vogue-being-fearless-and-his-memoir/) . Condé Nast College . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Feature: Fashion college in London aims to nurture diversity in industry-Xinhua" (https://english.news.cn/europe/20220224/9826e31e3ede45528a9ec860302180a4/c.html) . english.news.cn . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-gq-magazine_8-0) "Join the Condé Nast College to get into menswear - GQ.co.uk" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/conde-nast-college-information) . gq-magazine.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue2_9-0) "Victoria Beckham Conde Nast College Visit (Vogue.co.uk)" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/03/12/victoria-beckham-conde-nast-college-visit) . vogue.co.uk. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege_10-0) "Famed British Vogue Fashion Director Lucinda Chambers comes to the Condé Nast College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2015/01/lucinda-chambers-visits-the-cond%C3%A9-nast-college/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-businessmodelmag_11-0) "Sarah Doukas talks Kate and Cara" (http://www.businessmodelmag.com/news/2014/3/6/cara-not-kate) . businessmodelmag.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-glamourmagazine_12-0) "Condé Nast College of fashion & design - pictures & information (Glamour.com UK)" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/fashion/fashion-features/life-at-the-conde-nast-college-of-fashion--design) . glamourmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Condé Nast College \| The A-List" (http://alist.vanityfair.co.uk/the-conde-nast-college-5397/) . alist.vanityfair.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege2_14-0) "Anya Hindmarch comes to the Condé Nast College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2014/06/anya-hindmarch/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege3_15-0) "Creative Polymath Caroline Issa at the Condé Nast College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2015/01/creative-polymath-caroline-issa-at-the-cond%C3%A9-nast-college/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-theindustrylondon_16-0) "Dylan Jones - The Industry London" (http://www.theindustrylondon.com/dylan-jones/) . theindustrylondon.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege4_17-0) "Yasmin Le Bon Speaks to Students at the Condé Nast College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2013/10/yasmin-le-bon-speaks-to-students-at-the-cond%C3%A9-nast-college/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege5_18-0) "Julien Macdonald visits the Condé Nast College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2014/07/julien-macdonald-visits-the-cond%C3%A9-nast-college/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege6_19-0) "Tamara Mellon interviewed by Principal Susie Forbes" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2013/10/tamara-mellon-interviewed-by-principal-susie-forbes/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege7_20-0) "Wit and Wisdom with Suzy Menkes" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2015/02/wit-and-wisdom-with-suzy-menkes/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Vogue Fashion Foundation Diploma Students Start Today" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2013/10/vogue-fashion-foundation-diploma-students-start-today/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege9_22-0) "Roland Mouret's First Day at College" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/news/2015/03/roland-mouret%E2%80%99s-first-day-at-college/) . condenastcollege.co.uk. 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-condenastcollege10_23-0) "A Different Kind of Festival" (http://www.condenastcollege.co.uk/blog/2015/08/a-different-kind-of-festival/) . condenastcollege.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-glamourmagazine2_24-0) "Matthew Williamson: "No-one knows me and Gwyneth are friends" (Glamour.com UK)" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/fashion/2013/12/05/matthew-williamson-on-sienna-miller-and-gwyneth-paltrow) . glamourmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) PPA 100 Magazine: The Magazine of the Century, 2013, pg. 91 ^ (#cite_ref-condenastinternational_26-0) "Condé Nast International \| Initiatives \| Vogue Masters - University Carlos III, Spain" (http://www.condenastinternational.com/initiatives/vogue-masters-university-carlos-iii,-spain/) . condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . 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African fashion brand This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/MUDI_Africa) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:MUDI_Africa) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MUDI_Africa&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may be confusing or unclear (/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness) to readers . Please help clarify the article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:MUDI_Africa) . ( February 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) MUDI Africa Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Fashion Founded 1993 Founder Clement Mudiaga Enajemo [1] (#cite_note-1) Headquarters Nigeria [2] (#cite_note-2) Area served Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) , Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) , Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) , Nairobi (/wiki/Nairobi) , Ivory Coast (/wiki/Ivory_Coast) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Key people Clement Mudiaga Enajemo Products Men's clothing MUDI , short for Mudiaga , is a Nigerian fashion brand with branches in Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) , and Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-thenet-6) [7] (#cite_note-ecomium-7) The brand was launched in 1993 by Mudiaga Clement Enajemo. Enajemo was the first Nigerian designer to take his products abroad by opening stores in other countries. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Acclaim [ edit ] Nigerian model and media presenter Mozez Praiz (/wiki/Mozez_Praiz) is MUDI's brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) . The company's designs have been worn by celebrities such as King Mohammed V of Morocco (/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco) , former President of Ghana John Kufuor (/wiki/John_Kufuor) , broadcaster Kwasi Kyei Darwkah (/wiki/Kwasi_Kyei_Darwkah) , musicians Salif Keita (/wiki/Salif_Keita) and Youssou N'Dour (/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour) , along with footballers John Obi Mikel (/wiki/John_Obi_Mikel) , John Fashanu (/wiki/John_Fashanu) , and Kolo Toure (/wiki/Kolo_Toure) . Actors and directors such as Richard Mofe-Damijo (/wiki/Richard_Mofe-Damijo) , Fred Amata (/wiki/Fred_Amata) , Basorge Tariah Jr. (/wiki/Basorge_Tariah_Jr.) , Ramsey Nouah (/wiki/Ramsey_Nouah) , Desmond Elliot (/wiki/Desmond_Elliot) , and Olu Jacobs (/wiki/Olu_Jacobs) have also sported MUDI's garments. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2018, MUDI Africa named its newest collection after the Ghanaian international figure and former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan (/wiki/Kofi_Annan) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Awards [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/MUDI_Africa) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "MUDI Africa" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MUDI+Africa%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MUDI+Africa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MUDI+Africa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MUDI+Africa%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MUDI+Africa%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MUDI+Africa%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Best Clothing Line – Effizzie Magazine , 2009 Fashion and Beauty Awards 2011 City People Dynamic Entrepreneurial Ingenuity (Government College) set of 1979 class, 2011 Lagos State University Students Representatives Council Award of Excellence, 2012 Most Influential Person in Fashion, 2012 Elegance and Style Award, 2011 Fashion and Style Digest Award 2010, Entrepreneurship, Business Development & Innovations by PILAS, 2017 Style and Substance Awards and Best Afrocentric Designer by ENCOMIUM's Black & White Ball Menswear Designer of the Year [21] (#cite_note-innonews-21) [22] (#cite_note-lea-22) [7] (#cite_note-ecomium-7) [6] (#cite_note-thenet-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "mudi Africa new outlet launch" (http://thevoicesa.com/our-article/mudi-africa-launches-outlet-in-sandtonh) . thevoicesa.com . 19 March 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "A clothier with a difference" (https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/04/03/a-clothier-with-a-difference/?amp) . thisdaylive.com . 3 April 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "You need can do spirit and divine grace to get there says-mudi" (https://www.sharenews.com.ng/2018/11/03/you-need-can-do-spirit-and-divine-grace-to-get-there-says-mudi.html) . sharenews.com.ng . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "mudi Africa collection by clement ovation red carol awards ghana" (https://www.fashionghana.com/site/mudi-africa-collection-by-clement-ovation-red-carol-awards-ghana/) . fashionghana.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "photos mudi Africa collection ovation red carol awards" (https://ameyawdebrah.com/photos-mudi-africa-collection-ovation-red-carol-awards/) . ameyawdebrah.com . 14 December 2014. ^ a b "how-i-built-mudi-into-a-mega-brand" (http://thenet.ng/how-i-built-mudi-into-a-mega-brand/) . thenet.ng . 6 May 2015. ^ a b "the black white ball season 5 winners speak 4 emergin best afrocentric designer fashion showplace of the year is a challenge to do more mudi" (http://encomium.ng/the-black-white-ball-season-5-winners-speak-4-emerging-best-afrocentric-designer-fashion-showplace-of-the-year-is-a-challenge-to-do-mre-mudi/) . encomium.ng . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "mudi" (http://www.thepointernewsonline.com/?p=34011) . thepointernewsonline.com . 13 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Mudi: The rise to fame of a fabulous designer" (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/mudi-rise-fame-fabulous-designer/) . vanguardngr.com . 11 October 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "top 10 nigerian fashion designers" (https://www.legit.ng/1126707-top-10-nigerian-fashion-designers-follow.html) . legit.ng . 23 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "stories" (https://allafrica.com/stories/201501030155.html) . allafrica.com . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mudi Cements Ambition to Rule Africa With Abidjan Outlet" (https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/05/05/mudi-cements-ambition-to-rule-africa-with-abidjan-outlet/?amp) . thisdaylive.com . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "mudi Africa re launches in ghana" (https://www.modernghana.com/news/898670/mudi-africa-re-launches-in-ghana.html) . modernghana.com . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "mudiafrica" (https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/you-need-can-do-spirit-and-divine-grace-to-get-there-says-mudi/) . m.guardian.ng . 3 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "I did not have a dime when I started mudiafrica" (https://www.channelstv.com/2012/07/18/i-did-not-have-a-dime-when-i-started-mudi-africa/) . channelstv.com . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "my taste sets me apart mudi" (http://www.tribeandelan.com/2015/06/my-taste-sets-me-apart-mudi/) . tribeandelan.com . 12 June 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "how rmd changed my life story clement" (https://sunnewsonline.com/how-rmd-changed-my-life-story-clement-enajemo-ceo-mudi/) . sunnewsonline.com . 4 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "icon kkk the finest celebrated" (http://afrikanpost.com/?p=2763) . afrikanpost.com . 3 January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Africa wears" (https://insidemainland.com/2015/06/12/560/) . insidemainland.com . 12 June 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "MUDI Names New Collection After Kofi Annan" (http://dailyguidenetwork.com/mudi-names-new-collection-after-kofi-annan/) . DailyGuide Network . 14 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-innonews_21-0) "list of nominees in 2018 fashion finest africa awards" (https://innonews.com.ng/2018/04/list-of-nominees-in-2018-fashion-finest-africa-awards/) . innonews.com.ng . December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-lea_22-0) "samnda Isaiah ooniife others top 2017 pilasawardslist/" (https://leadership.ng/2017/11/06/sam-nda-isaiah-ooni-ife-others-top-2017-pilas-awards-list/) . leadership.ng . 6 November 2017. 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British fashion journalist Phyllis Digby Morton as she appeared in Woman's Own (/wiki/Woman%27s_Own) , 1956. Phyllis May Digby-Morton , born Phyllis May Panting , (1901 [1] (#cite_note-1) – 28 April 1984 [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) ) was a British fashion journalist who was the innovative editor of Woman and Beauty . During the Second World War she survived an attack by a German U-boat on a ship on which she and her husband were travelling. Early life [ edit ] Phyllis Panting was the daughter of James Harwood Panting (/wiki/James_Harwood_Panting) , a writer of school stories for boys, and Bertha Emily Panting. She was born in Brixton (/wiki/Brixton) , London, in 1901 where she lived at the family home of 47 Beechdale, Brixton Hill (/wiki/Brixton_Hill) with her parents, her sister Ruth and her brothers Ray and Arnold. [3] (#cite_note-1911census-3) Panting was educated at St Paul's Girls' School (/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Girls%27_School) , and her early career was in the BBC drama department where she wrote scripts and acted. [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) She was a member of the London Radio Repertory Players (/w/index.php?title=London_Radio_Repertory_Players&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1920s. [4] (#cite_note-4) By the late 1920s Panting was in journalism and editor of the children's paper My Favourite . [5] (#cite_note-Tink-5) Marriage [ edit ] In 1917, a Phyllis M. Panting married a Noel E. Herberte in the Kensington district of London. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1936, Phyllis Panting married the fashion designer Henry Digby-Morton (/wiki/Digby_Morton) . The author H. G. Wells (/wiki/H._G._Wells) was the best man at their wedding. [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) Their overlapping interests allowed plenty of scope for co-operation and Phyllis helped run Digby's business and compared fashion shows. [7] (#cite_note-Wad-7) Woman and Beauty [ edit ] Digby-Morton's editorship of Woman and Beauty was noted for breaking new ground in the women's magazine market, not always to the comfort of the board of Fleetway Publications (/wiki/Fleetway_Publications) , the owners. Previously dominated by subjects such as needlework and cookery, Digby-Morton introduced "virginity, frigidity, fertility and infidelity". She later recalled, "We tackled all the 'ity' subjects and what a fuss they caused with all those gentlemen on the Fleetway board". Her husband, Henry Digby-Morton, thought that Phyllis really rather liked controversy, saying "Her idea of bliss is to sit between Lord Beaverbrook (/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook) and Lord Rothermere (/wiki/Esmond_Harmsworth,_2nd_Viscount_Rothermere) and argue madly about the woman's point of view." [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) Phyllis Digby-Morton was one of the first people to write a modern advice column, for which she used the pen name Anne Seymour. [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) World War Two [ edit ] On 13 September 1940 the SS (/wiki/SS_City_of_Benares) City of Benares set sail with 209 (including 5 women) crew, 6 convoy staff, 91 paying passengers (including 43 women and 10 children), and 90 children (46 boys, 44 girls, ages 5–15) being evacuated by the Children's Overseas Reception Board (/wiki/Children%27s_Overseas_Reception_Board) (CORB), accompanied by their ten escorts (3 men and 7 women). [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) The Digby-Morton couple was among the 91 paying passengers. On the first night at sea Phyllis sat at the Captain's table in the massive dining room. She asked the captain, Landles Nicoll, why he hadn't brought his daughters with him on the voyage. He replied "I as soon put their hands in the fire." Digby-Morton thought the whole overseas reception scheme was a bad idea. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) The Benares sailed in a convoy of 19 ships, protected by three warships, but in the early hours of 17 September 1940 the escorts left to protect a vital incoming convoy (Convoy HX 71). [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Tragically, the Benares was spotted by a German U-boat, U-48 , and torpedoed at 10:03 PM on 17 September. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) The paying passengers (including women and children) were ordered to stay in the ship's lounge while all the CORB children boarded the lifeboats. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) By the time they Digby-Mortons got to the boat deck, only one lifeboat still hung over the side of the ship. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Phyllis saw that it was just about to touch the water. She found another group of people coming up from below, Margaret Hodgson and her husband Tom, Alice and Patricia (Pat) Bulmer (aged 14), and Pat's school-friend Dorothy (aged 15). Phyllis consulted with the others, and one by one they leapt into the sea and swam for the lifeboat. The group was pulled in, but no sooner were they aboard than a wave slammed into the boat, overturning it. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Another lifeboat, Boat 2, was nearby and it pulled in the Digby-Mortons. Phyllis spotted Margaret Hodgson and she pulled the woman into the boat. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) A few seconds later she pulled in Pat Bulmer, but they soon realized that the others had died. At about 7:30 PM on 18 September 1940 eight people in Lifeboat 2 (out of 38 who originally boarded), including the Digby-Mortons, Margaret Hodgson, and Pat Bulmer, were rescued by HMS Hurricane . Out of 406 people on board, 258 had died and 148 had survived. 81 children of 100 on board lost their lives. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Back in England, Phyllis advised the Ministry of Labour (/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(United_Kingdom)) and the Board of Trade (/wiki/Board_of_Trade) regarding the employment of women in the work force [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) while continuing to edit Woman and Beauty . [9] (#cite_note-Robins-9) Later career [ edit ] Digby Morton was later beauty editor of Woman's Own and consultant editor of that magazine. [10] (#cite_note-Sabet-10) Away from magazines, Digby Morton worked as a consultant for cosmetics companies and the high street chemists Boots. She was a regular on Woman's Hour (/wiki/Woman%27s_Hour) . [2] (#cite_note-Times-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) England & Wales births 1837-2006 Transcription. findmypast.co.uk Retrieved 19 November 2014. (subscription required) ^ a b c d e f g "Mrs Phyllis Digby Morton". A correspondent. The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , 9 May 1984, p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-1911census_3-0) 1911 England, Wales & Scotland Census Transcription. findmypast.co.uk Retrieved 19 November 2014. (subscription required) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Loyalty. (http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d7998c66f25946089e983c17332fdbd9) Genome BETA Radio Times 1923 – 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Tink_5-0) Tinkler, Penny. (1995). Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines For Girls Growing Up In England, 1920-1950 . Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 103. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-135-34454-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) England & Wales marriages 1837-2008 Transcription. findmypast.co.uk Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Wad_7-0) Waddell, Gavin. (2004). How Fashion Works: Couture, Ready-to-Wear and Mass Production . Oxford: Blackwell. p. 177. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-81499-4 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Nagorski, Tom (2006). Miracles on the Water: The Heroic Survivors of a World War II U-boat Attack . United States: Hyperion. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781401301507 . ^ (#cite_ref-Robins_9-0) Robins, Denise. (2014). Stranger than Fiction: an autobiography . London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 163. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4447-8178-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sabet_10-0) Sabet, Rosemary. (2012). From Trafalgar to Tahrir . Milton Keynes: Author House. pp. 88–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4678-9033-5 . External links [ edit ] Boatload of glamor to fight England's trade battles. (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48071742) The art of being more attractive. 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/David_Downton) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:David_Downton) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "David Downton" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Downton%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Downton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Downton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Downton%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Downton%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Downton%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Some of this article's listed sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) may not be reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "David Downton" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Downton%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Downton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Downton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Downton%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Downton%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Downton%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) David Downton Born ( 1959-02-18 ) 18 February 1959 (age 65) [1] (#cite_note-birthdate-1) Kent, England Education Canterbury; Wolverhampton Known for Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) David Downton (born 18 February 1959) [1] (#cite_note-birthdate-1) is an English fashion illustrator (/wiki/Fashion_illustrator) . He worked for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Biography [ edit ] David Downton was born in Kent (/wiki/Kent) , England in 1959. He studied at Canterbury (Foundation year 1977–1978) and Wolverhampton (/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton) (BA hons illustration/graphics 1979–1981). In 1984 he moved to Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) and began his illustration career. He has worked on a wide variety of projects, including advertising (/wiki/Advertising) , packaging (/wiki/Packaging) , illustrating fiction, cook books (/wiki/Cook_book) , and, occasionally, fashion. His drawings from fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) have been published internationally. In 2007, Downton launched Pourquoi Pas? , a journal of fashion illustration. He is a visiting (/w/index.php?title=Visiting&action=edit&redlink=1) at London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) . [ citation needed ] He received an [[]] from the Academy of Art University (/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University) , San Francisco, in April 2009. [2] (#cite_note-2) Downton is the artist in residence at London's Claridge's (/wiki/Claridge%27s) hotel, where he stays 52 nights a year in exchange for drawings. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b "David Downton on Instagram" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/daviddownton/1980834141970607791) . Instagram . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/Bt9Vig_H66v/) on 26 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Home - David Downton" (http://www.daviddownton.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A Fashion Marriage" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/celebrity-photos/2011/07/18/david-downton-claridges-lunch) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Inside Claridge's - BBC Two" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pbjfs) . External links [ edit ] David Downton’s web site (http://www.daviddownton.com/) David Downton’s blog at Vogue.com UK (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002810/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/david-downton) Amelia’s Magazine, Interview with David Downton (http://www.ameliasmagazine.com/fashion/an-interview-with-legendary-fashion-illustrator-david-downton/2010/11/02/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1957159/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121294907) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/41180815) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3MhJW6BtPRYFDWPqCwC) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16548986n) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16548986n) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1029719764) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001006382) Sweden (https://libris.kb.se/31fjrnhm2fdgj7d) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=utb2011651374&CON_LNG=ENG) Korea (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201227836) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/156942259) This article about an illustrator is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Downton&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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A Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) is an entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) who has possession of a fashion enterprise, venture or idea. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐qwg2h Cached time: 20240706044139 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.005 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74666872-0!canonical and timestamp 20240706044139 and revision id 1179746867. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. N Nigerian fashion entrepreneurs (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_fashion_entrepreneurs) ‎ (7 P) Pages in category "Fashion entrepreneurs" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Omoyemi Akerele (/wiki/Omoyemi_Akerele) I Dumebi Iyamah (/wiki/Dumebi_Iyamah) N Nalwoga Cerinah Kasirye (/wiki/Nalwoga_Cerinah_Kasirye) O Christina Ong (/wiki/Christina_Ong) Amaka Osakwe (/wiki/Amaka_Osakwe) Yemi Osunkoya (/wiki/Yemi_Osunkoya) T Patience Torlowei (/wiki/Patience_Torlowei) Z Iretidayo Zaccheaus (/wiki/Iretidayo_Zaccheaus) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_entrepreneurs&oldid=1179746867 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_entrepreneurs&oldid=1179746867) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion)
Miniature fashion display Théâtre de la Mode exhibit of doll-like mannequins wearing 1946 French couture clothing and accessories. Théâtre de la Mode (Theatre of Fashion) was a 1945–1946 touring exhibit of fashion mannequins created at approximately 1/3 the size of human scale, and crafted by top Paris fashion designers.It was created to raise funds for war survivors and to help revive the French fashion industry in the aftermath of World War II. While raising funds, Théâtre de la Mode was also meant to showcase the work of Parisian couturiers. The original Théâtre de la Mode exhibit toured Europe and then the United States, and is now part of the permanent collections of the Maryhill Museum of Art (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) in Washington state (/wiki/Washington_(state)) in the United States. In addition to its fundraising and industry revival goals, the Théâtre de la Mode exhibit played a significant role in promoting French fashion internationally. The miniature mannequins and exquisite designs showcased the creativity and craftsmanship of Parisian couturiers, attracting attention and admiration from fashion enthusiasts worldwide. The exhibit's subsequent journey to the United States helped solidify the global influence of French fashion and contributed to the post-war cultural exchange between Europe and America. [1] (#cite_note-Maryhillweb-1) Origins [ edit ] The French fashion industry (/wiki/French_fashion) was an important economic and cultural force in Paris when World War II began. There were 70 registered couture houses (/wiki/Haute_couture) in Paris, and many other smaller designers. The war had a severe impact on the industry. Couturiers and buyers fled occupied France or closed their businesses. Clothing businesses that struggled to remain open had to deal with extreme shortages of cloth, thread, and other sewing supplies. The occupying Germans (/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II) intended to displace Paris with Berlin as a centre of European fashion design. The Nazi regime planned to turn Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) and Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) into the centres of European couture, with head offices there and an official administration, introducing subsidies for German clothing makers, and demanding that important people in the French fashion industry be sent to Germany to establish a dressmaking school there. [2] (#cite_note-Kawamura45-2) Couture's place in France's economy was key to this plan: an exported dress made by one of France's leading couturiers was said to be worth "ten tonnes of coal", and a litre of fine French perfume was worth "two tonnes of petrol". [3] (#cite_note-Kawamura46-3) French fashion was also not only important economically, it was a vital part of France's national cultural identity. French designers resisted the Nazi regime's plans; Lucien Lelong (/wiki/Lucien_Lelong) , president of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne , proclaimed, 'It is in Paris or it is nowhere'. [4] (#cite_note-4) A worker from Reboux, one of Paris's largest milliners (/wiki/Milliner) , later said of the attitude of the fashion industry during the German occupation: We wore large hats to raise our spirits. Felt gave out, so we made them out of chiffon. Chiffon was no more. All right, take straw. No more straw? Very well, braided paper.... Hats have been a sort of contest between French imagination and German regulation.... We wouldn't look shabby and worn out; after all, we were Parisiennes . [3] (#cite_note-Kawamura46-3) After Paris was liberated, the idea for a miniature theatre of fashion came from Robert Ricci, son of couturier Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) . All materials were in short supply at the end of World War II, and Ricci proposed using miniature mannequins, or fashion dolls (/wiki/Fashion_doll) , to address the need to conserve textiles, leather, fur, fibers, and so on. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) The mannequins were 27.5 inches (700 mm) tall, fabricated of wire. Some 60 Paris couturiers amongst them Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Germaine Lecomte (/wiki/Germaine_Lecomte) , Mad Carpentier (/wiki/Mad_Carpentier) , Martial & Armand, Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Philippe & Gaston (/wiki/Philippe_%26_Gaston) , Madeleine Vramant (/wiki/Madeleine_Vramant) , Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) , Marie-Louise Bruyère (/wiki/Marie-Louise_Bruy%C3%A8re) and Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) joined and volunteered their scrap materials and labour to create miniature clothes in new styles for the exhibit. Milliners created miniature hats, hairstylists gave the mannequins individual coiffures, and jewellers such as Van Cleef and Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_and_Arpels) and Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_SA) contributed small necklaces and accessories. Some seamstresses even crafted miniature undergarments to go under the couture designs. Seamstresses carried their sewing machines (/wiki/Sewing_machine) around with them to complete work on the Théâtre de la Mode during Paris's post-War electricity shortages. [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Historian Lorraine McConaghy points out the level of detail in the clothing: The meticulous attention to details is so striking ... The buttons really button. The zippers really zip. The handbags have little stuff – little wallets, little compacts – inside them. [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) Once work was completed on the Théâtre de la Mode , it became a touring exhibition of 237 doll-size figurines in 15 elaborate artist-created sets. [11] (#cite_note-11) It opened at the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) in Paris on 28 March 1945, and was enormously popular, drawing 100,000 visitors and raising a million francs for war relief. With the success of the exhibit in Paris, the Théâtre de la Mode went on a tour of Europe, with shows in London, Leeds, Barcelona, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Vienna. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) To promote the exhibit abroad, a French government official wrote to the Ambassador of France in Britain: "France has little, alas to export, but she has her appreciation of beautiful things and the skill of her couture houses". [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) After touring Europe in 1945, the mannequins were outfitted with new clothes designed for the 1946 season and the exhibition traveled to the United States, where it was displayed in New York City and San Francisco in 1946. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) After the final show, the mannequins were left behind in San Francisco, while the jewellery was returned to Paris. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) Restoration and later tours [ edit ] Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch , Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) (1945), a restored set design for the Théâtre de la Mode. The Maryhill Museum of Art (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) in the United States acquired the mannequins in 1952 through a donation by art patron Alma de Bretteville Spreckels (/wiki/Alma_de_Bretteville_Spreckels) . The original sets accompanying the dolls, which had been crafted by such artists as Christian Bérard (/wiki/Christian_B%C3%A9rard) , Jean Saint-Martin (/w/index.php?title=Jean_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1) , Georges Wakhevitch (/wiki/Georges_Wakhevitch) and Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) , were lost before the Maryhill acquired the exhibit. In 1988, Paris's Musée de la Mode et du Textile (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Mode_et_du_Textile) undertook an extensive restoration of the mannequins and painstakingly recreated the sets. [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) The Théâtre de la Mode still exhibits at the Maryhill Museum of Art by rotating selections from the complete series of mannequins and sets. Parts of the Théâtre de la Mode also tour art and fashion museums throughout the United States and worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-Maryhillweb-1) Impact on fashion, art, and culture [ edit ] The art and aesthetics of Théâtre de la Mode have had lasting influence on the worlds of fashion, contemporary art, and design. In the late 1980s, the designer BillyBoy* (/wiki/BillyBoy*) organized an exhibition tour Le Nouveau Théâtre de la Mode (New Theatre of Fashion) sponsored by Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) with Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls dressed by contemporary fashion designers. Town & Country (/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)) magazine reports that seminal fashion designer Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) likely contributed design work to Théâtre de la Mode , and that Dior's Couture Collection was influenced by the display. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Bold Doll reports that Robert Tonner, founder of the Tonner Doll Company (/wiki/Tonner_Doll_Company) , received design inspiration in Théâtre de la Mode when creating a wide-ranging collection of contemporary dolls; these include a limited series of dolls featuring delicate embroidery and beading for FAO Schwarz (/wiki/FAO_Schwarz) in 2001, and a doll wearing a short dance dress for the 2003 Paris Fashion Doll Festival. [14] (#cite_note-14) The Barry Art Museum’s 2021 exhibition Karen LaMonte: Théâtre de la Mode highlights sculptures created by American artist Karen LaMonte (/wiki/Karen_LaMonte) and inspired by the original wire doll display. Works include LaMonte’s Études , miniature sculptures that depict elegant evening dresses with the wearer absent. LaMonte’s works are displayed on sets built by the Old Dominion University (/wiki/Old_Dominion_University) Theater Department alongside several of the original French figurines on loan from the Maryhill Museum (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) . [15] (#cite_note-15) W magazine writes that, in 2020, fashion designer Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) presented Dior's haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) line in a miniature display inspired by Théâtre de la Mode. [16] (#cite_note-16) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) France portal (/wiki/Portal:France) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) External links [ edit ] "Théâtre de la Mode photographs at the Maryhill Museum of Art" (http://www.maryhillmuseum.org/theatre-de-la-mode) . References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Théâtre de la Mode (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Mode) . ^ a b "Exhibits: Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.maryhillmuseum.org/exhibits.html#theatre) . Maryhill Art Museum . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kawamura45_2-0) Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 45. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ a b Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Post-War & the Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1486_couture/postWar.php) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ a b c d e Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 47. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Staff writer (6 June 2011). "Théâtre de la Mode Dolls displaying the latest fashion from 1940s Paris" (http://thecuttingclass.com/post/6244480288/theatre-de-la-mode) . The Cutting Classe . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Brain, Denise. "Théâtre de la Mode, part IV: The Fashion Designers" (http://denisebrain.blogspot.fr/2010/04/theatre-de-la-mode-part-iv-fashion.html) . Denise Brain . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Staff writer. "1892 Doll" (http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/159255?=&imgno=0&tabname=label) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ a b c Hsu, Judy Chia Hui (16 March 2006). "MOHAI exhibit spotlights tiny fashion treasures from war-torn Paris" (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2002867665_mohaifash16.html) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Charles-Roux, Edmonde & Susan Train (1991). Théâtre de la mode . Rizzoli in cooperation with the Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-1340-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Théâtre de la Mode : fashion dolls : the survival of haute couture . Charles-Roux, Edmonde,, Lottman, Herbert R.,, Garfinkel, Stanley,, Gasc, Nadine,, Schafroth, Colleen,, Long-Schleif, Betty (Second revised ed.). Portland, Oregon. 2002. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0935278567 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 50680983 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50680983) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b c d e "Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.phxart.org/exhibition/TheatredelaMode.php) . Phoenix Art Museum. 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hosken, Olivia (14 July 2020). "The Secret History of the Dolls That Inspired Dior's Couture Collection" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a33299889/dior-couture-2020-theatre-de-la-mode/) . Town & Country . Retrieved 8 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Théâtre de la Mode" (https://thebolddoll.com/vintage/theatre-de-la-mode/) . The Bold Doll . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Karen LaMonte: Théâtre de la Mode" (https://barryartmuseum.odu.edu/exhibition/karen-lamonte/) . Barry Art Museum . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Dior Opens Paris Couture Week With a Dreamy, Experimental Short Film" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/dior-opens-paris-couture-week-with-a-dreamy-experimental-short-film) . W Magazine . 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2021 . 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Fashion brand Katya Katya Shehurina Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2007 Founder Katya Shehurina Headquarters Riga (/wiki/Riga) , Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) Area served Asia (/wiki/Asia) , Europe, Middle East, US, Australia Products Clothing, accessories Website www (http://www.shehurina.com) .shehurina (http://www.shehurina.com) .com (http://www.shehurina.com) Katya Katya Shehurina is a fashion brand that specializes in evening gowns (/wiki/Evening_gown) , wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) [1] (#cite_note-1) and fashion accessories. Originally based in Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) , [2] (#cite_note-2) the brand has gained recognition around the world, especially in Europe. [3] (#cite_note-3) Katya Shehurina, the fashion designer for Katya Katya Shehurina, uses lace (/wiki/Lace) elements, [4] (#cite_note-4) exclusive fabrics, floating silk (/wiki/Silk) , natural fur (/wiki/Fur) , [5] (#cite_note-5) and handmade embroidery details. [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] Katya Shehurina graduated from Esmod (/wiki/Esmod) , a fashion design school in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , in 2007. Taking into account her earlier experience gained from famous French designers such as Nicolas Fafiotte and David Purves, [ citation needed ] she returned to Latvia and created her own brand in 2007. In the early stages of the company, Katya released both pret-a-porter (/wiki/Pret-a-porter) collections and couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) clothes. Now twice a year on Riga Fashion Week, [7] (#cite_note-7) the brand presents new collections with evening and wedding dresses. In early 2011, the brand opened an independent boutique in London (/wiki/London) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In media [ edit ] In summer 2012 Nelly Furtado (/wiki/Nelly_Furtado) [9] (#cite_note-9) and Melanie C (/wiki/Melanie_C) [10] (#cite_note-10) wore "Loise", a black lace dress from the collection. Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) wore "Pinot Noir" on The X Factor (/wiki/The_X_Factor_(U.S._TV_series)) in 2011. [11] (#cite_note-11) Jacqueline Jossa (/wiki/Jacqueline_Jossa) also wore this dress to the National TV Awards (/wiki/National_TV_Awards) in January 2012. [12] (#cite_note-12) Tara Palmer-Tomkinson (/wiki/Tara_Palmer-Tomkinson) , an English " it girl (/wiki/It_girl) " wore the dress in a January 2012 issue of Hello! (/wiki/Hello_(magazine)) Magazine. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Stunning Wedding Dresses by Katya Katya Shehurina" (http://festivalbrides.co.uk/stunning-wedding-dresses-by-katya-katya-shehurina) . Festival Brides. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Katya Shehurina and brand KatyaKatya Shehurina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130515215124/http://www.liveriga.com/en/3207-latvia-fashion-designers-amazing) . Live Rīga. Archived from the original (http://www.liveriga.com/en/3207-latvia-fashion-designers-amazing) on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Katya Katya Shehurina Fashion Label, Brand History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121227080051/http://new.shehurina.com/about/brand-history/) . shehurina.com. Archived from the original (http://new.shehurina.com/about/brand-history/) on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Katya Katya Shehurina brand description" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130421043712/http://goodleypr.co.uk/clients/katyakatya-shehurina/) . Goodley PR. Archived from the original (http://goodleypr.co.uk/clients/katyakatya-shehurina/) on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Katya Katya Shehurina collar" (http://howtospendit.ft.com/womens-fashion/15851-katya-katya-shehurina-collar) . The Financial Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Meet Katya Shehurina" (http://en.59strings.com/designers/katya-katya-shehurina.html/) . 59 Strings Limited . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Riga Fashion Week archive" (http://www.rfw.lv/en/archive/?album=4) . Baltic Fashion Federation . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Katya Katya Shehurina boutique" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130331041412/http://www.carnaby.co.uk/store/katya-katya-shehurina) . Shaftersbury Carnaby Limited. Archived from the original (http://www.carnaby.co.uk/store/katya-katya-shehurina/) on 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Nelly Furtado wearing Katya Katya Shehurina lace dress at Issy Les Moulineaux in Paris in June 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120825181806/http://new.shehurina.com/blog/nelly-furtado-loise/) . Katya Katya Shehurina. Archived from the original (http://new.shehurina.com/blog/nelly-furtado-loise/) on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Melanie C wearing Katya Katya Shehurina lace dress Loise to her performance on Superstar, July 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220831/http://new.shehurina.com/blog/melanie-c-loise/) . Katya Katya Shehurina. Archived from the original (http://new.shehurina.com/blog/melanie-c-loise/) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "One to watch: Designer Katya Katya Shehurina Worn By Jessie J!" (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2011/11/28/one-to-watch--designer-katyakatya-shehurina---as-worn-by-jessie-j.htm) . Grazia Magazine, UK . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Jacqueline Jossa wearing Katya Katya Shehurina Pinot Noir dress to National TV Awards in January 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120323113508/http://new.shehurina.com/blog/jacqueline-jossa-wearing-our-dress/) . Katya Katya Shehurina. Archived from the original (http://new.shehurina.com/blog/jacqueline-jossa-wearing-our-dress/) on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Hello!, January 2012 Issue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221036/http://new.shehurina.com/blog/hello-january-2012-issue/) . Katya Katya Shehurina. Archived from the original (http://new.shehurina.com/blog/hello-january-2012-issue/) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.shehurina.com/) Bridesmaid Dresses (https://chicsew.com/collections/burgundy-bridesmaid-dresses) Bridesmaid & Prom Gowns (https://www.victoriasqueen.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐p45sj Cached time: 20240714031204 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.402 seconds Real time usage: 1.037 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1957/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30982/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1885/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49200/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.237/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6733193/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 769.750 1 -total 25.35% 195.139 1 Template:Short_description 20.83% 160.321 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.30% 156.237 1 Template:Reflist 19.45% 149.683 1 Template:Citation_needed 19.00% 146.227 1 Template:Infobox 18.91% 145.550 1 Template:Fix 18.54% 142.731 9 Template:Main_other 18.00% 138.591 1 Template:SDcat 17.46% 134.375 13 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38224595-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714031204 and revision id 1204933709. 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Australian fashion designer Bettina Liano Born 1966 (age 57–58) Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Victoria (/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)) Nationality Italian Australian Occupation(s) Fashion designer, entrepreneur Known for Fashion design Children 2 Relatives Gina Liano (/wiki/Gina_Liano) (sister) Teresa Liano (sister) Website www (http://www.bybettinaliano.com) .bybettinaliano (http://www.bybettinaliano.com) .com (http://www.bybettinaliano.com) Bettina Liano (born 1966) is an Italian-Australian fashion designer, creator and former owner of the "Bettina Liano" women's clothing and jeans label. Career [ edit ] Liano's career in fashion started by chance in the early 1980s when Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) retailer Joe Silitto noticed a dress that she had made for her sister, and asked about selling the design. [1] (#cite_note-TheJeanGenie-1) [2] (#cite_note-FromFashionToStardom-2) In 1983, Liano and her mother opened a shop, "Sempre L'Unico", in Toorak Village (/wiki/Toorak_Village) . The family business, which included Liano's two sisters, [2] (#cite_note-FromFashionToStardom-2) [3] (#cite_note-OfficialWebsite-3) did well and they opened two more shops, in Chapel Street (/wiki/Chapel_Street,_Melbourne) and the city (/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district) . [1] (#cite_note-TheJeanGenie-1) After leaving Sempre L'Unico to start her own business, Liano, with her husband Roy Christou, launched the eponymous Bettina Liano label in 1989. Two years later they started making jeans – "spray-on-tight, hipster jeans", in contrast to the loose fitting styles of the time – which became one of her most popular items. [1] (#cite_note-TheJeanGenie-1) In 1999, Liano won a Federal Court (/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia) injunction preventing Satch Clothing from selling clothes that had been made using her design in breach of copyright (/wiki/Copyright) . She was one of the first designers in Australia to take such legal action to protect her intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) . She also won settlements against other stores copying of her designs. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2005, Liano designed a collection of clothes for young girls, sold exclusively by Myer (/wiki/Myer) , under the children's clothing brand Barbie. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2010, Liano launched a diffusion label (/wiki/Diffusion_line) "T by Bettina Liano", exclusive to Myer. [7] (#cite_note-7) She also won Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine's Fun Fearless Female award in the Designer category. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2011, the business went into administration (/wiki/Receivership) , but in 2012 recovered after striking a licensing agreement with the Sydney-based Apparel Group. Liano retained control of the business. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-SmartCompany-11) At its peak, Liano had eight stores in Australia. [12] (#cite_note-HeraldSun-12) In February 2013, Liano closed all except one of her Australian stores and opened one in SoHo, Manhattan (/wiki/SoHo,_Manhattan) . [11] (#cite_note-SmartCompany-11) [13] (#cite_note-13) In September 2013 the business again went into administration. [11] (#cite_note-SmartCompany-11) Subsequently, the "Bettina Liano", "T by Bettina Liano" and "O Jeans" trademarks were acquired by the Apparel Group. [12] (#cite_note-HeraldSun-12) [3] (#cite_note-OfficialWebsite-3) In 2015 Liano created a new label "BYBL" [3] (#cite_note-OfficialWebsite-3) ("By Bettina Liano" [14] (#cite_note-14) ). Personal life [ edit ] Liano was born c. 1966 , [1] (#cite_note-TheJeanGenie-1) [15] (#cite_note-TwoOfUs-15) one of four children of Italian immigrant parents. [16] (#cite_note-16) She grew up in Brighton, Victoria (/wiki/Brighton,_Victoria) . [15] (#cite_note-TwoOfUs-15) At 23, she married Roy Christou; they have two daughters. Liano and Christou were also business partners. They later separated. [1] (#cite_note-TheJeanGenie-1) [17] (#cite_note-17) Liano is the sister of Gina Liano (/wiki/Gina_Liano) . [15] (#cite_note-TwoOfUs-15) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Rachel Wells (18 June 2006). "The jean genie - Bettina Liano" (http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/the-jean-genie--bettina-liano/2006/06/17/1149964785741.html?page=fullpage) . The Age (/wiki/The_Age) . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ a b Rachel Wells (15 February 2014). "From fashion to stardom, sisters in step" (http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/from-fashion-to-stardom-sisters-in-step-20140214-32rgi.html) . Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ a b c "BYBL by Bettina Liano" (http://www.bybettinaliano.com/) . Actual People Pty Ltd . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rachel Wells (20 July 2002). "Rip-offs are in the jeans" (http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/19/1026898914955.html) . The Age . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashion's latest catwalk fight" (http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/04/1057179165214.html) . The Age. 5 July 2003 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Bettina Liano for kids" (http://www.theage.com.au/news/Fashion/Bettina-Liano-for-kids/2005/04/26/1114462032971.html) . The Age. 26 April 2005 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Bettina Liano Clothing & Fashion Label" (http://www.fashionreview.com.au/bettina-liano-clothing-label/) . Australian Fashion Review . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Eye specialist Dr Katherine Smallcombe wins most inspirational woman award" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/eye-specialist-dr-katherine-smallcombe-wins-most-inspirational-woman-award/story-e6freuz0-1225932420235) . The Daily Telegraph. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Fun Fearless Females Gather For Cosmopolitan's Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161024155300/http://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/Australian-Cosmopolitan-Fun-Fearless-Female-Awards-2010-Winners-11280585) . Popsugar International. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/Australian-Cosmopolitan-Fun-Fearless-Female-Awards-2010-Winners-11280585) on 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Cara Waters (29 May 2012). "Bettina Liano tells 'How I escaped administration': Three founders that have hung on to their companies" (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/strategy/26084-bettina-liano-escapes-administration-and-stitches-up-a-new-deal-three-companies-that-have-hung-on-to-their-founders/) . Private Media Pty Ltd . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ a b c Melinda Oliver (1 October 2013). "Fashion brand Bettina Liano up for sale" (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/economy/33940-fashion-brand-bettina-liano-up-for-sale/) . Private Media Pty Ltd . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ a b Siobhan Duck (29 June 2014). "Back in style: Bettina Liano gets her name and her jeans brand back" (http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/back-in-style-bettina-liano-gets-her-name-and-her-jeans-brand-back/news-story/4aff037bdb803b564144c9defa6fee92) . Herald Sun . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cara Waters (21 February 2013). "Bettina Liano closing Australian stores and selling jeans in the United States" (http://www.propertyobserver.com.au/finding/commercial-investment/retail/21005-bettina-liano-tells-qwhy-im-closing-my-australian-stores-and-opening-in-the-united-states.html) . Property Observer . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Cara Waters (10 February 2015). "Jeans queen Bettina Liano back from the brink with new business: 'What are you meant to do, roll over and pull out? It's not my style' (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/growth/45619-jeans-queen-bettina-liano-back-from-the-brink-with-new-business-what-are-you-meant-to-do-roll-over-and-pull-out-it-s-not-my-style/) " (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/growth/45619-jeans-queen-bettina-liano-back-from-the-brink-with-new-business-what-are-you-meant-to-do-roll-over-and-pull-out-it-s-not-my-style/) . Private Media Pty Ltd . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ a b c Robyn Doreian (25 April 2015). "Two of us: Bettina and Gina Liano" (http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/two-of-us/two-of-us--bettina-and-gina-liano-20150330-1mazm8.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Siobhan Duck (2 May 2014). "Gina Liano opens up about cancer, her fashion designer sisters and those bullying Real Housewives" (http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/gina-liano-opens-up-about-cancer-her-fashion-designer-sisters-and-those-bullying-real-housewives/story-e6frfmq9-1226903750199) . News Limited . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Mad about Roy" (http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/15/1039656296868.html) . Fairfax Digital. 16 December 2002 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.bybettinaliano.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐pc742 Cached time: 20240623104941 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.411 seconds Real time usage: 0.577 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2583/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36416/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1866/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67092/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.252/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6756242/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 545.940 1 -total 34.20% 186.737 1 Template:Reflist 30.43% 166.135 1 Template:Infobox_person 26.89% 146.804 13 Template:Cite_web 15.88% 86.714 1 Template:Short_description 10.03% 54.739 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.52% 51.964 2 Template:Pagetype 7.92% 43.253 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 7.15% 39.022 1 Template:Official_website 6.65% 36.300 21 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41825401-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623104941 and revision id 1224406047. 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American fashion label AREA is a fashion label founded in 2014 by Beckett Fogg and Piotrek Panszczyk. It is known for its use of crystals. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Simone Biles (/wiki/Simone_Biles) wore a Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystal covered dress by Area for the 2021 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) for the opening of In America: A Lexicon of Fashion (/wiki/In_America:_A_Lexicon_of_Fashion) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In December 2023, the company announced that it had partnered with the fashion brand business accelerator (/wiki/Business_accelerator) Tomorrow London Ltd. [5] (#cite_note-5) Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) wore a pair of Area "crystal slit jeans" at Super Bowl LVIII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII) . [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kessler, Alex (March 22, 2021). "Meet The New York Label Dressing Cardi B & Bella Hadid" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/area-designers-beckett-fogg-piotrek-panszczyk) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Katz, Evan (February 8, 2021). "AREA's Spring Couture Show Asks: What Does "Couture" Even Mean?" (https://www.papermag.com/area-couture-week-wear-me-out#rebelltitem1) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Diderich, Joelle (July 10, 2019). "Meet the Brand That Wants You to Feel as Famous as Ariana Grande" (https://wwd.com/feature/area-ariana-grande-kendall-jenner-michelle-obama-bella-hadid-1203218272/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Spellings, Sarah (September 14, 2021). "The Story Behind Simone Biles's Three-in-One, 88-Pound Met Gala Gown" (https://www.vogue.com/article/simone-biles-met-gala-2021) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Feitelberg, Rosemary (December 14, 2023). "Tomorrow London Limited and Area NYC Finalize Global Partnership to Expand Distribution" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/tomorrow-london-limited-area-nyc-global-partnership-distribution-1236077178/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Friedman, Vanessa (February 12, 2024). "At the Super Bowl, Taylor Swift Gives a Fashion Week Brand a Boost" (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/12/style/taylor-swift-area-super-bowl.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://area.nyc) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6d4699d455‐hkc9c Cached time: 20240625051216 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.259 seconds Real time usage: 0.318 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 427/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10666/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 402/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22450/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.180/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4220064/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 303.308 1 -total 71.23% 216.051 1 Template:Reflist 60.93% 184.800 6 Template:Cite_web 27.30% 82.796 1 Template:Short_description 16.23% 49.228 2 Template:Pagetype 6.24% 18.916 3 Template:Main_other 5.26% 15.964 1 Template:SDcat 1.02% 3.098 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76076951-0!canonical and timestamp 20240625051216 and revision id 1230871562. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AREA_(fashion_label)&oldid=1230871562 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AREA_(fashion_label)&oldid=1230871562) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Clothing companies established in 2014 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2014) Clothing companies based in New York City (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_based_in_New_York_City) 2014 establishments in New York City (/wiki/Category:2014_establishments_in_New_York_City) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Choice of coloured clothing used in team sports James Rodríguez (/wiki/James_Rodr%C3%ADguez) wearing Colombia (/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team) 's yellow home (left) and red away (right) colours in 2014 Away colours or road colours (also commonly known as away kits in British English (/wiki/British_English) , or away uniforms or road uniforms in American English (/wiki/American_English) ) are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports (/wiki/Team_sport) . They are required to be worn by one team (/wiki/Team) during a game between teams that would otherwise wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. This change prevents confusion for officials (/wiki/Referee) , players (/wiki/Athlete) , and spectators. In most sports, it is the visiting or road team (/wiki/Road_(sports)) that must change. In many sports leagues and competitions, a team wears its away kit only when its primary kit would clash with the colours of the home team (/wiki/Home_team) , while other sports leagues and competitions may mandate that away teams must always wear an alternative kit regardless of a potential colour clash. The latter is common in North American sports, where "colour vs. colour" games (e.g., blue uniforms vs. red uniforms) are a rarity, [1] (#cite_note-1) having been discouraged in the era of black-and-white (/wiki/Black-and-white#Media) television. [2] (#cite_note-CVC-2) Almost all road uniforms are white in gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) (including in the Canadian Football League (/wiki/Canadian_Football_League) , the National Football League (/wiki/National_Football_League) and NCAA football (/wiki/College_football) ) and the National Hockey League (/wiki/National_Hockey_League) , while in baseball (/wiki/Baseball) , visitors typically wear grey. In the National Basketball Association (/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) and NCAA basketball (/wiki/College_basketball) , home uniforms are white or yellow, and visiting teams wear the darker colour. Home teams in some leagues and competitions may also have the option to wear away colours at certain home games (/wiki/Home_Game) , and the away team then has to wear the opposite (if applicable). At some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. Replica home and away kits are usually available for fans to buy. Some teams also have produced third-choice kits (/wiki/Third_jersey) , or even old-fashioned throwback uniforms (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) . In many sports, the colour contrast is only required for the upper body garment, and thus a team's home and away kit may both have the same coloured pants or shorts. It has traditionally been the opposite in Australian rules football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) where the home team wears dark shorts and the away team wears white shorts. American football [ edit ] National Football League [ edit ] Tom Brady (/wiki/Tom_Brady) wearing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers) ' red (left) and white (right) jersey in 2021. In American football, the home team has the choice to wear white or its official team colour and the visiting team must wear the opposite. In the National Football League (/wiki/National_Football_League) (NFL), most teams often wear their "official team colour" at home, with the road team being assigned to wear white in most cases. [2] (#cite_note-CVC-2) White road uniforms gained prominence with the rise of television in the 1950s. A "white vs. colour" game was easier to follow in the black-and-white (/wiki/Black-and-white) television era. [2] (#cite_note-CVC-2) According to Phil Hecken of uni-watch.com, "colour vs. colour" games were actually the norm until the mid-1950s. [2] (#cite_note-CVC-2) Even long after the advent of colour television, the use of white jerseys has remained in almost every game. The NFL's current rules require that a team's home uniforms must be "either white or official team colour" throughout the season, "and visiting clubs must wear the opposite". [3] (#cite_note-NFL26-3) If a team insists on wearing its home uniforms on the road, the NFL Commissioner (/wiki/National_Football_League_Commissioner) must judge on whether their uniforms are "of sufficient contrast" with those of their opponents. [3] (#cite_note-NFL26-3) The road team may instead wear a third jersey (/wiki/Third_jersey) , such as the Seattle Seahawks (/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks) ' "Wolf Grey" alternate. White at home, colour away [ edit ] The Cleveland Browns wore white for every home game of the 1955 season. [4] (#cite_note-4) The only times they wore brown was for games at Philadelphia and New York, when the Eagles and Giants chose to wear white. In 1964, the Baltimore Colts (/wiki/Baltimore_Colts) , Cleveland Browns (/wiki/Cleveland_Browns) , Minnesota Vikings (/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings) and Los Angeles Rams (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams) wore white regularly for their home games. [5] (#cite_note-WAHNFL-5) The St. Louis Cardinals (/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)) also wore white for several of their home games. While most teams switched back to their coloured uniforms the next year, the Rams and Browns still regularly wore white until the 1970s. Until 1964, the Dallas Cowboys (/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys) had worn blue at home, but it was not an official rule that teams should wear their official colours at home. The use of white jerseys was introduced by general manager (GM) Tex Schramm (/wiki/Tex_Schramm) , who wanted fans to see a variety of opponents' jersey colours at home games and continues to do so today. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Washington (/wiki/Washington_Commanders) chose to wear their white jerseys during their home game on 12 December 2021, forcing Dallas (/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys) to wear their navy blue jerseys Dallas (/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys) then chose to wear their white jerseys during their home game on 26 December 2021, forcing Washington (/wiki/Washington_Commanders) to wear their burgundy jerseys White has also been worn regularly at home by the Miami Dolphins (/wiki/Miami_Dolphins) , Washington Commanders (/wiki/Washington_Commanders) , and several other NFL teams. [5] (#cite_note-WAHNFL-5) [13] (#cite_note-13) Teams in cities with hot climates often choose white jerseys at home during the first half of the season, [14] (#cite_note-14) because light colours absorb and retain less heat in sunlight – as such, the Dolphins, who stay white year-round, will typically use their coloured jerseys for home night games. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) Every current NFL team has worn white at home at some time in its history. [5] (#cite_note-WAHNFL-5) The Seattle Seahawks had never worn white at home until their home opener against the Carolina Panthers in 2023. During the successful Joe Gibbs era, Washington chose to wear white exclusively at home in the 1980s and 1990s, [5] (#cite_note-WAHNFL-5) including the 1982 NFC Championship Game (/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_NFL_playoffs#Conference_championships) against Dallas. Since 2001, they have chosen to wear white jerseys and burgundy jerseys roughly equally in their home games, but they still wear white against the Cowboys. [5] (#cite_note-WAHNFL-5) When Gibbs returned from 2004 to 2007, they wore white at home exclusively. In 2007, they wore a white throwback jersey. The Dallas Cowboys' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be " jinxed (/wiki/Sports-related_curses) " because of defeats at Super Bowl V (/wiki/Super_Bowl_V) in 1971 (when they were assigned to wear their blue jerseys as the designated 'home' team [15] (#cite_note-15) ), and in the 1968 divisional playoffs (/wiki/1968_NFL_playoffs) at Cleveland, Don Meredith (/wiki/Don_Meredith) 's final game as a Cowboys player. Dallas's only victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game (/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NFL_playoffs) at the Los Angeles Rams. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Super Bowl (/wiki/Super_Bowl) rules later changed to allow the designated home team (/wiki/Super_Bowl#Home_team_designation) to pick their choice of jersey. White was chosen by the Cowboys ( XIII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIII) , XXVII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVII) ), the Redskins ( XVII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XVII) ), the Pittsburgh Steelers (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers) ( XL (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL) ), the Denver Broncos (/wiki/Denver_Broncos) ( 50 (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50) ), the New England Patriots (/wiki/New_England_Patriots) ( LII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII) ), [18] (#cite_note-Denv50-18) and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers) ( LV (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LV) ). [19] (#cite_note-19) The latter three teams normally wear colours at home, but Pittsburgh had worn white in three road playoff wins (/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NFL_playoffs) , while Denver cited its previous Super Bowl success in white jerseys ( XXXIII (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIII) ), while being 0–4 when wearing orange in Super Bowls. Occasionally, teams playing against Dallas at home wear their white jerseys to attempt to invoke the "curse", [20] (#cite_note-20) as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game (/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_NFL_playoffs#Conference_championships) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Teams including the St. Louis Cardinals (/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)) and New York Giants (/wiki/New_York_Giants) followed suit in the 1980s, and the Carolina Panthers (/wiki/Carolina_Panthers) did so from 1995 until 2006, including two playoff games. The Houston Texans (/wiki/Houston_Texans) did so in 2002, beating Dallas in their inaugural regular season game. More recently, the Patriots and then-St. Louis Rams (/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams) tried the same tactic. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) The originator of white home jerseys in the NFL at Dallas, Tex Schramm, said he did not believe in the curse. [24] (#cite_note-24) Starting in 2014 (/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NFL_playoffs) , the Panthers, who like many teams typically switch from white to colour in October or November, have worn white at home in the postseason regardless of their opponent; the franchise has never won a playoff game while wearing coloured jerseys, including in Super Bowl 50 (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50) , when the Broncos (as the designated "home" team) chose to wear white. While they had only done so twice, both to "jinx" Dallas, during the 21 years they played in St. Louis, since returning to Los Angeles (/wiki/History_of_the_Los_Angeles_Rams) in 2016, the Rams, temporarily playing in the same stadium (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum) as they had in the 1960s, have worn white at home as a conscious tribute to the highly successful teams of that era. [25] (#cite_note-25) Other leagues [ edit ] Coloured road uniforms were used in the World Football League (/wiki/World_Football_League) (WFL) during its short period of existence in 1974–75, with the home team wearing white, [26] (#cite_note-26) and college football (/wiki/College_football) teams must base their road uniform around a white jersey. [27] (#cite_note-27) National Federation of State High School Associations (/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations) rules, which are used by every state for high school football (/wiki/High_school_football) except Texas, require the visiting team to wear a white jersey and the home team to wear a dark jersey. The University Interscholastic League (/wiki/University_Interscholastic_League) , which governs Texas public high schools, plays by NCAA football rules, which allow for white jerseys to be worn by the home team with prior notification to the visiting team. Association football [ edit ] See also: Kit (association football) (/wiki/Kit_(association_football)) Alessandro Matri (/wiki/Alessandro_Matri) in AC Milan (/wiki/A.C._Milan) white away colours v Bayern Munich (/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich) in 2016 While a team's primary kit rarely undergoes major changes, the second colours tend to vary over time and sometimes by tournament. Some away kits are a modification of the home colours (for example a reversal of primary and secondary colours), other away kits are considerably different from home kits. Several club and national sides have favourite away colours which might remain the same more or less continuously. Often these are colours that were used in famous victories; for instance Brazil (blue) and A.C. Milan (/wiki/A.C._Milan) (white). Many professional clubs also have an official third kit (/wiki/Third_jersey) . [28] (#cite_note-HFK-28) Some teams opt to wear their away colours even when not required to by a clash of colours, or when they are the home team and therefore get first dibs on their color. England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) sometimes play in red away shirts, as the team wore red when it won the 1966 World Cup (/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup) . [29] (#cite_note-Glen_Isherwood-29) A.C. Milan (/wiki/A.C._Milan) chose to wear all-white in the 2007 UEFA Champions League final (/wiki/2007_UEFA_Champions_League_final) as they considered it their "lucky shirt" ( Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) : maglia fortunata ). [30] (#cite_note-30) In some title-deciding matches, a team has won the game wearing its away kit, but changed to home shirts for the trophy presentation – most notably when Spain (/wiki/Spain_national_football_team) won the 2010 World Cup final (/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_final) , changing from dark-blue away to red home shirts to lift the trophy. [31] (#cite_note-31) In some cases both teams have been forced to wear their second choice away kits; such as in some World Cup matches (see section below) . During the 1998-99 UEFA Champions League (/wiki/1998-99_UEFA_Champions_League) , Manchester United (/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Manchester_United_F.C._season) had to wear their away colours in both of their group stage matches against F.C. Barcelona (/wiki/F.C._Barcelona) , not just away at Camp Nou (/wiki/Camp_Nou) but also home at Old Trafford (/wiki/Old_Trafford) too due to a ruling by UEFA that in the event of a clash, the home team had to change their colours. [32] (#cite_note-32) . [ citation needed ] History in European football [ edit ] Aymeric Laporte (/wiki/Aymeric_Laporte) from Athletic Bilbao (/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao) (left) and Lionel Messi (/wiki/Lionel_Messi) from FC Barcelona (/wiki/FC_Barcelona) playing by choice in change kits in their respective Basque (/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)) and Catalan (/wiki/Catalonia) regional flag colours (2014) – their usual kits do not clash In England in 1890, the Football League (/wiki/English_Football_League) , which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours, so as to avoid clashes. This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available. [28] (#cite_note-HFK-28) Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change. [33] (#cite_note-Enc2-33) In 1927 the Scottish Football Association (/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association) decreed a different solution, whereby home teams wore white shorts and away teams black shorts, but this rule was rescinded in 1929. [28] (#cite_note-HFK-28) It is normal for individual competitions to specify that all outfield players on a team must wear the same colours, though the Law states only "The two teams must wear colours that distinguish them from each other and the match officials". [34] (#cite_note-34) In the event of a colour clash, the away team must change to a different colour. [35] (#cite_note-35) Away kits were often worn by both teams in English FA Cup (/wiki/FA_Cup) matches. Until 1989–90, [36] (#cite_note-36) its competition rules stated: "Where the colours of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change unless alternative arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs". [37] (#cite_note-37) Clubs sometimes needed to find makeshift third kits (/wiki/Third_jersey#Association_football) for their players. [38] (#cite_note-38) Many FA Cup finals were played under these rules, the last being the 1982 final and its replay (/wiki/1982_FA_Cup_final) . In European competition, the 1968 European Cup final (/wiki/1968_European_Cup_final) was played under similar rules. The old FA Cup rules, with almost identical wording, are still used in semis and finals by many county and district football associations in England. [39] (#cite_note-39) FIFA World Cup [ edit ] England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) 's away jersey worn in the 1966 World Cup final (/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final) Three teams have won the FIFA World Cup (/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) final in their away colours – in 1958 (/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup_final) (Brazil), 1966 (/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final) (England), and 2010 (/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_final) (Spain); though England was the home team for the 1966 tournament. [29] (#cite_note-Glen_Isherwood-29) At international level, away kits are sometimes worn by both teams in a match. FIFA (/wiki/FIFA) rules state that in exceptional cases, both teams may be asked by the referee or match commissioner to wear different colours. [40] (#cite_note-40) This is most likely to happen in World Cup (/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) matches with large numbers of black-and-white (/wiki/Black-and-white) television viewers, so that the teams' kits also differ in tone (light and dark). World Cup teams often have to make changes that would be unlikely in domestic or untelevised games. In 1957 (/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification) Scotland (/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team) borrowed home team Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team) 's white away shirts to avoid clashing on black-and-white television. [41] (#cite_note-Ashdown11-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) In 1970 (/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup) England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) and Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team) were allowed to play in sky blue and white, respectively, which caused confusion for black-and-white (/wiki/Black-and-white) viewers and England manager Alf Ramsey (/wiki/Alf_Ramsey) . England reverted to red away shirts against West Germany (/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team) . [43] (#cite_note-FIFA_curious-43) Netherlands and Brazil played their 1974 World Cup (/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup#Second_round) game in white and dark blue respectively, rather than their first choices of orange and yellow. Away kits in the FIFA World Cup (/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) : (left) Diego Maradona (/wiki/Diego_Maradona) with Argentina (/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team) v (/wiki/Argentina_v_England_(1986_FIFA_World_Cup)) England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) in 1986 (/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup) and Germany (/wiki/Germany_national_football_team) v (/wiki/Brazil_v_Germany_(2014_FIFA_World_Cup)) Brazil (/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team) in 2014 (/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup) FIFA's regulations for the 2014 World Cup mandate that "teams need to have two very distinguishable shirts – where one is a lighter colour and the other is a darker one". [44] (#cite_note-Who_Ate_All_The_Pies-44) At the 2014 World Cup (/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup) , Croatia (/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team) were allowed to wear red-and-white checked shirts, instead of blue, against Brazil (/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team) , only after Croatia appealed FIFA's original decision. [45] (#cite_note-45) England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) were not allowed to wear red away shirts, and instead were made to wear white against Uruguay (/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_D) , due to an apparent clash with officials' (/wiki/Referee_(association_football)) uniforms. [46] (#cite_note-46) Before the 2014 tournament, FIFA (/wiki/FIFA) decreed that Spain (/wiki/Spain_national_football_team) 's all-red home kit and all-black away kit were not sufficient as they were both considered dark tones. FIFA forced Spain to produce an all-white third kit (/wiki/Third_kit) . [47] (#cite_note-47) [44] (#cite_note-Who_Ate_All_The_Pies-44) The match between the Netherlands and Spain was played in the Netherlands' dark blue away kits and Spain's white third-choice kits. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup third place match (/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage#Third_place_play-off) , both Belgium and England wore their away colours of yellow and red by choice, respectively, despite their home colors of red vs white not clashing. Denmark (/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team) and Australia (/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team) also wore their away kits in a group stage match (/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_C) , after Danish player Thomas Delaney (/wiki/Thomas_Delaney) revealed in a phone call to a radio station that he is colourblind. [48] (#cite_note-48) Australian rules football [ edit ] An AFL match between Hawthorn (/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club) and Essendon (/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club) in 2007. The home team, Hawthorn, is wearing dark shorts, with the away team, Essendon, wearing white shorts The Australian Football League (/wiki/Australian_Football_League) legislates that the home team has the right to choose what home colours they play in for home games during the home and away season. Traditionally in Australian football and first introduced into VFL in 1924 (/wiki/1924_VFL_season) the home team wears dark shorts while the away team wears white shorts. [49] (#cite_note-49) In contrast to other sports, the concept of away colours is not prominent, with clubs traditionally wearing their home guernseys week in week out, with the colour of a team's shorts distinguishing between home teams and away teams. The concept of home and away colours first became prominent during the late 1980s and the 1990s, when the newly admitted Brisbane Bears (/wiki/Brisbane_Bears) had colours and jumper designs clashing with that of Hawthorn (/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club) , which necessitated the need for clubs to come up with away colours. [50] (#cite_note-50) All AFL teams now have designated clash guernseys, which are worn in matches when the home guernseys of the teams playing are deemed to be too similar to distinguish. Often white shorts only are used to distinguish between home and away teams, this has been criticised for not providing sufficient distinction between teams that play in similar colours or guernsey designs. For example, in 2007, Geelong (/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club) coach Mark Thompson (/wiki/Mark_Thompson_(footballer)) spoke out about the need for the AFL to take action to prevent guernsey clashes in future AFL matches, after a match between Geelong and Collingwood (/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club) where spectators had difficulty distinguishing between Geelong's navy blue and white horizontal stripes and Collingwood's vertical black and white stripes even though the game was played in good conditions. [51] (#cite_note-51) This combination happened again in 2019, creating again more controversy with the clash being created largely because Geelong wore blue shorts and Collingwood wore white shorts. [52] (#cite_note-52) Additionally, in the 2021 Anzac Day clash (/wiki/Anzac_Day_clash) , both Collingwood (/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club) and Essendon (/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club) wore predominantly black Anzac Day jumpers, with the only distinction between the teams being Essendon's white shorts, with spectators experiencing difficulty in telling apart the teams. [53] (#cite_note-53) This happened again between the two teams on ANZAC Day 2023 with both teams wearing mostly black jumpers with white (Collingwood's white stripes and Essendon jumper numbers) and red (Essendon's red sash and Collingwood's Emirates (/wiki/Emirates_(airline)) and KFC (/wiki/KFC) sponsorship). [54] (#cite_note-54) In some cases, individual clubs may have informal agreements around what guernsey designs to wear in order to avoid clashes. For example, Collingwood president Eddie McGuire (/wiki/Eddie_McGuire) claimed that he had made a handshake agreement with then-Geelong president Frank Costa (/wiki/Frank_Costa) in the 1990s in which Geelong would always wear white shorts and a white jumper for all matches between Geelong and Collingwood, with Collingwood wearing black shorts and a black jumper. This came out after the aforementioned 2019 Geelong-Collingwood match. [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) In the AFL Grand Final, the team that finishes higher during the regular season has the right to choose the colours they play in, with the lower-ranked team to accommodate this accordingly. An example of this occurred in the 2017 AFL Grand Final (/wiki/2017_AFL_Grand_Final) between 1st placed Adelaide (/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club) and 3rd placed Richmond (/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club) ; as the higher ranked team, Adelaide chose to play in their home guernsey, and as the lower ranked team, Richmond was forced to play in their clash guernsey of yellow with a black sash as opposed to their usual black guernsey with a yellow sash, as their home guernsey was deemed to clash with Adelaide (/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club) 's home guernsey. [57] (#cite_note-57) Baseball [ edit ] Major League Baseball [ edit ] See also: Baseball uniforms (/wiki/Baseball_uniforms) and Major League Baseball uniforms (/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_uniforms) Aaron Judge (/wiki/Aaron_Judge) wearing the New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) 's white home (left) and grey away (right) uniforms in 2018. Baseball teams typically wear white at home and gray at road games. Originally, Major League Baseball teams were primarily distinguished by the colours of their stockings. In 1882, the National League assigned different stocking colours to the member clubs; the league also assigned jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)#In_sports) and cap colours, but by player position (/wiki/Position_player) rather than by club. The Cincinnati Reds were known as the "Red Legs" and "Red Stockings" during the early 1900s. By the end of the 19th century, it became common for teams to wear white uniforms at home, and grey in road games. Some teams used road uniforms of solid dark blue or black. [58] (#cite_note-baseball-almanac-58) An early example of this is the Brooklyn Superbas (/wiki/History_of_the_Brooklyn_Dodgers) , who started to use a blue pattern for their road uniforms in 1907. [58] (#cite_note-baseball-almanac-58) Both the home and away teams' uniforms also contained trim in the team colours. In 1916, on the New York Giants (/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Giants_(baseball)) ' road uniforms, purple lines gave their uniforms a tartan (/wiki/Tartan) -like effect and another kind of road uniform was a solid dark blue or black material with white around this time. The Kansas City Athletics (/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics) home and road uniforms were changed by Charles O. Finley (/wiki/Charles_O._Finley) in 1963, to the colours of gold and green. [59] (#cite_note-59) Some teams used powder blue (/wiki/Powder_blue) for their road uniforms from the 1970s to the early 1990s. [58] (#cite_note-baseball-almanac-58) Aside from the obvious need to distinguish one team from the other, conventional wisdom held that it was more difficult to properly launder uniforms while on a road (/wiki/Road_(sports)) trip, thus the "road grays" helped to hide accumulated soil. This convention continued well after its original premise was nullified by the issuance of multiple uniforms and the growth of the laundromat industry. Typically, home uniforms feature the team's nickname, while away uniforms feature the name of the team's geographic designation; there are eight teams that are exceptions to this rules: the Tampa Bay Rays (/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays) , Los Angeles Angels (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels) , Philadelphia Phillies (/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies) , St. Louis Cardinals (/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals) , Washington Nationals (/wiki/Washington_Nationals) , Miami Marlins (/wiki/Miami_Marlins) , Detroit Tigers (/wiki/Detroit_Tigers) and New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) . [60] (#cite_note-60) The Cardinals, Phillies, Rays and Angels wear their team nickname on both home and away jerseys, although the Cardinals now wear alternates (cream at home, powder blue on the road) with the city name. The Marlins' home and away jerseys feature the city name, but a black alternate has the team nickname. From 1973 to 2008, the Baltimore Orioles (/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles) were part of this group – the omission of the city's name being part of a largely successful effort to attract fans from the Washington, D.C. area – before returning "Baltimore" to the road jerseys in 2009, by which time their neighbour 35 miles (55 km) to the south once again had a team of its own. The Tigers, Nationals and Yankees all wear their cap insignia on the left breast of their home jerseys, but the city name on their away jerseys. In addition to this, some teams have featured mainly their team's location presented on their uniforms both at home and on the road. Examples include the Rangers (2009-19) and Marlins, whose alternate orange jersey is the only one of the team's four to feature the nickname instead of the city or state name. Some teams have alternate home uniforms featuring location such as the Colorado Rockies (/wiki/Colorado_Rockies) and St. Louis Cardinals. The Brewers wore a navy jersey with "Milwaukee" on the front frequently both at home and on the road from 2015-19, while the Los Angeles Dodgers (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers) have worn an alternate grey jersey with the nickname instead of the city name for most away games since 2014. Basketball [ edit ] Liz Cambage (/wiki/Liz_Cambage) in Australia's away colours Until the 2017–18 season (/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBA_season) , the rules of the National Basketball Association (/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (NBA) stated that the home team must always wear their light colored jerseys and the visitors wear their dark jerseys unless otherwise approved. [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) Most teams' home uniforms are white, with some exceptions, such as the Los Angeles Lakers (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers) , who wear yellow at home (although in 2002, to honour Chick Hearn (/wiki/Chick_Hearn) , Jeanie Buss (/wiki/Jeanie_Buss) had a white jersey introduced as the third uniform, worn at home). But, according to this rule, road uniforms are required at every game in the NBA. "Dark" colours worn in road games vary widely among teams. [63] (#cite_note-63) Beginning with the 2017–18 season, the home team is allowed to designate whether it will wear a lighter-colored or darker-colored jersey. The visiting team must wear a jersey of sufficient contrast, whether it be white or another darker color. [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) The use of specially-designed Christmas uniforms in NBA games in 2012 [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) led to several "colour vs. colour" match-ups. [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) In NCAA (/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association) Division I (/wiki/NCAA_Division_I) college basketball (/wiki/College_basketball) , the home team almost universally wears white uniforms, while the visiting team wears dark colors. There are exceptions, such as the Michigan Wolverines (/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines) , LSU Tigers (/wiki/LSU_Tigers) , Missouri Tigers (/wiki/Missouri_Tigers) and West Virginia Mountaineers (/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers) wearing yellow at home, or the Illinois Fighting Illini (/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini) wearing orange at home, or the Kansas State Wildcats (/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats) wearing lavender at home, if it sufficiently contrasts with the visiting team's uniforms. Cricket [ edit ] See also: Cricket clothing and equipment (/wiki/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment) Ricky Ponting (/wiki/Ricky_Ponting) in Australia's away kit Away kits are a recent development in cricket, which has been played in all-white clothing (/wiki/Cricket_whites) for most of its history. The first professional match played in coloured clothing was in World Series Cricket (/wiki/World_Series_Cricket) in Australia in 1979. The first Cricket World Cup (/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup) to use coloured kits was the 1992 tournament (/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup) . The England team (/wiki/England_national_cricket_team) uses one kit for all home and away ODI (/wiki/One-day_international) and Twenty20 (/wiki/Twenty20_cricket) matches. [70] (#cite_note-70) India (/wiki/India_national_cricket_team) also uses a light blue kit for both. [71] (#cite_note-71) Australia (/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team) , however, has a separate green ODI home kit, yellow ODI away kit, and black T20 kit. [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) The home kit is the same colour as the famous " baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) " cap traditionally worn by Australian Test cricketers, but the yellow away kit is often worn by the Australian team in home matches. Ice hockey [ edit ] National Hockey League [ edit ] See also: NHL uniform (/wiki/NHL_uniform) Sidney Crosby (/wiki/Sidney_Crosby) wearing the Pittsburgh Penguins (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins) black (left) and white (right) uniforms in 2018. In the NHL each team is currently required to have two uniform designs: one with a white base (or sometimes historically, a light color), and one with a darker-colored base. From the 1970–71 season to the 2002–03 season, NHL teams wore white or yellow colors at home and the darker colors on the road. When the Third Jersey Program was introduced in the 1995–96 season, some teams wore third jerseys at home, thus requiring the road team to wear white. This problem was rectified at the start of the 2003–04 season, as NHL teams started to wear the dark color at home and the white for road games; there are occasional single-game exceptions. [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) The only element allowed by NHL rules to be interchangeable between the two uniforms is the pants. In the minor leagues, teams historically wore light colors (white or yellow) at home and dark colors on the road. Original hockey jerseys were actually heavily knit sweaters. They were light colors for home games and dark colors for road games. The reason dark-colored sweaters were part of the "road" uniform was to hide the dirt the sweaters accumulated. The sweaters were not washed during road trips. The light or white sweaters were "home" uniforms as the visiting teams necessarily wore the dark. This tradition fits the needs of "home/away" distinctions necessary for black-and-white television. Netball [ edit ] Away colours are used by Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica_national_netball_team) and Australia (/wiki/Australia_national_netball_team) , two top international teams who both have yellow home kits. Jamaica's change kit is all-black, Australia's is all-green. When the teams meet, one usually changes its kits [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-78) but there have been games such as a 2011 Test where each team wore predominantly yellow, with Jamaica in black skirts. [79] (#cite_note-79) Alternative colours are also used where required in the Australasian ANZ Championship (/wiki/ANZ_Championship) . Rugby union [ edit ] Mike Tindall (/wiki/Mike_Tindall) wearing England (/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team) 's black away kit at the 2011 Rugby World Cup (/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup) It is traditional in rugby (as it was in association football prior to 1921) for the home team to change in the event of a clash. This stems partly from teams touring overseas; it was easier for the home side to get an alternative kit. The World Rugby (/wiki/World_Rugby) rules for tours do not state this outright: it is the responsibility of the WR CEO or representative "to resolve the matter", but "in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the Host Union shall be entitled to wear its home kit." [80] (#cite_note-80) In English RFU (/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union) level 3 to 5 (/wiki/English_rugby_union_system) competition, if there is a clash the away team must change. [81] (#cite_note-81) At Rugby World Cups (/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup) , colour clashes are decided by a coin-toss (/wiki/Coin-toss) for first choice of kits. In the 2007 (/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup) quarter-final between France (/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team) and New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team) , the recently redesigned French kit was dark blue and black, and clashed with the All Blacks' kit. [82] (#cite_note-Frenchleave-82) The toss went in favour of France, and New Zealand wore silver shirts in the game in Cardiff (/wiki/Cardiff) . [83] (#cite_note-Englandblackstuff-83) However, in the 2011 Rugby World Cup final (/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_final) between those teams, France won the toss and chose to play in its white away kit. France's team manager Jo Maso (/wiki/Jo_Maso) said this decision was because of "the welcome they'd received from the people of New Zealand, the faultless organisation of the tournament and the honour and pleasure of playing... [at] Eden Park (/wiki/Eden_Park) ". [82] (#cite_note-Frenchleave-82) England (/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team) used an all-black second kit at the 2011 World Cup (/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup) , which caused controversy in the host nation, as black is the home colour of New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team) . [83] (#cite_note-Englandblackstuff-83) England wore the kit in one tournament match, against Argentina (/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team) . Critics in England in 2010 said the team was changing away kits unnecessarily and too often as a "marketing ploy". [84] (#cite_note-RFU_defends-84) Australia (/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team) , on the other hand, has rarely worn an away kit except against Romania (/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team) ; [85] (#cite_note-85) a white jersey would have been worn in 2011. [86] (#cite_note-86) In international rugby, the need for second kits arises most often in the Six Nations (/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship) , where Scotland, France and Italy all play in different shades of blue. The tournament takes the form of a single round-robin with home advantage alternating each year, and it is scheduled so that each of the three aforementioned sides plays one of the other two at home and the other away in a given season. In turn, this means that each of these three sides will play one home game in its alternative jersey. These have traditionally been white, but in the 2015 Six Nations (/wiki/2015_Six_Nations_Championship) Scotland and France adopted red as their alternate colour. [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-88) International rules [ edit ] Ireland's green jersey is complemented by two away jerseys, one which is white in colour and one which is navy in colour. [89] (#cite_note-89) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Mets and Braves wearing color vs color" (http://boards.sportslogos.net/topic/66841-mets-and-braves-wearing-color-vs-color/) Archived (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130306082538/http://boards.sportslogos.net/topic/66841-mets-and-braves-wearing-color-vs-color/) 6 March 2013 at Wikiwix, SportsLogos.net (/wiki/SportsLogos.net) , 2009 (Retrieved 5 March 2013) ^ a b c d "NFL Color vs. Color – Part I" (https://www.uni-watch.com/2010/11/21/nfl-color-vs-color-part-i/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121128184612/http://www.uni-watch.com/2010/11/21/nfl-color-vs-color-part-i/) 28 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , "Part II: Back to the Future" (https://www.uni-watch.com/2010/11/28/nfl-color-vs-color-part-ii-back-to-the-future/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120914030029/http://www.uni-watch.com/2010/11/28/nfl-color-vs-color-part-ii-back-to-the-future/) 14 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , "Part III: A Modest Proposal" (https://www.uni-watch.com/2010/12/05/nfl-color-vs-color-part-iii-a-modest-proposal/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131214150036/http://www.uni-watch.com/2010/12/05/nfl-color-vs-color-part-iii-a-modest-proposal/) 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Phil Hecken, 2010 (Retrieved 3 March 2013) ^ a b "Section 4: Equipment, Uniforms, Player Appearance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004618/https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/2022-nfl-rulebook/#article-2-team-colors) . Operations.NFL.com . NFL Enterprises, LLC. Archived from the original (https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/2022-nfl-rulebook/#article-2-team-colors) on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "1955 Season – Week 1" (http://www.gridiron-uniforms.com/GUD/controller/controller.php?action=teams-season&team_id=CLE&year=1955) . The Gridiron Uniform Database . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161010124135/http://www.gridiron-uniforms.com/GUD/weekly/1955/1955wk1.shtml) from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ a b c d e Brulia, Tim. "White at Home in the NFL" (https://www.uni-watch.com/research-projects/white-at-home-in-the-nfl/) . Uni Watch . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130709090632/http://www.uni-watch.com/research-projects/white-at-home-in-the-nfl/) from the original on 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Here's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys' mismatched uniform colors" (https://www.foxsports.com/stories/nfl/heres-the-real-reason-behind-the-dallas-cowboys-mismatched-uniform-colors) . FOX Sports . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Eatman, Nick (26 November 2013). "Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys at Home Thursday" (http://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2013/11/26/cowboys-wear-blue-jerseys-home-thursday) . DallasCowboys.com . NFL Enterprises, LLC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151002004838/http://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2013/11/26/cowboys-wear-blue-jerseys-home-thursday) from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Since the days of former GM Tex Schramm, whose vision was to give the home fans a different look each week, the Cowboys have traditionally worn white at home. Schramm didn't like the idea that fans would say the home blue jerseys vs. a white road team every Sunday, so Philadelphia's green or the Cardinals' red or the Giants' blue would mix up the color pattern on a weekly basis. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lukas, Paul. "The Island of Misfit Unis" (https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=lukas/051219) . ESPN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100701091004/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=lukas%2F051219) from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . ^ a b Lukas, Paul. "ESPN.com: Page 2 : What can white do for you?" (https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=lukas/050919) . www.espn.com . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Why Are the Dallas Cowboys Wearing Blue Jerseys at Home?" (https://www.profootballnetwork.com/why-are-dallas-cowboys-wearing-blue-jerseys-at-home-nfl-2023/) . 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Morgan, Chris (25 October 2021). "Why Do the Dallas Cowboys Always Wear White at Home?" (https://fanbuzz.com/nfl/dallas-cowboys-colors/) . FanBuzz . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dallas Cowboys Uniforms" (https://theboysareback.wordpress.com/dallas-cowboys-uniforms/) . THE BOYS ARE BACK . 29 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Bhargava, Yagya (1 December 2023). "How Wearing White on Home Games Gives Miami Dolphins an Advantage Over Opponents?" (https://thesportsrush.com/nfl-news-how-wearing-white-on-home-games-gives-miami-dolphins-an-advantage-over-opponents/) . The SportsRush . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kaboly, Mark (28 October 2009). "NFL teams turning back to white jerseys" (http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_650141.html) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211020611/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_650141.html#axzz2VxKMdT2P) from the original on 11 February 2015 . 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"Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160126222617/http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Broncos-to-wear-white-uniforms-in-Super-Bowl-50/26a247f5-91ef-4ff6-a11a-8278b089c5c3) . DenverBroncos.com . NFL Enterprises, LLC. Archived from the original (http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Broncos-to-wear-white-uniforms-in-Super-Bowl-50/26a247f5-91ef-4ff6-a11a-8278b089c5c3) on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The Buccaneers Will Wear White, Pewter for Super Bowl LV" (https://www.buccaneers.com/news/super-bowl-55-uniform-jersey-combo-buccaneers-chiefs) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Williams, Charean (22 November 2001). "Cowboys going with retro look". Fort Worth Star-Telegram (/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Wallace, William (7 January 1981). "EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS" (https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/07/sports/eagles-devise-color-scheme-for-cowboys.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Rapoport, Ian (14 October 2011). "Patriots coach Bill Belichick talks about the Cowboys curse of the blue jerseys… and "striped shoelaces?" (http://www.bostonherald.com/blogs/sports/rap_sheet/index.php/2011/10/14/patriots-coach-bill-belichick-talks-about-the-cowboys-curse-of-the-blue-jerseys/) " (http://www.bostonherald.com/blogs/sports/rap_sheet/index.php/2011/10/14/patriots-coach-bill-belichick-talks-about-the-cowboys-curse-of-the-blue-jerseys/) . Boston Herald (/wiki/Boston_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111207020344/http://www.bostonherald.com/blogs/sports/rap_sheet/index.php/2011/10/14/patriots-coach-bill-belichick-talks-about-the-cowboys-curse-of-the-blue-jerseys/) from the original on 7 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Young, Shalise Manza. "Visitors will be forced to cope with a case of the blues" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111019153310/http://articles.boston.com/2011-10-16/sports/30286977_1_dallas-fans-cowboys-sink) . Boston Globe (/wiki/Boston_Globe) . Archived from the original (http://articles.boston.com/2011-10-16/sports/30286977_1_dallas-fans-cowboys-sink) on 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Cowboys to Wash Out Blue" (https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/15/sports/cowboys-to-wash-out-blue.html) . The New York Times . Associated Press. 15 January 1981 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) 3k (11 August 2016). "2016 Los Angeles Rams Will Wear White Uniforms at Home" (https://www.turfshowtimes.com/2016/8/11/12447038/2016-los-angeles-rams-home-uniforms-colors-white) . TurfShowTimes.com (/wiki/SB_Nation) . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-26) "World Football League Road Uniforms – The Football Uniform Site" (https://www.oursportscentral.com/uniforms/roadwfls.html) . oursportscentral.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130630010809/http://www.oursportscentral.com/uniforms/roadwfls.html) from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) The 20 Best Road Uniforms in College Football (http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1127666-the-20-best-road-uniforms-in-college-football) Archived (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120717075016/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1127666-the-20-best-road-uniforms-in-college-football) 17 July 2012 at Wikiwix, Bleacher Report , 1 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012 ^ a b c David Moor. 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"Wallabies all white for World Cup" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/wallabies-all-white-for-world-cup/story-e6frey4i-1226050161623) . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "New Scotland alternate kit unveiled (24/09/14)" (http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/14/09/24/new-scotland-alternate-kit-unveiled) . ScottishRugby.org . Scottish Rugby. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150623051308/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/14/09/24/new-scotland-alternate-kit-unveiled) from the original on 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) "France rugby team to wear red against Scotland" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/31156290) . BBC Sport. 5 February 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150311021359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/31156290) from the original on 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) "International Rules – GAA – Shop By Team" (https://www.oneills.com/shop-by-team/gaa/international-rules.html) . 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French fashion designer (born 1946) Alain Manoukian ( Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_language) : Ալեն Մանուկյան , born 19 February 1946) is a French fashion designer and owner of the Manoukian fashion group. Manoukian began his career in the fashion industry in 1972. Established as a franchise in 1979, the company eventually opened 450 stores throughout the world, 300 of which are in France. After the Manoukian company was sold in 2005 to BCBG, Alain Manoukian now heads the Financiere Saxe development group based in France. Early life [ edit ] Alain Manoukian was born to Armenian (/wiki/Armenians_in_France) parents in Marseille (/wiki/Marseille) , France, on 19 February 1946. His grandparents, along with his father, arrived in France from Aleppo (/wiki/Aleppo) , Syria (/wiki/Syria) in 1927. [1] (#cite_note-lemonde-1) The family was originally from Kharpert (/wiki/Kharpert) and during the Armenian genocide (/wiki/Armenian_genocide) , they were deported to Syria. [2] (#cite_note-shant-2) During the deportations, Manoukian's father lost six siblings. [1] (#cite_note-lemonde-1) The family managed to emigrate to France with the help of the Nansen Passport (/wiki/Nansen_Passport) . [1] (#cite_note-lemonde-1) When living in Marseille, Manoukian's parents were involved with shoe-making. [2] (#cite_note-shant-2) Career [ edit ] Alain Manoukian's first store was opened in 1972 with the help of his wife Danielle Manoukian. [3] (#cite_note-3) The store mostly featured sweater designs. In 1979, the company became a franchise and in 1984, it began to expand worldwide. [4] (#cite_note-infomat-4) In 1985, the company went public and was listed on the Lyon Stock Exchange. [5] (#cite_note-universe-5) During the 1988 Armenian earthquake (/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake) , Manoukian was one of the first to send relief supplies. The relief supplies required four airplanes to have it delivered. [6] (#cite_note-aimmag-6) In honor of his father, he sponsored the construction of an Armenian church next to Lake Sevan (/wiki/Lake_Sevan) . [1] (#cite_note-lemonde-1) By 1990, the company eventually opened four-hundred fifty stores throughout the world, three hundred of which are in France and was worth $140 million. [6] (#cite_note-aimmag-6) In 2001, Manoukian launched two websites which featured an e-commerce section that had in stock seven-hundred clothing items for sale. [4] (#cite_note-infomat-4) A year later, in 2002, the company started the Séda Manoukian brand which appeals to the youth market. [5] (#cite_note-universe-5) BCBG Max Azria (/wiki/BCBG_Max_Azria) Group, Inc. bought the company in August 2005 and introduced it to the American market. [7] (#cite_note-global-7) He now heads the Financiere Saxe group based in France. [2] (#cite_note-shant-2) [8] (#cite_note-8) The group sponsors the renovations of major cities throughout the country. The group sponsored and financed a development project in the city of Montpellier (/wiki/Montpellier) on the boulevard du Jeu-de-Paume. [9] (#cite_note-9) His son David Manoukian (/wiki/David_Manoukian) is the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the luxury social network service The Sphere (/wiki/The_Sphere_(social_network)) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Distinctions [ edit ] Some of Alain Manoukian's distinctions include: [11] (#cite_note-11) National Order of Merit (/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)) Chevalier of the Legion of Honor (/wiki/Legion_of_Honor) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Gurrey, Béatrice (29 September 2009). "Le retour aux sources des Arméniens de France" (http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2006/09/29/le-retour-aux-sources-des-armeniens-de-france_818251_3214.html) . Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) (in French). ^ a b c "Armenians of the World-Allen Manoukian" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q42K6djJS90) . YouTube . Shant TV (/wiki/Shant_TV) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Zanuso, Matteo. "Alain Manoukian enters the US" (http://fashionbi.com/newspaper/alain-manoukian-enters-the-us) . Fashionbi. ^ a b "Alain Manoukian, Fashion Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140204205334/http://fashion.infomat.com/alain-manoukian-designer.html) . Infomat . Archived from the original (http://fashion.infomat.com/alain-manoukian-designer.html) on 2014-02-04 . Retrieved 2014-11-23 . ^ a b "Groupe Alain Manoukian History" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/groupe-alain-manoukian-history/) . Funding Universe. ^ a b Manoukian, Ani (30 September 1990). "Business: Two designers give Europe taste of "Hye" style; Manoukian, Kelian firms impress fashion world". AIM: Armenian International Magazine . 1 (2): 22. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1050-3471 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1050-3471) . ^ (#cite_ref-global_7-0) "BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP Announces US Launch of Manoukian for Fall 2012: Manoukian Sets Off to Conquer America!". Global Newswire. 31 July 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "La Financière Saxe" (http://www.montpellier.fr/uploads/Document/79/WEB_CHEMIN_8006_1255351089.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Centre-ville : Projet Manoukian : un premier plan d'ici cet été" (http://www.montpellier.maville.com/actu/forum_-Centre-ville-Projet-Manoukian-un-premier-plan-d-ici-cet-ete_-1347635_actu.Htm?idAvis=199420) (in French). Maville. 28 April 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Sphere : a social luxury network for the happy few" (http://www.luxe-magazine.com/52-4418-The_Sphere_a_social_luxury_network_for_the_happy_few) . Luxe Magazine. September 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Légion d'honneur : beaucoup de Nordistes dans la promo du 14 Juillet" (http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/France_Monde/actualite/Secteur_France_Monde/2011/07/15/article_legion-d-honneur-todt-lanzmann-et-des-no.shtml) . La Voix du Nord (/wiki/La_Voix_du_Nord_(daily)) . External links [ edit ] Interview with Alain Manoukian on Shant TV Armenian (in Armenian) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q42K6djJS90) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐lvm59 Cached time: 20240710190835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.336 seconds Real time usage: 0.483 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 670/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16855/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 534/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40594/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15003946/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 462.979 1 -total 37.87% 175.351 1 Template:Reflist 29.19% 135.145 1 Template:Lang-hy 27.88% 129.098 5 Template:Cite_news 21.43% 99.207 1 Template:Short_description 9.51% 44.037 2 Template:Pagetype 9.46% 43.790 1 Template:ACArt 9.31% 43.096 3 Template:Main_other 8.85% 40.970 1 Template:SDcat 3.90% 18.070 5 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44481111-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710190835 and revision id 1231613269. 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Italian entrepreneur (born 1952) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Mario Moretti Polegato" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mario+Moretti+Polegato%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mario Moretti Polegato Mario Moretti Polegato, President and founder at Geox Group (2013). Born ( 1952-08-16 ) 16 August 1952 (age 71) Crocetta del Montello, Italy Occupation entrepreneur Mario Moretti Polegato (born 16 August 1952) is an Italian entrepreneur, active in the footwear sector, who founded the company Geox (/wiki/Geox) of which he is the president. Biography [ edit ] He was born in Crocetta del Montello (/wiki/Crocetta_del_Montello) ( Treviso (/wiki/Treviso) ), Italy, into a family of entrepreneurs active in the agricultural and winemaking sector. Following in the family's footsteps, he studied oenology. For several years he worked in the family business. He established Geox in order to produce a shoe that breathes. During his working life, Polegato has received acknowledgements including Knight of the National Order of Merit from the President of Romania in 2000. In 2002, he was nominated Entrepreneur of the Year – a title given to him by Ernst & Young (/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young) – and in 2003 he received the Best Italian Entrepreneur in the World award, also from Ernst & Young Global. In 2005, the former Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi) bestowed him the title of Cavaliere del Lavoro della Repubblica Italiana (Knight of Labour), whereas in 2006 the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano (/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano) awarded him the title of Grande Ufficiale della Repubblica (/w/index.php?title=Grande_Ufficiale_della_Repubblica&action=edit&redlink=1) (Great Officer of the Republic). The European School of Management Italia (ESCP-EAP) named him Affiliate Professor of Entrepreneurship. In 2010, he received the European Business Leader Award (EBLA) for the Innovator of the Year category, an acknowledgement that the Financial Times and CNBC bestow on key players in the global economy every year. [1] (#cite_note-1) He was appointed as a member of the international panel of judges for the "European Inventor Award", organised by the European Patent Office (EPO), which selects and awards the best patented inventions worldwide every year. He has held the diplomatic position of Honorary Consul General of Romania for North-East Italy since 1997, and he has been a member of the Executive Board of Confindustria (General Confederation of Italian Industry) since 2003. In 2014, he became a member of the Regency Council of the Bank of Italy. He received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation (/wiki/Italy-USA_Foundation) in 2015. The Group [ edit ] Polegato is the President of the Geox (/wiki/Geox) Group, which he founded. It is an Italian company in the comfortable footwear sector. Geox has also used its own brand to produce clothing with breathable technologies. In 2004, Geox was listed on the Borsa Italiana (/wiki/Milan_Stock_Exchange) . Polegato is the President of LIR Srl, a finance company based in Treviso, which is owned by the family. Through this company, he controls Geox and Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) , an Italian brand that represents sport, which was taken over in 2009 and is led by his son Enrico. Honours [ edit ] Honorary Doctorate from the University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Banatului, Timișoara (/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara) ( Romania (/wiki/Romania) ); Honorary master's degree from Cà Foscari University of Venice in Chemistry and Environmental Compatibility; Honorary Degree from the University of Florence (/wiki/University_of_Florence) in Economics. See also [ edit ] biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Montebelluna (/wiki/Montebelluna) Classifica degli uomini più ricchi d'Italia secondo Forbes (/w/index.php?title=Classifica_degli_uomini_pi%C3%B9_ricchi_d%27Italia_secondo_Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1) Organizzazione europea dei Brevetti (/w/index.php?title=Organizzazione_europea_dei_Brevetti&action=edit&redlink=1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Mario Moretti Polegato è l'innovatore dell'anno" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Economia%20e%20Lavoro/2010/03/moretti-polegato-innovatore-anno.shtml?uuid=f8eeff62-37f2-11df-b39f-cfd69bf8f4a9&DocRulesView=Libero) . Il Sole 24 ORE . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . External links [ edit ] Geox Website (http://www.geox.com/) Geox Group society Information (https://web.archive.org/web/20140803095233/http://www.geox.biz/ir_ir-b.asp) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐jb8xf Cached time: 20240623113632 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.263 seconds Real time usage: 0.476 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1841/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17466/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1638/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8994/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.171/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5239446/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 449.862 1 -total 42.30% 190.277 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.87% 107.392 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 21.98% 98.863 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 21.06% 94.757 1 Template:Reflist 18.91% 85.048 1 Template:Cite_news 16.63% 74.820 1 Template:Short_description 13.21% 59.423 1 Template:BLP_sources 12.62% 56.776 1 Template:Ambox 10.14% 45.609 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43483956-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623113632 and revision id 1196373135. 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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Saris (/wiki/Saris) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saris (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saris) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐m8587 Cached time: 20240720173854 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.103 seconds Real time usage: 0.160 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3871/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 226/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.064/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1511768/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 145.276 1 -total 46.03% 66.864 1 Template:Commons_category 44.24% 64.276 1 Template:Sister_project 41.42% 60.176 1 Template:Side_box 32.91% 47.812 1 Template:Portal 25.83% 37.523 2 Template:If_then_show 20.81% 30.236 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25876160-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173854 and revision id 1202792707. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. H Handloom sarees (/wiki/Category:Handloom_sarees) ‎ (7 P) Pages in category "Saris" The following 55 pages are in this category, out of 55 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Sari (/wiki/Sari) Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) A Arani Sari (/wiki/Arani_Sari) B Baluchari sari (/wiki/Baluchari_sari) Banarasi sari (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Berhampur Patta (/wiki/Berhampur_Patta) Bhagalpur sari (/wiki/Bhagalpur_sari) C Chanderi sari (/wiki/Chanderi_sari) Chaubandi Cholo (/wiki/Chaubandi_Cholo) Chendamangalam saree (/wiki/Chendamangalam_saree) Choli (/wiki/Choli) D Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhaniakhali saree (/wiki/Dhaniakhali_saree) G Gadwal sari (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Garad saree (/wiki/Garad_saree) Ghagra choli (/wiki/Ghagra_choli) Gollabhama sari (/wiki/Gollabhama_sari) I Ilkal sari (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) J Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) K Kanchipuram silk sari (/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari) Kandangi (/wiki/Kandangi) Kasaragod saree (/wiki/Kasaragod_saree) Kasta sari (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kerala sari (/wiki/Kerala_sari) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Korial Saree (/wiki/Korial_Saree) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Kovai Cora cotton (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_cotton) Kuthampully saree (/wiki/Kuthampully_saree) L Langa voni (/wiki/Langa_voni) Lehenga-style sari (/wiki/Lehenga-style_sari) M Mangalagiri sarees and fabrics (/wiki/Mangalagiri_sarees_and_fabrics) Molakalmuru sari (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum neriyatum (/wiki/Mundum_neriyatum) P Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Pasapali sari (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Patola sari (/wiki/Patola_sari) Pochampally sari (/wiki/Pochampally_sari) Puttapaka Saree (/wiki/Puttapaka_Saree) S Salem silk (/wiki/Salem_silk) Sari cancer (/wiki/Sari_cancer) Sari-inspired dress (/wiki/Sari-inspired_dress) Kalpana Shah (/wiki/Kalpana_Shah) Shalu (sari) (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) Shantipuri sari (/wiki/Shantipuri_sari) T Tangail Saree (/wiki/Tangail_Saree) Tangail saree (West Bengal) (/wiki/Tangail_saree_(West_Bengal)) Tansukh cloth (/wiki/Tansukh_cloth) Tant sari (/wiki/Tant_sari) Telia Rumal (/wiki/Telia_Rumal) Thirubuvanam Silk Sarees (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) U Uppada Jamdani sari (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_sari) V Venkatagiri Sari (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) W Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) Wet sari scene (/wiki/Wet_sari_scene) Media in category "Saris" This category contains only the following file. PC080025.JPG (/wiki/File:PC080025.JPG) 1,024 × 768; 170 KB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Saris&oldid=1202792707 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Saris&oldid=1202792707) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Indian clothing (/wiki/Category:Indian_clothing) Bangladeshi clothing (/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_clothing) Indian handicrafts (/wiki/Category:Indian_handicrafts) Weaving (/wiki/Category:Weaving) Textile arts of India (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_India) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Indian model and actor (born 1986) Vikram Sakhalkar Born ( 1986-04-23 ) 23 April 1986 (age 38) Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , India (/wiki/India) Occupation(s) Actor, model Years active 2015–present Vikram Sakhalkar [1] (#cite_note-1) is an Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) film and television actor and model. Vikram was born on 23 April 1986, to a family of business background. He completed schooling in Arya Vidhya Mandir, Juhu, Mumbai, and graduation thereafter. As soon as he passed his school, his family moved to the US and completed his college there. Currently he is unmarried. [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] He started his career as model, has done extensive modeling and has been featured in many advertisements like oats, gold deo, Brittania (/wiki/Britannia_Industries) biscuits, cement, Raymonds and many more. [3] (#cite_note-3) He was part of a song, by Bombay Bicycle Club (/wiki/Bombay_Bicycle_Club) . [4] (#cite_note-4) He made his film debut as one of the leads in 2015 film Calendar Girls (/wiki/Calendar_Girls_(2015_film)) and as supporting role in 2018 film Vodka Diaries (/wiki/Vodka_Diaries) . [5] (#cite_note-R1-5) His television debut was in the recurring role of Dhawal in Jamai Raja (/wiki/Jamai_Raja_(film)) . Since 2017-18 he has been portraying the parallel lead role of Dr. Kabir in Savitri Devi College & Hospital (/wiki/Savitri_Devi_College_%26_Hospital) television series. [6] (#cite_note-6) Filmography [ edit ] Year Film Role Director Notes Ref(s) 2015 Calendar Girls (/wiki/Calendar_Girls_(2015_film)) Harsh Narang Madhur Bhandarkar (/wiki/Madhur_Bhandarkar) Debut [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) 2017 Kaabil (/wiki/Kaabil) A film star Sanjay Gupta (/wiki/Sanjay_Gupta) Cameo [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) 2018 Vodka Diaries (/wiki/Vodka_Diaries) Mayuk Kushal Srivastava (/wiki/Kushal_Srivastava) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [5] (#cite_note-R1-5) Television [ edit ] Year Shows Role Channel References 2016 Jamai Raja (/wiki/Jamai_Raja_(2014_TV_series)) Dhawal (Antagonist) Zee TV (/wiki/Zee_TV) 2017–2018 Savitri Devi College & Hospital (/wiki/Savitri_Devi_College_%26_Hospital) Dr. Kabir Kapoor (Parallel Male Lead) Colors TV (/wiki/Colors_TV) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) 2019 Laal Ishq (/wiki/Laal_Ishq_(2018_TV_series)) (Episode 100) Vihaan &TV (/wiki/%26TV) 2021 Naagin 6 (/wiki/Naagin_(2015_TV_series)) Colors TV (/wiki/Colors_TV) Web series [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2024 Qaatil Haseena ALTBalaji (/wiki/ALTBalaji) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Double dose of entertainment on TV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130258/http://www1.epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31805&articlexml=Double-dose-of-entertainment-on-TV-15052017101004) . The Times of India . Ahmedabad. 15 May 2017. Archived from the original (http://www1.epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31805&articlexml=Double-dose-of-entertainment-on-TV-15052017101004) on 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Thankful to Madhur Bhandarkar for believing in me: 'Calendar Girls' actor Vikram Sakhalkar" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thankful-to-madhur-bhandarkar-for-believing-in-me-calendar-girls-actor-vikram-sakhalkar/) . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Vikram Sakhalkar" (https://m.youtube.com/user/mrvikrams85/videos) . Vikram Sakhalkar . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Bombay Bicycle Club-Feel" (https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=etmFT1OQSnc) . Bombay Bicycle Club (/wiki/Bombay_Bicycle_Club) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ a b "Sinopsis Lengkap Film Vodka Diaries (2018)" (http://www.sinopsisfilmindia.com/2018/01/sinopsis-lengkap-film-vodka-diaries-2018.html) . sinopsisfilmindia.com. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Vikram Sakhalkar to make his television debut with COLORS' 'Savitri Devi College and Hospital' (http://www.starworldnews.co/vikram-sakhalkar-make-television-debut-colors-savitri-devi-college-hospital/) " (http://www.starworldnews.co/vikram-sakhalkar-make-television-debut-colors-savitri-devi-college-hospital/) . starworldnews.co. ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut-117032400932_1.html) 'Calender [ (http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut-117032400932_1.html) sic ] Girls' fame Vikram Sakhalkar to make TV debut" (http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut-117032400932_1.html) . Business Standard (/wiki/Business_Standard) . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325194624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut/articleshow/57815585.cms) 'Calender [ (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325194624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut/articleshow/57815585.cms) sic ] Girls' fame Vikram Sakhalkar to make TV debut" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325194624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut/articleshow/57815585.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived from the original (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/calender-girls-fame-vikram-sakhalkar-to-make-tv-debut/articleshow/57815585.cms) on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Vikram Sakhalkar to make debut" (http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hollywood/2017-03-25/Vikram-Sakhalkar-to-make-debut/288861) . thehansindia.com. 25 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://article.wn.com/view/2017/03/24/Calender_Girls_fame_Vikram_Sakhalkar_to_make_TV_debut/) 'Calender [ (https://article.wn.com/view/2017/03/24/Calender_Girls_fame_Vikram_Sakhalkar_to_make_TV_debut/) sic ] Girls' fame Vikram Sakhalkar to make TV debut" (https://article.wn.com/view/2017/03/24/Calender_Girls_fame_Vikram_Sakhalkar_to_make_TV_debut/) . article.wn.com. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kaabil" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kaabil/cast/) . article.bollywoodhungama.com . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "VODKA DIARIES Movie Review - Trippy Trippy Hota Hai" (http://www.glamsham.com/en/vodka-diaries-movie-review-trippy-trippy-hota-hai) . glamsham.com. ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/vodka-diaries-review-makers-present-inebriated-stuff-with-some-absurdities/article_f2ee788c-fc7e-11e7-b001-0f1d5cab8b5a.html) 'Vodka Diaries' Review: Makers Present Inebriated Stuff with Some Absurdities" (http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/vodka-diaries-review-makers-present-inebriated-stuff-with-some-absurdities/article_f2ee788c-fc7e-11e7-b001-0f1d5cab8b5a.html) . indiawest.com. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Vodka Diaries: Cast & Crew" (https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vodka-diaries-24935/cast-crew) . cinestaan.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203254/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vodka-diaries-24935/cast-crew) from the original on 29 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Vikram Sakhalkar is ready to make TV debut" (https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news+crab-epaper-newcrb/vikram+sakhalkar+is+ready+to+make+tv+debut-newsid-65632059) . dailyhunt (/wiki/Dailyhunt) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Savitri Devi College and Hospital: Launch" (https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/savitri-devi-college-and-hospital-launch/vikram-sakhalkar-photos/articleshow/58655725.cms) . photogallery.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "New shows on the block" (http://www.dailypioneer.com/show-time/2017-04-15-171371.html?fromNewsdog=1) . dailypioneer.com . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . External links [ edit ] Vikram Sakhalkar (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7598615/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sk9pq Cached time: 20240712141001 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.455 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2642/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33096/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2038/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 63226/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.199/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7195605/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 424.849 1 -total 34.50% 146.552 1 Template:Reflist 30.01% 127.481 1 Template:Infobox_person 29.57% 125.644 17 Template:Cite_web 15.62% 66.360 1 Template:Short_description 9.25% 39.297 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.99% 38.208 2 Template:Pagetype 7.36% 31.254 20 Template:Main_other 6.90% 29.331 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.70% 24.237 1 Template:IMDb_name Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57452337-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712141001 and revision id 1227834232. 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Not to be confused with Kupia (/wiki/Kupia) . Kupiah Kupiah meukeutob (left) and kupiah riman (right) Type Traditional cap Place of origin Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) ( Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) ) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islam) on Islamic culture (/wiki/Islamic_culture) Architecture (/wiki/Islamic_architecture) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan) Indo-Islamic (/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture) Indonesian (/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia) Moorish (/wiki/Moorish_architecture) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) Persian (/wiki/Iranian_architecture) Somali (/wiki/Somali_architecture) Sudano-Sahelian (/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_mosque) Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_architecture) Yemeni (/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen) Art (/wiki/Islamic_art) Arabian carpet (/wiki/Arabian_carpet) Azerbaijani carpet (/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Calligraphy (/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Embroidery (/wiki/Islamic_embroidery) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Iznik pottery (/wiki/Iznik_pottery) Khatam (/wiki/Khatam) Kilim (/wiki/Kilim) Miniature (/wiki/Islamic_art#Painting) Oriental rug (/wiki/Oriental_rug) Paan dan (/wiki/Paan_dan) Persian carpet (/wiki/Persian_carpet) Soumak (/wiki/Soumak) Suzani (/wiki/Suzani_(textile)) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Turkmen rug (/wiki/Turkmen_rug) Turkish carpet (/wiki/Anatolian_rug) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Boubou (/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) Jilbab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) Kameez (/wiki/Kameez) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kupiah Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Salwar (/wiki/Salwar) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Taqiya (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Holidays (/wiki/Islamic_holidays) Arba'een (/wiki/Arba%27een) al-Ghadir (/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir) Chaand Raat (/wiki/Chaand_Raat) al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) al-Adha (/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) Imamat Day (/wiki/Imamat_Day) New Year (/wiki/Islamic_New_Year) al-Qadr (/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr) Mawlid (/wiki/Mawlid) Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) Bara’at (/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at) Raghaib (/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib) Literature (/wiki/Islamic_literature) Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_literature) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature) Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_literature) Crimean Tatar (/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature) Gambian (/wiki/Gambian_literature) Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_literature) Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_literature) ( Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_literature) ) Kashmiri (/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir) Kazakh (/wiki/Kazakh_literature) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_literature) Kyrgyz (/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature) Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysian_literature) ( Malay (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Literature) ) Malian (/wiki/Malian_literature) Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_literature) Pashto (/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry) Persian (/wiki/Persian_literature) Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_literature) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_literature) Somali (/wiki/Somali_literature) South Asian (/wiki/South_Asian_literature) Tajik (/wiki/Tajik_literature) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_literature) Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_literature) Turkmen (/wiki/Turkmen_literature) Urdu (/wiki/Urdu_literature) Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghur_literature) Uzbek (/wiki/Uzbek_literature) Music (/wiki/Islamic_music) Ashik (/wiki/Ashik) Daf (/wiki/Daf) Dastgah (/wiki/Dastgah) Gamelan (/wiki/Gamelan) Gendang beleq (/wiki/Gendang_beleq) Ghazal (/wiki/Ghazal) Haḍra (/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra) Hamd (/wiki/Hamd) Jari (/wiki/Jarigan) Madih nabawi (/wiki/Madih_nabawi) Mappilappattu (/wiki/Mappila_songs) Maqam (/wiki/Arabic_maqam) Mugam (/wiki/Mugham) Naʽat (/wiki/Na%CA%BDat) Nasheed (/wiki/Nasheed) Noha (/wiki/Noha) Qawwali (/wiki/Qawwali) Sufi (/wiki/Sufi_music) Talempong (/wiki/Talempong) Tambourine (/wiki/Tambourine) Theatre (/wiki/Islamic_theatre) Bangsawan (/wiki/Bangsawan) Cem (/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)) Karagöz and Hacivat (/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat) Sama (/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)) Ta'zieh (/wiki/Ta%27zieh) Wayang (/wiki/Wayang) Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) v t e A kupiah is a cap (/wiki/Cap) that originates from Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . There are two types: kupiah meukeutob and kupiah riman . Kupiahs are worn by Acehnese men as an everyday wear or specifically in ceremonies such as in a wedding (/wiki/Wedding) . History [ edit ] During the Sultanate of Aceh (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh) , kupiah meukeutob were worn specially for sultans (/wiki/Sultan) and ulemas (/wiki/Ulema) , while the kupiah riman were worn by noblemen and ordinary people. The use of kupiah meukeutob is believed to have begun in Sultan Iskandar Muda (/wiki/Iskandar_Muda) 's reign, and in the 19th century, kupiah meukeutob were famously used by Indonesian national heroes (/wiki/List_of_National_Heroes_of_Indonesia) from Aceh, such as Teuku Umar (/wiki/Teuku_Umar) and Panglima Polem (/w/index.php?title=Panglima_Polem&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Gallery [ edit ] Teuku Umar (/wiki/Teuku_Umar) , Indonesian national hero Sultan Muhammad Daud Syah Acehnese nobleman, 1940 See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Kopiah (/wiki/Kopiah) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kupiah Meukeutob and Kupiah Riman: Acehnese Headwear (Indonesian) (http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/2652/kupiah-meukeutob-dan-kupiah-riman-penutup-kepala-laki-laki-masyarakat-aceh) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupiah&oldid=1025908916 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupiah&oldid=1025908916) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Culture of Aceh (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Aceh) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing)
Souk Ech-Chaouachine is one of the souks (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) of the medina of Tunis (/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis) . Divided into three parts, it is specialized in chachia (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) trading. History [ edit ] Old picture of Souk Ech-Chaouachine. According to the chronicler Al Wazir Al Sarraj, Mohamed Bey El Mouradi (/wiki/Mohamed_Bey_El_Mouradi) ordered the construction of the souk in 1691–1692, following the great push that Moorish (/wiki/Morisco) migrant artisans gave to chachia (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) production and trading at the beginning of the 17th century. [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) The chachia artisans, called chaouachis , were mainly of Andalusian (/wiki/Al-Andalus) origins, [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) and initiated from the start one of the most important artisan guilds (/wiki/Guild) in the country. Their profit generating business was practiced exclusively in Tunis, and followed an important production process and artisan hierarchy, headed by an amine , as all other traditional crafts. [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) Location [ edit ] Metallic sign indicating the Great Chaouachine Souk Metallic sign indicating the Small Chaouachine Souk The souk is divided into three parts: Souk El Hafsi on Kasbah (/wiki/Kasbah) Street, Small and Great Chaouachine Souks both located between Sidi Ben Arous Street (/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Ben_Arous_Street&action=edit&redlink=1) and Souk El Bey (/wiki/Souk_El_Bey) , [2] (#cite_note-commune-2) near Dar El Bey (/wiki/Dar_El_Bey) . [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) Products [ edit ] As its name indicates, Souk Ech-Chaouachine is specialized in the production and selling of chachia, a boiled wool red colored men's headwear, with blue or black glans to make it more luxurious. [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) Chachia production requires more than two months which includes several steps from crochet all the way to finishing; only the dying and the finishing production steps are executed at the souk. A chaouachi finishing a chachia. At the chachia workshops situated within Souk Ech-Chaouachine, artisans and apprentices sit on wooden benches leaning on workshop walls, the master artisans sitting behind a counter to meet customers. [1] (#cite_note-inp-1) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f "Médina de Tunis" (http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=12&lang=fr) . inp.rnrt.tn (in French) . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-commune_2-0) "Souk Ach-Chaouachiya" (http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=221) . commune-tunis.gov.tn (in French) . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . External links [ edit ] "Souk Ach-Chaouachiya" (http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=221) . commune-tunis.gov.tn (in French) . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . "Souk Chaouachine" (http://culture.alecso.org/medinatunis/index.php/fr/souks/souk-chaouachine) . culture.alecso.org (in French) . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . v t e Souks of Tunis (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) Souk Al Asr (/wiki/Souk_Al_Asr) Souk de la Commission (/wiki/Souk_de_la_Commission) Souk Ech-Chaouachine Souk Edabaghine (/wiki/Souk_Edabaghine) Souk El Attarine (/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine) Souk El Azzafine (/wiki/Souk_El_Azzafine) Souk El Bechmak (/wiki/Souk_El_Bechmak) Souk El Beransia (/wiki/Souk_El_Beransia) Souk El Berka (/wiki/Souk_El_Berka) Souk El Bey (/wiki/Souk_El_Bey) Souk El Blaghgia (/wiki/Souk_El_Blaghgia) Souk El Blat (/wiki/Souk_El_Blat) Souk El Dziria (/wiki/Souk_El_Dziria) Souk El Fekka (/wiki/Souk_El_Fekka) Souk El Ghrabliyya (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghrabliyya) Souk El Ghraiyer (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghraiyer) Souk El Grana (/wiki/Souk_El_Grana) Souk El Haddadine (/wiki/Souk_El_Haddadine) Souk El Jedid (/wiki/Souk_El_Jedid) Souk El Kachachine (/wiki/Souk_El_Kachachine) Souk El Kebabjia (/wiki/Souk_El_Kebabjia) Souk El Kmach (/wiki/Souk_El_Kmach) Souk El Kouafi (/wiki/Souk_El_Kouafi) Souk El Koutbiya (/wiki/Souk_El_Koutbiya) Souk El Leffa (/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa) Souk El Marr (/wiki/Souk_El_Marr) Souk El Nissa (/wiki/Souk_El_Nissa) Souk El Ouzar (/wiki/Souk_El_Ouzar) Souk El Sagha (/wiki/Souk_El_Sagha) Souk El Souf (/wiki/Souk_El_Souf) Souk El Trouk (/wiki/Souk_El_Trouk) Souk En Nhas (/wiki/Souk_En_Nhas) Souk Erbaa (/wiki/Souk_Erbaa_(Tunis)) Souk Es Sabbaghine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine) Souk Es Sabbaghine El Saghir (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine_El_Saghir) Souk Es Sekajine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sekajine) Souk Sidi Boumendil (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Boumendil) Souk Sidi Mahrez (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Mahrez) Souk Sidi Sridek (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Sridek) Souk Es Sarragine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sarragine) WikiProject Tunisia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐z46g2 Cached time: 20240712182700 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.333 seconds Real time usage: 0.463 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 480/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15234/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 730/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22964/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.218/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3823703/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 399.713 1 -total 32.34% 129.257 1 Template:Reflist 29.87% 119.394 4 Template:Cite_web 27.52% 109.989 1 Template:Souks_of_Tunis 26.67% 106.600 1 Template:Navbox 19.21% 76.798 3 Template:Main_other 18.99% 75.895 1 Template:Coord_missing 11.54% 46.117 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 9.56% 38.203 1 Template:If 9.09% 36.315 2 Template:P2 Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49127817-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182700 and revision id 1084248612. 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Thai semi-couture fashion brand Busardi Industry Fashion Founded 2009 Founder Busardi Muntarbhorn Tuck Muntarbhorn (/wiki/Tuck_Muntarbhorn) Headquarters Bangkok , Thailand Busardi is a Thai semi-couture fashion brand founded in 2009 by Busardi Muntarbhorn and her son, Tuck Muntarbhorn (/wiki/Tuck_Muntarbhorn) . [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) Busardi is Thailand’s first brand to show at Paris Haute Couture Week. [2] (#cite_note-auto1-2) The brand stems from a familial tradition that can be traced back to Yoswadee Boon-Long, creator of Yoswadee, a long-standing fashion house that dressed the royal family, glamorous Thai aristocrats, [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) and women in the government during the 1950s and 1960s. [2] (#cite_note-auto1-2) In January 2015, Busardi made its debut in Paris haute couture with its Spring-Summer 2015 collection. [2] (#cite_note-auto1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The brand is known for its use of guipure (/wiki/Guipure) lace and fine Thai craftsmanship, and for romantic designs that fall between haute couture and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Cabaset, Patrick. "Profil: Grand Soir" (http://www.styleconsulting.co.uk/press/tuck-muntarbhorn-in-lofficiel-paris-junejuly-2015-issue) . L'Officiel Paris (Jalou Media Group) . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ a b c Pichitmarn, Parisa (22 October 2015). "DNA of Design" (http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/739304/) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Défilé Busardi Haute couture Printemps-été 2015" (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/defiles/busardi/printemps-ete-2015/haute-couture-0/94043) . Le Figaro. 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b95665745‐wb5mq Cached time: 20240624175351 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.207 seconds Real time usage: 0.305 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1218/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9146/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 722/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13762/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.137/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4429714/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 295.861 1 -total 42.73% 126.426 1 Template:Infobox_company 35.58% 105.276 1 Template:Infobox 33.91% 100.325 1 Template:Reflist 29.38% 86.928 3 Template:Cite_news 22.09% 65.343 1 Template:Short_description 12.83% 37.966 2 Template:Pagetype 9.50% 28.107 6 Template:Main_other 4.65% 13.761 1 Template:SDcat 3.91% 11.581 1 Template:Wikidata Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52041961-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624175351 and revision id 1226465160. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Busardi&oldid=1226465160 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Busardi&oldid=1226465160) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Thai brands (/wiki/Category:Thai_brands) Clothing companies of Thailand (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Thailand) Thai fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Thai_fashion_designers) Clothing companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009) Thai companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Thai_companies_established_in_2009) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Tousled type of hairstyle Frazzled, sun-damaged surfer hair. Robert Plant (/wiki/Robert_Plant) . The longer, curlier style was particularly popular in the late 1960s and 1970s. Surfer hair is a tousled type of hairstyle (/wiki/Hairstyle) , popularized by surfers (/wiki/Surfers) from the 1950s onwards, traditionally long, thick and naturally bleached from high exposure to the sun and salt water of the sea. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the long hair and general lack of personal grooming (/wiki/Personal_grooming) was closely associated with hippie culture (/wiki/Hippie) . Today, hairstyling companies brand their own hair gels (/wiki/Hair_gel) , shampoos (/wiki/Shampoo) and hair wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) to achieve the "surfer look" with hairstyles that are often shorter than traditionally, which often require more grooming to achieve the permanent hair lift or intentional windswept look. Amongst women, fashion magazines have referred to "sun streaked surfer hair" as a desirable look for women, although genuine surfer hair is often heavily damaged by the elements. Background [ edit ] As early as 1950, Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine referred to the "beach bum" surfers of southern California. [1] (#cite_note-Inc1950-1) In 1963, Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) described the emerging cultural "uniform" of the surfer with bleached blond hair and white Levi (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) jeans, cut off at the knee. [2] (#cite_note-Inc.1963-2) In 1965, Life magazine noted that the long surfer hair style and clothing (Levis) of surfers also transcended into skiing fashion. [3] (#cite_note-Inc1965-3) From the late 1960s to the 1980s in particular, especially at the time of the hippy (/wiki/Hippy) , the surfer style was characterized by thick, long, bleached, often curly blond hair, bleached intensively by the sun and the saltwater. [4] (#cite_note-SchwendingerSchwendinger1985-4) The hair of surfers is often damaged and bleached, brought about by frequent exposure to sunlight, humidity and salty water. [5] (#cite_note-Tur2007-5) Blonder or red headed individuals tend to be more affected, given that their pheomelanin (/wiki/Pheomelanin) is more sensitive. [5] (#cite_note-Tur2007-5) By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the long haired surfer had become heavily stereotyped in the media (referred to as a "beach bum" [6] (#cite_note-Tannen1989-6) or "surfer dude" [7] (#cite_note-Communications2004-7) [8] (#cite_note-Communications2006-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) ) as having a lack of discipline and self-indulgence and were described in an April 1971 issue of The Sun-Herald (/wiki/The_Sun-Herald) in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) as "jobless junkies". [10] (#cite_note-Wheaton2004-10) On the contrary, the modern surfer image has been described as rather less primitive in appearance, with many surfers now having jobs, driving posh cars and spending more time on personal grooming. [11] (#cite_note-Pike2008-11) An example of the longer, spiky surfer hair style worn by many Japanese youths In Japan (/wiki/Japan) , the surfer hair style and image became popular in the early 1980s, mostly by those who were not surfers. [12] (#cite_note-Satō1991-12) The style became known as saafaa , and the more extreme Japanese surfer haircut has been described as being "straight and combed forward with the back cut short". [12] (#cite_note-Satō1991-12) This is still popular amongst many Japanese youths today, with longer, spiky hair. Styling [ edit ] Left: James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) . Right: Surfer Rob Machado (/wiki/Rob_Machado) . These are examples of the modern surfer bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) hairstyle. Traditionally, the surfer hairstyle has been one with little regard to personal grooming; unkempt, wild, long , carefree and at one with nature. However, since the late 1990s, a shorter style, typically with a distinctly elevated quiff (/wiki/Quiff) , has emerged amongst young men, fashioned in a style similar to James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) . This style often requires more grooming and back combing and the heavy use of hair gels or waxes to achieve the permanent hair lift or intentional windswept look . [13] (#cite_note-13) A July 2003 article by Cincinnati Magazine (/wiki/Cincinnati_Magazine) described the modern surfer hair trend as "men growing out their hair, not long, but short with texture; the edges are more undone and natural, not blunt." [14] (#cite_note-Communications2003-14) Other variations of the style are the 90s curtains (/wiki/Curtains_(hairstyle)) style with a floppy fringe with far less application of gel, worn by people such as Phil Vassar (/wiki/Phil_Vassar) , Sebastián Rulli (/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Rulli) , Andy Griggs (/wiki/Andy_Griggs) , Laird Hamilton (/wiki/Laird_Hamilton) , Taylor Hawkins (/wiki/Taylor_Hawkins) , Keith Urban (/wiki/Keith_Urban) and Alex Band (/wiki/Alex_Band) and the heavy layered fringe and mullet style, worn by people such as Owen Wilson (/wiki/Owen_Wilson) , Jon Bon Jovi (/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi) , and Mike Ransom (/wiki/Adema) . Cultural popularity [ edit ] Actor Owen Wilson wearing the mid-length surfer hair common among his British and American peers from the mid-2000s onwards Since the late 1990s, hairstyling companies have branded their own hair gels (/wiki/Hair_gel) , shampoos (/wiki/Shampoo) and hair wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) to achieve the "surfer look". Hair gel companies began manufacturing stronger holding hair products and adverts began to feature more extreme styles with the tagline "Get surfer hair" to sell the product. [15] (#cite_note-15) Many exhibiting the style today use artificial bleach on their hair rather than letting the sun bleach it naturally and maintain a more refined appearance. [11] (#cite_note-Pike2008-11) The surfer style is often associated with a heartthrob (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heartthrob) or "pretty boy" male image. [16] (#cite_note-Morton2004-16) [17] (#cite_note-Dubois2008-17) Numerous media have capitalized upon this image and surfing culture, from American shows such as Malibu, CA (/wiki/Malibu,_CA_(TV_series)) , Baywatch (/wiki/Baywatch) [18] (#cite_note-Allen1995-18) and teen-oriented films, [19] (#cite_note-EmmisCommunications2004-19) to a number of Australian soaps, [20] (#cite_note-Warshaw2005-20) such as Home and Away (/wiki/Home_and_Away) . [21] (#cite_note-Booth2001-21) One actor in Hollywood who is particularly known for his surfer image and hair is Matthew McConaughey (/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey) , who even played the lead role in a 2008 film named Surfer, Dude (/wiki/Surfer,_Dude) . [22] (#cite_note-Inc.2008-22) With women, "sun streaked surfer hair" has been referred to in fashion magazines such as Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) as a desirable look. [23] (#cite_note-Inc.2004-23) In Maui (/wiki/Maui) , the frazzled, knotted, sun-bleached hair is also considered a desirable trait amongst many female surfers. [24] (#cite_note-Warshaw2004-24) [25] (#cite_note-Orlean2002-25) See also [ edit ] Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Inc1950_1-0) "Life revisits the ski bums" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116) . Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) . 28 August 1950. p. 116. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0024-3019 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc.1963_2-0) Lee Zhito (29 June 1963). "Surfing Craze Ready to Splash Across Country to East's Youth" (https://books.google.com/books?id=XgsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26) . Billboard . p. 26. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0006-2510 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc1965_3-0) "Aspen's Awful Problem - Surfers on Skis" (https://books.google.com/books?id=JkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42) . Life . 12 March 1965. p. 42. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0024-3019 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-SchwendingerSchwendinger1985_4-0) Schwendinger, Herman; Schwendinger, Julia Siegel (May 1985). Adolescent Subcultures and Delinquency . Praeger. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-275-91656-5 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tur, E. (2007). Environmental factors in skin diseases . Karger Publishers. p. 108. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-8055-8313-8 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tannen1989_6-0) Tannen, Deborah (1989). Talking voices: repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse . Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-37900-7 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Communications2004_7-0) "Spicoli" (https://books.google.com/books?id=2F0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA214) . Los Angeles Magazine . Emmis Communications. February 2004. p. 214. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1522-9149 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9149) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Communications2006_8-0) "First Person: The Surfer" (https://books.google.com/books?id=COsCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA113) . Indianapolis Monthly . Emmis Communications. June 2006. p. 113. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0899-0328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0328) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Highfield, Roger (14 November 2007). "Surfer Dude stubs physicists with theory of everything" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3314456/Surfer-dude-stuns-physicists-with-theory-of-everything.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3314456/Surfer-dude-stuns-physicists-with-theory-of-everything.html) on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wheaton2004_10-0) Wheaton, Belinda (28 October 2004). Understanding lifestyle sports: consumption, identity, and difference . Routledge. p. 97. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-25955-2 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pike, Steve (1 February 2008). Surfing South Africa: Swells, Spots and Surf African Culture . Juta and Company Ltd. p. 238. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-77013-118-7 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Satō, Ikuya (1991). Kamikaze biker: parody and anomy in affluent Japan . University of Chicago Press. p. 165. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-226-73525-2 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Surfer Hair:A Hair Trend That's Not Just For The Beach" (http://www.style-hair-magazine.com/surfer-hair.html) . Style Hair Magazine . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Communications2003_14-0) "What Are the Hottest Styles for Men This Summer?" (https://books.google.com/books?id=5gsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108) . Cincinnati Magazine . Emmis Communications. July 2003. p. 108. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0746-8210 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0746-8210) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Gainer Fructis Style Surf Hair for texturised styles. Beach in your soul? Get surf in your hair!" (http://www.garnier.co.uk/_en/_gb/our_products/products_STYLING.aspx?tpcode=OUR_PRODUCTS^PRD_STYLING^FRUCTIS_STYLE^FRUCTIS_STYLE_DISCOVER^STYLE_SURF) . Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Morton2004_16-0) Morton, Jennifer (16 October 2004). Belong: a TV journalist's search for urban culture : from Beirut to Bamako, from Havana to Ho Chi Minh City : stories and photos . Insomniac Press. p. 39. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-894663-78-6 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dubois2008_17-0) Dubois, Lila (1 February 2008). Lights, Camera...Monsters . Samhain Publishing. p. 8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59998-303-5 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Allen1995_18-0) Allen, Robert Clyde (1995). To be continued--: soap operas around the world . Taylor & Francis. p. 113. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-11007-5 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-EmmisCommunications2004_19-0) Emmis Communications (February 2004). "Los Angeles Magazine" (https://books.google.com/books?id=2F0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72) . Los Angeles . Emmis Communications: 72–75. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1522-9149 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9149) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Warshaw2005_20-0) Warshaw, Matt (24 October 2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 65. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-15-603251-3 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Booth2001_21-0) Booth, Douglas (/wiki/Doug_Booth) (2001). Australian beach cultures: the history of sun, sand, and surf . Frank Cass. p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7146-5167-5 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc.2008_22-0) Rodale, Inc. (March 2008). Men's Health . Rodale, Inc. p. 189 (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594866975/page/189) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781594866975 . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1054-4836 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1054-4836) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc.2004_23-0) "ELLEgirl" (https://books.google.com/books?id=SCUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA103) . Elle Girl . May 2004. p. 103. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1535-7465 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-7465) . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Warshaw2004_24-0) Warshaw, Matt (8 November 2004). Zero break: an illustrated collection of surf writing, 1777-2004 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 189. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-15-602953-7 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Orlean2002_25-0) Orlean, Susan (8 January 2002). The bullfighter checks her makeup: my encounters with extraordinary people . Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-375-75863-8 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . External links [ edit ] The dictionary definition of surfer hair at Wiktionary v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( 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(/wiki/Category:Fictional_surfers) Films (/wiki/Surf_film) Hair Music (/wiki/Surf_music) Surfwear brands (/wiki/Category:Surfwear_brands) Shaka sign (/wiki/Shaka_sign) Hazards (/wiki/Surfing#Dangers) Shark attack (/wiki/Shark_attack) Surfer's eye (/wiki/Surfer%27s_eye) Surfer's ear (/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear) Surfer's myelopathy (/wiki/Surfer%27s_myelopathy) Related topics Surf lifesaving (/wiki/Surf_lifesaving) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7hs99 Cached time: 20240718215223 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.408 seconds Real time usage: 0.505 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1746/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 105524/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 495/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 114045/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.249/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 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Characteristics of fully fashioned nylon stockings Fully fashioned stockings ( FFS ), are stockings (/wiki/Stockings) with characteristic reinforcements on the heel (/wiki/Heel) and top, a so-called keyhole at the back of the top, and a stitched back seam in between. They are made to be worn with a garter belt and are today considered a vintage (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) design of hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) after largely having been replaced by seamless stockings and pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) from the 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) onwards. Fully fashioned stockings are usually made from nylon (/wiki/Nylon) and thus have very little stretch (/wiki/Stretch_fabric) compared with modern stockings and pantyhose. Description [ edit ] Fully-fashioned Point Heel stockings with the welt, shadow welt, keyhole, seam and heel reinforcement clearly visible Fully fashioned stockings are usually knitted from sheer (/wiki/Sheer_fabric) nylon yarn (/wiki/Yarn) . To support the attachment of suspenders (/wiki/Garter) , they have a darker section of double fabric at the top, called the welt. This is followed by a lighter transitional section called the shadow welt. The keyhole is visible in the middle of the seam at the back of the welt. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The back seam is an integral part of the stocking and not sewn on afterwards. [2] (#cite_note-Spencer2001-2) Fully fashioned stockings are sized to the height and shoe (/wiki/Shoe) size (generally) of the wearer and have little or no stretch in them as they have no lycra (/wiki/Lycra) (spandex) contained within the yarn (/wiki/Yarn) . [3] (#cite_note-Freeth2005-3) In addition to the distinctive seam they also come in a number of heel (/wiki/Heel) designs. The most common are the French or Point Heel , where the reinforcement ends in a sharp point, and the Cuban Heel , which ends in a truncated point. Manufacturing [ edit ] Fully fashioned knitting (/wiki/Fully_fashioned_knitting) means that a garment is shaped by increasing and decreasing the number of stitches (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) in a row. [4] (#cite_note-4) Fully fashioned stockings are made from sections of nylon fabric that are knitted flat from the top down in the shape of a profile view of a leg. These are then sewn together in the back forming the seam (/wiki/Seam_(sewing)) . The top is folded and sewn back on itself forming the welt and the shadow welt, with a finishing loop applied, forming the keyhole, to allow the needle (/wiki/Sewing_needle) sewing the seam to be withdrawn. Additional layers of nylon are added to reinforce the sole (/wiki/Sole_(foot)) and heel. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Fully fashioned stockings are becoming increasingly rare; only a handful of manufacturers (/wiki/Manufacturer) worldwide now make them regularly. [2] (#cite_note-Spencer2001-2) [5] (#cite_note-hb_Lockhart-5) History [ edit ] Fully fashioned stockings rose to prominence in the market during the 1940s (peaking in the 1950s) with the introduction of Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , with over 780,000 pairs sold on the first day and 64 million in the first year of North American sales alone. [2] (#cite_note-Spencer2001-2) [6] (#cite_note-hb_Brown-6) [5] (#cite_note-hb_Lockhart-5) They remained popular until the introduction of Lycra (/wiki/Lycra) in 1958 and mini-skirts (/wiki/Mini-skirt) shortly after. [2] (#cite_note-Spencer2001-2) [7] (#cite_note-hb_Cicolini-7) [6] (#cite_note-hb_Brown-6) [5] (#cite_note-hb_Lockhart-5) Heel styles now vary from the original French (pyramidal) or point heel which was made most famous by the Aristoc (/wiki/Aristoc) Point Heel design to the Cuban and Havana heels – darkened reinforced heel design finishing in a square top rather than pointed top – the Cuban heel being defined by being much thinner and finishing higher up the calf (/wiki/Calf_(anatomy)) than the Havana heel. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "The Story of Nylon Stockings - DreamDate: Vintage slips for sale online" (https://what-lies-beneath.co.uk/the-story-of-nylon-stockings/) . Retrieved 2020-09-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Spencer (2001). Knitting Technology: A Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide . CRC Press (/wiki/CRC_Press) . p. 196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58716-121-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Freeth2005_3-0) Freeth (2005). Made in America: From Levi's to Barbie to Google . MBI Publishing Company (/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company) . p. 208. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7603-2270-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hallett, Clive; Johnston, Amanda (2014-02-03). Fabric for Fashion: The Complete Guide: Natural and Man-made Fibres . Laurence King Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78067-421-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Lockhart, Mary (2000-02-05). "Working a seam" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214619/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18725763.html) . The Scotsman (/wiki/The_Scotsman) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18725763.html) on 2014-06-10 . Retrieved 2014-01-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Jonathan (2007-07-19). "Sales Shock: A Last Glimpse of Stockings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214618/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10798138.html) . Belfast Telegraph (/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10798138.html) on 2014-06-10 . Retrieved 2014-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-hb_Cicolini_7-0) Cicolini, Alice (2005-01-01). "Stockings, Women's" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214616/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427500544.html) . Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427500544.html) on 2014-06-10 . 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Part of the Crown Jewels of Poland Crown of Bolesław I the Brave Corona Privilegiata Replica of the crown from 2003 Heraldic depictions Details Country Poland (/wiki/Poland) Made 1320 (original), 2003 (replica) Destroyed 1811 (original) Weight 1.28 kg (2.8 lb) (replica) Arches 2 Material Gold, silver (replica) Other elements Rubies, garnets, emeralds, sapphires and pearls Detailed drawing by Krzysztof Józef Werner of a part of the crown before 1794. The drawing was used for the reconstruction in 2001-2003 The Crown of Bolesław I the Brave ( Polish (/wiki/Polish_language) : korona Chrobrego ), also known as the Corona Privilegiata , was the coronation crown (/wiki/Coronation_crown) of Polish monarchs (/wiki/Polish_monarchs) and the centrepiece of the Polish crown jewels (/wiki/Polish_crown_jewels) . The original crown was made for the coronation of Ladislaus the Short (/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Short) in 1320 and symbolised the regalia bestowed upon Bolesław I the Brave (/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave) by Emperor Otto III (/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) over three centuries earlier. Following the Partitions of Poland (/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland) , the crown along with other insignia was stolen from the royal treasury at Wawel Castle (/wiki/Wawel_Castle) in Kraków (/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w) and melted down. According to historical accounts, the crown was two-arched, made of gold and featured 474 uncut gemstones on a fleur-de-lis (/wiki/Fleur-de-lis) setting. [1] (#cite_note-1) Its near-exact replica from 2003 comprises salvaged gold from the original. In its present state, the crown is 26 centimetres (10 in) tall, 18.5 centimetres (7.3 in) in inner diameter and weighs 1.28 kilograms (2.8 lb). [2] (#cite_note-historia_repliki_4-2) History [ edit ] The exact origins of the Polish crown are unknown. According to legend, the story dates back to the Congress of Gniezno (/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno) in the year 1000 AD, when Bolesław I the Brave (/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave) , Duke of Poland, received from Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) a replica of the Holy Lance (/wiki/Holy_Lance) and a crown, both symbolising royal power. The destination the crown was lost over the course of time, possibly taken to Germany in 1036 by Queen Richeza (/wiki/Richeza_of_Lotharingia) . It was only in 1320 that a new set of regalia was prepared for the coronation of King Ladislaus the Short (/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Short) and survived until the 18th century. [3] (#cite_note-historia_repliki_1-3) The crown along with the crown jewels (/wiki/Polish_Crown_Jewels) was kept in the cathedral treasury (/wiki/Cathedral_treasury) at Wawel Castle (/wiki/Wawel_Castle) . During the reign of the Jagiellon dynasty (/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty) it was moved to the Crown Treasury of the castle. The crown was often removed from the Wawel, for example in 1370, when Louis I of Hungary (/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary) took it away, returning in 1412. In the 17th century the crown was moved to Warsaw for the coronations of the queens. During the Deluge (/wiki/Deluge_(history)) in the years 1655-1661, the crown was hidden away in Stará Ľubovňa Castle (/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a) in today's Slovakia. In the 18th century it moved around again, particularly to Silesia (/wiki/Silesia) and Moravia (/wiki/Moravia) . Although returned to Wawel Castle in 1730, only three years later it was taken again to Warsaw. In 1734 the crown was left at the Jasna Góra Monastery (/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery) , where it remained until 1736. On the occasion of the coronation of Stanisław August Poniatowski (/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski) on November 25, 1764 in St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw (/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Warsaw) , the crown was transported from Kraków to Warsaw for the last time. It returned to Wawel Castle where it remained until its theft. [3] (#cite_note-historia_repliki_1-3) The seizure of Kraków by the Prussian army (/wiki/Prussian_army) in 1794 had dramatic consequences. The crown treasury was plundered and the royal insignia robbed and later melted down on the order of King Frederick William II of Prussia (/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia) , who experienced financial hardship during the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) . Out of the gold, a number of coins were minted in 1811 in Königsberg (/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Reconstruction [ edit ] Based on historical drawings, paintings, descriptions and using a number of Prussian coins believed to have been minted from the gold of the crown in 1811, a team led by Adam Orzechowski of Nowy Sącz (/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz) produced a recreation in 2001-2003. [5] (#cite_note-historia_repliki_3-5) The replica crown is made out of 21 oz . gold, 21 oz . silver, 11 synthetic rubies (/wiki/Ruby) , 88 emeralds (/wiki/Emerald) , sapphires (/wiki/Sapphire) and garnets (/wiki/Garnet) 0.5 to 1 in. in diameter, 184 gems (/wiki/Gemstone) 0.15 to 0.2 in. in diameter, 80 pearls (/wiki/Pearl) , and 5 square feet (0.46 m 2 ) of royal purple (/wiki/Royal_purple) silk velvet (/wiki/Velvet) , likely similar to the dimensions of the original crown. [2] (#cite_note-historia_repliki_4-2) See also [ edit ] Polish crown jewels (/wiki/Polish_crown_jewels) Crown jewels (/wiki/Crown_jewels) Royal coronations in Poland (/wiki/Royal_coronations_in_Poland) Gniezno Cathedral (/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral) Wawel Cathedral (/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral) St. John's Cathedral (/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Warsaw) Royal Casket (/wiki/Royal_Casket) Płock Diadem (/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Diadem) Gediminas' Cap (/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Gloger, Zygmunt (1896). "Ksie̜ga rzeczy polskich: Opracował G" (https://books.google.com/books?id=87oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=korona+chrobrego+474&pg=PA161) . ^ a b "Jak Powstawały Repliki" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110715174446/http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/jak.html) (in Polish). Historia Repliki Polskich Insygniów Koronacyjnych. Archived from the original (https://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/jak-powstawaly-repliki/) on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ a b "Zarys Historii Regaliów Królestwa Polskiego" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110505035553/http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/zarys.html) (in Polish). Historia Repliki Polskich Insygniów Koronacyjnych. Archived from the original (https://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/zarys-historii-regaliow-krolestwa-polskiego/) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "KRADZIEŻ I ZNISZCZENIE…" (https://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/kradziez-i-zniszczenie/) . ^ (#cite_ref-historia_repliki_3_5-0) "Idea Odtworzenia Regaliów" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110715174243/http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/idea.html) (in Polish). Historia Repliki Polskich Insygniów Koronacyjnych. Archived from the original (http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/idea.html) on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Further reading [ edit ] Jürgen Abeler. Kronen. Herrschaftszeichen der Welt . Düsseldorf, 1980 (in German) Karol Estreicher (/wiki/Karol_Estreicher_(junior)) . Zniszczenie polskich insygniów koronnych . Kraków, Przegląd Współczesny. 1935 (in Polish) Karol Estreicher. The Mystery of the Polish Crown Jewels . London, Alliance Press Limited. 1945? Jerzy Lileyko. Regalia Polskie . Warsaw 1987. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-02021-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-02021-8) (in Polish) Janusz Miniewicz. Tajemnica polskich koron. Czy jest szansa ich odnalezienia? Nowy Sącz 2006. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-924034-2-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-924034-2-8) (in Polish) Michał Rożek (/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Ro%C5%BCek&action=edit&redlink=1) . Tajemnice insygniów królewskich . Kraków, 1985. (in Polish) Michał Rożek. Polskie koronacje i korony . Kraków 1987. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-01914-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-01914-7) (in Polish) Alfred Znamierowski. Insygnia, symbole i herby polskie . Warsaw, 2003. (in Polish) Marek Żukow-Karczewski (/wiki/Marek_%C5%BBukow-Karczewski) , Klejnoty i insygnia koronacyjne w dawnej Polsce. Prawdy i legendy (Crown jewels and insignia in the former Poland. Truth and legend), "Życie Literackie", no. 32, 1987, p. 5 (http://mbc.malopolska.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=12429&from=publication&tab=1) (in Polish) External links [ edit ] Media related to Crown of Bolesław I the Brave (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave) at Wikimedia Commons (in Polish) The history of the replica of the Polish Coronation Regalia (http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/) v t e Crowns (/wiki/Crown) Albania Helmet of Skanderbeg (/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet) (Vienna) Austria Archducal hat of Austria (/wiki/Archducal_hat) (Klosterneuburg) Imperial Crown of Austria (/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria) (Vienna) Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (/w/index.php?title=Brilliant_Crown_of_Empress_Elisabeth&action=edit&redlink=1) ( de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillantkrone_der_Kaiserin_Elisabeth_von_%C3%96sterreich) ) (missing) Archducal hat of Tyrol (/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Tyrol) (Mariastein) Ducal hat of Styria 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American clothing company Sharpe Suiting Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) , Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Genre Genderqueer fashion (/wiki/Genderqueer_fashion) Founded 2013 ; 11 years ago ( 2013 ) in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) Founder Leon Elias Wu Fate Active Headquarters Los Angeles, CA , United States Number of locations 5 (2020) Area served Worldwide Key people Leon Wu (Founder and CEO) Antonio Soto (Creative Director) Marcia Alvarado (Director of Marketing) Products Tailored suits (/wiki/Tailored_suit) , Formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) Number of employees 10-50 (2020) Website sharpesuiting (http://sharpesuiting.com) .com (http://sharpesuiting.com) Sharpe Suiting is an American designer, producer and manufacturer of garments based in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) . [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) The company was founded in 2013, in Los Angeles, by Leon Elias Wu, who is the current CEO of the company. [ citation needed ] Sharpe suiting is a public-benefit corporation (/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation) recognized for gender neutral (/wiki/Gender_neutral) clothing and genderqueer fashion (/wiki/Genderqueer_fashion) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) History [ edit ] 2009–2014 [ edit ] In 2009, while traveling abroad to China during business school, Leon Wu, a transgender man (/wiki/Transgender_man) from Los Angeles, conceptualized a company that focused on formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) designs for butch lesbians (/wiki/Butch_lesbians) and trans men (/wiki/Trans_men) . [ citation needed ] He founded Sharpe Suiting in 2013. Initially, Sharpe Suiting was incorporated as a custom tailor for bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) and made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) suits which were designed for feminine bodies. In his 2015 interview with HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) , Wu said that he felt that "[bridging] the gap between male and female clothing is going to have a large social impact in that it defines the acceptance of queer identities, as well as advancing gender equality in the larger straight community". [3] (#cite_note-3) Wu launched a Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) campaign for a ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) line of genderqueer clothing in October 2014. [4] (#cite_note-4) The clothing line was based on a trademarked system called Andropometrics . The Andropometrics is a term coined by Wu. The concept of Andropometrics is based on the body measurements and metrics taken from over 250 of his clients, both male and female. The resulting measurements were used to create suits which fit people of all sizes and genders. The Kickstarter campaign raised over $69,387 in funding by the start of 2015. [5] (#cite_note-5) 2015–2019 [ edit ] In 2015, Sharpe Suiting designed a custom suit for Claudetteia Love, then-seventeen, after she successfully contested her school's policy against allowing women to wear suits to prom (/wiki/Prom) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Sharpe Suiting partnered with fashion designer Nik Kacy (/wiki/Nik_Kacy) to launch "Love Fellowship", which offered free bespoke prom attire and footwear to help students express their gender identities at prom. [7] (#cite_note-7) From 2015 to 2017, Sharpe Suiting experienced significant growth in its revenue. Between 2018 and 2019, the company increased their revenue by 240%. By the end of 2019, the Sharpe Suiting experienced 175% of growth in company's revenue. [8] (#cite_note-8) The company's customer base includes members of the LGBT community (/wiki/LGBT_community) as well as allies (/wiki/Lgbt_ally) . As of June 2020, Sharpe Suiting had locations in Los Angeles, Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) , Charlotte, North Carolina (/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina) , and Houston (/wiki/Houston) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The company has been modeled at queer fashion shows such as Queer Fashion Week in Oakland, California (/wiki/Oakland,_California) and Dapper Q's 1st, 3rd and 6th Annual runway at the Brooklyn Museum (/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum) during the 2014, 2016 and 2019 New York Fashion Weeks (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Sharpe Suiting has been a part of Los Angeles Fashion Week (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) catwalks since 2014. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Operations [ edit ] Leon Wu is the current CEO of Sharpe Suiting and Maria Alvarado is the company's Director of Marketing. Antonio Soto is the Lead Designer and Creative Director at the company. Sharpe Suiting is a public-benefit corporation (/wiki/Benefit_corporation) with specific focus on the benefits to support LGBTQ community (/wiki/LGBTQ_community) , women and people of color through charitable channels. [ citation needed ] The corporate culture at the company has been featured in media worldwide including Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) , LA Times (/wiki/LA_Times) , Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , etc. [14] (#cite_note-14) The designs by Sharpe Suiting have made appearances at public events including The Oscars (/wiki/The_Oscars) , Emmys (/wiki/Emmys) and Cannes Film Festivals (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In late 2016, the company moved from Los Angeles Fashion District (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_District) to their current location in Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) on Sunset Boulevard (/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard) . [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] LGBT-owned business (/wiki/LGBT-owned_business) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:2_1-0) Prisco, Joanna (2015-04-27). "Maternity Wear, Lingerie and Suiting Emerge for LGBTQ, Trans Community" (https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/maternity-wear-lingerie-suiting-emerge-lgbtq-trans-community/story?id=30557509) . ABC News . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_2-0) Nichols, James (2014-11-17). "Sharpe Suiting To Design Clothing For Butch, Androgynous And Masculine-Of-Center Individuals" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/sharpe-suiting-kickstarter_n_6171912?ri18n=true) . huffingtonpost.com . HuffPost . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nichols, James Michael (2015-04-12). "FABRICATIONS: Meet Queer Fashion Designer Leon Wu Of Sharpe Suiting" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/sharpe-suiting-fabrications_n_7046742?ri18n=true) . huffingtonpost.com . HuffPost US . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) McDonald, James (2014-10-29). "Fund This: Ready-to-Wear Suits For Butch Women" (https://www.out.com/fashion/truman-says/2014/10/29/fund-ready-wear-suits-butch-women) . out.com . Out Magazine . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fernandez, Chantal (2015-01-16). "How One Custom Suit Brand Is Elevating Queer Fashion" (https://fashionista.com/2015/01/sharpe-suiting-queer-fashion) . fashionista.com . Fashionista . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Croft, Margaret (2015-04-25). "Designer makes prom special for Love" (https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/news/education/2015/04/24/designer-makes-prom-special-for-love/26333713/) . tennessean.com . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Baume, Matt (2015-04-15). "Louisiana Lesbian Told to Wear a Dress Now Gets a Custom Tux for Prom" (https://www.pride.com/need-know/2015/04/15/louisiana-lesbian-told-wear-dress-now-gets-custom-tux-prom) . pride.com . Pride Publishing . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sprayregen, Molly (2019-08-31). "The Team At Sharpe Suiting Believes People Of All Genders Have The Right To A Great Suit" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollysprayregen/2019/08/31/the-team-at-sharpe-suiting--believes-people-of-all-genders-have-the-right-to-a-great-suit/#317ce3692ab8) . Forbes . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Meier, Kayla (2019-11-26). "Gender Neutral Suiting Comes to Texas, Queer-owned Sharpe Suiting wants to ungender fashion" (https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/qmmunity/2019-11-26/gender-neutral-suiting-comes-to-texas/) . austinchronicle.com . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "New York Fashion Week 2020: Queer style kicks off NYFW with inclusive show" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/queer-style-kicks-off-ny-fashion-week-with-inclusive-show/story-TaaXUGEDNj7q6iMngbvhXK.html) . hindustantimes.com . Hindustan Times. Associated Press. 2019-09-07 . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Werder, Corinne (2016-09-09). "DapperQ is Queering NYFW" (http://gomag.com/article/dapperq_is_queering_nyfw1/) . gomag.com . Go Magazine . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jackson, Leigh-Ann (2018-10-19). "At Equality Fashion Week, six LGBTQ+ designers put style in all its many forms on display" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-equality-fashion-week-20181009-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hornik, Susan (2019-10-16). "Unity: Equality Fashion Week celebrates inclusive brands and LGBTQ designers" (https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2019-10-16/unity-equality-fashion-week-show-brings-together-fashion-and-celebrates-lgbtq-designers-and-brands) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Binkley, Christina (2015-11-18). "Fashion Blurs Gender Lines" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/fashion-blurs-gender-lines-1447881799) . wsj.com . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) John, Grace (2018-04-29). "Sharpe Suiting Is a Step Forward for the LGBTQ+ Community" (https://studybreaks.com/culture/sharpe-suiting/) . studybreaks.com . Study Breaks . Retrieved 2020-07-30 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://sharpesuiting.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5nxcn Cached time: 20240713231300 Cache expiry: 1558021 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.327 seconds Real time usage: 0.425 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2820/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48517/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4185/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57784/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6839233/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 395.944 1 -total 40.52% 160.430 1 Template:Reflist 35.27% 139.646 15 Template:Cite_web 24.95% 98.787 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.56% 89.333 1 Template:Infobox 17.58% 69.606 1 Template:Short_description 15.08% 59.717 4 Template:Cn 12.38% 49.017 4 Template:Fix 9.76% 38.653 2 Template:Pagetype 6.71% 26.583 8 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62881181-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713231300 and revision id 1224205077. 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French manufacturer of lingerie and fetishwear Diana Slip was an early 20th-century French manufacturer of lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and fetishwear (/wiki/Fetishwear) , founded by Léon (also known as Victor) Vidal, the publisher of Les Éditions Gauloises (/w/index.php?title=Les_%C3%89ditions_Gauloises&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The company opened a luxurious boutique by the upmarket Madeleine district in Paris, between rue Royale and the Place Vendome. [5] (#cite_note-5) They employed renowned photographers of the time, including Roger Schall (/wiki/Roger_Schall) and Brassaï (/wiki/Brassa%C3%AF) , to photograph their products. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Their main competitor was Yva Richard (/wiki/Yva_Richard) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Singer, Olivia. "The Forgotten Fetishwear Company of 1920s Paris" (http://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/8761/the-forgotten-fetishwear-company-of-twenties-paris) . AnOther . Retrieved 2016-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Strike, Karen. "Vintage Bondage and Fetish Gear By Yva Richard and Diana Slip (NSFW)" (http://flashbak.com/vintage-bondage-and-fetish-gear-by-yva-richard-and-diana-slip-nsfw-361517/) . Flashbak . Retrieved 2016-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sous la jupe: illustré. ca. 1933-1935" (http://graphbooks.com/index.php/app/detail/sous-la-jupe-illustre) . graphbooks.com . Retrieved 2021-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sichel, Kim (2020-03-17). Making Strange: The Modernist Photobook in France . Yale University Press. p. 77. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-24618-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dupouy, Alexandre Dupouy (2019). City of Pleasure: Paris Between the Wars . Korero Press. p. 82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781912740055 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dupouy, Alexandre (1994). Yva Richard : L'âge d'or du fétichisme (in French). Editions Astarté. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2909607030 . This French corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Slip&action=edit) . v t e This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Slip&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐k4mtx Cached time: 20240712174219 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.334 seconds Real time usage: 0.449 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 532/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16286/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 584/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31026/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4219502/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 421.865 1 -total 50.66% 213.720 1 Template:Reflist 35.88% 151.372 2 Template:Cite_news 26.17% 110.418 1 Template:Short_description 20.83% 87.859 1 Template:France-company-stub 20.74% 87.487 2 Template:Asbox 15.76% 66.487 2 Template:Pagetype 6.86% 28.941 3 Template:Main_other 6.39% 26.967 3 Template:Cite_book 6.19% 26.102 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51973703-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174219 and revision id 1180336637. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Slip&oldid=1180336637 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Slip&oldid=1180336637) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lingerie retailers (/wiki/Category:Lingerie_retailers) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) Fetish clothing manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Fetish_clothing_manufacturers) Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France) French company stubs (/wiki/Category:French_company_stubs) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
British fashion and art journalist (1946–2020) Meredith Etherington-Smith Born Meredith Dups ( 1946-01-30 ) 30 January 1946 Barmouth (/wiki/Barmouth) , Wales Died 25 January 2020 (2020-01-25) (aged 73) London, England Occupation Journalist editor biographer auction executive Education Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) Spouse Nick Etherington-Smith ( m. 1967, divorced) Jeremy Pilcher ( m. 1981) Meredith Etherington-Smith (née Dups , 30 January 1946 – 25 January 2020) was a British fashion and art journalist and biographer. Early life [ edit ] Meredith Dups was born in Barmouth (/wiki/Barmouth) , Wales, on 30 January 1946, [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) and grew up in Kent. [2] (#cite_note-urbanette-2) [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) She attended the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) . [2] (#cite_note-urbanette-2) In 1967, she married designer Nick Etherington-Smith, and kept his surname after their divorce. [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) Career [ edit ] Her career as a journalist began in the 1960s at The Ambassador (/wiki/International_Textiles) , and by the 1970s she was the London editor for Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) and for a year the only female editor of the American men's magazine GQ (/wiki/GQ) . [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) [2] (#cite_note-urbanette-2) After relocating back to London in the early 1980s, she wrote for a wide range of publications including The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , before taking the post of Deputy and Features editor at Harpers & Queen (/wiki/Harpers_%26_Queen) in 1983. [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) As a representative of the magazine, she was the fashion journalist asked to choose the Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) for 1994, for which she picked a black bias-cut strapless dress (/wiki/Strapless_dress) by John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) . [4] (#cite_note-4) By the early 1990s, Etherington-Smith was established as an art journalist. [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) She was a founder of Art Fortnight , and has been an editor of ArtReview (/wiki/ArtReview) . [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) In 2006, she was the editor-in-chief of Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) Magazine and the London editor of Artinfo.com (/wiki/Artinfo) . [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) Whilst at Christie's, Etherington-Smith worked with Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) regarding the charity auction of her clothes in 1997, and also curated the 1999 sale of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) 's clothing and personal effects and the 2011 auction of Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) 's wardrobe and jewels. [5] (#cite_note-5) As a biographer Etherington-Smith has written about the fashion designer Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon (/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon) and her sister, novelist Elinor Glyn (/wiki/Elinor_Glyn) in The "It" Girls ; and about Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) in The Persistence of Memory , which was translated into twelve languages. [1] (#cite_note-bbc-1) [2] (#cite_note-urbanette-2) Personal life, health and death [ edit ] In 1981, Etherington-Smith married for the second time, to banker Jeremy Pilcher. [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) They lived in Chelsea, London (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) . [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) In 1990, Etherington-Smith had a mastectomy after being diagnosed with breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) , which she wrote about for The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) A longtime smoker, Etherington-Smith died from a heart attack at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital (/wiki/Chelsea_and_Westminster_Hospital) on 25 January 2020, at the age of 73. [3] (#cite_note-ODNB-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g Staff writer (21 July 2006). "About Meredith Etherington-Smith" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/review/5202652.stm) . Newsnight Review . BBC . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ a b c d Bigham, Randy (17 October 2014). "Inspiring Women: A Beautiful, Devilishly Gorgeous Career" (http://www.urbanette.com/meredith-etherington-smith/) . Urbanette . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g Moorehouse, Sarah (2024). "Smith [née Dups], Meredith Etherington- (1946–2020), fashion journalist, biographer, and auction curator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000381902 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.90000381902) . (Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Dress of the Year" (http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/galleries/dress-year) . The Fashion Museum, Bath . Bath & North East Somerset Council . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Etherington-Smith, Meredith (19 November 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor: the girl who had everything" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8893554/Elizabeth-Taylor-the-girl-who-had-everything.html) . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) British Fashion, Arts Writer Meredith Etherington-Smith Dies at 73 (https://wwd.com/eye/people/british-fashion-arts-writer-meredith-etherington-smith-dies-1203456683/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000063062250) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/104093) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1012927) Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX919532) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124427173) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124427173) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1044841028) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007435305805171) Belgium (https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14512391) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83198960) Sweden (https://libris.kb.se/53hkkkwp134cz9f) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00690004) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010609527&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071846530) Academics CiNii (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11865591?l=en) People Trove (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1266729) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/033571996) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐mndw6 Cached time: 20240719231823 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.478 seconds Real time usage: 0.821 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2278/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36860/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3917/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32035/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.315/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6235105/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 702.148 1 -total 35.02% 245.910 1 Template:Infobox_writer 34.29% 240.736 1 Template:Infobox 26.25% 184.346 1 Template:Reflist 21.71% 152.409 1 Template:Authority_control 13.28% 93.267 3 Template:Cite_web 12.09% 84.924 1 Template:Short_description 11.55% 81.110 1 Template:Ubl 10.20% 71.595 2 Template:Marriage 9.39% 65.898 3 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47768480-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719231823 and revision id 1226278150. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Etherington-Smith&oldid=1226278150 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Etherington-Smith&oldid=1226278150) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1946 births (/wiki/Category:1946_births) 2020 deaths (/wiki/Category:2020_deaths) 20th-century British journalists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_journalists) 21st-century British journalists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_journalists) 20th-century British women writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_women_writers) 21st-century British women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_women_writers) British women journalists (/wiki/Category:British_women_journalists) English fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:English_fashion_journalists) Alumni of the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Royal_College_of_Art) British magazine editors (/wiki/Category:British_magazine_editors) Fashion editors (/wiki/Category:Fashion_editors) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Category:Harper%27s_Bazaar) British women magazine editors (/wiki/Category:British_women_magazine_editors) People from Chelsea, London (/wiki/Category:People_from_Chelsea,_London) Christie's people (/wiki/Category:Christie%27s_people) Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use British English from January 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2017) Use dmy dates from January 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2017) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BIBSYS identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers) Articles with BNE identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with KBR identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_KBR_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with Libris identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Libris_identifiers) Articles with NDL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with CINII identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CINII_identifiers) Articles with Trove identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
Saree from Telangana State, India Pochampalli Saree Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) Girl standing in a veranda wearing a Pochampally saree, 1895, by Hermann Linde (/wiki/Hermann_Linde) Description Saree made in Bhoodan Pochampally Type Saree Area Bhoodan Pochampally (/wiki/Bhoodan_Pochampally) , Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district (/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri_district) , Telangana (/wiki/Telangana_State) Country India (/wiki/India) Registered 2005 Material Silk or Cotton Pochampally sari or Pochampalli ikat is a saree (/wiki/Saree) made in Bhoodan Pochampally (/wiki/Bhoodan_Pochampally) , Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district (/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri_district) , Telangana State (/wiki/Telangana_State) , India (/wiki/India) . They have traditional geometric patterns in " Paagadu Bandhu " ( Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) ) style of dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) . The intricate geometric designs find their way into sarees and dress materials. The Indian government (/wiki/Government_of_India) 's official airplane company, Air India (/wiki/Air_India) , has its cabin crew wear specially designed Pochampally silk (/wiki/Silk) sarees. [1] (#cite_note-hindu_jan04-1) [2] (#cite_note-hindu_feb04-2) History [ edit ] See also: Puttapaka Sari (/wiki/Puttapaka_Sari) , Sambalpuri saree (/wiki/Sambalpuri_saree) , and Patola Sari (/wiki/Patola_Sari) Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) is one of the ancient Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) weaving (/wiki/Weaving) centers in India, along with Gujarat (/wiki/Gujarat) and neighboring Odisha (/wiki/Odisha) . [3] (#cite_note-Ikat_Textiles-3) The weaving centers during ancient (/wiki/Ancient) period was in Chirala and Jentrpeta towns situated between Vijayawada (/wiki/Vijayawada) and Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) but was discontinued for various reasons. [3] (#cite_note-Ikat_Textiles-3) Locally, Pochampally Ikat is known as Paagadu Bandhu and Chitki in Telangana (/wiki/Telangana) where it is produced, [4] (#cite_note-4) in other parts of India it is popularly known as Pochampally (/wiki/Pochampally) , named after one of the villages where it is produced. It has its own unique character of design, different from other Ikat producing areas in India. Today, most of weaving takes place in Pochampally village where there are over five thousand looms producing this textile. [3] (#cite_note-Ikat_Textiles-3) It has found place in UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) tentative list of world heritage sites as part of "iconic saree weaving clusters of India". The kerchiefs made of silk (/wiki/Silk) thread are known as "Teli Rumals" Weave [ edit ] The weaving survives in a few villages like Pochampally, Koyalgudam, Choutuppala, Siripuram, Bhuvanagiri, Puttapaka and Gattuppala and few villages around them mostly in Nalgonda district. Pochampally Ikat uniqueness lies in the transfer of intricate design and colouring onto warp and weft threads first and then weave them together globally known as double ikat (/wiki/Ikat) textiles. The fabric is cotton, silk and sico – a mix of silk and cotton. Increasingly, the colours themselves are from natural sources and their blends. Industry [ edit ] Pochampally, a cluster of 80 villages, has traditional looms, whose pattern and designs are centuries-old. Today this Silk City, which is more of a cottage industry, is home to more than 10,000 weaving families in 100 villages. The fabric is marketed through the cooperative society, many other linked organizations, the master weavers and the business houses in Pochampally. Pochampally does more than Rs.10,00,000,00 annual business in terms of yarn sales, purchase of handloom products and sales. The government in 2010 divided the belt into two clusters Pochampally 1 and Pochampally 2, and is proving common weaving centres. Because of its unique design, efforts are on to revive the dying art. Geographical indication rights [ edit ] Pochampally saree received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or Geographical Indication (/wiki/Geographical_Indication) (GI) status in 2005. [5] (#cite_note-Textiles_Comittee-5) Pochampally Ikat be the registered property of Pochampally Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society Ltd and the Pochampally Handloom Tie and Dye Silk Sarees Manufacturers Association. [6] (#cite_note-6) Recognition [ edit ] UN selects Telangana's Pochampally as one of the world's 'best tourism villages'. Being famous for its eponymous handloom weaved 'Ikat' sarees. The silk city of India is declared as the best villages on the planet by UN (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/un-selects-telanganas-pochampally-as-one-of-worlds-best-tourism-villages/articleshow/87744200.cms) . Govt of India has issued a postal ticket of INR 5.00 in the year 2018 in its recognition. See also [ edit ] Ilkal saree (/wiki/Ilkal_saree) Molakalmuru Sari (/wiki/Molakalmuru_Sari) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-hindu_jan04_1-0) "Pochampally sarees go places" (http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/17/stories/2004011702920300.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . Nalgonda, Telangana. 17 January 2004 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-hindu_feb04_2-0) "Pochampally silk sarees for AI airhostesses" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/02/09/stories/2004020901281300.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) Business Line (/wiki/Business_Line) . Hyderabad, India. 9 February 2004 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ a b c Ikat Textiles of India ^ (#cite_ref-4) Paagadu Bandhu Yarn Tie Resist Dyeing of Telangana https://asiainch.org/craft/paagadu-bandhu-yarn-tie-resist-dyeing-of-telangana/ (https://asiainch.org/craft/paagadu-bandhu-yarn-tie-resist-dyeing-of-telangana/) ^ (#cite_ref-Textiles_Comittee_5-0) "Facilitation of IPR Protection through Geographical Indications: Pochampally" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150427132918/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#pochampally) . Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Archived from the original (http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#pochampally) on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "GI Research: Pochampally" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130512022824/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/GI-Research.htm) . Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Archived from the original (http://textilescommittee.nic.in/GI-Research.htm) on 12 May 2013. External links [ edit ] Pochampally Ikat at Geographical Indications Registry. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/) Read More about the Pochampally ikkat silk sarees weaving process and history of pochampally village. (https://pochampallybazar.in/) review from sareesofpochampally Pranitha launches silk sarees in kanchipuram. (http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/pranitha-launches-kanchipuram-vrk-silk-sarees-showroom-801-slide-6433) People Have Started Purchasing Pochampally Handloom Sarees Online. (https://weaverscollection.com/blogs/posts/7-things-to-know-before-buying-a-handloom-saree) v t e Sari (/wiki/Sari) Central (/wiki/Central_India) Chanderi (/wiki/Chanderi_sari) Kosa (/wiki/Tussar_silk) East (/wiki/East_India) Baluchari (/wiki/Baluchari_sari) Berhampuri (/wiki/Berhampur_Patta) Bhagalpur (/wiki/Bhagalpur_sari) Bomkai (/wiki/Bomkai_sari) Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhaniakhali (/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari) Garad (/wiki/Garad_Saree) Habaspuri (/wiki/Habaspuri_sari) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Mekhela (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Murshidabad (/wiki/Murshidabad_silk) Pasapali (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Rajshahi (/wiki/Rajshahi_silk) Sambalpuri (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Shantipuri (/wiki/Shantipuri_sari) Tangail (/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)) Tant (/wiki/Tant_sari) Tussar (/wiki/Tussar_silk) North (/wiki/North_India) Banarasi (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Shalu (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) South (/wiki/South_India) Arani (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Coimbatore (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Gadwal (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Gollabhama (/wiki/Gollabhama_sari) Ilkal (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari) Kandangi (/wiki/Kandangi) Kuthampully (/wiki/Kuthampully_Saree) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Mangalagiri (/wiki/Mangalagiri_Sarees_and_Fabrics) Molakalmuru (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum Neriyathum (/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum) Mysore (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Pochampally Salem (/wiki/Salem_silk) Thirubuvanam (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) Uppada Jamdani (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_Sari) Venkatagiri (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) West (/wiki/West_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Kasta (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Patola (/wiki/Patola_sari) Related topics Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4znlg Cached time: 20240712175725 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.343 seconds Real time usage: 0.619 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 863/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24316/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1331/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26840/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.229/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3916478/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 396.238 1 -total 37.13% 147.139 1 Template:Reflist 27.45% 108.764 2 Template:Cite_news 22.26% 88.207 1 Template:Saree 21.27% 84.298 1 Template:Navbox 18.31% 72.532 1 Template:Short_description 10.51% 41.646 2 Template:Pagetype 10.14% 40.193 1 Template:Infobox_geographical_indication 9.61% 38.062 1 Template:Infobox 5.61% 22.236 1 Template:See_also Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38272449-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175725 and revision id 1213808260. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Wig (/wiki/Wig) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wigs (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wigs) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7rxgk Cached time: 20240720183513 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.072 seconds Real time usage: 0.107 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 151/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2760/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 220/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.043/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1180111/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 96.044 1 -total 63.09% 60.590 1 Template:Commons_category 60.73% 58.330 1 Template:Sister_project 58.93% 56.597 1 Template:Side_box 36.73% 35.278 1 Template:Cat_main 33.76% 32.424 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:751105-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720183513 and revision id 930520463. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Wigs" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Wig (/wiki/Wig) A Artificial hair integrations (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) B Bald cap (/wiki/Bald_cap) D Dynel (/wiki/Dynel) E Emil Corsillo Inc (/wiki/Emil_Corsillo_Inc) F Five Orders of Periwigs (/wiki/Five_Orders_of_Periwigs) Frisette (wig) (/wiki/Frisette_(wig)) G Gache (/wiki/Gache) H Hair prosthesis (/wiki/Hair_prosthesis) Head covering for Jewish women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Jewish_women) L Lace wig (/wiki/Lace_wig) M Merkin (/wiki/Merkin) N Nubian wig (/wiki/Nubian_wig) T Toupée (/wiki/Toup%C3%A9e) W Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wigs&oldid=930520463 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wigs&oldid=930520463) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Submission declined on 15 March 2024 by Taking Out The Trash (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Taking_Out_The_Trash) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Taking_Out_The_Trash) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . The content of this submission includes material that does not meet Wikipedia's minimum standard for inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations) . Please cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) your sources using footnotes (/wiki/Help:Footnotes) . For instructions on how to do this, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Thank you. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emily+Nolan%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emily+Nolan%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emily+Nolan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emily+Nolan%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Emily+Nolan%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Emily+Nolan%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emily+Nolan%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Emily+Nolan%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Emily_Nolan) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Emily_Nolan&defaults=y) Declined by Taking Out The Trash (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Taking_Out_The_Trash) 4 months ago. Last edited by Taking Out The Trash (/wiki/User:Taking_Out_The_Trash) 4 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Enolanlover&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Tailor Emily Nolan is a Melbourne made-to-measure tailor and garment designer. She started her namesake brand, E Nolan, in 2018 with the aim to create a considered wardrobe for all women, non-binary, trans-women and trans-men. Training as a menswear tailor, she saw a gap in the market for femme bodies to have tailored suits/garments. 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Indian wedding (/wiki/Wedding) clothing. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐wvj8w Cached time: 20240715110948 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.004 seconds Real time usage: 0.005 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49511266-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715110948 and revision id 1233681582. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Indian wedding clothing" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D Dejhoor (/wiki/Dejhoor) I Indian wedding clothes (/wiki/Indian_wedding_clothes) K Khara dupatta (/wiki/Khara_dupatta) L Lehenga (/wiki/Lehenga) P Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) S Sehra (headdress) (/wiki/Sehra_(headdress)) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) T Topor (headgear) (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) W Wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant (/wiki/Wedding_of_Anant_Ambani_and_Radhika_Merchant) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_wedding_clothing&oldid=1233681582 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_wedding_clothing&oldid=1233681582) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Wedding clothing (/wiki/Category:Wedding_clothing) Indian wedding (/wiki/Category:Indian_wedding) Indian clothing (/wiki/Category:Indian_clothing)
British cosmetics company Barry M Cosmetics Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Founded 1982 Founder Barry Mero Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) Key people Dean Mero, Managing Director (/wiki/Managing_Director) Website www.barrym.co.uk (https://www.barrym.co.uk) Barry M is a British cruelty-free (/wiki/Cruelty-free) cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) company, specializing in on trend make-up and nail products. Based in Mill Hill East (/wiki/Mill_Hill_East) , London (/wiki/London) , it was founded by Barry Mero in 1982. Employing over 80 people in a 45,000 square foot production, distribution and warehouse facility in Mill Hill, the company generates an estimated $17m in annual sales [1] (#cite_note-1) supplying retailers such as Boots, ASOS, PYT, Superdrug and Tesco. Barry Mero started his business life as a boy selling nail polishes on a stall in his mother's front garden. Years later he moved into retail with a shop in Ridley Road Market, London. Specializing in bold, vibrant make up colours, in 1982 he created his own brand – Barry M(ero). Moving to North London, to Mill Hill East, Barry M was adopted by leading UK High Street retailers and became well known for its on trend nail varnish and make up ranges including Dazzle Dust eye shadow, Crackle Effect Nail Paint, Genie (colour changing) Lip Paint and Matte Me Up Lip Kits. Barry M products are manufactured in the UK and China, although they are not sold in mainland China, which requires animal testing on cosmetics. The company is listed as 'cruelty-free' in the Naturewatch Foundation's compassionate shopping guide [2] (#cite_note-2) and removed all animal by-products from their product range in 2021. [3] (#cite_note-3) Barry Mero died in 2014 and the company is now headed-up by his son, Dean Mero, and his widow Maxine Mero. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Barry M. Cosmetics Limited" (https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.barry_m_cosmetics_ltd.0f56dd7d9fe5906624a617269d81120e.html) . Dun & Bradstreet . 16 November 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211116205622/https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.barry_m_cosmetics_ltd.0f56dd7d9fe5906624a617269d81120e.html) from the original on 16 November 2021 . Retrieved 16 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Compassionate Shopping Guide" (https://compassionateshoppingguide.org/) . Naturewatch Foundation . Retrieved 16 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Williamson, Anne (14 August 2019). "Is Barry M Cruelty-Free & Vegan in 2021?" (https://ethicalelephant.com/barry-m-cruelty-free-vegan/) . ethical elephant . Retrieved 16 November 2021 . This article about a company of the UK is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_M&action=edit) . v t e This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_M&oldid=1121345452 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_M&oldid=1121345452) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) British cosmetics businesspeople (/wiki/Category:British_cosmetics_businesspeople) United Kingdom company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_company_stubs) Fashion company stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Fashion designer Ann Margaret Lanchester ( fl. (/wiki/Floruit) 1802 – fl. 1810), was a British fashion merchant (/wiki/Fashion_merchant) and fashion designer. She was a leading figure within the British fashion industry and referred to as 'The Bonaparte (/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte) of her day' in the contemporary The Complete Book of Trades . [1] (#cite_note-1) She made regular trips to Paris to study fashion, published the exclusive fashion magazine Le Miroir de la Mode for the British nobility, where she illustrated the contemporary fashion through her own dress models, which she sold in her shop in New Bond Street (/wiki/New_Bond_Street) in London (in 1806 moved to St James's Street). See also [ edit ] Mary Ann Bell (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bell) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Nicola Jane Phillips, Women in Business, 1700-1850 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2_8pxE0HTX0C&q=lanchester&pg=PA223) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Lanchester) in Swedish . (November 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at [[:sv:Madame Lanchester]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|sv\|Madame Lanchester}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ann_Margaret_Lanchester) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b48fcb9d6‐s4l5h Cached time: 20240702212322 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.127 seconds Real time usage: 0.197 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 881/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20377/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2742/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3537/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.053/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2290563/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 182.332 1 -total 45.55% 83.052 1 Template:Expand_Swedish 43.89% 80.018 1 Template:Expand_language 39.33% 71.714 1 Template:Ambox 36.72% 66.947 1 Template:Short_description 24.66% 44.958 1 Template:Hidden 21.02% 38.333 2 Template:Pagetype 16.34% 29.790 1 Template:Hidden_begin 15.11% 27.543 7 Template:Wikidata_sitelink 11.31% 20.623 6 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62361113-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702212322 and revision id 1187125409. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Margaret_Lanchester&oldid=1187125409 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Margaret_Lanchester&oldid=1187125409) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 19th-century English businesspeople (/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_businesspeople) British fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_designers) British fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_journalists) 19th-century English businesswomen (/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_businesswomen) British women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_women_fashion_designers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Biography articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Biography_articles_needing_translation_from_Swedish_Wikipedia) Year of birth missing (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing) Year of death missing (/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_missing)
American plus-size model (born 1993) Hunter McGrady McGrady on Cntrl+Alt+Delete in 2018 Born ( 1993-05-04 ) May 4, 1993 (age 31) [1] (#cite_note-1) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. (/wiki/U.S.) Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) Spouse Brian Keys Children 2 Parent Michael McGrady (/wiki/Michael_McGrady) (father) Relatives Michaela McGrady (sister) Modeling information Height 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) Hair color Blonde Eye color Hazel Agency Digital Brand Architects (Los Angeles) Hunter Sienna McGrady (born May 4, 1993) is an American (/wiki/Americans) plus-size model (/wiki/Plus-size_model) . She started plus-size modelling when she was 19 years old after being signed with Wilhelmina (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) . She is currently signed to One Management and was recently featured on the cover of Sports illustrated Swimsuit (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) ’s 2024 60th Anniversary Legends issue. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and education [ edit ] McGrady was born in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , to American actor Michael McGrady (/wiki/Michael_McGrady) and model Brynja McGrady. [3] (#cite_note-3) She has an older sister, fellow model Michaela McGrady. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The two sisters host the popular podcast titled Model Citizen. [5] (#cite_note-5) Her younger brother Tynan died in a car accident in 2021. [6] (#cite_note-6) McGrady married advertising executive Brian Keys in 2019. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) They had their first child together, a son, in 2021. [7] (#cite_note-7) They had their second child together, a daughter, in 2023. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] McGrady in the Chromat (/wiki/Chromat) Spring-Summer 2018 Serenity Collection, New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) McGrady started her career as a straight sized model at age 15. [9] (#cite_note-9) At 19, she decided to start plus size modeling because she could not maintain the 00 (/wiki/Size_zero) standard set by her agency. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2017, she became the largest model (size 16) to appear in a Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2019, she was the first plus-size model on a cover of The Knot . [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2024 McGrady appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated for their 60th anniversary Legends issue. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Hunter McGrady posing with her Sports Illustrated Swimsuit cover at a CBS appearance In 2021 McGrady launched her groundbreaking clothing line All Worthy with QVC (/wiki/QVC) [17] (#cite_note-17) which included a size range from XXS to 5X. Speaking with Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) of her line, McGrady said “I want everybody to feel worthy," she told Teen Vogue . "I want them to feel empowered, amazing, beautiful, comfortable in their skin. I want them to put on these pieces and feel like they can just take on the day and be the best that they can be, and I want people to know that we're all in this together." [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2022 McGrady was featured on the cover of Health Magazine (/wiki/Health_(magazine)) ’s Jan/Feb issue. [19] (#cite_note-19) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hunter Sienna McGrady" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191113223423/https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/hunter_sienna_mcgrady_born_1993_22342027) . California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Archived from the original (https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/hunter_sienna_mcgrady_born_1993_22342027) on November 13, 2019 . Retrieved November 13, 2019 . https://curvage.org/forum/index.php?/forums/topic/15986-hunter-mcgrady/&page=31 (https://curvage.org/forum/index.php?/forums/topic/15986-hunter-mcgrady/&page=31) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Chrissy Teigen, Gayle King, Hunter McGrady and Kate Upton Are Revealed as Sports Illustrated Swimsuit's 2024 Cover Models for the Franchise's 60th Anniversary Issue" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240514525498/en/Chrissy-Teigen-Gayle-King-Hunter-McGrady-and-Kate-Upton-Are-Revealed-as-Sports-Illustrated-Swimsuit%E2%80%99s-2024-Cover-Models-for-the-Franchise%E2%80%99s-60th-Anniversary-Issue) . www.businesswire.com . 2024-05-14 . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Bergstein, Rachelle (13 February 2018). "SI Swimsuit's plus-size model is embracing her curves" (https://nypost.com/2018/02/13/features-tk-sis-plus-sized-model/) . ^ a b Gorce, Tammy La (2019-07-12). "Snapchat Message Leads to Longer Story for Hunter McGrady (Published 2019)" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/fashion/weddings/a-snapchat-message-leads-to-wedding-for-hunter-mcgrady.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Model Citizen" (https://dearmedia.com/shows/model-citizen/) . Dear Media - New Way to Podcast . Retrieved 2021-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Model Hunter McGrady Mourns Death of 23-Year-Old Brother Tynan in Moving Tribute" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1265744/model-hunter-mcgrady-mourns-death-of-23-year-old-brother-tynan-in-moving-tribute) . E! Online . 2021-05-04 . Retrieved 2021-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lee, Esther (June 28, 2021). "Model Hunter McGrady Has Welcomed a Baby Boy" (https://www.theknot.com/content/hunter-mcgrady-husband) . theknot.com . Retrieved 2021-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Model Hunter McGrady Welcomes Baby Girl, Reveals Meaningful Name: 'I Could Stare at You Forever' (https://people.com/parents/hunter-mcgrady-welcomes-baby-girl-reveals-name/) " (https://people.com/parents/hunter-mcgrady-welcomes-baby-girl-reveals-name/) . Peoplemag . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Why Model Hunter McGrady Prays for the Haters" (https://www.allure.com/story/hunter-mcgrady-interview-becoming-a-beacon-of-self-love) . Allure . 26 July 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Hunter McGrady Gets Candid About What It Took to Finally Embrace Her Natural Body" (https://www.shape.com/celebrities/interviews/hunter-mcgrady-no-filter) . Shape Magazine (/wiki/Shape_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Mackenzie, Macaela; Radloff, Jessica (2019-06-17). "Hunter McGrady Is Calling B.S. on the Pressure Put on Brides to Lose Weight" (https://www.glamour.com/story/hunter-mcgrady-is-calling-bs-on-the-pressure-put-on-brides-to-lose-weight) . Glamour . Retrieved 2019-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "SI Swimsuit rookie Hunter McGrady: 'This is my God-given body' (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/si-swimsuit-rookie-hunter-mcgrady-this-is-my-god-given-body) " (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/si-swimsuit-rookie-hunter-mcgrady-this-is-my-god-given-body) . Fox News . 2017-02-22 . Retrieved 2019-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "From a Size 2 to Sports Illustrated Swim's Curviest Model Ever: Hunter McGrady Is 'Much Happier' at a Size 16" (https://people.com/bodies/hunter-mcgrady-sports-illustrated-swim-size-2-16/) . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2019-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Justich, Kerry (2019-09-04). " (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/hunter-mcgrady-plus-size-bride-wedding-dress-knot-215504803.html) 'Curviest model ever' Hunter McGrady talks being a plus-size bride: 'Give me the tightest, sexiest dress' (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/hunter-mcgrady-plus-size-bride-wedding-dress-knot-215504803.html) " (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/hunter-mcgrady-plus-size-bride-wedding-dress-knot-215504803.html) . Yahoo Lifestyle . Retrieved 2019-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Kate Upton, Hunter McGrady talk impact of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue - CBS News" (https://www.cbsnews.com/video/kate-upton-hunter-mcgrady-talk-impact-of-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-issue/) . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Hunter McGrady Shot Her 2024 SI Swimsuit Cover 8 Months Postpartum: 'Want My Daughter to See This' (Exclusive)" (https://people.com/hunter-mcgrady-lands-first-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover-exclusive-interview-8647750) . Peoplemag . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Russo, Gianluca (2020-04-22). "Hunter McGrady Launches Size Inclusive Fashion Line All Worthy" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/hunter-mcgrady-all-worthy) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Russo, Gianluca (2020-04-22). "Hunter McGrady Launches Size Inclusive Fashion Line All Worthy" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/hunter-mcgrady-all-worthy) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2024-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Hunter McGrady pushes back against 'shed the holiday' weight narrative on magazine cover" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/hunter-mcgrady-pushes-back-against-shed-holiday-weight-narrative-170903889.html) . Yahoo Life . 2021-12-16 . Retrieved 2024-05-16 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Hunter McGrady (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hunter_McGrady) at Wikimedia Commons v t e 2010–2019 Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) 2010 Sarah Brandner (/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Brandner&action=edit&redlink=1) * Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abigail_Clancy) * Sonia Dara (/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Dara&action=edit&redlink=1) Brooklyn Decker (/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker) Bethany Dempsey (/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Dempsey&action=edit&redlink=1) * Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Zoe Duchesne (/w/index.php?title=Zoe_Duchesne&action=edit&redlink=1) Esti Ginzburg (/wiki/Esti_Ginzburg) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Damaris Lewis (/wiki/Damaris_Lewis) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Julie Ordon (/wiki/Julie_Ordon) Dominique Piek (/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Piek&action=edit&redlink=1) Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Daniella Sarahyba (/wiki/Daniella_Sarahyba) Melissa Satta (/wiki/Melissa_Satta) * Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Jessica White (/wiki/Jessica_White) 2011 Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) * Brooklyn Decker (/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Kenza Fourati (/wiki/Kenza_Fourati) * Esti Ginzburg (/wiki/Esti_Ginzburg) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) * Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Damaris Lewis (/wiki/Damaris_Lewis) Alyssa Miller (/wiki/Alyssa_Miller) * Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) * Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Jessica White (/wiki/Jessica_White) 2012 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Adaora Akubilo (/wiki/Adaora_Akubilo) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) Kirby Griffin (/wiki/Kirby_Griffin) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) Alyssa Miller (/wiki/Alyssa_Miller) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Jessica Perez (/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1) Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) Crystal Renn (/wiki/Crystal_Renn) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Michelle Vawer (/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Vawer&action=edit&redlink=1) Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) 2013 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) * Adaora Akubilo (/wiki/Adaora_Akubilo) Natasha Barnard (/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hannah Davis (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) * 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American fashion consultant (born 1960) Nickelson Wooster Born ( 1960-07-02 ) July 2, 1960 (age 64) Salina, Kansas (/wiki/Salina,_Kansas) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Nationality American Education University of Kansas Occupation(s) Model, Fashion consultant, free agent and internet personality Height 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Nickelson Wooster (born July 2, 1960) is an American fashion consultant who has worked with Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) chain stores, as well as Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) and Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) . He is best known for his street style (/wiki/Street_style) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Nick Wooster (Nickelson Wooster) was born in Salina, Kansas (/wiki/Salina,_Kansas) on July 2, 1960. At a very young age he was into fashion and never wanted to wear the same thing twice. When he went into middle school and high school, he noticed the richer kids had nicer clothes, and he constantly told his mom "I want that." And his mom said, "Great. Then go get a job and make money and buy that, because we're not buying it for you." Nick Wooster was born in a middle-class family. At 16, he began working at a local clothing store Joseph P. Roth and Sons. He entered the University of Kansas (/wiki/University_of_Kansas) in 1978, where he studied journalism and advertising. After graduation in 1982, Wooster moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where he took a job at advertising agency. In 1985 he started selling advertising space at New York Magazine. He got fired, because the company found out his drug addiction. [2] (#cite_note-2) Saatchi & Saatchi (/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi) . [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) Later he became an assistant department manager for the Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) store chain, [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) and in 1984-1985 he worked as account executive at New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) . From 1987 to 1993, Wooster was a buyer, first for Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) store chain, and then for Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) chain. On September 3, 1995 Wooster became sober completely. In 1993-1995 he worked as director of retail merchandising at the Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) fashion house, and in 1995-1996 as the design director of the Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) brand. In 1996 he became president of the American brand John Bartlett. [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) Wooster left John Bartlett in 2001 and founded own agency, Wooster Consultancy. In the fall of 2001, Wooster struggled financially and did anything he could to stay afloat. Wooster moved to Miami, working in a car dealership before moving to Los Angeles, having a couple of false starts, working on the floor of Barneys in Beverly Hills, and then, eventually, working for two companies for a few years. In 2005 he became general merchandising manager for the brand Rozae Nichols, and in 2007 he moved to the position of creative services director of the Splendid/ Ella Moss (/wiki/Ella_Moss) brand. Later, in the fall of 2009, Tommy Fazio had left the men's fashion director job at Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman. In 2010, Wooster became men's fashion director at the Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) store chain, but was fired in year and a half after a very frank interview with GQ (/wiki/GQ) . [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) In 2010–2012, he was a consultant for the Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) brand and for online clothing store Gilt Groupe (/wiki/Gilt_Groupe) . [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) In 2012–2013, he served as senior vice president of JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) retail chain. [ citation needed ] Personal life [ edit ] Wooster does not drink but he says he is addicted to coffee. His daily routine involves waking up at five in the morning and follows a strict diet preferring food cooked in olive oil. He exercises regularly to maintain his physique and cycling and cardio being his favorite exercise. [4] (#cite_note-4) Clothing collections [ edit ] In 2012, Wooster designed a collection of shirts for the American brand Hamilton 1883. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2014–2015, he created two joint collections with Japanese brand United Arrows. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Also in 2014, Wooster designed a collection with the Italian house Lardini (/wiki/Lardini) , presented at the men's fashion exhibition Pitti Uomo (/wiki/Pitti_Uomo) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2015, he designed a capsule collection of clothes from merino (/wiki/Merino) wool in cooperation with the Swedish brand The White Briefs, also presented at Pitti Uomo. [9] (#cite_note-9) Personal style [ edit ] Wooster is known for tailored blazers, handlebar mustache and tattoo sleeves (/wiki/Tattoo_sleeve) . [3] (#cite_note-bof-3) He got his first tattoo in 1994; about five years later, he had a three-quarter sleeve done on his left arm. Upon completion of his left arm he had a sleeve done on his right arm. He also has one tattoo on his right leg. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) He is also known particularly for his silver hair sporting a pompadour. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Trebay, Guy (June 19, 2014). "Nick Wooster, One-Man Brand" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/fashion/Nick-Wooster-Instagram-Mens-Fashion-Design-Debut-at-Pitti-Uomo.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nick Wooster Tells Us How He Became a Style Icon" (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/exqa4e/nick-wooster-interview-2015-111) . September 11, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tommye Fitzpatrick. Nickelson Wooster, Creative Director (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/creative-class/the-creative-class-nickelson-wooster-creative-director) , The Business of Fashion (October 16, 2012) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Yi, David (September 2, 2015). "Meet the 55-year-old gay style icon straight dudes go crazy for" (https://mashable.com/2015/09/02/nick-wooster/) . Mashable . Retrieved February 20, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Alec Banks. Hamilton 1883 for Project Wooster Collection (http://hypebeast.com/2012/08/hamilton-1883-for-project-wooster-collection) , Hypebeast (August 15, 2012) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Alec Banks. Nick Wooster x UnitNew York, ed Arrows Collection (http://hypebeast.com/2014/4/nick-wooster-x-united-arrows-collection) , Hypebeast (April 4, 2014) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cameron Wolf. United Arrow’s Collaboration With Nick Wooster Might Get You Street Styled by Tommy Ton, Too (http://www.complex.com/style/2015/04/nick-wooster-united-arrows-2015-spring-summer-collection) , Complex (April 2, 2015) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Guy Trebay. Nick Wooster, One-Man Brand (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/fashion/Nick-Wooster-Instagram-Mens-Fashion-Design-Debut-at-Pitti-Uomo.html) , The New York Times (June 19, 2014) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Jesse Steinbach. Nick Wooster Unveils Collaboration with The White Briefs & Woolmark (http://www.out.com/fashion/truman-says/2015/01/14/nick-wooster-woolmark-white-briefs-merino-wool-collection) , Out Magazine (January 14, 2015) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nick Wooster on Whether You Should Get a Tattoo (http://www.esquire.com/style/advice/a10637/nick-wooster-tattoos-072811/) , Esquire (July 28, 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sean Hotchkiss. Tumblrs to Know… Nickelson Wooster (https://www.gq.com/style/blogs/the-gq-eye/2011/08/tumblrs-to-know-nickelson-wooster.html) , GQ (5 августа 2011) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.nickwooster.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jjhvd Cached time: 20240713184802 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.480 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2140/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12698/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2258/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17519/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.208/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7123931/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 458.932 1 -total 39.87% 182.969 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.54% 108.041 1 Template:Reflist 17.64% 80.964 1 Template:Cite_news 16.09% 73.843 1 Template:Short_description 9.82% 45.049 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.12% 41.870 2 Template:Pagetype 8.60% 39.458 1 Template:Cn 7.67% 35.185 1 Template:Fix 7.56% 34.714 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46643878-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713184802 and revision id 1174644421. 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New Zealand textile artist (1910–1986) Fanny Buss Fanny Buss screenprinting in 1964 Born Frances Edith Buss ( 1910-03-23 ) 23 March 1910 Christchurch (/wiki/Christchurch) , New Zealand Died 5 June 1986 (1986-06-05) (aged 76) Education Canterbury College School of Art (/wiki/Ilam_School_of_Fine_Arts) Known for Fashion design, writer, printmaking and business entrepreneur Spouse Douglas Cresswell (/wiki/Douglas_Cresswell) ( m. 1932; died 1960) Frances Edith Cresswell (née Buss , 23 March 1910 – 5 June 1986), commonly known as Fanny Buss, was a textile and fashion designer from New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) active from the 1950s to the 1980s. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Buss was also a printmaker, writer and book illustrator. Examples of her fashion designs are held in the collections of museums around New Zealand including in the Auckland War Memorial Museum (/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Otago Museum (/wiki/Otago_Museum) , [5] (#cite_note-5) MTG Hawke's Bay (/wiki/MTG_Hawke%27s_Bay) [6] (#cite_note-6) and also feature in the New Zealand Fashion Museum (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Museum) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Buss was a working member of the Canterbury Society of the Arts (/w/index.php?title=Canterbury_Society_of_the_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Early life and family [ edit ] Buss was born in Christchurch (/wiki/Christchurch) on 23 March 1910, the daughter of George Howard Buss and Frances Ethel Buss (née Pilbrow) who were farming at Scargill (/w/index.php?title=Scargill,_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1) in North Canterbury (/wiki/North_Canterbury) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-Death_reg-11) As a child she boarded in Christchurch and Timaru before studying at the Canterbury College School of Art (/wiki/Ilam_School_of_Fine_Arts) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1929 she lived in a "cheap bedsit" with Rita Angus (/wiki/Rita_Angus) and Jessie Lloyd. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1932, Buss married Douglas Cresswell (/wiki/Douglas_Cresswell) , [13] (#cite_note-13) and the couple went on to have four children. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Career [ edit ] Buss started printing fabric in the 1950s. She began with potato blocks then moved on to wood blocks and later screen printing. She started by selling table mats, curtains and beach shirts, which provided an income for her family. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Buss labelled her garments with her maiden name. In the 1970s her dresses and coats were worn by New Zealand's first Māori woman cabinet minister, Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan (/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Death [ edit ] Buss died on 5 June 1986. [11] (#cite_note-Death_reg-11) She had been predeceased by her husband in 1960. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Bibliography [ edit ] Eight Christchurch schools. Cresswell, Douglas. Christchurch. Pegasus Press. 1956 (illustrator) Some Canterbury Churches. Warren, Doreen. Pegasus Press. 1957 (illustrator) Old homes of Lyttelton Harbour Christchurch. Pegasus Press. 1966. (writer and illustrator) Christchurch Sketch Book. Christchurch. Fanny Buss Studios. 1972 (writer and illustrator) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dix, Kelly (July 2019). "Fanny Buss" (http://nzfashionmuseum.org.nz/fanny-buss/) . nzfashionmuseum.org.nz . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Metzger, Jamie (17 March 2016). "2016 ID Fashion Week: Stylish Hākui" (https://otagomuseum.nz/blog/stylish-hakui/) . Otago Museum . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "dress" (https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_humanhistory-object-825652) . www.aucklandmuseum.com . 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fanny Buss" (https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/11030) . collections.tepapa.govt.nz . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fanny Buss" (https://www.facebook.com/OtagoMuseum/photos/a.10150118069058553/10153125439148553/?type=3) . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "New Zealand Fashion Museum" (http://www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz/b/block-printed-silk-dress/) . www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz . Retrieved 6 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Belted dress with print detail – Fanny Buss" (http://www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz/b/belted-dress-with-print-detail/) . www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Autumn Exhibition 1961" (https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/media/uploads/2010_08/CSA_Catalogue_1961.pdf) (PDF) . christchurchartgallery.org.nz . 1961 . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Birth" (https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT19100328.2.2.1) . Lyttelton Times . 28 March 1910. p. 1 . Retrieved 9 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Birth search: registration number 1910/17271" (https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/search/search?path=%2FqueryEntry.m%3Ftype%3Dbirths) . Births, deaths & marriages online . Department of Internal Affairs . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Death search: registration number 1986/33712" (https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/search/search?path=%2FqueryEntry.m%3Ftype%3Ddeaths) . Births, deaths & marriages online . Department of Internal Affairs . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "NZ On Screen" (https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/kaleidoscope-rita-angus-1983) . Retrieved 7 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Marriage search: registration number 1932/1621" (https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/search/search?path=%2FqueryEntry.m%3Ftype%3Dmarriages) . Births, deaths & marriages online . Department of Internal Affairs . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Wratislav, Elizabeth (2014). Whetu Tirakatene-Sullivan: Travel in Style . Napier: MTG Hawke's Bay. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780992259679 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/275799803) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8dvGJjdrGtmGfKRHgrq) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012037715) Artists New Zealand Artists (https://findnzartists.org.nz/artist/2332/) People Trove (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/931341) Other Te Papa (New Zealand) (https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/11030) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dckvq Cached time: 20240721094612 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.512 seconds Real time usage: 0.656 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2862/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36889/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3890/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57019/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.366/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9256402/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 622.292 1 -total 41.55% 258.559 1 Template:Infobox_artist 25.44% 158.303 1 Template:Reflist 19.74% 122.833 12 Template:Cite_web 15.58% 96.941 1 Template:Authority_control 12.69% 78.946 1 Template:Marriage 11.89% 73.974 1 Template:Short_description 6.90% 42.915 1 Template:Birth_date 6.58% 40.948 2 Template:Pagetype 6.06% 37.740 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61218625-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721094612 and revision id 1230172941. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Buss&oldid=1230172941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Buss&oldid=1230172941) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : New Zealand fashion designers (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_fashion_designers) New Zealand women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_women_fashion_designers) 1910 births (/wiki/Category:1910_births) 1986 deaths (/wiki/Category:1986_deaths) Artists from Christchurch (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Christchurch) New Zealand women in business (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_women_in_business) 20th-century New Zealand women artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_New_Zealand_women_artists) New Zealand illustrators (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_illustrators) New Zealand women illustrators (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_women_illustrators) Ilam School of Fine Arts alumni (/wiki/Category:Ilam_School_of_Fine_Arts_alumni) 20th-century New Zealand textile artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_New_Zealand_textile_artists) New Zealand printmakers (/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_printmakers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019) Use New Zealand English from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_July_2019) All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with FNZA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FNZA_identifiers) Articles with Trove identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers) Articles with TePapa identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_TePapa_identifiers)
Swedish lace industrialist (1796–1882) Anna Elisabeth Hartwick (1796–1882) was a Swedish lace (/wiki/Lace) industrialist. She lived in Vadstena (/wiki/Vadstena) , which had a long history of professional lace making. In the 18th century, individual makers of bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) sold their works to peddlers (/wiki/Peddler) , but in the 19th century, this small-scale industry developed in to a larger industry dominated by Anna Elisabeth Hartwick and her main rival Catharina Lidman (/w/index.php?title=Catharina_Lidman&action=edit&redlink=1) (1792–1856). Hartwick bought up lace from many of the lace makers of Vadstena and had them sold through her shop and through salespersons employed by her throughout the nation. Through her employee Catharina Andersdotter, she sold lace to the queen, Louise of the Netherlands (/wiki/Louise_of_the_Netherlands) , and the Swedish court. References [ edit ] Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år , 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐7fd654d969‐m7fs7 Cached time: 20240722110207 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.061 seconds Real time usage: 0.171 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 151/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1036/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 475/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.027/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1010814/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 159.459 1 Template:Short_description 100.00% 159.459 1 -total 59.48% 94.851 2 Template:Main_other 57.72% 92.035 1 Template:SDcat 29.25% 46.634 2 Template:Pagetype 2.88% 4.594 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57528174-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722110207 and revision id 1180672643. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Elisabeth_Hartwick&oldid=1180672643 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Elisabeth_Hartwick&oldid=1180672643) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 19th-century Swedish businesspeople (/wiki/Category:19th-century_Swedish_businesspeople) Swedish businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Swedish_businesspeople_in_fashion) 1796 births (/wiki/Category:1796_births) 1882 deaths (/wiki/Category:1882_deaths) Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) People from Vadstena Municipality (/wiki/Category:People_from_Vadstena_Municipality) 19th-century Swedish businesswomen (/wiki/Category:19th-century_Swedish_businesswomen) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Fashion and music event in Tokyo, Japan GirlsAward Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semi-annually Location(s) Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan Inaugurated 2010 Founder GirlsAward executive committee Attendance 34,000 (2014 A/W) [1] (#cite_note-1) Sponsors Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)) , Tokyo Metropolitan Government (/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government) Fuji Television (/wiki/Fuji_Television) Website girls-award (http://girls-award.com/) .com (http://girls-award.com/) GirlsAward ( ガールズアワード ) , sometimes abbreviated as GA , is a semi-annual fashion and music event held at Yoyogi National Gymnasium 1st Gymnasium (/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium) in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-tokyohive20120728-3) It is one of the biggest fashion events in Japan, with approximately 30,000 people attending each time. It is organized by GirlsAward Inc. under the slogan "Shibuya to Asia, and the World" and sponsored by Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)) , Tokyo Metropolitan Government (/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government) and Fuji Television (/wiki/Fuji_Television) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Usually, the Autumn/Winter(A/W) event is held in September to October, and the Spring/Summer(S/S) is held in March to May of each year. History [ edit ] On September 9, 2009, the first event GirlsAward 2009 was held at Shibuya O-East (/wiki/Shibuya_O-East) . It featured models, gravure idols (/wiki/Gravure_idols) , and auditions associated with DAM Karaoke (/wiki/Karaoke) system. [6] (#cite_note-itopix-6) In 2010, from GirlsAward 2010, the location was moved to Yoyogi National Gymnasium. [7] (#cite_note-7) From January 25 to 27, 2012, a collaboration event was held with South Korean (/wiki/South_Korea) television MBC (/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation) featuring the fashion show and K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) music. [8] (#cite_note-jpnews20120126-8) In 2014, the first overseas event with A-Nation (/wiki/A-Nation) was held in Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) . [9] (#cite_note-oricon20140913-9) On April 9, 2016, during GirlsAward 2016 S/S, Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) 's CEO Kevin Systrom (/wiki/Kevin_Systrom) appeared on the stage and made a selfie (/wiki/Selfie) performance with Haruna Kojima (/wiki/Haruna_Kojima) , a member of AKB48 (/wiki/AKB48) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Past venues [ edit ] No. Event Date Ref. - GirlsAward 2009 [note 1] (#cite_note-11) September 9, 2009 [6] (#cite_note-itopix-6) 1 GirlsAward 2010 Spring/Summer (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) May 22, 2010 [11] (#cite_note-12) 2 GirlsAward 2010 Autumn/Winter (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) September 18, 2010 [12] (#cite_note-13) 3 GirlsAward by CROOZ blog 2011 Spring/Summer (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) April 29, 2011 [13] (#cite_note-14) 4 GirlsAward by CROOZ blog 2011 Autumn/Winter (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) November 12, 2011 [14] (#cite_note-15) - Kiss supported by GirlsAward [note 2] (#cite_note-16) January 25–27, 2012 [8] (#cite_note-jpnews20120126-8) 5 GirlsAward 2012 Spring/Summer (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) May 26, 2012 [15] (#cite_note-17) - A-Nation (/wiki/A-Nation) music week collection supported by GirlsAward [note 3] (#cite_note-19) August 4–6, 2012 and August 8, 2012 [3] (#cite_note-tokyohive20120728-3) 6 GirlsAward 2012 Autumn/Winter (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) November 8, 2012 [17] (#cite_note-20) 7 GirlsAward 2013 Spring/Summer (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) March 23, 2013 [18] (#cite_note-21) - A-Nation&GirlsAward island collection [note 4] (#cite_note-23) August 3–11, 2013 [20] (#cite_note-24) 8 GirlsAward 2013 Autumn/Winter (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) September 28, 2013 [21] (#cite_note-25) 9 GirlsAward 2014 Spring/Summer (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Spring/Summer) April 19, 2014 [22] (#cite_note-26) - A-Nation&GirlsAward island collection [note 5] (#cite_note-28) August 14–20, 2014 [24] (#cite_note-29) - A-Nation&GirlsAward island collection in Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) September 13, 2014 [9] (#cite_note-oricon20140913-9) - A-Nation&GirlsAward island collection in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) October 18, 2014 [25] (#cite_note-30) 10 GirlsAward 2014 Autumn/Winter (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Autumn/Winter) October 1, 2014 [26] (#cite_note-31) 11 GirlsAward 2015 Spring/Summer (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Spring/Summer) April 29, 2015 [27] (#cite_note-32) 12 GirlsAward 2015 Autumn/Winter (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Autumn/Winter) October 24, 2015 [28] (#cite_note-33) 13 GirlsAward 2016 Spring/Summer (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Spring/Summer) April 9, 2016 [29] (#cite_note-34) 14 GirlsAward 2016 Autumn/Winter (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Autumn/Winter) October 8, 2016 [30] (#cite_note-35) 15 GirlsAward 2017 Spring/Summer (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2017_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) May 3, 2017 Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-11) Held at Shibuya O-East (/wiki/Shibuya_O-East) . MC is Dangerous and special guest is Chinatsu Wakatsuki. Participated models are Kana Tsugihara (/wiki/Kana_Tsugihara) , Ai, China Fukunaga, Maya Koizumi (/wiki/Maya_Koizumi) , Akina Aoshima, Natsumi Kuroki, Riena, Rina Nagasaki, Izumi Nakadai, Mana Honda and Yumi Higashino. Special live artists are SoulJa (/wiki/SoulJa) , Beni (/wiki/Beni_(singer)) , DJ MAYUMI× Maki Goto (/wiki/Maki_Goto) and miray. [6] (#cite_note-itopix-6) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Participated models are Lena Fujii (/wiki/Lena_Fujii) , Ai Tominaga (/wiki/Ai_Tominaga) , Yukina Kinoshita (/wiki/Yukina_Kinoshita) , Akina Minami (/wiki/Akina_Minami) , Reina Triendl (/wiki/Reina_Triendl) , Angelica Michibata (/wiki/Angelica_Michibata) , 김태연, 김현진, 박슬기, 박지혜 and 최은정. Participated artists are Girls' Generation (/wiki/Girls%27_Generation) , Kara (/wiki/Kara_(South_Korean_band)) , Beast (/wiki/Beast_(South_Korean_band)) , CNBLUE (/wiki/CNBLUE) , After School (/wiki/After_School_(band)) , T-ara (/wiki/T-ara) , 4Minute (/wiki/4Minute) , Infinite (/wiki/Infinite_(band)) and Secret (/wiki/Secret_(South_Korean_band)) . [8] (#cite_note-jpnews20120126-8) ^ (#cite_ref-19) MC is Ryōko Kawase. Models: Kozue Akimoto (/wiki/Kozue_Akimoto) , Alisa Urahama, Emi Renata, Mitsuki Oishi (/wiki/Mitsuki_Oishi) , Mizuki Ōtomo, CAROLINA, Mayuko Kawakita (/wiki/Mayuko_Kawakita) , Ranko Kanbe, Kelly, Miki Kokubo, Shiori Sato (/wiki/Shiori_Sato) , Satoumi, Saki Sugawara, Chinami Suzuki (/wiki/Chinami_Suzuki) , Sonii, Sonmi (/wiki/Sonmi) , Maryjun Takahashi (/wiki/Maryjun_Takahashi) , Nana (/wiki/Nana_(singer)) (AFTERSCHOOL), Nanaka, Yuka Nanjyō, Nicole, Monaka Nishi, Alisa Nishida, Lena Fujii (/wiki/Lena_Fujii) , Aki Hoshino (/wiki/Aki_Hoshino) , Yuka Mizuhara, Angelica Michibata, Akina Minami, Shiho Mukōyama, Yōko Melody, Youn-A (/wiki/Youn-A) , Leena (/wiki/Leena_(model)) , Liv, Chikako Watanabe Brands: GUILD PRIME, LOVELESS, Bershka and Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) [16] (#cite_note-18) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Models: AMO, Arime, emma, IMARU, Kelly, riena, Saori, Una, YiRAN, Alice, Emi Renata, CAROLINA, Kelly Ann, Nicol, Noma, Youn-a, Nina Itō, Nana Utsuno, Alisa Urahama, Mei Nagano (/wiki/Mei_Nagano) , Chinatsu Endō, Serika Okuwaki, Sayaka Okada, Azusa Okamoto, Natsumi Okamoto, Seira Kagami, Reina Kagami, Rena Kagami, Natsuki Katō (/wiki/Natsuki_Kat%C5%8D) , Emiri Miyasaka (/wiki/Emiri_Miyasaka) , Rika Mamiya (/wiki/Rika_Mamiya) , Cecil Kishimoto (/wiki/Cecil_Kishimoto) , Sayo Yoshida, Satoko Miyata, Zaira Miyajima, Chihiro Kondō, Rinka Kumada, Louis Kurihara (/wiki/Louis_Kurihara) , Moe Arai, Fūka Takashima, Eimi Kuroda (/wiki/Eimi_Kuroda) , Sayaka Imai, Arisa Sato (/wiki/Arisa_Sato_(model)) , Shiori Sato (/wiki/Shiori_Sato) , Yukiko Sano, Hiromi Hosoi (/wiki/Hiromi_Hosoi) , Nanao (/wiki/Nanao_(model)) , Saika, Azusa Mine, Yu Yamada (/wiki/Yu_Yamada) , Yuumi Shida (/wiki/Yuumi_Shida) , Saeko (/wiki/Saeko_(actress)) , Sayaka Akimoto (/wiki/Sayaka_Akimoto) , Kozue Akimoto, Kumiko Funayama, Karin Osanai, Minato Kobori, Nanaka Ozawa, Hana Matsushima, Aki Matsumoto, Ai Matsumoto, Mao Ueda, Mizuki Nishikawa, Erika Ishitobi (/wiki/Erika_Ishitobi) , Siruku Kawaguchi, Nozomi Maeda, Mari Murata, Michi Ōmori, Aya Ōmasa (/wiki/Aya_%C5%8Cmasa) , Eri Ōishi, Reimi Ōsawa, Risako Tanigawam, Mitsu Dan (/wiki/Mitsu_Dan) , Seika Taketomi, Kana Nakagawa, Anri Nakajima, Hikari Shiina, Wakaba Tanaka, Miho Tanaka, Natsuko Tōgo, Nicole Fujita (/wiki/Nicole_Fujita) , Maria Fuji, Ema Fujisawa (/wiki/Ema_Fujisawa) , Angelica Michibata (/wiki/Angelica_Michibata) , Sachie Futamura, Marie Iitoyo (/wiki/Marie_Iitoyo) , Yū Hirukawa, Miyū, Risa Hirako (/wiki/Risa_Hirako) , Yumika Hirao, Suzuka Hori, Saki Asamiya, Juliana Minato, Mikiko Yano, Kyōko Ochiai, Satoumi, Sakura Hayashi, Chinami Suzuki (/wiki/Chinami_Suzuki) , Miu Suzuki, Mai Hirose. Artists: Hitomi (/wiki/Hitomi_(singer)) , Da-ice (/wiki/Da-ice) , Vimclip, SoulJa×KenJi03×Mayuko Kawakita [19] (#cite_note-22) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Models: AMO, IMALU, Elli Rose, CAROLINA, Shaula, Trauden Naomi, Noma, Mai, Yōko Melody, Mei Nagano, Sayaka Okada, Natsumi Okamoto, Seira Kagami, Rinka Kumada, Koharu Kusumi (/wiki/Koharu_Kusumi) , Ikumi Hisamatsu, Satoko Miyata, Aya Kondō, Yoshiaki Takahashi, Fūka Takashima, Eimi Kuroda, Monica Sahara, Shiori Sato, Kentaro Sakaguchi (/wiki/Kentaro_Sakaguchi) , Rikako Sakata (/wiki/Rikako_Sakata) , Ryōhei Yamashita, Tomoya Yamaguchi(SOLIDEMO), Mizuki Yamamoto (/wiki/Mizuki_Yamamoto) , Ayano Wakayama, Karin Osanai, Nana Komatsu (/wiki/Nana_Komatsu) , Ryota Kobayashi (/wiki/Ryota_Kobayashi) , Mao Ueda, Erika Oda, Yuko Araki (/wiki/Yuko_Araki) , Ryo Narita (/wiki/Ryo_Narita) , Rinka Shimizu, Nicole Ishida, Haru Izumi, Kana Oya (/wiki/Kana_Oya) , Rinka Ōtani, Elaiza Ikeda (/wiki/Elaiza_Ikeda) , Seika Taketomi, Riho Nakamura, Riisa Naka (/wiki/Riisa_Naka) , Mirei Tanaka( Super Girls (/wiki/Super_Girls_(Japanese_band)) ), Hazuki Tsuchiya, Yumi Higashino, Sachie Futamura, Yui Tomikawa, Aiku Maikawa, Akane Hotta (/wiki/Akane_Hotta) , Saki Asamiya, Juliana Minato, Tomoko Nozaki, Miu Suzuki, Yūna Suzuki, Shione Sawada. Live: chay, Kemio&Amigachu, MACO, 9nine (/wiki/9nine) , Hime Carat, Hitomi. Guest: Hiroyuki Amano, Ruriko Kojima (/wiki/Ruriko_Kojima) , Akira Shinomiya(Ozin Osbourne) [23] (#cite_note-27) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 佐々木希、藤井リナ、菜々緒ら豪華競演歴代テラハも涙で集結「Girls Award 2014 A／W」＜写真特集＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-10-01 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) 株式会社Candeeが企画・制作、「GirlsAward 2016 AUTUMN/WINTER by マイナビ」の様子を、会場の代々木第一体育館から生中継！ (in Japanese). The Yomiuri Shimbun . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ a b "a-nation and GirlsAward joining efforts for collaboration fashion show" (http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2012/07/a-nation-and-girlsaward-joining-efforts-for-collaboration-fashion-show) . tokyohive . 6Theory Media, LLC. 2012-07-28 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) GirlsAward 2016 AUTUMN/WINTER by マイナビ第七弾情報解禁!!sweet× FOUR SIS & CO. スペシャルステージが追加発表!マイナビが特別協賛に決定! (in Japanese). IID, Inc . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) FLOWER PALLETをテーマにGirlsAward 2014開幕 (in Japanese). Excite Japan Co., Ltd. 2014-04-19 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ a b c Girls Award 2009 グラビアアイドルも多数出演！豪華ファッションショー＆ライブイベント！ (in Japanese). Asuka International Corp . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) 人気「Popteen」モデルも「Girls Award 2010」に出演 (in Japanese). modelpress. 2010-05-24 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ a b c 2% 아쉬웠던 韓日패션교류쇼 'KISS' (in Korean). JPNews. 2012-01-26 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ a b a-nation taiwan『史上初の台湾公演をレポート！』-ORICON STYLE ミュージック (in Japanese). oricon ME . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) ダレノガレ明美・ラブリ・玉城ティナら「Instagram」創業者とセルフィーで交流＜GirlsAward 2016 S／S＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2016-04-10 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) 出演モデル Girls Award 2010 Official WEB . GirlsAward (in Japanese) . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Girls Award A/W開幕！トップバッターはマリエ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2010-09-18. Archived from the original (http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/709654) on 2016-10-24 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) ファッション＆音楽の融合イベントにICONIQ、JAMOSAら (in Japanese). Natasha,Inc. 2011-04-14 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) 代々木「Girls Award」にスタアパ、Sugar Soul、Zeebra他 (in Japanese). Natasha,Inc. 2011-10-21 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) 中国版Rayでも活躍の加藤夏希がガールズアワード2012に出演―東京 (in Japanese). Excite Japan Co., Ltd. 2012-05-27 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) a-nation×GirlsAward初コラボ！藤井リナ・ほしのあきら豪華出演者発表 (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) AKB48、「GirlsAward 2012 A／W」出演決定！乃木坂46メンバーもランウェイデビュー (in Japanese). modelpress. 2012-10-25 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) 第7回「ガールズアワード」藤井リナで開幕 . Fashionsnap (in Japanese). 2013-03-23 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) 山田優、AKB48秋元才加らも参戦「a-nation」×「GirlsAward」コラボファッションショー出演者発表 (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) 女性誌の枠を超えた豪華モデルが集結「a-nation」×「GirlsAward」ファッションショー開催 (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) 倖田來未、新垣結衣、山田優、菜々緒ら豪華出演者が競演「GirlsAward 2013 A/W」＜写真特集＞ (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) 山田優、藤井リナ、菜々緒ら豪華モデル総登場新旧テラハも勢揃い「GirlsAward 2014 S/S」＜写真特集＞ (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) 仲里依紗ら追加出演者発表「a-nation」×「GirlsAward」ファッションショー (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-08-06 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) a-nation island & stadium fes. 2014 powered by ウイダーinゼリー (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) 藤井リナ、八木アリサ、石田ニコルら「a-nation」シンガポールで大歓声 (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-10-19 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) 西内まりや「GirlsAward」でライブパフォーマンス豪華出演者も追加発表 (in Japanese). modelpress. 2014-09-05 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) AKB48＆乃木坂46が競演豪華出演者発表＜GirlsAward 2015 S/S＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2015-02-10 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) 北川景子がトップバッタークールな流し目で圧巻オーラ＜GirlsAward 2015 A/W＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2015-10-24 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) 武井咲、トップバッターで「ガルアワ」開幕美脚あらわなミニショーパン姿に歓声＜GirlsAward 2016 S/S＞ (in Japanese). modelpress . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) 広瀬すず、トップバッターで「ガルアワ」開幕クールな微笑みに歓声＜GirlsAward 2016 A/W＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2016-10-08 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://girls-award.com/) v t e GirlsAward Events 2009 2010 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Spring/Summer) 2014 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Autumn/Winter) 2015 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Spring/Summer) 2015 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Autumn/Winter) 2016 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Spring/Summer) 2016 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Autumn/Winter) Other fashion show Tokyo Girls Collection (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls_Collection) Kobe Collection (/wiki/Kobe_Collection) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐pw9jh Cached time: 20240712200917 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.590 seconds Real time usage: 1.058 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2330/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 80488/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6162/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 130848/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.402/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15073298/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 907.906 1 -total 34.96% 317.364 2 Template:Reflist 30.86% 280.216 30 Template:Cite_web 20.29% 184.189 1 Template:Nihongo 16.15% 146.613 1 Template:Short_description 11.68% 106.076 1 Template:GirlsAward 9.72% 88.223 7 Template:Main_other 9.32% 84.604 1 Template:SDcat 8.41% 76.378 1 Template:Navbox 6.91% 62.696 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52078132-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712200917 and revision id 1223716492. 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May Hong Born South Korea [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) Alma mater Rhode Island School of Design (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) Occupation(s) Model, actress, artist Years active 2011–present Modeling information Height 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) [1] (#cite_note-nextmgmt-1) Hair color Black Eye color Black Agency Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) Muse Management May Hong is an American model, actress, and artist. She has most notably modeled for designers including Eckhaus Latta (/wiki/Eckhaus_Latta) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , and Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . As an actress, Hong has appeared on High Maintenance (/wiki/High_Maintenance) , Hacks (/wiki/Hacks_(TV_series)) , and Tales of the City (/wiki/Tales_of_the_City_(2019_miniseries)) . Life and career [ edit ] Hong was born in South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) and immigrated to the United States at age six. [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) She was raised in Flushing (/wiki/Flushing,_Queens) , Queens (/wiki/Queens) , New York. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Hong attended high school at Fiorello LaGuardia High School (/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School) , where she studied art and cultivated an interest in printmaking (/wiki/Printmaking) . [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) She received her bachelor of fine arts degree in printmaking from RISD (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Hong moved to Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) after graduation and managed a photography studio. [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) Her modeling career began when her friends Mike Eckhaus and Zoe Latta asked her to model for their fledgling brand in 2011. [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) She continued modeling and eventually began to do commercials. [2] (#cite_note-itg-2) She has modeled for designers including Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Marni (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Telfar (/wiki/Telfar_Clemens) , and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) She has also walked New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Hong has walked in every Eckhaus Latta (/wiki/Eckhaus_Latta) runway show. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) She has acted in the television shows Broad City (/wiki/Broad_City) , High Maintenance (/wiki/High_Maintenance) , New Amsterdam (/wiki/New_Amsterdam_(2018_TV_series)) , and Hacks (/wiki/Hacks_(TV_series)) , and the film Adam (/wiki/Adam_(2019_American_film)) . [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Her first lead acting role was in the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) revival series Tales of the City (/wiki/Tales_of_the_City_(2019_miniseries)) (2019) as Margot Park. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Hong resides in Brooklyn. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-nextmgmt_1-0) "May Hong" (https://www.nextmanagement.com/los-angeles/profile/may-hong) . Next Management . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "May Hong's Beauty Routine Is A Product Junkie's Dream" (https://intothegloss.com/2019/09/may-hong-tales-beauty-routine/) . Into The Gloss . 2019-09-06 . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b "These 3 Beauty Disruptors Are Redefining the New York Underground" (https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/vogueworld-global-100-new-york-city-underground-disrupters-nails-by-juan-alvear-raisa-flowers-may-hong) . Vogue . 2019-02-05 . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "MAY HONG" (https://prairierondeartistresidency.com/blog/2018/05/15/may-hong/) . The Prairie Ronde Artist Residency . 2018-05-15 . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "See What the Models Are Wearing After Marc Jacobs' Triumphant Return \| Of The Minute" (https://models.com/oftheminute/?p=137684) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "May Hong - Model" (https://models.com/models/may-hong) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Collins, Petra (2022-03-03). "You'll Want to Follow Everyone In the New Adidas Campaign" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/youll-want-to-follow-everyone-in-the-new-adidas-campaign) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ostani, Marj (2019-07-16). " (https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/interview-with-may-hong-margot-tales-of-the-city) "Tales of the City" Actress May Hong on "Gaysian" Representation" (https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/interview-with-may-hong-margot-tales-of-the-city) . Bitch Media . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.vogue.com/article/eckhaus-latta-spring-2021-model-casting) "Imagine the Front Row and the Runway Merging"—How Eckhaus Latta Cast the Show of the Season in New York" (https://www.vogue.com/article/eckhaus-latta-spring-2021-model-casting) . Vogue . 2020-09-22 . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Didymus, John Thomas (2019-06-09). "May Hong: Who is actress in Tales of the City?" (https://www.monstersandcritics.com/tv/may-hong-who-is-actress-in-tales-of-the-city/) . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 2022-05-23 . External links [ edit ] May Hong (https://models.com/models/may-hong) on Models.com May Hong (https://www.instagram.com/mayonnaisehong) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) May Hong (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9448841/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐pnpv9 Cached time: 20240712150646 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.324 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2134/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23444/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2019/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41159/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.225/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7659439/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 394.140 1 -total 50.79% 200.173 1 Template:Infobox_model 33.54% 132.184 1 Template:Reflist 28.86% 113.739 10 Template:Cite_web 11.40% 44.918 1 Template:Infobox 7.98% 31.455 1 Template:IMDb_name 6.73% 26.535 1 Template:Convert 6.13% 24.174 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.91% 23.296 1 Template:Authority_control 4.49% 17.714 1 Template:Wikidata_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70831966-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712150646 and revision id 1194622839. 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LaGuardia High School alumni (/wiki/Category:Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School_alumni) Hidden categories: Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
Italian painter and costume designer Alfredo Edel Poster for Le mage (/wiki/Le_mage) , 1891 Alfredo Leonardo Edel (1856–1912), sometimes credited as Alfredo Edel Colorno , was an Italian costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) popular during the late 19th and early 20th century. Edel was born 15 May 1856 in Colorno, Italy (/wiki/Colorno,_Italy) , the son of Giuseppe and Clementina Naudin. [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) His father was an amateur painter, his sister was a professional artist, and the family was descended from the miniaturist and royal painter Giuseppe Naudin (1792–1872). [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) Early on, Edel studied under Pancrazio Soncini and set designer Girolamo Magnani. [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) He worked at the La Scala (/wiki/La_Scala) opera house in Milan (/wiki/Milan) where he became noted for his collaborations with Luigi Bartezago (/wiki/Luigi_Bartezago) and Luigi Manzotti (/wiki/Luigi_Manzotti) . [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) Edel designed costumes (/wiki/Costumes) for theater productions (/wiki/Theater_productions) and designed advertisements (/wiki/Advertisements) for operas (/wiki/Operas) and social events. Edel was in charge of color and costume theme for a spectacle titled "America" which was part of Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) 's Columbian Exposition (/wiki/Columbian_Exposition) in 1893. Edel's costumes were also featured at the Hippodrome (/wiki/New_York_Hippodrome) in New York during 1904 after the artist traveled to the United States. The artist is best remembered for his harmonious and often bold color combinations and themes. In 1890, Edel moved to Paris, France (/wiki/Paris,_France) while also working in Milan and London. He was a founding member of the third Eccentric Club (/wiki/Eccentric_Club) in London. [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) Edel was married to Fiorenza Parker. He died on 16 December 1912 in Boulogne-sur-Seine (/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Seine) , France. [1] (#cite_note-DRUDI-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Drudi, Barbara (1993). EDEL, Alfredo Leonardo . Vol. 42. Trecanni. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : \|work= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored) ) Further reading [ edit ] Morbio, Vittoria Crespi (2002). Alfredo Edel alla Scala . Torino: Allemandi. Kelly, Thomas Forrest (2006). First Nights at the Opera . Yale University Press. p. 344. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300115260 . Gallery [ edit ] Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1520964/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121375539) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/66682406) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmGVwF86mKj3yrkYGrbd) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14426651t) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14426651t) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/124495591) Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV023926) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260637705171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95021450) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2011649336&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p188758380) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571023605606) Portugal (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1249285) Vatican (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/346470) Artists Musée d'Orsay (https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/11813) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/332958) People Italian People (https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alfredo-leonardo-edel_(Dizionario-Biografico)) Other RISM (https://rism.online/people/41015986) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐x2xqg Cached time: 20240714044201 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.332 seconds Real time usage: 1.519 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 773/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17591/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1215/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 21/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16357/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4177492/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 370.922 1 -total 37.42% 138.811 1 Template:Authority_control 28.77% 106.731 1 Template:Reflist 26.86% 99.621 3 Template:Cite_book 23.13% 85.794 1 Template:Short_description 12.31% 45.652 2 Template:Pagetype 7.32% 27.158 6 Template:Main_other 6.46% 23.963 1 Template:SDcat 5.27% 19.556 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.59% 13.316 1 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25718752-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714044201 and revision id 1043958547. 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Chinese businesswoman and former editor-in-chief of Harper's Bazaar China Su Mang Born ( 1971-10-15 ) October 15, 1971 (age 52) Jinan (/wiki/Jinan) , Shandong Province (/wiki/Shandong_Province) , China (/wiki/China) Su Mang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 苏芒 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : sū máng ) (born October 15, 1971) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Chinese businesswoman and former editor-in-chief of Harper’s Bazaar China (/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar) . As the CEO of the Trends Media Group publishing house, she manages the Chinese editions of Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) and Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) . She is regarded by many critics as one of the most influential figures in Chinese fashion and is often dubbed the Chinese Devil Wears Prada. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Biography [ edit ] Su was born in 1971 in Jinan (/wiki/Jinan) , Shandong Province (/wiki/Shandong_Province) . [ citation needed ] From an early age she had learned how to play the Guzheng (/wiki/Guzheng) and after winning a national music competition she trained for a number of years before entering the China Conservatory of Music (/wiki/China_Conservatory_of_Music) . [ citation needed ] Graduating in 1991, Su decided not to continue her musical career and instead sought work as a writer at the newly created Trends Magazine which became China's first fashion magazine. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) By the mid-90s as Western fashion labels started entering the Chinese market, Su was made head of advertising at the now Trends Media Group and by 2001 became its CEO. Around the same time the company partnered with the American Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) magazine making Su the editor-in-chief of its Chinese edition. As of 2017 Su controls over 18 fashion and lifestyle magazines and has been listed on the BoF 500 every year since 2014. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "卡枚连祝正能量女王苏芒生日快乐" (https://fashion.sohu.com/20151015/n423348897.shtml) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tran, Tini (18 August 2013). "Su Mang Sets The Agenda In China'S Fashion Media Industry" (http://adage.com/article/special-report-women-to-watch-china-2013/su-mang-sets-agenda-china-s-fashion-media-industry/243559/) . Advertising Age (/wiki/Advertising_Age) . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ a b Chen, Jie. "The devil doesn't wear thermals" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/fashion/2015-01/23/content_19384620.htm) . China Daily (/wiki/China_Daily) . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Koshoibekova, Nargiz. "Most influential women in Chinese fashion" (http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2015/05/most-influential-women-in-chinese-fashion/) . The World of Chinese (/wiki/The_World_of_Chinese) . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Su Mang" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/su-mang) . BOF . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . 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Italian clothing brand Brandy Melville Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founders Silvio Marsan Number of locations 133 Key people Stephan Marsan ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Salvatore Rianna ( CFO (/wiki/Chief_financial_officer) ) Products Apparel Website brandymelville (https://brandymelville.com/) .com (https://brandymelville.com/) Brandy Melville is a multinational (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) fast-fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) clothing company. Established in Italy by Silvio Marsan, it gained international popularity after switching to a California-based style and reaching American consumers. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) The company's products are sold in physical stores in Europe, the United States, Asia, Canada, and Australia, as well as on their website. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) The stores feature a bleached wood theme and muted color palette. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) The retailer has faced controversy for making clothes of only one size, and has faced numerous accusations of reclusive leadership, persistent bigotry, and discrimination. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] Silvio Marsan and his son Stephan founded Brandy Melville in Italy in the early 1980s, and opened their first US store in 2009, in the Westwood (/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles) area of Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , which borders the UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) campus. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) The brand name and logo was inspired by the fictional tale of two people – Brandy, an American girl, and Melville, an Englishman, who met and fell in love. [7] (#cite_note-7) The business grew popular among young girls, in part due to their Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) teen aesthetic. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) Market and target demographic [ edit ] Brandy Melville has been described as trend-setting, relevant, cool, and fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) , and their most prominent buyers are young teen girls looking for trendy fashion from popular name brands. Girls consider the brand part of the " coquette (/wiki/Coquette_aesthetic) " category. [8] (#cite_note-8) Brandy Melville has a strong presence on social media platforms, especially Instagram, where they showcase their latest designs and connect with potential customers. [9] (#cite_note-9) The Brandy Melville Instagram page has over 3.1 million followers as of April 2024. [10] (#cite_note-10) The product research team consists of teenage employees, starting at age 14, [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) who attempt to keep the company's styles contemporary and on trend. Kjerstin Skorge, an employee at the company's Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) store, said, "There are all kinds of things that we get asked, and we give our honest opinion". The company relies on the opinions and advice of their employees as they are a part of their target market. [11] (#cite_note-11) The company does not use traditional advertising and instead depends heavily on social media marketing and partnerships. Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) wears Brandy Melville, aiding in the promotion of the brand. Well-known stores such as PacSun (/wiki/PacSun) and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) also sell the company's products. [12] (#cite_note-12) There is very little evidence of company representatives speaking on record, rarely any promotional press, and there has been a rumor that the employees are not allowed to discuss the company's history or the identity of the CEO with anyone. [13] (#cite_note-13) Brandy Melville sells a sub-brand named John Galt (or J. Galt), named for the character in Ayn Rand (/wiki/Ayn_Rand) 's novel Atlas Shrugged (/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged) and referring to CEO Stephan Marsan's interest in Libertarianism (/wiki/Libertarianism) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Controversies [ edit ] Brandy Melville has faced considerable backlash for its "one-size" policy, narrowly promoting a skinny aesthetic, and predominantly limiting hiring to girls who can fit into its clothes. [15] (#cite_note-15) According to a former store owner, CEO Stephan Marsan has said he doesn't want black people shopping at his stores or working in publicly visible areas as it would hurt the brand. [16] (#cite_note-16) Marsan and other top executives routinely shared jokes about Adolf Hitler (/wiki/Adolf_Hitler) and the Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) in a group chat titled "Brandy Melville gags". Hitler was reportedly mentioned 24 times in 150 message screenshots reviewed by Insider (/wiki/Insider_Inc.) , including one image that showed Marsan's head photoshopped onto Hitler's body—an image he allegedly created himself. [17] (#cite_note-17) The 2024 documentary film Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion (/wiki/Brandy_Hellville_%26_the_Cult_of_Fast_Fashion) detailed extensive allegations of bigotry and body shaming (/wiki/Body_shaming) at the company; these included claims that white employees were more likely than others to be assigned roles in the front of the store, that Marsan collected full-body photos of his young female employees, a sexual assault that happened at a New York City apartment controlled by the company, and that hiring and firing decisions were explicitly made based on the appearance of employees, among others. The film also discussed the brand's fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) status. [18] (#cite_note-:2-18) [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) [20] (#cite_note-:1-20) Operations and franchises [ edit ] As of January 2021, Brandy Melville has 97 locations in various countries, with 40 locations in the US. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) Locations worldwide: Region Number of locations Asia (Japan, Indonesia, China (Shanghai, Beijing) and Hong Kong) 7 Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) 2 Austria (Vienna) 1 Belgium 1 Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec) 3 France (Paris + Lyon) 3 Germany (closing) 5 Italy 20 Netherlands 2 Norway (Oslo) 1 Portugal (Lisbon) 2 Spain 6 Sweden (Stockholm) 1 Switzerland 15 United Kingdom (London) 8 United States 40 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Katy (October 3, 2019). "The Secret Shame of Wearing Brandy Melville" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/the-secret-shame-of-wearing-brandy-melville.html) . New York Magazine- The Cut . ^ Jump up to: a b "Brandy Melville UK" (https://www.brandymelville.co.uk/locations) . ^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Julia (September 24, 2014). "Smells Like Teen Spirit: Inside the Secretive World of Brandy Melville" (https://www.racked.com/2014/9/24/7575693/brandy-melville) . Racked . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Brandy Melville faces allegations of racism and body-shaming by former employees" (https://www.today.com/style/brandy-melville-faces-allegations-racism-body-shaming-former-employees-t183363) . TODAY.com . 12 June 2020 . Retrieved 2022-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Taylor, Kate (2021). "Brandy Melville's CEO doesn't want Black people to wear the brand's clothing, according to an ex-store owner" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) . businessinsider.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204182036/https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) from the original on 2023-02-04 . Retrieved 2023-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Olding, Jamie Ross (7 September 2021). "No One Fat, No One Black, and Worse: The Brandy Melville Exposé's Most Batshit Bits" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/brandy-melville-accused-of-only-hiring-thin-white-girls-underage-staff-stripping-down-for-perks-in-expose) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2023-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Scofield, Caitlin (November 9, 2009). "New clothing store Brandy Melville brings Italian style straight to Westwood" (https://dailybruin.com/2009/11/09/westwood-meets-italian-style) . Daily Bruin . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Petersen, Hayley (October 7, 2014). "Here's How Teens Really Spend Money, What They Like, And Where They Shop" (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-teens-are-spending-money-2014-2014-10) . Business Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Feng, Yiqian (6 June 2022). "Brandy Melville: Love it or Hate it?" (https://medium.com/marketing-in-the-age-of-digital/brandy-melville-love-it-or-hate-it-bb88e136b7fb) . Medium . Retrieved Jun 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "brandymelvilleusa" (https://www.instagram.com/brandymelvilleusa/) . Instagram . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Rubin, Julia (2014-09-24). "Smells Like Teen Spirit: Inside the Secretive World of Brandy Melville" (https://www.racked.com/2014/9/24/7575693/brandy-melville) . Racked . Retrieved 2022-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Brandy Melville - The Secret Shame - Global Brands Magazine" (https://www.globalbrandsmagazine.com/brandy-melville-the-secret-shame/) . 2020-09-15 . Retrieved 2022-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Vanslette, Sarah (2016). "Exclusive and Aspirational: Teen Retailer Brandy Melville Uses the Country Club Approach to Brand Promotion" (http://cssc.uscannenberg.org/cases/v5/v5art7/) . Case Studies in Strategic Communication . 5 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Taylor, Kate. "Brandy Melville's CEO loves libertarianism so much he named one of his brands John Galt and used copies of 'Atlas Shrugged' as store props" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melvilles-libertarian-references-john-galt-bastiat-2021-9) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2023-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Brandy Melville faces allegations of racism and body-shaming by former employees" (https://www.today.com/style/brandy-melville-faces-allegations-racism-body-shaming-former-employees-t183363) . TODAY.com . 12 June 2020 . Retrieved 2022-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Taylor, Kate (2021). "Brandy Melville's CEO doesn't want Black people to wear the brand's clothing, according to an ex-store owner" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) . businessinsider.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204182036/https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) from the original on 2023-02-04 . Retrieved 2023-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Olding, Jamie Ross (7 September 2021). "No One Fat, No One Black, and Worse: The Brandy Melville Exposé's Most Batshit Bits" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/brandy-melville-accused-of-only-hiring-thin-white-girls-underage-staff-stripping-down-for-perks-in-expose) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2023-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_18-0) Moorman, Taijuan (April 11, 2024). " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/04/11/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary-fast-fashion/73288985007/) 'Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion' doc examines controversial retailer Brandy Melville" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/04/11/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary-fast-fashion/73288985007/) . USA TODAY (/wiki/USA_TODAY) . Retrieved 2024-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_19-0) Issawi, Danya (2024-04-11). "The Most Messed-up Findings in the Brandy Melville Documentary" (https://www.thecut.com/article/the-messed-up-findings-in-the-brandy-melville-documentary.html) . The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(New_York)) . Retrieved 2024-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_20-0) Holtermann, Callie (2024-04-10). " (https://archive.today/20240410031822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) 'Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion': 5 Takeaways" (https://archive.today/20240410031822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) on April 10, 2024 . Retrieved 2024-04-13 . External links [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Official website (https://brandymelville.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐74l8r Cached time: 20240718220012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.383 seconds Real time usage: 0.509 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2050/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43617/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1382/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77760/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.253/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6350584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 470.566 1 -total 40.87% 192.299 1 Template:Reflist 31.68% 149.083 16 Template:Cite_web 26.15% 123.033 1 Template:Infobox_company 23.59% 111.023 1 Template:Infobox 22.84% 107.499 1 Template:Short_description 10.30% 48.448 2 Template:Pagetype 10.08% 47.419 8 Template:Main_other 9.36% 44.028 1 Template:SDcat 6.53% 30.709 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55574619-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718220012 and revision id 1233399752. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandy_Melville&oldid=1233399752 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandy_Melville&oldid=1233399752) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1970) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
American model Danielle Herrington Born Danielle Nicole Herrington ( 1993-05-26 ) May 26, 1993 (age 31) Compton, California (/wiki/Compton,_California) , U.S. Occupation Model Years active 2015–present Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Hair color Dark Brown [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Eye color Hazel [1] (#cite_note-FMD-1) Agency Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (New York) Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) (Paris) [2] (#cite_note-2) Milk Management (London) Modelwerk (/w/index.php?title=Modelwerk&action=edit&redlink=1) (Hamburg) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Danielle Nicole Herrington [5] (#cite_note-5) (born May 26, 1993) is an American model known for her appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) , including the cover of 2018 edition where she became the third African-American (/wiki/African-American) woman to appear on the cover — after Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) (1997) and Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) (2007). [6] (#cite_note-WIDHSISMBTBWTGC-6) Background [ edit ] Herrington was raised in Compton, California (/wiki/Compton,_California) , but rose to fame after becoming a resident of Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) 's Bushwick (/wiki/Bushwick) neighborhood. [7] (#cite_note-WIDHEtKAtSISCS-7) [8] (#cite_note-SIsmDH-8) Growing up, she attended Gahr High School (/wiki/Gahr_High_School) in Cerritos, California (/wiki/Cerritos,_California) , before dropping out her sophomore year to be homeschooled, so she can focus on her modeling career. [7] (#cite_note-WIDHEtKAtSISCS-7) Herrington came from a working family. [9] (#cite_note-9) She describes her childhood as normal and says she was focused on school until college. Career [ edit ] Herrington started envisioning herself as a professional model at the age of 8. [10] (#cite_note-RMDHiAaPoI-10) She attended John Casablancas (/wiki/John_Casablancas) ' modelling school at age 10 or 11 with the encouragement of her mother. [8] (#cite_note-SIsmDH-8) She began modelling at age 13, [6] (#cite_note-WIDHSISMBTBWTGC-6) and Herrington was featured in GQ (/wiki/GQ) in November 2016 before she had 10,000 Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) followers as an Instagram model on the rise who had already done jobs for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . [10] (#cite_note-RMDHiAaPoI-10) She first appeared in the Swimsuit issue in 2017, which she booked four months after moving to New York City to pursue her career at age 21. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The 2017 Swimsuit issue photoshoot, which took place in Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) , was her first major photoshoot. [7] (#cite_note-WIDHEtKAtSISCS-7) Her first runway performance was her New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) debut at the Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) 's spring show in September 2017 along with Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) and Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) . [7] (#cite_note-WIDHEtKAtSISCS-7) She was selected as the SI Swimsuit issue cover model (/wiki/List_of_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue_cover_models) for the 2018 issue, [13] (#cite_note-13) becoming the third black woman to appear on the cover of the Swimsuit Issue—after Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) (1997) and Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) (2007). [6] (#cite_note-WIDHSISMBTBWTGC-6) Herrington shot the 2018 Swimsuit Issue in the Bahamas (/wiki/Bahamas) . [6] (#cite_note-WIDHSISMBTBWTGC-6) She walked the runway for Plein the second time for its Fall 2018 show. [6] (#cite_note-WIDHSISMBTBWTGC-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Danielle Herrington Profile" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/danielle_herrington/) . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved February 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "DANIELLE Herrington - Women Management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180916034304/http://www.womenmanagement.fr/model/5205/danielle-herrington/) . www.womenmanagement.fr . Archived from the original (http://www.womenmanagement.fr/model/5205/danielle-herrington/) on 16 September 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Danielle Herrington - MODELWERK" (https://www.modelwerk.de/page/model-5178/Danielle_Herrington.html) . www.modelwerk.de . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Danielle Herrington" (https://models.com/models/danielle-herrington) . Models.com . Retrieved February 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Danielle Herrington - Ancestry.com" (https://www.ancestry.com/search/?name=danielle_herrington&birth=1993&birth_x=0-0-0&location=2&name_x=1_1&priority=usa) . www.ancestry.com . Retrieved 2019-04-08 . ^ a b c d e Williams, Janice (February 13, 2018). "Who Is Danielle Herrington? Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Becomes Third Black Woman To Grace Cover" (http://www.newsweek.com/sports-illustrated-cover-danielle-herrington-805344) . Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ a b c d Kratofil, Colleen (February 13, 2018). "Who Is Danielle Herrington? Everything to Know About the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Cover Star" (http://people.com/style/danielle-herrington-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover-facts/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ a b Nolasco, Stephanie (May 15, 2017). "Sports Illustrated swimsuit model Danielle Herrington: 'I was really nervous' to pose" (http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/05/15/sports-illustrated-swimsuit-model-danielle-herrington-was-really-nervous-to-pose.html) . FOX News (/wiki/FOX_News) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pirani, Fiza (February 14, 2018). "7 things to know about Danielle Herrington, Sports Illustrated's new swimsuit cover model" (http://www.ajc.com/news/national/things-know-about-danielle-herrington-sports-illustrated-new-swimsuit-cover-model/iFHNoNbtAHZMmR7kF7X23M/) . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ a b Corsillo, Liza (November 21, 2016). "Rising Model Danielle Herrington is Already a Pro on Instagram" (https://www.gq.com/story/danielle-herrington-instagram-model-beautiful-woman) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Danielle Herrington: Everything we know about the 2018 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue cover model" (https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2018/02/13/danielle-herrington-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover-model/23360503/) . AOL (/wiki/AOL) . February 13, 2018 . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fisher, Luchina (February 13, 2018). "5 things to know about Danielle Herrington, the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue's new cover model" (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/things-danielle-herrington-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-issues-cover/story?id=53047473) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hendrix, Kelsey (February 13, 2018). "Your Sports Illustrated Swimsuit 2018 Cover Model is Danielle Herrington!" (https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2018/02/13/sports-illustrated-swimsuit-2018-cover-model-danielle-herrington) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Danielle Herrington (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/danielle_herrington/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Danielle Herrington (https://models.com/models/danielle-herrington) profile at Models.com Danielle Herrington (https://www.si.com/swimsuit/model/danielle-herrington/) at Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) v t e Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) cover models (/wiki/List_of_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue_cover_models) 1960s Babette March (/wiki/Babette_March) Sue Peterson (/w/index.php?title=Sue_Peterson_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Sunny Bippus (/wiki/Sunny_Bippus) Marilyn Tindall (/wiki/Marilyn_Tindall) Turia Mau (/wiki/Turia_Mau) Jamee Becker (/wiki/Jamee_Becker) 1970s Cheryl Tiegs (/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs) Tannia Rubiano (/wiki/Tannia_Rubiano) Shelia Roscoe 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