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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_activism) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Fashion activism" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+activism%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+activism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+activism%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+activism%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Using fashion as a medium for social and environmental change Fashion activism is the practice of using fashion (/wiki/Fashion) as a medium for social, political, and environmental change. The term has been used recurringly in the works of designers and scholars Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) , Kate Fletcher, Mathilda Tham (/wiki/Mathilda_Hamilton) , Kirsi Niinimäki, Anja-Lisa Hirscher, Zoe Romano, and Orsola de Castro, as they refer to systemic social and political change through the means of fashion. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) It is also a term used by some fashion designers, one being Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The spectacle of fashion activism as street protest has also been a theme in Paris Catwalk (/wiki/Fashion_show) shows. The term is used by Céline Semaan (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Semaan_Vernon) , co-founder of the Slow Factory Foundation. According to Google Ngram Viewer (/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer) , the term's popularity takes off in the 1990s, even though signaling activism through the means of dress has been practiced much longer. In his book Dress-codes (2021), legal scholar Richard Thompson Ford stated that clothing has been designed and used with political intentions throughout the ages, and the documented evidence stretches at least back to the renaissance in the Western world. [6] (#cite_note-6) As with other forms of activism (/wiki/Activism) , the aim is to promote, impede, direct, or intervene into social arrangements of dress to lay claim to a certain political agenda as well as influence systemic change within the fashion industry. It merges popular styles of dress, from clothing and shoes, to headwear and accessories, with efforts to implement social and political change beyond the designated channels of influence offered by the local political system (/wiki/Political_system) , such as voting. The field of fashion activism spans practices across the boundaries of fashion commodities and the fashion system, to activate members of the public to take action in contested issues. That is, the activism includes awareness raising and civic mobilization, as well as behavior change and pushes for environmental as much as socio-political and systemic impact. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) Fashion activism can be used as a form of protest (/wiki/Protest) , whether expressing dissent or support. The term, however, can suffer from being imprecise as much dressed forms of dissent clash with both the term "fashion" and "activism." For example, the use of traditional ethnic dress as a protest against "progressive" politics (or colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) , or Universal Human Rights (/wiki/Human_rights) , or Feminism (/wiki/Feminism) ) may not be seen as "fashion." Likewise, the discarding of such traditional ethnic dress items in favor of dress with western connotations (such as pants) may not be "fashion" either, yet a powerful form of expressing political dissent. Another ambiguous element of the term concerns cause and effect (/wiki/Causality) ; for example, if wearing short skirts cause women's liberation, or if it is the effect of a liberation already having happened through other, more powerful, political means. Examples of everyday fashion activism [ edit ] Fashion activism can take place on catwalks (/wiki/Fashion_show) and in art galleries (/wiki/Art_gallery) , but the use of the term connotes garments donned in everyday life. Everyday examples of fashion activism in Western societies range from apparel with peace sign (/wiki/Peace_symbols) symbols that were popularized in the late 20th century, [8] (#cite_note-8) the use of military dress as anti-war activism amongst the hippies in the 1960s, the ' Make America Great Again (/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again) ' hats sported by Donald Trump supporters throughout and following the 2016 presidential campaign, [9] (#cite_note-9) and the controversial use of Hawaii shirts amongst proponents of the "Boogaloo" movement. [10] (#cite_note-10) 'Loud' vs 'quiet' activism [ edit ] Charles J. Thompson states that fashion activism becomes especially visible in clashing opposites, such as where the red 'Make American Great Again' hats and the knitted ' Pussyhats (/wiki/Pussyhat) ' act as clashing socio-cultural markers of opposing political views. [11] (#cite_note-11) These two opposing hats could be an example of protest-driven and explicitly political forms of dressed activism. Other scholars have put emphasis on forms of fashion activism that highlights reflection, repair, self-care, and reconciliation, through the means of dress - what they call 'quiet activism'. [12] (#cite_note-12) This type of non-confrontational and constructive activism resonate with the general approach of craftivism (/wiki/Craftivism) , and the works of Sarah P. Corbett (/wiki/Sarah_Corbett_(activist)) . Global tensions [ edit ] It is common to claim fashion activism as a Western phenomenon, even though it may take its most apparent form in expressing global tensions. Especially women's dress is heavily policed in countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, to name a few, and also in the US people have been brought to court for their choices of dress. [13] (#cite_note-13) Franz Fanon (/wiki/Frantz_Fanon) and Homi K. Bhabha (/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha) wrote that clothes are used to negotiate and resist occupation or colonial forces of assimilation as a form of hybridity (/wiki/Hybridity) . [14] (#cite_note-14) By wearing traditional dress populations challenge the formation of loyal colonial subjects. [15] (#cite_note-15) Wearing symbols of opposing sides in global conflicts is also a popular form of fashion activism, such as ethnic or religious insignia and army patches. Another example can be the Russian gymnast Ivan Kuliak who taped the letter “Z” to the front of his outfit in 2022 in support of the Russian side in the war in Ukraine. [16] (#cite_note-16) Slow factory [ edit ] Beyond the use amongst designers promoting sustainability and user engagement, the term has also more recently been re-coined by designer Céline Semaan (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Semaan_Vernon) in her work with the NYC-based fashion lab Slow Factory. [17] (#cite_note-17) In this context, items in her collections have been used as means of fashion activism; a 'Dignity Key' necklace with which people can show support for displaced Middle Eastern refugees, a 'Banned' scarf showing the universal impact of President Trump's Muslim ban, and a '1st Amendment Flight Jacket' collaboration with ACLU (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) , featuring the First Amendment (/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) text is written in Arabic, standing up to the rise in islamophobia in the United States (/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States) and hate crimes (/wiki/Hate_crime) against American Muslims. [18] (#cite_note-18) Social movements influencing fashion [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_activism##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Fashion activism" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+activism%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+activism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+activism%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+activism%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) This section contains close paraphrasing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing) of a non-free copyrighted source, https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/ (https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) ( Copyvios report (https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&project=wikipedia&title=Fashion_activism&url=https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) ) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_activism##) . Please help Wikipedia by rewriting this section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) with your own words. ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Social and political movements have always been linked to fashion, as clothes provide the visual currency and message of the movements. Social movements in history [ edit ] Source: [19] (#cite_note-19) The Sans-Culottes: Late 18th Century France [ edit ] The French Revolution commoners, the working class of the 3rd state, were given the name "sans-culottes". It meant "without breeches" and was used to refer to the low-class populist revolutionaries due to their apparel featuring full-length trousers instead of aristocratic breeches over stockings. They used this fashion to stand up for their rights and fight against the monarchy. Their apparel choices became a symbol for the new freedoms of expression socially, politically, and economically, that the French Revolution promised. Women's suffrage movements in U.S. and Britain: early 1900s [ edit ] The 1900s were the start of women standing up for their rights, first being the right to vote. In 1913, 5,000 women marched in Washington D.C. demanding the right to vote. The suffragettes used fashion as a political and campaign tool; it advocated their cause while emphasizing a female appearance. Women began wearing comfortable, streamline clothing, such as trousers, which acted as a symbol for women's new place in society. Other new items such as tailored suits with a wide skirt became popular, as it was practical and respectable. The suffragettes were identified by three main colors that they wore to events: purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and yellow for virtue. Second-wave feminist movement: 1960s [ edit ] The rise of feminist power, as well as the continuous disappointment of women for the patriarchal system (gaining the right to vote and employment discrimination) led women to push it further with shorter hemlines on skirts. The mini skirt was a form of women's liberation and was interpreted as a form of political activism. Mary Quant is credited with designing the first mini-skirt. The liberation in the 1960s, from independence and sexual freedom were all expressed through the mini skirt. The Black Panthers movement: 1960s-70s [ edit ] The mid 1960s-70s was a time where African Americans were considered the bottom of the social hierarchy, driving them to fight these injustices and discrimination. Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton founded the Black Panthers Party in 1966, to campaign against racial discrimination. The total black look was a statement uniform of the party. It was a way to send a message about black pride and liberation. It was subtly modeled off of military attire; featuring a black leather jacket, black pants, dark sunglasses, and a black beret. By the 1970s, nearly two-thirds of the party was made up of women redefining the beauty standards for African American women. They were leaving their hair in a natural afro, to express their solidarity and protest conformist beauty standards. This type of fashion activism was a way for them to implement African elements in American society. Anti-Vietnam War movement and hippies: 1970s [ edit ] "Make love, not war", the philosophy of the hippie movement that was pervasive throughout the U.S. in the 1960s, helped spread the message of anti-war and counterculture. As a way of expressing their non-violent ideology, hippies dressed in colorful clothes, bell-bottoms, tie-dye apart, paisley prints, and black armbands. This became the self-identification of hippies. These garments symbolize life, love, peace, and disapproval of war, that are still known and acknowledged today. The black armbands represented the mourning of a friend, family, comrade or team member that died in the Vietnam War. Environmental social movement and the protest logo T-shirt: 1980s [ edit ] In 1984's London Fashion Week, British's fashion designer Katherine Hamnett wore a slogan t-shirt that read "58% don't want Pershing". This protest was in response to the installation of U.S. nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom. This protest drew attention form the public eye and called for action. Fashion design items that influenced socio-political events [ edit ] Popular items of clothing often comment on political events. Examples range from renaissance rebellion against sumptuary laws to the dresses of the courts commenting on current wars, to dress items part of women's and trans liberation in the 20th century. [20] (#cite_note-20) Bloomers [ edit ] The Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) , a garment suggesting unrestricted movement as opposed to the constructed figures of the Victorian age, were made popular by women's rights activists in the 1850s. They suggested a comfortable alternative to the constricting dresses worn by Western women at the time. Taking their name from their best-known advocate, the women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer (/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer) , they also came to symbolize the wider suffragette (/wiki/Suffragette) movement and dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) . [21] (#cite_note-21) The mini skirt [ edit ] The mini skirt made its debut in 1964 and quickly became a bastion of youth culture and defiance. [22] (#cite_note-LB_1-22) Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , the London-based designer responsible for the skirt, sought to reflect an era that was “arrogant, aggressive, and sexy.” [23] (#cite_note-23) Accordingly, the mini skirt was a popular choice for independent and progressive women in the 1960s. During the violent protests and events of May 1968 in France (/wiki/May_1968_in_France) , the mini skirt became a symbol of female revolution and defiance. Andre Courrèges (/wiki/Andre_Courr%C3%A8ges) popularized the hemline in France. While the nostalgia of the 1970s saw a return to more conventional hemlines, the mini skirt persists as a symbol of women’s rights and sexual liberation to this day. The slogan T-shirt [ edit ] The slogan T-shirt has been favored by activists since its inception. Fueled by the DIY ethos of the punk era, Vivienne Westwood’s (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) subversive t-shirt designs brought the slogan aesthetic into the mainstream in the 1970s. In 1979, designer Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) launched a label and line of shirts driven by the concept of ‘ right livelihood (/wiki/Right_livelihood) ;’ the shirt slogans were based on the central messages of Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) . The T-shirts were “designed to be seminal, to make people think, and then hopefully act,” Hamnett said in an interview. [24] (#cite_note-24) In recent years, slogan tees have become a staple in popular culture, from runways to stadiums. British designer Daniel W. Fletcher (/wiki/Daniel_W._Fletcher) organized an anti-Brexit sit-in with protesters wearing “stay” shirts and hoodies. Many prominent designers and labels such as Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Public School, Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) , and Slow Factory (https://slowfactory.com/) have produced slogans supporting women’s rights, gay rights, immigrants, refugees, and conservation efforts. The Keffiyeh [ edit ] The Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) is a traditional black and white scarf worn around the head or neck. According to design critic Hala Malak, the Keffiyeh dates back to pre-Islamic Sumer (/wiki/Sumer) . High priests would wear turbans and fishing nets when praying for prosperous fishing seasons; the integration of these two textiles eventually led to the classic fishnet pattern the Keffiyeh is known for. Following the 1936 Arab Revolt (/wiki/1936_Arab_Revolt) , the Keffiyeh became a symbol of political uprising and rebellion. It was not until the rise of Arafat (/wiki/Yasser_Arafat) in the 1960s that the scarf came to symbolize Palestinian solidarity. The scarf has appeared among many leftist groups and anti-war organizations. The scarf was appropriated as a fashion accessory in a 2007 Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) show. The Keffiyeh is a fashion staple in the west, although few are aware of its rich political history. [25] (#cite_note-25) Today, the Kaflab Foundation (http://www.kaflab.org/) works with artists and designers to explore and destigmatize Arab heritage and identity through the Keffiyeh. Serpican Naro [ edit ] Serpica Naro was an activist brand set up by Milan-based chain-worker activists in 2005. [26] (#cite_note-26) Its mission was to infiltrate the Milan Fashion Week to stage a protest over labor conditions in the fashion industry. By setting up a brand, utilizing made-up Japanese street credibility, the activists managed to convince the organizers of the fashion week the brand was legit and got a show booked on the official schedule. On the catwalk, the activists used garments to perform critiques of the working conditions across the fashion economy. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) See also [ edit ] Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ a b Fletcher, Kate, (1971- ...)., Auteur. (2014). Sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys . Earthscan from Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-64456-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 879311916 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879311916) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b von Busch, Otto (2008). Fashion-able: Hacktivism and engaged fashion design . Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hirscher, A. L.; Niinimäki, K. (April 2013). " "Fashion activism through participatory design." ". In Proceedings of the Crafting the Future, 10th European Academy of Design Conference. : 17–19. ^ a b Gherardi, Silvia; Murgia, Annalisa (2013). " "Staging precariousness: The Serpica Naro catwalk during the Milan Fashion Week" ". Culture and Organization . 21 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Farra, Emily (August 19, 2019). "The Extinction Rebellion Activists of Stella McCartney's Campaign Advocate for "Complete Systemic Change" (https://www.vogue.com/article/stella-mccartney-extinction-rebellion-climate-change-campaign) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/stella-mccartney-extinction-rebellion-climate-change-campaign) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ford, Richard Thompson (2021). Dress codes : how the laws of fashion made history . New York: Simon & Schuster. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Fuad-Luke, Alastair (2013-06-17). Design Activism . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4324/9781849770941 (https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781849770941) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849770941 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Raudenbush, Rachel. "Peace in Our Time: The Peace Sign as a Fashion Icon" (http://services.library.drexel.edu/static_files/dsmr/Raudenbush.pdf) (PDF) . Drexel University . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Givhan, Robin. "The MAGA hat is not a statement of policy. It's an inflammatory declaration of identity" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-maga-hat-is-not-a-statement-of-policy-its-an-inflammatory-declaration-of-identity/2019/01/23/9fe84bc0-1f39-11e9-8e21-59a09ff1e2a1_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pemberton, Nathan Taylor (2020-06-29). "What Do You Do When Extremism Comes for the Hawaiian Shirt?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/style/boogaloo-hawaiian-shirt.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Thompson, Charles J. (2022). 'College students' fashion activism in the age of Trump' in Paulicelli, Manlow & Wissinger (eds) The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies . London: Routledge. pp. 184–192. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hackney, Fiona, Katie Hill, Clare Saunders, and Joanie Willett (2022). 'Changing the world, not just our wardrobes: a sensibility for sustainable clothing, care, and quiet activism.' in Paulicelli, Manlow, and Wissinger (eds) The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies . London: Routledge. pp. 111–121. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Robson, Ruthann (2013). Dressing constitutionally: hierarchy, sexuality, and democracy from our hairstyles to our shoes . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Fanon, Franz (1967). Black skin, white masks . New York: Grove Press. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Bhabha, Homi (1994). The Location of Culture . New York: Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ingle, Sean (March 7, 2022). "Russian gymnast with 'Z' symbol on podium next to Ukrainian faces long ban" (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/mar/07/shocking-behaviour-russian-gymnast-shows-z-symbol-on-podium-next-to-ukrainian-winner) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Farra, Emily (23 April 2020). " (https://www.vogue.com/article/celine-semaan-slow-factory-interview-fashions-role-climate-crisis) "Fashion Creates Culture, and Culture Creates Action": Céline Semaan on the Industry's Role in Times of Crisis" (https://www.vogue.com/article/celine-semaan-slow-factory-interview-fashions-role-climate-crisis) . Vogue . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Semaan, Celine (6 June 2017). "This Fashion Collection Is a Direct Shot at Donald Trump's Muslim Ban" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/aclu-slow-factory-collab-donald-trump-muslim-ban-response) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "How Social Movements & Activism Influenced Fashion?" (https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) . TheCollector . 2021-07-25 . Retrieved 2023-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Singer, Maya (September 17, 2020). "Power Dressing: Charting the Influence of Politics on Fashion" (https://www.vogue.com/article/charting-the-influence-of-politics-on-fashion) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kat, Jungnickel (4 May 2018). Bikes and bloomers : Victorian women inventors and their extraordinary cycle wear . MIT Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-906897-75-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1082426799 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082426799) . ^ (#cite_ref-LB_1_22-0) Bourne, Leah (7 March 2022). "History Of The Miniskirt: How Fashion's Most Daring Hemline Came To Be" (https://stylecaster.com/fashion/fashion-news/252609/history-of-the-miniskirt) . 2023 SheMedia, LLC . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Here's How The Miniskirt Has Transformed Since The 1960s" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mini-skirt-evolution_n_6894040) . HuffPost . 2015-03-23 . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Interview with Ethical Designer Katharine Hamnett" (https://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/351665-katharine-hamnett-interview/) . theFashionSpot . 2013-11-20 . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Kim, Kibum (2007-02-11). "Where Some See Fashion, Others See Politics" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/11/fashion/shows/11KAFFIYEH.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Serpica's Story | Serpica Naro" (https://www.serpicanaro.com/serpica-story) (in Italian) . 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(Redirected from 1990–2009 in fashion (/w/index.php?title=1990%E2%80%932009_in_fashion&redirect=no) ) Costume and fashion of the 1990s Example of 1990s men's and women's fashion, 1994 Bob cuts (/wiki/Bob_cut) were favored by women. ( Saffron (/wiki/Saffron_(singer)) , 1996 ) Fashion in the 1990s was defined by a return to minimalist (/wiki/Minimalism) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , [1] (#cite_note-1) in contrast to the more elaborate and flashy trends of the 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) . One notable shift was the mainstream adoption of tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) , [2] (#cite_note-2) body piercings (/wiki/Body_piercing) aside from ear piercing (/wiki/Ear_piercing) [3] (#cite_note-3) and, to a much lesser extent, other forms of body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) such as branding (/wiki/Human_branding) . In the early 1990s, several late 1980s fashions remained very stylish among men and women. However, the popularity of grunge (/wiki/Grunge) and alternative rock (/wiki/Alternative_rock) music helped bring the simple, unkempt grunge look to the mainstream by that period. This approach to fashion led to the popularization of the casual chic (/wiki/Casual_chic) look, which included T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , and sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) , a trend which would continue into the 2000s. Additionally, fashion trends throughout the decade recycled styles from previous decades, [4] (#cite_note-4) most notably the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Unlike the 1980s, when fashion with volume was commonplace, the 1990s was more characterized as time when fashion was decidedly low maintenance. [5] (#cite_note-5) The 1990s was also time when more people began to value fashion as an intellectual form. [6] (#cite_note-6) During this period, alternative fashion (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) strategies become part of the commercial format. [7] (#cite_note-7) Resistance to generally accepted fashion (/wiki/Fashion) trends became one of the basic principles of fashion in the 1990s. [8] (#cite_note-8) Elements of deconstruction (/wiki/Deconstruction_(fashion)) in costume became an important element of commercial fashion. [9] (#cite_note-9) Due to increased availability of the Internet (/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Internet_use_in_wider_society) [10] (#cite_note-10) and satellite television outside the United States, plus the reduction of import tariffs under NAFTA (/wiki/NAFTA) , fashion became more globalized (/wiki/Cultural_globalization) [11] (#cite_note-11) and homogeneous in the late 1990s [12] (#cite_note-12) and early 2000s. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Women's fashion [ edit ] Early 1990s (1990–1992) [ edit ] Actress Paula Abdul (/wiki/Paula_Abdul) wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. Young woman standing on sidewalk, Uptown New Orleans, 1992. Supermodels and high fashion [ edit ] Throughout the 1990s, supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) dominated the fashion industry. [15] (#cite_note-15) The top models of the 1990s were Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) , Carla Bruni (/wiki/Carla_Bruni) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) , Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) , Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) , Yasmeen Ghauri (/wiki/Yasmeen_Ghauri) , Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) , Shalom Harlow (/wiki/Shalom_Harlow) , Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) , Michele Hicks (/wiki/Michele_Hicks) , Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) , Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) , Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) , Audrey Marnay (/wiki/Audrey_Marnay) , Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) , Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) , Nadège (/wiki/Nad%C3%A8ge_du_Bospertus) , Erin O'Connor (/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor) , Kirsten Owen (/wiki/Kirsten_Owen) , Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) , Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) , Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) , Tatiana Sorokko (/wiki/Tatiana_Sorokko) , Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) , Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) , Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) , Guinevere Van Seenus (/wiki/Guinevere_Van_Seenus) , Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) , and Amy Wesson (/wiki/Amy_Wesson) . [16] (#cite_note-16) One of the most influential group of models during the early 1990s was the Big Five, whose fame and social power allegedly surpassed that of many movie stars. The Big Five consisted of supermodels Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista and Tatjana Patitz. Whether booked as individuals or as an elite group, each supermodel gained worldwide success and had great influence on the fashion industry. Naomi Campbell was the first black woman to grace the cover of French Vogue , Time , and American Vogue' s September issue. Cindy Crawford was the highest paid model on the planet in 1995 per Forbes. Christy Turlington was known for being a reliable model who garnered over 500 covers during her career and most notably, signed a contract with Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) for an annual fee of $800,000 for twelve days' work. Linda Evangelista was known as the industry's "chameleon" for her ability to suit a multitude of styles. Evangelista also infamously coined the phrase, "We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day." Tatjana Patitz, the last of the Big Five, continues to be regarded as one of the "original supermodels" and even after her retirement, she remains in demand periodically by such designer houses as Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) and Chanel. Later in the decade, Tatjana was replaced in the Big Five by supermodel Claudia Schiffer, who is one of the most successful supermodels in the world, holding the record for the most magazine covers according to The Guinness Book of World Records (/wiki/The_Guinness_Book_of_World_Records) . [ citation needed ] Later in the decade, the rise of Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) shifted the world of fashion when her entrance onto the scene turned the Big Five into the Big Six. Kate Moss became one of the Nineties' biggest phenomena when, at 14 years of age, she was discovered at JFK Airport (/wiki/JFK_Airport) . Her waif-like figure set a new fashion standard that became known as " heroin chic (/wiki/Heroin_chic) ". This was a pale and ghostly look that called for a stick-thin stature and size zero body. Due to Kate's extremely skinny frame, she was often criticized for allegedly promoting eating disorders (/wiki/Eating_disorder) as apparently evidenced by her shots for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) . Reportedly, posters of Kate Moss were often defaced with graffiti that read "feed me". [17] (#cite_note-17) For the 1994 Autumn/Winter issue of Arena Homme + (/wiki/Arena_Homme_%2B) , a spin-off of the bi-monthly Arena (magazine) (/wiki/Arena_(magazine)) , master fashion photographer Albert Watson (/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)) photographed a new generation of top male models of the era, including Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) , Tim Boyce (/wiki/Tim_Boyce) and Marcus Schenkenberg (/wiki/Marcus_Schenkenberg) for the two-page fold-out cover proclaiming "High Five the New Supermodel Army - Malcom Tim, Marcus, In 1995 Gregg and Larry photographed by Albert Watson". [18] (#cite_note-18) Neon colors [ edit ] In the US, USSR (/wiki/Soviet_fashion) , [19] (#cite_note-90s_Russian_fashion-19) South Africa (/wiki/African_fashion) , [20] (#cite_note-20) Egypt, and Japan popular trends included bold geometric-print clothing in electric blue (/wiki/Electric_blue_(color)) , orange, fluorescent pink, purple, turquoise [21] (#cite_note-21) and the acid green exercise wear [22] (#cite_note-:1-22) popularized by Lisa Lopes (/wiki/Lisa_Lopes) [23] (#cite_note-23) of TLC (/wiki/TLC_(group)) . Typical patterns included triangles, zigzag (/wiki/Zigzag) lightning bolts, diamonds, lozenges, rectangles, overlapping free-form shapes, simulated explosions inspired by comic book illustrations or pop art (/wiki/Pop_art) , intricate grids, [24] (#cite_note-24) and clusters of thin parallel lines in contrasting colors (for example, white, black and yellow on a cyan background). Many women wore denim button-down Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , colored jeans (/wiki/Jeans) in medium and dark green, red, and purple, metallic Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) leggings, halterneck crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , drainpipe jeans (/wiki/Drainpipe_jeans) , colored tights, bike shorts, black leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) with shoulder pads, high waisted ankle length jeans (aka mom jeans) and pants both styled plain or pleated, baby-doll dresses over bike shorts or capri leggings, and skater dresses. Neon colored tops and leg warmers (/wiki/Leg_warmers) were popular, together with leopard print skirts [25] (#cite_note-25) shiny satin or rayon blouses, embroidered jeans covered in rhinestones, [19] (#cite_note-90s_Russian_fashion-19) and black or white shirts, leggings and jackets printed with abstract red, blue, yellow and green geometric patterns. In America, popular accessories included court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoes) , cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) , headscarves (/wiki/Headscarves) , slouch socks (/wiki/Slouch_socks) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) , ballet flats, and the penny loafers (/wiki/Penny_loafers) or boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) associated with the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) look. Leggings and exercise-wear [ edit ] From 1991 on, sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) , hoodies (/wiki/Hoodies) , shortalls (/wiki/Overalls) , leotards (/wiki/Leotards) and bodysuits (/wiki/Bodysuit) worn as tops with jeans, a sweatshirt over a turtleneck with jeans rolled up to show off their slouch socks (/wiki/Slouch_socks) were popular with young girls, teens, college girls, and young women in the UK and Europe. A common outfit was to wear a skirt, dress shorts, babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) or minidress (/wiki/Minidress) with black opaque tights (/wiki/Tights) . It was not uncommon to see mothers dressed right along with their daughters in white slouch socks worn over black leggings (/wiki/Leggings) or sweatpants, an oversized T-shirt, sweater or sweatshirt worn over a turtleneck, and Keds, Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) All Stars, or unisex aerobic, basketball or Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Air or gold Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) hi-top running shoes. [22] (#cite_note-:1-22) A dressed up leggings outfit was leggings with an oversized v-neck sweater over a turtleneck, slouch socks, Keds or Sperry Top-Sider (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) boat shoes, and bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) with a headband (/wiki/Headband) or ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) and scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) . Leggings and stirrup pants worn over pantyhose or tights with a pair of flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) and oversized tops were also common. Leggings and slouch socks with oversized tops and casual sneakers especially Keds continued to be worn as lounge wear and everyday comfortable and fashionable casual wear until the late 1990s. In Israel (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) , Britain and the US, Gottex (/wiki/Gottex) swimsuits (/wiki/Swimsuit) became popular among female celebrities Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) , and Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) . [26] (#cite_note-26) Grunge [ edit ] In mid-1992, grunge fashion (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) broke into the mainstream for both sexes. For younger American, Australian and Latina women, it consisted of flannel shirts, ripped jeans, hip hugger bell bottoms, wide leg jeans, shortalls (/wiki/Overalls) , Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) , combat boots, band t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , small fitted sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , cap sleeved shirts, long and droopy skirts, ripped tights, Birkenstocks (/wiki/Birkenstocks) , hiking boots, [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) and eco-friendly (/wiki/Environmentally_friendly) clothing made from recycled textiles or fair trade (/wiki/Fair_trade) organic cotton. [30] (#cite_note-30) A prominent example of the popularity of grunge fashion is the teen drama television series " My So Called Life (/wiki/My_So_Called_Life) ". [31] (#cite_note-31) Grunge fashion peaked in late 1993 and early 1994. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) [32] (#cite_note-1994InReview-32) [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) Mid 1990s (1993–1996) [ edit ] Glamour wear [ edit ] Slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) first became widely worn in the mid-1990s, as part of the underwear-as-outerwear (/wiki/Underwear-as-outerwear) trend. ( Jane Leeves (/wiki/Jane_Leeves) , 1995 ) In 1994, grunge clothing rapidly declined as fashion became more feminine and form-fitting. Young women in the UK and America wore tailored skirt and trouser suits, short skirts and dresses (/wiki/Miniskirt) , baby doll dresses, skater dresses, animal prints, hot pants (/wiki/Hot_pants) , [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) slim pants (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , low waisted bell bottoms, wide leg jeans and pants, long (/wiki/Maxi_dress) and short skirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , and high heels. [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) High-shine fabrics, such as satin (/wiki/Satin) , metallics (/wiki/Metallic_color) , sequins (/wiki/Sequin) , microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) , vinyl (/wiki/PVC_clothing) , and silk (/wiki/Silk) became very prominent on both clubwear (/wiki/Clubwear) and work wear (/wiki/Work_wear) . [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) [32] (#cite_note-1994InReview-32) [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) The most common look among young women that year was the short black slip dress (/wiki/Slip_dress) worn over a tight, undersized white T-shirt. [32] (#cite_note-1994InReview-32) Loungewear generally consisted of black Lycra (/wiki/Lycra) leggings (/wiki/Leggings) or bike shorts, [36] (#cite_note-1996FashionReview-36) large T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , oversized sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) , turtlenecks (/wiki/Turtleneck) , and baggy sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , slouch socks, Keds, white Sperry sneakers or athletic sneakers and hair in bangs and a ponytail with a scrunchie while at home running errands, at kids sporting events or other clubs and activities or relaxing during the weekends. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) A very popular look among young women from 1994 to 1995 [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) was the "sexy school girl" look. This trend consisted of tartan (/wiki/Tartan) minikilts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , sometimes with bike shorts underneath, undersized sweaters, short slip dresses, baby doll tees (/wiki/Crop_top) , knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) , pulled all the way up or rolled or folded at the top, thigh highs (/wiki/Hold-ups) , miniature backpacks, overalls (/wiki/Overalls) , tights (/wiki/Tights) , pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) , shirts and dresses with peter pan style collars and chunky shoes, mary janes, ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , or boat shoes. Hair was down parted in the middle, or worn short and stacked in the back (stacked bob). [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) [37] (#cite_note-Mid90sBackToSchool-37) The sexy school girl look was prominently portrayed in films with female leads such as Clueless (/wiki/Clueless_(film)) , [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Empire Records (/wiki/Empire_Records) , [40] (#cite_note-40) and The Craft (/wiki/The_Craft_(film)) . [41] (#cite_note-41) Among women over 30, 1950s ladylike fashions made a comeback in the United States. This included pencil skirts (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) , cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , girdles (/wiki/Girdle) , petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) , satin or lace Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) lingerie, and fitted suits. [42] (#cite_note-90sAmerica50sFantasy-42) Popular accessories that went hand-in-hand with this revival included brooches (/wiki/Brooch) , white gloves, sheer stockings (/wiki/Stocking) , diamonds (/wiki/Diamond) , sequins, and red lipstick. [42] (#cite_note-90sAmerica50sFantasy-42) For more casual occasions, women opted for lean capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) blouses, belted trench coats (/wiki/Trench_coat) , 1940s style sandals, white canvas shoes especially Keds, leggings with oversized tops, slouch socks with leggings, stirrup pants (/wiki/Stirrup_pants) worn over tights or pantyhose with flats and an oversized top, rolled jeans or khakis or shorts or shortalls, shortalls (/wiki/Overalls) , bell bottoms and wide leg jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts, tunic tops, shorts suit with dress shorts with tights underneath, ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) and a top and jacket, above the knee dresses sometimes worn with bike shorts underneath [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) [43] (#cite_note-43) Popular shoes and accessories during the mid-1990s in Europe and North America included loafers (/wiki/Loafer) , Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Janes) , [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) suede (/wiki/Suede) sneakers, [32] (#cite_note-1994InReview-32) mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) , clogs (/wiki/Clog) , [44] (#cite_note-44) knee high boots (/wiki/Knee_high_boots) , [36] (#cite_note-1996FashionReview-36) jelly shoes (/wiki/Jelly_shoe) , go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) , [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) [37] (#cite_note-Mid90sBackToSchool-37) black court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) , ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , sperrys and other boat shoes, silver jewelry, dainty earrings and necklaces, [33] (#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-33) conch shell (/wiki/Conch_shell) necklaces, berets (/wiki/Beret) , straw hats (/wiki/Straw_hat) , floppy hats, gold jewelry, and hipster belts. [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) Navel piercings (/wiki/Navel_piercings) had started to gain popularity around this time. Work wear [ edit ] For much of the early and mid 1990s, power dressing (/wiki/Power_dressing) was the norm for women in the workplace: [45] (#cite_note-45) navy blue, grey or pastel colored skirt suits with shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) , [46] (#cite_note-46) pussy bow (/wiki/Pussy_bow) blouses, silk scarves, pointed shoes, stretchy miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , [47] (#cite_note-47) polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) blouses, and brightly colored short dresses worn with a dark brocade (/wiki/Brocade) blazer, bare legs (/wiki/Bare_legs) and metallic open toed shoes. Other 1980s fashions (/wiki/1980s_fashion) such as chunky jewelry, gold hoop earrings (/wiki/Hoop_earrings) with horn of life pendants, smoky eye make-up, hairspray, Alice bands (/wiki/Alice_band) , [48] (#cite_note-48) and brightly painted nails remained common. Shorts suits were also very popular. They consisted of a regular suit top and jacket and dress shorts in short or bermuda length with tights underneath worn with ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) . Also seen were stirrup pants worn over tights or pantyhose with flats and an oversized top. By 1996, professional women in Britain, Australia and America wore more relaxed styles and muted colors, [49] (#cite_note-49) such as black floral print dresses, plain kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) style blouses, Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) , maxi skirts, knee length dresses, boots, smart jeans, big floppy hats, culottes (/wiki/Culottes) , capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) and chunky platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoes) . Trouser suits (/wiki/Trouser_suit) began to replace skirts, [50] (#cite_note-50) black or white tights and nude pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) made a comeback. [51] (#cite_note-51) Late 1990s (1997–1999) [ edit ] Asian influences [ edit ] Red and cream Indian woman's saree, late 1990s Beginning in 1997 and continuing into the mid-2000s, [52] (#cite_note-52) Southeast Asian and Indian fashion (/wiki/Indian_fashion) began to influence and gain greater recognition from the global media [53] (#cite_note-53) due to the establishment of the Fashion Design Council of India (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_India) , and the hosting of India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) in Delhi. [54] (#cite_note-54) Inspired by Bollywood cinema (/wiki/Bollywood_cinema) and a resurgence of interest in 1970s fashion (/wiki/1970s_fashion) , designers in India adapted and repurposed the saree (/wiki/Saree) , churidar (/wiki/Churidar) and kurta (/wiki/Kurta) into the Anarkali ballgown (/wiki/Ballgown) from the early 1990s onwards. By the late 1990s, kurta (/wiki/Kurta) tunics (/wiki/Tunic) were turned into short dresses, and Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) designed garish Hindu "God printed T-shirts" [55] (#cite_note-55) for both locals and global tourists. British, Asian and American designers also incorporated ethnic chic (/wiki/Ethnic_chic) fabrics, such as khadi (/wiki/Khadi) , paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) , silk or Indonesian Batik (/wiki/Batik) [56] (#cite_note-56) into Western-inspired clothing patterns such as shirts and blouses featuring traditional embroidery. This type of clothing was worn not only by the immigrant Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Indian diaspora (/wiki/Indian_diaspora) in Britain, but also by many non-Indian women. [57] (#cite_note-57) 1970s revival [ edit ] From 1997 onwards, many British and American designers started to take cues from the disco fashion (/wiki/Disco_fashion) of the mid–late 1970s (/wiki/1970s_fashion) . Particularly common were black or dark red pleather (/wiki/Pleather) pants, [58] (#cite_note-90sFashionEra-58) animal print clothing, halter tops, [59] (#cite_note-59) metallic clothing, [60] (#cite_note-60) crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , tube tops (/wiki/Tube_top) , maxi coats, maxi skirts (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) , knee boots sometimes with knee socks slouch at the top, and boot-cut dress pants (/wiki/Bell_bottoms) . [36] (#cite_note-1996FashionReview-36) By 2001, popular mainstream trends included tight shirts, bell bottoms (/wiki/Bell_bottoms) , platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoes) , [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) [61] (#cite_note-61) fleeces (/wiki/Polar_fleece) , cropped (/wiki/Crop_top) tank tops (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) , Union jack (/wiki/Union_jack) motifs inspired by the Cool Britannia (/wiki/Cool_Britannia) movement, [62] (#cite_note-62) and military inspired clothing, such as flak jackets (/wiki/Flak_jacket) with camouflage patterns. [63] (#cite_note-90sFashionEra2-63) [64] (#cite_note-1997Garments-64) In the late 1990s, bright colors began to make a comeback in mainstream fashion, as a backlash against the darker tones associated with the grunge (/wiki/Grunge) and skater subculture (/wiki/Skater_subculture) . [65] (#cite_note-FashionIn1997-65) [66] (#cite_note-ColorReturns-66) Popular colors included plum (/wiki/Plum_(color)) , chocolate (/wiki/Chocolate_(color)) , and navy (/wiki/Navy_(color)) , all of which replaced black, [36] (#cite_note-1996FashionReview-36) which had become ubiquitous. [63] (#cite_note-90sFashionEra2-63) Other fashion trends popular from 1997 to 1999 included glamour wear, high-waisted miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , plastic chokers (/wiki/Choker) , knee socks (/wiki/Knee_socks) associated with the school girl look, [67] (#cite_note-67) tight pants (/wiki/Tight_pants) , slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) , turtle-neck (/wiki/Turtle-neck) sweaters (/wiki/Sweaters) , conservative chic, capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , high-waisted trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , and cardigans. More formal styles intended for the workplace or special occasions (such as a cocktail party (/wiki/Cocktail_party) ) included silk (/wiki/Silk) blouses (/wiki/Blouse) in neutral colors or animal prints, [64] (#cite_note-1997Garments-64) tailored pantsuits (/wiki/Pantsuit) and skirt suits inspired by the 1980s, [65] (#cite_note-FashionIn1997-65) collarless coats, [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) and the little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) , with or without subtle embroidery. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) Casual chic [ edit ] Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, 1999. From 1998 to 2001, the unisex casual chic (/wiki/Casual_chic) look gained mainstream appeal, with dark stonewash (/wiki/Stonewash) jeans, shortalls (/wiki/Shortalls) , spaghetti strap crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuits) , sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , and other athletic clothing. Denim's popularity was at an all-time high in Europe, with designer denim jackets and matching jeans rocketing in prices. Other common, more affordable brands included Mudd (/wiki/Mudd) , JNCO (/wiki/JNCO) , and Evisu, a Japanese denim brand which launched in the 1980s. [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) The most popular trainers were white or black and manufactured by Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Skechers (/wiki/Skechers) , and Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . Running shoes with built in air pumps were popular among both sexes. Leather had largely replaced canvas, and soles were made of foam rather than solid rubber. In the US and Britain, popular accessories included large hoop earrings (/wiki/Hoop_earring) , shoes with rounded toes, flip flops (/wiki/Flip_flops) , jelly shoes (/wiki/Jelly_shoe) , rhinestone (/wiki/Rhinestone) -encrusted hip belts, embellished slippers, beaded wristbands and lariats, [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) Alice bands, pashminas (/wiki/Pashmina) , [63] (#cite_note-90sFashionEra2-63) fascinators (/wiki/Fascinator) , gold jewelry, [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) moccasin (/wiki/Moccasin) loafers (/wiki/Loafers) , [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) running shoes (/wiki/Running_shoe) , jelly bracelets (/wiki/Gel_bracelet) , [69] (#cite_note-SexBracelets-69) bandanas, and novelty Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boots) with leopard print or zebra stripe patterns. Men's fashion [ edit ] Early 1990s (1990–1992) [ edit ] Casual clothing [ edit ] Continuing on from the late 1980s, many young men in the US, UK and Europe wore tapered and cuffed high waisted jeans (/wiki/High_waisted_jeans) or pants styled plain or pleated with matching denim jackets, Champion brand (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) , Stone Island (/wiki/Stone_Island) or Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) sweatshirts, polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with contrasting collars, [70] (#cite_note-70) short Harrington jackets (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) , grey Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) sweaters with prominent logos, [71] (#cite_note-71) oversized Guess (clothing) (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) denim (/wiki/Denim) shirts, brightly colored windcheaters (/wiki/Windcheater) especially in yellow or green, Hush Puppies (/wiki/Hush_Puppies) shoes, [72] (#cite_note-72) Sperrys (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) boat shoes, white Sperrys sneakers, V neck sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , soccer (/wiki/Soccer) shorts, white athletic socks (/wiki/Athletic_sock) worn with black or brown loafers (/wiki/Loafer) , triple striped tube socks usually folded over at the top, slouch socks, pastel colored three button sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , graphic print T-shirts, [73] (#cite_note-73) tracksuit (/wiki/Tracksuit) tops with a vertical contrasting stripe down the sleeve, sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , [74] (#cite_note-74) pale denim (/wiki/Pale_denim) drainpipe jeans (/wiki/Drainpipe_jeans) [75] (#cite_note-75) as worn by Ewan McGregor (/wiki/Ewan_McGregor) in Trainspotting (/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)) , [76] (#cite_note-76) shiny red or blue rayon (/wiki/Rayon) monkey jackets, grey or tan leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) with shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) , and wool baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) with contrasting sleeves. Short shorts were popular in the early years of the decade, [77] (#cite_note-77) but were replaced with looser and baggier basketball shorts (/wiki/Basketball_shorts) in 1993 when hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) went mainstream. Teva sandals (/wiki/Teva_sandals) were popular in 1993, its trend even endured to early 2000s. Grunge look [ edit ] Jonathan Brandis (/wiki/Jonathan_Brandis) in a Grunge (/wiki/Grunge) -style flannel shirt and curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) in 1993 From 1991 until 1996, flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts became very popular in the US and Australia, due to their use among the skater subculture (/wiki/Skater_subculture) and grunge (/wiki/Grunge) bands including Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) or Mudhoney (/wiki/Mudhoney) . [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) Unlike the fitted Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) of the 1970s which fastened with pearl snaps, the flannel shirts (/wiki/Flannel_shirt) of the 1990s were padded and loose-fitting for optimum warmth. [80] (#cite_note-80) Men also wore acid wash (/wiki/Stone_washing) jeans, patterned wool sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) with turtlenecks (/wiki/Turtlenecks) underneath, black Schott Perfecto (/wiki/Schott_Perfecto) leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin) coats, olive green (/wiki/Olive_green) anoraks (/wiki/Anorak) , corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , grey sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) and fingerless gloves (/wiki/Fingerless_glove) . In the US, popular accessories included Converse All Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , hi-top Nike's (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , trapper hats (/wiki/Trapper_hat) , bucket hats, baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_caps) , baggy, graphic T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) , oversized sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirts) , tuques (/wiki/Tuque) , combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) , Dr. Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) , and Aviator sunglasses (/wiki/Ray-Ban_Aviator) . [81] (#cite_note-81) Mid 1990s (1993–1996) [ edit ] Cool Britannia and 1970s revival [ edit ] Around 1995/1996, 1960s mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) clothing and longer hair were popular in Britain, Canada, and the US due to the success of Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) . Men wore Aloha shirts (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) , [82] (#cite_note-82) brown leather jackets, velvet (/wiki/Velvet) blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) shirts, throwback (/wiki/Throwback_style) pullover baseball jerseys (/wiki/Baseball_jersey) , and graphic-print T-shirts (often featuring dragons (/wiki/Dragon) , athletic logos or numbers). Real fur went out of fashion and fake fur became the norm. [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) The 1970s became a dominant theme for inspiration on men's apparel in 1996. Among these clothing styles were coats with fur- or faux fur-trimmings, jackets with bold shoulders and wide lapels, and boot-cut slacks. [36] (#cite_note-1996FashionReview-36) This continued into the 2000s (decade). Casual clothes such as trousers, sweaters, and denim jackets were worn with shirts made of satin (/wiki/Satin) , PVC (/wiki/PVC) , and terry cloth. Both pastel colors (/wiki/Pastel_color) and bold patterns were popular and successfully replaced black. [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) Desirable accessories during the mid-1990s included loafers (/wiki/Loafers) , desert boots (/wiki/Desert_boots) , chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boots) , gold jewellery, boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) , chunky digital watches (/wiki/Digital_watch) , solid colored ties, shoulder bags, and black/neon colored high-top sneakers replaced combat boots. [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) Trio in 1995 wearing neutral-colored tops and relaxed-fit, slim-leg pants and jeans. Modern preppy [ edit ] Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) clothing was popular in the US, [83] (#cite_note-wallace-83) where wealthy young men wore khaki slacks (/wiki/Trousers) , canvas [84] (#cite_note-colman-84) boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) , and navy blue blazers (/wiki/Blazer) with breast-pocket monogram (/wiki/Monogram) or gold buttons bearing a family crest (/wiki/Family_crest) . [84] (#cite_note-colman-84) In general, 1990s preppy was more casual than the almost dandified (/wiki/Dandy) look of the 1980s as young men abandoned ascots (/wiki/Ascot_tie) and Oxford shoes (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) in favor of Nantucket Reds (/wiki/Nantucket_Reds) , nautical-striped T-shirts, boat shoes i.e. Sperrys (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) , loafers (/wiki/Loafers) , white style casual sneakers, slouch socks, and madras cloth (/wiki/Madras_cloth) or gingham (/wiki/Gingham) short-sleeved shirts. [85] (#cite_note-85) Desirable brands included Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , Old Navy (/wiki/Old_Navy) and Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) . Hip-Hop [ edit ] In Europe and North America, hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) went mainstream in 1992, with oversized baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , baggy jeans (/wiki/Baggy_jeans) , bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , Baja Jackets (/wiki/Baja_Jacket) , and tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuits) popular among young men as casual wear. [86] (#cite_note-86) Simultaneously, industrial and military styles crept into mainstream fashion, with machinery pieces becoming accessories. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) Baseball caps started being worn forwards again. [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) The eight-ball jacket (/wiki/Eight-ball_jacket) created by designer Michael Hoban (/wiki/Michael_Hoban_(designer)) became popular in hip-hop fashion, particularly the East Coast hip hop (/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop) scene of New York City. The style is characterized by bright color-blocking (/wiki/Color-blocking) and large black and white decals on the back and sleeves, made to look like the eight ball (/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#8_ball) used in some cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) . [87] (#cite_note-:02-87) Southern hip hop (/wiki/Southern_hip_hop) provided a platform for fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designers) and musical artists to collaborate forming an influential subculture (/wiki/Subculture) of anti fashion (/wiki/Anti_fashion) and alternative fashion (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) designs, especially the popular recycled clothing worn by Arrested Development (/wiki/Arrested_Development_(group)) and Goodie Mob (/wiki/Goodie_Mob) . Due to its association with rappers, sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) became acceptable to wear in public throughout the mid to late 1990s, especially oversized T-shirts, baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) and sweaters bearing the New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) logo, tennis shoes, hoodies (/wiki/Hoodies) , jean shorts, [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) khaki cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) , [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) baggy basketball shorts (/wiki/Basketball_shorts) , chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) and black bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) with orange linings. From 1995 onwards, men wore overalls, straight leg jeans, plaid pants, [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) flat-front chinos, khaki pants, [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) and camouflage pants worn ironically by anti-war protesters. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) In the late 1990s ski goggles became a popular accessory in hip hop fashion. [88] (#cite_note-88) Late 1990s (1997–1999) [ edit ] African fashion [ edit ] During the mid and late 1990s, [89] (#cite_note-89) the silk Madiba shirt (/wiki/Madiba_shirt) became popular in South Africa and the wider global community. [90] (#cite_note-90) From 1996 to 1998, traditional African clothing (/wiki/African_clothing) began to face serious competition [91] (#cite_note-91) from cheap imported mitumba clothing (/wiki/Mitumba_clothing) [92] (#cite_note-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) as a consequence of the Kenyan and Tanzanian government's easing of trade restrictions during the early to mid 1990s. [94] (#cite_note-94) By the end of the decade, the safari jacket (/wiki/Safari_jacket) associated with kleptocrat (/wiki/Kleptocrat) dictator Mobutu Sese Seko (/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) and the previous South African Apartheid (/wiki/Apartheid) regime had declined in popularity, and was replaced as formal wear by the dashiki suit (/wiki/Dashiki_suit) . [95] (#cite_note-95) Variants in green, yellow and black were worn as an alternative to the business suit (/wiki/Business_suit) by many African-Americans [96] (#cite_note-96) for Kwanzaa (/wiki/Kwanzaa) . [97] (#cite_note-97) African art began to influence and gain greater recognition on account of the Festival de la Mode Africaine (FIMA). These influences started to make their way into fashion shows all over, for reference New York fashion week (/wiki/New_York_fashion_week) , 1998. In this show models were wearing sheath-like dresses made of loosely knitted yarn and denim jackets (/wiki/Denim_jackets) with large fake fur collars. Loose threads dangled from some of the garment's seams and other garments had the labels sewn on the outside of the collars. [98] (#cite_note-98) Streetwear [ edit ] Typical late 1990s fashions, 1997. By the late 1990s, the grunge look became unfashionable, and there was a revival of interest in streetwear clothing, with name brand designers such as Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) making a comeback. [27] (#cite_note-1990sTrends-27) In Europe, jeans were more popular than ever before. [68] (#cite_note-FashionIn1999-68) From 1997 to 1998 brighter colors came into style, including plum (/wiki/Plum_(color)) , charcoal (/wiki/Charcoal_(color)) , olive (/wiki/Olive_(color)) , wine (/wiki/Wine_(color)) , [65] (#cite_note-FashionIn1997-65) [99] (#cite_note-99) and shades such as "camellia rose", "blazing orange", "whisper pink", "hot coral", and a light-grayish blue called "wind chime". [66] (#cite_note-ColorReturns-66) Much of men's fashion in 1997 was inspired by the 1996 film Swingers (/wiki/Swingers_(1996_film)) , [65] (#cite_note-FashionIn1997-65) leading to the popularization of the "dressy casual" look. Such apparel included blazers, black or red leather jackets and bowling shirts (/wiki/Bowling_shirt) in either a variety of prints or a solid color, and loose-fitting flat-front or pleated khaki chinos or jeans. Around this time it became fashionable to leave shirts untucked. Business wear [ edit ] In Europe, single-breasted three and four button notch lapel (/wiki/Notch_lapel) suits in grey or navy blue, together with leather jackets based on the same cut as blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , began to replace the double breasted 1980s power suits. The wide neckties of the early 1990s remained the norm, but the colors became darker and stripes and patterns were less common. In India (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) and China (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) , the Nehru suit (/wiki/Nehru_suit) and Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) declined in popularity in favor of conventional Western business wear. [100] (#cite_note-100) Tweed cloth (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) and houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) went out of fashion due to their association with older men. [101] (#cite_note-101) Dress shoes (usually in black) included chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) with rounded or square toes, wingtips (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) , and monkstraps. [65] (#cite_note-FashionIn1997-65) In America, an increasing number of men began to dress smart-casual (/wiki/Smart-casual) and business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) , a trend kickstarted by Bill Gates (/wiki/Bill_Gates) of Microsoft (/wiki/Microsoft) . [102] (#cite_note-102) At more formal events such as weddings or proms, men often wear boxy three [103] (#cite_note-103) or four button, single-breasted suits with a brightly colored tie (/wiki/Necktie) and an often matching dress shirt. Another trend was to wear black shirts, black ties, and black suits. [64] (#cite_note-1997Garments-64) Black leather reefer jackets (/wiki/Reefer_jacket) and trenchcoats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) were also fashionable in the late 1990s, the latter inspired by The Matrix (/wiki/The_Matrix) . [104] (#cite_note-104) Youth fashion [ edit ] General trends [ edit ] Tracksuit For much of the 1990s, particularly the middle years, teenage boys and girls bought and wore very simple clothes, such as shortalls, flannel shirts, athletic shorts, dress shorts short or bermuda length, track suits, high-waisted ankle length jeans and pants, plain or pleated, leggings, bike shorts, stretch pants and stirrup pants, oversized shirts, sweaters and sweatshirts, slouch socks, striped tube socks sometimes folded down at the top, bodysuits as tops, jogger pants and turtlenecks. Popular shoe brands or styles included Keds (/wiki/Keds) , Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) , and boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) . [105] (#cite_note-105) Popular stores selling these items included Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) , JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) and Kohls (/wiki/Kohl%27s) . [34] (#cite_note-1995FashionReview-34) The 1990s was the Golden Age (/wiki/Disney_Renaissance) of Disney (/wiki/Disney) films. T-shirts and sweaters featuring characters such as Simba (/wiki/Simba) , Mickey Mouse (/wiki/Mickey_Mouse) , Belle (/wiki/Belle_(Disney)) , Aladdin (/wiki/Aladdin_(Disney_character)) , and Winnie the Pooh (/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(character)) were popular among young children. Subcultures of the 1990s [ edit ] Grunge [ edit ] Acid washed jean shorts with grunge and hippie inspired DIY slogans and pictures. Main article: Grunge fashion (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) The new wave (/wiki/New_wave_music) and heavy metal fashion (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) of the 1980s lasted until 1992, when Grunge (/wiki/Grunge) and hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) took over in popularity. [106] (#cite_note-106) By the mid-1990s the grunge style had gone mainstream in Britain and the US, and was dominated by tartan (/wiki/Tartan) flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts and stonewashed blue jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . Grunge fashion remained popular among the skater subculture (/wiki/Skater_subculture) until the late 1990s as the hard-wearing, loose-fitting clothing was cheap and provided good protection. [107] (#cite_note-:0-107) Members of the subculture were nicknamed grebos or moshers (/wiki/Moshing) and included those who did not skate. Psychobilly, punk and skater [ edit ] Main article: Punk fashion (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Hardcore (/wiki/Hardcore_punk) punk fashion (/wiki/Punk_fashion) , which began in the 1970s, was very popular in the 1990s, [107] (#cite_note-:0-107) especially among the skater subculture (/wiki/Skater_subculture) . Common items for pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) and nu metal (/wiki/Nu_metal) fans included bright colored/blond tipped spiky hair (/wiki/Bright_colored/blond_tipped_spiky_hair) , long under sleeves, black hoodies, and baggy pants (/wiki/Baggy_pants) in black, mint blue, or red Royal Stewart tartan (/wiki/Royal_Stewart_tartan) . Garage punk (/wiki/Garage_punk) band, 1997 In the US, psychobilly (/wiki/Psychobilly) bands Reverend Horton Heat (/wiki/Reverend_Horton_Heat) and Rocket from the Crypt (/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Crypt) popularized brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creepers) , gas station (/wiki/Gas_station) shirts (/wiki/Shirt) and dark-colored bowling shirts during the late 1990s. Rave culture and clubwear [ edit ] Main article: Rave (/wiki/Rave) Popular fashion themes of the rave subculture during the early 1990s included plastic aesthetics, various fetish fashions (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) especially PVC (/wiki/PVC) miniskirts and tops, DIY (/wiki/DIY) and tie dye (/wiki/Tie_dye) outfits, vintage 1970s clothing, second-hand optics, retro (/wiki/Retro_style#Fashion_design) sportswear (such as Adidas tracksuits), and outfits themed around sex (showing much skin and nudity, e.g. wearing transparent or crop tops), war (e.g. in the form of combat boots or camouflage trousers), postmodernism and science fiction themes. In the early 1990s the first commercial rave fashion trends developed from the underground scene, which were quickly taken up by the fashion industry and marketed under the term clubwear . [108] (#cite_note-rave_culture_and_clubwear-108) Common raver fashion styles of the 1990s included tight-fitting nylon shirts, tight nylon quilted vests, bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) , neoprene jackets, studded belts, platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) , jackets, scarves and bags made of flokati (/wiki/Flokati) fur, fluffy boots (/wiki/Fluffy_(footwear)) and phat pants (/wiki/Phat_pants) , often in bright and neon colors (/wiki/Neon_color) . Crowd of rave-goers, 1995. Common unisex hairstyles included neon colored spiky hair (/wiki/Spiky_hair) , natural dreadlocks, undercut hairstyles (/wiki/Undercut_hairstyle) , and synthetic hairpieces, and many ravers in the US and Europe wore tattoos and body piercings (/wiki/Body_piercing) . Widespread accessories included wristbands and collars, whistles (/wiki/Whistle) , pacifiers (/wiki/Pacifier) , feather boas (/wiki/Feather_boa) , cyberpunk (/wiki/Cyberpunk) inspired goggles (/wiki/Goggles) , glow sticks (/wiki/Glow_stick) , and record bags made of truck tarpaulins. [109] (#cite_note-spiegel_special-109) [110] (#cite_note-Muri_1999-110) Hip-Hop [ edit ] Main article: Hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) Swedish hip-hop fans watch Public Enemy (/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)) perform in 1991. The early 1990s saw widespread interest in hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) and gangsta rap (/wiki/Gangsta_rap) due to the influences of MC Hammer (/wiki/MC_Hammer) , Tupac Shakur (/wiki/Tupac_Shakur) , Eazy-E (/wiki/Eazy-E) , Dr. Dre (/wiki/Dr._Dre) , N.W.A (/wiki/N.W.A) , Wu-Tang Clan (/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan) , and Public Enemy (/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)) . The sagging (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) trend began in the early 1990s and continued until the 2010s (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) . Wide leg jeans (/wiki/Wide_leg_jeans) , Plaid (/wiki/Full_plaid) , Khakis (/wiki/Khakis) , Locs glasses (/wiki/Locs_glasses) , bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuits) and baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) and snapback hats (/wiki/Snapback_hat) worn backwards became popular among hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) fans together with gold chains, sovereign rings (/wiki/Sovereign_ring) , and FUBU (/wiki/FUBU) T-shirts. [111] (#cite_note-111) By the end of the decade, hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) had influenced many global subcultures, especially the British chavs (/wiki/Chav) with their tracksuits and white trainers, the sneakerheads (/wiki/Sneakerhead) of America and Asia, and the ICP (/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse) fans known as Juggalos (/wiki/Juggalo) [112] (#cite_note-112) with their all-black outfits and evil clown (/wiki/Evil_clown) corpse paint (/wiki/Corpse_paint) . [113] (#cite_note-113) Britpop [ edit ] Main article: Cool Britannia (/wiki/Cool_Britannia) In the mid-1990s, indie rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) , Madchester (/wiki/Madchester) , and Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) bands Blur (/wiki/Blur_(band)) , Stone Roses (/wiki/Stone_Roses) , and Oasis (/wiki/Oasis_(band)) [114] (#cite_note-114) resulted in a revival of 1970s fashions, including Mod haircuts (/wiki/Mod_haircut) , aviator sunglasses (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) , denim (/wiki/Denim) jackets, green parkas (/wiki/Parka) , harrington jackets (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) , velvet (/wiki/Velvet) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , striped shirts, Ben Sherman (/wiki/Ben_Sherman) polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , T-shirts bearing the RAF roundel (/wiki/RAF_roundel) , [115] (#cite_note-115) and Union Jack (/wiki/Union_Jack) motifs including the dress (/wiki/Union_Jack_dress) worn by the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) ' Geri Halliwell (/wiki/Geri_Halliwell) . [116] (#cite_note-116) Goth [ edit ] Example of late 1990s gothic fashion (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) . During the mid to late 1990s, gothic fashion (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) peaked in popularity among American, German and British teenagers seeking to break from the mainstream. [117] (#cite_note-117) Black leather trenchcoats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) , frilly poet shirts (/wiki/Poet_shirt) , winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepickers) , velvet blazers, long black hair, fetish clothing (/wiki/Fetish_clothing) , and tight pants (/wiki/Tight_pants) were a common sight on both sexes, and girls often wore Victorian inspired corsets (/wiki/Corset) , lace gloves, Demonia (/wiki/Demonia_(brand)) boots, and short leather skirts. [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) Preppy [ edit ] Main article: Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) The conservative preppy (/wiki/Preppy) look of the 1980s remained popular among wealthy teenagers in the Eastern US until the late 1990s, when many members of the subculture (/wiki/Ghetto_prep) began adopting elements of hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) . [120] (#cite_note-120) Typical clothing for preppies of the 1990s included khaki (/wiki/Khaki) chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , and high waisted ankle length jeans and pants plain or pleated. Navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , Oxford shirts (/wiki/Oxford_shirt) , brogues (/wiki/Brogues) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) worn with everything especially leggings (/wiki/Leggings) , with slouch socks, oversized sweatshirts, oversized sweaters or oversized tees, stirrup pants (/wiki/Stirrup_pants) worn over tights or pantyhose with flats and an oversized top, sweaters and tees, boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) , ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) , coach jackets (/wiki/Coach_jacket) , baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , mom jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) , shortalls (/wiki/Overalls) , jeans worn with a leotard (/wiki/Leotard) or bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) as a top, shorts or skirts worn with blazers (for girls), shorts suit with dress shorts short or bermuda length with tights underneath, ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) and a top and jacket, sweater over a turtleneck (/wiki/Turtleneck) , and Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) crew neck sweatshirts worn over a turtleneck (/wiki/Turtleneck) . [121] (#cite_note-121) A typical outfit included leggings (/wiki/Leggings) with an oversized v neck sweater over a turtleneck, slouch socks (/wiki/Slouch_socks) , and Keds (/wiki/Keds_(shoes)) , Sperrys (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) boat shoes or Sperrys white sneakers. Also plaid or plain short dresses and skirts with pastel or white knee socks worn over the knee or folded at the top of the knee with ballet flats or boat shoes. Neat, well-groomed hairstyles were popular among upper elementary, middle school, high school and college age girls, including the bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) , straightened hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) side bunches (/wiki/Bunches) , or high regular ponytails (/wiki/Ponytails) worn with scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchies) and headbands (/wiki/Headbands) many times in combination with bangs. Hairstyles of the 1990s [ edit ] Women's hairstyles [ edit ] Actress Liv Tyler (/wiki/Liv_Tyler) sporting a pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) , 1998 Women's hair in the early 1990s continued in the big, curly style of the 1980s. High and high sided ponytails (/wiki/Ponytail) continued through most of the decade, especially when playing sports and at the gym. These were worn with a scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) until the mid-1990s, when they were replaced by hair ties (/wiki/Hair_tie) . Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) remained big throughout the decade, especially the poofy "mall bangs" style associated with the early 1990s. From 1994 and through 2000s they got smaller and somewhat flatter and laid closer to the forehead. [ citation needed ] The pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) and Rachel haircut (/wiki/Rachel_haircut) , based on the hairstyles of Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) in Friends (/wiki/Friends) and Marlo Thomas (/wiki/Marlo_Thomas) in That Girl (/wiki/That_Girl) , were popular in America from 1995 onwards. [122] (#cite_note-122) Around the same time red hair also became a desirable color for women, as well as feathered bangs, [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) and mini hair-buns. [123] (#cite_note-90sHairstylesWomen-123) From 1995 until 2008, dark-haired women tended to dye their hair a lighter color with blonde highlights (popularized by Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) ). In the late 1990s, the Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) was well-desired, popularized and rejuvenated by Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) of the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) . This late 1990s style bob cut featured a center, side, or zig-zag part, as opposed to the thick bangs of the early 1990s. The Farrah Fawcett hairstyle (/wiki/Feathered_hair) made a comeback, with highlights (/wiki/Hair_highlighting) going hand-in-hand with this revival. [124] (#cite_note-124) Other late 1990s haircuts included "Felicity curls" (popularized by Keri Russell (/wiki/Keri_Russell) in the hit TV show Felicity (/wiki/Felicity_(TV_series)) ), the Fishtail Half-Up, and pigtails, [123] (#cite_note-90sHairstylesWomen-123) as well as the continuation of mid 1990s hairdos. Children's and teenager's hairstyles [ edit ] Butterfly (/wiki/Barrette) and floral clips (/wiki/Barrette) , worn in the mid and late 1990s. For teenage boys, longer hair was popular in the early to mid-1990s, including collar-length curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) , long and unkempt grunge hair (/wiki/Grunge_hair) , the blond surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) popular among some Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) fans, and dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) . During the mid-1990s, the much-ridiculed bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) became a fad among skaters, while hip-hop fans wore a variant of the flattop (/wiki/Flattop) known as the hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) . In the late 1990s, hair was usually buzzed (/wiki/Buzz_cut) very short for an athletic look, although a few grunge fans grew their hair long in reaction to this. For teenage girls and younger children, hair was worn long with heavily teased bangs called "mall bangs" which were long fringes covering the forehead. From 1994 through the 2000s they got smaller, somewhat flatter, and laid closer to the forehead. Alice bands (/wiki/Alice_band) , headbands (/wiki/Headband) and scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) of various styles and colors (especially red, navy blue polka dot, plaid and neon) were popular with American girls throughout the early and mid-1990s, and they frequently wore them with twin pigtails (/wiki/Pigtails) , or high or high side ponytails (/wiki/Ponytail) and bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) . Beginning in the late 1990s and continuing into the 2010s, straightened hair and variants of the French braid (/wiki/French_braid) became popular in Europe. Men's hairstyles [ edit ] Young man in 1995, sporting a short undercut hairstyle. The 1990s generally saw the continued popularity of longer hair on men, especially in the United States, Scandinavia and Canada. In the early 1990s, curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) , mullets (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) , and ponytails (/wiki/Ponytail) were popular. Other trends included flattops (/wiki/Flattop) , hi-top fades (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) , and cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) . [125] (#cite_note-Crucial'90sMensDos-125) In the mid-1990s, men's hairstyle trends [126] (#cite_note-90soutfits-126) went in several different directions. Younger men who were more amenable had adopted the Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) , [127] (#cite_note-127) either natural or dyed. This style was popularized by George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) [128] (#cite_note-128) on the hit TV show ER (/wiki/ER_(TV_series)) in season two, which premiered in mid 1995. More rebellious young men went for longer, unkempt "grunge" hair, [125] (#cite_note-Crucial'90sMensDos-125) often with a center part. The curtained hairstyle was at its peak in popularity, and sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) went out of style. [129] (#cite_note-129) Meanwhile, most professional men over 30 had conservative 1950s style bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) haircuts, regular haircuts (/wiki/Regular_haircut) , or the Caesar cut. [125] (#cite_note-Crucial'90sMensDos-125) In the late 1990s, it was considered unstylish and unattractive for men and boys to have longer hair. As a result, short hair completely took over. From 1997 onwards, aside from curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) (which was popular throughout the decade), spiky hair (/wiki/Spiky_hair) , [125] (#cite_note-Crucial'90sMensDos-125) bleached hair, [125] (#cite_note-Crucial'90sMensDos-125) crew cuts (/wiki/Crew_cuts) , and variants of the quiff (/wiki/Quiff) became popular among younger men. Dark haired men dyed their spikes blonde or added wavy blonde streaks, a trend which continued into the 2000s. Variants of the surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) were popular among rock musicians during that time period. For African-American men, the cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) (popularized by former NBA player Allen Iverson (/wiki/Allen_Iverson) ) and buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) were a popular trend that continued into the 2000s. Makeup and cosmetic trends [ edit ] Nude and darker shades of lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) seemed popular throughout the decade. ( Fran Drescher (/wiki/Fran_Drescher) , 1996 ) Women's makeup in the early 1990s primarily consisted of dark red lipstick and neutral eyes. [130] (#cite_note-MakeupHistory-130) Around 1992 the "grunge look" came into style among younger women and the look was based on dark red lipstick and smudged eyeliner and eyeshadow (/wiki/Eyeshadow) . Both styles of makeup continued into 1994, [131] (#cite_note-131) but went out of style the next year. The trends in makeup shifted in the mid-1990s. In 1995, nude shades became desirable and women had a broader color palette in brown. Another makeup trend that emerged was matte lipsticks, with deep shades of red and dark wine colors worn as part of night makeup. [132] (#cite_note-90sOutfits-132) Blue-frosted eye shadow became fashionable, [35] (#cite_note-1995FashionTrends-35) and was eventually integrated into the Y2K makeup of the late 1990s/early 2000s (decade). Gothic makeup had broken into the mainstream, having been made up of vamp lipstick (or even black lipstick), heavy mascara and eyeliner, often purple-tinted eye shadow (or else very dark blue), and extremely pale foundation. The Gothic makeup remained relevant in the later years of the decade. By 1999, glittery, sparkling makeup had come into style. [133] (#cite_note-MakeupFor2000-133) This was called "Y2K makeup", consisting of facial glitter and lip gloss. Blue-frosted eye shadow remained a staple of late 1990s makeup, although silver was ideal look. Dark eyeliner was considered bodacious. Pale, shiny lips became desirable, as lip gloss largely replaced lipstick. [130] (#cite_note-MakeupHistory-130) An alternative for those who did not like metallics were purples and browns. [133] (#cite_note-MakeupFor2000-133) Goth makeup and Y2K makeup continued into the early 2000s (/wiki/2000s_(decade)) . Gallery [ edit ] A selection of images related to the period. Swedish teenager with mullet haircut (/wiki/Mullet_haircut) and abstract jumper, 1991. Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) , 1992. He wears grunge clothing, popular from 1991 to 1996. The catsuit (/wiki/Catsuit) became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made of latex (/wiki/Latex) , PVC (/wiki/PVC) , or spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , it was often worn with high-heeled boots. Dancers at the 1992 Snoqualmie Moondance Festival (/w/index.php?title=Snoqualmie_Moondance_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) in Snoqualmie, Washington (/wiki/Snoqualmie,_Washington) . The German electronic rock (/wiki/Electronic_rock) duo Das Ich (/wiki/Das_Ich) , 1993. Their aspect shows the influence of the goth look (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) which returned in the 1990s. African-American (/wiki/African-American) teenager with Hitop fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) , popular in the early 1990s. Dutch high school prom, 1994. Chokers (/wiki/Choker) , popular in the mid- and late-1990s. Lois McMaster Bujold (/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold) with pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) and denim western shirt (/wiki/Western_shirt) , 1996. US First Lady Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) wearing a straw hat (/wiki/Straw_hat) , 1995. Slap bracelet (/wiki/Slap_bracelet) worn by young girls in the early 1990s. Converse All Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , popular in the early 1990s. Electronic musician and DJ James Lavelle (/wiki/James_Lavelle) dressed in club (/wiki/Nightclub) attire, 1997. Bomber jacket (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) with orange lining, popular from the mid- to late-1990s. Group of high school students, 1997. Woman dressed in black maxi skirt (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) , top and hat, 1995. Baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) were popular among hip-hop fans in the mid-1990s. Women's side gusset (/wiki/Gusset) shoes were popular among preppy (/wiki/Preppy) and hip-hop subcultures in the mid- to late-1990s. Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop, alternative, and dance subcultures. Block-heeled shoes, popular from 1995 to 2001. Black Barbour bucket hat (/wiki/Bucket_hat) . Woman wearing a crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) and bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) , 1997. Woman with what would come be known as the Rachel haircut (/wiki/Rachel_haircut) , early 1990s. A man wearing a power suit (/wiki/Power_suit_(clothing)) , popular in the European workplace. The suit jacket is double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) with large shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) . Photograph taken in 1998. Group of young children displaying various fashion trends. Amman (/wiki/Amman) , 1998. Church members exhibiting assorted fashion trends. Amman, 1998. Two women wearing bandanas (/wiki/Bandana) , 1999. Cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) . Blue wide-leg jeans (/wiki/Wide-leg_jeans) . A pair of British Knights (/wiki/British_Knights) . Woman wearing a polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with a popped collar (/wiki/Popped_collar) . Long maxi skirt (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) in a Liberty floral print. See also [ edit ] 1990s portal (/wiki/Portal:1990s) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Deconstruction (fashion) (/wiki/Deconstruction_(fashion)) 1980s in fashion (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) 2000s in fashion (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) External links [ edit ] Media related to 1990s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) at Wikimedia Commons References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mower, Sarah (2010-09-09). 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The A.V. Club . 2011-08-12 . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) "Highlights from the Britpop year" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4136296.stm) . 2005-08-15 . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) Harris, John. Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock. Da Capo Press, 2004. Pg. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-306-81367-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81367-X) . ^ (#cite_ref-116) "Spice Girls to get the Mamma Mia! treatment" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/spice-girls-to-get-the-mamma-mia-treatment-1874980.html) . The Independent . 2010-01-21 . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael, eds. (2007). Goth: Undead Subculture . Duke University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8223-3921-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Hodkinson, Paul. "Goths and Fashion" (https://www.lovetoknow.com/life/style/goths-fashion) . LoveToKnow . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) "The Goth Movement - a look back..." (http://www.cjromer.com/essays/goth.html) cjromer.com . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-120) "Under the Boards : Jeffrey Lane : Excerpts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100110062908/http://www.undertheboards.com/excerpts.html) . 2010-01-10. Archived from the original (http://www.undertheboards.com/excerpts.html) on 2010-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Colman, David (2009-06-17). "The All-American Back From Japan" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/fashion/18codes.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) Mock, Janet; Wang, Julia (eds.). "Jennifer Aniston Biography" (http://www.people.com/people/jennifer_aniston/biography) . People.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110228141006/http://www.people.com/people/jennifer_aniston/biography) from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . ^ a b "The 19 Most Important Women's Hairstyles Of The '90s" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/leonoraepstein/the-19-most-important-womens-hairstyles-of-the-90s) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-124) "Farrah Fawcett Look" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-Part-II-1961-1979/Farrah-Fawcett-Look.html) . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ a b c d e "The 15 Most Important Men's Hairstyles Of The '90s" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/leonoraepstein/the-15-most-important-mens-hairstyles-of-the-90s) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-90soutfits_126-0) 90s Outfits (https://www.90soutfits.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-127) "The 50 Most Stylish Celebrities of the '90s" (http://www.complex.com/style/2013/01/the-50-most-stylish-celebrities-of-the-90s/george-clooney) . Complex Networks (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) "George Clooney's Hair Evolution" (https://www.gq.com/style/blogs/the-gq-eye/2013/10/george-clooney-hair-evolution.html) . 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) "Analyzing the History of Ryan Gosling's Ever-Moving Hair Part" (http://www.vulture.com/2013/01/studying-the-history-of-ryan-goslings-hair-part.html) . 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ a b "A Brief History of Cosmetics" (http://www.carefair.com/skincare/history_of_cosmetics_621.html) . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) "Pulp Fiction" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140921202450/http://www.suggest.com/movies/522/14-movies-that-defined-1990s-fashion#slide/13/0) . Archived from the original (http://www.suggest.com/movies/522/14-movies-that-defined-1990s-fashion#slide/13/0) on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-90sOutfits_132-0) "90s Outfits" (https://www.90soutfits.com/) . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . ^ a b "Make-Up For The Year 2000" (http://www.cbsnews.com/news/make-up-for-the-year-2000/) . CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . 8 June 1999 . 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American modeling agent and scout (1942–2013) John Casablancas Born ( 1942-12-12 ) December 12, 1942 New York City, U.S. Died July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20) (aged 70) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) , Brazil Occupations Model agent entrepreneur Spouses Marie Christine ( m. 1965; div. 1970) Jeanette Christiansen ( m. 1979; div. 1983) Aline Wermelinger ( m. 1993) Children 5, including Julian (/wiki/Julian_Casablancas) John Casablancas (December 12, 1942 – July 20, 2013) was an American modeling (/wiki/Model_(person)) agent and scout who founded Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) . Casablancas is remembered for his development of the supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) concept. He is the father of the Strokes (/wiki/The_Strokes) frontman Julian Casablancas (/wiki/Julian_Casablancas) . Early life [ edit ] John Casablancas was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 12, 1942. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) He was the youngest of three children of Fernando and Antonia Casablancas, a banker and former model, respectively, [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) and grandson of Spanish textile machinery (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) inventor Fernando Casablancas Planell. [3] (#cite_note-3) His parents had left Spain during the 1930s to escape the Spanish Civil War (/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War) , [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) and the family subsequently lived in Argentina, Mexico, and France, among other countries. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) At the age of 8, he began attending Le Rosey boarding school (/wiki/Institut_Le_Rosey) in Switzerland. He continued his education at several universities in Europe without graduating. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) Career [ edit ] After pursuing several career options, Casablancas was offered a job in Brazil by a family friend to work as a marketing manager for a Coca-Cola factory. After several years he returned to Europe and worked at an architecture company. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) In collaboration with a fellow Le Rosey alumnus, Casablancas founded Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) , a modeling agency (/wiki/Modeling_agency) , in Paris in 1972. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) He had previously run the Paris-based agency Model Agency Elysée 3, which he founded in 1969. [4] (#cite_note-4) Clients of Elite included Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) , Andie MacDowell (/wiki/Andie_MacDowell) and Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) . [5] (#cite_note-Boston-5) Casablancas is credited for developing the concept of supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) in the popular culture, turning models into celebrities that were featured in mainstream media. [6] (#cite_note-Era-6) He was also criticized for his habit of engaging in sexual activity with young and underage clients. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) , in her autobiography, exposes Casablancas' racism and sexual harassment. He is quoted telling her "Trying to sell a black model in Paris, is like trying to sell an old car no one wants to buy." [7] (#cite_note-7) During the years that Casablancas ran the operations, Elite grossed over $100 million in annual model bookings. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) It also generated controversy, with investigative reporter Donal MacIntyre (/wiki/Donal_MacIntyre) making a BBC television exposé which resulted in the resignation of two Elite executives. Casablancas gave an "unconditional apology" for their behaviour. [8] (#cite_note-Schetler-8) A sales director sued for unfair dismissal and was awarded $4.3 million. [6] (#cite_note-Era-6) The annual Look of the Year events (later Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) ), at which young women could win a $150,000 modeling contract with Elite, were later criticised by The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) newspaper for providing an opportunity for Casablancas and other judges such as David Copperfield (/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)) and Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) to proposition contestants. [9] (#cite_note-Teen-9) In 2003, the Los Angeles County Superior Court (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court) dismissed a case of sexual abuse brought against Casablancas by a former Look of the Year contestant because he was not a resident of California. [9] (#cite_note-Teen-9) Having sold his shares in Elite in 2000, Casablancas set up the Star System management agency and Illusion 2K, a cyber model agency. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) [6] (#cite_note-Era-6) Personal life and death [ edit ] At age 22, Casablancas married Marie-Christine from France. The two lived in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) for much of their marriage. Casablancas had one child with Marie-Christine, Cécile, who was born in 1969 in France. The two split soon after her birth. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1967, he met Jeanette Christiansen, a Danish model and the 1965 Miss Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) , as well as the first model Casablancas ever represented. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) [11] (#cite_note-11) They married in 1979 after the birth of their son Julian (/wiki/Julian_Casablancas) , [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) in 1978, who would become lead vocalist of the American bands the Strokes (/wiki/The_Strokes) and the Voidz (/wiki/The_Voidz) . [12] (#cite_note-12) They divorced in 1983, [13] (#cite_note-13) as he was having a public relationship with Look of the Year contest finalist Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) , 16 years old at the time. Casablancas was frank about his preference for girls of only just legal age. [14] (#cite_note-guardian-14) In 1993, [15] (#cite_note-15) the 50-year-old Casablancas married his third wife, 17-year-old Aline Mendonça de Carvalho Wermelinger, winner of Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) 1992 in Brazil. The couple had three children: John Jr., Fernando Augusto, and Nina. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) [16] (#cite_note-16) A resident of Miami, Florida (/wiki/Miami,_Florida) , Casablancas died on July 20, 2013, in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) , where he had been receiving treatment for cancer. He was 70 years old. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) Media [ edit ] Casablancas: The Man Who Loved Women Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170530185600/http://www.onnetflix.ca/casablancas-the-man-who-loved-women/27099) May 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 2016 documentary (81 minutes long) by Hubert Woroniecki. References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wilson, Eric (July 20, 2013). "John Casablancas, Modeling Visionary, Dies at 70" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/nyregion/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies-at-70.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140104230906/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/nyregion/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies-at-70.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&) from the original on January 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 17, 2013 . ^ a b c Prince, Dinah (January 25, 1988). "Girl Crazy" (https://books.google.com/books?id=VeUCAAAAMBAJ&q=john+casablancas+interview+1980&pg=PA32) . New York . 21 (4): 32–41. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201017091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=VeUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=john+casablancas+interview+1980&source=bl&ots=UGwPAGtwTJ&sig=ACfU3U2VbGWdoJpGq1MlH7ADuDuWTWYyaw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_pZDa6_LoAhUSl3IEHYIGA9UQ6AEwCnoECAsQKQ#v=onepage&q=john%20casablancas%20interview%201980&f=false) from the original on October 17, 2020 . Retrieved April 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cabana, Francesc (July 28, 2013). "La família Casablancas" (http://www.elpuntavui.cat/article/7-vista/8-articles/666387.html) . El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107084652/http://www.elpuntavui.cat/article/7-vista/8-articles/666387.html) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . John Casablancas Ubach... era el nét de Ferran Casablancas Planell (1874–1960)... John Casablancas era fill de Ferran Casablancas Bertran, el germà gran de la família. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Casablancas: The Man Who Loved Women . directed by Hubert Woroniecki. Realitism Films, Maneki Lab. France. 2016. Event occurs at 17:49–20:30. {{ cite AV media (/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media) }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Boston_5-0) Wilson, Eric (July 22, 2013). "John Casablancas; modeling visionary founded Elite agency" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2013/07/21/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies/3z2NSVUA2hYyjGfol6piWJ/story.html) . Boston Globe. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021345/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2013/07/21/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies/3z2NSVUA2hYyjGfol6piWJ/story.html) from the original on February 18, 2019 . Retrieved February 17, 2019 . ^ a b c Williamson, Marcus (July 26, 2013). "John Casablancas obituary: Agent whose company, Elite, ushered in the era of the supermodel" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-casablancas-obituary-agent-whose-company-elite-ushered-in-the-era-of-the-supermodel-8734582.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030035052/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-casablancas-obituary-agent-whose-company-elite-ushered-in-the-era-of-the-supermodel-8734582.html) from the original on October 30, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Grace Jones Describes Her Own Sexual Harassment and Discrimination" (https://hintmag.com/2017/11/04/grace-jones-sexual-harassment-cnn-november-04-2017-1300-fashion/) . Hint Fashion Magazine . November 4, 2017 . Retrieved October 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Schetler_8-0) Schetler, John (December 2, 1999). "Fashion Scandal: Agency 'exposed' on TV say BBC film was rigged" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fashion-scandal-agency-exposed-on-tv-say-bbc-film-was-rigged-1125517.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200731203734/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fashion-scandal-agency-exposed-on-tv-say-bbc-film-was-rigged-1125517.html) from the original on July 31, 2020 . Retrieved October 17, 2020 . ^ a b Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Osborne, Lucy; Davies, Harry (March 14, 2020). "Teen models, powerful men and private dinners: when Trump hosted Look of the Year" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/14/teen-models-powerful-men-when-donald-trump-hosted-look-of-the-year) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201015004926/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/14/teen-models-powerful-men-when-donald-trump-hosted-look-of-the-year) from the original on October 15, 2020 . Retrieved October 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Casablancas: The Man Who Loved Women . directed by Hubert Woroniecki. Realitism Films, Maneki Lab. France. 2016. Event occurs at 13:12–15:39. {{ cite AV media (/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media) }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)) ) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Casablancas: The Man Who Loved Women . directed by Hubert Woroniecki. Realitism Films, Maneki Lab. France. 2016. Event occurs at 15:00–16:57. {{ cite AV media (/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media) }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)) ) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Casablancas: The Man Who Loved Women . directed by Hubert Woroniecki. Realitism Films, Maneki Lab. France. 2016. Event occurs at 53:20–54:08. {{ cite AV media (/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media) }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wilson, Eric (July 20, 2013). "John Casablancas, Modeling Visionary, Dies at 70" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/nyregion/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies-at-70.html) . New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170702095149/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/nyregion/john-casablancas-modeling-visionary-dies-at-70.html) from the original on July 2, 2017 . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-guardian_14-0) Horwell, Veronica (July 24, 2013). "John Casablancas Obituary; Entrepreneur who created wealth from beauty by inventing the supermodel" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/jul/24/john-casablancas) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054203/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/jul/24/john-casablancas) from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved February 16, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Someone Old, Someone New" (https://people.com/archive/someone-old-someone-new-vol-39-no-10/) . PEOPLE.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174645/https://people.com/archive/someone-old-someone-new-vol-39-no-10/) from the original on April 3, 2019 . Retrieved April 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) LIMA ABIB, Alberto. A família Wermelinger: uma aventura em dois continentes (a imigração suíça de 1819–1820). 2000, self edition, 391p, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788590146612 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788590146612) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/304958814) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMrtvMKqgxrYKh6YyPQq) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17134682q) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17134682q) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1037739906) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017107152) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐j86j4 Cached time: 20240719205654 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.530 seconds Real time usage: 0.705 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3964/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54003/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7883/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 24/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 73605/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.335/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9992851/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 669.786 1 -total 44.08% 295.226 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.28% 189.421 1 Template:Reflist 27.01% 180.935 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 17.75% 118.913 1 Template:Ubl 17.01% 113.910 7 Template:Cite_news 16.51% 110.581 3 Template:Marriage 10.90% 72.974 1 Template:Short_description 10.35% 69.304 1 Template:Authority_control 7.47% 50.002 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36620183-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719205654 and revision id 1233595939. 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Wikipedia portal for content related to 1950s Portal maintenance status: (November 2018) This portal's subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:1950s/) have been checked by an editor, and are needed. Please take care (/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL) when editing, especially if using automated editing software (/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED) . Learn how to update the maintenance information here (/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal) . 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Centre, L-R: US tests its first thermonuclear bomb with code name Ivy Mike (/wiki/Ivy_Mike) in 1952. A 1954 thermonuclear test, code named Castle Romeo (/wiki/Castle_Romeo) , is shown here; In 1959, Fidel Castro (/wiki/Fidel_Castro) overthrows Fulgencio Batista (/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista) in the Cuban Revolution (/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) , resulting in the creation of the first communist government in the Western hemisphere; Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) becomes the leading figure of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. Bottom, L-R: Smoke rises from oil tanks on Port Said following the invasion of Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) as part of the Suez Crisis (/wiki/Suez_Crisis) in late 1956; The Hungarian flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out during the Hungarian Revolution (/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution) , 1957; The Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) launches Sputnik 1 (/wiki/Sputnik_1) , the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth, in October 1957. The 1950s (/wiki/1950s) (pronounced nineteen-fifties; commonly abbreviated as the " Fifties " or the " ' 50s ") (among other variants) was a decade (/wiki/Decade) that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959. Throughout the decade, the world continued its recovery from World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , aided by the post-World War II economic expansion (/wiki/Post-World_War_II_economic_expansion) . The period also saw great population growth with increased birth rates and the emergence of the baby boomer (/wiki/Baby_boomer) generation. Despite this recovery, the Cold War (/wiki/Cold_War) developed from its modest beginnings in the late 1940s to a heated competition between the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) and the United States (/wiki/United_States) by the early 1960s. The ideological clash between communism (/wiki/Communism) and capitalism (/wiki/Capitalism) dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere (/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere) . ( Full article... (/wiki/1950s) ) 1950s Topics: v t e Events by month 1959 (/wiki/1959) Jan (/wiki/January_1959) Feb (/wiki/February_1959) Mar (/wiki/March_1959) Apr (/wiki/April_1959) May (/wiki/May_1959) Jun (/wiki/June_1959) Jul (/wiki/July_1959) Aug (/wiki/August_1959) Sep (/wiki/September_1959) Oct (/wiki/October_1959) Nov (/wiki/November_1959) Dec (/wiki/December_1959) 1958 (/wiki/1958) Jan (/wiki/January_1958) Feb (/wiki/February_1958) Mar (/wiki/March_1958) Apr (/wiki/April_1958) May (/wiki/May_1958) Jun (/wiki/June_1958) Jul (/wiki/July_1958) Aug (/wiki/August_1958) Sep (/wiki/September_1958) Oct (/wiki/October_1958) Nov (/wiki/November_1958) Dec (/wiki/December_1958) 1957 (/wiki/1957) Jan (/wiki/January_1957) Feb (/wiki/February_1957) Mar (/wiki/March_1957) Apr (/wiki/April_1957) May (/wiki/May_1957) Jun (/wiki/June_1957) Jul (/wiki/July_1957) Aug (/wiki/August_1957) Sep (/wiki/September_1957) Oct (/wiki/October_1957) Nov (/wiki/November_1957) Dec (/wiki/December_1957) 1956 (/wiki/1956) Jan (/wiki/January_1956) Feb (/wiki/February_1956) Mar (/wiki/March_1956) Apr (/wiki/April_1956) May (/wiki/May_1956) Jun (/wiki/June_1956) Jul (/wiki/July_1956) Aug (/wiki/August_1956) Sep (/wiki/September_1956) Oct (/wiki/October_1956) Nov (/wiki/November_1956) Dec (/wiki/December_1956) 1955 (/wiki/1955) Jan (/wiki/January_1955) Feb (/wiki/February_1955) Mar (/wiki/March_1955) Apr (/wiki/April_1955) May (/wiki/May_1955) Jun (/wiki/June_1955) Jul (/wiki/July_1955) Aug (/wiki/August_1955) Sep (/wiki/September_1955) Oct (/wiki/October_1955) Nov (/wiki/November_1955) Dec (/wiki/December_1955) 1954 (/wiki/1954) Jan (/wiki/January_1954) Feb (/wiki/February_1954) Mar (/wiki/March_1954) Apr (/wiki/April_1954) May (/wiki/May_1954) Jun (/wiki/June_1954) Jul (/wiki/July_1954) Aug (/wiki/August_1954) Sep (/wiki/September_1954) Oct (/wiki/October_1954) Nov (/wiki/November_1954) Dec (/wiki/December_1954) 1953 (/wiki/1953) Jan (/wiki/January_1953) Feb (/wiki/February_1953) Mar (/wiki/March_1953) Apr (/wiki/April_1953) May (/wiki/May_1953) Jun (/wiki/June_1953) Jul (/wiki/July_1953) Aug (/wiki/August_1953) Sep (/wiki/September_1953) Oct (/wiki/October_1953) Nov (/wiki/November_1953) Dec (/wiki/December_1953) 1952 (/wiki/1952) Jan (/wiki/January_1952) Feb (/wiki/February_1952) Mar (/wiki/March_1952) Apr (/wiki/April_1952) May (/wiki/May_1952) Jun (/wiki/June_1952) Jul (/wiki/July_1952) Aug (/wiki/August_1952) Sep (/wiki/September_1952) Oct (/wiki/October_1952) Nov (/wiki/November_1952) Dec (/wiki/December_1952) 1951 (/wiki/1951) Jan (/wiki/January_1951) Feb (/wiki/February_1951) Mar (/wiki/March_1951) Apr (/wiki/April_1951) May (/wiki/May_1951) Jun (/wiki/June_1951) Jul (/wiki/July_1951) Aug (/wiki/August_1951) Sep (/wiki/September_1951) Oct (/wiki/October_1951) Nov (/wiki/November_1951) Dec (/wiki/December_1951) 1950 (/wiki/1950) Jan (/wiki/January_1950) Feb (/wiki/February_1950) Mar (/wiki/March_1950) Apr (/wiki/April_1950) May (/wiki/May_1950) Jun (/wiki/June_1950) Jul (/wiki/July_1950) Aug (/wiki/August_1950) Sep (/wiki/September_1950) Oct (/wiki/October_1950) Nov (/wiki/November_1950) Dec (/wiki/December_1950) Refresh with new selections below (purge) Selected article - show another Collage of the French war in Algeria The Algerian War (/wiki/Algerian_War) (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence ) was a major armed conflict between France (/wiki/France) and the Algerian National Liberation Front (/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)) (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war (/wiki/Decolonization_war) , it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare (/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare) and war crimes. The conflict also became a civil war (/wiki/Civil_war) between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) , with repercussions in metropolitan France (/wiki/Metropolitan_France) . Effectively started by members of the National Liberation Front (/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)) (FLN) on 1 November 1954, during the Toussaint Rouge (/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge) ("Red All Saints' Day (/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day) "), the conflict led to serious political crises in France, causing the fall of the Fourth Republic (/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic) (1946–58), to be replaced by the Fifth Republic (/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic) with a strengthened presidency. The brutality of the methods employed by the French forces failed to win hearts and minds (/wiki/Win_hearts_and_minds) in Algeria, alienated support in metropolitan France, and discredited French prestige abroad. As the war dragged on, the French public slowly turned against it and many of France's key allies, including the United States, switched from supporting France to abstaining in the UN debate on Algeria. After major demonstrations in Algiers (/wiki/Algiers) and several other cities in favor of independence (1960) and a United Nations resolution recognizing the right to independence, Charles de Gaulle (/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle) , the first president (/wiki/President_of_France) of the Fifth Republic, decided to open a series of negotiations with the FLN. These concluded with the signing of the Évian Accords (/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords) in March 1962. A referendum (/wiki/1962_French_%C3%89vian_Accords_referendum) took place on 8 April 1962 and the French electorate approved the Évian Accords. The final result was 91% in favor of the ratification of this agreement and on 1 July, the Accords were subject to a second referendum (/wiki/1962_Algerian_%C3%89vian_Accords_referendum) in Algeria, where 99.72% voted for independence and just 0.28% against. ( Full article... (/wiki/Algerian_War) ) List of selected articles Hurricane Hazel (/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel) 1952 Winter Olympics (/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics) Battle of Dien Bien Phu (/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu) Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) McCarthyism (/wiki/McCarthyism) Great Leap Forward (/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward) Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) Rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) Hurricane Connie (/wiki/Hurricane_Connie) Satellite Science Fiction (/wiki/Satellite_Science_Fiction) The Colossus of Rhodes (Dalí) (/wiki/The_Colossus_of_Rhodes_(Dal%C3%AD)) Sputnik 1 (/wiki/Sputnik_1) Cold War (1947–1953) (/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931953)) Thomas White (Australian politician) (/wiki/Thomas_White_(Australian_politician)) Doo-wop (/wiki/Doo-wop) Lou Spence (/wiki/Lou_Spence) United States in the 1950s (/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s) Cold War (/wiki/Cold_War) 1956 United States presidential election (/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election) Hairstyles in the 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) War in Vietnam (1954–1959) (/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1954%E2%80%931959)) 1950s in Hong Kong (/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong) Greaser (subculture) (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Color television (/wiki/Color_television) Warsaw Pact (/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952) Alaska (/wiki/Alaska) Antarctic Treaty System (/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System) Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) Vertigo (film) (/wiki/Vertigo_(film)) Sunset Boulevard (film) (/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(film)) Rebel Without a Cause (/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause) 12 Angry Men (1957 film) (/wiki/12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)) The Drifters (/wiki/The_Drifters) The Three Stooges (/wiki/The_Three_Stooges) Suez Crisis (/wiki/Suez_Crisis) NASA (/wiki/NASA) Cuban Revolution (/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état (/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) Treaty of Rome (/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome) Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) Polio vaccine (/wiki/Polio_vaccine) Transistor computer (/wiki/Transistor_computer) CERN (/wiki/CERN) Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant) 1950s American automobile culture (/wiki/1950s_American_automobile_culture) European Broadcasting Union (/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union) What's My Line? (/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F) The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)) Little Anthony and the Imperials (/wiki/Little_Anthony_and_the_Imperials) Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 (/wiki/Wage_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1956%E2%80%931962) 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement (/wiki/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement) 1950 Atlantic hurricane season (/wiki/1950_Atlantic_hurricane_season) Hurricane Dog (1950) (/wiki/Hurricane_Dog_(1950)) 1950 United States Senate election in California (/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California) 1951 Philadelphia municipal election (/wiki/1951_Philadelphia_municipal_election) 1957 Canadian federal election (/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election) 1955 State of Vietnam referendum (/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum) 1956 FA Cup Final (/wiki/1956_FA_Cup_Final) 1956 Winter Olympics (/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics) 1955 MacArthur Airport United Airlines crash (/wiki/1955_MacArthur_Airport_United_Airlines_crash) 1957 Polish legislative election (/wiki/1957_Polish_legislative_election) Ice block expedition of 1959 (/wiki/Ice_block_expedition_of_1959) Poznań protests of 1956 (/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956) Space Race (/wiki/Space_Race) 1952 United States presidential election (/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election) 1956 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics) 1952 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics) Did you know... ... that on the 1950s game show Across the Board (/wiki/Across_the_Board) , crossword answers were clued by both a phrase and an image? ... that the WandaVision (/wiki/WandaVision) episode " Filmed Before a Live Studio Audience (/wiki/Filmed_Before_a_Live_Studio_Audience) " employed a variety of live special effects such as wire rigs to emulate television series of the 1950s and 1960s? ... that 1950s Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball (/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball) player Carl Cain (/wiki/Carl_Cain) was part of the Fabulous Five, whose jerseys were all retired (/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball#Retired_numbers) ? ... that Richardson Island (/wiki/Richardson_Island) was involved in an "annexation war" between two cities in the 1950s? ... that Alan Choe (/wiki/Alan_Choe) was tasked with developing Queenstown (/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore) , Singapore's first satellite town, after its British architects left the country in the mid-1950s? ... that Albert Freedman (/wiki/Albert_Freedman) was the first person indicted in the 1950s quiz show scandals (/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals) ? 1950s films - load new batch These are Good articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:GA) , which meet a core set of high editorial standards. Madhumati (/wiki/Madhumati) is a 1958 Indian Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) -language paranormal romance (/wiki/Paranormal_romance) film directed and produced by Bimal Roy (/wiki/Bimal_Roy) , and written by Ritwik Ghatak (/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak) and Rajinder Singh Bedi (/wiki/Rajinder_Singh_Bedi) . The film stars Vyjayanthimala (/wiki/Vyjayanthimala) and Dilip Kumar (/wiki/Dilip_Kumar) in lead roles, with Pran (/wiki/Pran_(actor)) and Johnny Walker (/wiki/Johnny_Walker_(actor)) in supporting roles. The plot focuses on Anand, a modern man who falls in love with a tribal woman named Madhumati. But they face challenges in their relationship finally leading to a paranormal consequence. The film was ranked 11th in the Outlook Magazine's (/wiki/The_Outlook_Magazine) 25 leading Indian directors' poll for selecting Bollywood's greatest films in 2003. Madhumati was filmed in various Indian locations, including Ranikhet (/wiki/Ranikhet) , Ghorakhal (/wiki/Ghorakhal) , Vaitarna Dam (/wiki/Vaitarna_Dam) and Aarey Milk Colony (/wiki/Aarey_Milk_Colony) . The soundtrack album was composed by Salil Chowdhury (/wiki/Salil_Chowdhury) and the lyrics were written by Shailendra (/wiki/Shailendra_(lyricist)) . The film was released on 12 September 1958. It earned ₹40 million in India and became the highest-grossing Indian film (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films) of the year, and one of the most commercially successful and influential Indian films of its time. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised the technicality, soundtrack, and performance of the cast. ( Full article... (/wiki/Madhumati) ) Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (/wiki/Appu_Chesi_Pappu_Koodu) ( transl. Live Comfortably on Credit ) is a 1959 Indian Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) -language comedy drama (/wiki/Comedy_drama) film directed and co-written by L. V. Prasad (/wiki/L._V._Prasad) . The film was produced by Nagi Reddi (/wiki/Nagi_Reddi) and Chakrapani (/wiki/Chakrapani_(filmmaker)) of Vijaya Productions (/wiki/Vijaya_Vauhini_Studios) ; the latter co-wrote its script with Prasad and Vempati Sadasivabrahmam (/wiki/Vempati_Sadasivabrahmam) . It is the Telugu version of Prasad's Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) film Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam (/wiki/Kadan_Vaangi_Kalyaanam) (1958). Starring N. T. Rama Rao (/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao) , Relangi (/wiki/Relangi_(actor)) and Savitri (/wiki/Savitri_(actress)) , Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu features Jaggayya (/wiki/Jaggayya) , C. S. R. Anjaneyulu (/wiki/C._S._R._Anjaneyulu) , S. V. Ranga Rao (/wiki/S._V._Ranga_Rao) , and Jamuna (/wiki/Jamuna_(actress)) in supporting roles. The conflict between two older men with different mindsets—Ramadasu (an eternal, devious debtor) and Mukundarao (a generous, rich gentleman with fake prestige)—is the film's centrepiece. Production began after the success of Mayabazar (/wiki/Mayabazar) (1957), with M. S. Chalapathi Rao and Jagannadham the film's executive producers. Marcus Bartley (/wiki/Marcus_Bartley) was the director of photography. S. Rajeswara Rao (/wiki/S._Rajeswara_Rao) composed the soundtrack and background score. G. Kalyanasundaram and K. Radhakrishna edited the film, and Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were its art directors. The film is shown almost entirely in black and white, with the exception of a dance sequence filmed in Gevacolor (/wiki/Gevacolor) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Appu_Chesi_Pappu_Koodu) ) Quatermass 2 (/wiki/Quatermass_2) (retitled Enemy From Space in the United States and Canada) is a 1957 black-and-white (/wiki/Black-and-white) British science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) drama from Hammer Film Productions (/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions) . It was originally released in the UK as Quatermass II and was produced by Anthony Hinds (/wiki/Anthony_Hinds) , directed by Val Guest (/wiki/Val_Guest) , and stars Brian Donlevy (/wiki/Brian_Donlevy) with co-stars John Longden (/wiki/John_Longden) , Sidney James (/wiki/Sid_James) , Bryan Forbes (/wiki/Bryan_Forbes) , Vera Day (/wiki/Vera_Day) , and William Franklyn (/wiki/William_Franklyn) . Quatermass 2 is a sequel to Hammer's earlier film The Quatermass Xperiment (/wiki/The_Quatermass_Xperiment) (1955). Like its predecessor, it is based on the BBC Television (/wiki/BBC_Television) serial Quatermass II (/wiki/Quatermass_II) written by Nigel Kneale (/wiki/Nigel_Kneale) . Brian Donlevy reprises his role as the eponymous Professor Bernard Quatermass (/wiki/Bernard_Quatermass) , making him the only actor to play the character twice in a film. It is often erroneously considered as the first film sequel to use the '2' / 'II' suffix within the title, though this distinction belongs to Sanshiro Sugata Part II (/wiki/Sanshiro_Sugata_Part_II) . [ citation needed ] The film's story concerns Quatermass's investigation of reports of hundreds of meteorites (/wiki/Meteorite) landing only in the Winnerden Flats area of the UK. His inquiries lead him to a huge industrial complex, strikingly similar to his own plans for a Moon colony. This top-secret facility is in fact the centre of a conspiracy involving the alien infiltration of the highest echelons of the British Government. Quatermass and his allies must now do whatever is necessary to defeat the alien threat before it is too late. ( Full article... (/wiki/Quatermass_2) ) Veerapandiya Kattabomman ( transl. Kattabomman, the Brave Warrior ) is a 1959 Indian Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) -language historical (/wiki/Historical_drama) war film (/wiki/War_film) produced and directed by B. R. Panthulu (/wiki/B._R._Panthulu) . The film stars Sivaji Ganesan (/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan) , Gemini Ganesan (/wiki/Gemini_Ganesan) , Padmini (/wiki/Padmini_(actress)) , S. Varalakshmi (/wiki/S._Varalakshmi) , and Ragini (/wiki/Ragini_(actress)) , with V. K. Ramasamy (/wiki/V._K._Ramasamy_(actor)) and Javar Seetharaman (/wiki/Javar_Seetharaman) in supporting roles. Its soundtrack and score were composed by G. Ramanathan (/wiki/G._Ramanathan) . The film is loosely based on the story of Veerapandiya Kattabomman (/wiki/Veerapandiya_Kattabomman) , the 18th-century South Indian king who rebelled against the East India Company (/wiki/East_India_Company) . It was an adaptation of the play of the same name by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy (/wiki/Sakthi_T._K._Krishnasamy) which featured Sivaji Ganesan as the title character, and premiered in August 1957. Principal photography (/wiki/Principal_photography) began in October the same year, and took place mainly in Jaipur (/wiki/Jaipur) and Madras (now Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) ) until late 1958. This was the first full-length Tamil film released in Technicolor (/wiki/Technicolor) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Veerapandiya_Kattabomman_(film)) ) Rififi (/wiki/Rififi) ( French (/wiki/French_language) : Du rififi chez les hommes ) is a 1955 French crime film (/wiki/Crime_film) adaptation of Auguste Le Breton (/wiki/Auguste_Le_Breton) 's novel of the same name. Directed by American blacklisted (/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist) filmmaker Jules Dassin (/wiki/Jules_Dassin) , the film stars Jean Servais (/wiki/Jean_Servais) as the aging gangster Tony "le Stéphanois", Carl Möhner (/wiki/Carl_M%C3%B6hner) as Jo "le Suédois", Robert Manuel (/wiki/Robert_Manuel_(actor)) as Mario Farrati, and Jules Dassin as César "le Milanais". The foursome band together to commit an almost impossible theft, the burglary of an exclusive jewelry shop in the Rue de la Paix (/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix) . The centerpiece of the film is an intricate half-hour heist scene depicting the crime in detail, shot in near silence, without dialogue or music. The fictional burglary has been mimicked by criminals in actual crimes around the world. After he was blacklisted (/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist) from Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) , Dassin found work in France where he was asked to direct Rififi . Despite his distaste for parts of the original novel, Dassin agreed to direct the film. He shot Rififi while working with a low budget, without a star cast, and with the production staff working for low wages. ( Full article... (/wiki/Rififi) ) Missamma (/wiki/Missamma) ( transl. Miss Madam ) is a 1955 Indian Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) -language romantic comedy (/wiki/Romantic_comedy) film directed by L. V. Prasad (/wiki/L._V._Prasad) . It was produced by Nagi Reddi (/wiki/Nagi_Reddi) and Chakrapani (/wiki/Chakrapani_(filmmaker)) on Vijaya Productions banner. The film stars N. T. Rama Rao (/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao) , Savitri (/wiki/Savitri_(actress)) , Akkineni Nageswara Rao (/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao) and Jamuna (/wiki/Jamuna_(actress)) . The script was adapted by Chakrapani from Rabindranath Maitra's Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_language) play Manmoyee Girls' School (/wiki/Manmoyee_Girls%27_School) . It revolves around two unemployed people — M. T. Rao and Mary — who pose as a married couple to obtain employment in a high school founded by Gopalam, a zamindar (/wiki/Zamindar) . As Rao and Mary fall in love, Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju learns that Mary is Gopalam's missing elder daughter Mahalakshmi; she is unaware of her true identity. Production began in early 1954 with P. Bhanumathi (/wiki/P._Bhanumathi) cast as the female lead, though she would eventually be replaced by Savitri. The film was simultaneously shot (/wiki/List_of_multilingual_Indian_films) in Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) as Missiamma (/wiki/Missiamma) , with an altered cast. Principal photography (/wiki/Principal_photography) ended that December; filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit after filming a few reels, and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film; Marcus Bartley (/wiki/Marcus_Bartley) was the cinematographer, and S. Rajeswara Rao (/wiki/S._Rajeswara_Rao) composed the music. Missamma focused on social issues such as unemployment (/wiki/Unemployment_in_India) , corruption (/wiki/Corruption_in_India) , and freedom of worship (/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Missamma) ) Tiga Dara (/wiki/Tiga_Dara) (Indonesian for Three Maidens ) is a 1957 Indonesian musical (/wiki/Musical_film) drama film (/wiki/Drama_film) starring Chitra Dewi (/wiki/Chitra_Dewi) , Mieke Wijaya (/wiki/Mieke_Wijaya) , and Indriati Iskak (/wiki/Indriati_Iskak) . Directed by Usmar Ismail (/wiki/Usmar_Ismail) for Perfini (/wiki/Perfini) , the film follows three sisters who live with their father and grandmother. When the eldest sister, Nunung, shows no interest in marrying, her family tries unsuccessfully to find a husband for her. Nunung initially rejects the advances of a young man named Toto, who instead dates her younger sister. However, when he becomes jealous and travels from Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) to Bandung (/wiki/Bandung) to profess his love, she agrees to marry him. Produced using government credit and written in an attempt to cover Perfini's outstanding debts, Tiga Dara was intended to be commercial despite Ismail's disapproval of such works. After it was released on 24 August 1957, the film was an immense popular success, launching the careers of its stars, earning the highest box office returns of any Perfini film, and being screened in first-class cinemas. However, even though Tiga Dara was shown at the 1959 Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) and received Best Musical Arrangement at the 1960 Indonesian Film Week (/wiki/Indonesian_Film_Festival) , Ismail considered it a compromise of his initial vision for Perfini. ( Full article... (/wiki/Tiga_Dara) ) I Vampiri (/wiki/I_Vampiri) ( lit. The Vampires) is a 1957 Italian horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) directed by Riccardo Freda (/wiki/Riccardo_Freda) and completed by the film's cinematographer, Mario Bava (/wiki/Mario_Bava) . It stars Gianna Maria Canale (/wiki/Gianna_Maria_Canale) , Carlo D'Angelo (/wiki/Carlo_D%27Angelo) and Dario Michaelis. The film is about a series of murders on young women who are found with their blood drained. The newspapers report on a killer known as the Vampire, which prompts young journalist Pierre Lantin to research the crimes. Lantin investigates the mysterious Du Grand family who lives in a castle occupied by Gisele Du Grand who is in love with Lantin. She lives with her aunt, who hides her face in a veil, as well as the scientist Julian Du Grand, who is trying to find the secret to eternal youth. The film was developed during a growth in the Italian film industry which allowed for the market to expand beyond a local Italian audience and would allow Italian film makers to explore new genres of filmmaking. Freda made a deal with producers at the Italian film studio Titanus (/wiki/Titanus) to create a low budget horror film by writing a story in one day and filming it in two weeks. The producers agreed and Freda began filming. On the final day of shooting, Freda left the set which led to the cinematographer Mario Bava to direct the rest of the film, which changed various plot points and added the inclusion of stock footage. ( Full article... (/wiki/I_Vampiri) ) Theatrical release poster Godzilla ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : ゴジラ , Hepburn (/wiki/Hepburn_romanization) : Gojira ) is a 1954 Japanese epic (/wiki/Epic_film) kaiju (/wiki/Kaiju) film directed and co-written by Ishirō Honda (/wiki/Ishir%C5%8D_Honda) , with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya (/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya) . Produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd. (/wiki/Toho) , it is the first film in the Godzilla franchise (/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)) . The film stars Akira Takarada (/wiki/Akira_Takarada) , Momoko Kōchi (/wiki/Momoko_K%C5%8Dchi) , Akihiko Hirata (/wiki/Akihiko_Hirata) , and Takashi Shimura (/wiki/Takashi_Shimura) , with Haruo Nakajima (/wiki/Haruo_Nakajima) and Katsumi Tezuka (/wiki/Katsumi_Tezuka) as Godzilla (/wiki/Godzilla) . In the film, Japan's authorities deal with the sudden appearance of a giant monster, whose attacks trigger fears of nuclear holocaust (/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust) in post-war Japan (/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan) . Godzilla entered production after a Japanese-Indonesian co-production collapsed. Tsuburaya originally proposed for a giant octopus (/wiki/Octopus) before the filmmakers decided on a dinosaur (/wiki/Dinosaur) -inspired creature. Godzilla pioneered a form of special effects called suitmation (/wiki/Suitmation) in which a stunt performer wearing a suit interacts with miniature sets. Principal photography ran 51 days, and special effects photography ran 71 days. ( Full article... (/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)) ) Theatrical release poster Warning from Space (/wiki/Warning_from_Space) ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 宇宙人東京に現わる , Hepburn (/wiki/Hepburn_romanization) : Uchūjin Tōkyō ni arawaru , lit. ' Spacemen Appear in Tokyo ' ) is a Japanese tokusatsu (/wiki/Tokusatsu) science fiction film (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) directed by Koji Shima (/wiki/Koji_Shima) . Produced and distributed by Daiei Film (/wiki/Daiei_Film) , it was the first Japanese science fiction film to be produced in color and predates Daiei's most iconic tokusatsu characters, Gamera (/wiki/Gamera) and Daimajin (/wiki/Daimajin) . In the film's plot, starfish (/wiki/Starfish) -like aliens (/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life) disguised as humans travel to Earth to warn of the imminent collision of a rogue planet (/wiki/Rogue_planet) and Earth. As the planet rapidly accelerates toward Earth, a nuclear device (/wiki/Nuclear_weapon) is created at the last minute and destroys the approaching world. The film was one of many early Japanese monster films quickly produced after the success of Toho (/wiki/Toho) 's Godzilla (/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)) in 1954. After release, the film was met with negative reviews, with critics calling it "bizarre" and accusing it of using science fiction clichés (/wiki/Clich%C3%A9) . Warning from Space influenced many other Japanese science fiction films, such as Gorath (/wiki/Gorath) . The film, along with other 1950s tokusatsu science fiction films, influenced director Stanley Kubrick (/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick) , who would later direct 2001: A Space Odyssey (/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Warning_from_Space) ) Devadasu is a 1953 Indian romance film (/wiki/Romance_film) directed by Vedantam Raghavayya (/wiki/Vedantam_Raghavayya) and produced by D. L. Narayana for Vinodha Pictures. Chakrapani (/wiki/Chakrapani_(filmmaker)) wrote the script based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay) 's novel, Devdas (/wiki/Devdas) . C. R. Subbaraman composed the film's music. The film was edited by P. V. Narayanan, while B. S. Ranga provided the cinematography. The film focuses on Devadasu and Parvati, who have been in love since childhood. Devadas' father rejects the proposal from Parvati's family. Parvati's father forces her to marry a middle-aged zamindar (/wiki/Zamindar) . Unable to cope with his failure to win Parvati, Devadas turns into a drunkard, and the rest of the film is about whether or not Devadas meets Parvati again. ( Full article... (/wiki/Devadasu_(1953_film)) ) Theatrical release poster by Bradshaw Crandell (/wiki/Bradshaw_Crandell) Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical (/wiki/Musical_film) drama film (/wiki/Drama_film) directed by Richard Thorpe (/wiki/Richard_Thorpe) and starring Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , Judy Tyler (/wiki/Judy_Tyler) , Mickey Shaughnessy (/wiki/Mickey_Shaughnessy) , Vaughn Taylor (/wiki/Vaughn_Taylor_(actor)) and Jennifer Holden (/wiki/Jennifer_Holden) . Adapted by Guy Trosper (/wiki/Guy_Trosper) from a story written by Nedrick Young (/wiki/Nedrick_Young) , the film tells the story of Vince Everett (Presley), a convict who learns the guitar while in prison and later becomes a star following his release. The film's iconic soundtrack was written by songwriters Mike Stoller (/wiki/Mike_Stoller) and Jerry Leiber (/wiki/Jerry_Leiber) . The dance sequence to the film's title song (/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)) is often cited as "Presley's greatest moment on screen." ( Full article... (/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(film)) ) The Hideous Sun Demon (/wiki/The_Hideous_Sun_Demon) (sometimes billed as The Sun Demon , or in the UK as Blood on His Lips ) is a 1958 American science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) horror film (/wiki/Horror_film) produced, directed, and cowritten by Robert Clarke (/wiki/Robert_Clarke) , who also starred in the title role. It also stars Patricia Manning, Nan Peterson, Patrick Whyte, and Fred La Porta. The film focuses on a scientist (portrayed by Clarke) who is exposed to a radioactive isotope (/wiki/Radioactive_isotope) and soon finds out that it comes with horrifying consequences. The film was inspired by the financial success of The Astounding She-Monster (/wiki/The_Astounding_She-Monster) , in which Clarke had starred earlier that year. The crew was made up of University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) film students, while the cast consisted of unknowns in addition to Clarke's family and friends. Shooting took place under three different cinematographers over 12 consecutive weekends. Originally budgeted at $10,000, the film ended up costing $50,000. Distributed by Clarke's own Pacific International Pictures, The Hideous Sun Demon premiered on August 29, 1958 as part of a double bill (/wiki/Double_bill) with Roger Corman (/wiki/Roger_Corman) 's Attack of the Crab Monsters (/wiki/Attack_of_the_Crab_Monsters) . The film received mostly negative reviews upon its release, but has since become a cult film (/wiki/Cult_film) and has been referenced and parodied many times. An unauthorized sequel, the 1965 short film (/wiki/Short_film) Wrath of the Sun Demon , was produced by Donald F. Glut (/wiki/Donald_F._Glut) . Two redubbed (/wiki/Film_dubbing) versions of the original film have been released: the comedic Hideous Sun Demon: Special Edition and What's Up, Hideous Sun Demon (also known as Revenge of the Sun Demon ), the latter of which was produced with Clarke's permission. ( Full article... (/wiki/The_Hideous_Sun_Demon) ) Theatrical release poster King Creole (/wiki/King_Creole) is a 1958 American musical (/wiki/Musical_film) drama film (/wiki/Drama_film) directed by Michael Curtiz (/wiki/Michael_Curtiz) and based on the 1952 novel A Stone for Danny Fisher (/wiki/A_Stone_for_Danny_Fisher) by Harold Robbins (/wiki/Harold_Robbins) . Produced by Hal B. Wallis (/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis) , the film stars Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , Carolyn Jones (/wiki/Carolyn_Jones) , Walter Matthau (/wiki/Walter_Matthau) , Dolores Hart (/wiki/Dolores_Hart) , Dean Jagger (/wiki/Dean_Jagger) , Vic Morrow (/wiki/Vic_Morrow) , Liliane Montevecchi (/wiki/Liliane_Montevecchi) and Paul Stewart (/wiki/Paul_Stewart_(actor)) , and it follows a nineteen-year-old (Presley) who gets mixed up with crooks and involved with two women. Presley later indicated that of all the characters he portrayed throughout his acting career, the role of Danny Fisher in King Creole was his favorite. To make the film, Presley was granted a 60-day deferment from January to March 1958 for beginning his military service (/wiki/Military_career_of_Elvis_Presley) . Location shooting in New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) was delayed several times by crowds of fans attracted by the stars, particularly Presley. ( Full article... (/wiki/King_Creole) ) Mallishwari is a 1951 Indian Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) -language historical romance (/wiki/Historical_romance) film produced and directed by B. N. Reddy (/wiki/B._N._Reddy) under his banner Vauhini Studios (/wiki/Vauhini_Studios) . N. T. Rama Rao (/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao) and P. Bhanumathi (/wiki/P._Bhanumathi) star as a couple – Nagaraju and Mallishwari – who are separated by Mallishwari's greedy mother. Mallishwari is sent to the king's palace according to the custom of "Rani Vasam", a tradition during the Vijayanagara Empire (/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire) wherein young women were fetched to the palace with an offering of gold and jewellery to their parents. The rest of the film focuses on the consequences faced by Nagaraju when he, against all rules, surreptitiously enters the palace to meet Mallishwari. Reddy wanted to make a film based on Krishnadevaraya's character ever since his visit to Hampi (/wiki/Hampi) for the filming of his debut film Vandemataram (1939). He employed Devulapalli Krishnasastri (/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri) to write the film's script and took inspiration from Buchibabu (/wiki/Sivaraju_Venkata_Subbarao) 's play "Rayalavari Karunakruthyamu" and Devan Sharar's short story "The Emperor and the Slave Girl". He also incorporated into the script a few incidents from his childhood for the pranks between Nagaraju and Mallishwari. S. Rajeswara Rao (/wiki/S._Rajeswara_Rao) composed the film's music, Adi M. Irani and B. N. Konda Reddy provided the cinematography, H. R. Narayana and Vasu edited the film, and A. K. Shekhar was the film's production designer. ( Full article... (/wiki/Malliswari_(1951_film)) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Show all More 1950s film articles (/wiki/Portal:1950s/Films) Related portals Modern history (/wiki/Portal:Modern_history) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Radio (/wiki/Portal:Radio) Religion (/wiki/Portal:Religion) Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) Civil rights movement (/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Communism (/wiki/Portal:Communism) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) 1920s (/wiki/Portal:1920s) 1960s (/wiki/Portal:1960s) 1970s (/wiki/Portal:1970s) 1980s (/wiki/Portal:1980s) 1990s (/wiki/Portal:1990s) 2000s (/wiki/Portal:2000s) 2010s (/wiki/Portal:2010s) Selected biography - show another Gable in a publicity portrait in 1940 William Clark Gable (/wiki/Clark_Gable) (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor. Often referred to as the "King of Hollywood", he had roles in more than 60 films in a variety of genres during a career that lasted 37 years, three decades of which was as a leading man (/wiki/Leading_actor) . He was named the seventh greatest male movie star (/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Stars) of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute (/wiki/American_Film_Institute) . Gable won the Academy Award for Best Actor (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor) for his role in the romantic comedy (/wiki/Romantic_comedy) , It Happened One Night (/wiki/It_Happened_One_Night) (1934). He was further Oscar-nominated for his roles as Fletcher Christian (/wiki/Fletcher_Christian) in the drama Mutiny on the Bounty (/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1935_film)) (1935), and Rhett Butler (/wiki/Rhett_Butler) in the historical romance drama Gone with the Wind (/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)) (1939). He received Golden Globe Award (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award) nominations for his comedic roles in Teacher's Pet (/wiki/Teacher%27s_Pet_(1958_film)) (1958), and But Not for Me (/wiki/But_Not_for_Me_(film)) (1959). He also starred in Call of the Wild (/wiki/Call_of_the_Wild_(1935_film)) (1935), Key to the City (/wiki/Key_to_the_City_(film)) (1950), and Mogambo (/wiki/Mogambo) (1953). His final on-screen role was as an aging cowboy in The Misfits (/wiki/The_Misfits_(1961_film)) (1961). ( Full article... (/wiki/Clark_Gable) ) List of selected biographies Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) Nikita Khrushchev (/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev) Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) Joseph McCarthy (/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy) Gamal Abdel Nasser (/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) Dwight D. Eisenhower (/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) John Foster Dulles (/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles) Nikita Khrushchev (/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev) Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) James Stewart (/wiki/James_Stewart) Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) Alfred Hitchcock (/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) Gary Cooper (/wiki/Gary_Cooper) Ray Charles (/wiki/Ray_Charles) Buddy Holly (/wiki/Buddy_Holly) Ella Fitzgerald (/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald) Patsy Cline (/wiki/Patsy_Cline) Jerry Lee Lewis (/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis) Johnny Cash (/wiki/Johnny_Cash) Fulgencio Batista (/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista) Harry S. Truman (/wiki/Harry_S._Truman) Adlai Stevenson II (/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II) Alben W. Barkley (/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley) General images The following are images from various 1950s-related articles on Wikipedia. Liz Taylor (/wiki/Liz_Taylor) in the 1950s, a fashion icon of the era (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) W. Sterling Cole (/wiki/W._Sterling_Cole) , first Director-general of AIEA (/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The MOSFET (/wiki/MOSFET) (MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed Atalla (/wiki/Mohamed_Atalla) and Dawon Kahng (/wiki/Dawon_Kahng) at Bell Labs (/wiki/Bell_Labs) in November 1959 (/wiki/November_1959) . It is central to the Digital Revolution (/wiki/Digital_Revolution) , and the most widely manufactured device in history. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Israeli troops preparing for combat in the Sinai peninsula during the Suez Crisis (/wiki/Suez_Crisis) . (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Four Olympic Games (/wiki/Olympic_Games) were held in the 1950s, Oslo (/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics) and Helsinki in 1952 (/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics) , Cortina d'Ampezzo (/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics) and Melbourne in 1956 (/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics) (all during the Cold War). (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Official portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower (/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) , president of the United States (/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) for a majority of the 1950s (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The world map of military alliances during the Cold War in 1959 (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Abdullah I of Jordan (/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Pez (/wiki/Pez) candies were released in the 1950s, and became well known in pop culture. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Gamal Abdel Nasser (/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) and Mohammed Naguib (/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib) , leaders of the 1952 Egyptian Revolution (/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Che Guevara (/wiki/Che_Guevara) and Fidel Castro (/wiki/Fidel_Castro) . Castro becomes the leader of Cuba as a result of the Cuban Revolution (/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Motorcycle clubs (/wiki/Motorcycle_club) became more prominent in the 1950s. Pictured is a vintage 1950s motorcycle toy. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The 1950s was the beginning period of rapid television ownership. In their infancy, television screens existed in many forms, including round. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet (/wiki/Soviet_Empire) influence (/wiki/Sphere_of_influence) , after the Cuban Revolution (/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) . (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The jukebox (/wiki/Jukebox) was particularly popular in the 1950s, and was used as entertainment in public establishments such as diners and malt/soda shops (/wiki/Soda_shop) . (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Top, L-R: U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) , c. late September 1950; The first polio vaccine (/wiki/Polio_vaccine) is developed by Jonas Salk (/wiki/Jonas_Salk) . Centre, L-R: US tests its first thermonuclear bomb (/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb) with code name Ivy Mike (/wiki/Ivy_Mike) in 1952. A 1954 thermonuclear test, code named Castle Romeo (/wiki/Castle_Romeo) ; In 1959, Fidel Castro (/wiki/Fidel_Castro) overthrows Fulgencio Batista (/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista) in the Cuban Revolution (/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) , which results in the creation of the first and only communist government in the Western Hemisphere; Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) becomes the leading figure of the newly popular music genre of rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) in the mid-1950s. Bottom, L-R: Smoke rises from oil tanks on Port Said following the invasion of Egypt by Israel, United Kingdom and France as part of the Suez Crisis (/wiki/Suez_Crisis) in late 1956; The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) ; The Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) launches Sputnik 1 (/wiki/Sputnik_1) , the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth (/wiki/Earth) , in October 1957. This starts the Space Race (/wiki/Space_Race) between the Soviet Union and the United States (/wiki/United_States) . (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) TV shows like I Love Lucy (/wiki/I_Love_Lucy) , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet) , and Father Knows Best (/wiki/Father_Knows_Best) were popular during the original Golden Age of Television (/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television) era. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Cary Grant (/wiki/Cary_Grant) as Roger O. Thornhill in North by Northwest (/wiki/North_by_Northwest) (1959) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Francis Crick and James Watson discover the spiral structure of DNA (/wiki/DNA) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) In 1957, the Soviet Union launches to space Sputnik 1 (/wiki/Sputnik_1) , the first artificial satellite (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Castle Bravo (/wiki/Castle_Bravo) : A 15 megaton hydrogen bomb experiment conducted by the United States in 1954. Photographed 78 miles (125 kilometers) from the explosion epicenter. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) In the 1950s lengthy poodle skirts (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) were popular with women, as were leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jackets) with men. Pictured is a 1950s leather jacket label. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Leading figures of the Nepali Congress and King Tribhuvan (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) was the best-selling musical artist of the decade. He is considered as the leading figure of the rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) and rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) movement of the 1950s. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Harry Belafonte (/wiki/Harry_Belafonte) in 1954, whose breakthrough album Calypso (/wiki/Calypso_(album)) (1956) was the first million-selling LP by a single artist. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) An American family watching television together in 1958. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) North Sea flood of 1953 (/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The creation and expansion of many multinational restaurant chains still in existence today, including the likes of McDonald's (/wiki/McDonald%27s) (as a franchise), IHOP (/wiki/IHOP) , Pizza Hut (/wiki/Pizza_Hut) and Burger King (/wiki/Burger_King) , all occurred in the 1950s. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Paavo Nurmi (/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi) and the Olympic flame (/wiki/Olympic_flame) in the opening ceremony of the 1952 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics) (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) The 1950s were the true birth of the rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) music genre, led by figures such as Chuck Berry (/wiki/Chuck_Berry) (pictured), Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , Buddy Holly (/wiki/Buddy_Holly) , Jerry Lee Lewis (/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis) and others. (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Many famous children's books released in the 1950s, including Beezus and Ramona (/wiki/Beezus_and_Ramona) and The Cat in the Hat (/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat) . (from 1950s (/wiki/1950s) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Image 16 Image 17 Image 18 Image 19 Image 20 Image 21 Image 22 Image 23 Image 24 Image 25 Image 26 Image 27 Image 28 Image 29 Image 30 Image 31 Image 32 Show all More Did you know (auto generated) ... that Alan Choe (/wiki/Alan_Choe) was tasked with developing Queenstown (/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore) , Singapore's first satellite town, after its British architects left the country in the mid-1950s? ... that Patricia Banks-Edmiston (/wiki/Patricia_Banks-Edmiston) was prevented from becoming a flight attendant during the 1950s because she was black? ... that 1950s Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball (/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball) player Carl Cain (/wiki/Carl_Cain) was part of the Fabulous Five, whose jerseys were all retired (/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball#Retired_numbers) ? ... that the 1944 SCR-720 (/wiki/SCR-720) radar (/wiki/Radar) system was used only briefly by the USAAF (/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces) , but was a primary RAF (/wiki/Royal_Air_Force) system into the late 1950s? ... that for a while in the 1950s, Englewood Golf Club (/wiki/Englewood_Golf_Club) was co-owned by four well-known comedians? ... that a 1950s album of frog calls (/wiki/Sounds_of_North_American_Frogs) developed a cult following? 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Phelps Associates was an American leather fashion accessories company originally founded in 1938 by William and Elizabeth Phelps ; and subsequently relaunched in the early 2010s by their grand-nephew as T. B. Phelps . History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1938 after William made his wife a couple of leather belts that her friends wanted to buy copies of. [1] (#cite_note-bo-1) Its business model, focused solely on good quality leather goods, was inspired by artisans in Europe who ran little shops individually selling what they themselves were expert at making. [1] (#cite_note-bo-1) One of their first successful designs was a 1941 cowhide (/wiki/Cowhide) shoulder bag with a long leather strap that became part of the US Army women's uniform. [2] (#cite_note-ny64-2) In 1943 Phelps Associates was awarded a Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) in the second year of the awards being granted. [3] (#cite_note-3) The following year, they were awarded the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) . [2] (#cite_note-ny64-2) In 1945, the Evening Star (/wiki/The_Washington_Star) published an article about the Phelps's ongoing support and employment of disabled war veterans, noting that William Phelps (himself a World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) veteran) was so dedicated to the cause that he encouraged his workers to set up competing businesses. [1] (#cite_note-bo-1) At this time it was reported that the company manufactured hundreds of different styles of belts and purses, and that they were among the top designers in America in their field. [1] (#cite_note-bo-1) In 1950, the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) held a landmark menswear exhibition, the first of its kind in America, titled Adam Through The Looking Glass. Elizabeth Phelps was one of twelve leading American women designers invited to create futuristic menswear looks for the show, alongside her contemporaries Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) , Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) , Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) and Lilly Daché (/wiki/Lilly_Dach%C3%A9) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Her design for the future male comprised a faded blue denim jacket with an attached pale green shirt-front, blue denim jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) and black leather belt and shoulder bag. [5] (#cite_note-5) During the early 1950s, after the Phelpses moved to Pennsylvania, [6] (#cite_note-fds-6) Elizabeth launched an "occupational leisure wear" line called Phelps Deep Country, which produced denim clothing aimed at American housewives. [7] (#cite_note-7) She told a journalist that after she and William moved to Pennsylvania, the only country-appropriate clothing she could find to wear was blue jeans, which he hated, and so she began designing practical womenswear designed for this lifestyle. [6] (#cite_note-fds-6) Leather and suede were easily damaged in active country life, so Elizabeth stopped using them in her work and instead used alternative materials, as well as replacing buttons with snap fasteners (/wiki/Snap_fastener) . [6] (#cite_note-fds-6) By 1964, William Phelps had died, and Elizabeth was living and working in Skyland, North Carolina (/wiki/Skyland,_North_Carolina) . [2] (#cite_note-ny64-2) In 1969, Elizabeth joined Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) as a consultant-designer, closing her "Deep Country" label. [8] (#cite_note-8) Archival materials relating to Phelps Leather Goods between 1944 and 1989 are held by the National Museum of American History. [9] (#cite_note-9) In the early 2010s, the Phelps's grand-nephew, Thomas Phelps Bates relaunched the leather goods company as T.B. Phelps, taking advantage of the family name and reputation. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Oppenheim, Beatrice (29 July 1945). "100 Per Cent Able!" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jul-29-1945-3259471/) . Evening Star, Washington . newspaperarchive.com. ^ a b c "Shoulder Bags Are Back From the War" (https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/10/archives/shoulder-bags-are-back-from-the-war.html) . The New York Times . 10 July 1964 . Retrieved 9 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "3 Style Designers Win Awards As 'Tops in Their Field in 1943' (https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/04/archives/3-style-designers-win-awards-as-tops-in-their-field-in-1943.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/04/archives/3-style-designers-win-awards-as-tops-in-their-field-in-1943.html) . The New York Times . 4 February 1944 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Maglio, Diane (1 March 2017). "A brief historical overview of the first major menswear exhibition in the United States--Adam in the Looking Glass at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1950" (https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA489757752&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=2050070X&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E292a25d0) . Critical Studies in Men's Fashion . 4 (1): 79–89. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Men's fashions from the fourteenth century to tomorrow reviewed in Costume Institute exhibition at Metropolitan Museum of Art" (https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll12/id/8635) . libmma.contentdm.oclc.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art. 13 January 1950 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ a b c de Santis, Florence (1 March 1965). "How to be Fashionable Without Change" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-mar-01-1965-3259508/) . Monroe News Star . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Phelps Deep Country Collection shorts" (https://fashionmuseum.fitnyc.edu/objects/62362/85621?ctx=03c1ed2a-eb4f-4639-b8a8-286a768d5fa4&idx=1) . The Museum at FIT . Retrieved 9 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hubbard, Kay (17 August 1969). "Business News: Designer Named" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-17-1969-3259521/) . High Point Enterprise . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Phelps Leather Goods, William and Elizabeth Phelps" (https://www.si.edu/object/archives/components/sova-nmah-ac-0729-ref92?destination=object/archives/sova-nmah-ac-0729) . Smithsonian Institution . Smithsonian . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Local Stories: Meet Thomas Bates of Haverhill" (http://bostonvoyager.com/interview/meet-thomas-bates-t-b-phelps-thomas-bates-northeast-haverhill/) . Boston Voyager Magazine . Boston City Guide. 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2022 . 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Turkish-British fashion designer (born 1990) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( May 2022 ) Dilara Fındıkoğlu Born ( 1990-09-05 ) 5 September 1990 (age 33) Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Education Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2015–present Label Dilara Findikoglu Website shop (https://shop.dilarafindikoglu.com/) .dilarafindikoglu (https://shop.dilarafindikoglu.com/) .com (https://shop.dilarafindikoglu.com/) Dilara Fındıkoğlu (born September 5, 1990), [1] (#cite_note-1) commonly anglicised (/wiki/Anglicisation) as Dilara Findikoglu ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) d ɪ ˈ l ɑːr ʌ f ən d ə k . oʊ l ʊ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ), is a Turkish-English fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Fındıkoğlu was born and raised in a conservative Muslim (/wiki/Muslims) household in Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) . Her parents are from the city of Kayseri (/wiki/Kayseri) , and her father, a businessman, owns and manages an opticals (/wiki/Opticals) factory with her older siblings. [4] (#cite_note-4) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) Fındıkoğlu developed an affinity for fashion design at an early age. [6] (#cite_note-6) At the age of 19, she moved to London on her own to study fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , [7] (#cite_note-7) and graduated with honors in 2015. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) After being rejected from participating in the school's graduate press show, Fındıkoğlu created Encore CSM, her guerrilla show for Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) design students who were also denied from the show as well. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Career [ edit ] During her studies, Fındıkoğlu worked for Mary Katrantzou (/wiki/Mary_Katrantzou) , Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , and Yazbukey. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) She also interned at Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) under John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , who she considers to be a mentor. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In 2016, Fındıkoğlu opened her London-based fashion label. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Since then, prominent figures such as Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , FKA Twigs (/wiki/FKA_Twigs) , and Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) have worn her creations for red carpets, stages, and other public appearances. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) In 2017, Fındıkoğlu was a semifinalist for the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Prize for Young Fashion Designers. [17] (#cite_note-17) Artistry [ edit ] Religious imagery, mythology (/wiki/Mythology) , occult (/wiki/Occult) symbols, tattoos, social issues, feminism (/wiki/Feminism) , goth culture (/wiki/Goth_subculture) , Victoriana (/wiki/Victoriana) , punk (/wiki/Punk_subculture) , and rock-n-roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) iconography are significant influences on Fındıkoğlu's work and artistry. [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) She also incorporates traditional Turkish embroidery and carpeting techniques into her designs. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) Fındıkoğlu has drawn inspiration from Alejandro Jodorowsky (/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky) , René Guénon (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non) , Dame Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , [18] (#cite_note-18) and Black Sabbath (/wiki/Black_Sabbath) . [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "i-D meets: dilara findikoglu" (https://www.facebook.com/id.co/videos/i-d-meets-dilara-findikoglu/10155715049816874/) (Documentary) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Stansfield, Ted. "Meet Dilara Findikoglu, the Sorceress of British Design" (https://www.anothermanmag.com/style-grooming/10243/meet-dilara-findikoglu-the-sorceress-of-british-design-interview) . Another Man (/wiki/Another_Man) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232918/http://www.anothermanmag.com:80/style-grooming/10243/meet-dilara-findikoglu-the-sorceress-of-british-design-interview?) from the original on 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ a b c d Croft, Claudia (16 November 2019). "Ten Meets Dilara Findikoglu, The Turkish Designer Casting Mythological Fantasies Over London Fashion Week" (https://www.10magazine.com/womenswear/dilara-findikoglu-ten-meets-london/) . 10 Magazine (/wiki/10_Magazine_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210410183729/https://www.10magazine.com/womenswear/dilara-findikoglu-ten-meets-london/) from the original on 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Günel, Ceren (8 August 2019). "The meteoric rise of fashion designer Dilara Fındıkoğlu" (https://www.t-vine.com/the-rise-of-fashion-designer-dilara-findikoglu/) . T-VINE . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Allwood, Emma Hope (20 September 2016). "Exploring Dilara Findikoglu's punk feminist fashion" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/32923/1/exploring-dilara-findikoglus-punk-feminist-fashion-ss17-strip-club) . Dazed . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Weinstock, Tish (25 April 2017). "dilara findikoglu wants to change the world" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/8xgg33/dilara-findikoglu-wants-to-change-the-world) . i-D Magazine . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Paton, Elizabeth (15 September 2023). "London's Buzziest Young Designer Is Sitting Out Fashion Week" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/15/style/dilara-findikoglu-london-fashion-week.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ a b c Stanchieri, Maria (4 May 2023). "There's something about Dilara Findikoglu" (https://www.nssgclub.com/en/fashion/33017/chi-e-dilara-findikoglu) . nss magazine . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Siddall, Liv (15 June 2015). "Is the graduate show dead?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/25047/1/is-the-graduate-show-dead) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150617191731/http://www.dazeddigital.com:80/fashion/article/25047/1/is-the-graduate-show-dead) from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Anderson, Kristin (28 March 2016). "Meet One of Fashion's Most Exciting, Unapologetic Young Talents" (https://www.vogue.com/article/dilara-findikoglu-fashion) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170317202605/http://www.vogue.com/article/dilara-findikoglu-fashion) from the original on 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Dilara Findikoglu" (https://www.lvmhprize.com/designer/dilara-findikoglu/) . LVMH PRIZE (/wiki/LVMH) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170227015016/http://www.lvmhprize.com:80/designer/dilara-findikoglu/) from the original on 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ a b c Bartels, Janine Leah (8 February 2016). "New Threads: Dilara Findikoglu" (https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2016/02/08/new-threads-dilara-findikoglu/) . Wonderland Magazine . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Blasco, Claudia (26 April 2020). "Dilara Findikoglu - Meet her exciting universe" (https://highxtar.com/dilara-findikoglu-meet-her-exciting-universe/?lang=en) . HIGHXTAR . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ a b c Regensdorf, Laura (16 September 2017). "Meet the Turkish Designer With a Taste for Red Lipstick, Black Sabbath, and Queen Elizabeth I" (https://www.vogue.com/article/designer-dilara-findikoglu-red-lipstick-london-fashion-week) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170917025036/https://www.vogue.com/article/designer-dilara-findikoglu-red-lipstick-london-fashion-week) from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Selçuk, Gülin (3 March 2019). "Dilara Fındıkoğlu - Geçmişin Geleceğinde" (http://fashionziner.com/2019/03/03/dilara-findikoglu-gecmisin-geleceginde/) . Fashionziner (in Turkish). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403094824/http://fashionziner.com:80/2019/03/03/dilara-findikoglu-gecmisin-geleceginde/) from the original on 3 April 2019 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Hyland, Véronique. "Meet The London Upstart Designing Corsets for Rihanna and Lady Gaga" (https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/designer-dilara-findikoglu-is-re-inventing-the-corset.html) . The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181113171404/https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/designer-dilara-findikoglu-is-re-inventing-the-corset.html) from the original on 13 November 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Isaac-Goizé, Tina (23 February 2017). "The LVMH Prize Reveals Its 2017 Short List" (https://www.vogue.com/article/lvmh-prize-2017-short-list-announcement) . Vogue . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Venkatesh, Nishta (13 July 2020). "Norm Distortion: Dilara Findikoglu" (https://www.unpublishedzine.com/fashion-beauty/norm-distortion-dilara-findikoglu) . Unpublished Magazine . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://shop.dilarafindikoglu.com/) This British biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilara_F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu&action=edit) . v t e This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Women's perfume by Chanel Coco Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Category Amber (/wiki/Amber) floral (/wiki/Floral_scent) Designed for Women Top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Mandarin (/wiki/Mandarin_orange) Heart notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Jasmine (/wiki/Jasmine) Ylang-Ylang (/wiki/Cananga_odorata) Orange Blossom (/wiki/Orange_blossom) Base notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Patchouli (/wiki/Patchouli) Tonka Bean (/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata) Benzoin (/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)) Released 1984 ; 40 years ago ( 1984 ) Label Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Perfumer(s) Jacques Polge (/wiki/Jacques_Polge) Concentration Eau de Parfum (/wiki/Perfume#Dilution_classes) Flanker(s) (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) Coco Noir Successor Coco Mademoiselle (/wiki/Coco_Mademoiselle) (2001) Website Official website (https://www.chanel.com/gb/fragrance/p/113530/coco-eau-de-parfum-spray/) Coco is a women's perfume by French fashion house Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , introduced in 1984. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue_Paris_-_2008_-_Coco_Chanel,_parfum_mythique_pour_femme-1) It was created by Chanel in-house perfumer Jacques Polge (/wiki/Jacques_Polge) . [2] (#cite_note-Vogue_UK_-_5_July_2013_-_Chanel's_Jacques_Polge_Retires-2) Marketing [ edit ] In 1991, French actress, model and singer Vanessa Paradis (/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis) starred in a commercial for the fragrance covered in black feathers, portraying a bird swinging in a cage. [3] (#cite_note-3) The advert, entitled "L'esprit de Chanel" ("The spirit of Chanel"), was shot by Jean-Paul Goude (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Paris_-_2008_-_Coco_Chanel,_parfum_mythique_pour_femme_1-0) "Coco Chanel, parfum mythique pour femme" (http://www.vogue.fr/thevoguelist/articles/parfum-coco-chanel/8907) . Vogue Paris (in French). 2008 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_UK_-_5_July_2013_-_Chanel's_Jacques_Polge_Retires_2-0) Niven-Phillips, Lisa (5 July 2013). "Chanel's Jacques Polge Retires" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/jacques-polge-retires-as-chanel-fragrace-creator) . Vogue . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) CHANEL (17 September 2012). "COCO, the 1991 Film with Vanessa Paradis – CHANEL Fragrance" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VZvI0_Qj6U) . YouTube . Retrieved 23 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Neel, Julia (31 May 2011). "Style File – Vanessa Paradis" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/style-file-vanessa-paradis) . Vogue . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Frankel, Susannah (2 May 2009). "Scent of a woman: How does Chanel stay top dog in the perfume world?" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/scent-of-a-woman-how-does-chanel-stay-top-dog-in-the-perfume-world-1676219.html) . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . v t e Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Owners Alain Wertheimer (/wiki/Alain_Wertheimer) Gérard Wertheimer (/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Wertheimer) Jacques Wertheimer (/wiki/Jacques_Wertheimer) Pierre Wertheimer (/wiki/Pierre_Wertheimer) Designers Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) Virginie Viard (/wiki/Virginie_Viard) Perfumers Ernest Beaux (/wiki/Ernest_Beaux) Jacques Polge (/wiki/Jacques_Polge) Olivier Polge (/wiki/Olivier_Polge) Henri Robert (/wiki/Henri_Robert) Perfumes Bleu de Chanel (/wiki/Bleu_de_Chanel) Bois des Îles (/wiki/Bois_des_%C3%8Eles) Chanel No. 5 (/wiki/Chanel_No._5) Chanel No. 19 (/wiki/Chanel_No._19) Chanel No. 22 (/wiki/Chanel_No._22) Chanel Chance (/wiki/Chanel_Chance) Coco Coco Mademoiselle (/wiki/Coco_Mademoiselle) Cuir de Russie (/wiki/Cuir_de_Russie) Égoïste (/wiki/%C3%89go%C3%AFste) Garments Little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Jacqueline Kennedy's pink Chanel suit (/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy) Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag (/wiki/Chanel_2.55) Chanel J12 watch (/wiki/Chanel_J12) Films Chanel Solitaire (/wiki/Chanel_Solitaire) Coco Before Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Before_Chanel) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel_(film)) Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (/wiki/Coco_Chanel_%26_Igor_Stravinsky) No. 5 the Film (/wiki/No._5_the_Film) Musical Coco (/wiki/Coco_(musical)) Book The Allure of Chanel (/wiki/The_Allure_of_Chanel) Related Mousse Partners (/wiki/Mousse_Partners) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐r8j55 Cached time: 20240712191956 Cache expiry: 1658405 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.393 seconds Real time usage: 0.834 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 946/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30531/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36464/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.252/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4137497/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 654.808 1 -total 34.07% 223.104 1 Template:Short_description 28.51% 186.695 1 Template:Reflist 23.44% 153.500 3 Template:Cite_news 21.61% 141.501 3 Template:Main_other 20.74% 135.838 1 Template:SDcat 19.18% 125.584 1 Template:Chanel 18.71% 122.519 1 Template:Navbox 17.54% 114.827 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 17.05% 111.644 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40896619-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712191956 and revision id 1123468192. 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Fashion school based in Dharmashala, India National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kannur Campus of NIFT, Kannur. Established 2008 Founder Ministry of Textiles, Government of India Director Col Akhil Kumar Kulshrestha(retd.) Address Dharmasala, Mangattuparamba , Kannur , Kerala , India 11°59′20″N 75°22′46″E / 11.9890°N 75.3794°E / 11.9890; 75.3794 Website http://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/ (http://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/) Location in Kerala National Institute of Fashion Technology Kannur (India) Show map of Kerala Show map of India Show all National Institute of Fashion Technology Kannur known as NIFT Kannur is one of the 18 campuses of NIFT (/wiki/NIFT) , an institution for Fashion, Design, Technology and Management. It is located in the Dharmashala (/wiki/Dharmashala,_Kannur) locality ( Taliparamba (/wiki/Taliparamba) Taluk), outside the city of Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) in Kerala (/wiki/Kerala) , South India (/wiki/South_India) . Location [ edit ] The NIFT (/wiki/NIFT) Centre at Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) is one of the newer additions to the network of existing government-run fashion schools across India (/wiki/India) . It started functioning from June 2008, from a transit campus situated at Dharmashala (/wiki/Dharmashala,_Kannur) , and moved to its permanent campus at Dharmashala in 2011. The campus is about 16 kilometres from Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) Town and 7 kilometres from Taliparamba (/wiki/Taliparamba) Town. Courses [ edit ] NIFT (/wiki/NIFT) , Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) , in parallel with other centres of the institute across India (/wiki/India) , offers four-year undergraduate Bachelor of Design (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Design) and technology and the two-year post-graduate master's degrees in design, Fashion Management and Fashion Technology. Currently, NIFT Kannur is offering five under-graduate and two post-graduate programmes: Bachelors in Textile Design (TD) Bachelors in Knitwear Design (KD) Bachelors in Fashion Design (FD) Bachelors in Fashion Communication (FC) Bachelors in Fashion Technology (B.F.Tech) Masters in Fashion Management (MFM) Masters in Design (M.Des) Students are selected through an intensive common entrance examination process, which consists of two written examinations - GAT (General Ability Test) and the CAT (Creative Ability Test). Based on the scores of these written examinations, select students are invited for a situation test. Post the Situation Test, the final rankings of students at an all India level is released. Students then undergo a counselling process to determine their programme and campus. For the post-graduate courses, a group discussion and a personal interview is conducted based on the final rankings. History [ edit ] NIFT Kannur, India. The National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kannur campus. Photographed in August 2016 All India, the National Institute of Fashion Technology (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology) was set up in 1986 under the aegis of the Ministry of Textiles (/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles) , Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) , and has "emerged as the premier institute of Design, Management and Technology, developing professionals for taking up leadership positions in fashion business in the emerging global scenario." Kannur campus was set up in the 2008. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2008, this campus started functioning with two undergraduate courses—Bachelor of Fashion Technology in Apparel Production and Bachelor of Design in Textile Design—with a combined total of 51 students. [2] (#cite_note-Start-2) Recent work [ edit ] NIFT (/wiki/NIFT) - Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) has been recently involved in a project to revive the khadi (/wiki/Khadi) industry in the region. [3] (#cite_note-3) In September 2016, the campus said it had a high rate of placement in fashion industry establishments across the country, with over 85 per cent of students who had completed their course having got placements through the centralised placement conducted for students of NIFT centres in different parts of the country. [2] (#cite_note-Start-2) Sixty women, it was reported, were to be trained at National Institute of Fashion Technology (/wiki/NIFT) , Kannur (/wiki/Kannur) for ten days in October 2015, under the Vasthra Mandalam scheme to utilise the expertise of over 500 women skilled in designing and tailoring for developing Kozhikode South into a "major hub of (the) apparel industry". [4] (#cite_note-4) Students of the centre, in March 2014 undertook a two-day study of Kalamkari (/wiki/Kalamkari) art in Pedana (/wiki/Pedana) , a town in Krishna (/wiki/Krishna) district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh) . The 20 students, most girls, were in their second of a four-year undergraduate course with specialisation in traditional textiles designs, and observed every aspect of the Kalamkari printing—block-making to applying colour. [5] (#cite_note-5) Senior officials [ edit ] The director is Colonel Akhil Kumar Kulshrestha, while the joint director is Mr. G Ramesh Babu. [6] (#cite_note-Babu-6) Campus [ edit ] The Campus was set up on 10 acres of land, allotted by State Government of Kerala (/wiki/Government_of_Kerala) , under the aegis of Ministry of Textiles (/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles) . [6] (#cite_note-Babu-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "NIFT Kannur" (http://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/) . nift.ac.in . National Institute of Fashion Technology . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "NIFT Kannur records high placement rate" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/NIFT-Kannur-records-high-placement-rate/article14619356.ece) . The Hindu . The Hindu Newspaper. September 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sudhakaran, P. (7 March 2016). "NIFT sees a fashionable future for khadi" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/NIFT-sees-a-fashionable-future-for-khadi/articleshow/51288527.cms) . The Times of India . Times of India . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Kozhikode set to be hub for garment industry" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kozhikode-set-to-be-hub-for-garment-industry/articleshow/49309171.cms) . The Times of India . Times of India. 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "NIFT students take to Kalamkari" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nift-students-take-to-kalamkari/article5831577.ece) . The Hindu . The Hindu newspaper. 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "NIFT Kannur's convocation ceremony on Sept 5 in Dharamshala" (http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160901/2928840.html) . webindia123.com . WebIndia123 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . External links [ edit ] NIFT Kannur website (http://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/142846068) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99002382) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c56477c6d‐vfgp5 Cached time: 20240716030304 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.378 seconds Real time usage: 0.530 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1561/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41279/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33379/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.265/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5293287/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 489.341 1 -total 35.78% 175.092 1 Template:Infobox_university 33.56% 164.211 1 Template:Infobox 27.96% 136.815 1 Template:Reflist 20.74% 101.475 2 Template:Cite_web 16.86% 82.494 1 Template:Authority_control 15.18% 74.297 1 Template:Short_description 14.78% 72.330 14 Template:If_empty 14.32% 70.098 2 Template:Br_separated_entries 12.06% 59.031 1 Template:Coord Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53337457-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716030304 and revision id 1176734799. 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The Levesque triplets are identical triplets (/wiki/Multiple_birth#Triplets) named Andrea Levesque, Athena Levesque, and Arianna Steckler Levesque. They are models, TV personalities and actresses. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] They are recognized by their TV segments on shows such as MTV (/wiki/MTV) , [3] (#cite_note-youtube.com-3) The Drew Barrymore Show (/wiki/The_Drew_Barrymore_Show) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and The Dr. Oz Show (/wiki/The_Dr._Oz_Show) , and for walking as models during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) For their second segment on Good Morning America , the triplets modeled makeup looks by celebrity makeup artist Mario Dedivanovic, Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) 's makeup artist. [6] (#cite_note-6) The triplets modeled looks styled by Hayley Hasselhoff (/wiki/Hayley_Hasselhoff) on Strahan, Sara and Keke (/wiki/Strahan,_Sara_and_Keke) in December 2019. [7] (#cite_note-7) The sisters were cast as "singing triplets" in Halloween Kills (/wiki/Halloween_Kills) , released in October 2021. Andrea, Arianna and Athena have participated in various dating segments including May the Best Twin Win for MTV (/wiki/MTV) , the reboot of Singled Out (also on MTV (/wiki/MTV) ), and Bestie Picks Bae [8] (#cite_note-8) for Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . The triplets modeled gowns styled by Hollywood stylists for E! (/wiki/E!) Live from the Red Carpet Countdown to the Oscars in 2018. The design segment required identical models to create Wonder Woman (/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)) –inspired red carpet looks. Andrea Levesque is a YA LGBT mystery author and voice actress. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2021 she published two books in her Rose and Compass series, There Can Only Be Six , and its sequel, There Can Only Be Blood . [10] (#cite_note-10) The third installment in the series, There Can Only Be Secrets , was released in 2022. Early life [ edit ] The Levesque triplets were born in Boston and raised on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (/wiki/Cape_Cod) . [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) They were born prematurely, two minutes apart. Their parents dressed them the same until first grade. Arianna has a degree in Fashion Design from the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Andrea has a master's degree in School Psychology from Tufts University (/wiki/Tufts_University) . [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Athena has a Master's in Education from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst) . March of Dimes involvement [ edit ] Andrea, Arianna and Athena have been actively volunteering with the March of Dimes (/wiki/March_of_Dimes) since they were born. At 4 years old they served as ambassadors for the March of Dimes and continued volunteering with them as they got older. "The Levesques’ first taste of life in the public eye actually came about years before that, when they had just turned 4 years old and were selected as March of Dimes (/wiki/March_of_Dimes) ambassadors on Cape Cod. [T]he triplets benefited from life-saving treatments developed by the March of Dimes. As preschoolers, they participated in a March of Dimes telethon in Hyannis and appeared at fundraiser walks." [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Present Day [ edit ] In 2023 Arianna married Amanda Steckler Levesque, formerly Amanda Steckler, a music producer who goes by the stage name Blonde Maze. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "These Triplet Models Want to Take This Town by the Throat" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/13/fashion/levesque-triplets-models-new-york-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . February 13, 2018 . Retrieved October 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "La particularité génétique de ces mannequins a fait leur renommée" (https://parismatch.be/lifestyle/mode-mode/121025/la-particularite-genetique-de-ces-mannequins-a-fait-leur-renommee) . Paris Match . March 2, 2018 . Retrieved October 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-youtube.com_3-0) These Triplets Compete On A Red Hot Date | May the Best Twin Win | MTV , retrieved 2019-12-24 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "3 Ways to Wear a Turtleneck" (https://www.thedrewbarrymoreshow.com/videos/3-ways-to-wear-a-turtleneck) . www.thedrewbarrymoreshow.com . 2022-01-20 . Retrieved 2022-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "La particularité génétique de ces mannequins a fait leur renommée" (https://parismatch.be/lifestyle/mode-mode/121025/la-particularite-genetique-de-ces-mannequins-a-fait-leur-renommee/) . parismatch.be (in French). 2018-03-02 . Retrieved 2018-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) America, Good Morning, Celebrity makeup artist Mario Dedivanovic's top three beauty tips , retrieved 2019-06-20 ^ (#cite_ref-7) America, Good Morning, Hayley Hasselhoff's style tips for using 1 dress, 3 ways , retrieved 2019-12-24 ^ (#cite_ref-8) I Let My (Identical Triplet) Sisters Pick My Bae: Ani | Bestie Picks Bae , retrieved 2019-12-24 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Andrea Levesque – Audio Books, Best Sellers, Author Bio | Audible.com . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Thomas, Victoria (2021-09-21). "There Can Only Be Six by Andrea Levesque: Book Review" (https://www.thelesbianreview.com/there-can-only-be-six-levesque/) . The Lesbian Review . Retrieved 2022-03-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d McCormick, Cynthia. "Cape-born triplets expand careers together in NYC spotlight" (https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/local/2019/07/07/triplets-fashion-multiple-roles-in/2710732007/) . capecodtimes.com . Retrieved 2019-07-08 . 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French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever Company type Division of holding company ( LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) ) Industry Consumer goods (/wiki/Consumer_goods) Founded 1984 [1] (#cite_note-sephora-1) Founder Dany Sanz Headquarters Paris, France Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) and beauty (/wiki/Beauty) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) S.A. Website www.makeupforever.com (http://www.makeupforever.com/) Make Up For Ever is a French cosmetics brand owned by LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) . [2] (#cite_note-2) It was created in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Make Up For Ever was founded in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz (/w/index.php?title=Dany_Sanz&action=edit&redlink=1) . It provides cosmetics to many people, including professional make-up artists. LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) acquired the brand in 1999 to expand its make-up services and developed the services to appeal to its customer base. In 2004, Nicolas Cordier was named CEO and formed a manager/creator team with Sanz. The subsequent CEOs included Rachel Marouani (2017-2020), [5] (#cite_note-5) Gabrielle Rodriguez (2020-2023), [6] (#cite_note-6) and Charles-Henri Levaillant (2023-2024). [7] (#cite_note-7) As of 2024, the current CEO is Aline Burelier. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2002, Make Up For Ever Academy started in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and has since expanded to New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , Helsinki (/wiki/Helsinki) and Nice (/wiki/Nice) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-sephora_1-0) "About Sephora" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155533/http://www.sephora.com/help/about_sephora.jhtml) . Sephora. Archived from the original (http://www.sephora.com/help/about_sephora.jhtml) on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wendlant, Astrid; Denis, Pascale (7 October 2013). "Analysis: Brand-hungry LVMH seeks new niche as Vuitton flags" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lvmh-growth-analysis-idUSBRE99503820131007) . Reuters . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sites-MakeUpForEver-US-Site – MAKE UP FOR EVER" (http://www.makeupforever.com/us/en-us/learn/make-artists/dany-sanz) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wellington, Elizabeth (1 August 2013). "Mirror, Mirror: Joy! Make Up For Ever comes to King of Prussia" (http://articles.philly.com/2013-08-01/entertainment/40919009_1_makeup-artist-gina-brooke-creamy-eye-shadows) . philly.com . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ahssen, Sarah. "Rachel Marouani appointed CEO of Make Up For Ever" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Rachel-marouani-appointed-ceo-of-make-up-for-ever,897928.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-07-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Deslandes, Marion. "Make Up For Ever appoints Gabrielle Rodriguez as CEO" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Make-up-for-ever-appoints-gabrielle-rodriguez-as-ceo,1108075.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-07-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Chitrakorn, Kati. "LVMH reshuffles beauty leadership team as competition heats up" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/beauty/lvmh-reshuffles-beauty-leadership-team-as-competition-heats-up) . voguebusiness.com . Retrieved 2024-07-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Make Up For Ever" (https://www.lvmh.com/our-maisons/perfumes-cosmetics/make-up-for-ever) . lvmh.com . LVMH . 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1922 1923 1924 (/wiki/Category:1924_clothing) 1925 1926 (/wiki/Category:1926_clothing) 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 (/wiki/Category:1931_clothing) 1932 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s (/wiki/Category:1900s_clothing) 1910s 1920s (/wiki/Category:1920s_clothing) 1930s (/wiki/Category:1930s_clothing) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐8vq87 Cached time: 20240719053324 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.188 seconds Real time usage: 0.271 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 147/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4230/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 37/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.134/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1012586/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 256.725 1 -total 89.16% 228.907 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 7.25% 18.600 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.69% 12.048 1 Template:Category_other 3.77% 9.683 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.52% 6.471 2 Template:Title_year 0.93% 2.379 1 Template:DECADE 0.91% 2.325 1 Template:Template_other 0.78% 1.998 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54773240-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719053324 and revision id 982830741. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "1927 clothing" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . R Rainbow jersey (/wiki/Rainbow_jersey) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1927_clothing&oldid=982830741 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1927_clothing&oldid=982830741) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1927 works (/wiki/Category:1927_works) 1920s clothing (/wiki/Category:1920s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Kind of overcoat A polo coat , also known as a camel coat , is a men's overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) associated with polo (/wiki/Polo) players in England (/wiki/England) . Camelhair (/wiki/Camelhair) was the fabric at first, but later camelhair and wool (/wiki/Wool) blends became standard due to its higher durability. [1] (#cite_note-Polo_Coat_Guide-1) The terms polo coat and camel coat are thus synonymous. See also [ edit ] Polo cloth (/wiki/Polo_cloth) Overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) Chesterfield coat (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert coat (/wiki/Covert_coat) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Duffle coat (/wiki/Duffle_coat) Pea coat (/wiki/Pea_coat) Trench coat (/wiki/Trench_coat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Polo_Coat_Guide_1-0) Schneider, Sven Raphael (February 3, 2012). "Polo Coat Guide" (http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/polo-coat/) . Gentleman's Gazette . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polo_coat&action=edit) . v t e v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military 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Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe 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United Kingdom portal (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military uniforms of the United Kingdom (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms_of_the_United_Kingdom) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Uniforms of the British Armed Forces (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_British_Armed_Forces) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐m6gm5 Cached time: 20240720192139 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.092 seconds Real time usage: 0.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4249/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 430/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.055/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1414093/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 127.991 1 -total 49.24% 63.018 1 Template:Commonscat 46.41% 59.407 1 Template:Sister_project 44.70% 57.209 1 Template:Side_box 34.25% 43.835 1 Template:Portal 28.26% 36.173 2 Template:If_then_show 16.24% 20.789 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11280775-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720192139 and revision id 908820616. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. B British Army Cap badges (/wiki/Category:British_Army_Cap_badges) (19 F) British Army unit badges (/wiki/Category:British_Army_unit_badges) (16 F) Pages in category "British military uniforms" The following 35 pages are in this category, out of 35 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Uniforms of the British Armed Forces (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_British_Armed_Forces) A Aiguillette (/wiki/Aiguillette) Albert shako (/wiki/Albert_shako) Ammunition boot (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) B Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) British Army mess dress (/wiki/British_Army_mess_dress) Uniforms of the British Army (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_British_Army) British Army uniform and equipment in World War I (/wiki/British_Army_uniform_and_equipment_in_World_War_I) British Battledress (/wiki/British_Battledress) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) C Cap badge (/wiki/Cap_badge) D Denison smock (/wiki/Denison_smock) Disruptive Pattern Material (/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material) Divisional insignia of the British Army (/wiki/Divisional_insignia_of_the_British_Army) F Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) G Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) H Higher formation insignia of the British Army (/wiki/Higher_formation_insignia_of_the_British_Army) I Brigade insignia of the British Army (/wiki/Brigade_insignia_of_the_British_Army) K Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) M Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) List of equipment of the British Army (/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_British_Army) Multi-Terrain Pattern (/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern) P Personal Clothing System (/wiki/Personal_Clothing_System) R Red coat (military uniform) (/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)) Regimental tartan (/wiki/Regimental_tartan) Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries (/wiki/Royal_Navy_ranks,_rates,_and_uniforms_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries) S Service Dress (British Army) (/wiki/Service_Dress_(British_Army)) Smock Parachutist DPM (/wiki/Smock_Parachutist_DPM) Stable belt (/wiki/Stable_belt) T Tactical recognition flash (/wiki/Tactical_recognition_flash) U Uniforms of the Royal Air Force (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Air_Force) Uniforms of the Royal Marines (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Marines) Uniforms of the Royal Navy (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Navy) V Vista All Terrain Pattern (/wiki/Vista_All_Terrain_Pattern) W Windproof smock (/wiki/Windproof_smock) Media in category "British military uniforms" This category contains only the following file. Admiral Sir Angus.jpg (/wiki/File:Admiral_Sir_Angus.jpg) 266 × 374; 12 KB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_military_uniforms&oldid=908820616 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_military_uniforms&oldid=908820616) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms) Military equipment of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_United_Kingdom) British uniforms (/wiki/Category:British_uniforms) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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South Korean DJ and record producer In this Korean name (/wiki/Korean_name) , the family name is Kim (/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)) . Peggy Gou 페기 구 Gou in Naples (/wiki/Naples,_Italy) , 2019 Background information Birth name Kim Min-ji ( 김민지 ) Born ( 1991-07-03 ) 3 July 1991 (age 33) [1] (#cite_note-1) Incheon (/wiki/Incheon) , South Korea Origin Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Germany Genres Deep house (/wiki/Deep_house) dance minimal trance (/wiki/Minimal_trance) electronic (/wiki/Electronic_music) house (/wiki/House_music) tech house (/wiki/Tech_house) Occupation(s) DJ singer songwriter record producer Years active 2014–present Labels Ninja Tune (/wiki/Ninja_Tune) Phonica (/wiki/The_Vinyl_Factory#Fact_and_Phonica) Gudu Records XL (/wiki/XL_Recordings) Musical artist Kim Min-ji ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 김민지 ; RR (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) : Gim Minji ; born 3 July 1991), known as Peggy Gou ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˌ p ɛ ɡ i ˈ ɡ uː / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) PEG -ee GOO ; 페기 구 ; Pegi Gu ), is a South Korean DJ, singer, songwriter and record producer based in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Germany. She has released seven EPs (/wiki/Extended_play) on record labels including Ninja Tune (/wiki/Ninja_Tune) and Phonica (/wiki/The_Vinyl_Factory#Fact_and_Phonica) . In 2019, she launched her own independent record label named Gudu Records, and released a DJ-Kicks (/wiki/DJ-Kicks) compilation titled DJ-Kicks: Peggy Gou (/wiki/DJ-Kicks:_Peggy_Gou) , through !k7 (/wiki/Studio_!K7) Records. Her debut album I Hear You (/wiki/I_Hear_You) was released on 7 June 2024 through XL Recordings (/wiki/XL_Recordings) . Early life and education [ edit ] Peggy Gou was born Kim Min-ji in Incheon (/wiki/Incheon) , South Korea, on 3 July 1991. Her father, Kim Chang-yong, is a former journalist, a professor of mass communication (/wiki/Mass_communication) at Inje University (/wiki/Inje_University) and standing commissioner of the Korea Communications Commission (/wiki/Korea_Communications_Commission) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Gou began classical piano lessons at age eight. [6] (#cite_note-6) At age 14, her parents sent her to London, England, to study English. She moved back to Korea when she was 18 years old, but six months later she returned to London to study fashion at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) . After graduating, she worked as the London correspondent editor for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Korea , and then moved to Berlin, Germany. [7] (#cite_note-auto1-7) [8] (#cite_note-auto-8) Career [ edit ] Gou was taught to DJ in 2009 by her friend from Korea. She had her first gig in Cirque Le Soir, Soho (/wiki/Soho) , and later performed weekly at The Book Club, East London (/wiki/East_London) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2013, she learned to use Ableton Live (/wiki/Ableton_Live) and began to create her own tracks. Her first track, "Hungboo", was completed in 2014. [7] (#cite_note-auto1-7) "Hungboo" was named for the hero of a Korean fairy tale. She played the track in Korea for the first time at the 2016 Style Icon Awards (/wiki/Style_Icon_Awards) opening show, featuring award-winning actor Yoo Ah-in (/wiki/Yoo_Ah-in) in a visual art video. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Gou made her recording debut in January 2016 on Radio Slave's Rekids (/wiki/Rekids) label with The Art of War Part 1 , featuring a remix from Galcher Lustwerk. [12] (#cite_note-12) She next released four EPs (/wiki/Extended_play) [13] (#cite_note-:0-13) including Seek for Maktoop , with hit track "It Makes You Forget (Itgehane)". [14] (#cite_note-14) Maktoop was named after the Arabic word "maktoob", the equivalent to "written" or "destiny". [15] (#cite_note-15) This was followed by the EPs Once (/wiki/Once_(EP)) in 2018, and Moment (/wiki/Moment_(EP)) in April 2019. [16] (#cite_note-:1-16) Once is the first time she has sung on a record. [17] (#cite_note-17) Peggy Gou performing at Primavera Sound (/wiki/Primavera_Sound) 2019 In 2017, Gou embarked on her first North American tour and made her Boiler Room (/wiki/Boiler_Room_(music_broadcaster)) debut in New York City. [18] (#cite_note-18) She became the first Korean DJ to play in Berlin's nightclub Berghain (/wiki/Berghain) . [19] (#cite_note-19) She plays more than one hundred live gigs in a year and has performed alongside the likes of Moodymann (/wiki/Moodymann) , The Blessed Madonna (/wiki/The_Black_Madonna) and DJ Koze (/wiki/DJ_Koze) . She has since played gigs as a part of worldwide festival lineups including Coachella (/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) , Glastonbury (/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival) , Sonus in Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) , Amsterdam's Dekmantel, London's Printworks (/wiki/Printworks_(London)) , Ibiza (/wiki/Ibiza) , Amsterdam Dance Event (/wiki/Amsterdam_Dance_Event) , Primavera Sound (/wiki/Primavera_Sound) in Portugal, Barcelona's Sónar (/wiki/S%C3%B3nar) , as well as Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) 's Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) fashion show among others. [20] (#cite_note-20) [8] (#cite_note-auto-8) [21] (#cite_note-21) In an Interview with Vice , she stated that she preferred to stay out of politics and would just perform for the people who want to hear her music. [22] (#cite_note-22) Gou released her music on record labels Ninja Tune (/wiki/Ninja_Tune) and Phonica (/wiki/The_Vinyl_Factory#Fact_and_Phonica) in 2018. [23] (#cite_note-23) That same year, "It Makes You Forget (Itgehane)" won Best Track at the AIM Independent Music Awards (/wiki/AIM_Independent_Music_Awards) . [24] (#cite_note-24) "It Makes You Forget (Itgehane)" was also listed on the tracklist for FIFA 19 (/wiki/FIFA_19) . [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2019, Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) named Gou as one of the Asian leaders, pioneers and entrepreneurs under age 30. [26] (#cite_note-26) She launched her own fashion label KIRIN ("giraffe" in Korean), supported by Virgil Abloh, under the New Guards Group (/wiki/New_Guards_Group) in February, [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) followed by her own independent record label, Gudu Records (gudu means "shoes" in Korean) in March. [16] (#cite_note-:1-16) She has stated that she launched Gudu to give artists starting out better opportunities and treatment than she received at the beginning of her career. [30] (#cite_note-30) She next released DJ-Kicks: Peggy Gou (/wiki/DJ-Kicks:_Peggy_Gou) , the 69th installment of !K7 (/wiki/Studio_!K7) 's DJ-Kicks (/wiki/DJ-Kicks) mix compilation in June. The album became her first Billboard chart (/wiki/Billboard_charts) appearance, reaching number nine on the Dance/Electronic Album Sales chart, and the second compilation to reach the top 10 after Moodymann (/wiki/Moodymann) 's. [31] (#cite_note-31) In July, Gou released her first music video for her hit 2019 track "Starry Night" exclusively on Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) , directed by Jonas Lindstroem, and once again featured Yoo Ah-in (/wiki/Yoo_Ah-in) , the lead actor in the award-winning South Korean film, Burning (/wiki/Burning_(2018_film)) . [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) The music video was released worldwide on YouTube in September 2019. [34] (#cite_note-34) In December 2020, Gou joined Apple Music's New Year's Eve DJ Mixes with 21 other electronic music artists. [35] (#cite_note-35) She next released her seventh single "Nabi" in June 2021, featuring Oh Hyuk (/wiki/Oh_Hyuk) from Korean indie (/wiki/Korean_indie) rock band Hyukoh (/wiki/Hyukoh) , [36] (#cite_note-36) followed by a tribute to her teenage years, " I Go (/wiki/I_Go) ", that she called "My own reimagination of the sounds I grew up loving." [37] (#cite_note-37) In June 2023, Gou released " (It Goes Like) Nanana (/wiki/(It_Goes_Like)_Nanana) " through XL Recordings (/wiki/XL_Recordings) , featuring a sample from André Tanneberger (/wiki/ATB_(DJ)) ’s 1998 song " 9 PM (Till I Come) (/wiki/9_PM_(Till_I_Come)) ". [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) It was the lead single from her debut album, I Hear You (/wiki/I_Hear_You) , which was released on 7 June 2024. "I Believe In Love Again" with Lenny Kravitz was released as the second single from the album in November 2023, [40] (#cite_note-40) followed by "1+1=11" in April 2024. Discography [ edit ] Studio albums [ edit ] List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions Title Details Peak chart positions BEL (/wiki/Ultratop) (FL) (/wiki/Ultratop) [41] (#cite_note-41) FRA (/wiki/SNEP) [42] (#cite_note-FRA-42) LTU (/wiki/AGATA_(organization)) [43] (#cite_note-43) SCO (/wiki/Scottish_Albums_Chart) [44] (#cite_note-UK-44) SWI (/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade) [45] (#cite_note-SWI-45) UK (/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart) [44] (#cite_note-UK-44) US (/wiki/Heatseekers_charts) Heat. (/wiki/Heatseekers_charts) [46] (#cite_note-46) US (/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums) Dance (/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums) [47] (#cite_note-47) I Hear You (/wiki/I_Hear_You) Released: 7 June 2024 Label: XL (/wiki/XL_Recordings) Formats: CD, digital download, streaming (/wiki/Streaming_media) , vinyl (/wiki/LP_record) 55 188 37 5 83 39 15 14 DJ mixes [ edit ] DJ-Kicks: Peggy Gou (/wiki/DJ-Kicks:_Peggy_Gou) (2019) Extended plays [ edit ] Art of War (2016) Day Without Yesterday / Six O Six (2016) [48] (#cite_note-48) Art of War (Part II) (2016) Seek for Maktoop (2016) Once (/wiki/Once_(EP)) (2018) Moment (/wiki/Moment_(EP)) (2019) Singles [ edit ] List of singles as a lead artist, with selected chart positions and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album AUS (/wiki/ARIA_Charts) [49] (#cite_note-49) FRA (/wiki/SNEP) [42] (#cite_note-FRA-42) GER (/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts) [50] (#cite_note-50) IRE (/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart) [51] (#cite_note-51) ITA (/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana) [52] (#cite_note-52) NLD (/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100) [53] (#cite_note-NLD-53) SWI (/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade) [45] (#cite_note-SWI-45) UK (/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart) [44] (#cite_note-UK-44) US (/wiki/Hot_Dance/Electronic_Songs) Dance (/wiki/Hot_Dance/Electronic_Songs) [54] (#cite_note-54) WW (/wiki/Billboard_Global_200) [55] (#cite_note-55) "Day Without Yesterday" 2016 — — — — — — — — — — Day Without Yesterday / Six O Six "Six O Six" — — — — — — — — — — "It Makes You Forget (Itgehane)" 2018 — — — — — — — — — — Once "Han Jan" — — — — — — — — — — "Travelling Without Arriving" — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Starry Night" 2019 — — — — — — — — — — BPI (/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry) : Silver [56] (#cite_note-BPI-56) FIMI (/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana) : Gold [57] (#cite_note-FIMI-57) Moment "Nabi" (featuring Oh Hyuk (/wiki/Oh_Hyuk) ) 2021 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single " I Go (/wiki/I_Go) " — — — — — — — — 39 — I Hear You (/wiki/I_Hear_You) " (It Goes Like) Nanana (/wiki/(It_Goes_Like)_Nanana) " 2023 32 19 39 3 11 1 7 5 5 33 ARIA (/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association) : Platinum [58] (#cite_note-ARIA23-58) BPI: Platinum [56] (#cite_note-BPI-56) FIMI: 2× Platinum [57] (#cite_note-FIMI-57) NVPI (/wiki/NVPI) : Platinum [59] (#cite_note-NVPI-59) SNEP (/wiki/SNEP) : Gold [60] (#cite_note-SNEP-60) "I Believe in Love Again" (with Lenny Kravitz (/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz) ) — — — — — — — — 50 — "1+1=11" 2024 — — — — — — — — — — "Lobster Telephone" — — — — — — — — — — "Back to One" — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Awards and nominations [ edit ] Awards and nominations for Peggy Gou Award Year Nominee(s) Category Result Ref. BBC Sound of... (/wiki/Sound_of...#2020s) 2024 Herself Sound of 2024 Third [61] (#cite_note-61) International Dance Music Awards (/wiki/International_Dance_Music_Awards) 2019 "It Makes You Forget" Best Song (Electronic) Nominated [62] (#cite_note-62) Herself Breakthrough Artist of the Year Best House Artist (Female) 2020 [63] (#cite_note-63) "Starry Night" Best Song (Electronic) Music Week Awards (/wiki/Music_Week) 2023 Magnum #ClassicsRemixed Music & Brand Partnership [64] (#cite_note-64) UK Music Video Awards (/wiki/UK_Music_Video_Awards) 2019 (/wiki/2019_UK_Music_Video_Awards) "Starry Night" Best Color Grading in a Video [65] (#cite_note-65) DJ Magazine Top 100 DJs [ edit ] Year Position Notes Ref. 2019 80 New Entry [66] (#cite_note-66) 2020 69 Up 11 2021 38 Up 31 2022 24 Up 14 2023 9 Up 15 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Peggy Gou" (https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=mtp_sug.top&where=m&query=peggy+gou&acq=peggy&acr=0&qdt=0#api=%3Fwhere%3Dbridge%26sm%3Dmtb_etc%26query%3D페기%20구%26tab_prs%3Dcsa%26col_prs%3Dcsa%26format%3Dtext%26tab%3Dprofile%26nqx_theme%3D%7B%22theme%22%20%3A%20%7B%22main%22%20%3A%20%7B%22name%22%3A%22people_gen%22%2C%20%22os%22%20%3A%209628462%2C%20%22pkid%22%20%3A%201%7D%7D%7D%26u1%3DPeopleMobileDetailEndPage&_lp_type=cm) . 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Retrieved 18 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-NVPI_59-0) "Dutch certifications – Peggy Gou" (https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/) (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers (/wiki/NVPI) . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . Enter Peggy Gou in the "Artiest of titel" box. ^ (#cite_ref-SNEP_60-0) "French certifications – Peggy Gou" (http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Tout&interprete=Peggy+Gou&titre=) (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique) . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Savage, Mark (5 January 2024). "The Last Dinner Party win BBC Radio 1's Sound Of 2024" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-67880301) . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "IDMA 2019 Nominees & Winners" (https://wintermusicconference.com/idma-2019-winners/) . Wintermusicconference.com . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "WMC – 34th Annual International Dance Music Awards" (https://wintermusicconference.com/idma/) . Wintermusicconference.com . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Music Week Awards 2024" (https://www.musicweekawards.com/24) . Musicweekawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "UK Music Video Awards 2019: all the winners! | News" (https://www.promonews.tv/news/2019/10/23/uk-music-video-awards-2019-all-winners/61521) . Promonews.tv . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Peggy Gou Top 100 DJ Mag in 2023" (https://djmag.com/top100djs/2023/9/Peggy-Gou) . Djmag.com . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . v t e Peggy Gou Albums I Hear You (/wiki/I_Hear_You) (2024) DJ mixes DJ-Kicks: Peggy Gou (/wiki/DJ-Kicks:_Peggy_Gou) (2019) Extended plays Once (/wiki/Once_(EP)) (2018) Moment (/wiki/Moment_(EP)) (2019) Singles " I Go (/wiki/I_Go) " " (It Goes Like) Nanana (/wiki/(It_Goes_Like)_Nanana) " Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000465541975) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/1804156858477049780006) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWV3JXDwvggTmyjfxFKd) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1194346901) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c41d78d-9dd5-430d-81ea-286052158293) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jh4pj Cached time: 20240713103421 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.006 seconds Real time usage: 1.205 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5588/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 161587/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4752/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 267923/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.648/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 26220735/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1098.384 1 -total 43.72% 480.176 1 Template:Reflist 32.09% 352.429 56 Template:Cite_web 27.21% 298.898 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 25.30% 277.904 1 Template:Infobox 12.84% 141.060 3 Template:Lang 7.62% 83.729 2 Template:Short_description 6.15% 67.554 1 Template:Peggy_Gou 5.81% 63.867 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 5.02% 55.193 5 Template:Cite_certification Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60451195-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713103421 and revision id 1234247903. 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Chinese model Amber Zhaoyang Wang Alma mater Penn State University Occupation High Fashion Model Known for Modelling Website www (https://www.amberwangwzy.com) .amberwangwzy (https://www.amberwangwzy.com) .com (https://www.amberwangwzy.com) Amber Zhaoyang Wang is a high fashion (/wiki/Haute_couture) model. Career [ edit ] Zhaoyang born and raised in Luoyang, Henan (/wiki/Luoyang) , China. She moved to US for studies but dropped out of Wilkes University (/wiki/Wilkes_University) and came back to China and started Warrior Education, an English training agency in China and became its CEO at the age of 19. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Later, she moved back to the United States to complete her degree from Penn State University (/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University) in the communication of art and science. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She has been featured on the cover of publications including Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , [3] (#cite_note-3) L'Official and has appeared in Vanity Teen (/wiki/Vanity_Teen) , [4] (#cite_note-4) NYFW (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) model for China Vogue, China Fashion Cosmopolitan and GQ (/wiki/GQ) among others. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) Zhaoyang Wang was also featured on model.com [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Asian Model Amber Zhaoyang Wang Debuts on model.com" (https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/asian-model-amber-zhaoyang-wang-085945937.html) . ca.movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2021-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) FWO (2021-03-01). "Amber Wang: Do Well, Live Well, And Dress Really Well" (https://fashionweekonline.com/amber-wang-do-well-live-well-and-dress-really-well) . Fashion Week Online® . Retrieved 2021-10-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Người mẫu – Diễn viên Amber Wang: 19 tuổi đã tự thành lập công ty riêng" (https://bazaarvietnam.vn/nhan-vat/amber-wang/) . Harper's Bazaar Việt Nam (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2021-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Teen, Vanity. "Nostagia NYC By Kyl Zhiyu Qu Vanity Teen 虚荣青年 Menswear & New Faces Magazine" (https://www.vanityteen.com/nostagia-nyc-by-kyl-zhiyu-qu/) . www.vanityteen.com . Retrieved 2021-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Luxury Lifestyle List: Amber ZhaoYang Wang, the hugely successful high fashion model | Luxury Lifestyle Magazine" (https://www.luxurylifestylemag.co.uk/the-luxury-lifestyle-list/the-luxury-lifestyle-list-amber-zhaoyang-wang-the-hugely-successful-high-fashion-model/) . 2021-06-21 . Retrieved 2021-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "StackPath" (https://models.com/models/amber-zhaoyang-wang) . models.com . Retrieved 2021-10-25 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.amberwangwzy.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐hmr45 Cached time: 20240722165225 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.240 seconds Real time usage: 0.314 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1847/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1029/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24335/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.176/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5092978/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 301.487 1 -total 38.44% 115.906 1 Template:Infobox_model 36.26% 109.322 1 Template:Reflist 31.32% 94.428 6 Template:Cite_web 22.10% 66.638 1 Template:Short_description 12.44% 37.494 2 Template:Pagetype 10.23% 30.838 19 Template:Main_other 6.42% 19.367 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.05% 15.219 1 Template:SDcat 3.21% 9.670 1 Template:Wikidata_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68904643-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165225 and revision id 1140885779. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amber_Zhaoyang_Wang&oldid=1140885779 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amber_Zhaoyang_Wang&oldid=1140885779) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Chinese models (/wiki/Category:Chinese_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Luoyang (/wiki/Category:People_from_Luoyang) Hidden categories: CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Official website not in Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
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Make-up Artist Anete Salinieka Born Anete Salinieka ( 1990-08-08 ) 8 August 1990 (age 33) Latvia Education London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Occupation Make-up artist Website https://anete.studio (https://anete.studio) Anete Salinieka (born August 8, 1990) is a make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) from London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_4-1) Early life [ edit ] Born and raised in Latvia, she began her creative journey by enrolling in art school (/wiki/Art_school) at 16, with a focus on fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and styling (/wiki/Design) . However, the potential for artistic expression through make-up (/wiki/Make-up) remained a source of intrigue for her and she began working as a make-up artist alongside her studies, at age 17. [2] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_1-2) [3] (#cite_note-Spice_Life-3) In 2011 Salinieka moved to London to study fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) . Upon her graduation, Salinieka made the decision to fully immerse herself in the world of make-up, and she began assisting established artists like Isamaya Ffrench (/wiki/Isamaya_Ffrench) and Peter Philips (/wiki/Peter_Philips_(make-up_artist)) . [4] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_6-4) Career [ edit ] Salinieka has worked on fashion and beauty editorials for several notable publications, including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) and Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . [5] (#cite_note-L'Officiel_Baltic-5) [6] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_3-6) Names such as Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Document Journal, Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) , AnOther (/wiki/AnOther) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T_(magazine)) , HTSI - Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) , Wonderland (/wiki/Wonderland_(magazine)) and Material Magazine are among the other publications that feature her work. [7] (#cite_note-Dazed_Beauty-7) [8] (#cite_note-T_Magazine-8) [9] (#cite_note-models.com-9) Her editorial and campaign collaborations encompass clients like Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Bally (/wiki/Bally_(fashion_house)) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry_(company)) , and Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) . [3] (#cite_note-Spice_Life-3) [9] (#cite_note-models.com-9) In 2020, Salinieka was the lead make-up artist for Dior Men's Spring/Summer 2021 digital presentation (directed and shot by Jackie Nickerson) that was revealed online due to the pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [10] (#cite_note-LIFE-10) [11] (#cite_note-AnOther-11) [9] (#cite_note-models.com-9) She is a frequent collaborator, known for partnering with beauty brands such as Byredo (/wiki/Byredo) , Rose Inc, Isamaya Beauty, and Browns (/wiki/Browns_(fashion_boutique)) , to create social media (/wiki/Social_media) content that showcases tutorials (/wiki/Tutorial) and images (/wiki/Image) directed by herself. [9] (#cite_note-models.com-9) [12] (#cite_note-Browns_Fashion-12) [13] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_7-13) In July 2021, Salinieka was featured in Rose Inc's Artist in Residency series, where she devoted four weeks to creating a series of self-portraits showcasing her distinctive make-up styles. [2] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_1-2) [6] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_3-6) [14] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_8-14) [4] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_6-4) She returned for another residency (/wiki/Artist-in-residence) month at Rose Inc, again in June 2022. [15] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_2-15) [13] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_7-13) [1] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_4-1) She has served as a guest contributor, authoring articles about beauty, skincare and make-up trends, and sharing her expertise on make-up techniques in printed and digital publications like L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) and Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) . [16] (#cite_note-L'Officiel_Baltic_2-16) [17] (#cite_note-L'Officiel_Baltic_3-17) [18] (#cite_note-L'Officiel_Baltic_4-18) [19] (#cite_note-Allure-19) Salinieka's work as a make-up artist extends to music videos (/wiki/Music_video) , where she has collaborated with various artists, including Yves Tumor (/wiki/Yves_Tumor) , Razorlight (/wiki/Razorlight) , Hot Chip (/wiki/Hot_Chip) , Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , Jessie Ware (/wiki/Jessie_Ware) , Franz Ferdinand (/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)) , These New Puritans (/wiki/These_New_Puritans) , Sons of Raphael (/wiki/Sons_of_Raphael) , Yxng Bane (/wiki/Yxng_Bane) , Ashnikko (/wiki/Ashnikko) , Kojey Radical (/wiki/Kojey_Radical) , Áine Cahill (/wiki/%C3%81ine_Cahill) , and Flo Morrissey (/wiki/Flo_Morrissey) . [20] (#cite_note-Promonews-20) Artistry [ edit ] Salinieka is known for her ability to produce make-up looks that seamlessly blend vintage inspiration with contemporary relevance. [21] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_5-21) [22] (#cite_note-MÁDARA-22) [23] (#cite_note-MÁDARA_2-23) "Primarily inspired by ‘ 60s (/wiki/60s) - ‘ 80s (/wiki/80s) makeup, the burgeoning artist sources inspiration from all mediums. “Aside from drawing inspiration or referencing already existing beauty moments, I often look at other types of art (/wiki/Art) , such as painting (/wiki/Painting) or sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture) or even music (/wiki/Music) ,” Anete says. “These sources can transform into new ideas, whether it’s a color combo or simply a feeling (/wiki/Feeling) , that then transform into a beauty look.” " [15] (#cite_note-Rose_Inc_2-15) She acknowledges that various sources, ranging from old beauty adverts (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) to vintage (/wiki/Vintage) cookbooks (/wiki/Cookbook) , can inspire her when it comes to selecting colors, revealing that seemingly unrelated things can unexpectedly spark new ideas for beauty looks. [10] (#cite_note-LIFE-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist in Residency: Anete Salinieka's Bronze Monochromatic Makeup" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/tutorials/makeup-artist-anete-salinieka-bronze-summer-monochromatic-makeup-tutorial) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist In Residency: Anete Salinieka's Bold Take on a '60s Beauty Advert" (https://www.roseinc.co.uk/blogs/tutorials/makeup-artist-anete-salinieka-bio) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Vītola, Ilze. "Personības: Anete Salinieka" (https://spicelife.lv/personibas/anete-salinieka) . Spice Life . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist In Residency: Anete Salinieka Channels an '80s Sci-Fi Fantasy" (https://www.roseinc.co.uk/blogs/content/pink-80s-makeup-tutorial-anete-salinieka?shpxid=72f2d502-3648-47ec-902b-8fd70fa07e17) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-L'Officiel_Baltic_5-0) Vaite, Ulla (2019). "Sekojot Instinktam". L'Officiel Baltic . Latvia. p. 56. ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist In Residency: Anete Salinieka Masters Colorful Goth" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/content/colorful-goth-makeup-tutorial-anete-salinieka) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dazed_Beauty_7-0) Cadogan, Dominic. "10 cool products to help you survive the heatwave" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/50109/1/10-cool-products-survive-heatwave-face-mask-setting-spray-mist-moisturiser) . Dazed Beauty . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-T_Magazine_8-0) T Magazine. "Sculptural Accessories That Are True to Form" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/t-magazine/fashion/sculptural-accessories-jewelry.html) . The New York Times Style Magazine . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . ^ a b c d "models.com – Anete Salinieka" (https://models.com/people/anete-salinieka) . models.com . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Vītola, Ilze (2020). "The Art of Beauty". LIFE . Latvia. p. 82. ^ (#cite_ref-AnOther_11-0) Stansfield, Ted. "Exclusive: The Latest Dior Men Collection Photographed by Jackie Nickerson" (https://www.anothermag.com/another-man/12682/exclusive-the-latest-dior-men-collection-jackie-nickerson-kim-jones-amoaka-boafo) . AnOther . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Browns_Fashion_12-0) Russell, Sophy Davis. "The Browns Beauty Channel Ft. Anete Salinieka – Episode Ten: "Just The Tips" With Anete" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230612055715/https://www.brownsfashion.com/ru/story/browns-beauty-colourful-makeup-tutorials-anete-salinieka) . Browns Fashion . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist in Residency: Anete Salinieka's Tropical Makeup & Lash Tutorial" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/tutorials/makeup-artist-anete-salinieka-coral-makeup-fake-lash-summer-makeup-tutorial) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rose_Inc_8_14-0) Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist In Residency: Anete Salinieka Modernizes Mod Makeup" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/content/how-to-do-mod-eye-makeup-artist-anete-salinieka) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ a b Lebsack, Lexy. "Artist in Residency: Anete Salinieka's Artistic Take on Rosy Makeup" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/tutorials/makeup-artist-anete-salinieka-crystal-eye-glowing-skin-rosy-blush-tutorial) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-L'Officiel_Baltic_2_16-0) Salinieka, Anete (2019). "Koraļļu Paradīze". L'Officiel Baltic . Latvia. p. 70. ^ (#cite_ref-L'Officiel_Baltic_3_17-0) Salinieka, Anete (2019). "Skaistums no Japānas". L'Officiel Baltic . Latvia. p. 68. ^ (#cite_ref-L'Officiel_Baltic_4_18-0) Salinieka, Anete. "Skaistums no Japānas" (https://www.lofficielbaltic.com/lv/skaistums/skaistums-no-japanas) . L'Officiel Baltic . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Allure_19-0) Abelman, Devon; Hussein, Jennifer. "The 13 Best Brow Pens for Creating a Microblading Effect" (https://www.allure.com/gallery/best-brow-pen-microblading-effect) . Allure . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Promonews_20-0) "Anete Salinieka" (https://www.promonews.tv/profiles/anete-salinieka/33092) . Promonews . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rose_Inc_5_21-0) Higgs, Courtney. "Watch Anete Salinieka Create an Elevated Everyday Makeup Look Perfect for Fall" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/tutorials/anete-salinieka-elevated-everyday-fall-makeup-tutorial) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-MÁDARA_22-0) Brukle, Elina. "Mascara Application is a Big Deal W/ Anete Salinieka" (https://www.madaracosmetics.com/uk/blog/explore-mascara-application-techniques) . MÁDARA . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-MÁDARA_2_23-0) Birzniece, Elza. "An Ode to Spellbinding Makeup: 3 Festive Looks" (https://www.madaracosmetics.com/uk/blog/three-looks-to-inspire-your-festive-transformations) . MÁDARA . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://anete.studio/) Anete Salinieka (https://models.com/people/anete-salinieka) on Models.com Anete Salinieka (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8746476/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_2_q_anete%2520salinieka) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐r5hxx Cached time: 20240623190656 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.413 seconds Real time usage: 0.547 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2509/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39160/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1049/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 87259/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.274/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7344863/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 514.604 1 -total 42.56% 218.991 1 Template:Reflist 34.18% 175.894 19 Template:Cite_web 30.21% 155.442 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.49% 105.453 1 Template:Short_description 13.48% 69.350 17 Template:Main_other 10.20% 52.496 1 Template:SDcat 9.94% 51.152 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.33% 42.864 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.01% 41.216 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74014592-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623190656 and revision id 1218216453. 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Nigerian clothing brand tWIF Clothing Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded 2012 Founder Omotoso Oluwabukunmi Headquarters Ikeja (/wiki/Ikeja) , Lagos State (/wiki/Lagos_State) , Nigeria Number of locations 2 Stores, (Lekki and Ikeja, Lagos) Area served Nigeria Products Clothing Number of employees 30+ Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) tWIF Website https://twif.com.ng/ (https://twif.com.ng/) TWIF Clothing stylized as tWIF Clothing is a Nigerian clothing brand [1] (#cite_note-1) and one of Africa's (/wiki/Africa) leading clothing brands [2] (#cite_note-2) that specialises in bespoke and ready to wear apparel for celebrities, [3] (#cite_note-3) businesses and other organizations, as well as clothing products such as shirts, suits, native attire, and pants. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] tWIF Clothing was launched in September 2012 by Omotoso Oluwabukunmi while studying economics at Babcock University, Ogun State, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) tWIF is an acronym for THE WAY IT FITS .The company has two branch locations across the country and has more than 30 employees. [8] (#cite_note-8) tWIF clothing started gaining recognition in 2015, and was listed among the top 5 Emerging Nigerian Fashion/Clothing Brands to Look out for in 2015 by a Nigerian newspaper Dailytimes (/wiki/Daily_Times_(Nigeria)) . [9] (#cite_note-9) On July 4, 2020, tWIF Clothing made online Runway Debut and unveiled its collection titled Deluxè by tWIF. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) They got nationwide recognition in the fashion industry when Mike Edward's outfit won best-dressed at the 2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (/wiki/Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards) with tWIF apparel. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) On March 3, 2020, tWIF Clothing made a Custom-made blazer and pants in ivory damask with cowries for Davido (/wiki/Davido) in his music video titled 1 mili, [14] (#cite_note-14) which became the internet sensation and was featured in Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) . [15] (#cite_note-15) tWIF Clothing has also created the outfits and styles for the television series Battleground , Zlatan (/wiki/Zlatan_(musician)) ’s Bolanle music video; and a web series, Skinny Girl in Transit and as well styled a couple of African celebrities including 2Baba (/wiki/2Baba) , Lasisi Elenu (/wiki/Lasisi_Elenu) , Peruzzi, Joseph Yobo (/wiki/Joseph_Yobo) , Mawuli Gavor (/wiki/Mawuli_Gavor) , Diamond Platinum, Falz (/wiki/Falz) , Timini Egbuson (/wiki/Timini_Egbuson) and Kunle Remi. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2023 tWIF Clothing won a national outstanding leadership award from the Southern Youth Assembly Of Nigeria (SYAN). [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Style 2021: Nigerian Brands To Look Out For (1)" (https://independent.ng/style-2021-nigerian-brands-to-look-out-for-1/) . independent . 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "15 most popular Nigerian clothing/fashion brands in 2022" (https://dailytimesng.com/15-most-popular-nigerian-clothing-fashion-brands-in-2022/) . dailytimes . 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "tWIF Clothing, Yomi Casual, Others Top Africa's Clothing Brands For Entertainers" (https://leadership.ng/twif-clothing-yomi-casual-others-top-africas-clothing-brands-for-entertainers/) . leadership . 8 August 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Why TWIF Quintessential Collection Is For 'Sabi Men" (https://independent.ng/why-twif-quintessential-collection-is-for-sabi-men/) . Independent . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Top 5 Nigeria's Widely Recognized Fashion/Clothing Brands In 2020" (https://independent.ng/top-5-nigerias-widely-recognized-fashion-clothing-brands-in-2020/) . independent . 15 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Helping people look good makes me happy –Omotoso" (https://punchng.com/helping-people-look-good-makes-me-happy-omotoso/) . punch . 19 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Omotoso Oluwabukunmi's TWIF Clothing Line Wardrobe Davido's Musical Video" (https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/02/omotoso-oluwabukunmis-twif-clothing-line-wardrobe-davidos-musical-video/) . thisday . 1 May 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "10 Remarkable Facts You Didn't Know About tWIF Clothing" (https://newtelegraphng.com/10-remarkable-facts-you-didnt-know-about-twif-clothing/) . telegraph . 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "5 Emerging Nigerian fashion/clothing brands to look out for in 2015" (https://dailytimesng.com/5-emerging-nigerian-fashion-clothing-brands-to-look-out-for-in-2015/) . dailytimes . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Deluxe By tWIF Makes Online Runway Debut" (https://independent.ng/deluxe-by-twif-makes-online-runway-debut/) . independent . 4 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The "Deluxe" Collection By tWIF is For Every Classic Man" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/twif-deluxe-collection/) . Bellanaja . 1 July 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mike Edwards wins the 2020 AMVCA for best dressed wearing tWIF Clothing" (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mike-edwards-wins-the-2020-amvca-for-best-dressed-wearing-twif-clothing/) . guardian . 15 March 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Mike Edwards wins the 2020 AMVCA for best dressed wearing tWIF Clothing" (https://tribuneonlineng.com/mike-edwards-wins-the-2020-amvca-for-best-dressed-wearing-twif-clothing/) . tribuneonline . 1 June 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "tWIF clothing styles Davido's customised cowrie jacket in '1 Milli' video" (https://sunnewsonline.com/twif-clothing-styles-davidos-customised-cowrie-jacket-in-1-milli-video/) . sunnewsonline . 8 March 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Davido's custom cowrie jacket from tWIF Clothing appeared on Pitchfork" (https://admin.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/15/davidos-custom-cowrie-jacket-from-twif-clothing-appeared-on-pitchfork/) . thisday . 8 August 2020 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "10 African celebrities that have rocked TWIF Clothing brand" (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/10-african-celebrities-that-have-rocked-twif-clothing-brand/) . guardian . 8 August 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "TWIF Clothing gets National leadership awards" (https://thenationonlineng.net/twif-clothing-gets-national-leadership-awards/) . thenation . 28 February 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . External links [ edit ] "Official website" (https://twif.com.ng/) . 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Fictional graphic designer, subject of a hoax Ernst Bettler is a fictional Swiss (/wiki/Switzerland) graphic designer (/wiki/Graphic_designer) . He was invented by Christopher Wilson in a 2000 hoax (/wiki/Hoax) article published in the second issue of Dot Dot Dot (/wiki/Dot_Dot_Dot_(magazine)) , a magazine of visual culture. According to the article, Bettler was asked in the 1950s to design advertisement posters (/wiki/Poster) for Pfäfferli+Huber (P+H), a Swiss pharmaceutical manufacturer. The article states that Bettler knew of the company's involvement in Nazi (/wiki/Nazi) concentration camp (/wiki/Concentration_camp) experiments and decided to accept the commission with the intention of damaging P+H. The four posters he created, Wilson's article recounts, were exemplary works of International Typographic Style (/wiki/International_Typographic_Style) design, advertising P+H drugs such as "Contrazipan". However, according to the article, the posters featured abstract compositions that could be read as capital letters (/wiki/Capital_letters) – spelling out "N - A - Z - I" when displayed in sequence. Wilson's article states that the public outcry that followed the public display of the posters ruined P+H in a matter of weeks. Even though it was highly detailed and featured many photographs and illustrations, the article was a complete fabrication. Ernst Bettler, Pfäfferli+Huber and its drugs do not exist, and neither do the Swiss towns "Sumisdorf" and "Burgwald" that feature in the article – their names are presumably based on the real Swiss towns of Sumiswald (/wiki/Sumiswald) and Burgdorf (/wiki/Burgdorf,_Switzerland) . Nonetheless, the story was well received in graphic design circles. Among others, the September/October 2001 "Graphic Anarchy" issue of Adbusters (/wiki/Adbusters) magazine hailed Bettler's work as "one of the greatest design interventions on record", and the 2002 graphic design textbook Problem Solved by Michael Johnson (/w/index.php?title=Michael_Johnson_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1) covers Bettler as one of the "founding fathers of the ' culture-jamming (/wiki/Culture-jamming) ' form of protest". Wilson's article was first revealed to be false in a 2002 entry in the blog (/wiki/Blog) Lines and Splines (/w/index.php?title=Lines_and_Splines&action=edit&redlink=1) by Andy Crewdson (/w/index.php?title=Andy_Crewdson&action=edit&redlink=1) . The Bettler hoax and its reception was subsequently covered by Rick Poynor (/wiki/Rick_Poynor) in an article in the February 2003 issue of Eye (/wiki/Eye_(magazine)) magazine, as well as by other blogs. References [ edit ] Rick Poynor (/wiki/Rick_Poynor) (2003-02-10). "The 'Ernst Bettler' problem" (http://www.eyemagazine.com/critique.php?cid=210) . Eye (/wiki/Eye_(magazine)) . Michael Bierut (/wiki/Michael_Bierut) (2008-01-08). "Will the Real Ernst Bettler Please Stand Up?" (https://archive.today/20130121181317/http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=6427) . Design Observer (/wiki/Design_Observer) . Archived from the original (http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=6427) on 2013-01-21. 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Argentine artist (born 1973) Jazmín Chebar Jazmín Chebar (born 1973 in Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) ) is an Argentine fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-FandF-1) She owns an eponymous fashion line which retails "relaxed and formal clothes in a French-style boutique". [2] (#cite_note-Froggatt2007-2) Biography [ edit ] Her parents owned the boutique "La Clocharde", a notable fashion landmark in Buenos Aires. [3] (#cite_note-3) After finishing school, Chebar moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where she attended Parsons The New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_The_New_School_for_Design) , obtaining degrees in Fashion Design and Fashion Merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_Merchandising) in 1995. She then worked for Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) and Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Chebar created the costume design for Ashes of Paradise (/wiki/Ashes_of_Paradise) . In March 1997, she opened her first store in Buenos Aires. Two years later, she opened a second store and began exporting to the United States. In 1999, she was a guest at the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [1] (#cite_note-FandF-1) In March 2002, she began a partnership with the fashion entrepreneur Claudio Drescher [5] (#cite_note-PT-5) to create exclusive stores in Latin America, including La Plata (/wiki/La_Plata) , Córdoba (/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina) , Mendoza (/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina) , as well as in Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Bolivia. [5] (#cite_note-PT-5) In 2023, she launched an upcycle (/wiki/Upcycling) collection with Erica Vega. [6] (#cite_note-6) The Telegraph (/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) tagged her "the Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) of BA". [7] (#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk2006-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Buenos Aires designer: Jazmin Chebar, créatrice" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140218222220/http://www.foodandfashion.eu/article-35253988.html) . Food and Fashion . 28 August 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.foodandfashion.eu/article-35253988.html) on 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Froggatt2007_2-0) Froggatt, Charles (January 2007). A Hedonist's Guide to Buenos Aires . A Hedonist's guide to... p. 176. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-905428-08-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Cuatro años después, reabre La Clocharde" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/476746-cuatro-anos-despues-reabre-la-clocharde) . La Nación (/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n) (in Spanish). 27 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "La moda de la calle en el Verano 2014 de Jazmín Chebar" (http://www.blocdemoda.com/2013/09/la-moda-de-la-calle-en-el-verano-2014.html) (in Spanish). Bloc de Moda. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Para ti (in Spanish). 2006. p. 97. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Iñigo, Ayelén (28 November 2023). "Jazmín Chebar y Futuro Verde lanzan en conjunto una colección "Upcycling" de triple impacto" (https://co.fashionnetwork.com/news/Jazmin-chebar-y-futuro-verde-lanzan-en-conjunto-una-coleccion-upcycling-de-triple-impacto,1581014.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk2006_7-0) "The Latin lap of luxury" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/734623/The-Latin-lap-of-luxury.html) . The Telegraph . 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . 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This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LED_tattoo&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A light-emitting diode tattoo is a type of body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) similar to a tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) , but specifically involves implantation of technologically based materials versus traditional ink (/wiki/Ink) injection into the layers of the skin. [1] (#cite_note-1) LED tattoos are accomplished by a combination of silicon (/wiki/Silicon) -silk technology and a miniature lighting device known as a light-emitting diode (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) . While there is potential for many applications in the medical, commercial and personal domains, the technology is still in the development stage. Technological limitations [ edit ] Current medical devices are limited by their isolation from the body and their placement on rigid silicon. [2] (#cite_note-2) Current devices also contain gold (/wiki/Gold) and titanium (/wiki/Titanium) which are required for electrical connections. Both gold and titanium are bio-compatible which means that they will not be rejected by the body as a foreign substance. However, biocompatibility (/wiki/Biocompatibility) is not as preferable as biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable) because the latter does not leave behind any unnecessary materials; so researchers are working on biodegradable contacts to eliminate all remnants but the silicon. The current form of the LED tattoo has been implanted on mice without harm. [3] (#cite_note-3) Research on silicon-silk technology has been conducted at the University of Pennsylvania's (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) Engineering Department. The Royal Philips Electronics (/wiki/Royal_Philips_Electronics) of the Netherlands showed commercial interest in the research of silicon silk technology, specifically LED tattoos as a means to extend the digital experience, or interactivity with the digital product. [4] (#cite_note-4) Development [ edit ] Future LED tattoos may use silicon chips that are around the length of a small grain of rice which has the dimensions of about 1 millimeters and just 250 nanometers (/wiki/Nanometers) thick. [5] (#cite_note-5) The chips are placed on thin films of silk (/wiki/Silk) , which cause the electronics to conform to biological tissue (/wiki/Tissue_(biology)) . This process is aided when saline (/wiki/Saline_(medicine)) solution is added, helping the silicon mold to the shape of the skin. Silk dissolves away over time, which can occur immediately after the operation or over the course of several years, [6] (#cite_note-6) leaving the thin silicon circuits in place. While silicon has not been proven to be biocompatible (/wiki/Biocompatibility) all studies show it to be safe [7] (#cite_note-7) and it has been used in many other medical implant operations including implantation of silicon chips in mice. One potential medical application would be silk-silicon LEDs to create photonic tattoos which would assist in blood-sugar readings. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Biomechanical art (/wiki/Biomechanical_art) OLED (/wiki/OLED) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Murad, Ahmed (2009-12-19). "Microtrends: LED tattoos" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/microtrends-led-tattoos-qg87s2l0tgt) . The Times . London. p. 9. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 320328597 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/320328597) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Quick, Darren (2009-11-12). "Implantable Silicon-Silk electronics could mean LED tattoos" (https://newatlas.com/implantable-electronics/13334/) . New Atlas . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Zuras, Matthew (2009-11-21). "Philip's Interactive LED Tattoos Could Be the Future of Body Art" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120311005942/http://www.switched.com/2009/11/21/moveable-interactive-led-tattoos-may-be-the-next-wave-for-phili/) . Switched . Archived from the original (http://www.switched.com/2009/11/21/moveable-interactive-led-tattoos-may-be-the-next-wave-for-phili/) on 2012-03-11. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Orca, Surfdaddy (2009-11-17). "Tattoo You: Silicon LEDs can act as photonic tattoos that can show blood-sugar readings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100213154501/http://hplusmagazine.com/articles/enhanced/tattoo-you) . h+ Magazine . Archived from the original (http://hplusmagazine.com/articles/enhanced/tattoo-you) on 2010-02-13. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sorrel, Charlie (2009-11-20). "The Illustrated Man: How LED Tattoos Could Make Your Skin a Screen" (https://www.wired.com/2009/11/the-illustrated-man-how-led-tattoos-could-change-the-face-of-humanity/) . Wired . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1059-1028 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028) . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Omenetto, Fiorenzo (March 2011). "Silk, the ancient material of the future" (https://www.ted.com/talks/fiorenzo_omenetto_silk_the_ancient_material_of_the_future?language=en) . TED . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bourzac, Katherine (2009-11-03). "Implantable Silicon-Silk Electronics" (https://www.technologyreview.com/2009/11/03/208434/implantable-silicon-silk-electronics/) . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Estes, Adam Clark (2014-01-06). "The Freaky, Bioelectric Future of Tattoos" (https://gizmodo.com/the-freaky-bioelectric-future-of-tattoos-1494169250) . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . v t e Tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) and tattooing Topics Body art (/wiki/Body_art) Body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) Conventions (/wiki/Tattoo_convention) Flash (/wiki/Flash_(tattoo)) Health effects (/wiki/Health_effects_of_tattoos) History (/wiki/History_of_tattooing) Religious perspectives (/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_tattooing) Removal (/wiki/Tattoo_removal) Types LED Medical (/wiki/Medical_tattoo) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Temporary (/wiki/Temporary_tattoo) Process and technique Artist (/wiki/Tattoo_artist) Cover-up (/wiki/Cover-up_tattoo) Ink (/wiki/Tattoo_ink) UV (/wiki/UV_tattoo) Machine (/wiki/Tattoo_machine) Microblading (/wiki/Microblading) Process of tattooing (/wiki/Process_of_tattooing) Traditions and practices Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Tattooing) Atayal ( Ptasan (/wiki/Atayal_people#Facial_tattoos) ) Bornean (/wiki/Bornean_traditional_tattooing) Filipino ( Batok (/wiki/Batok) ) Māori ( Tā moko (/wiki/T%C4%81_moko) ) Marquesan (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands#Tatu) Mentawai (/wiki/Mentawai_people#Culture_and_lifestyle) Rapa Nui (/wiki/Rapa_Nui_tattooing) Samoan ( Malu (/wiki/Malu) , Peʻa (/wiki/Pe%CA%BBa) ) European Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Sicanje (/wiki/Sicanje) code: hrv promoted to code: hr ) Mainland Asian Burmese ( Htoe kwin (/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar) code: mya promoted to code: my ) Chinese (/wiki/Tattooing_in_China) Khmer/Laos/Thai ( Yantra (/wiki/Yantra_tattooing) ) South Korean (/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea) Japanese Ainu ( Anchi-piri (/wiki/Anchi-piri) ) Yamato ( Irezumi (/wiki/Irezumi) , Horimono (/wiki/Horimono) ) Ryukyuan ( Hajichi (/wiki/Hajichi) ) Middle Eastern Kurdish/Yazidi ( Deq (/wiki/Deq_(tattoo)) ) Native American (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Americas) Inuit ( Kakiniit (/wiki/Kakiniit) code: iku promoted to code: iu , Tavlugun (/wiki/Tavlugun) code: ipk promoted to code: ik ) Osage (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Osage_Nation) Haudenosaunee (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Haudenosaunee_Confederation) North African (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#North_Africa) Ancient Egyptian/Nubian (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Egypt_and_Nubia) Berber (/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco#Tattooing) Coptic (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Copts) Other contexts Animal (/wiki/Animal_tattoo) Branding (/w/index.php?title=Branding_tattoo&action=edit&redlink=1) (sex trafficking) Criminal (/wiki/Criminal_tattoo) Nazi concentration camps (/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_Nazi_concentration_camps) Prison (/wiki/Prison_tattooing) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_tattoos) Tattooed lady (/wiki/Tattooed_lady) Styles and designs Black-and-gray (/wiki/Black-and-gray) Blackout (/wiki/Blackout_tattoo) Chinese calligraphy (/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy_tattoos) Five dots (/wiki/Five_dots_tattoo) Nautical star (/wiki/Nautical_star) New school (/wiki/New_school_(tattoo)) Old school (/wiki/American_traditional) Soundwave (/wiki/Soundwave_tattoos) Teardrop (/wiki/Teardrop_tattoo) Trash polka (/wiki/Trash_polka) Bodily location Body suit (/wiki/Body_suit_(tattoo)) Cornea (/wiki/Corneal_tattooing) Face (/wiki/Face_tattoo) Genital (/wiki/Genital_tattooing) Knuckle (/wiki/Knuckle_tattoo) Lower-back (/wiki/Lower-back_tattoo) Scalp (/wiki/Hair_tattoo) Sclera (/wiki/Scleral_tattooing) Sleeve (/wiki/Sleeve_tattoo) Legal status in... 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American hair stylist (born 1961) Sally Hershberger Born 1961 (age 62–63) Kansas Nationality American Occupation Celebrity hairstylist Known for National salons, signature haircuts, hair products Sally Hershberger (born 1961) [1] (#cite_note-:4-1) is an American hair stylist (/wiki/Hairdresser) known for her bicoastal salons, a line of hair products, creating Meg Ryan (/wiki/Meg_Ryan) ’s signature choppy-style haircut, the “Sally Shag”, and appearing on the Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(US_TV_channel)) reality show, Shear Genius (/wiki/Shear_Genius) . The character of Shane on the TV series The L Word (/wiki/The_L_Word) is rumored to be based on Hershberger. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Born in Kansas, she moved to California after high school. [1] (#cite_note-:4-1) Hershberger began cutting hair after her mother told her she needed to do something with her life when she turned 18. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) She started working with Arthur Johns as a hair stylist and then was assigned to tour with Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) , which "propelled her career," according to the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) On the tour, she met photographer Herb Ritts (/wiki/Herb_Ritts) , who had an influence on her aesthetic sensibilities. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Career [ edit ] Hershberger created Meg Ryan's (/wiki/Meg_Ryan) shag haircut. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) She also styled the hair for the First Family (/wiki/First_Family) (the Obamas (/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama) ) for an article that was featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) She also is a co-creator, with John Frieda (/wiki/John_Frieda) , of two hair care lines started in the 90s called Sheer Blonde and Beach Blonde. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) These lines brought in $50 million of the companies $120 million annual revenues, according to Gail Federici, former president of John Frieda Professional Hair Care. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2008, she started her first "solo hair care line," called Supreme Mead. [8] (#cite_note-8) Hershberger has also created a jeans and T-shirt line called Shagg Downtown collection which was set to release in 2006. [9] (#cite_note-9) The line was targeted for "better specialty stores." [10] (#cite_note-10) She is reportedly the first stylist in New York to charge US$600.00 for a haircut. She currently charges US$800.00 for a haircut. [11] (#cite_note-11) According to an article posted in the Palm Beach Post (/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post) , she is the "first woman to achieve the status of an Oribe (/wiki/Oribe_(hairdresser)) or Frederic Fekkai (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fekkai) ." [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Hershberger has also been featured on the Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(U.S._TV_network)) reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series, Shear Genius (/wiki/Shear_Genius) . [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Salons [ edit ] Hershberger has three salons, one in Los Angeles and two in New York City. Her Los Angeles Salon, located on La Cienega Boulevard, was the first to open followed by her New York City uptown location, now co-owned and operated by Sharon Dorram of Sharon Dorram Color. The second New York location is in the heart of the Meatpacking district. [12] (#cite_note-12) She opened another salon in 2018 in partnership with Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ a b Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 209 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/209) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0313331456 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Levy, Ariel. "Lipstick Lesbians" (https://slate.com/culture/2005/02/why-the-l-word-matters.html) . Slate . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ a b Bratskeir, Anne (28 April 2000). "The 'Do-Right Woman Behind Shagadelic Stars" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22036926/) . Los Angeles Times . p. E1 . Retrieved 2018-07-20 – via Newspapers.com. and "Stylist" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22036966/) . Los Angeles Times . 28 April 2000. p. E3 . Retrieved 2018-07-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Tien, Ellen (28 March 2000). "Frenetic Hairdresser to Stars Chop-Chops Her Way to Success" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22037247/) . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved 2018-07-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Young, Lucie (September 2001). "At Home With Sally Hershberger" (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=5222215&site=ehost-live) . Marie Claire . 8 (9): 320 – via EBSCOhost. ^ a b c Nagel, Andrea (21 December 2007). "Hershberger revisits mass with supreme head" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225659/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-173131131.html) . WWD . Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-173131131.html) on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kinetz, Erika (17 October 2005). "She Created Meg's Shag, Now She's Cutting to the Chase" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22033625/) . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved 2018-07-20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sally Goes Solo" (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=31879778&site=ehost-live) . Town & Country . 161 (5336): 102. May 2008 – via EBSCOhost. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Shags to riches: she gets $600 for a haircut. Now Sally Hershberger is moving into fashion and skin care" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225701/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138443295.html) . Los Angeles Magazine . 1 November 2005. Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138443295.html) on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Greenberg, Julee (16 November 2006). "Hershberger Revamps Shagg" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225457/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-154708006.html) . WWD . Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-154708006.html) on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Larocca, Amy. "Big Hair" (http://nymag.com/nymetro/shopping/beauty/features/n_9927/) . New York . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hershberger, Sally. "Sally Hershberger Salons" (http://www.sallyhershberger.com/salons/) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Vitanova, Dima (13 February 2018). "Celebrity Hairstylist Sally Hershberger Opens Barneys New York Salon" (http://hauteliving.com/hautebeauty/celebrity-hairstylist-sally-hershberger-opens-barneys-new-york-salon/) . Haute Living . Retrieved 2018-07-20 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sallyhershberger.com/) Sally Hershberger (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0380915/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐86bf7f8564‐lpl74 Cached time: 20240722164857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.351 seconds Real time usage: 0.459 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2346/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27764/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1190/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53827/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6808897/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 433.416 1 -total 38.67% 167.619 1 Template:Reflist 29.90% 129.596 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.91% 86.292 1 Template:Cite_book 18.02% 78.098 1 Template:Short_description 11.58% 50.175 2 Template:Pagetype 9.26% 40.137 9 Template:Cite_news 7.89% 34.189 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.99% 30.310 19 Template:Main_other 5.85% 25.341 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10988929-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722164857 and revision id 1180357648. 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Scottish heart-shaped brooch often with a crown above one or two hearts Scottish Luckenbooth brooches dating from the 18th to 20th centuries A Luckenbooth brooch is a Scottish (/wiki/Scotland) heart-shaped brooch (/wiki/Brooch) . These brooches often have a crown above one heart, or two intertwined hearts. They are typically made of silver and may be engraved or set with stones. The name comes from the Luckenbooths (/wiki/Luckenbooths) of Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) , where jewellery and trinkets used to be sold, including this type of brooch. [1] (#cite_note-Paton-1) Luckenbooth is a Scots (/wiki/Scots_language) word for a lockable stall or workshop. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Edinburgh booths were situated on the Royal Mile (/wiki/Royal_Mile) near St Giles Cathedral (/wiki/St_Giles_Cathedral) . They were the city's first permanent shops, going back to the 15th century, and initially housing mainly silversmiths and goldsmiths. They were demolished in 1817. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Luckenbooth brooch is a traditional (/wiki/Traditional) Scottish love token (/wiki/Love_token) : [1] (#cite_note-Paton-1) often given as a betrothal (/wiki/Betrothal) or wedding (/wiki/Wedding) brooch (/wiki/Brooch) . It might be worn by a nursing (/wiki/Breastfeeding) mother as a charm to help her milk flow, [1] (#cite_note-Paton-1) and/or be pinned to a baby's clothing (/wiki/Infant_clothing) to protect it from harm. It was known as a witch-brooch by people using it to save children from the evil eye (/wiki/Evil_eye) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The Luckenbooth brooch has motifs (/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)) similar to the Claddagh ring (/wiki/Claddagh_ring) , also using the heart (/wiki/Heart) and crown (/wiki/The_Crown) . Heart-shaped brooches in parts of Europe date back to late medieval (/wiki/Medieval) times, but this design probably did not appear in Scotland before the 17th century. [5] (#cite_note-Calder-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Silver was the usual material, [1] (#cite_note-Paton-1) [5] (#cite_note-Calder-5) although gold heart brooches were made for wealthy people. [7] (#cite_note-7) Silver was commonly chosen for "lucky" charms, and was also an affordable metal for jewellery that was popular with poorer people. [8] (#cite_note-8) Inexpensive glass paste "gems" were sometimes used on silver Luckenbooth brooches, as were garnets (/wiki/Garnet) and semi-precious stones. [5] (#cite_note-Calder-5) Some brooches were engraved with initials, dates or mottoes. [1] (#cite_note-Paton-1) By the mid 18th century, Luckenbooth tokens also featured heavily as trade silver (/wiki/Silver) items to the indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands) , particularly the Iroquois (/wiki/Iroquois) of the Five Nations (/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy) . [9] (#cite_note-9) As a result, Luckenbooth brooches also became a common decorative symbol in 18th and early 19th century native (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) clothing. One legend of the Luckenbooth brooch is that it was a symbol of love and devotion given by Mary Queen of Scots (/wiki/Mary_Queen_of_Scots) to Lord Darnley (/wiki/Lord_Darnley) . Another story is that it was an engagement brooch given to her by the Dauphin of France (/wiki/Francis_II_of_France) whom she later married. It may feature Scottish motifs like the St. Andrew's Cross (/wiki/Saltire) , or the thistle. The Luckenbooth brooch has been a Scottish form of jewellery since the 19th century. The form was adapted to pebble jewellery in Victorian times, as well as being a regular feature in the ranges of most Scottish manufacturing jewellers who worked for the Highland outfitter and tourist trades. [10] (#cite_note-Stephen_Walker-10) See also [ edit ] Scottish Indian trade (/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e James Paton, Scottish History and Life , Maclehose 1902 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dictionary of the Scots Language: Lukkin-buthis (http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?xref=yes&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all&sset=1&fset=20&query=Lukkin-buthis) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120307094957/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?xref=yes&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all&sset=1&fset=20&query=Lukkin-buthis) 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Luckenbooths" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051231011004/https://www.edinburgh-royalmile.com/history/the-luckenbooths.html) . On The Royal Mile . n.d. Archived from the original (http://www.edinburgh-royalmile.com/history/the-luckenbooths.html) on 31 December 2005. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Victoria and Albert Museum: Scottish silver heart brooch (https://archive.today/20120709133215/http://images.vam.ac.uk/item/O113816/brooch/) ^ a b c Jenni Calder, The Wealth of a Nation , National Museums of Scotland, 1989 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Peter Anker, European Folk Art in Europe and the Americas , McGraw-Hill, 1968 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Victoria and Albert Museum: Scottish gold heart brooch (http://images.vam.ac.uk/item/O113811/ring-brooch/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110810090744/http://images.vam.ac.uk/item/O113811/ring-brooch/) 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Can a luckenbooth brooch have a heart but no crown? (http://quezi.com/12874) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110405080128/http://quezi.com/12874) 5 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Brooches for barter (http://heritage.scotsman.com/scotsincanada/Brooches-for-barter.2619605.jp) ^ (#cite_ref-Stephen_Walker_10-0) Stephen Walker (2013.) The Modern History of Celtic Jewellery: 1840-1980 , Walker Metalsmiths ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780615805290 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615805290) . 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Perfume by Shakira S By Shakira Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Released September 4, 2010 Label Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) The new fragrance Successor S by Shakira Eau Florale Website Official website (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) S by Shakira is the first woman's fragrance by Colombian (/wiki/Colombian_people) singer songwriter Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) . Developing an interest in perfumery (/wiki/Perfumery) and scents, Shakira signed an agreement with international fashion company Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) to create a line of beauty and personal care products. S by Shakira is an amber (/wiki/Perfume#Olfactive_families) perfume which combines scents of various exotic sources like sambac jasmine (/wiki/Sambac_jasmine) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , and vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) . The bottle of the perfume is made of treated glass which reflects light at different angles; it does not have a cap and instead utilises a key-like mechanism to stop the flow of the perfume. Shakira launched S by Shakira at a press release in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , Spain, in June 2010, and it was sent to retail stores in September 2010. Critics praised the scent of S by Shakira, but there was criticism regarding the design of the bottle. It was nominated for a FiFi Award (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) in 2011. In September 2011, Shakira released her second fragrance S by Shakira Eau Florale, which is a "floral interpretation" of the original fragrance. The perfume is more influenced by the scent of flowers and Shakira enlisted the aid of perfumer Elisabeth Vidal to create the fragrance. Shakira promoted S by Shakira and S by Shakira Eau Florale at a press release in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France, in March 2013. S by Shakira Aquamarine was released in early 2013 as a limited edition fragrance and is inspired by the smell of the ocean, making use of various ozonic (/wiki/Perfume#Modern) substances in its scent. Development [ edit ] Background [ edit ] Creating S by Shakira has been a long process of personal exploration, and the result is the exact expression of myself, through a fragrance. S [by Shakira] is the perfume I've always dreamed of. It’s the combination of my favourite essences, and developing it has been a magical experience. —Shakira, talking about the development of the fragrance. [1] (#cite_note-launchhuffpost-1) In 2008, international fashion and fragrance (/wiki/Fragrance) company Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) announced that it had formed a partnership with Shakira and had signed an agreement "to develop a line of signature products produced with and inspired by the artist". [2] (#cite_note-puigpartnershipstatemnt-2) The agreement included the production and creation of several beauty (/wiki/Beauty_products) and personal care (/wiki/Personal_care_products) products and it was stated that "Shakira will develop, with a dedicated team, the creation of the product line from inception to completion". [2] (#cite_note-puigpartnershipstatemnt-2) The distribution of the products and the creation of "strategic alliances" were chosen to be solely the responsibility of the company. [2] (#cite_note-puigpartnershipstatemnt-2) Shakira expressed her views about the partnership, saying "I am very excited to be able to express myself through another creative medium. “My feeling is that personal care and beauty should be effortless and accessible for everyone." [2] (#cite_note-puigpartnershipstatemnt-2) Interested in perfumery (/wiki/Perfumery) and conveying "emotions through aromas", the singer decided to take the idea further and began exploring various scents. [3] (#cite_note-backgroundpuigandshakira-3) The development of the perfume took three years to complete [4] (#cite_note-developreleaseelespectador-4) and Shakira compared the process to composing a song, opining that "It's similar to the process you go through when writing a melody: certain chord combinations inspire different feelings in the listener. I wanted to find a way of expressing the feeling of pure happiness through the medium of fragrance". [5] (#cite_note-developmentreleaseeuefloraleherworld-5) José Manuel Albesa, chief brand officer of Puig, commented that Shakira was completely involved in the process of developing the fragrance and was "extremely hands-on". [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) Didier Maine de Biran, general manager of Puig USA, opined that S by Shakira was different from other celebrity-branded fragrances, saying "What makes this stand out is how involved she [Shakira] was. The key difference is she has the knowledge of what she wants and really wants to share it with her fans. She's involved. She's committed. And it is just a great fragrance that stands on its own". [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) Scent and packaging [ edit ] According to Shakira, the pendant with the "S" symbol ( right ), which is attached to the top of the bottle, is reflective of a " charm (/wiki/Amulet) for happiness" [7] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakirainspiration-7) The fragrance of S by Shakira is categorized as a "transparent oriental (/wiki/Perfume#Traditional) ", [8] (#cite_note-releasereviewbeautywn-8) and according to Shakira's official website, it is inspired by "what is unique and exceptional about her, her light". [7] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakirainspiration-7) The perfume is made of a variety of oils and substances derived from Middle Eastern (/wiki/Middle_East) and Indian (/wiki/India) regions. The top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) include citrus (/wiki/Citrus) , peach (/wiki/Peach) , and passion fruit (/wiki/Passion_fruit) chord; the heart notes give a "spicy freshness" through the use of various flowers like gardenia (/wiki/Gardenia) and sambac jasmine (/wiki/Sambac_jasmine) , and cinnamon (/wiki/Cinnamon) ; the base notes consist of amber (/wiki/Amber) , musk (/wiki/Musk) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) and vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) chord. [8] (#cite_note-releasereviewbeautywn-8) [9] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakirafragrance-9) The fragrance is meant to be used by women, and Shakira claimed that "The type of women who feel a connection with this fragrance would be independent and strong, but also a woman with a great capacity to love and a strong sense of who they are. It’s for a woman who believes in herself." [10] (#cite_note-releasecontactmusic2010-10) The packaging of S by Shakira is designed to reflect light and features gold accents, which Puig felt would help it stand out. [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) The bottle of the perfume is "soft and feminine" in design and is made of glass, which is surface finished (/wiki/Surface_finish) and has six star-shaped cuts carved in its bottom so that it is able to reflect light from different angles. [11] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakiradesign-11) [12] (#cite_note-infostyle.com-12) India Today (/wiki/India_Today) website WonderWoman.in likened the bottle to the shape of an "oriental dancer". [13] (#cite_note-launchwonderwoman.in-13) The bottle does not have any cap and instead utilises a key-like structure to stop the flow of the perfume. [11] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakiradesign-11) The absence of the cap aims to represent "Shakira's bare feet". [11] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakiradesign-11) She explained her idea behind the design of the bottle: "I wanted the bottle to be something that could contain a dream. Solid like the bottles of yesteryear, but with a light feeling. And it comes with something special. The pendant containing the "S" symbolizes a charm for happiness that I wanted to share." [11] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakiradesign-11) Release [ edit ] Shakira launched S by Shakira in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , Spain, by organising a press release on June 22, 2010. [14] (#cite_note-launchmadridelheraldo-14) At the press release, Shakira talked about her inspiration and the development of the perfume, saying "Like a song, a perfume is composed of different individual notes, which together form a harmony." [15] (#cite_note-launchmadridcolombiareports-15) The perfume went on sale on September 10 [10] (#cite_note-releasecontactmusic2010-10) and was available for purchase in more than 15,000 stores. [16] (#cite_note-releasestylelist-16) Samples were distributed to those who purchased tickets to Shakira's The Sun Comes Out World Tour (/wiki/The_Sun_Comes_Out_World_Tour) , which was going to appear in New York during the fall season. [12] (#cite_note-infostyle.com-12) S by Shakira was made available in the following range: [17] (#cite_note-officialwebsbyshakirarange-17) Eau de toilette (/wiki/Eau_de_toilette) - 50 ml/1.69 oz Eau de toilette - 80 ml/2.71 oz Deodorant (/wiki/Deodorant) - 150 ml/5.07 oz Body lotion (/wiki/Body_lotion) - 74 ml/2.5 oz [18] (#cite_note-giftpackbodylotionwalmart-18) Promotion [ edit ] A television commercial to promote the perfume was released in late-August 2010 and featured a remixed version of her 2010 single " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Shakira_song)) ". [19] (#cite_note-tvadflauntme-19) Vanita Sabnani, vice president of marketing for Puig USA, revealed that the company had decided on a "true 360-degree ad and marketing campaign" and had made preparations to promote S by Shakira through Jumbotron (/wiki/Jumbotron) displays, taxi (/wiki/Taxi) advertisements, and social networking services (/wiki/Social_networking_service) . [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) Print (/wiki/Print_ad) advertisements were also commissioned and the first placement was printed in the September issue of fashion magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) Reception [ edit ] Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) favoured Shakira's decision to release a perfume and called it "sexy, sensual, and a whole host of other words beginning with "S"". [12] (#cite_note-infostyle.com-12) Melanie Dee from Yahoo! Voices (/wiki/Yahoo!_Voices) criticised the bottle of the perfume as "probably one of the ugliest perfume bottles", but highly praised the scent, describing it to be "simply delicious"; she concluded that "I am never all too fond of celebrity fragrances, and JLo (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) has been the only celeb, in my opinion that manages to impress time after time. S by Shakira though has managed to make another fan". [20] (#cite_note-reviewyahoovoices-20) Kim West from Beauty World News felt the perfume was truly reflective of Shakira's nature, saying "Full of energy, sensuality, and good vibrations, S by Shakira bottles the singer's essence and what makes her unique". [8] (#cite_note-releasereviewbeautywn-8) In 2013, Latina (/wiki/Latina_(magazine)) magazine included S by Shakira on their list of "The 11 Best Latino Celebrity Perfumes" and found the perfume "perfect" for romantic occasions, calling it "energetic, confident, and so sexy thanks to the vanilla and sandalwood notes". [21] (#cite_note-latinalist-21) At the 2010 Academia Del Perfume Award ceremony sponsored by The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) , S by Shakira won the award for "Best Women's Fragrance Great Distribution". The award was received by Pilar Trabal, vice president of Puig Iberia (/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula) , and Shakira thanked the jury and voters through a telephone call. [22] (#cite_note-academiaaward-22) At the 2011 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) ceremony sponsored by The Fragrance Foundation, S by Shakira received a nomination in the category of "Women's Broad Appeal" [23] (#cite_note-fifinomineespopsugar-23) but lost to American actress Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) 's fragrance Pure Orchid. [24] (#cite_note-fifiwinnersfashionetc-24) Commercially, industry analysts predicted that S by Shakira would make $35 to $45 million through global retail sales in its first year. [6] (#cite_note-infowwd-6) Flanker (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) fragrances [ edit ] S by Shakira Eau Florale [ edit ] S by Shakira Eau Florale Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Released September 2011 [25] (#cite_note-eaufloraledevelopmentcontactmusic-25) Label Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) The new fragrance Predecessor S by Shakira Successor Elixir (/wiki/Elixir_(perfume)) Website Official website (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Background and scent [ edit ] After working on her first fragrance S by Shakira, Shakira further developed an interest in perfumery and wanted to explore more scents, saying "After working on my debut scent, S by Shakira, I became interested in the possibilities of expressing emotions through scents." [25] (#cite_note-eaufloraledevelopmentcontactmusic-25) Working closely with perfumer Elisabeth Vidal, she decided to make a "more gentle and romantic" and simpler version of the original fragrance and explored floral scents. [26] (#cite_note-eaufloraledevelopment2contactmusic-26) S by Shakira Eau Florale is categorized as a "floral musky scent", [27] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloralefragrance-27) and according to Shakira's official website, it is a "floral interpretation of the first fragrance by Shakira". [28] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloraleinspiration-28) The top notes include bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_orange) and cassis (/wiki/Blackcurrant) ; the heart notes consist of jasmine, heliotropium (/wiki/Heliotropium) , and wild red fruits; the base notes consist of musk and vanilla extracts. [27] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloralefragrance-27) The packing of the perfume is very similar to the original one, but features a pink and white colour scheme and the "S" logo is surrounded by a bunch of flowers. [29] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloraledesignpackaging-29) Similarly, the bottle retains the original shape but has a "more romantic and feminine feel" and a pink colour scheme; the colour of the perfume is golden rose. [29] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloraledesignpackaging-29) Promotion [ edit ] S by Shakira and S by Shakira Eau Florale were promoted at the Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) store on the Champs-Élysées (/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es) street in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France. Two months after giving birth to her son Milan Piqué Mebarak (/wiki/Shakira#Family) , Shakira organised a press release to take place on March 27, 2013, at the Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) store on the Champs-Élysées (/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es) street in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France. [30] (#cite_note-parislaunchhello!-30) At the event, Shakira signed autographs, posed for pictures with fans, and promoted both S by Shakira and S by Shakira Eau Florale. [31] (#cite_note-parislaunchofficialweb-31) Prior to the press release, Shakira attended an "intimate" meeting with three fashion bloggers and discussed her experience in developing the perfumes. [31] (#cite_note-parislaunchofficialweb-31) The commercial for S by Shakira was extended to include a section which exclusively promoted S by Shakira Eau Florale; this version was nominated for "Digital Communication Award For Best Female" at the 2012 Academia Del Perfume awards ceremony. [32] (#cite_note-eaufloraleacademianominee-32) Similar to the original perfume, S by Shakira Eau Florale was made available in the following range:. [33] (#cite_note-officialwebeaufloralerange-33) Eau de toilette - 50 ml/1.69 oz Eau de toilette - 80 ml/2.71 oz Deodorant - 150 ml/5.07 oz Body lotion - 74 ml/2.5 oz S by Shakira Aquamarine [ edit ] S by Shakira Aquamarine Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Released 2013 Label Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) Predecessor Elixir Successor Wild Elixir (/wiki/Wild_Elixir) Website Official website (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) S by Shakira Aquamarine was launched as a limited edition fragrance in early 2013. [34] (#cite_note-aquamarinenowsmellthis-34) Inspired by the ocean, Shakira aimed to "express something pure, elemental and sensual" through a fragrance and opined that "the ocean represents all of those things. In a word, it is a source of true inspiration". [34] (#cite_note-aquamarinenowsmellthis-34) The perfume bottle and the packaging follow a largely similar design to the original one but feature a "metallic combination" of gold and turquoise. [35] (#cite_note-officialwebaquamarinedesign-35) The top notes include bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_essential_oil) , mandarin orange (/wiki/Mandarin_orange) , passion fruit chord and various ozonic (/wiki/Perfume#Modern) substances; the heart notes capture the scents of different flowers like jasmine, plumeria (/wiki/Plumeria) , and tiaré (/wiki/Gardenia_taitensis) ; the base notes also consist of ozonic substances, as well as cedar wood (/wiki/Cedar_wood) . [36] (#cite_note-officialwebaquamarinefragrance-36) S by Shakira Aquamarine was made available in the following range: [37] (#cite_note-officialwebaquamarinerange-37) Eau de toilette - 50 ml/1.69 oz Eau de toilette - 80 ml/2.71 oz See also [ edit ] List of celebrity-branded fragrances (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) Perfumery (/wiki/Perfumery) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-launchhuffpost_1-0) Lopez, Michael (March 29, 2013). " (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/s-by-shakira-new-perfume-line-unveiled_n_2980998.html) 'S By Shakira' Perfume Unveiled In Paris, Colombian Star's New Fragrance Is An 'Expression Of Myself' (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/s-by-shakira-new-perfume-line-unveiled_n_2980998.html) " (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/s-by-shakira-new-perfume-line-unveiled_n_2980998.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . AOL (/wiki/AOL) . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . ^ a b c d Morgan, Kera. "Shakira and Puig Partner in Newly Formed Beauty and Personal Care Enterprise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109124747/http://www.puig.com/uploads/pressreltranslation/en_GB/c3461a7a58358e8508bacccdf8bfce.pdf) (PDF) . Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) . Archived from the original (http://www.puig.com/uploads/pressreltranslation/en_GB/c3461a7a58358e8508bacccdf8bfce.pdf) (PDF) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-backgroundpuigandshakira_3-0) "Success Stories - The Rhythm of Shakira" (http://www.puig.com/#/en_GB/people.success-stories:people.success-story-detail:people.success-story-detail/8/29) . Puig . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-developreleaseelespectador_4-0) Efe (June 22, 2010). "Shakira presenta 'S', su primer perfume" (http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/arteygente/vidamoderna/articulo-209807-shakira-presenta-s-su-primer-perfume) . El Espectador (/wiki/El_Espectador) (in Spanish). Interactive Advertising Bureau (/wiki/Interactive_Advertising_Bureau) Colombia . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-developmentreleaseeuefloraleherworld_5-0) "Shakira: Perfume making is like music" (http://www.herworldplus.com/celebs/updates/celebs-updates-shakira-perfume-making-music) . Her World (/wiki/Her_World) . SPH Magazines . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . ^ a b c d e f Brookman, Faye (July 30, 2010). "Shakira to Shimmy Scent Scales at Retail" (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/retailing/shakira-to-shimmy-scent-scales-at-retail-3198976) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Fairchild Fashion Media (/wiki/Fairchild_Fashion_Media) . Retrieved November 9, 2013 . ^ a b "S by Shakira ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, and then click on the Inspiration (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b c West, Kim (April 2, 2013). "Shakira Launches New Fragrance: 'S' by Shakira" (http://www.beautyworldnews.com/articles/3412/20130402/shakira-fragrance-s-perfume-the-voice-launch-sephora-new-new-fragrance-shakira-perfume.htm) . Beauty World News . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebsbyshakirafragrance_9-0) "S by Shakira ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, and then click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b Wenn (August 2, 2010). "Shakira Smells Success With Perfume Launch" (http://www.contactmusic.com/news/shakira-smells-success-with-perfume-launch_1156105) . Contactmusic.com (/wiki/Contactmusic.com) . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b c d "S by Shakira ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, click on the Design (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab and then select the bottle )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b c "Shakira Gets In On The Celebrity Fragrance Game" (http://www.style.com/beauty/beautycounter/2010/09/shakira-gets-in-on-the-celebrity-fragrance-game/) . Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) . Fairchild Fashion Media (/wiki/Fairchild_Fashion_Media) . September 20, 2010 . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-launchwonderwoman.in_13-0) "Shakira launches her own fragrance" (http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/shakira-launches-her-own-fragrance/1/85542.html) . WonderWoman.in. India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-launchmadridelheraldo_14-0) "Shakira lanza perfume" (http://archivo.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2010/06/22/Noticias/Shakira-lanza-perfume) (in Spanish). June 22, 2010 . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-launchmadridcolombiareports_15-0) Pease-Watkin, Camilla (June 23, 2010). "Shakira launches seductive new scent" (http://colombiareports.co/shakira-launches-seductive-new-scent/) . Colombia Reports . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-releasestylelist_16-0) Dunlop, Courtney (July 30, 2010). "Shakira Launching S by Shakira Fragrance" (http://main.stylelist.com/2010/07/30/shakira-s-by-shakira-fragrance/) . StyleList . Retrieved November 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebsbyshakirarange_17-0) "S by Shakira ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the ' Fragrance' tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, and then click on the Range (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-giftpackbodylotionwalmart_18-0) "S By Shakira 2Pc Gift Set: 1Oz Edts, 2.5Oz Body Lotion New" (http://www.walmart.com/ip/S-by-Shakira-2pc-Gift-Set-1oz-EDTS-2.5oz-Body-Lotion-NEW/15063292) . Walmart (/wiki/Walmart) . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-tvadflauntme_19-0) Nguyen, Karen (August 28, 2010). "Shakira Releases TV Commercial For Her New Fragrance 'S' (http://blog.flauntme.com/2010/08/28/shakira-releases-tv-commercial-for-her-new-fragrance-s/) " (http://blog.flauntme.com/2010/08/28/shakira-releases-tv-commercial-for-her-new-fragrance-s/) . FlauntMe. Mixr Media . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-reviewyahoovoices_20-0) Dee, Melanie (November 12, 2010). "Review of New S by Shakira, Perfume for Women" (http://voices.yahoo.com/review-s-shakira-perfume-women-7152240.html?cat=69) . Yahoo! Voices (/wiki/Yahoo!_Voices) . Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-latinalist_21-0) "The 11 Best Latino Celebrity Fragrances" (http://www.latina.com/beauty/skin-nails/best-latino-celebrity-fragrances-perfumes#6) . Latina (/wiki/Latina_(magazine)) . September 4, 2013 . Retrieved November 8, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-academiaaward_22-0) "Gala Premios ADP'10" (http://www.academiadelperfume.com/premios/premios2010) (in Spanish). Academia del Perfume. The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) . Retrieved November 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-fifinomineespopsugar_23-0) Lacey, Miriam (March 30, 2011). "See the 2011 FiFi Awards Nominees" (http://www.bellasugar.com/List-2011-FiFi-Awards-Nominees-2011-03-30-105000-15328710) . PopSugar (/wiki/PopSugar) . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-fifiwinnersfashionetc_24-0) Anderson, Jessica (May 26, 2011). "FiFi Awards 2011 Winners" (http://fashionetc.com/beauty/celebrity/1995-fifi-awards-2011-winners) . Fashionetc . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ a b Showbiz, Bang (July 8, 2011). "Shakira - Shakira's 'Scent-sual' Fragrance" (http://www.contactmusic.com/news/shakiras-scentsual-fragrance_1231691) . Contactmusic,com . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-eaufloraledevelopment2contactmusic_26-0) Showbiz, Bang (June 13, 2011). "Shakira - Shakira Launches Second Fragrance" (http://www.contactmusic.com/news/shakira-launches-second-fragrance_1225295) . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ a b "S by Shakira ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Eau Florale (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, and then click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebeaufloraleinspiration_28-0) "S by Shakira Eau Florale ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Eau Florale (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, and then click on the Inspiration (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b "S by Shakira Eau Florale ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Eau Florale (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, click on the Design (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab and then select Packaging)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-parislaunchhello!_30-0) "Shakira shows off post-baby body in Paris at new 'S by Shakira' perfume launch" (http://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/skincare-and-fragrances/2013032811818/shakira-s-perfume-launch-paris/#) . Hello! (/wiki/Hello!_(magazine)) . March 28, 2013 . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . ^ a b "Shakira in The City of Light" (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/pages/bloggers.php?l=en) . Shakira Beauty. Scents and Senses . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-eaufloraleacademianominee_32-0) "Finalistas a los Premios de la Academia del Perfume 2012" (http://www.academiadelperfume.com/premios/premios2012/finalistasadp?videoid=FOF6_XyXH20#youtubegallery) (in Spanish). Academia del Perfume. The Fragrance Foundation . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebeaufloralerange_33-0) "S by Shakira Eau Florale ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Eau Florale (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, then click on the Range (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ a b Robin (April 1, 2013). "S by Shakira Aquamarine ~ new fragrance" (http://www.nstperfume.com/2013/04/01/s-by-shakira-aquamarine-new-fragrance/) . Now Smell This . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebaquamarinedesign_35-0) "S by Shakira Aquamarine ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Aquamarine (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, click on the Design (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebaquamarinefragrance_36-0) "S by Shakira Aquamarine ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Aquamarine (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, then click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-officialwebaquamarinerange_37-0) "S by Shakira Aquamarine ( (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) Click on the Fragrance (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab on the right-hand side of the page, select the S by Shakira Aquamarine (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) bottle, then click on the Range (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) tab )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109131127/http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) . Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Beauty. Scents and Senses. Archived from the original (http://www.shakira-beauty.com/GB/en/) on November 9, 2013 . Retrieved November 4, 2013 . v t e Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) Discography (/wiki/Shakira_discography) Videography (/wiki/Shakira_videography) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Shakira) Concerts (/wiki/List_of_Shakira_concerts) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Shakira) Records and achievements (/wiki/List_of_Shakira_records_and_achievements) Studio albums Magia (/wiki/Magia_(Shakira_album)) Peligro (/wiki/Peligro_(Shakira_album)) Pies Descalzos (/wiki/Pies_Descalzos) Dónde Están los Ladrones? (/wiki/D%C3%B3nde_Est%C3%A1n_los_Ladrones%3F) Laundry Service (/wiki/Laundry_Service_(album)) Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (/wiki/Fijaci%C3%B3n_Oral,_Vol._1) Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (/wiki/Oral_Fixation,_Vol._2) She Wolf (/wiki/She_Wolf_(album)) Sale el Sol (/wiki/Sale_el_Sol) Shakira (/wiki/Shakira_(album)) El Dorado (/wiki/El_Dorado_(Shakira_album)) Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran (/wiki/Las_Mujeres_Ya_No_Lloran) Live albums MTV Unplugged (/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Shakira_album)) Live & off the Record (/wiki/Live_%26_off_the_Record) Oral Fixation Tour (/wiki/Oral_Fixation_Tour_(album)) Live from Paris (/wiki/Live_from_Paris_(Shakira_album)) Shakira in Concert: El Dorado World Tour (/wiki/Shakira_in_Concert:_El_Dorado_World_Tour) Compilation albums The Remixes (/wiki/The_Remixes_(Shakira_album)) Grandes Éxitos (/wiki/Grandes_%C3%89xitos_(Shakira_album)) Oral Fixation, Vol. 1 & 2 (/wiki/Oral_Fixation,_Vol._1_%26_2) Concerts and tours Pies Descalzos International Tour (/wiki/Pies_Descalzos_International_Tour) Tour Anfibio (/wiki/Tour_Anfibio) Tour of the Mongoose (/wiki/Tour_of_the_Mongoose) Oral Fixation Tour (/wiki/Oral_Fixation_Tour) The Sun Comes Out World Tour (/wiki/The_Sun_Comes_Out_World_Tour) El Dorado World Tour (/wiki/El_Dorado_World_Tour) Super Bowl LIV halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV_halftime_show) Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran World Tour (/wiki/Las_Mujeres_Ya_No_Lloran_World_Tour) Fragrances S by Shakira S by Shakira Eau Florale (/wiki/S_by_Shakira_Eau_Florale) Elixir (/wiki/Elixir_(perfume)) Related Shakira statue (/wiki/Statue_of_Shakira) Shakira sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture_of_Shakira) Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Shakira) Bibliography (/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_Shakira) Cover versions (/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Shakira_songs) Fandom (/wiki/Shakira_fandom) Barefoot Foundation (/wiki/Barefoot_Foundation) (Fundación Pies Descalzos) Antonio de la Rúa (/wiki/Antonio_de_la_R%C3%BAa) Gerard Piqué (/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9) Love Rocks Starring Shakira (/wiki/Love_Rocks_Starring_Shakira) Category (/wiki/Category:Shakira) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7b54979676‐9zfx4 Cached time: 20240716103542 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.533 seconds Real time usage: 0.699 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2946/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 91376/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3884/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 160105/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.322/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5584291/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 545.837 1 -total 47.42% 258.827 1 Template:Reflist 37.90% 206.887 33 Template:Cite_web 17.55% 95.810 1 Template:Shakira 16.91% 92.303 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 14.04% 76.610 1 Template:Short_description 8.85% 48.284 3 Template:Infobox_fragrance 8.81% 48.071 6 Template:Main_other 8.35% 45.600 3 Template:Infobox 7.79% 42.518 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33368136-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716103542 and revision id 1059805067. 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Iranian motorcyclist and fashion designer A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Maral_Yazarloo#talk_page_section) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Maral_Yazarloo) . ( March 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Maral Yazarloo Born مارال یازرلو 18 November 1981 Kelarabad (/wiki/Kelarabad) Alma mater University of Tehran (/wiki/University_of_Tehran) Occupation Fashion designer, artist (/wiki/Artist) , motorcycle racer Awards 100 Women (/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)) (2018) Maral Yazarloo-Pattrick (born Maral Yazarloo , Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : مارال یازرلو ; 1981) is an Iranian motorcyclist, fashion designer, artist, marketer, motivational speaker and campaigner of women’s rights based in India. Early life and education [ edit ] Maral Yazarloo was born in Kelarabad (/wiki/Kelarabad) , Iran (/wiki/Iran) . [1] (#cite_note-1) She was raised and received her education in Iran. She secured a bachelor's degree in Business Development (BBD) from the University of Tehran (/wiki/University_of_Tehran) . In 2004, she relocated to India (/wiki/India) to pursue her master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) and PhD in Marketing from the University of Pune (/wiki/Savitribai_Phule_Pune_University) . [ citation needed ] Corporate career [ edit ] Yazarloo started her corporate career with India-based realty company Panchshil [2] (#cite_note-2) in 2006 and served as Head of Retail and Marketing for 11 years till March 2017. Fashion design and art [ edit ] Yazarloo studied fashion design in Milan (/wiki/Milan) and started the fashion label [3] (#cite_note-3) ‘House of Maral Yazarloo’ in 2012. She made her debut as a fashion designer at a show in Paris (/wiki/Paris) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) and also showcased her collections in Rome (/wiki/Rome) , London (/wiki/London) , [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) India [8] (#cite_note-8) and Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Yazarloo has also showcased her ceramic art and canvas paintings at exhibitions in Iran and India. Her flagship store [11] (#cite_note-11) and design workshop are located in Pune (/wiki/Pune) , India. Biking [ edit ] Her first bike was a Harley Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) [12] (#cite_note-12) 48 and then the Harley Nightrod Special. She is the first [ citation needed ] woman to own Ducati (/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding_S.p.A.) & BMW GS (/wiki/BMW_GS) motorcycles in India, was the HOG [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) ( Harley Owners Group (/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group) ) Officer (2015) and the Vice President of the Ducati Club (2016). She started the riding group ‘Ladies of Harley’ and is the founder of the first-ever Ladies Super Bike Club ‘Lady Riders of India’. [15] (#cite_note-15) Solo World Biking Tour – 'Ride To Be One' [ edit ] In March 2017, Yazarloo-Pattrick commenced a solo [16] (#cite_note-16) world biking tour across the seven continents (/wiki/Continent) with no backup or team. The ride started from India and through 18 consecutive months, Yazarloo covered 64 countries and traversed over 110,000 km. This solo bike ride is set to break stereotypes [17] (#cite_note-17) and create the world record [ clarification needed ] for women bikers in Asia and Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) . Yazarloo is campaigning [18] (#cite_note-18) for Iranian women to get permission and licences to ride motorbikes. She is also an advocate for awareness about rape and domestic violence on women. Influence [ edit ] Yazarloo-Pattrick has been a speaker and panelist on industry forums that include the Retail Forum in Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) , LFS (Luxury, Fashion & Style) Conclave in India and ADL Milan. She has also been a motivational speaker at forums that include TEDx (/wiki/TED_(conference)) [19] (#cite_note-19) SIUKirkee Pune, Virginia Commonwealth University (/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University) of Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) and Symbiosis International University (/wiki/Symbiosis_International_University) . In February 2017, Yazarloo-Pattrick received the 'Pune's Most Powerful' [20] (#cite_note-20) award from Femina Magazine (/wiki/Femina_(India)) , India. In 2018, BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) listed Yazarloo-Pattrick as one of their '100 Inspiring and Influential Women from around the world for 2018'. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2020, she won The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) 'ET GEN NEXT Icons Award'. [22] (#cite_note-22) Personal life [ edit ] Yazarloo-Pattrick has lived in Pune, India since 2004. An ardent traveller, Yazarloo-Pattrick has backpacked across 67 countries around the world. She married [23] (#cite_note-23) Alexander William Pattrick in October 2017 at Machu Picchu (/wiki/Machu_Picchu) in Peru (/wiki/Peru) , while on her solo world biking ride. During the last 6 months of her ride, she was pregnant. [24] (#cite_note-24) Her daughter, Nafas Elizabeth Pattrick was born in November 2018. Yazarloo-Pattrick resides in New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) , India. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Maral Yazarloo (6 September 2016), video for TEDx Sep-16/India , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Who is Dr. Maral Yazarloo and why she's a total badass?" (http://www.motorsportworld.in/street-racing/dr-maral-yazarloo-best-indian-female-superbiker-lady-riders-of-india/) . Motorsport World . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A Chat With Maral Yazarloo - FashionForRoyals" (http://fashionforroyals.com/2016/02/a-chat-with-maral-yazarloo/) . fashionforroyals.com . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Maral Yazarloo (27 February 2014), Maral Yazarloo - SUNRISE - Spring Summer Collection, Paris 2013 , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Maral Yazarloo (27 February 2014), Maral Yazarloo -SUNRISE - Paris 2013 - Interview , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Maral Yazarloo (1 October 2015), DejaVu by Dr.Maral Yazarloo - London Fashion week 2015-Fashion Scout-SS16 , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-7) The Glass Pineapple (19 September 2015), Maral - House of Middle East & Asia Freemasons' Hall SS16 London Fashion Week 2015 , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Maral Yazarloo (26 June 2015), Times Wedding Bridal Collection - Maral Yazarloo , June 2015 , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Maral Yazarloo" (http://blog.fashiontv.ae/archives/823) . Fashion Tv Blog . 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Maral Yazarloo (30 April 2015), Maral Yazarloo - FEVER Spring Summer Collection, Dubai-2015 , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Maral Yazarloo (29 September 2014), Maral Yazarloo - Store Opening, JW Marriott, Pune-India , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Alam, Tanvir (5 October 2016). "Meet Maral Yazarloo: The woman who owns four superbikes including a Harley & a Ducati!" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-maral-yazarloo-the-woman-who-owns-four-superbikes-including-a-harley-a-ducati/articleshow/54679575.cms) . The Economic Times . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) harleydavidsonindia (13 November 2013), The Freedom Stories -- Maral Yazarloo, Harley-Davidson owner, Seven islands chapter, Mumbai , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-14) "In high gear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180714110738/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140629/jsp/graphiti/18545033.jsp) . www.telegraphindia.com . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140629/jsp/graphiti/18545033.jsp) on 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "8 All-Women Biker Clubs That Are Blazing a Trail Across India" (https://www.thebetterindia.com/54409/all-women-biker-clubs-india/) . The Better India . 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "This Pune woman is biking solo across the 7 continents" (https://www.cntraveller.in/story/pune-based-woman-biking-solo-across-seven-continents/) . Condé Nast Traveller India . 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "9 Indian Female Riders Who Are Breaking All The Stereotypes – Wheelstreet" (https://www.wheelstreet.com/blog/9-badass-indian-women-riders-who-are-redefining-biking-for-women/) . www.wheelstreet.com . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Tripathi, Shailaja (2 May 2018). "This woman rider travels across the world for her cause" (https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/her-way-on-the-highway/article23747805.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) TEDx Talks (4 January 2017), Made of Dreams | Maral Yazarloo | TEDxSIUKirkee , retrieved 14 July 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Unveiling the cover of Femina presents Pune's Most Powerful 2016-17" (https://www.femina.in/achievers/unveiling-the-cover-of-the-coffeetable-book-femina-presents-punes-most-powerful-20162017_-32754.html) . femina.in . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037) . BBC News . 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 21 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Give it up for these gen-next leaders! - The Times Of India - Pune, 2/26/2020" (https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIPU/2020/02/26&entity=Ar02802&sk=2E5C99CC&mode=text#) . epaper.timesgroup.com . Retrieved 2 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (http://fastbikesindia.com/ride-one-part-7-peru/) 'Ride to be One' Part 7: Peru - Fastbikes india" (http://fastbikesindia.com/ride-one-part-7-peru/) . fastbikesindia.com . 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Riders You Should Know: Dr. Maral Yazarloo-Pattrick" (https://www.rideapart.com/articles/276506/adventure-travel-women-who-ride-iran/) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.maralyazarloo.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐n9z2c Cached time: 20240714072226 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.529 seconds Real time usage: 0.680 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3929/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 63309/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3392/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89850/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.364/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20131343/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 644.244 1 -total 29.45% 189.745 1 Template:Infobox_person/Wikidata 27.96% 180.121 1 Template:Infobox 27.91% 179.820 1 Template:Reflist 16.64% 107.201 10 Template:Citation 14.37% 92.592 1 Template:Lang-fa 9.34% 60.150 1 Template:Short_description 7.71% 49.687 1 Template:COI 7.18% 46.259 6 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.07% 45.560 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44836883-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714072226 and revision id 1227094687. 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Portal maintenance status: (June 2018) This portal's subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Clothing/) have been checked by an editor, and are needed. Please take care (/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL) when editing, especially if using automated editing software (/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED) . Learn how to update the maintenance information here (/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal) . Wikipedia portal for content related to Clothing Portal topics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Activities (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities) Culture (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts) Geography (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places) Health (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness) History (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events) Mathematics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic) Nature (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences) People (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self) Philosophy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking) Religion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems) Society (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences) Technology (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) The Clothing Portal A garment factory in Bangladesh Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) (also known as clothes , garments , dress , apparel , or attire ) is any item worn on the body (/wiki/Human_body) . Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles (/wiki/Textile) , but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natural products found in the environment, put together. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings (/wiki/Human_being) and is a feature of all human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on gender, body type, social factors, and geographic considerations. Garments cover the body, footwear (/wiki/Footwear) covers the feet, gloves (/wiki/Gloves) cover the hands, while hats (/wiki/Hats) and headgear (/wiki/Headgear) cover the head, and underwear (/wiki/Underwear) covers the private parts (/wiki/Intimate_part) . Clothing has significant social factors as well. Wearing clothes is a variable social norm (/wiki/Dress_code) . It may connote modesty (/wiki/Modesty) . Being deprived of clothing in front of others may be embarrassing (/wiki/Embarrassment) . In many parts of the world, not wearing clothes in public so that genitals (/wiki/Sex_organ#Mammals) , breast (/wiki/Breast) , or buttocks (/wiki/Buttocks) are visible could be considered indecent exposure (/wiki/Indecent_exposure) . Pubic area or genital coverage is the most frequently encountered minimum found cross-culturally and regardless of climate, implying social convention (/wiki/Social_convention) as the basis of customs. Clothing also may be used to communicate social status, wealth, group identity, and individualism. ( Full article... (/wiki/Clothing) ) Textile (/wiki/Textile) is an umbrella term (/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy) that includes various fiber-based (/wiki/Fiber) materials (/wiki/Material) , including fibers, yarns (/wiki/Yarn) , filaments (/wiki/Staple_(textiles)#Filament_fiber) , threads (/wiki/Thread_(yarn)) , different fabric (#Fabric) types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics (/wiki/Woven_fabric) . However, weaving (/wiki/Weaving) is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) and non-woven (/wiki/Nonwoven) are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material (/wiki/Material) needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing (/wiki/Clothing) to bulletproof jackets (/wiki/Bulletproof_vest) , spacesuits (/wiki/Spacesuit) , and doctor's gowns (/wiki/Medical_gown) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Textile) ) Textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) are arts (/wiki/Art) and crafts (/wiki/Craft) that use plant (/wiki/Fiber_crop) , animal (/wiki/Animal_fiber) , or synthetic (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) fibers (/wiki/Fiber) to construct practical or decorative objects. ( Full article... (/wiki/Textile_arts) ) Refresh with new selections below (purge) Selected articles - load new batch Image 1 ca. 1989, U. S. Department of the Interior photograph Alice Littleman (/wiki/Alice_Littleman) (February 8, 1910 – May 26, 2000) was a Kiowa (/wiki/Kiowa) beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) artist and regalia maker, who during her lifetime was recognized as one of the leading Kiowa beaders and buckskin dressmakers. Her works are included in the permanent collections of the National Museum of Natural History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History) , the National Museum of the American Indian (/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian) , the Southern Plains Indian Museum (/wiki/Southern_Plains_Indian_Museum) , and the Oklahoma Historical Society (/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Alice_Littleman) ) Image 2 Ainu (/wiki/Ainu_people) ceremonial dress on display under glass in the British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) The conservation and restoration of textiles (/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles) refers to the processes by which textiles (/wiki/Textile) are cared for and maintained to be preserved (/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)) from future damage. The field falls under the category of art conservation (/wiki/Art_conservation) , heritage conservation as well as library preservation (/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)) , depending on the type of collection. The concept of textile preservation applies to a wide range of artifacts, including tapestries (/wiki/Tapestry) , carpets (/wiki/Carpet) , quilts (/wiki/Quilt) , clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , flags (/wiki/Flag) and curtains (/wiki/Curtain) , as well as objects which "contain" textiles, such as upholstered furniture (/wiki/Furniture) , dolls, and accessories such as fans, parasols (/wiki/Umbrella) , gloves (/wiki/Glove) and hats (/wiki/Hat) or bonnets (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) . Many of these artifacts require specialized care, often by a professional conservator. ( Full article... (/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles) ) Image 3 Skirt (AM 1944.51-1) Mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) ornamented with Chinese goldwork and embroideries (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) , a traditional skirt (/wiki/Qun) of the Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) , Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) Goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) is the art of embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) using metal threads (/wiki/Metal_thread) . It is particularly prized for the way light plays on it. The term "goldwork" is used even when the threads are imitation gold, silver, or copper. The metal wires used to make the threads have never been entirely gold (/wiki/Gold) ; they have always been gold-coated silver or cheaper metals, and even then the "gold" often contains a very low percent of real gold. Most metal threads are available in silver and sometimes copper as well as gold; some are available in colors as well. Goldwork is always surface embroidery (/wiki/Surface_embroidery) and free embroidery (/wiki/Free_embroidery) ; the vast majority is a form of laid work or couching; that is, the gold threads are held onto the surface of the fabric by a second thread, usually of fine silk. The ends of the thread, depending on type, are simply cut off, or are pulled through to the back of the embroidery and carefully secured with the couching thread. A tool called a mellore or a stilleto is used to help position the threads and create the holes needed to pull them through. The threads most often have metal or gold leaf (/wiki/Gold_leaf) wound around a textile thread, or threads treated with an adhesive and rolled in powdered gold or other metal. ( Full article... (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) ) Image 4 Posthumous depiction of Ross, from 1893 Elizabeth Griscom Ross (/wiki/Betsy_Ross) (née Griscom ; January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836), also known by her second and third married names, Ashburn and Claypoole , was an American upholsterer who was credited by her relatives in 1870 with making the second official U.S. flag (/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) , accordingly known as the Betsy Ross flag (/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag) . Though most historians dismiss the story, Ross family tradition holds that General George Washington (/wiki/George_Washington) , commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (/wiki/Continental_Army) and two members of a congressional committee— Robert Morris (/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)) and George Ross (/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)) —visited Mrs. Ross in 1776. Mrs. Ross convinced George Washington to change the shape of the stars in a sketch of a flag he showed her from six-pointed to five-pointed by demonstrating that it was easier and speedier to cut the latter. However, there is no archival evidence or other recorded verbal tradition to substantiate this story of the first U.S. flag. It appears that the story first surfaced in the writings of her grandson in the 1870s (a century after the fact), with no mention or documentation in earlier decades. Ross made flags for the Pennsylvanian navy during the American Revolution. After the Revolution, she made U.S. flags for over 50 years, including 50 garrison flags for the U.S. Arsenal on the Schuylkill River during 1811. The flags of the Pennsylvania navy were overseen by the Pennsylvania Navy Board. The board reported to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly's Committee of Safety. In July 1775, the President of the Committee of Safety was Benjamin Franklin. Its members included Robert Morris and George Ross. At that time, the committee ordered the construction of gunboats that would eventually need flags as part of their equipment. As late as October 1776, Captain William Richards was still writing to the committee or Council of Safety to request the design that he could use to order flags for their fleet. ( Full article... (/wiki/Betsy_Ross) ) Image 5 White Oak Mill Cone Mills Corporation (/wiki/Cone_Mills_Corporation) was an American textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) company. It produced cotton (/wiki/Cotton) fabrics such as corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) , flannel (/wiki/Flannel) , and denim (/wiki/Denim) . The company headquartered in Greensboro, North Carolina (/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Cone_Mills_Corporation) ) Image 6 William Perkin (1838–1907) Sir William Henry Perkin (/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin) FRS (/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society) (12 March 1838 – 14 July 1907) was a British chemist (/wiki/Chemist) and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first commercial synthetic organic (/wiki/Organic_chemistry) dye (/wiki/Dye) , mauveine (/wiki/Mauveine) , made from aniline (/wiki/Aniline) . Though he failed in trying to synthesise (/wiki/Chemical_synthesis) quinine (/wiki/Quinine) for the treatment of malaria (/wiki/Malaria) , he became successful in the field of dyes (/wiki/Dye) after his first discovery at the age of 18. Perkin set up a factory to produce the dye industrially. Lee Blaszczyk, professor of business history at the University of Leeds, states, "By laying the foundation for the synthetic organic chemicals (/wiki/Synthetic_organic_chemistry) industry, Perkin helped to revolutionize the world of fashion." ( Full article... (/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin) ) Image 7 Rug in progress in Teotitlan del Valle, Oaxaca The textiles of Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) have a long history. The making of fibers (/wiki/Fiber) , cloth and other textile (/wiki/Textile) goods has existed in the country since at least 1400 BCE. Fibers used during the pre-Hispanic period included those from the yucca (/wiki/Yucca) , palm (/wiki/Arecaceae) and maguey (/wiki/Furcraea) plants as well as the use of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) in the hot lowlands of the south. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire) , the Spanish introduced new fibers such as silk (/wiki/Silk) and wool (/wiki/Wool) as well as the European foot treadle loom (/wiki/Loom) . Clothing styles also changed radically. Fabric was produced exclusively in workshops or in the home until the era of Porfirio Díaz (/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz) (1880s to 1910), when the mechanization of weaving (/wiki/Weaving) was introduced, mostly by the French. Today, fabric, clothes and other textiles are both made by craftsmen and in factories. Handcrafted goods include pre-Hispanic clothing such as huipils (/wiki/Huipil) and sarapes (/wiki/Sarape) , which are often embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) . Clothing, rugs (/wiki/Carpet) and more are made with natural and naturally dyed (/wiki/Natural_dye) fibers. Most handcrafts are produced by indigenous people (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Mexico) , whose communities are concentrated in the center and south of the country in states such as Mexico State (/wiki/Mexico_State) , Oaxaca (/wiki/Oaxaca) and Chiapas (/wiki/Chiapas) . The textile industry remains important to the economy of Mexico although it has suffered a setback due to competition by cheaper goods produced in countries such as China (/wiki/China) , India (/wiki/India) and Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico) ) Image 8 A modern industrial knitting machine in action A knitting machine (/wiki/Knitting_machine) is a device used to create knitted (/wiki/Knitting) fabrics (/wiki/Fabric) in a semi or fully automated fashion. There are numerous types of knitting machines, ranging from simple spool or board templates with no moving parts to highly complex mechanisms controlled by electronics. All, however, produce various types of knitted fabrics, usually either flat or tubular, and of varying degrees of complexity. Pattern stitches (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) can be selected by hand manipulation of the needles (/wiki/Knitting_needle) , push-buttons and dials, mechanical punch cards (/wiki/Punched_card) , or electronic pattern reading devices and computers. ( Full article... (/wiki/Knitting_machine) ) Image 9 Le Courtisan suivant le Dernier Édit by Abraham Bosse (/wiki/Abraham_Bosse) – a French courtier (/wiki/Courtier) casting aside lace, ribbons and slashed sleeves in favor of sober dress in accordance with the edict of 1633. Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) (from Latin (/wiki/Latin_language) sūmptuāriae lēgēs ) are laws that try to regulate consumption. Black's Law Dictionary (/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary) defines them as "Laws made for the purpose of restraining luxury or extravagance, particularly against inordinate expenditures for apparel, food, furniture, or shoes, etc." Historically, they were intended to regulate and reinforce social hierarchies (/wiki/Social_hierarchies) and morals through restrictions on clothing, food, and luxury expenditures, often depending on a person's social rank. Societies have used sumptuary laws for a variety of purposes. They were used to try to regulate the balance of trade by limiting the market for expensive imported goods. They made it easy to identify social rank (/wiki/Ranks_of_nobility_and_peerage) and privilege (/wiki/Privilege_(social_inequality)) , and as such could be used for social discrimination (/wiki/Social_discrimination) and to stabilize social hierarchies. They could also be used to prevent, or at least reduce opportunities for political bribery (/wiki/Bribery) and corruption (/wiki/Corruption) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) ) Image 10 Illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen (/wiki/Vilhelm_Pedersen) , Andersen's first illustrator " The Emperor's New Clothes (/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes) " ( Danish (/wiki/Danish_language) : Kejserens nye klæder [ˈkʰɑjsɐns (/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish) ˈnyˀə (/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish) ˈkʰlɛːðə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish) ) is a literary folktale (/wiki/Folklore) written by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen (/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen) , about a vain emperor (/wiki/Emperor) who gets exposed before his subjects. The tale has been translated into over 100 languages. "The Emperor's New Clothes" was first published with " The Little Mermaid (/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid) " in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark) , Denmark, by C. A. Reitzel, on 7 April 1837, as the third and final installment of Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children (/wiki/Fairy_Tales_Told_for_Children._First_Collection.) . The tale has been adapted to various media, and the story's title, the phrase "the Emperor has no clothes", and variations thereof have been adopted for use in numerous other works (/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes_(disambiguation)) and as idioms (#Use_as_an_idiom) . ( Full article... (/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes) ) Image 11 Cotton ready for harvest in Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh) , India. Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) is a soft, fluffy staple fiber (/wiki/Staple_fiber) that grows in a boll (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boll) , or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium (/wiki/Gossypium) in the mallow family Malvaceae (/wiki/Malvaceae) . The fiber is almost pure cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) , and can contain minor percentages of waxes (/wiki/Wax) , fats (/wiki/Fat) , pectins (/wiki/Pectin) , and water (/wiki/Water) . Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a shrub (/wiki/Shrub) native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. ( Full article... (/wiki/Cotton) ) Image 12 Utility pole warmer on New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) street corner. Knitta Please (/wiki/Knitta_Please) , also known as simply Knitta , is the group of artists who began the "knit graffiti" movement in Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) in 2005. They are known for wrapping public architecture—e.g. lampposts, parking meters, telephone poles, and signage—with knitted or crocheted material, a process known as "knit graffiti", "yarn storming" or " yarnbombing (/wiki/Yarn_bombing) ". The mission is to make street art (/wiki/Street_art) "a little more warm and fuzzy." Knitta grew to eleven members by the end of 2007, but eventually dwindled down to its founder, Magda Sayeg, who continues to travel and knit graffiti. Internationally, as many as a dozen groups have followed Knitta's lead. Sayeg and the group have shown their art across the United States and around the world. ( Full article... (/wiki/Knitta_Please) ) Image 13 Cloak, 1580–1600 V&A Museum no. 793–1901 Techniques – Red satin, couched and embroidered with silver, silver-gilt and coloured silk threads, trimmed with silver-gilt and silk thread fringe and tassel, and lined with pink linen Aesthetics (/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)) in textiles is one of the basic concepts of serviceability of textiles (/wiki/Textile_performance) . It is determined by the perception (/wiki/Perception) of touch (/wiki/Somatosensory_system) and sight. (/wiki/Visual_perception) Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color (/wiki/Color_of_clothing) and texture (/wiki/Texturizing#Texture) of the material (/wiki/Textile) . It is a statement about the end user (consumer) and the target market. When combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fit, style, and fashion compatibility, colours create an aesthetic comfort. All of these elements work together to satisfy our visual perception. Aesthetics incorporates the role of evaluation (analysing and judging) also. There are various arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) and applications (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) that imparts aesthetic properties in textiles. Additionally, the use of LEDs (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) and optical fibres (/wiki/Optical_fiber) enables the creation of aesthetic properties such as illuminated textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)) ) Image 14 Catholic clergymen wearing pleated rochets (/wiki/Rochet) A pleat (/wiki/Pleat) ( plait in older English) is a type of fold formed by doubling fabric (/wiki/Textile) back upon itself and securing it in place. It is commonly used in clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and upholstery (/wiki/Upholstery) to gather a wide piece of fabric to a narrower circumference. Pleats are categorized as pressed , that is, ironed (/wiki/Ironing) or otherwise heat-set into a sharp crease, or unpressed , falling in soft rounded folds. Pleats sewn into place are called tucks (/wiki/Tuck_(sewing)) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Pleat) ) Image 15 Former woollen weavers' cottages in Wardle, Greater Manchester (/wiki/Wardle,_Greater_Manchester) , England (/wiki/England) . A weavers' cottage (/wiki/Weavers%27_cottage) was (and to an extent still is) a type of house used by weavers (/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)) for cloth production (/wiki/Cloth_production) in the putting-out system (/wiki/Putting-out_system) sometimes known as the domestic system. Weavers' cottages were common in Great Britain, often with dwelling quarters on the lower floors and loom (/wiki/Loom) -shop on the top floor. Cellar loomshops on the ground floor or in the basement were found where cotton (/wiki/Cotton) was woven, as they provided high humidity. A loom-shop can be often recognised by a long row of windows which provided maximum light for the weaver. ( Full article... (/wiki/Weavers%27_cottage) ) More selected articles (/wiki/Portal:Clothing/Selected_article) Did you know (auto generated) ... that after being criticized for dressing "like a doll" at an important meeting, pioneering Russian feminist Anna Filosofova (/wiki/Anna_Filosofova) replied that "clothes do not make the woman"? ... that Liberian paramount chief Tamba Taylor (/wiki/Tamba_Taylor) worked as a tailor and claimed to have sewn clothes for Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie (/wiki/Haile_Selassie) and Ghanaian president Kwame Nkrumah (/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah) ? ... that Church Clothes 4 (/wiki/Church_Clothes_4) deals with Christian hip hop artist Lecrae (/wiki/Lecrae) 's faith deconstruction (/wiki/Faith_deconstruction) and reconstruction? ... that during a renovation of 4 Park Avenue (/wiki/4_Park_Avenue) , workers found a sealed room with women's clothes and shoes that was not in the building's blueprints? ... that according to Brandy Hellville (/wiki/Brandy_Hellville_%26_the_Cult_of_Fast_Fashion) , executives at Brandy Melville (/wiki/Brandy_Melville) have bought the clothes off of employees' backs? ... that pioneering Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) camerawoman Evelyn Straus (/wiki/Evelyn_Straus) had her clothes custom-made to carry her film and flashbulbs? More Did you know ... that makers of Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) ( pictured ) were guillotined during the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) because they were seen as protégés of the royals? ... that Blonde lace (/wiki/Blonde_lace) , while made with the same stitches (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) as Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) , was made out of two different thicknesses of thread to create greater contrast between the pattern and the ground? ... that Antwerp lace (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) is also known as "Pot Lace" because of its repeated flower pot motifs (/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)) ? More did you know facts (/wiki/Portal:Textile_Arts/DYK) Related portals Arts (/wiki/Portal:Arts) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Nudity (/wiki/Portal:Nudity) Visual arts (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) Selected image Dense floral Jacobean embroidery worn by Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset Credit: William Larkin (/wiki/William_Larkin_(painter)) Jacobean embroidery (/wiki/Jacobean_embroidery) refers to embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) styles that flourished beginning in the reign of King James I of England (/wiki/James_I,_King_of_England) in first quarter of the seventeenth century (/wiki/Seventeenth_century) . The term is usually used today to describe a form of crewel embroidery (/wiki/Crewel_embroidery) used for furnishing characterized by fanciful plant and animal shapes worked in a variety of stitches with two-ply wool (/wiki/Wool) yarn (/wiki/Yarn) on linen (/wiki/Linen) . More selected pictures (/wiki/Portal:Clothing/Selected_picture) Read more (/wiki/Jacobean_embroidery) General images - load new batch The following are images from various clothing-related articles on Wikipedia. Image 1 Gross sales of goods vs IP laws (US 2007) (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 2 Edgar I of England (/wiki/Edgar_I_of_England) in short tunic, hose, and cloak, 966 (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 3 Latin dancers (/wiki/Latin_dance) in their costumes (/wiki/Costume) . The woman is wearing backless dress (/wiki/Backless_dress) with deep slits on its lower portion, while the man is wearing a shirt with top buttons open. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 4 Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) , wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white muslin (/wiki/Muslin) dress called a chemise a la Reine , were highly influential and widely worn. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 5 Cover of Marcus Clarks' (/wiki/Marcus_Clark_%26_Co) spring and summer catalogue 1926–27 (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 6 Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) , the wife of President John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) , made pink a popular high-fashion color. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 7 14th-century Italian silk damasks (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 8 This 1921 clipping from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch) , with story and drawings by Marguerite Martyn (/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn) , represents the saturation newspaper coverage given to society women at a fashionable dance. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 9 Melania Trump (/wiki/Melania_Trump) with Argentine first lady Juliana Awada (/wiki/Juliana_Awada) in 2017 (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 10 Model with a modern dress reflecting the current fashion trend at a fashion show, Paris, 2011 (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 11 A see-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) top worn along with pasties (/wiki/Pasties) by a model at a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) in US, 2017. Such fashion trends (/wiki/Fashion_trend) get popularised through media. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 12 Slashing at its height: Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (/wiki/Henry_IV,_Duke_of_Saxony) , c. 1514 (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 13 A French reinterpretation of Spanish fashion, with elaborate reticella ruff, 1609 (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 14 Gensei Kajin Shu by Yoshu Chikanobu (/wiki/Yoshu_Chikanobu) , 1890. Various styles of traditional Japanese clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_clothing) and Western styles. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 15 Tie dye vendor, July 2013 (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 16 The Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) , showing the attire of a Classical period Filipino, made of silk (/wiki/Silk) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 17 Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) , supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) , walks the runway modeling fashions by designer Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) 2013. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 18 A woman in Bengal region (/wiki/Bengal_region) in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , clad in fine Bengali muslin (/wiki/Muslin) , 18th century. (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 19 Fur fashion for sale in Tallinn (/wiki/Tallinn) , Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 20 Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) at the 2019 Max Mara Fashion Week in Milan (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 21 A Mexican sports reporter Inés Sainz (/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Sainz) wearing a little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) and knee-high boots (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 22 Bold floral patterned silks, 15th century (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 23 Celebrities such as Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) have popularized the concept of wearing underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) . (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 24 Estonian (/wiki/Estonia) national clothes are a fine example of change in clothing after the industrial revolution. They changed a lot during 18th and 19th of century with the addition of new types of colors (like aniline (/wiki/Aniline) dyes), placement of colors (like lengthwise stripes) and with the addition of new elements (like waistcoats). By the end of the 19th century they went out of use in most of the country (except more remote places as in Kihnu (/wiki/Kihnu) island) and it was only in mid 20th century when they once again gained popularity and now as a formal clothing. Members of University of Tartu Folk Art Ensemble (/wiki/University_of_Tartu_Folk_Art_Ensemble) wearing clothes specific to Kihnu island, Tori Parish (/wiki/Tori_Parish) (women in red skirts) and Tõstamaa (/wiki/T%C3%B5stamaa) area (men in brown clothing). (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Image 25 Woman's Bicycling Ensemble, 1898, LACMA (/wiki/LACMA) (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 26 Albrecht Dürer (/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer) 's drawing contrasts a well-turned out bourgeoise from Nuremberg (/wiki/Nuremberg) (left) with her counterpart from Venice. The Venetian lady's high chopines (/wiki/Chopine) make her look taller. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 27 Indigenous Americas Map Tunic designed in 2018 by Carla Fernández (/wiki/Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez) and Pedro Reyes for Taller Flora. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 28 Timberland boots are an everyday shoe in streetwear. (from Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) Image 29 Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd (/wiki/Llanwrtyd) , Wales (/wiki/Wales) in the 1940s (from History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) ) Selected quote "Yes, nowadays everything is being mortgaged, or is going to be." This said, Kostanzhoglo's temper rose still further. "Out upon your factories of hats and candles!" he cried. "Out upon procuring candle-makers from London, and then turning landowners into hucksters! To think of a Russian pomiestchik, a member of the noblest of callings, conducting workshops and cotton mills! Why, it is for the wenches of towns to handle looms for muslin and lace." — Nikolai Gogol (/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol) , Dead Souls (/wiki/Dead_Souls) More selected quotes (/wiki/Portal:Textile_Arts/Selected_quote) More at Wikiquote (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Textile_arts) Main topics v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands 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(/wiki/Felt) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Nålebinding (/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding) Needlework (/wiki/Needlework) Patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) Passementerie (/wiki/Passementerie) Plying (/wiki/Plying) Quilting (/wiki/Quilting) Rope (/wiki/Rope) Rug making (/wiki/Rug_making) Sewing (/wiki/Sewing) Spinning (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) Stitch (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) History of ... Byzantine silk (/wiki/Byzantine_silk) Clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Quilting (/wiki/History_of_quilting) Silk in the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods) Textiles in the British Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution) Timeline of textile technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Regional and ethnic African (/wiki/African_textiles) Kongo (/wiki/Kongo_textiles) Kuba (/wiki/Kuba_textiles) Australian Aboriginal (/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft) Hmong (/wiki/Hmong_textile_art) Burmese Acheik (/wiki/Acheik) Indonesian Balinese (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Andean (/wiki/Andean_textiles) Mapuche (/wiki/Mapuche_textiles) Maya (/wiki/Maya_textiles) Mexican (/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico) Navajo (/wiki/Navajo_weaving) Oaxacan (/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca) Korean (/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts) Māori (/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles) Related Blocking (/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)) Fiber art (/wiki/Fiber_art) Mathematics and fiber arts (/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Preservation (/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Textile industry (/wiki/Textile_industry) Textile museums (/wiki/Category:Textile_museums) Units of measurement (/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement) Wearable fiber art (/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art) Glossaries Dyeing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms) Sewing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms) Textile manufacturing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Clothing portal Recognized content Extended content This is a list of recognized content, updated weekly by JL-Bot (/wiki/User:JL-Bot_(RECOG)) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:JL-Bot) · contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/JL-Bot) ) (typically on Saturdays). 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Featured articles Bronwyn Bancroft (/wiki/Bronwyn_Bancroft) Inuit clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Good articles Batik (/wiki/Batik) Bed hangings (/wiki/Bed_hangings) Cora Slocomb di Brazza (/wiki/Cora_Slocomb_di_Brazza) Dar al-Kiswa (/wiki/Dar_al-Kiswa) English embroidery (/wiki/English_embroidery) Knitta Please (/wiki/Knitta_Please) William Morris (/wiki/William_Morris) Natural dye (/wiki/Natural_dye) Navajo weaving (/wiki/Navajo_weaving) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Featured pictures 17.17-37-1969-Kaukasisk-broderi 17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art Eugène Grasset - A La Place Clichy Khalili Collections A Composite Imaginary View of Japan Featured portals Portal:Clothing Subcategories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Clothing by century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_century) Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Clothing by culture (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_culture) Clothing by decade (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_decade) Clothing by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Clothing by material (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_material) Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) Clothing-related lists (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_lists) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Clothing containers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_containers) Clothing in politics (/wiki/Category:Clothing_in_politics) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Clothing-related organizations (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_organizations) Color of clothing (/wiki/Category:Color_of_clothing) Clothing controversies (/wiki/Category:Clothing_controversies) Costumes (/wiki/Category:Costumes) Dress codes (/wiki/Category:Dress_codes) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Fashion museums (/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums) Gender and clothing (/wiki/Category:Gender_and_clothing) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Images of clothing (/wiki/Category:Images_of_clothing) Individual garments (/wiki/Category:Individual_garments) Laundry (/wiki/Category:Laundry) Minimalist clothing (/wiki/Category:Minimalist_clothing) Modesty (/wiki/Category:Modesty) Mythological clothing (/wiki/Category:Mythological_clothing) Nudity (/wiki/Category:Nudity) Parts of clothing (/wiki/Category:Parts_of_clothing) Sewing (/wiki/Category:Sewing) Sizes in clothing (/wiki/Category:Sizes_in_clothing) Songs about clothing (/wiki/Category:Songs_about_clothing) Tailors (/wiki/Category:Tailors) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Select [►] to view subcategories Textile arts (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts) Textile arts by country (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_by_country) Textile arts by region (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_by_region) Textile artists (/wiki/Category:Textile_artists) Beadwork (/wiki/Category:Beadwork) Buttons (/wiki/Category:Buttons) Textile arts exhibitions (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_exhibitions) Glossaries of textile arts (/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_textile_arts) Indigenous textiles (/wiki/Category:Indigenous_textiles) Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) Needlework (/wiki/Category:Needlework) Quilting (/wiki/Category:Quilting) Rag dolls (/wiki/Category:Rag_dolls) Ropework (/wiki/Category:Ropework) Rugs and carpets (/wiki/Category:Rugs_and_carpets) Sewing (/wiki/Category:Sewing) Spinning (/wiki/Category:Spinning) Tapestries (/wiki/Category:Tapestries) Textile arts organizations (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_organizations) Textile design (/wiki/Category:Textile_design) Textile printing (/wiki/Category:Textile_printing) Thangkas (/wiki/Category:Thangkas) Wearable art (/wiki/Category:Wearable_art) Weaving (/wiki/Category:Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Category:Yarn) Textile arts stubs (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_stubs) WikiProjects Parent project Wikipedia:WikiProject Arts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arts) Main project Textile Arts WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts) Participants (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts/Participants) Related projects WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) • WikiProject Knots (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Knots) • WikiProject Sculpture (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sculpture) • WikiProject Visual arts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts) What are WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) ? Things you can do Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles) : Japanese embroidery (/w/index.php?title=Japanese_embroidery&action=edit&redlink=1) , Slip stitch crochet (/w/index.php?title=Slip_stitch_crochet&action=edit&redlink=1) , Angelo Testa (/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Testa&action=edit&redlink=1) (see Ostrich leather (/wiki/Ostrich_leather) for example) Assess (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) : Rate unassessed articles for quality (/wiki/Category:Unassessed_Textile_Arts_articles) and importance (/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_Textile_Arts_articles) Cleanup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup) : Tassel (/wiki/Tassel) , Burlap (/wiki/Burlap) , or one of the articles in our cleanup list (https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Textile_Arts.html) Copyedit (/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting) : History of knitting (/wiki/History_of_knitting) , Drawn thread work (/wiki/Drawn_thread_work) Expand (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles) : History of textiles and clothing (/wiki/History_of_textiles_and_clothing) , Casting on (knitting) (/wiki/Casting_on_(knitting)) Photo (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures) : Hollie point (/wiki/Hollie_point) , Challis (fabric) (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) , Mountmellick embroidery (/wiki/Mountmellick_embroidery) , More photos... (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts/Requested_pictures) Stubs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) : Afghan blanket (/wiki/Afghan_blanket) , Emilie Bach (/wiki/Emilie_Bach) , Candlewicking (/wiki/Candlewicking) , Dip stitch (knitting) (/wiki/Dip_stitch_(knitting)) , Elongated stitch (knitting) (/wiki/Elongated_stitch_(knitting)) , More stubs... (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_stubs) Verify (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) : Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , Ply (/wiki/Ply) , Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) , Braid (/wiki/Braid) , Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) , Cardigan (sweater) (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , Cotton-spinning machinery (/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery) , Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) , Damask (/wiki/Damask) , Distaff (/wiki/Distaff) , Dobby loom (/wiki/Dobby_loom) , Drawn thread work (/wiki/Drawn_thread_work) , Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) , Hemline (/wiki/Hemline) , Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) , Lace (/wiki/Lace) , Natural fiber (/wiki/Natural_fiber) , Neckline (/wiki/Neckline) , Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) , Overlock (/wiki/Overlock) , Machine embroidery (/wiki/Machine_embroidery) Other : Help find and upload Requested pictures (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts/Requested_pictures) Place the {{ WikiProject Textile Arts (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Textile_Arts) }} project banner on the talk pages of all articles within the scope of the project. Place the {{Portal|Textile arts}} portal template in the See also (/wiki/Wikipedia:ALSO) section of associated articles. Improve a top priority (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Textile_Arts/Organization) textile arts article. Original research removal (/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR) : Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , History of knitting (/wiki/History_of_knitting) Associated Wikimedia The following Wikimedia Foundation (/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation) sister projects provide more on this subject: Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Clothing) Free media repository Wikibooks (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Free knowledge base Wikinews (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Free-content news Wikiquote (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Collection of quotations Wikisource (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Free-content library Wikiversity (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Free learning tools Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clothing) Dictionary and thesaurus Discover Wikipedia using portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal) List of all portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) The arts portal (/wiki/Portal:The_arts) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Current events portal (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) Geography portal (/wiki/Portal:Geography) History portal (/wiki/Portal:History) Mathematics portal (/wiki/Portal:Mathematics) Science portal (/wiki/Portal:Science) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Technology portal (/wiki/Portal:Technology) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) WikiProject Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐757b556fd4‐2pffj Cached time: 20240722124140 Cache expiry: 21600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 5.496 seconds Real time usage: 6.337 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4212/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 286094/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 40516/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 88/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 181745/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 4.687/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 23735978/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 1600 ms 33.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 560 ms 11.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 520 ms 10.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gmatch_callback 500 ms 10.4% ? 340 ms 7.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 280 ms 5.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::sub 280 ms 5.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::len 200 ms 4.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 60 ms 1.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget 60 ms 1.2% [others] 420 ms 8.7% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 5878.279 1 -total 85.09% 5001.870 1 Template:Flex_columns 43.97% 2584.469 7 Template:Main_other 43.94% 2582.877 1 Template:Transclude_files_as_random_slideshow 19.52% 1147.314 1 Template:Transclude_selected_recent_additions 16.37% 961.982 1 Template:Transclude_list_item_excerpts_as_random_slideshow 3.34% 196.291 1 Portal:Clothing/Clothing_topics 3.17% 186.543 3 Template:Plain_navboxes 2.96% 173.883 3 Template:Lang 2.80% 164.617 3 Template:Transclude_random_subpage Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9562493-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722124140 and revision id 1179315060. 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Perfume from Uttar Pradesh Kannauj Perfume Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) Camel skin perfume bottles from Kannauj. The bottles are for aging the perfume. Alternative names Ittar Description Kannauj Perfume in Uttar Pradesh Type Manufactured Area Kannauj (/wiki/Kannauj) , Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh) Country India Registered 2013–2014 Material Flowers, herbs, spices Kannauj Perfume , also known as Kannauj Ittar , is a traditional Indian perfume (/wiki/Perfume) made in the city of Kannauj (/wiki/Kannauj) in Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It has been protected under the Geographical indication (/wiki/Geographical_indication) (GI) of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights) (TRIPS) agreement. Kannauj Perfume is listed as item 157 of the GI Act 1999, which was passed by the Government of India. [2] (#cite_note-2) Kannauj's perfume sector has a storied history. Due to the role of perfume production in Kannauj, the city is known as "the perfume capital of India". Additionally, one writer said that "Kannauj is to India what Grasse (/wiki/Grasse) is to France". [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) An expert stated that " Kannauj has been the perfumery town of the country for thousands of years ". [5] (#cite_note-5) The skills used to manufacture the perfume have been passed down through successive generations. In describing this process, one artisan said, "My family has been working in this field since three centuries and my son is the 30th generation". [ citation needed ] The perfume is made from flowers and natural resources. Musk (/wiki/Musk) , camphor (/wiki/Camphor) , saffron (/wiki/Saffron) and other aromatic substances are also used in its production. Flowers like white jasmine (/wiki/Jasminum_officinale) and plants such as vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) are used for summer varieties, while soil is used for a monsoon variety, called Mitti attar . The smell of Mitti attar resembles petrichor (/wiki/Petrichor) , the loamy smell of a first rain. [6] (#cite_note-hindustantimes/rekOv9uFRO4g5pzDIW41dK-6) Heena attar and musk attar are winter varieties. [7] (#cite_note-7) The perfume does not usually contain alcohol or other chemicals. [ which? ] Perfume made from rose is more potent, while attar made from sandalwood oil lasts for a long time. The typical creation process of a small bottle takes roughly 15 days. [8] (#cite_note-8) Kannauj perfume has reached both local and international markets. Around 20 companies export to foreign countries from North America and Europe, to the Middle East, Central Asia and Oceania. [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] List of Geographical Indications in India (/wiki/List_of_Geographical_Indications_in_India) Ittar (/wiki/Ittar) Kannauj (/wiki/Kannauj) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "UP के एक शहर की विदेशों तक फैल रही खुशबू, क्या आप जानते हैं इसकी खासियत? | Kannauj perfume history about interesting facts" (https://www.patrika.com/kannauj-news/kannauj-perfume-history-about-interesting-facts-8061606/) . Patrika News (in Hindi). 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "State Wise Registration Details Of G.I Applications" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf) (PDF) . Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks. Archived from the original (http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf) (PDF) on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Geographical Indications tag for Nagpur orange, Kannauj perfume" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Geographical-Indications-tag-for-Nagpur-orange-Kannauj-perfume/articleshow/34214019.cms) . The Times of India . 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Brand Building and Marketing in Key Emerging Markets: A Practitioner's Guide to Successful Brand Growth in China, India, Russia and Brazil . Springer. 2015. p. 405. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-319-19482-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Life: India's perfume capital threatened by scent of modernity" (http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2012/09/20/2003543194) . The Taipei Times. 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-hindustantimes/rekOv9uFRO4g5pzDIW41dK_6-0) "Mitti attar: Take home that lush smell of the first rain, trapped in a bottle" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/mitti-attar-take-home-that-lush-smell-of-the-first-rain-trapped-in-a-bottle/story-rekOv9uFRO4g5pzDIW41dK.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The great Indian Tadka" (http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/the-great-indian-tadka.html) . The Daily Pioneer . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fading fragrance of Kannauj, India's perfume capital" (http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/pictures-fading-fragrance-kannauj-indias-perfume-capital-974565/) . Travel CNN . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Attar losing fragrance in Kannauj, perfurmers unhappy with Yadav clan" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Attar-losing-fragrance-in-Kannauj-perfurmers-unhappy-with-Yadav-clan/articleshow/34068440.cms) . The Times of India . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Bibliography Report on the marketing of sandalwood oil in India . Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 141. Vashist, V. N. (1978). The Essential Oil and Perfumery Industry in North India . Essential Oil Association of India. p. 63. External links [ edit ] Kannauj – The City of Ittr (Documentary) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) India's perfume capital threatened by scent of modernity on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) History of kannauj perfume (https://www.kannaujperfume.com/post/the-perfumed-heritage-kannauj-attar/) Making Perfume From the Rain (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/making-perfume-from-the-rain/391011/) Land acquired for Kannauj perfume park (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Land-acquired-for-Kannauj-perfume-park/articleshow/49954674.cms) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐vhjg4 Cached time: 20240713175425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.266 seconds Real time usage: 0.358 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1614/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 34354/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3003/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40967/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.169/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5819276/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 329.576 1 -total 40.86% 134.677 1 Template:Reflist 31.37% 103.378 5 Template:Cite_web 17.96% 59.183 1 Template:Short_description 10.27% 33.840 1 Template:Infobox_geographical_indication 10.17% 33.505 2 Template:Pagetype 9.93% 32.711 2 Template:Fix 9.77% 32.215 1 Template:Infobox 9.01% 29.680 1 Template:Citation_needed 6.25% 20.598 3 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49324268-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713175425 and revision id 1212642595. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannauj_Perfume&oldid=1212642595 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannauj_Perfume&oldid=1212642595) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Geographical_indications_in_Uttar_Pradesh) Kannauj (/wiki/Category:Kannauj) Culture of India (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_India) Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) Hidden categories: CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from July 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2018) Use Indian English from June 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_June_2018) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023) All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases) Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2023)
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A Thermal Protective Aid ( TPA ) is an aluminized polyethylene suit with heat sealed seams that protects from the elements and prevents hypothermia (/wiki/Hypothermia) . It is defined by the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code [1] (#cite_note-1) as follows: A thermal protective aid shall be made of a waterproof material having a thermal conductance of not more than 7,800 W/(m 2 K) and shall be so constructed that, when used to enclose a person, it shall reduce both the convective and evaporative heat loss from the wearer's body. The thermal protective aid shall: 1. cover the whole body of persons of all sizes wearing a lifejacket with the exception of the face. Hands shall also be covered unless permanently attached gloves are provided; 2. be capable of being unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a survival craft or rescue boat; and 3. permit the wearer to remove it in the water in not more than 2 min, if it impairs ability to swim. The thermal protective aid shall function properly throughout an air temperature range -30°C to +20°C. — International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Every survival craft should have 2 thermal protective aid suits or 10% of its total carrying capacity whichever is greater. [2] (#cite_note-Cult_of_Sea-2) For the purpose of high visibility in all weather conditions the suit is coloured in international orange (/wiki/International_orange) . [3] (#cite_note-Marinesite-3) Some manufacturers currently construct suits with discrete size bands (XS–XXL) and others of a single ‘universal’ size (/wiki/One_size_fits_all) . [4] (#cite_note-MarED-4) Due to its usage conditions it should be suitable to be worn over bulky clothing and lifejacket. [5] (#cite_note-Safety-Marine-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (1974-11-01). "International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code" (http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1998/31.html) . Department Of Foreign Affairs And Trade Canberra . Retrieved 2017-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cult_of_Sea_2-0) Thermal Protective Aid – Requirements as per SOLAS (https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/thermal-protective-aid/) ^ (#cite_ref-Marinesite_3-0) Thermal Protective Aid (TPA) and Immersion suits (http://www.marinesite.info/2012/07/thermal-protective-aid-tpa-and.html) ^ (#cite_ref-MarED_4-0) MarED Doc-ID 15-541r10 Q LSA 073 200217 (http://www.mared.org/download/encKz3zMXzeme8%3D) ^ (#cite_ref-Safety-Marine_5-0) SOLAS approved Thermal Protective Aid (TPA) (http://www.safety-marine.co.uk/first-aid-and-sea-sickness/p3522s15/solas-approved-thermal-protective-aid-tpa.htm) See also [ edit ] Immersion suit (/wiki/Immersion_suit) Space blanket (/wiki/Space_blanket) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐66546ff478‐9q699 Cached time: 20240712234100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.235 seconds Real time usage: 0.266 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 282/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3927/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1124/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6799/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.151/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2357655/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 249.624 1 -total 76.08% 189.908 1 Template:Reflist 65.61% 163.786 1 Template:Cite_web 22.90% 57.162 1 Template:Quote 15.20% 37.953 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 3.09% 7.723 3 Template:If_empty 1.08% 2.687 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54018577-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712234100 and revision id 1218648744. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_Protective_Aid&oldid=1218648744 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_Protective_Aid&oldid=1218648744) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Safety clothing (/wiki/Category:Safety_clothing)
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High-end men's clothing company Luciano Barbera Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) Founded 1970 ; 54 years ago ( 1970 ) Founder Carlo Barbera Successor Luciano Barbera Headquarters Biella , Italy Products Men's Clothing Owner Luciano Barbera Website https://www.lucianobarbera.com (https://www.lucianobarbera.com) The oldest part of Callabiana (/wiki/Callabiana) factory. Luciano Barbera is a high-end men’s clothing company based in Biella (/wiki/Biella) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , a town and commune in the northern Italian region of Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) . History [ edit ] Prior to producing a clothing company, the Barbera family owned and operated the Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) wool mill, also located in Biella, Italy. In 1962, Luciano Barbera (son of Carlo Barbera) was photographed by Ugo Mulas for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) in a suit made with his family's fabrics. Years later, the owner of the US menswear store Louis Boston offered Luciano to sell his line of clothes, which led the latter to create his clothing brand. In 1971, the Luciano Barbera brand of men's clothes was created, using the Carlo Barbera fabrics to make the clothes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2010 the reported average price of fabric from the Carlo Barbera factory was 41 euros (/wiki/Euro) a meter ($48.75 a yard). That same year, the company had a $5.8 million debt and was short on orders to settle it, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and the mill fabric was acquired by the Neapolitan tailoring (/wiki/Neapolitan_tailoring) company Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) . In 2014, the US private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) fund Tengram Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in Luciano Barbera and named Todd Barrato as CEO, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) while Carola Barbera remained as Creative Director. In 2019 the Barbera family repurchased the Luciano Barbera apparel brand, reestablishing it as a family business (/wiki/Family_business) , with Luciano himself as part-owner, his daughter Carola Barbera operating as Creative Director and Managing Partner, and Luciano’s son Lodovico Barbera representing the company as Global Brand Ambassador. The initial Barbera fabric mill (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) in Biella, Italy, was founded by Carlo Barbera (1911–2013) and continues to be owned by Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) following its purchase in 2010. [3] (#cite_note-3) After dying, the yarn (/wiki/Yarn) is rested six months while it regained humidity before weaving in order to obtain the best results. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The brand opened a Luciano Barbera showroom in Milan (/wiki/Milan) on Via Gesù (/wiki/Via_Ges%C3%B9) , the popular men’s clothing street. [4] (#cite_note-4) In popular culture [ edit ] In the 2010 spy movie Salt (/wiki/Salt_(2010_film)) , Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) wears Luciano Barbera clothes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Segal, David (31 July 2010). "Is Italy Too Italian?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/business/global/01italy.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_2-0) "Luciano Barbera, il marchio acquisito dagli americani" (https://www.lastampa.it/biella/2014/10/14/news/luciano-barbera-il-marchio-acquisito-dagli-americani-1.35602022/) . La Stampa (in Italian). 2014-10-14 . Retrieved 2022-10-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Olsen, Kerry; Palmieri, Jean E. (6 October 2010). "Kiton Buys Carlo Barbera Mill" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/kiton-buys-carlo-barbera-mill-3329528/) . Women's World Daily . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cassola, Paola (2015-06-11). "Luciano Barbera, flagship e showroom tra Milano e NY" (https://www.pambianconews.com/2015/06/11/luciano-barbera-flagship-e-showroom-tra-milano-e-ny-179713/) . Pambianconews.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 2022-10-03 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.lucianobarbera.com/) Is Italy too Italian? (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/business/global/01italy.html) New York Times, 1 August 2010 v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐k9kx5 Cached time: 20240722165248 Cache expiry: 803234 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.548 seconds Real time usage: 0.715 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1722/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44443/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1822/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27666/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.361/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17551124/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 586.692 1 -total 37.49% 219.942 1 Template:Fabric 21.33% 125.135 7 Template:Transl 20.38% 119.540 1 Template:Reflist 17.49% 102.631 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.04% 88.222 1 Template:Infobox 14.83% 87.014 1 Template:Cite_news 12.47% 73.174 1 Template:Short_description 7.48% 43.884 2 Template:Pagetype 6.25% 36.648 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28222038-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165248 and revision id 1232119326. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Barbera&oldid=1232119326 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Barbera&oldid=1232119326) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Biella (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Biella) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Clothing companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1970) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Italian companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1970) Textile companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Textile_companies_of_Italy) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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< Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) Deletion Sorting (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) Project (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) ( talk (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) ) Project page (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) Lists (by ABC) Lists (by topic) (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Compact) Lists (computer-readable) (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Computer-readable.json) AfD (/wiki/Wikipedia:AFD) : Today (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/Today) , Yesterday (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/Yesterday) Delsort scripts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting#Scripts_and_tools) v t e Shortcuts (/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut) WP:DSL (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DSL&redirect=no) WP:DELSORT/FLAT (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DELSORT/FLAT&redirect=no) This is an alphabetized list of sorted deletion lists (see WikiProject Deletion sorting (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting) ). Geographic [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Geographic","replies":["h-A\u2013D-Geographic","h-E\u2013H-Geographic","h-I\u2013N-Geographic","h-O\u2013T-Geographic","h-U\u2013Z-Geographic"]}} A–D [ edit ] Afghanistan (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Afghanistan) Article (/wiki/Afghanistan) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Afghanistan-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan) – Category (/wiki/Category:Afghanistan) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Afghanistan) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Afghanistan/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Afghanistan) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Afghanistan_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Afghanistan_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Afghanistan/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Afghanistan/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Afghanistan/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Africa (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Africa) Article (/wiki/Africa) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Africa) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Africa) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) – Category (/wiki/Category:Africa) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Africa) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Africa/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Africa) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Africa_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Africa_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Africa/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Africa&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Africa/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/wiki/Talk:Africa/to_do) ) Alabama (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Alabama) Article (/wiki/Alabama) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Alabama-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Alabama) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Alabama) – Category (/wiki/Category:Alabama) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alabama) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alabama/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Alabama) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Alabama_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Alabama_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alabama/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alabama/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Alabama/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Alaska (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Alaska) Article (/wiki/Alaska) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Alaska) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Alaska-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Alaska) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Alaska) – Category (/wiki/Category:Alaska) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alaska) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alaska/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Alaska) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Alaska_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Alaska_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alaska/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alaska/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Alaska/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Albania (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Albania) Article (/wiki/Albania) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Albania) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Albania-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Albania) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Albania&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Albania) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albania) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albania/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Albania) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Albania_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Albania_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albania/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Albania&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albania/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/wiki/Talk:Albania/to_do) ) Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Andhra_Pradesh) Article (/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Andhra_Pradesh) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Andhra_Pradesh-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Andhra_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andhra_Pradesh) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andhra_Pradesh/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Andhra_Pradesh) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Andhra_Pradesh_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andhra_Pradesh/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Andhra_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andhra_Pradesh/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Andhra_Pradesh/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Andorra (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Andorra) Article (/wiki/Andorra) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Andorra) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Andorra-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Andorra) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Andorra) – Category (/wiki/Category:Andorra) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andorra) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andorra/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Andorra) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Andorra_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Andorra_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andorra/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andorra/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Andorra/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Angola (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Angola) Article (/wiki/Angola) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Angola) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Angola-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Angola) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Angola&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Angola) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Angola) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Angola/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Angola) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Angola_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Angola_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Angola/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Angola&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Angola/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Angola/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Antarctica (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Antarctica) Article (/wiki/Antarctica) – Outline (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Antarctica) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Antarctica) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Antarctica) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Antarctica_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Antarctica_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica/to_do) ( Talk (/wiki/Talk:Antarctica/to_do) ) Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Antigua_and_Barbuda) Article (/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Antigua_and_Barbuda) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antigua_and_Barbuda) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antigua_and_Barbuda/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Antigua_and_Barbuda) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Antigua_and_Barbuda_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Antigua_and_Barbuda_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antigua_and_Barbuda/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antigua_and_Barbuda/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Antigua_and_Barbuda/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Argentina (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Argentina) Article (/wiki/Argentina) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Argentina) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Argentina-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Argentina) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Argentina) – Category (/wiki/Category:Argentina) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Argentina) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Argentina/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Argentina) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Argentina_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Argentina_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Argentina/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Argentina/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Argentina/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Arkansas (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arkansas) Article (/wiki/Arkansas) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Arkansas) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Arkansas-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Arkansas) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Arkansas) – Category (/wiki/Category:Arkansas) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arkansas) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arkansas/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arkansas) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Arkansas_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Arkansas_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arkansas/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arkansas/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Arkansas/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Arizona (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arizona) Article (/wiki/Arizona) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Arizona-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Arizona) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Arizona) – Category (/wiki/Category:Arizona) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arizona) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arizona/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arizona) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Arizona_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Arizona_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arizona/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arizona/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Arizona/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Armenia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Armenia) Article (/wiki/Armenia) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Armenia) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Armenia) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Armenia) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Armenia/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Armenia) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Armenia_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Armenia_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Armenia/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Armenia/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Armenia/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Arunachal Pradesh (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arunachal_Pradesh) Article (/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Arunachal_Pradesh) – Index (/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Arunachal_Pradesh-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1) – History (/wiki/History_of_Arunachal_Pradesh) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Arunachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Arunachal_Pradesh) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arunachal_Pradesh) – Alerts (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arunachal_Pradesh/Article_alerts&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Setup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_alerts/Subscribing) ) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Arunachal_Pradesh) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Arunachal_Pradesh_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Arunachal_Pradesh_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arunachal_Pradesh/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Arunachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arunachal_Pradesh/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Arunachal_Pradesh/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Asia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Asia) Article (/wiki/Asia) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Asia) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Asia-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Asia) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Asia) – Category (/wiki/Category:Asia) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Asia) – Alerts (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Asia/Article_alerts&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Setup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_alerts/Subscribing) ) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Asia) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Asia_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Asia_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Asia/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Asia&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Asia/to_do) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Asia/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Assam (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Assam) Article (/wiki/Assam) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Assam) – Index (/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Assam-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1) – History (/wiki/History_of_Assam) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Assam&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Assam) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Assam) – Alerts (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Assam/Article_alerts&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Setup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_alerts/Subscribing) ) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Assam) – Cleanup (/w/index.php?title=Category:Assam_articles_needing_attention&action=edit&redlink=1) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Assam_stubs) – Assessment (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Assam/Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Assam&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Assam/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Assam/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Australia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Australia) Article (/wiki/Australia) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Australia) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Australia) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) – Category (/wiki/Category:Australia) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Australia) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Australia/Article_alerts) – Deletions 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(/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Zimbabwe) Article (/wiki/Zimbabwe) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Zimbabwe) – Index (/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles) – History (/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe) – Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) – Category (/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Zimbabwe) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Zimbabwe/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Zimbabwe) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe_stubs) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Zimbabwe/Assessment) – Style (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) – To-do (/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Zimbabwe/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Talk (/wiki/Talk:Zimbabwe/to_do) ) Topical [ edit ] 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Talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tourism/to_do&action=edit&redlink=1) ) U–Z [ edit ] Video games (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Video_games) Article (/wiki/Video_games) – Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Video_games) – Index (/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Video_games-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1) – History (/w/index.php?title=History_of_Video_games&action=edit&redlink=1) – Portal (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) – Category (/wiki/Category:Video_games) – WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games) – Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games/Article_alerts) – Deletions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Video_games) – Cleanup (/wiki/Category:Video_games_articles_needing_attention) – Stubs (/w/index.php?title=Category:Video_games_stubs&action=edit&redlink=1) – Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games/Assessment) – Style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games) – To-do (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games/to_do) ( Talk 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Russian model Tatiana Kovylina Born ( 1981-11-04 ) November 4, 1981 (age 42) Kazan (/wiki/Kazan) , Tatar ASSR (/wiki/Tatar_ASSR) , Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) Other names Tatiana Modeling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Green Tatiana Kovylina ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Татьяна Ковылина ; born 4 November 1981) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Russian model. She has appeared in advertisements for Ann Taylor (/wiki/Ann_Taylor_(clothing_retailer)) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Jeans, Cole Haan (/wiki/Cole_Haan) , and in 2002, she was on the cover of Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) . [ citation needed ] In 2005, she walked the runway for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , which she returned to in 2009. [ citation needed ] In 2016, Kovylina co-founded Silou London, a London-based activewear brand. [2] (#cite_note-2) She has four children with her former husband Yuri Shefler (/wiki/Yuri_Shefler) , a Soviet-born British and Israeli billionaire businessman. [3] (#cite_note-SCMP-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "AllOnline - het website en communicatie pakket voor slechts 495 Euro!" (http://web.supermodels.nl/nl/default.aspx) . web.supermodels.nl . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "SILOU London - Luxury Sustainable Activewear" (https://siloulondon.com/) . Silou London . ^ (#cite_ref-SCMP_3-0) "Who is Russian billionaire Yuri Shefler, who bought Angelina Jolie's share of Chateau Miraval and upset Brad Pitt? 5 things to know, from his Victoria's Secret model wife to his drinks empire" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3168401/who-russian-billionaire-yuri-shefler-who-bought-angelina) . South China Morning Post . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐ppzk8 Cached time: 20240722165253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.460 seconds Real time usage: 0.595 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2341/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19476/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3537/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15255/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.351/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21241030/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 581.891 1 -total 36.13% 210.253 1 Template:Infobox_model 18.89% 109.923 1 Template:Lang-ru 18.17% 105.731 1 Template:Reflist 15.00% 87.306 2 Template:Cite_web 13.18% 76.674 1 Template:Short_description 10.16% 59.121 2 Template:Cn 8.75% 50.943 2 Template:Fix 7.53% 43.817 1 Template:Infobox 6.92% 40.288 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21357143-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165253 and revision id 1216005294. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Kovylina&oldid=1216005294 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Kovylina&oldid=1216005294) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Russian female models (/wiki/Category:Russian_female_models) Russian models (/wiki/Category:Russian_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1981 births (/wiki/Category:1981_births) People from Kazan (/wiki/Category:People_from_Kazan) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023)
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British-American fashion designer (born 1978) Savannah Miller Savannah Miller (left) with her sister, Sienna in September 2009 Born Savannah Elizabeth Louise Miller ( 1978-12-30 ) 30 December 1978 (age 45) British Hong Kong (/wiki/British_Hong_Kong) [1] (#cite_note-1) Citizenship United Kingdom United States Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2004–present Spouses Nick Skinner ( m. 2005; div. 2018) James Whewell ( m. 2022) Children 3 Relatives Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) (sister) Becki Newton (/wiki/Becki_Newton) (first cousin once removed) Matt Newton (/wiki/Matt_Newton) (first cousin once removed) Savannah Elizabeth Louise Miller [2] (#cite_note-2) (born 30 December 1978) [3] (#cite_note-3) is a British and American fashion designer. After working with Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) and Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) , she created the label "Twenty8Twelve" with her sister, Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) . In October 2012 she launched her own collection, "Savannah". Early life [ edit ] Miller was born in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Her father, Edwin Miller, is an American dealer in Chinese art (/wiki/Chinese_art) , previously a banker, while her mother, Josephine Miller, is a retired British model who was born in South Africa to British parents. She has a sister, Sienna (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) , who is an actress, and two half-brothers, Charles and Stephen. Miller moved to London with her family in the 1980s. On leaving school she went to the Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , graduating in 2004 with a first-class honours (/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First-class_honours) BA degree in Fashion and Knitwear. [5] (#cite_note-vogue-5) [6] (#cite_note-brinton-6) Career [ edit ] Miller's first jobs were with Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) and Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) . [5] (#cite_note-vogue-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2006 it was announced that Miller's sister Sienna (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) was to design a "fashion capsule" for Pepe Jeans (/wiki/Pepe_Jeans) ; this project developed into a fashion label called Twenty8Twelve, still backed by Pepe Jeans, and its first collection, designed by the two sisters, was shown in September 2007. [8] (#cite_note-8) They worked together as joint creative directors until 2012. In October of that year Miller left Twenty8Twelve and launched her own collection, "Savannah". The first Savannah line focused on "luxurious basics" and was marketed by Nelly.com. This led on to a Spring 2013 collection, reported as "heavily influenced by the 1970s". [9] (#cite_note-jacobs-9) The logo of the "Savannah" line is a swallow (/wiki/Swallow) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Sometimes associated with the term " boho-chic (/wiki/Boho-chic) ", [9] (#cite_note-jacobs-9) in 2006 Miller described a "real bohemian" as "someone who has the ability to appreciate beauty on a deep level, is a profound romantic, doesn't know any limits, whose world is their own creation, rather than living in a box". [6] (#cite_note-brinton-6) However, she dislikes the word "bohemian", [11] (#cite_note-11) and the Sunday Times (/wiki/Sunday_Times) used the term "rural chic" for a collection she designed and modelled for the Hong Kong label Shanghai Tang (/wiki/Shanghai_Tang) . [6] (#cite_note-brinton-6) Also an occasional model, Miller has appeared on the cover of Nylon magazine (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) [12] (#cite_note-12) and Sunday Times Style . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2023, she made a comeback in ready-to-wear with the launch of the womenswear brand Vivere, tagged as 'new smart'. [14] (#cite_note-14) Personal life [ edit ] In 2005, Miller married Nick Skinner, a teacher of Bushcraft (/wiki/Bushcraft) from Devon. [6] (#cite_note-brinton-6) In 2013, after her fashion business collapsed, the couple sold their house in Gloucestershire and moved to Panama (/wiki/Panama) , a negative experience that made them move back to Europe two years later. They then bought another house in the Cotswolds (/wiki/The_Cotswolds) . [15] (#cite_note-15) They separated in 2018. In December 2022, Miller married James Whewell, heir to the Wyresdale Park (/wiki/Wyresdale_Park) estate. [16] (#cite_note-16) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Simon Hattenstone talks to Sienna Miller" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/mar/03/1) . TheGuardian.com (/wiki/TheGuardian.com) . 3 March 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "SAVANNAH ELIZABETH LOUISE MILLER - LONDON" (http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/director/7224809/MS.-SAVANNAH-ELIZABETH-LOUISE-MILLER) . www.checkcompany.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "SAVANNAH MILLER LIMITED - GREENFORD" (http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/company/09223914/SAVANNAH-MILLER-LIMITED) . www.checkcompany.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Simon Hattenstone talks to Sienna Miller" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/mar/03/1) . TheGuardian.com (/wiki/TheGuardian.com) . 3 March 2007. ^ a b Scarlett Kilcooley-O'Halloran, Savannah Miller (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/savannah-miller) 18 October 2012 vogue uk ^ a b c d Jessica Brinton, 'A Miller's Tale', in The Sunday Times Style magazine 20 August 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Milligan, Lauren (17 February 2010). "Miller On McQueen" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/savannah-miller-on-alexander-mcqueen) . British Vogue . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Emili Vesilind, Shades of Sienna (http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/30/image/ig-sienna30) in Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2013 ^ a b Bel Jacobs, " Fashion designer Savannah Miller goes it alone with her new spring collection (http://metro.co.uk/2013/03/26/fashion-designer-savannah-miller-goes-it-alone-with-her-new-spring-collection-3558877/) " Metro , 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013: "And while Sienna is widely credited with bringing the concept of boho chic to the high street, it's clear Savannah shared the vision." ^ (#cite_ref-10) Sophie Warburton, "First look at Savannah Miller's new fashion line" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9528134/First-look-at-Savannah-Millers-new-fashion-line.html) . The Daily Telegraph , 7 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Bohemian. Ugh, that word" attributed to Savannah Miller by Brinton in Sunday Times Style , 20 August 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Nylon cover model, with Sienna Miller, November 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sunday Times Style cover, 20 August 2006, sitting sideways on a grey horse. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Wightman-Stone, Danielle (6 July 2023). "Savannah Miller unveils new womenswear brand Vivere" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/savannah-miller-unveils-new-womenswear-brand-vivere/2023070670400) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " Savannah Miller: I lost everything in Panama, I couldn't go on". (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11844267/Savannah-Miller-I-lost-everything-in-Panama-I-couldnt-go-on.html) Sunday Telegraph , 9 September 2015 (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11844267/Savannah-Miller-I-lost-everything-in-Panama-I-couldnt-go-on.html) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bridger-Linning, Stephanie (13 December 2022). "Fashion designer Savannah Miller marries James Whewell, the heir to Wyresdale Park, in London winter wedding" (https://www.tatler.com/article/savannah-miller-weds-james-whehell) . Tatler . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . External links [ edit ] Savannah Spring collection (http://nelly.com/uk/womens-fashion/brands/savannah-2523/) at nelly.com Savannah Miller (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/savannah-miller) at vogue.co.uk NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7pcqf Cached time: 20240719205831 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.359 seconds Real time usage: 0.484 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2841/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24829/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7450/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35437/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7200575/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 459.445 1 -total 50.76% 233.215 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.78% 109.251 1 Template:Reflist 20.23% 92.960 7 Template:Cite_web 18.82% 86.465 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 17.32% 79.565 1 Template:Short_description 14.40% 66.163 1 Template:Plainlist 13.39% 61.520 2 Template:Marriage 10.70% 49.148 2 Template:Pagetype 8.92% 40.986 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40361989-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719205831 and revision id 1222904954. 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1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_clothing) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_clothing) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_clothing) 22nd 23rd 24th See also: Category:1830s fashion (/wiki/Category:1830s_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐xrjqb Cached time: 20240718074929 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.091 seconds Real time usage: 0.143 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 102/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4376/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5843/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.067/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 993254/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 134.485 1 -total 85.20% 114.575 1 Template:Navseasoncats 14.73% 19.814 1 Template:Category_see_also 3.58% 4.818 1 Template:Title_year 1.95% 2.623 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63762218-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718074929 and revision id 952971113. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Clothing companies established in 1839 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1839) (1 P) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1830s_clothing&oldid=952971113 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1830s_clothing&oldid=952971113) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1830s works (/wiki/Category:1830s_works) Clothing by decade (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_decade) 19th-century clothing (/wiki/Category:19th-century_clothing) Hidden category: Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century)
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American childrenswear fashion designer (1917–2000) Emily Wilkens Wilkens in her own designs, 1948 Born 1917 ( 1917 ) Hartford, Connecticut (/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut) , U.S. Died December 2, 2000 (2000-12-02) (aged 82–83) Bronx, New York City (/wiki/Bronx,_New_York_City) , U.S. Education Pratt Institute (/wiki/Pratt_Institute) Known for Teenage and children's fashions Awards 1945 Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) 1945 Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) Emily Wilkens (1917 – December 2, 2000) was an American fashion designer specializing in children's wear. She won both the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) and the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) for her work, which was considered groundbreaking for properly taking note of the requirements of teenage dressing, and not simply offering miniature grown-up garments. She was also an author, writing a number of books on self care and style, and during the late 1960s and early 1970s, became a beauty journalist, writing an advice column. Early life [ edit ] Born in Hartford, Connecticut (/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut) , Emily Wilkens graduated from the Pratt Institute (/wiki/Pratt_Institute) in 1938. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) She put her studies of fashion illustration to use as a sketcher for newspaper advertisements. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) In 1947 she married Irving L. Levey, a judge. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) As fashion designer [ edit ] 1944 dress with smocking (/wiki/Smocking) and flower and butterfly embroidery. Wilkens was on holiday in Hollywood in the early 1940s when she was mistakenly declared to be a children's fashion designer at a party. This led to her receiving a commission to design film costumes for child actress Ann Todd (/wiki/Ann_Todd_(American_actress)) , and to create outfits for children including the offspring of stars such as Gracie Allen (/wiki/Gracie_Allen) and Jack Benny (/wiki/Jack_Benny) . [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) Unlike other designers working in the field, Wilkens designed clothes particularly for young girls and teenagers, rather than making miniature versions of their mothers' garments. [2] (#cite_note-martin76-2) Realizing that children grew quickly, she made garments that adjusted to accommodate changes in the adolescent (/wiki/Adolescent) figure, whilst maintaining an age-appropriate appearance. [3] (#cite_note-martin93-3) Among her signature designs were little black dresses (/wiki/Little_black_dress) for young girls, which, with bright accessories and details, allowed the wearer to have a "grown up" dress whilst avoiding an austere appearance. [3] (#cite_note-martin93-3) The fashion publicist Eleanor Lambert (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) credited her with recognizing an untapped market, and the fashion historian Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) stated that Wilkens "invented the American teenager" long before rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) and James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) consolidated the concept. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) [2] (#cite_note-martin76-2) By 1947, she was said to have served over eight million customers. [2] (#cite_note-martin76-2) Wilken's designs were inspired by a wide range of sources, including Thomas Gainsborough (/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough) 's paintings, Russian folk dress, and nineteenth century fashion. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) Awards Soon after she started in the early 1940s, in 1945, Wilkens won both the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) and the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) . [3] (#cite_note-martin93-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Coty Award publicity at the time praised Wilkens for producing clothing that gave young girls what they wished for, whilst also pleasing their mothers. [2] (#cite_note-martin76-2) As author [ edit ] In 1948 Wilkens published her first book, Here's Looking at You: The Modern Slant on Smartness for the Junior Miss. She went on to write four other titles along similar themes of personal style, beauty tips, and grooming. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) These included: A New You: The Art of Good Grooming . G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1965. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0399201769 . More secrets from the super spas . New York: Dembner Books. 1983. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0934878250 . During the 1960s and early 1970s Wilkens wrote an advice column on beauty and personal care, called "A New You" after her 1965 book, and distributed by King Features Syndicate (/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Later life and death [ edit ] Between 1966 and 1976 Wilkens was a trustee of the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) She died at the age of 83 in a retirement home in Riverdale, Bronx (/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx) on December 2, 2000. She had been diagnosed with dementia nine years earlier, and moved there in 1991. She was survived by her daughter and son, and five grandchildren. [1] (#cite_note-nyobit-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i Bellafante, Ginia (/wiki/Ginia_Bellafante) (6 December 2000). "Emily Wilkens, 83, Designer Who Dressed Girls Like Girls" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/06/nyregion/emily-wilkens-83-designer-who-dressed-girls-like-girls.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ a b c d Martin, Richard Harrison (1998). American Ingenuity: Sportswear, 1930s-1970s . Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 76. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870998638 . ^ a b c Martin, Richard Harrison (1998). American Ingenuity: Sportswear, 1930s-1970s . Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 93. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870998638 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Staff writer (25 October 2002). "The Neiman's Seal of Approval" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092533/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) . Women's Wear Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 – via Highbeam. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Staff writer (31 August 1967). " (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19670831.2.45) 'A New You' Beauty Tips To Start Soon" (http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19670831.2.45) . Madera Tribune . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wilkens, Emily (8 February 1973). "A New You: Take Time for Beauty Regimens" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19730208&id=vc9SAAAAIBAJ&pg=7174,1666070&hl=en) . The Deseret News . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Further reading [ edit ] Matheson, Rebecca Jumper (30 Nov 2015). Young Originals: Emily Wilkens and the Teen Sophisticate . Texas Tech University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0896729247 . v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (/wiki/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1454779/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000023651851) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/70284873) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXfJV4ggm3YChYbBkCcP) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82144316) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dwdcm Cached time: 20240712185602 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.386 seconds Real time usage: 0.499 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2212/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 34910/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1612/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47309/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.246/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6055639/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 432.053 1 -total 30.93% 133.628 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 19.47% 84.134 5 Template:Cite_book 18.29% 79.014 1 Template:American_sportswear 17.87% 77.198 1 Template:Navbox 14.13% 61.051 1 Template:Short_description 10.27% 44.391 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.30% 40.169 1 Template:Reflist 8.02% 34.658 2 Template:Pagetype 7.66% 33.112 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50176520-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185602 and revision id 1183000050. 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Indian Santali fashion designer Lipsa Hembram is an Indian fashion designer. She works on traditional women's Santal's costumes. She started her business in 2014. [1] (#cite_note-1) She is the founder of her Brand Galang Gabaan. Galang Gabaan is a Santali word which literally mean weave and create. [2] (#cite_note-2) Her simple designs bring Santali traditions into the modern fashion industry. Her products are not only retailed across the country, but also used in the Hindi film industry. [3] (#cite_note-3) Her fashion company has brought socio-economic changes to the tribal communities of India. For this she is considered one of the most influencial Women from an indigenous community in her home country. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Hembram was born in a Santali (/wiki/Santal_people) family in Rairangpur (/wiki/Rairangpur) of Mayurbhanj (/wiki/Mayurbhanj) , Odisha (/wiki/Odisha) . She completed her degree in fashion technology at National Institute of Fashion Technology (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology) in Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) She was among the top 50 important personalities according to odisha bytes a popular web journal of Odisha. [8] (#cite_note-8) Lipsa Hembram has show cased her collection in the Lakmé Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9_Fashion_Week) 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) Her collection, which was received as "standing out" by the Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) motifs dyed on handspun cotton fabrics from Kotpad (/wiki/Kotpad) in white, beige and black, was presented by Adah Sharma (/wiki/Adah_Sharma) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Lipsa Hembram also conducts workshop and promotes traditional sarees with modern touch. In 2023 she was part of an event ‘Viraasat: Celebrating 75 Handwoven Saris of India’, organised by the National Handloom Development Corporation Limited [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bhura, Sneha (2020-11-27). "How Lipsa Hembram is modernizing Santali sarees" (https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2020/11/27/how-lipsa-hembram-is-modernizing-santali-sarees.html) . The Week (/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)) . Retrieved 2024-03-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "5 Tribal Women You Should Know About" (https://mediaindia.eu/society/5-tribal-women-you-should-know-about/) . 12 August 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sahu, Diana (2021-02-06). "Threads of tradition" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/fashion/2021/Feb/07/threads-of-tradition-2259660.html) . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2024-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Besra, Rumi (2022-08-12). "5 Tribal Women You Should Know About" (https://mediaindia.eu/society/5-tribal-women-you-should-know-about/) . Media India Group . Retrieved 2024-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "TEDxKIITUniversity | TED" (https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53958) . www.ted.com . Retrieved 2024-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Heritage meets Innovation" (https://hashtagmagazine.in/heritage-meets-innovation/) . Hashtag Magazine . 2023-06-30 . Retrieved 2024-03-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Network, Post News (2023-04-19). "Catalysts of change - OrissaPOST" (https://www.orissapost.com/catalysts-of-change/) . Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST . Retrieved 2024-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Odisha Power List 2019: Top 50 High & Mighty" (https://odishabytes.com/odisha-power-list-2019-top-50-high-mighty/) . 3 February 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adah-sharmas-cute-lfw-day-2-showstopper-outfit-is-an-added-asset-in-every-summer-wardrobe-1806366/ (https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adah-sharmas-cute-lfw-day-2-showstopper-outfit-is-an-added-asset-in-every-summer-wardrobe-1806366/) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Adah Sharma's cute LFW day 2 showstopper outfit is an added asset in every summer wardrobe! | India.com" (https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adah-sharmas-cute-lfw-day-2-showstopper-outfit-is-an-added-asset-in-every-summer-wardrobe-1806366/) . www.india.com . 2017-02-02 . Retrieved 2024-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Second Phase of Sari Festival "VIRAASAT"- Celebrating 75 handwoven Saris of India begins tomorrow" (https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1888076) . 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An example of a high-low skirt High-low skirts , also known as asymmetrical (/wiki/Asymmetrical) , waterfall (/wiki/Waterfall) , or mullet skirts, are skirts with a hem that is higher in the front, or side, than in the back. History [ edit ] Evening dresses designed by Racine, showcasing lace high-low-skirts. Art-Goût-Beauté , 1929 The high-low skirt has a full circle hem. However, the length varies from short in front to long in back. The style originates in Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) dresses and formal gowns, when the hem style became known as the " fishtail (/w/index.php?title=Fishtail_skirt&action=edit&redlink=1) ". During the 19th century, it became a trend in the mid-1870s, reappearing in the early 1880s, [1] (#cite_note-1) and later in women's formal gowns and evening dresses throughout the 20th century, particularly in the late 1920s and early 1930s, where lowering hemlines were a mask that would start off 1930s silhouettes. The recent high-low skirt hem trend began in late 2011. The high-low skirt became a trend in Europe and America in late 2011, eventually becoming a worldwide fashion in Spring and Summer 2012. It has received fashion press coverage in India, such as in the fashion labels Namrata Joshipura (/w/index.php?title=Namrata_Joshipura&action=edit&redlink=1) and Myoho (/w/index.php?title=Myoho&action=edit&redlink=1) , being praised for its "playfulness". [2] (#cite_note-2) It received widespread visibility outside of fashion circles after The Voice (/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S.)) contestant Devyn DeLoera (/w/index.php?title=Devyn_DeLoera&action=edit&redlink=1) wore a peach-coloured high-low skirt for her audition in summer 2012. The skirt style has been given a variety of names by designers and the press, including asymmetrical and waterfall, with the most common and derisive term being "mullet skirt", used by Britain's Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) newspaper in criticising a version worn by singer Cher Lloyd (/wiki/Cher_Lloyd) in April 2012, [3] (#cite_note-3) a mocking reference to the now unfashionable mullet hairstyle that was a brief men's fad (/wiki/Fad) in the 1980s. However, some high-low dress wearers have embraced the term, referring to their own dress as a mullet dress. Asymmetric peplum trend [ edit ] A related trend in 2011 and 2012 is the asymmetric peplum (/wiki/Overskirt) hem on shirts, sweaters and jackets for women. The peplum, a broad ruffled hem that is fitted at the waist and flares outward, has been a recurring fashion trend in Europe for centuries, and was last popular in Europe and North America during the 1940s and 1950s. An asymmetric version has been brought to women's fashion in 2012, but not all consumers find it flattering, with one American stating, "I do not believe it hides large hips and behinds, and the new asymmetrical peplums should only be worn by the tall and thin". [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Handkerchief hem (/wiki/Handkerchief_hem) Skirt (/wiki/Skirt) Hem (/wiki/Hem) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Brooke, Iris (1979). A history of English costume . Eyre Methuen. p. 149. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Zakaria, Namrata (April 11, 2012). "A Summer of Content" (https://archive.today/20130122135408/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/a-summer-of-content/935295/) . Express India. Archived from the original (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/a-summer-of-content/935295/) on January 22, 2013 . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Wheeler, Rachael (April 9, 2012). "Cher Lloyd shows off her Bridget Jones pants in a short (and entirely invisible) skirt on stage" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cher-lloyd-suffers--wardrobe-784955) . Mirror . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hill, Karen Nazor (March 26, 2012). "Retro peplum jackets back in style for women this season" (http://timesfreepress.com/news/2012/mar/26/retro-peplum-jackets-back-in-style-for-women/) . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . 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New Zealand fashion academic Vicki Karaminas Alma mater University of Technology, Sydney (/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Sydney) Scientific career Fields Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Institutions Massey University (/wiki/Massey_University) Thesis (/wiki/Thesis) Interrupted journeys : travelling light : [soma]tographies of space (https://find.lib.uts.edu.au/?R=OPAC_b1591923) (2002) Vicki Karaminas is a New Zealand fashion academic, and a full professor at Massey University (/wiki/Massey_University) . [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) Academic career [ edit ] After a 2002 PhD (/wiki/PhD) titled 'Interrupted journeys : travelling light : [soma]tographies of space' at the University of Technology, Sydney (/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Sydney) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Karaminas moved to Massey University (/wiki/Massey_University) , rising to full professor. [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Selected works [ edit ] Geczy, Adam, and Vicki Karaminas. Queer style . A&C Black, 2013. Geczy, Adam, and Vicki Karaminas, eds. Fashion and art . Berg, 2013. Wilson, Elizabeth, Christopher Breward, Shaun Cole, Peter McNeil, Vicki Karaminas, and Jonathan D. Katz. A queer history of fashion: From the closet to the catwalk . Edited by Valerie Steele. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Geczy, Adam, and Vicki Karaminas. "Fashion and art: Critical crossovers." Art Monthly Australia 242 (2011): 5. Peter McNeil and Vicki Karaminas. The Men's Fashion Reader ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1845207874 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845207874) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "College of Creative Arts, Massey University Wellington - Vicki Karaminas" (https://creative.massey.ac.nz/about/our-people/pro-vice-chancellors-office-faculty/professor-vicki-karaminas/) . creative.massey.ac.nz . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Interrupted journeys : travelling light : [soma]tographies of space - UTS Library" (https://find.lib.uts.edu.au/?R=OPAC_b1591923) . find.lib.uts.edu.au . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A life under the knife" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/a-life-under-the-knife-20070725-gdqp5z.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . 25 July 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bertschik, Von Julia. "Ist Mode queer? - Der gleichnamige Sammelband von Gertrud Lehnert und Maria Weilandt verspricht neue Perspektiven der Mode- und Queernessforschung : literaturkritik.de" (https://literaturkritik.de/lehnert-weilandt-ist-mode-queer-ist-mode-queer,22971.html) . literaturkritik.de . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A Daring Study About Queer Influence in the Way the World Looks" (https://www.popmatters.com/178408-a-queer-history-of-fashion-from-the-closet-to-the-catwalk-2495693565.html) . PopMatters . 30 January 2014. External links [ edit ] Publications by Vicki Karaminas (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vicki_Karaminas) at ResearchGate (/wiki/ResearchGate) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000081295269) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/51168551) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441555205171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008075932) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p316278459) Academics ORCID (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-0582) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/146594800) This biographical article about a New Zealand academic is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicki_Karaminas&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hbcmb Cached time: 20240712223251 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.503 seconds Real time usage: 0.791 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2563/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28984/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2734/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.348/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5704243/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 643.306 1 -total 27.08% 174.187 1 Template:Infobox_scientist 17.03% 109.542 1 Template:Short_description 15.90% 102.286 1 Template:Authority_control 15.15% 97.470 1 Template:Reflist 12.57% 80.857 5 Template:Cite_web 11.52% 74.126 1 Template:Infobox 10.15% 65.306 20 Template:Main_other 9.68% 62.273 1 Template:ISBN 8.35% 53.697 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61046995-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712223251 and revision id 1148292922. 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For other uses, see Rag and Bone (disambiguation) (/wiki/Rag_and_Bone_(disambiguation)) . American fashion label Rag & Bone Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 2002 ; 22 years ago ( 2002 ) Founder Nathan Bogle Marcus Wainwright Headquarters United States Products ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) products, footwear, accessories, fragrance Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Guess?, Inc. (/wiki/Guess_(company)) (2024-present) WHP Global (/w/index.php?title=WHP_Global&action=edit&redlink=1) (2024–present) Website www (http://www.rag-bone.com) .rag-bone (http://www.rag-bone.com) .com (http://www.rag-bone.com) Rag & Bone (stylized in all lowercase (/wiki/All_lowercase) ) is an American fashion (/wiki/American_fashion) label helmed by Marcus Wainwright, originally from England. The brand is sold in more than 700 shops around the world, as well as in Rag & Bone retail stores. [1] (#cite_note-1) Wainwright, who cofounded the brand with Nathan Bogle in 2002, stepped down as chief brand officer in July 2023. The brand's design oversight is now shared between Jennie McCormick and Kyle Sweeney. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Rag & Bone was founded in 2002 by Nathan Bogle and Marcus Wainwright. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) In 2004 the label launched with a men's line and a women's line followed in 2005. In 2006, Bogle left the company and David Neville, who joined the company in 2005, became partner with Wainwright. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) With the help of footwear designer Tull Price, former owner of Royal Elastics (/wiki/Royal_Elastics) and current co-owner of FEIT (/wiki/FEIT) , Rag & Bone Footwear was founded in 2008. Its footwear line includes the Newbury boot. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) It was in New York in 2001 that Bogle and Wainwright had the idea to try to make a pair of men's jeans which ultimately took them to Kentucky where they worked with a factory for over 18 months to perfect their product. That experience, Wainwright cites, as informing the brand's philosophy. Today, it offers men's and women's ready-to-wear jeans (under rag & bone/JEAN), footwear and accessories. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) For their SS15 menswear collection, in lieu of a fashion show, they enlisted friends of the brand, including Jerry Seinfeld (/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld) , Carmelo Anthony (/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony) , Camille Rowe (/wiki/Camille_Rowe) and Alex McWatt for a portrait photo series shot by Andreas Laszlo Konrath. [9] (#cite_note-9) In October 2015, Wainwright and Neville, who previously spoke at the WWD Menswear Summit, [10] (#cite_note-10) were guest speakers at the WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) CEO Summit where they discussed the brand's trajectory and retail footprint, including their newly opened NY concept store, the General Store. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In October 2016, Rag & Bone expanded into the world of fragrance with the launch of a line of eight unisex Eau de Parfums. Scents included Oddity, Amber, Cypress, Rose, Encens, Oud, Bergamot and Neroli. [13] (#cite_note-13) In the same month, it also signed its first licensing deal for eyewear with Italian eyewear creator, Safilo Group (/wiki/Safilo_Group) , beginning in January 2018. [14] (#cite_note-14) In July 2023, Rag & Bone's Chief Merchandising and Design Officer Jennie McCormick took over oversight of womenswear, footwear, and accessories, while Senior Vice President of Design and Merchandising Kyle Sweeney took over menswear and merchandising. [15] (#cite_note-15) In April 2024, Guess?, Inc. (/wiki/Guess_(company)) and WHP Global (/w/index.php?title=WHP_Global&action=edit&redlink=1) completed the acquisition of the brand. [16] (#cite_note-16) Marketing [ edit ] Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) starred in the brand's first ever advertising campaign for FW 2012 and also shot their SS 2013 campaign. [17] (#cite_note-17) American actor Michael Pitt (/wiki/Michael_Pitt) fronted their first men’s campaign for FW 2013 with French actress Léa Seydoux (/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Seydoux) appearing in their women’s campaign. [18] (#cite_note-18) For SS 2014 they cast actors Emile Hirsch (/wiki/Emile_Hirsch) and Stacy Martin (/wiki/Stacy_Martin) . [19] (#cite_note-19) For FW14 Michael Pitt and Winona Ryder (/wiki/Winona_Ryder) star in their campaign. [20] (#cite_note-20) The SS15 campaign featured a Rag & Bone film called The Driver , starring Michael Pitt and Astrid Berges-Frisbey. Directed by Pitt, it won the Best Production Award in the Established Talent category at the Milan Fashion Film Festival in September 2015. [21] (#cite_note-21) This 1983 Porsche 911SC is similar to the 1979 model destroyed in the brand's FW15 campaign. The brand had raised controversy after an attempt at shock advertising backfired, when it commissioned an advertisement (/wiki/Television_advertisement) where the body of a vintage Porsche 911SC (/wiki/Porsche_911SC) , widely considered a work of art by design enthusiasts, was crushed. However the Porsche used in the film (/wiki/Advertising_campaign#Media_channels) was actually a shell of a car that was salvaged from a scrap yard for the shoot. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) In February 2016, Rag & Bone launched a serial Photo Project ad campaign. The photographs, shot by Glen Luchford, featured women representing the diversity and breadth of the brand. [24] (#cite_note-24) Later that year, the Men’s Project featured an eclectic cast of men from various artistic backgrounds. The Project featured John Turturro (/wiki/John_Turturro) , Mauro Refosco (/wiki/Mauro_Refosco) , Honor Titus (/wiki/Honor_Titus) , Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) , David Alexander Flinn (/w/index.php?title=David_Alexander_Flinn&action=edit&redlink=1) , Harvey Keitel (/wiki/Harvey_Keitel) , Mikhail Baryshnikov (/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov) and Mark Hamill (/wiki/Mark_Hamill) . The imagery was shot by Andreas Laszlo Konrath, and was released throughout 2016 in tandem with the launch of each featured collection in stores. [25] (#cite_note-25) In December 2019, Rag & Bone commissioned Stephen Shore (/wiki/Stephen_Shore) to photograph the SS 2020 campaign. Shore photographed models Ajani Russell (/wiki/Ajani_Russell) , Chloe Fineman (/wiki/Chloe_Fineman) , Dylan Penn (/wiki/Dylan_Penn) , Faith Lynch (/w/index.php?title=Faith_Lynch&action=edit&redlink=1) , India Graham (/w/index.php?title=India_Graham&action=edit&redlink=1) , James Turlington (/w/index.php?title=James_Turlington&action=edit&redlink=1) , Olivia Cooke (/wiki/Olivia_Cooke) , Pyper America (/wiki/Pyper_America) , Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) , and Sean Lyles (/w/index.php?title=Sean_Lyles&action=edit&redlink=1) wearing the collection while riding the New York City Subway (/wiki/New_York_City_Subway) . [26] (#cite_note-26) Awards and honors [ edit ] In 2006 Bogle, Neville and Wainwright won the Ecco Domani (/wiki/Ecco_Domani) Fashion Foundation (EDFF) award in the men's category which entailed a $25,000 prize fund to stage a fashion show during NYFW (/wiki/NYFW) . [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) That same year they were finalists in the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) 's Vogue Fashion Fund. In 2007 they were recipients of the CFDA's Emerging Talent Award. [30] (#cite_note-30) In 2010, Neville and Wainwright won the CFDA/Swarovski Award for Emerging Menswear Talent. [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2013, Rag & Bone received the Breakthrough Award at the Accessories Council Excellence Awards (/wiki/Accessories_Council_Excellence_Awards) . [32] (#cite_note-32) In 2014, they were nominated for the CFDA Menswear Designer of the Year. [33] (#cite_note-33) In 2015, Neville and Wainwright were honored at Phoenix House’s Fashion Award Dinner. [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2015, Neville and Wainwright were nominated for the CFDA Menswear Designer of the Year award. [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2016, Neville and Wainwright were nominated for the CFDA Menswear Designer of the Year award for the third time. [36] (#cite_note-36) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Iredale, Jessica. "Ten of Tomorrow: Rag & Bone's David Neville and Marcus Wainwright" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/ten-for-tomorrow-rag-bone-6955324?src=search_links) . WWD . Retrieved June 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ewen, Lara (July 17, 2023). "Rag & Bone co-founder Marcus Wainwright steps down" (https://www.retaildive.com/news/marcus-wainwright-exits-rag-bone/687761/) . RetailDive . Retrieved December 26, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cleary, Meghan. "Denim Dispatch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20030724010101/http://www.jcreport.com/denim%2Ddispatch/) . JCReport. Archived from the original (http://www.jcreport.com/denim-dispatch/) on July 24, 2003 . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Karimzadeh, Marc. "Nathan Bogle Parting Ways With Rag & Bone" (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/financial/nathan-bogle-parting-ways-with-rag-bone-532123) . WWD . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Levinson, Lauren. "Former Rag & Bone Founder Launches New Men's Label" (http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/rag-and-bone-founder-nathan-bogle-launches-jardine-menswear) . Elle.com . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rag & Bone's Wainwright and Neville Say Focus First" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/style/2014/03/05/first-was-investment-bag-now-investment-shoe/1aQNYV8afgciDBKYzGG2nI/story.html/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Welcome, chaps: The British-born designers behind Rag & Bone make their mark on Melrose" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121127060127/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/25/image/la-ig-ragbone-20121125) . Archived from the original (http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/25/image/la-ig-ragbone-20121125/) on November 27, 2012 . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rag & Bone Inching the Window on Cool Success" (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/rag-bone-inching-window-cool-success/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Rag & Bone's Gallery Outing" (http://www.wwd.com/menswear-news/fashion/rag-bones-gallery-outing-7792564/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lockwood, Lisa (April 3, 2014). "David Neville and Marcus Wainwright Reflect on 10 Years at Rag & Bone" (http://wwd.com/globe-news/designer-luxury/david-neville-and-marcus-wainwright-talk-10-years-of-rag-bone-7628395/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Iredale, Jessica (October 29, 2015). "Rag & Bone's David Neville and Marcus Wainwright on Keeping Up" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/rag-bones-david-neville-and-marcus-wainwright-on-keeping-up-10270444/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Rag & Bone General Store Won't Be Your Typical Rag & Bone Store" (http://ny.racked.com/2015/10/30/9643500/rag-bone-general-store-upper-east-side-nyc) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Collins, Allison (October 12, 2016). "Rag & Bone Launches Fragrance, Mulls Candles" (http://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/rag-bone-launches-fragrance-mulls-candles-10674107/) . WWD . Retrieved December 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Zargani, Luisa (October 27, 2016). "Safilo Inks License With Rag & Bone" (http://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/safilo-license-rag-bone-10692432/) . WWD . Retrieved December 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ewen, Lara (July 17, 2023). "Rag & Bone co-founder Marcus Wainwright steps down" (https://www.retaildive.com/news/marcus-wainwright-exits-rag-bone/687761/) . RetailDive . Retrieved December 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Guess?, Inc. and WHP Global Complete the Acquisition of rag & bone: Guess?, Inc. Announces $50 Million Expansion of its Existing Asset-Based Revolving Credit Facility" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240402071209/en/Guess-Inc.-and-WHP-Global-Complete-the-Acquisition-of-rag-bone-Guess-Inc.-Announces-50-Million-Expansion-of-its-Existing-Asset-Based-Revolving-Credit-Facility) . Business Wire . Retrieved April 5, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Kate Moss Returns to England for Rag & Bone's Spring 2013 Campaign" (http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/kate-moss-returns-to-england-for-rag-bones-spring-2013-campaign/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "French Beauty Léa Seydoux and Boardwalk Empire's Michael Pitt Front Rag & Bone's Fall 2013 Ads" (http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/rag-bone-fall-2013-campaign/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Rag & Bone SS14 Campaign" (http://www.hungertv.com/feature/rag-bone-ss14-campaign/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "rag & bone Fall/Winter 2014 Campaign featuring Winona Ryder and Michael Pitt" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/07/01/rag-bone-fallwinter-2014-campaign-featuring-winona-ryder-and-michael-pitt/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Milan Fashion Film Festival - HUNGER TV" (http://www.hungertv.com/feature/milan-fashion-film-festival/) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Sowray, Bibby (August 5, 2015). "Rag and Bone destroy vintage porsche" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/rag-and-bone-destroy-vintage-porsche-upset-car-enthusiasts/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved August 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Ilyashov, Alexandra (July 28, 2015). "Rag & Bone Pulverized A Porsche In Its New Campaign Film" (https://www.refinery29.com/2015/07/91441/rag-and-bone-porsche-film-fall-2015) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Lisa Lockwood, Rag & Bone Unfurls Serial Photo Project (http://wwd.com/media-news/advertising/rag-bone-serial-photo-project-10345387/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) February 11, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Palmieri, Jean E. (June 7, 2016). "Rag & Bone to Highlight Real Guys in its Men's Project Campaign" (http://wwd.com/media-news/advertising/rag-bone-mens-project-advertising-campaign-marcus-wainwright-david-neville-10446411) . WWD . Retrieved December 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Stephen Shore Campaign" (https://www.rag-bone.com/expore-stephenshore/) . rag & bone . Retrieved September 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Fashion Foundation: rag & Bone – 2006" (https://eccodomani.com/fashion-foundation/award/index.asp/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Fashion Foundation" (https://eccodomani.com/fashion-foundation/award/index.asp/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Ecco Domani Fashion Foundation Announces the Future Stars of Fashion" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ecco-domani-fashion-foundation-announces-the-future-stars-of-fashion-53129367.html/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "2013 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Finalists" (http://cfda.com/the-latest/2013-cfdavogue-fashion-fund-finalists/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Marcus Wainwright & David Neville, Rag & Bone" (http://cfda.com/designer/marcus-wainwright-and-david-neville-for-rag-bone/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The Accessories Counsel Names Honorees for ACE Awards Gala" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/aces-legacy-6987024/) . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "And the 2014 CFDA Fashion Award Nominees Are…" (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2014/03/2014-cfda-fashion-award-nominees/) . Style.com . Retrieved August 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) Phoenix House Honors Mark Lee, Rag & Bone Duo, Linda Wells (http://wwd.com/eye/parties/phoenix-house-mark-lee-david-neville-marcus-wainwright-linda-wells-10274300/) Aria Hughes, November 5, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-35) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) CFDA Award Nominees Are Announced (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/fashion/cfda-award-nominees-are-announced.html?_r=0) ALEXANDRA JACOBS, March 17, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-36) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) CFDA Awards to Honor Donna Karan, Norma Kamali, Alessandro Michele (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/cfda-awards-donna-karan-norma-kamali-alessandro-michele-10392093/) Jessica Iredale, March 16, 2016 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.rag-bone.com) DIY Project (http://diy.rag-bone.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐mvncd Cached time: 20240722165303 Cache expiry: 803219 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.338 seconds Real time usage: 0.432 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2633/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58653/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2123/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 118291/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.207/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7223082/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 395.830 1 -total 45.11% 178.572 1 Template:Reflist 34.81% 137.783 27 Template:Cite_web 27.88% 110.367 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.34% 88.417 1 Template:Infobox 11.64% 46.090 1 Template:Short_description 8.07% 31.926 9 Template:Main_other 6.02% 23.819 2 Template:Pagetype 5.96% 23.603 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 5.22% 20.648 2 Template:Ubl Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29979605-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165303 and revision id 1222824916. 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Dress worn to the 2000 Grammy Awards Green Versace dress of Jennifer Lopez The silk chiffon dress identical to that worn by Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) to the Grammys in February 2000, this version exhibited at the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) , as part of their Dress of the Year Collection. Designer Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) Year 2000 Type Green dress Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) On display at Lopez's Los Angeles residence (original) The Grammy Museum (/wiki/The_Grammy_Museum) (duplicate) Fashion Museum, Bath (duplicate) American entertainer Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) wore a green Versace (/wiki/Versace) silk (/wiki/Silk) chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) dress to the 42nd Grammy Awards (/wiki/42nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards) ceremony on February 23, 2000. The sheer fabric was printed with a tropical leaf and bamboo pattern, and cut with a very low neckline that extended well past Lopez's navel (/wiki/Navel) , while the waist of the dress was studded with citrines (/wiki/Citrine_quartz) . This garment instantly received significant global media coverage, and it has been cited, along with Elizabeth Hurley's black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) , as one of the most high-profile dresses that made the designer Versace a household name. In addition, this dress was described as a turning point in designer Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) 's career after the death of her brother, Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) . It was chosen by fashion journalist Lisa Armstrong (/wiki/Lisa_Armstrong_(writer)) to represent 2000 in the Fashion Museum of Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) 's Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) collection, at which point it was described as a key example of the close relationship between fashions, celebrities and publicity. Another duplicate of the dress is displayed at The Grammy Museum (/wiki/The_Grammy_Museum) while, as of 2015, Lopez herself still owned the original gown. Background [ edit ] Before it became famous on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) of the Grammy Awards, the dress was presented on the catwalk by model Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) , and was featured in Versace's main advertising campaign that year. Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) also photographed it on Valletta. [1] (#cite_note-1) Andrea Lieberman (/wiki/Andrea_Lieberman) , Lopez's stylist at the time, remarked, "Versace and Jennifer [Lopez] belonged together. It was really natural." [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2000, the dress had a market value of approximately $15,000. [3] (#cite_note-3) Spice Girl (/wiki/Spice_Girls) Geri Halliwell (/wiki/Geri_Halliwell) wore the same dress to the NRJ Music Awards (/wiki/NRJ_Music_Awards) in France in January 2000, approximately one month before Lopez wore it; however, she failed to receive as much attention as Lopez did. [4] (#cite_note-4) The designer herself wore it to a Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) on December 6, 1999. [5] (#cite_note-5) Lopez arrived on the red carpet of the 42nd Grammy Awards (/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards) in the company of then-boyfriend Sean Combs (/wiki/Sean_Combs) ; he was dressed in a gray suit. [6] (#cite_note-VM-6) The actress-singer immediately monopolized the attention and curiosity of the public and photographers at the event. Actor David Duchovny (/wiki/David_Duchovny) appeared on stage with Lopez to present the award for Best R&B Album (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Album) and declared to the audience, "This is the first time in five or six years that I'm sure that nobody is looking at me." In saying this, he elicited laughter from the audience and Lopez. [6] (#cite_note-VM-6) Design [ edit ] Designed by Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , it has been described as "jungle green", "sea green" or "tropical" green, a green dress with touches of blue to give an exotic appearance. It is a see-through silk chiffon dress with a tropical leaf and bamboo pattern, with a citrine (/wiki/Citrine_quartz) -studded crotch. [7] (#cite_note-Contemporary-7) The dress "had a low-cut neck that extended several inches below her navel, where it was loosely fastened with a sparkly brooch and then opened out again," exposing her midriff and then cut along the front of the legs like a bath robe. [8] (#cite_note-PhillipsReay2002-8) The dress then drooped behind her on the floor, open at the back. [8] (#cite_note-PhillipsReay2002-8) [9] (#cite_note-Hurst2003-9) Under it, Lopez wore a pair of nude-tone bathing suit shorts and kept the dress on by using double-sided fashion tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Reception [ edit ] The dress was discussed by those in the fashion and entertainment for weeks after the event, with dedicated television specials and magazine covers featuring her. Images of Lopez in the green dress were downloaded from the Grammy website 642,917 times in just 24 hours after the event. [11] (#cite_note-Lee2003-11) The dress has been cited along with the black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) as being those most iconic dresses which made Versace a household name. [12] (#cite_note-Waxler2004-12) Vibe magazine said, "Jen Lo made Donatella Versace's diaphanous green fabric a national call to arms." [13] (#cite_note-Group2001-13) Others have argued that the dress led to Lopez becoming "one of the most glamorous and publicity-friendly icons of the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) ." [14] (#cite_note-Haig2006-14) Lopez was surprised by the enormous media coverage, declaring in an interview: "It was a nice dress. I had no idea it was going to become such a big deal." [15] (#cite_note-OTD-15) Versace later revealed that the dress was the turning point of her career, saying that the media now had confidence in her own work, after the death of Gianni Versace. [15] (#cite_note-OTD-15) She declared to the Canadian press, "It was an unexpected success. The next day she [Jennifer Lopez] was everywhere and people were talking about her in that dress. It was one of those moments like the one that Gianni [Versace] had with Elizabeth Hurley and clothes-pins." [15] (#cite_note-OTD-15) The dress has been referred to many times as "notorious" and "infamous" because of its boldness. [16] (#cite_note-Gallick2003-16) [17] (#cite_note-Cepeda2010-17) Legacy [ edit ] At the 72nd Academy Awards (/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards) in March 2000, South Park co-creator Trey Parker (/wiki/Trey_Parker) wore an imitation of the dress. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) , asked Lisa Armstrong (/wiki/Lisa_Armstrong_(writer)) of the Times to choose an outfit to represent 2000 for their " Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) " collection. [19] (#cite_note-fm-19) While Armstrong initially considered choosing Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) 's table dress, she eventually decided on the Versace dress, arguing that due to the media attention it had received through being worn by Lopez, Geri Halliwell (/wiki/Geri_Halliwell) , and others, the gown represented "some kind of high water mark in the current symbiosis (/wiki/Symbiosis) between fashion and celebrity." [20] (#cite_note-edge-20) Versace subsequently donated a duplicate of the dress to the museum. [19] (#cite_note-fm-19) Another duplicate is displayed at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. [21] (#cite_note-21) As of 2015, the original dress remains in Lopez's possession. [22] (#cite_note-22) Lopez wore the dress during her monologue while hosting Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) in February 2001. She wore a dress resembling the original during her monologue when she returned to host in December 2019. [23] (#cite_note-23) Lopez modeled a reimagined version of the dress at the Spring 2020 Versace show during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in September 2019. [24] (#cite_note-reimagined-24) On October 15, 2002, at the Radio City Music Hall (/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall) in New York City, Lopez was awarded the VH1 Vogue Fashion Award as the most influential star of the year. The award was presented by Versace herself. [25] (#cite_note-25) In a poll by Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) , published in the Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) in 2008, the dress was voted the fifth most iconic red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) dress of all time. [26] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-26) In January 2015, Google (/wiki/Google) 's president Eric Schmidt (/wiki/Eric_Schmidt) cited the massive attention to this dress as a motivation for the creation of Google Images (/wiki/Google_Images) search. [27] (#cite_note-eric-27) In 2000, Google Search (/wiki/Google_Search) results were limited to simple pages of text with links, but the developers worked on developing this further, realizing that an image search was required to answer "the most popular search query" they had seen to date: Jennifer Lopez's green dress. [27] (#cite_note-eric-27) [24] (#cite_note-reimagined-24) In 2017, WatchMojo.com (/wiki/WatchMojo.com) 's sister YouTube channel MsMojo ranked the dress atop their list of "Top 10 Most Memorable Grammy Red Carpet Outfits", writing, "Some dresses just ooze sex appeal but J.Lo's daring ensemble screamed it from the rooftops and still does even after all these years." [28] (#cite_note-28) Lopez wore an updated verison of her Versance dress in Milan fashion show in 2020. [29] (#cite_note-29) Lopez stated, wearing her iconic Versace dress again "was such an empowering thing" . The dress was worn by Kerri Colby (/wiki/Kerri_Colby) on the runway during an episode of RuPaul's Drag Race (season 14) (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_14)) in January 2022. [30] (#cite_note-30) In May 2022, a duplicate of the dress appeared in the season 14 (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta_(season_14)) premiere episode of The Real Housewives of Atlanta (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta) as a part of cast member Marlo Hampton's fashion archive showroom. [31] (#cite_note-31) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "2000 Versace ad starring Amber Valletta" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182344/http://www.fashionist.ca/2010/07/fashion-ad-flashback-2000-versace-ad-starring-amber-valletta.html) . Fashionist. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionist.ca/2010/07/fashion-ad-flashback-2000-versace-ad-starring-amber-valletta.html) on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Macalister-Smith, Tilly. "Spotlight On: Andrea Lieberman of A.L.C." MATCHESFASHION.COM. Matches, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gowns Worn by Jennifer Lopez" (http://womens-fashion.lovetoknow.com/Gowns_Worn_by_Jennifer_Lopez) . Women's Fashion . Retrieved May 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jones, N!xu (February 25, 2000). "Clothes Maketh the Lopez" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142728/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1436328/clothes-maketh-lopez.jhtml) . MTV.com. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1436328/clothes-maketh-lopez.jhtml) on April 7, 2014 . Retrieved January 21, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Y, Sharmila (March 29, 2013). "Donatella in her own style" (http://cosmone.com/fashion/icons/donatella-her-own-style#ad-image-0) . Cosmone . Retrieved August 11, 2014 . ^ a b "Best of the Grammys" (http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/awards/best-of-the-grammys.php?ssid=4) . Virgin Media . Retrieved May 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Contemporary_7-0) Contemporary . Contemporary Magazine. 2003. ^ a b Barrera, Magdalena (2002). "Hottentot 2000: (https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3bPMw_7h4C&pg=PA407) Jennifer Lopez and Her Butt " (https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3bPMw_7h4C&pg=PA407) . In Phillips, Kim M.; Reay, Barry (eds.). Sexualities in history: a reader . Routledge. p. 407. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-92935-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hurst2003_9-0) Hurst, Heidi (October 2003). Jennifer Lopez . Lucent Books. p. 70. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59018-325-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Tschinkel, Arielle (March 13, 2018). "17 daring celebrity outfits that have become iconic" (http://www.thisisinsider.com/daring-celebrity-outfits-of-all-time-2018-3) . Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-Lee2003_11-0) Lee, Michelle (February 11, 2003). Fashion victim: our love-hate relationship with dressing, shopping, and the cost of style . Broadway Books. p. 122 (https://archive.org/details/fashionvictim00mich/page/122) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7679-1048-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-Waxler2004_12-0) Waxler, Caroline (2004). Stocking up on sin: how to crush the market with vice-based investing . John Wiley and Sons. p. 170 (https://archive.org/details/stockinguponsin00caro/page/170) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-471-46513-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-Group2001_13-0) "Most Fashionable Artist: Jennifer Lopez" (https://books.google.com/books?id=xCUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA99) . Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(journal)) . Vibe Media Group. January 2001. p. 99. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1070-4701 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1070-4701) . ^ (#cite_ref-Haig2006_14-0) Haig, Matt (October 2006). Brand Royalty: How the World's Top 100 Brands Thrive & Survive . Kogan Page Publishers. p. 158. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7494-4826-4 . ^ a b c Chambers, Rachel (February 23, 2001). "J.Lo Helps Put Donatella—and Herself—on the Fashion Map in That Green Dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110823180305/http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=11475) . On This Day in Fashion. Archived from the original (http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=11475) on August 23, 2011 . Retrieved May 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gallick2003_16-0) Gallick, Sarah (September 30, 2003). J.Lo: The Secret Behind Jennifer Lopez's Rise to the Top . Ami Books Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-932270-07-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cepeda2010_17-0) Cepeda, María Elena (January 1, 2010). Musical imagiNation: U.S.-Colombian identity and the Latin music boom . NYU Press. p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8147-1692-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Oscar's Top 9 Wackiest Moments" by Lindsay Powers" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-top-9-wackiest-moments-161150) . The Hollywood Reporter . February 24, 2011 . Retrieved August 11, 2014 . ^ a b "Dress of the Year: 2000–2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210002/http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/2000_-_2009.aspx) . Fashion Museum, Bath. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionmuseum.co.uk/collections/dress_of_the_year/2000_-_2009.aspx) on August 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-edge_20-0) Evans, Caroline (2007). Fashion at the edge : spectacle, modernity and deathliness (3rd pr. ed.). New Haven [u.a.]: Yale University Press. p. 115. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-12467-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Montoya, Maria C. (February 8, 2009). "The musical riches inside the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles are tarnished only by the knowledge that they might have been showcased in New Orleans" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051026/http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2009/02/the_musical_riches_inside_the.html) . The Times-Picayune . NOLA Media Group. Archived from the original (http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2009/02/the_musical_riches_inside_the.html) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Lindy, Segal (January 21, 2015). "Go Inside Jennifer Lopez's Incredible Closet (Yes, She Still Has the Famous Grammy Dress!)" (http://www.glamour.com/fashion/blogs/dressed/2015/01/jennifer-lopez-closet) . Glamour.com . Condé Nast . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lopez, Julyssa (December 8, 2019). "Jennifer Lopez Hosted 'SNL' and Changed Into That Versace Dress Onstage" (https://www.glamour.com/story/jennifer-lopez-snl-versace-dress) . Glamour . Retrieved May 31, 2021 . ^ a b "Jennifer Lopez revives dress behind the invention of Google Images" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49780020) . BBC News. September 21, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Jennifer Lopez superstar agli Oscar della moda" (http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Esteri/2002/10_Ottobre/16/oscar-moda.shtml) (in Italian). Corriere. October 15, 2002 . Retrieved May 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph08_26-0) Khan, Urmee (October 9, 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ a b Schmidt, Eric (January 23, 2015). "The Tinkerer's Apprentice" (http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/google-european-commission-and-disruptive-technological-change-by-eric-schmidt-2015-01#yMSC5IlY7sHATDCO.99) . ETC . Retrieved February 24, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Top 10 Most Memorable Grammy Red Carpet Outfits" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxsYNOnXj-M) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Jennifer Lopez says wearing her iconic Versace dress again 'was such an empowering thing' (https://www.businessinsider.com/jennifer-lopez-green-versace-dress-reflection-2020-1) " (https://www.businessinsider.com/jennifer-lopez-green-versace-dress-reflection-2020-1) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "J. Lo's Actual Versace Dress Was 'Drag Race' Star Kerri Colby's "Lifeline" (https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/kerri-colby-jennifer-lopezs-versace-dress) " (https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/kerri-colby-jennifer-lopezs-versace-dress) . January 29, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "RHOA Recap: The Edge Of Fashion" (https://tamaratattles.com/2022/05/01/rhoa-recap-the-edge-of-fashion/) . v t e Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Accolades (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Jennifer_Lopez) Discography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_discography) Filmography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_filmography) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Jennifer_Lopez) Videography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_videography) Performances (/wiki/List_of_Jennifer_Lopez_live_performances) Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Jennifer_Lopez) Studio albums On the 6 (/wiki/On_the_6) J.Lo (/wiki/J.Lo_(album)) This Is Me... Then (/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Then) Rebirth (/wiki/Rebirth_(Jennifer_Lopez_album)) Como Ama una Mujer (/wiki/Como_Ama_una_Mujer) Brave (/wiki/Brave_(Jennifer_Lopez_album)) Love? (/wiki/Love%3F) A.K.A. (/wiki/A.K.A._(album)) This Is Me... Now (/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Now) Soundtrack albums Marry Me (/wiki/Marry_Me_(soundtrack)) Compilation albums J to tha L–O! The Remixes (/wiki/J_to_tha_L%E2%80%93O!_The_Remixes) Dance Again... the Hits (/wiki/Dance_Again..._the_Hits) Extended plays The Reel Me (/wiki/The_Reel_Me) Video albums Feelin' So Good (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_Feelin%27_So_Good) Let's Get Loud (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_Let%27s_Get_Loud) The Reel Me (/wiki/The_Reel_Me) Concerts and tours Let's Get Loud (/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Loud_(concerts)) Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony en Concierto (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_%26_Marc_Anthony_en_Concierto) Dance Again World Tour (/wiki/Dance_Again_World_Tour) Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour (/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias_%26_Jennifer_Lopez_Tour) ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen Live (/wiki/%C2%A1Q%27Viva!_The_Chosen_Live) Jennifer Lopez: All I Have (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_All_I_Have) It's My Party (/wiki/It%27s_My_Party_(tour)) Super Bowl LIV halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV_halftime_show) This Is Me... Live (/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Live) (cancelled) Clothing brands J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/J.Lo_by_Jennifer_Lopez) Jennifer Lopez Collection (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_Collection) Teeology (/wiki/Teeology) Books True Love (/wiki/True_Love_(book)) Fragrances Glow by JLo (/wiki/Glow_by_JLo) Still Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Still_Jennifer_Lopez) Love and Glamour (/wiki/Love_and_Glamour) Glowing by JLo (/wiki/Glowing_by_JLo) Companies Lopez Family Foundation (/wiki/Lopez_Family_Foundation) Nuyorican Productions (/wiki/Nuyorican_Productions) Viva Móvil (/wiki/Viva_M%C3%B3vil) Related topics Bennifer (/wiki/Bennifer) Green Versace dress Jennifer Lopez: Halftime (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_Halftime) Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como Ama una Mujer (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_Presents:_Como_Ama_una_Mujer) NuvoTV (/wiki/NuvoTV) Lynda Lopez (/wiki/Lynda_Lopez) " Fat Butt and Pancake Head (/wiki/Fat_Butt_and_Pancake_Head) " Category (/wiki/Category:Jennifer_Lopez) v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jhngs Cached time: 20240719033901 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.520 seconds Real time usage: 0.628 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2327/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 95692/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4467/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 130635/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.319/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5684846/52428800 bytes Number of 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐846c9c86c8‐p2nsk Cached time: 20240702051931 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72306461-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702051931 and revision id 1177798969. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Romanian women fashion designers" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Ioana Ciolacu (/wiki/Ioana_Ciolacu) L Doina Levintza (/wiki/Doina_Levintza) M Amina Muaddi (/wiki/Amina_Muaddi) P Narcisa Pheres (/wiki/Narcisa_Pheres) S Irina Schrotter (/wiki/Irina_Schrotter) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Romanian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798969 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Romanian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798969) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Romanian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Romanian_fashion_designers) Romanian women artists (/wiki/Category:Romanian_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality)
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Australian fashion designer (born 1972) Bruno Schiavi Schiavi in 2005 Born ( 1972-07-10 ) 10 July 1972 (age 52) Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia Known for Pocket Sock Labels MensFit Kardashian Kollection One Dress a Day Bruno Schiavi (born 10 July 1972) is an Australian fashion designer and businessman. Early life [ edit ] Schiavi was born on 10 July 1972 in Sydney's Inner West (/wiki/Inner_West) . [1] (#cite_note-1) His father worked for Italian embassies (/wiki/Italian_diplomatic_missions) ; the family moved several times before eventually settling in Australia. [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) He attended Rosebank College (/wiki/Rosebank_College) in the Inner Western Sydney suburb of Five Dock, graduating in 1990. Schiavi's university studies were in business and marketing. [3] (#cite_note-Nine_News-3) He worked at Target (/wiki/Target_Australia) for eight years, starting in the 1980s. In 1995 he and his mother launched Jupi Corporation to sell women's underwear over the internet. [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) Design work [ edit ] In 1998 Schiavi invented a sock with a zippered (/wiki/Zipper) pocket and sold it through Gowings (/wiki/Gowings) . [3] (#cite_note-Nine_News-3) This sock fuelled the growth of his company, which in 2004 had sales of AUD (/wiki/AUD) 3 million, mostly from Schiavi-designed underwear. In 2003 Schiavi began working with celebrities when he had Big Brother (/wiki/Big_Brother_Australia) contestants promote underwear designed by him. He has since collaborated with Priscilla Presley (/wiki/Priscilla_Presley) , [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) Brett Lee (/wiki/Brett_Lee) , Janet Jackson (/wiki/Janet_Jackson) , [4] (#cite_note-4) and the Kardashians (/wiki/Kardashians) . In the mid-2000s Schiavi's company expanded to Los Angeles. [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) Many of his products, including the Kardashian Kollection, are sold for the mass market (/wiki/Mass_market) through department stores (/wiki/Department_store) like Sears (/wiki/Sears) . [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) By 2013 Jupi Corporation had a turnover of $75 million, 60 percent of that from outside Australia. [2] (#cite_note-BRW-2) On 12 August 2013 Schiavi launched One Dress a Day, an online store (/wiki/Online_store) that sells a new Schiavi-designed dress every day. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2015 Schiavi expanded into children's clothing, developing a Kardashian Kids line for his Kardashian Kollection brand when the Kardashians had children. The new brand was a commercial success, with 86 percent of the stock sold within 72 hours of the launch in stores and online via Babies R Us (/wiki/Babies_R_Us) . Following Schiavi's usual business model of mass market sales, the Kardashian Kids brand will be sold in Woolworths Big W (/wiki/Big_W) stores in Australia from August 2015. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Redrup, Yolanda (23 August 2013). "Daily dress-ups: Australian fashion entrepreneur Bruno Schiavi tells SmartCompany about his new online venture" (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/growth/economy/33311-bruno-schiavi-s-new-retail-venture-one-dress-a-day.html) . ^ a b c d e f Bailey, Michael (5 April 2013). "Cashing in with Kardashian: Aussie Bruno Schiavi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111042121/http://www.brw.com.au/p/business/cashing_in_with_kardashian_aussie_YVuADSyXOB8DOXnhM5bAUM) . BRW (/wiki/BRW_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.brw.com.au/p/business/cashing_in_with_kardashian_aussie_YVuADSyXOB8DOXnhM5bAUM) on 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ a b O'Brien, Anthony (17 August 2004). "The sock that grew legs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140121031400/http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/smallbusiness/planning/8123222/the-sock-idea-that-grew-legs) . Nine News (/wiki/Nine_News) . Archived from the original (http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/smallbusiness/planning/8123222/the-sock-idea-that-grew-legs) on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Janet Jackson latest name on Bruno Schiavi's underwear" (http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/janet-jackson-latest-name-on-bruno-schiavis-underwear/story-e6frf96o-1111117255453) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . 21 August 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Traill-Nash, Glynis (23 August 2013). "Bruno Schiavi's new website is based on concept rather than celebrity" (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/executive-living/fashion/bruno-schiavis-new-website-is-based-on-concept-rather-than-celebrity/story-e6frg8k6-1226702455862) . The Australian (/wiki/The_Australian) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mitchell, Sue (23 May 2015). "Designer Bruno Schiavi likes everything about Kardashian Kids" (http://www.afr.com/business/retail/designer-bruno-schiavi-likes-everything-about-kardashian-kids-20150522-gh3ujq#) . The Australian Financial Review (/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bruno Schiavi (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bruno_Schiavi) . 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Japanese fashion brand Theatre Products is a Japanese fashion brand founded in 2001 and currently based in Roppongi (/wiki/Roppongi) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . The brand's founders, and as of 2007, its main designers are Akira Takeuchi (/wiki/Akira_Takeuchi_(fashion_designer)) and Tayuka Nakanishi (/wiki/Tayuka_Nakanishi) . The brand has retail outlets in the Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) and Shibuya (/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo) areas of Tokyo, known as centers of youth fashion. External links [ edit ] Theatre Products Official Website (Japanese & English) (http://www.theatreproducts.co.jp/) Article in English on Theatre Products Fall/Winter 2009-2010 Collection (http://www.tokyostreetreport.com/fashion/2009/03/theatre-products-fall-winter-2009-10-collection/) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_Products&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐7588db7c9d‐8qcn4 Cached time: 20240717002201 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.118 seconds Real time usage: 1.181 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 190/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3835/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 314/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4107/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.081/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1446862/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1117.139 1 -total 78.33% 875.069 1 Template:Short_description 37.57% 419.753 2 Template:Main_other 35.49% 396.438 1 Template:SDcat 30.71% 343.088 2 Template:Pagetype 21.65% 241.885 1 Template:Fashion-bio-stub 19.59% 218.805 1 Template:Asbox 2.02% 22.607 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13399225-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717002201 and revision id 992230927. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_Products&oldid=992230927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_Products&oldid=992230927) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Japan (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Japan) Fashion biography stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_biography_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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American clothing brand LoveShackFancy is an American clothing brand. It sells women's and girls apparel as well as home décor (/wiki/Home_d%C3%A9cor) . It was founded by Rebecca Hessel Cohen in 2013. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Testa, Jessica (April 14, 2022). "A Pink Parade at the End of the World" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/style/loveshackfancy.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved May 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Lockwood, Lisa (January 28, 2022). "LoveShackFancy Continues Retail, Product Expansion" (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/loveshackfancy-continues-retail-product-expansion-1235053555/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved May 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lieber, Chavie (September 15, 2021). "Why Gen-Z Is Obsessed With LoveShackFancy" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/retail/why-gen-z-is-obsessed-with-loveshackfancy/) . The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.loveshackfancy.com/) This corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoveShackFancy&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sdbzs Cached time: 20240712201900 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.180 seconds Real time usage: 0.234 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 367/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8909/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 398/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15920/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.130/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3895592/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 221.751 1 -total 42.37% 93.955 1 Template:Reflist 36.03% 79.901 3 Template:Cite_web 28.72% 63.679 1 Template:Short_description 27.95% 61.987 1 Template:Company-stub 27.23% 60.387 1 Template:Asbox 17.33% 38.428 2 Template:Pagetype 6.96% 15.424 3 Template:Main_other 6.16% 13.660 1 Template:SDcat 0.84% 1.868 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70547655-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712201900 and revision id 1086271684. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoveShackFancy&oldid=1086271684 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoveShackFancy&oldid=1086271684) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Company stubs (/wiki/Category:Company_stubs) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) American companies established in 2013 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_2013) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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A swing skirt is a vintage knee-length retro skirt (/wiki/Skirt) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroup1967182-1) typical of the 1960s, but first introduced in the 1930s. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011283-2) This circular skirt tended to swing when the wearer was in motion, [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2001168-3) movement induced by the use of numerous pleats (/wiki/Pleats) or tucks (/wiki/Tuck_(sewing)) . [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1999308-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStroup1967182_1-0) Stroup 1967 (#CITEREFStroup1967) , p. 182. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011283_2-0) Lewandowski 2011 (#CITEREFLewandowski2011) , p. 283. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2001168_3-0) Bradley 2001 (#CITEREFBradley2001) , p. 168. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1999308_4-0) Picken 1999 (#CITEREFPicken1999) , p. 308. Bibliography [ edit ] Bradley, Carolyn G. (2001). Western World Costume: An Outline History . Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486419862 . Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The Complete Costume Dictionary . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810877856 . Picken, Mary Brooks (1999). A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern . Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486402949 . Stroup, Ann Helen (1967). An Investigation of the Dress of American Children From 1930 Through 1941 With Emphasis on Factors Influencing Change (Master's). Cornell University. This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_skirt&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐86b9fc965‐wbb9w Cached time: 20240717201232 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.225 seconds Real time usage: 0.293 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 460/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9783/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 359/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16579/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4023671/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 275.386 1 -total 41.63% 114.637 3 Template:Cite_book 31.82% 87.629 1 Template:Clothing-stub 31.24% 86.025 1 Template:Asbox 18.77% 51.679 4 Template:Sfn 5.22% 14.387 1 Template:Reflist 2.27% 6.255 1 Template:Cite_thesis 0.83% 2.283 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50910631-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717201232 and revision id 1061181576. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_skirt&oldid=1061181576 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_skirt&oldid=1061181576) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Treggings are leggings (/wiki/Leggings) styled to look like trousers (/wiki/Trousers) . Much like jeggings (/wiki/Jeggings) , treggings is a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of trousers and leggings . [1] (#cite_note-1) Treggings worn over a lace bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) with thong back and a bra (/wiki/Bra) underneath Treggings fit just like leggings, but are made out of a thicker fabric. Controversy [ edit ] There has been some controversy about whether they can be considered trousers. A British school decided to send 60 students showing up in treggings home on the reason that the clothing was too tight to be worn as trousers. [2] (#cite_note-2) Fashion [ edit ] The tregging is very popular among young women as an alternative to stockings (/wiki/Stockings) or trousers. They can be worn under a skirt or as a trouser. Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) included the tregging in their fall/winter 2009 collection. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Say What? Do You Know What A Tregging Is? | Fashion – Yahoo Shine (http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/beauty/say-what-do-you-know-what-a-tregging-is-280768/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) School infuriates parents with ban on tight-fitting trousers – Telegraph (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/6265865/School-infuriates-parents-with-ban-on-tight-fitting-trousers.html) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treggings&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9fpwt Cached time: 20240713183030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.176 seconds Real time usage: 0.226 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 322/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5257/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 650/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5990/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.108/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1422215/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 194.823 1 -total 51.16% 99.677 1 Template:Clothing-stub 49.80% 97.017 1 Template:Asbox 38.75% 75.487 1 Template:Citation_needed 27.94% 54.424 1 Template:Fix 17.39% 33.886 2 Template:Category_handler 9.98% 19.443 1 Template:Reflist 4.71% 9.176 1 Template:Delink 1.60% 3.112 1 Template:Fix/category 1.23% 2.400 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28968736-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713183030 and revision id 1089775834. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treggings&oldid=1089775834 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treggings&oldid=1089775834) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hosiery (/wiki/Category:Hosiery) Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2013) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Overview of Swedish fashion A Swedish fashion image from 1943. The long trench coat and hat provide protection from the outside climate, while still offering an aesthetic quality. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Sweden) on the Culture of Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden) History (/wiki/History_of_Sweden) Prehistory (/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden) 800–1521 (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)) Kalmar Union (/wiki/Kalmar_Union) 1523–1611 (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)) Rise to become Great Power (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)) Swedish Empire (/wiki/Swedish_Empire) Great Northern War (/wiki/Great_Northern_War) Age of Liberty (/wiki/Age_of_Liberty) Coup of 1756 (/wiki/Coup_of_1756) December Crisis (1768) (/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)) Revolution of 1772 (/wiki/Revolution_of_1772) Gustavian era (/wiki/Gustavian_era) Coup of 1809 (/wiki/Coup_of_1809) Sweden–Norway union (/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway) Famine of 1867–1869 (/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869) Modernization (/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century) Industrialization (/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden) World War I (/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I) World War II (/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II) timeline (/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)) 1945–1967 (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)) 1967–1991 (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)) Since 1991 (/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)) People (/wiki/Swedes) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden) Mythology (/wiki/Norse_mythology) and folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_Sweden) Cuisine (/wiki/Swedish_cuisine) Festivals (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden) Bahá'í (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Sweden) Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden) Christianity Church of Sweden (/wiki/Church_of_Sweden) Catholicism (/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sweden) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden) Islam (/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden) Ahmadiyya (/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Sweden) Art (/wiki/Swedish_art) Literature (/wiki/Swedish_literature) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Sweden) Media (/wiki/Media_of_Sweden) Radio (/wiki/Radio_in_Sweden) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Sweden) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden) Monuments World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden) Symbols Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden) Coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden) National anthem (/wiki/National_anthem_of_Sweden) Sweden portal (/wiki/Portal:Sweden) v t e Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) is home to a number of influential fashion brands with large international spread, ranging from more high-end contemporaries such as Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) , J.Lindeberg (/wiki/J.Lindeberg) , and Filippa K, as well as the global retail company H&M (/wiki/H%26M) and its subsidiary brands like COS and & Other Stories. Sweden's capital, Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , is the host of the country's biannual fashion week. [1] (#cite_note-1) Swedish fashion embraces usefulness as it is the attitude surrounding most consumer products throughout Northern Europe. Clothing is made to be practical and purposeful. This is largely due to the country's long history of harsh climatic conditions and its strong Lutheran background. For instance, one of the most known Swedish brands oriented towards outdoor and functional clothing is Fjällräven (/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven) , which notably in the early to mid 2010s (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) saw worldwide streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) success for its signature Kånken backpack. [2] (#cite_note-2) Simplicity is also a common theme among the lines of Swedish fashion designers, meaning clothes tend to be more neutral toned with less intricate details. Clothes are not necessarily designed for the individual to stand out. There is a strong cultural influence that plays a role in this. [3] (#cite_note-3) Swedish style [ edit ] Its use of neutral colour palettes, straight lines, and moveable designs supposedly differs from the other fashion capitals of the world that often showcase impractical luxury items made to stand out. Sweden embraces a region-wide mindset of owning and creating products that are just as functional as they are aesthetically pleasing, and clothing is not exempt from that criterion. [4] (#cite_note-4) Brands and designers [ edit ] Acne Studios is centered in Stockholm, Sweden and was created in 1996. It is the most recognized and universal brand from Scandinavia and an indulgent clothing line with styles for both men and women. [ citation needed ] They sell shoes, accessories, and clothing, with their denim being the item that got the business booming. Acne stores have expanded worldwide in a variety of countries, and they showcase their collections, as well as other art and design culture in the Acne Paper magazine that is published twice yearly. This high fashion label sells some of the bolder, more fashion-forward pieces in the Swedish fashion design world, though it still emphasizes simplicity. [5] (#cite_note-5) Rodebjer (/w/index.php?title=Rodebjer&action=edit&redlink=1) is a line designed by the Swedish person Carin Rodebjer that started in New York while she attended the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , though the original pieces were also sold to stores in Sweden. Rodebjer's clothes are now sold in twenty different countries. This brand sells adaptable clothing. [6] (#cite_note-6) J. Lindeberg is a collection that began in 1996 in Stockholm and New York. Created by Johan Lindeberg, this brand produces high fashion activewear with a prominence in golfing and skiing attire. Only the men's line sells non-sporty clothing, such as denim, knitwear, and suits. Both the menswear and womenswear collections have golfing and skiing specific items. [7] (#cite_note-7) H&M (Hennes & Mauritz), possibly the most well-known Scandinavian fashion brand, [8] (#cite_note-8) is a Swedish based clothing line which began in 1947 in Västerås, Sweden, that has expanded worldwide. Starting out with only women's clothing, the company now sells men's, women's, and children's apparel, as well as home design products. [9] (#cite_note-9) Gudrun Sjödén (/wiki/Gudrun_Sj%C3%B6d%C3%A9n) is a Swedish fashion designer known for a colorful line of clothes. Whyred (/w/index.php?title=Whyred&action=edit&redlink=1) was created by Roland Hjort (/w/index.php?title=Roland_Hjort&action=edit&redlink=1) , Lena Patriksson (/w/index.php?title=Lena_Patriksson&action=edit&redlink=1) and Jonas Clason (/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Clason&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1999. The brand is known for its signature parka, a useful piece for the harsh winters of the Scandinavian region. The brand features purposeful items with added unexpected twists, to keep their designs moving forward. [ citation needed ] Elegance and modernism are the guiding forces behind this brand. [ citation needed ] Men's and women's everyday wear, outerwear, and more formal pieces are all part of the Whyred collection. [10] (#cite_note-10) Fashion Week in Sweden [ edit ] Fashion week in Sweden began in 2005, and is where roughly thirty designers biannually display their new collections in a series of fashion shows. It takes place in the city of Stockholm at Berns and Bukowskis. Designers put on their own shows to showcase their lines for the upcoming season. A show typically displays the spring/summer line or the fall/winter line. Fashion Week gives buyers a chance to give publicity to and talk about the designers' pieces and the general public a preview of what to expect come the change of season. Fashion week in Sweden was called off in 2019, due to increasing demands in sustainability. In 2020, Stockholm Fashion Week was re-launched in a digital fashion to meet sustainability demands. In 2022, Stockholm Fashion Week re-launched as a physical biannual event. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Discover Swedish fashion - Visit Stockholm - The official guide" (http://www.visitstockholm.com/en/See--do/Guides/Discover-Swedish-fashion/) . www.visitstockholm.com . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fjällräven Kånken backpack: Too cool for school" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/fjallraven-kanken-backpacks) . British GQ . 2012-10-02 . Retrieved 2022-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sweden - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette | global-etiquette | resources" (http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/sweden.html) . www.kwintessential.co.uk . Retrieved 2015-11-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion in Sweden today – a brief introduction" (https://www.visitsweden.com/svezia/PressRoom/Local-press-rooms/Italia/Ispirazione/Idee-per-articoli/Moda-svedese-Swedish-fashion/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yaeger, Lynn. "How to Succeed in Fashion Without Trying Too Hard" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324678604578340402927911328) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "CARIN RODEBJER | SOMA Magazine" (http://www.somamagazine.com/carin-rodebjer/) . www.somamagazine.com . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "J.LINDEBERG and the BESTSELLER Group" (http://about.bestseller.com/en/AboutContent/RelatedCompanies/JLindeberg.aspx) . about.bestseller.com . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Yaeger, Lynn. "How to Succeed in Fashion Without Trying Too Hard" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324678604578340402927911328) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "H&M | Discover H&M's Company Page | The Business of Fashion" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/community/companies/hm) . www.businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Whyred" (http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/whyred-gdk807841) . Visitcopenhagen . Retrieved 2015-11-30 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion of Sweden (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Sweden) . External links [ edit ] http://www.visitsweden.com/sweden/Things-to-do/Shopping/Swedish-fashion/ (http://www.visitsweden.com/sweden/Things-to-do/Shopping/Swedish-fashion/) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 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Filipino fashion designer Michael Cinco Logo of Michael Cinco fashion firm Born ( 1971-08-27 ) August 27, 1971 (age 52) Catbalogan (/wiki/Catbalogan) , Samar (/wiki/Samar_(province)) , Philippines Nationality Filipino Education University of the Philippines Diliman (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman) Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) Occupation Fashion designer Website www.michaelcinco.com (http://www.michaelcinco.com/) Michael Cinco ( Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈsiŋkɔ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog) ; born August 8, 1971) is a Filipino fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) . He launched his eponymous fashion line in 2003. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Cinco was born on August 27, 1971, in the island of Samar (/wiki/Samar) in central Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . His provincial upbringing made him fantasize the glamour of dressing up Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) , Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) and Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , later saying "I pictured those fabulous heroines and imagined dressing them up in my creations. I chased after those visions..." [2] (#cite_note-2) Cinco studied Fine Arts (/wiki/Fine_Arts) at the prestigious University of the Philippines Diliman (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman) for two years [ clarification needed ] eventually transferring at Slims Fashion and Arts School in Manila. [3] (#cite_note-3) He then took up supplementary courses at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) in London (/wiki/London) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] In 1997, Cinco moved to Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , eventually establishing his fashion line in 2003. "Moving to the Middle East was a big leap for me, the region is a haven of couture," he recalls. In his first job in Dubai, he reinvented the image of a slightly staid fashion house, and succeeded in injecting new fashion nuances. Now, it’s great to know that the elite fashionistas of Dubai eventually recognized Michael Cinco's passion for fashion and design. In 2002, Michael went to Paris and then London where he trained at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) College of Arts and Design. The next year, he returned to Dubai and established his eponymous (/wiki/Eponymous) label, Michael Cinco. The designer regularly finds inspiration in architectural features. For his 2017 Couture collection, he dedicated his Fall/Winter 2017 couture collection to the Palace of Versailles, referencing its baroque panelling and intricately painted ceilings. [5] (#cite_note-5) Notable clients [ edit ] Cinco's clients include international celebrities like Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , Carrie Underwood (/wiki/Carrie_Underwood) , Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) , Ellie Goulding (/wiki/Ellie_Goulding) , Nicole Scherzinger (/wiki/Nicole_Scherzinger) , Aishwarya Rai (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai_Bachchan) , Fergie Ferguson (/wiki/Fergie_Ferguson) , Dita Von Teese (/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese) , Brandy Norwood (/wiki/Brandy_Norwood) , Ashanti (/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)) , Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) and Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , among others. Aishwarya Rai (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai) wearing a Michael Cinco gown at the 70th Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) , 2017 Regine Velasquez (/wiki/Regine_Velasquez) wearing a Michael Cinco gown at her Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) fragrance launch in SM Mall of Asia (/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia) , 2009 Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) is a frequent wearer of Michael Cinco gowns, from her stage performances to red carpet appearances. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Sofia Vergara (/wiki/Sofia_Vergara) wore a black Michael Cinco gown at the 2013 Golden Globes (/wiki/2013_Golden_Globes) . The same year Paloma Faith (/wiki/Paloma_Faith) wore a Cinco dress while attending the Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) in New York. [8] (#cite_note-8) Cinco dressed fellow Filipino and Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) Pia Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) at the 2016 Miss Universe (/wiki/2016_Miss_Universe) pageant held in Manila on January 30, 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) He also designed Iris Mittenaere (/wiki/Iris_Mittenaere) 's farewell gown for the Miss Universe 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) pageant held in Las Vegas later that same year. [10] (#cite_note-10) At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival) in France, Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) superstar Aishwarya Rai (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai) wore a blue gown designed by Cinco. [11] (#cite_note-11) The gown had gone viral among netizens, mainly Indian netizens, who named it 'Cinderella gown'. Cinco designed the wedding gown of Austrian singer and Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) empire heiress Victoria Swarovski (/wiki/Victoria_Swarovski) when she wed Werner Murz in June 2017 in Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The gown valued at over US$1 million and weighing 46 kilograms has an eight meter long train adorned by 500,000 of Swarovski's family-owned crystals. The bride also wore another Cinco creation, in red, at the wedding party. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Bollywood superstar Aishwarya Rai (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai) reprised her stellar black tie wardrobe with another couture gown by the designer at 2018 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2018_Cannes_Film_Festival) . On 19 June 2018, Miss World 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) Manushi Chhillar (/wiki/Manushi_Chhillar) wore a silver gown by the designer for the finale of Femina Miss India 2018 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2018) , where she crowned her national successor. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Michael Cinco: From Samar to Dubai to Hollywood" (http://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/michael-cinco-samar-dubai-hollywood) . Golden Globes . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Michael Cinco shares biggest lesson in fashion" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zi9O--0JxWU) . ABS-CBN . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Slim's unveils the future of Philippine fashion" (http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/212161/slims-unveils-the-future-of-philippine-fashion/) . Philippine Inquirer . 5 November 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion: Michael Cinco A/W 2017 Collection" (https://debutmagazine.co.uk/2017/04/09/fashion-michael-cinco-aw-2017-collection/) . Debut Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sonia Kolesnikov-Jessop (April 2017) Michael Cinco Dreams of Versailles for his Fall 2017 Couture Collection (https://couturenotebook.com/couture-news/michael-cinco-dreams-of-versailles-2017-couture-review) , Couturenotebook.com ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jennifer Lopez performs in stunning Michael Cinco gown | ABS-CBN News" (http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/07/13/16/jennifer-lopez-performs-in-stunning-michael-cinco-gown) . News.abs-cbn.com . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Caole, Alixandra (2016-07-18). "JLo wears stunning Michael Cinco couture with 20-ft cape | Fashion and Beauty, Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star" (http://www.philstar.com/fashion-and-beauty/2016/07/18/1603147/jlo-wears-stunning-michael-cinco-couture-20-ft-cape) . philstar.com . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Paloma Faith In Michael Cinco - 2013 Met Gala" (http://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2013/05/07/paloma-faith-in-michael-cinco-2013-met-gala/) . Red Carpet Fashion Awards. 2013-05-07 . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Focus on the Philippines: Dubai-based Michael Cinco dresses Pia Wurtzbach at Miss Universe | The National" (http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/focus-on-the-philippines-dubai-based-michael-cinco-dresses-pia-wurtzbach-at-miss-universe) . Thenational.ae. 2017-02-02 . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "How Michael Cinco got to make the gown for Miss Universe 2016 Iris Mittenaere" (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/280325/michael-cinco-got-make-gown-miss-universe-2016-iris-mittenaere/) . Inquirer.com. 2018-11-28 . Retrieved 2018-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's stylist talks about that giant Michael Cinco gown" (http://www.vogue.in/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-stylist-talks-about-that-giant-michael-cinco-gown/) . Vogue.in. 2017-05-22 . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Harding, Natasha. "Victoria Swarovski And Werner Murz's Wedding Pictures | Harper's BAZAAR" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/bazaar-bride/victoria-swarovski-wedding-pictures-13499) . Harpersbazaar.com.au . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Rushforth, Samantha Hamilton (2017-06-21). "Victoria Swarovski Weds In Michael Cinco Gown" (http://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/bride/the-inspiration/victoria-swarovski-marries-in-michael-cinco-gown) . Harpersbazaararabia.com . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . 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Australian model and activist Zinnia Kumar Born Zinnia Kumar Sydney, Australia (/wiki/Sydney,_Australia) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Alma mater UNSW (/wiki/UNSW) UCL (/wiki/University_College_London) Brasenose, Oxford (/wiki/Brasenose,_Oxford) Occupations Model Science Communicator Modeling information Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency The Dotted Line (/w/index.php?title=The_Dotted_Line&action=edit&redlink=1) (London) The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) (New York) Priscilla's Model Management (/w/index.php?title=Priscilla%27s_Model_Management&action=edit&redlink=1) (Sydney) The Dotted Line (/w/index.php?title=The_Dotted_Line&action=edit&redlink=1) (MA) Website www (http://www.zinniakumar.com) .zinniakumar (http://www.zinniakumar.com) .com (http://www.zinniakumar.com) Zinnia Kumar is an Australian fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) . [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) Her science communication (/wiki/Science_communication) covers sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) , belonging (/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion) , mental health (/wiki/Mental_health) , human behavioural ecology (/wiki/Human_behavioral_ecology) . [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:102-5) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) She is an ecologist (/wiki/Ecology) (accredited by the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Ecology_and_Environmental_Management) ) and a sustainability and well-being psychologist. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) [7] (#cite_note-Ferere-7) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) She is on the autism spectrum (/wiki/Autism_spectrum) and has Asperger syndrome (/wiki/Asperger_syndrome) . [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Fashion modelling [ edit ] Kumar has appeared on magazine covers for Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) , Harpers Bazaar Australia (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) , Russh (/wiki/Russh_(magazine)) , Jones (/wiki/David_Jones_(retailer)) , CAP74024 (/w/index.php?title=CAP74024&action=edit&redlink=1) , Love Want (/w/index.php?title=Love_Want_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) , More or Less (/w/index.php?title=More_or_Less_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) and Porter which called her a 'Force of Nature'. [9] (#cite_note-:9-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Kumar rose to prominence as the first South Asian Australian (and first Indian) to cover Vogue Australia in 62 years. [9] (#cite_note-:9-9) Kumar was recognised in 2019 as one of 'the 50 Most Influential Global Indians' by Vogue India [11] (#cite_note-:12-11) [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) and in 2021 was nominated as a 'Social Mover and change maker' by models.com. [13] (#cite_note-:13-13) [9] (#cite_note-:9-9) Kumar has since 2019 featured in publications Russh (/wiki/Russh_(magazine)) , Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) , Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) , Vogue China (/wiki/Vogue_China) , Vogue Singapore (/wiki/Vogue_Singapore) , Vogue France (/wiki/Vogue_France) , Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Vogue Germany (/w/index.php?title=Vogue_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) , Vogue Korea, CAP74024, Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) , Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) , Harpers Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) (US), Harpers Bazaar Australia (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar_Australia) and walked shows for Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Jacquemus (/wiki/Jacquemus) and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) among others. [9] (#cite_note-:9-9) Noted for her sense of style, combining vintage and vamp aesthetics, Kumar has attended red carpets and sat front row at Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Jacquemus (/wiki/Simon_Porte_Jacquemus) , Mugler (/wiki/Mugler) , Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Ellie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , British Fashion Awards (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) , the Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre (/wiki/Nita_Mukesh_Ambani_Cultural_Centre) opening and the Paris Opera Ballet (/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet) charity gala. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2022, Kumar created a viral sustainable (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) red carpet moment for the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) , wearing an upcycled Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) dress and sustainable diamonds from Chopard (/wiki/Chopard) . [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) In film she has featured in Wonder Woman as an Amazonian warrior. [20] (#cite_note-20) Zinnia Kumar’s path to modelling was far from straightforward. Initially scouted, she faced rejection from every agency in her birth country due to her race. [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) [21] (#cite_note-21) Australian agencies bluntly stated, “We only take Anglos or half-Anglos,” and dismissed Indian models. [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) Frustrated by racism, Zinnia abandoned her modelling aspirations and relocated to the UK to study. [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) However, fate intervened: whilst on her way to university, she was approached by a model scout for the second time and ultimately signed a contract. [22] (#cite_note-:63-22) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) Kumar co-founded The Dotted Line (/w/index.php?title=The_Dotted_Line&action=edit&redlink=1) , a social impact-driven advertising agency combining psychology and art to mindfully push for fresh narratives and challenge sustainability and diversity within the fashion industry. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) Ecology, sustainability and environmentalism [ edit ] Zinnia's environmentalism work covers conservation, ecology, sustainability and fashion. [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) Primarily communicating via keynotes and talks, podcasts, interviews, journalism and consulting with organisations. [25] (#cite_note-:7-25) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) [26] (#cite_note-:82-26) She has presented keynotes for G20 Empower (/wiki/G20) , FIT NY (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) [27] (#cite_note-:17-27) , British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Cancer Council (/wiki/Cancer_Council_Australia) , Australasian Evolution Society (/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Evolution_Society&action=edit&redlink=1) , Design Council (/wiki/Design_Council) [28] (#cite_note-:19-28) , Australian Museum (/wiki/Australian_Museum) , The Australian (/wiki/The_Australian) , CFS+ [29] (#cite_note-:20-29) among others. [30] (#cite_note-:10-30) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) Her talks have covered prevention of eco fatigue, sustainability meeting inclusion [27] (#cite_note-:17-27) supporting organisational sustainable staff against burnout, [28] (#cite_note-:19-28) sustainable innovation for change, [31] (#cite_note-:18-31) green scepticism [29] (#cite_note-:20-29) among others. [30] (#cite_note-:10-30) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) Kumar is the first ecologist (/wiki/Ecology) to cover any international edition of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Magazine in 128 years. [32] (#cite_note-:14-32) [9] (#cite_note-:9-9) She presented, wrote, co-directed and produced a three part documentary series focussing on technological sustainable innovations in the fashion industry. [33] (#cite_note-33) She is a field conservation ecologist accredited by the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Managers (/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Ecology_and_Environmental_Management) , and worked with Little Blue Penguins (/wiki/Little_penguin) , invertebrates and wetland birds for organisations such as the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority (/wiki/New_South_Wales_Environment_Protection_Authority) , Birdlife (/wiki/BirdLife_Australia) and the Australian Department of Environment (/wiki/Australian_Government) primarily in the Australian outback (/wiki/Outback) . [34] (#cite_note-34) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [35] (#cite_note-35) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) Human behavioural ecology and belonging [ edit ] Kumar's keynote talks and research covers diversity, equity, inclusion, social belonging, racism, sexual attraction and colorism; her work has been published in scientific journals and featured on TV, talks and print journalism. [36] (#cite_note-:02-36) [37] (#cite_note-:16-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) She published research looking at negative frequency dependant selection (/wiki/Negative_frequency-dependent_selection) on human attractiveness, researching men's beards and women's hair colour under the social condition of rarity. Her work on beard's coined the cultural phenomenon of ' Peak beard (/wiki/Peak_beard) '. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) She researched the psychological disempowerment of women from colorism in India, [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) and has talked about how colorism appears in beauty advertising, casting and affects victims psychologically and socio-economically, a factor leading 1000's of women per year worldwide to suicide, urging brands to increase dark skin representation. [43] (#cite_note-43) [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) [44] (#cite_note-44) In 2020 Zinnia became a member of the Vogue Values Diversity Council after presenting a case to News Corp (/wiki/News_Corp_Australia) and Vogue Australia about the lack of historic diversity at the publication. [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) During her role as councillor she gave keynote talk at Vogue Codes (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) on the origins of beauty stereotypes originating in scientific racism titled " The politics of beauty: Science, identity and representation in media ". [45] (#cite_note-45) She also advocated for the first dark skinned indigenous Australian, actress Magnolia Maymuru (/wiki/Magnolia_Maymuru) , the first Indian actress, Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) and the first Korean-Australian, singer Roseanne Park (/wiki/Roseanne_Park) to be on the cover of Australian Vogue for the first time in 62 years. [46] (#cite_note-:15-46) In 2021 Zinnia was nominated by models.com as a Social Mover and Change Maker. [13] (#cite_note-:13-13) Zinnia has spoken about the glass ceiling and stereotypes Indian and South Asian models continue to face within the fashion industry. [47] (#cite_note-:03-47) [48] (#cite_note-:84-48) [22] (#cite_note-:63-22) She has personally scouted and mentored minority background models, which led her to co-found boutique management firm In the fashion industry with talent manager Karan Makol (/w/index.php?title=Karan_Makol&action=edit&redlink=1) for racial minority talent. [49] (#cite_note-49) [46] (#cite_note-:15-46) [50] (#cite_note-:6-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) Education and empowerment [ edit ] For her humanitarian work, empowering disadvantaged girls in Australia, India and Thailand through direct educational mentorship and motivation, she was awarded a Rotary Youth Leadership Award (/wiki/Rotary_Youth_Leadership_Awards) and was selected as a youth ambassador for the Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs . [52] (#cite_note-52) [30] (#cite_note-:10-30) Personal life [ edit ] Zinnia Kumar was born in Sydney, Australia to Indian parents and grew up in Sydney's south-western suburbs (/wiki/South-western_Sydney) . [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) She is a 5th generation Indian immigrant, and her family have lived in Oceania (/wiki/Oceania) since 1879. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) She has North Indian (/wiki/North_India) , South Indian (/wiki/South_India) & East Indian (/wiki/East_India) ancestry. [55] (#cite_note-:4-55) [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) Zinnia is neurodivergent and has been diagnosed as having Asperger's syndrome (/wiki/Asperger_syndrome) a form of autism spectrum disorder (/wiki/Autism_spectrum) . [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [56] (#cite_note-56) She had severe social anxiety (/wiki/Social_anxiety) [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) and over came it by training in speaking and presenting at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art) and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art) , she has been a member of Toastmasters International (Public Speaking Society) for a decade and is a member of The Oxford Union (/wiki/Oxford_Union) . [5] (#cite_note-:102-5) She attended a disadvantaged (/wiki/Disadvantaged) public high school and self learned her final year studies. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Zinnia Kumar attended University of New South Wales (/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales) for a Bachelor of Advanced Science, in Ecology and Human Evolutionary Biology with First Class honours, [3] (#cite_note-:11-3) she matriculated at Brasenose College (/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford) , Oxford University (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) for an MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies, [57] (#cite_note-57) and holds an MSc in Industrial, Organisational and Business Psychology (/wiki/Business_Psychology) from University College London (/wiki/University_College_London) . [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [24] (#cite_note-:5-24) Authored articles [ edit ] "Lust for Change" (https://www.russh.com/zinnia-kumar-cover-star/) . Russh (/wiki/Russh) . 3 March 2022. "Fairness Creams Continue To Amplify Light Skin Supremacy & Anti-Blackness" (https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/fairness-creams-continue-to-amplify-light-skin-supremacy-anti-blackness) . Homegrown India (/w/index.php?title=Homegrown_India&action=edit&redlink=1) . 8 June 2021. "Zinnia Kumar on belonging, discrimination and the importance of storytelling" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/model-zinnia-kumar-on-belonging-discrimination-and-the-importance-of-storytelling/news-story/fc5adcad39b1dbae87b3cbdee444c301) . Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) . 11 March 2021. "The difference between genuine and performative sustainability in fashion" (https://au.kowtowclothing.com/blogs/common-interest/the-difference-between-performative-and-genuine-sustainability-in-fashion-and-why-your-individual-choices-matter) . Common Interest (/wiki/Common_Interest) . 16 April 2021. "Holding Up A Mirror" (https://www.everand.com/article/494465765/Holding-Up-A-Mirror) . Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) . 9 February 2021. "Hope Springs: In conversation with Professor Sarah Gilbert" (https://www.everand.com/article/508382998/Hope-Springs) . Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) . 13 December 2020. "Jameela Jamil on body image, therapy and the patriarchy" (https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/the-deal-magazine/exclusive-jameela-jamil-on-body-image-therapy-and-the-patriarchy/news-story/becd94d15b51ddeabe2711d5f6149b35) . The Australian (/wiki/The_Australian) . 22 November 2020. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "My Fashion Life: Zinnia Kumar AW19" (https://www.matchesfashion.com/womens/the-style-report/2019/08/the-sunshine-staples-issue/my-fashion-life-zinnia-kumar-aw19) . www.matchesfashion.com . Retrieved 31 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Maher, Dani (3 April 2024). "Zinnia Kumar: Beyond the superficial" (https://harpersbazaar.com.au/zinnia-kumar-digital-cover-april-2024/) . Harper's Bazaar Australia . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Sauce chats with Zinnia Kumar – Published Scientist, activist & model" (https://www.saucemag.co.nz/interviews/zinnia-kumar) . Sauce . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Scientist and model Zinnia Kumar on colourism, the serious issue of skin colour stigma in South Asia and why science and spirituality can co-exist. – Offline, The Podcast: Honest Conversations About True Self" (https://open.spotify.com/episode/0uACh6C4xSfwMTis9WBMsn) . Spotify . 6 June 2020 . Retrieved 16 October 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Magazine (9 August 2021). "Porter Magazine Cover Story Zinnia Kumar" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-ae/porter/article-91e982cf08173a68/cover-stories/cover-stories/zinnia-kumar) . Netaporter . ^ Jump up to: a b Kumar, Zinnia (11 March 2021). "Model Zinnia Kumar on belonging and the importance of storytelling" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/model-zinnia-kumar-on-belonging-discrimination-and-the-importance-of-storytelling/news-story/fc5adcad39b1dbae87b3cbdee444c301) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved 2 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ferere_7-0) Ferere, Cassell. "H&M Conscious Exclusive A/W20 Collection Is Giving Evening Wear Fashion A New Life" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/cassellferere/2020/11/18/hm-conscious-exclusive-aw20-collection-is-giving-evening-wear-fashion-a-new-life/) . Forbes . Retrieved 24 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C5VIUVjoF2H/?hl=en) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Zinnia Kumar – Model" (https://models.com/models/zinnia-kumar) . models.com . Retrieved 23 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Randone, Amanda (9 August 2022). "Force of Nature with Zinnia Kumar" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-gb/porter/article-91e982cf08173a68/cover-stories/cover-stories/zinnia-kumar) . Net-A-Porter . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:12_11-0) "January 2019 Issue" (https://www.vogue.in/magazine/january-2019-issue/) . Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "49 incredible Indian women who are creating legacies across the globe" (https://www.vogue.in/content/incredible-indian-women-achievers-who-are-creating-legacies-across-the-globe/) . Vogue India . 5 February 2019 . Retrieved 8 March 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "StackPath" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2021/#socialmover) . models.com . Retrieved 27 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Zinnia Kumar Pictures and Photos" (https://www.gettyimages.com.au/search/2/image?family=editorial&phrase=zinnia%20kumar) . www.gettyimages.com.au . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Nast, Condé (2 January 2022). "7 times model and scientist Zinnia Kumar was the best-dressed in the room" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/7-times-zinnia-kumar-was-the-best-dressed-in-the-room) . Vogue India . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Nast, Condé (23 December 2022). "How Zinnia Kumar created a vintage red carpet moment using an archival Yohji Yamamoto gown from 1994" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/how-zinnia-kumar-created-a-vintage-red-carpet-moment-using-an-archival-yohji-yamamoto-gown-from-1994) . Vogue India . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Nast, Condé (5 December 2022). "Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Maya Jama and Munroe Bergdorf among the best dressed at the Fashion Awards 2022" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/fashion-awards-red-carpet-best-dressed-2022) . Glamour UK . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Nast, Condé (23 December 2022). "How Zinnia Kumar created a vintage red carpet moment using an archival Yohji Yamamoto gown from 1994" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/how-zinnia-kumar-created-a-vintage-red-carpet-moment-using-an-archival-yohji-yamamoto-gown-from-1994) . Vogue India . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Zinnia Kumar Gets Ready For The British Fashion Awards | Vogue India . Retrieved 3 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Zinnia Kumar" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8678532/) . IMDb . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kumar, Zinnia (11 March 2021). "Model Zinnia Kumar on belonging, discrimination and the importance of storytelling" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/model-zinnia-kumar-on-belonging-discrimination-and-the-importance-of-storytelling/news-story/fc5adcad39b1dbae87b3cbdee444c301) . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/this-show-with-dior-will-launch-the-careers-of-indian-faces-who-would-otherwise-not-get-an-opportunity-to-exist-or-access-high-fashion-zinnia-kumar-on-10-years-of-breaking-south-asian-stereotypes) "This show with Dior will launch the careers of Indian faces who would otherwise not get an opportunity to exist or access high fashion. " Zinnia Kumar on 10 years of breaking South Asian stereotypes" (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/this-show-with-dior-will-launch-the-careers-of-indian-faces-who-would-otherwise-not-get-an-opportunity-to-exist-or-access-high-fashion-zinnia-kumar-on-10-years-of-breaking-south-asian-stereotypes) . Perfect˙ . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Magazine, Jones (27 February 2023). "Meet Zinnia Kumar: Ecologist, Writer, Model, and Activist" (https://www.davidjones.com/blog/interviews/meet-zinnia-kumar-ecologist-writer-model-and-activist/) . David Jones . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "More or Less Mag" (https://www.moreorlessmag.com/articles/outback-and-beyond) . www.moreorlessmag.com . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_25-0) "The Ecologist With A Color Correcting Lip Stain" (https://intothegloss.com/2021/05/zinnia-kumar-beauty-routine/) . Into The Gloss . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 30 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:82_26-0) "About Zinnia" (http://zinniakumar.com/about/) . Zinnia Kumar . Retrieved 16 October 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Where Sustainability Meets Inclusion . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Lunchtime heroes: Sara Vaughan, Phoebe English & Zinnia Kumar . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Jump up to: a b CFS+ Keynote | Zinnia Kumar . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Magazine (9 August 2021). "Porter Magazine Cover Story Zinnia Kumar" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-ae/porter/article-91e982cf08173a68/cover-stories/cover-stories/zinnia-kumar) . Netaporter . ^ (#cite_ref-:18_31-0) Lee x H&M | The conversations: Zinnia Kumar & Helena Helmersson | H&M . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ (#cite_ref-:14_32-0) "Megha Kapoor ushers in a new era for Vogue India" (https://www.condenast.com/news/megha-kapoor-vogue-india-first-issue) . www.condenast.com . Retrieved 9 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "For a World that Works" (https://eu.lee.com/uk-en/for-a-world-that-works_2021old.html) . Lee . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Little Penguin research" (https://littlefairypenguin.wordpress.com/page/2/) . Little Penguin research . 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Ferere, Cassell. "H&M Conscious Exclusive A/W20 Collection Is Giving Evening Wear Fashion A New Life" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/cassellferere/2020/11/18/hm-conscious-exclusive-aw20-collection-is-giving-evening-wear-fashion-a-new-life/) . Forbes . Retrieved 30 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:02_36-0) Kumar, Zinnia (11 March 2021). "Model Zinnia Kumar on belonging and the importance of storytelling" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/model-zinnia-kumar-on-belonging-discrimination-and-the-importance-of-storytelling/news-story/fc5adcad39b1dbae87b3cbdee444c301) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved 2 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-:16_37-0) "Scientist and model Zinnia Kumar on colourism, the serious issue of skin colour stigma in South Asia and why science and spirituality can co-exist. – Offline, The Podcast: Honest Conversations About True Self" (https://open.spotify.com/episode/0uACh6C4xSfwMTis9WBMsn) . Spotify . 6 June 2020 . Retrieved 16 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Zinnia Kumar Reflects On The Real Meaning of Beauty" (https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/zinnia-kumar-prejudices-against-female-beauty) . www.vervemagazine.in . 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Chamary, J. V. "Destiny, The Game That Could Predict 'Peak Beard' (https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2014/09/20/destiny-beards/) " (https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2014/09/20/destiny-beards/) . Forbes . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Beard trend is 'guided by evolution' (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27023992) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27023992) . BBC News . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Berman, Mark (26 October 2021). "A new study says we may have reached 'peak beard' (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/04/16/a-new-study-says-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard/) " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/04/16/a-new-study-says-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard/) . Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Stewart, Dan (16 April 2014). "If We Have Reached 'Peak Beard' It's Bad News for Men Everywhere" (https://time.com/65375/peak-beard-men-shaving-hair/) . TIME . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Colourism and The Politics of Beauty with Zinnia Kumar . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Kumar, Zinnia (8 June 2021). "Fairness Creams Continue To Amplify Light Skin Supremacy & Anti-Blackness" (https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/fairness-creams-continue-to-amplify-light-skin-supremacy-anti-blackness) . Homegrown . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) The Politics of Beauty with Zinnia Kumar & Edwina McCann . Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Jump up to: a b "Zinnia Kumar on the Science of Beauty in Contemporary Culture by What's Contemporary Now?" (https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/whatscontemporarynow/episodes/Zinnia-Kumar-on-the-Science-of-Beauty-in-Contemporary-Culture-e1q28s8/a-a8pk4j8) . Spotify for Podcasters . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:03_47-0) "Incredible Women: Sustainability, stigma, and science, with Zinnia Kumar su Apple Podcasts" (https://podcasts.apple.com/it/podcast/sustainability-stigma-and-science-with-zinnia-kumar/id1539393923?i=1000581493459) . Apple Podcasts (in Italian) . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:84_48-0) Maher, Dani (3 April 2024). "Zinnia Kumar: Beyond the superficial" (https://harpersbazaar.com.au/zinnia-kumar-digital-cover-april-2024/) . Harper's Bazaar Australia . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Incredible Women: Sustainability, stigma, and science, with Zinnia Kumar su Apple Podcasts" (https://podcasts.apple.com/it/podcast/sustainability-stigma-and-science-with-zinnia-kumar/id1539393923?i=1000581493459) . Apple Podcasts (in Italian) . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_50-0) " (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/this-show-with-dior-will-launch-the-careers-of-indian-faces-who-would-otherwise-not-get-an-opportunity-to-exist-or-access-high-fashion-zinnia-kumar-on-10-years-of-breaking-south-asian-stereotypes) "This show with Dior will launch the careers of Indian faces who would otherwise not get an opportunity to exist or access high fashion. " Zinnia Kumar on 10 years of breaking South Asian stereotypes" (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/this-show-with-dior-will-launch-the-careers-of-indian-faces-who-would-otherwise-not-get-an-opportunity-to-exist-or-access-high-fashion-zinnia-kumar-on-10-years-of-breaking-south-asian-stereotypes) . Perfect˙ . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "All Talent" (https://www.tdl.studio/talent) . TheDottedLine . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Zinnia Kumar on Dismantling Beauty Standards & DIY Skincare" (https://www.roseinc.com/blogs/profile/zinnia-kumar-history-of-beauty-standards) . Rose Inc . Retrieved 30 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Reads|Zinnia Kumar" (https://reluxefashion.com/blogs/news/reads-zinnia-kumar) . Reluxe Fashion . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Episode Seven | Zinnia Kumar| This Is A Token" (https://www.alexmonroe.com/podcast/episode-seven-zinnia-kumar) . www.alexmonroe.com . Retrieved 3 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_55-0) "Zinnia Kumar: "The folly is in thinking of ourselves and our generation as the sole victims of colourism" (https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/zinnia-kumar-vogue-india-january-cover-personality-scientist-ecologist-model-colourism) " (https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/zinnia-kumar-vogue-india-january-cover-personality-scientist-ecologist-model-colourism) . Vogue India . 2 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C5VIUVjoF2H/?hl=en) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) The Brazen Nose (PDF) . University of Oxford, Brasenose College. 2018. p. 29. 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Visual artist and fashion designer dedicated to women's rights in Pakistan Misha Japanwala Born London (/wiki/London) Nationality Pakistani (/wiki/Pakistani) Education Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Spouse Fisher Neal Website www (https://www.mishajapanwala.com/) .mishajapanwala (https://www.mishajapanwala.com/) .com (https://www.mishajapanwala.com/) Misha Japanwala is a visual artist (/wiki/Visual_arts) and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) of Pakistani origin (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_women_artists) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Japanwala created art work (/wiki/Work_of_art) dedicating to women rights in Pakistan (/wiki/Women_rights_in_Pakistan) , and her art has been featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . In June 2021 Japanwala designed breast plates for American rapper Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) 's music video " Rumors (/wiki/Rumors_(Lizzo_song)) ". [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-vice.com-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Personal life [ edit ] Japanwala was born in London, but to a Bohra Muslim (/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra) family [5] (#cite_note-5) from Karachi (/wiki/Karachi) , and was brought up in Islamabad (/wiki/Islamabad) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) in a liberal family background. She graduated from the New York Parsons school of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) in 2018 [7] (#cite_note-:3-7) and works in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) After graduation, she worked as an accessory assistant at Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . She later joined the atelier of Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) where she was then laid off due to COVID-19. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2022 she wedded with actor Fisher Neal. [10] (#cite_note-10) Art collections [ edit ] Misha Japanwala creates personalized sculpted breastplates (/wiki/Breastplate) and photographs these on otherwise nude female models (/wiki/Model_(person)) . through fashionable wearable resin re-creations, and incidentally which does not constitute censorable nudity for social media platforms like Instagram. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) According to Japanwala her signature art (May 2018) collection 'Azaadi' (meaning " freedom (/wiki/Freedom) " in Urdu (/wiki/Urdu) ) is in response to difficulties like honor killings (/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan) , domestic violence and the societal pressures faced by women in Pakistan (/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan) challenges the status quo by pushing the boundaries. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Japanwala maintains, her goal in her art collection 'Azaadi' was to subvert the male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) , reclaim the art related to the female body from the male perspectives and instead depict from the feminist perspective (/wiki/Female_gaze) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) According to Aamina Khan, Japanwala sported long dangling earrings with the words ' Meri Marzi (/wiki/Mera_Jism_Meri_Marzi) " meaning my choice (/wiki/My_body,_my_choice) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Japanwala's work has been featured in a six-page editorial spread in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Spain , modeled by French model Cindy Bruna (/wiki/Cindy_Bruna) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Japanwala received her second offer of displaying her art from model Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) in special issue of V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) named Gigi's Journal Part II. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Japanwala was selected on the "30 under 30 Asia" list published by Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) in 2021. [14] (#cite_note-14) Backlash and response [ edit ] According to Japanwala she has faced some backlash from conservative quarters of her home country Pakistan saying why does she indulge in designs do not confirm with cultural restrictions (/wiki/Purdah) for women despite being a Muslim woman (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) . [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) [3] (#cite_note-vice.com-3) Japanwala says in Pakistan it is difficult for women to have agency over their own bodies and this backlash confirms Pakistani conservatives feel frightened by women taking charge of their bodies. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) See also [ edit ] Aurat March (/wiki/Aurat_March) Feminism in Pakistan (/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan) Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) The Compleat Sculptor (/wiki/The_Compleat_Sculptor) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Images Staff (2021-02-27). "Artist Misha Japanwala is reclaiming her body, one sculpted breastplate at a time" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1186643) . Images . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The powerful feminist symbolism by Misha Japanwala | Collater.al" (https://www.collater.al/en/misha-japanwala-azaadi/) . Collateral . 2018-08-02 . Retrieved 2021-09-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Why This Artist Who Sculpted Cardi B's Pregnant Body Gets Hate" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx5pqz/cardi-b-pregnant-misha-japanwala) . www.vice.com . Retrieved 2021-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Images Staff (2021-09-07). "Cardi B welcomes baby boy, her second child with rapper Offset" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1188351) . Images . Retrieved 2021-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) https://gal-dem.com/misha-japanwala-pakistani-sculptor-behind-cardi-b-pregnancy-announcement/ (https://gal-dem.com/misha-japanwala-pakistani-sculptor-behind-cardi-b-pregnancy-announcement/) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Powerful Feminist Symbolism Of Misha Japanwala's Azaadi" (https://www.ignant.com/2018/07/27/the-powerful-feminist-symbolism-of-misha-japanwalas-azaadi/) . IGNANT . 2018-07-27 . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Misha Japanwala - Do some research and do what you have to do by The Amad Show • A podcast on Anchor" (https://anchor.fm/the-amad-show/episodes/Misha-Japanwala---Do-some-research-and-do-what-you-have-to-do-eafvfv) . Anchor . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Khan, Aamina. "Designer Misha Japanwala Is Never Fully Dressed Without a Breastplate" (https://www.vogue.com/article/designer-misha-japanwala-interview) . Vogue . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Zirngast, Lisa (2020-07-01). "Misha Japanwala - Embodying Realities" (https://1granary.com/designers-3/schools/parsons/pakistani-designer-misha-japanwala/) . 1 Granary . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (http://tribune.com.pk/story/2345641/loving-the-desi-groove-black-panther-star-lupita-nyongo-gets-the-full-karachi-experience) 'Black Panther' star gets the full Karachi experience" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/2345641/loving-the-desi-groove-black-panther-star-lupita-nyongo-gets-the-full-karachi-experience) . The Express Tribune . 2022-02-28 . Retrieved 2022-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Jordan. "political activism Archives" (https://www.twinfactory.co.uk/tag/political-activism/) . Twin Magazine . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Gigi Journal Artist Collaboration Finalists" (https://vmagazine.com/article/gigi-journal-artist-collaboration-finalists/) . V Magazine . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Pakistani Artist Misha Shares How Gigi Helped Her | The Pakistan" (https://thepakistan.pk/pakistani-artist-misha-shares-how-gigi-helped-her/) . thepakistan.pk . Retrieved 2021-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Images Staff (2021-06-28). "Cardi B announces her second pregnancy with a mould created by Pakistani artist Misha Japanwala" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1187904) . Images . Retrieved 2021-09-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pakistani artist on sculpting Cardi B's pregnancy, facing backlash | SAMAA" (https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2021/07/pakistani-artist-on-sculpting-cardi-bs-pregnancy-facing-backlash/) . Samaa TV . Retrieved 2021-09-30 . External links [ edit ] Interview in Tribune.com.pk August 21, 2016 (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1163923/style-anatomy-misha-japanwala) Misha Japanwala Lookbook (https://www.behance.net/gallery/80999797/Misha-Japanwala-Lookbook) Herida grabada. 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Italian fashion designer Francesco Scognamiglio Born 26 June 1975 ( 1975-06-26 ) (age 48) Pompei (/wiki/Pompei) , Italy Occupation Fashion designer Francesco Scognamiglio (born 26 June 1975) is an Italian fashion designer and businessman. Biography [ edit ] Born in Pompei (/wiki/Pompei) , the son of a lawyer, Scognamiglio studied at the Istituto Europeo del Design in Naples (/wiki/Naples) . [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) After working for Versace (/wiki/Versace) , in 1998 he opened his first boutique in his hometown, and in 2000 he made his haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) debut with a collection presented at Palazzo Barberini (/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini) in Rome. [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [2] (#cite_note-fn-2) In 2009, Scognamiglio launched the male brand Allegri, and in 2013 he founded the Maison Francesco Scognamiglio. [3] (#cite_note-aef-3) In 2021, he sold his brands Francesco Scognamiglio and Maison Francesco Scognamiglio to Y Capital Management and started the haute couture and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) brand Monogram. [2] (#cite_note-fn-2) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Celebrities dressed by Scognamiglio include Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) , Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Diane Keaton (/wiki/Diane_Keaton) , Emma Watson (/wiki/Emma_Watson) , Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , Bjork (/wiki/Bjork) , Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) , Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) , Ornella Muti (/wiki/Ornella_Muti) . [1] (#cite_note-bio-1) [3] (#cite_note-aef-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Cervasio, Stella (24 June 2015). "Scognamiglio "I miei primi 40 anni con Madonna e le altre star" (https://napoli.repubblica.it/hermes/inbox/2015/06/24/news/scognamiglio_i_miei_primi_40_con_madonna_e_le_altre_star_-117623025/?callback=in&code=NTLIMTBJMWITMWFJZI0ZMZFKLWFLNDCTY2E3YTY3NDK4OWYX&state=e42b7d28e9914096b93e75b38690c29d) " (https://napoli.repubblica.it/hermes/inbox/2015/06/24/news/scognamiglio_i_miei_primi_40_con_madonna_e_le_altre_star_-117623025/?callback=in&code=NTLIMTBJMWITMWFJZI0ZMZFKLWFLNDCTY2E3YTY3NDK4OWYX&state=e42b7d28e9914096b93e75b38690c29d) . la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ a b Deeny, Godfrey (27 May 2021). "Francesco Scognamiglio to launch new fashion house named Monogram" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Francesco-scognamiglio-to-launch-new-fashion-house-named-monogram,1305590.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ a b Bush, Bettina (9 February 2015). "Scognamiglio, il business del creativo" (https://www.repubblica.it/economia/affari-e-finanza/2015/02/09/news/scognamiglio_il_business_del_creativo-107068564/?ref=search) . la Repubblica (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pasquinelli, Agnese (25 June 2021). "La rinascita di Scognamiglio attraverso il Monogram" (https://www.giltmagazine.it/fashion/trends/la-rinascita-di-scognamiglio-attraverso-il-monogram/) . Gilt Magazine (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Redazione (27 May 2021). "Moda, Scognamiglio vende marchio a suo nome e lancia Monogram" (https://www.ansa.it/campania/notizie/2021/05/27/moda-scognamiglio-vende-marchio-a-suo-nome-e-lancia-monogram_71f2dd88-6b02-4d58-8d37-3fc372f581ee.html) . ANSA (/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata) (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rezk, Sara (April 2019). "Francesco Scognamiglio: «Non pensavo di vestire Madonna e Björk»" (https://www.mffashion.com/news/francesco-scognamiglio-non-pensavo-di-vestire-madonna-e-bjork-201904151537209119) . MF Fashion (/wiki/MF_Milano_Finanza) (76): 3 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Merone, Anna Paola (31 January 2022). "Festival Sanremo, Ornella Muti sceglie lo stilista Francesco Scognamiglio" (https://napoli.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/22_gennaio_31/festival-sanremo-ornella-muti-sceglie-stilista-francesco-scognamiglio-da51afd2-825e-11ec-aca6-1054d02d81ba.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Albamonte, Enrico Maria (25 November 2013). "La buona stella di Scognamiglio lo stilista che fa innamorare le dive" (https://www.repubblica.it/economia/affari-e-finanza/2013/11/25/news/la_buona_stella_di_scognamiglio_lo_stilista_che_fa_innamorare_le_dive-71867210/?ref=pay_amp) . la Repubblica (in Italian) . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . 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A socialite (/wiki/Socialite) is a person of social prominence who spends substantial time and resources entertaining or being entertained. For more information, see Socialite (/wiki/Socialite) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Socialites (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Socialites) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐m6gm5 Cached time: 20240720181233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.074 seconds Real time usage: 0.109 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 147/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2963/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 284/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.039/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 964099/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 99.672 1 -total 61.80% 61.597 1 Template:Commons_category 59.33% 59.140 1 Template:Sister_project 57.53% 57.344 1 Template:Side_box 38.07% 37.942 1 Template:Cat_more 31.86% 31.759 1 Template:Hatnote 5.81% 5.792 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1956150-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720181233 and revision id 1070411365. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. Socialites by nationality (/wiki/Category:Socialites_by_nationality) (54 C) C Cultural depictions of socialites (/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_socialites) (13 C, 11 P) D Debutantes (/wiki/Category:Debutantes) (4 C, 11 P) F Fictional socialites (/wiki/Category:Fictional_socialites) (1 C, 199 P) S Salon-holders (/wiki/Category:Salon-holders) (4 C, 7 P) Pages in category "Socialites" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . * Socialite (/wiki/Socialite) A María Soledad Ortega de Argüello (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Soledad_Ortega_de_Arg%C3%BCello) B Boodles Boxing Ball (/wiki/Boodles_Boxing_Ball) D Elisabeth Deichmann-Schaaffhausen (/wiki/Elisabeth_Deichmann-Schaaffhausen) F Famous for being famous (/wiki/Famous_for_being_famous) G Consuelo Gonzales Posada (/wiki/Consuelo_Gonzales_Posada) Nubar Gulbenkian (/wiki/Nubar_Gulbenkian) H Miriam Hadar Weingarten (/wiki/Miriam_Hadar_Weingarten) K Jacques Katmor (/wiki/Jacques_Katmor) M Louise Elisabeth de Meuron (/wiki/Louise_Elisabeth_de_Meuron) N New York Social Diary (/wiki/New_York_Social_Diary) P Hope Portocarrero (/wiki/Hope_Portocarrero) R Porfirio Rubirosa (/wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa) S Anu Saagim (/wiki/Anu_Saagim) Tabe Slioor (/wiki/Tabe_Slioor) Christina Balsara (/wiki/Christina_Balsara) W Amelia Elizabeth White and Martha Root White (/wiki/Amelia_Elizabeth_White_and_Martha_Root_White) Jocelyn Wildenstein (/wiki/Jocelyn_Wildenstein) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Socialites&oldid=1070411365 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Socialites&oldid=1070411365) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Celebrity (/wiki/Category:Celebrity) High society (social class) (/wiki/Category:High_society_(social_class)) People by status (/wiki/Category:People_by_status) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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(Redirected from Sports hijab (/w/index.php?title=Sports_hijab&redirect=no) ) Islamic head covering for women Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing) on Islamic (/wiki/Islam) female (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) dress (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Types (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Al-amira (/wiki/Al-amira) Battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Çarşaf (/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Haik (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) Hijab Jilbaab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Kerudung (/wiki/Kerudung) Kimeshek (/wiki/Kimeshek) Khimar (/wiki/Khimar) Kurhars (/wiki/Kurhars) Mukena (/wiki/Mukena) Niqaab (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Safseri (/wiki/Safseri) Selendang (/wiki/Selendang) Shayla (/wiki/Shayla) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Practice and law by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) Australia (/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia) Britain (/wiki/British_debate_over_veils) Canada (/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country#Canada) Egypt (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt) France (/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France) Indonesia (/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia#National_law_and_sharia) Iran (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran) Pakistan (/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan#Culture) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Hijab_and_dress_code) Taliban Afghanistan (/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Gender_policies) Turkey (/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey) Concepts Andaruni (/wiki/Andaruni) Awrah (/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam) Fahisha (/wiki/Fahisha) Gender segregation (/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation) Haya (/wiki/Haya_(Islam)) Purdah (/wiki/Purdah) Zenana (/wiki/Zenana) Other Hijabophobia (/wiki/Hijabophobia) Hujum (/wiki/Hujum) Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) My Stealthy Freedom (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) World Hijab Day (/wiki/World_Hijab_Day) v t e A Tunisian woman wearing a hijab In modern usage, hijab ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : حجاب , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) : ḥijāb , pronounced [ħɪˈdʒaːb] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) ) generally refers to various head coverings conventionally worn by many Muslim women. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) It is similar to the tichel (/wiki/Tichel) or snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) worn by Orthodox Jewish (/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish) women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women (/wiki/Christian_head_covering) , such as the mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) , apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) and wimple (/wiki/Wimple) , [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) and the dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) worn by many Hindu (/wiki/Hindus) and Sikh (/wiki/Sikhs) women. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Spurgeon2016-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Whilst a hijab can come in many forms, it often specifically refers to a scarf wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck and ears but leaving the face visible. [8] (#cite_note-eogr-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) The use of the hijab has been on the rise worldwide since the 1970s and is viewed by many Muslims as expressing modesty and faith; it has also been worn for purposes of adornment. [8] (#cite_note-eogr-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) When it comes to the obligation for a Muslim woman to cover her hair and body, many have expressed confusion about the origin of this commandment. However, there has never been any debate within Sunni Islamic scholarship at any point in history regarding the obligation of hijab for all Muslim women who have reached the age of puberty. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [ disputed – discuss (/wiki/Talk:Hijab#This_article_does_a_poor_job_of_highlighting_the_views_and_reasoning_of_scholars_who_believe_Hijab_isn't_mandatory) ] The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote a partition or a curtain and was sometimes used for Islamic rules of modesty (/wiki/Haya_(Islam)) . [8] (#cite_note-eogr-8) [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) This is the usage in the verses of the Qur'an (/wiki/Quran) , in which the term sometimes refers to a curtain separating visitors to Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad) 's main house from his wives' lodgings. This has led some to claim that the mandate of the Qur'an applied only to the wives of Muhammad and not to all women. [14] (#cite_note-aslan-14) [15] (#cite_note-ahmedWomIslam-15) Another interpretation can also refer to the seclusion (/wiki/Seclusion) of women from men in the public sphere (/wiki/Public_sphere) , whereas a metaphysical (/wiki/Metaphysical) dimension may refer to "the veil which separates man, or the world, from God". [16] (#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-16) The Qur'an never uses the word hijab to refer to women's clothing, but passages discuss the attire of women using other terms jilbab and khimār . [17] (#cite_note-17) For some the term for headscarf in the Qur'an is khimār ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : خِمار ). [8] (#cite_note-eogr-8) [18] (#cite_note-18) [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) There is no consensus over how much of a veil is a necessity. Some legal systems accept the hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands, [21] (#cite_note-21) [16] (#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-16) whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands. [22] (#cite_note-22) These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh (/wiki/Fiqh) developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some believe these are derived from the verses ( ayahs (/wiki/Ayah) ) referring to hijab in the Qur'an; [23] (#cite_note-Muslim_World_2003_p.721-23) others believe that the Qur'an does not mandate that women need to wear a hijab. [24] (#cite_note-The_Quran_Does_Not_Mandate_Hijab-24) [25] (#cite_note-auto2-25) Some reformist groups consider the issue of veiling in Islam as only a recommendation made according to the conditions of the past and that regarding it as a necessity is an imposition of Islamist ideology. [24] (#cite_note-The_Quran_Does_Not_Mandate_Hijab-24) [25] (#cite_note-auto2-25) The practice of Islamic veiling varies around the world according to local laws and customs (/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country) . The hijab is currently required by law to be worn by women in Iran (/wiki/Iran) [26] (#cite_note-26) and in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) by the Taliban (/wiki/Taliban) government. [27] (#cite_note-27) Since 2018 it has no longer been required by law in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) . [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Other countries, both in Europe and in the Muslim world (/wiki/Muslim_world) , [31] (#cite_note-31) have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-Gohari-33) [34] (#cite_note-Cainkar-34) Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear a hijab. [33] (#cite_note-Gohari-33) [34] (#cite_note-Cainkar-34) Etymology [ edit ] The Arabic word hijab (Arabic: حجاب) is the verbal noun originating from the verb ﺣَﺠَﺐَ (hajaba), from the triliteral root ح ج ب (H-J-B), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of hide, conceal, block. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) In Islamic scripture [ edit ] Qur'an [ edit ] Qur'anic verses relating to dress codes use the terms khimār which translates to “veil” in English, (but, according to some, a headcovering [37] (#cite_note-haj-37) [38] (#cite_note-worldwideenc-38) ) and jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) (a dress or cloak) rather than ḥijāb . [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) [nb 1] (#cite_note-39) About six verses refer specifically to the way a woman should dress and walk in public; [39] (#cite_note-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012-40) Muslim scholars have differed as to how these verses should be applied, with some stating that a headscarf is required and others saying that a headscarf is not required. [40] (#cite_note-Asra-2015-41) The clearest verses on the requirement of modest dress are Surah 24 (/wiki/Surah_24) :30–31, telling both men and women to dress and act modestly, with more detail about modest dress focused on women. [41] (#cite_note-Islamonline-42) [42] (#cite_note-Hameed-43) ˹O Prophet!˺ Tell the believing men to lower their gaze and guard their chastity. That is purer for them. Surely Allah is All-Aware of what they do. And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their chastity, and not to reveal their adornments except what normally appears. Let them draw their veils over their chests, and not reveal their ˹hidden˺ adornments except to their husbands, their fathers, their fathers-in-law, their sons, their stepsons, their brothers, their brothers’ sons or sisters’ sons, their fellow women, those ˹bondwomen˺ in their possession, male attendants with no desire, or children who are still unaware of women’s nakedness. Let them not stomp their feet, drawing attention to their hidden adornments. Turn to Allah in repentance all together, O believers, so that you may be successful. — Surah An-Nur (/wiki/An-Nur) 24:30-31 (https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=30) The word khimar , in the context of this verse, is translated as just a “veil" used on people. [37] (#cite_note-haj-37) [43] (#cite_note-44) [38] (#cite_note-worldwideenc-38) Such head coverings were worn by women in Arabia at the advent of Islam mostly to protect against the hot sun and desert. [44] (#cite_note-khimar1-45) Qur'an 33 (/wiki/Surah_33) :59 tells Muhammad to ask his family members and other Muslim women to wear outer garments when they go out, so that they are not harassed: [42] (#cite_note-Hameed-43) O Prophet! Ask your wives, daughters, and believing women to draw their cloaks over their bodies. In this way it is more likely that they will be recognized ˹as virtuous˺ and not be harassed. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. — Surah Al-Ahzab (/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b) 33:59 (https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=59) The Islamic commentators generally agree this verse refers to sexual harassment of women of Medina (/wiki/Medina) . It is also seen to refer to a free woman, for which Tabari (/wiki/Tabari) cites Ibn Abbas (/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abbas) . Ibn Kathir (/wiki/Ibn_Kathir) states that the jilbab distinguishes free Muslim women from those of Jahiliyyah (/wiki/Jahiliyyah) , so other men know they are free women and not slaves or prostitutes, indicating covering oneself does not apply to non-Muslims. He cites Sufyan al-Thawri (/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri) as commenting that while it may be seen as permitting looking upon non-Muslim women who adorn themselves, it is not allowed in order to avoid lust. Al-Qurtubi (/wiki/Al-Qurtubi) concurs with Tabari about this ayah being for those who are free. He reports that the correct view is that a jilbab covers the whole body. He also cites the Sahabah (/wiki/Sahabah) as saying it is no longer than a rida (a shawl or a wrapper that covers the upper body). He also reports a minority view which considers the niqab (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) or head-covering as jilbab. Ibn Arabi (/wiki/Ibn_Arabi) considered that excessive covering would make it impossible for a woman to be recognised which the verse mentions, though both Qurtubi and Tabari agree that the word recognition is about distinguishing free women. [45] (#cite_note-Veil2011-46) : 111–113 Some scholars like Ibn Hayyan (/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan) , Ibn Hazm (/wiki/Ibn_Hazm) and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani) questioned the ayah's common explanation. Hayyan believed that "believing women" referred to both free women and slaves as the latter are bound to more easily entice lust and their exclusion is not clearly indicated. Hazm too believed that it covered Muslim slaves as it would violate the law of not molesting a slave or fornication with her like that with a free woman. He stated that anything not attributed to Muhammad should be disregarded. [45] (#cite_note-Veil2011-46) : 114 The word ḥijāb in the Qur'an refers not to women's clothing, but rather a spatial partition or curtain. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Sometimes its use is literal, as in the verse which refers to the screen that separated Muhammad's wives from the visitors to his house (33:53), while in other cases the word denotes separation between deity and mortals (42:51), wrongdoers and righteous (7:46, 41:5), believers and unbelievers (17:45), and light from darkness (/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)) (38:32). [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) The interpretations of the ḥijāb as separation can be classified into three types: as visual barrier, physical barrier, and ethical barrier. A visual barrier (for example, between Muhammad's family and the surrounding community) serves to hide from sight something, which places emphasis on a symbolic boundary. A physical barrier is used to create a space that provides comfort and privacy for individuals, such as elite women. An ethical barrier, such as the expression purity of hearts in reference to Muhammad's wives and the Muslim men who visit them, makes something forbidden. [39] (#cite_note-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012-40) Hadith [ edit ] Main article: Women's prayer in Islam (/wiki/Women%27s_prayer_in_Islam) The hadith (/wiki/Hadith) sources specify the details of hijab for men and women, exegesis (/wiki/Tafsir) of the Qur'anic verses attributed to the sahabah (/wiki/Sahabah) , and are a major source which Muslim legal scholars (/wiki/Ulama) used to derive their rulings. [46] (#cite_note-47) [47] (#cite_note-48) [48] (#cite_note-Kamali-49) It is reported in Sahih al-Bukhari (/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari) on the authority of Aisha (/wiki/Aisha) that: ` Umar bin Al-Khattab (/wiki/Umar) used to say to Allah's Messenger (/wiki/Muhammad) (ﷺ) "Let your wives be veiled" But he did not do so. The wives of the Prophet (ﷺ) used to go out to answer the call of nature at night only at Al-Manasi.' Once Sauda (/wiki/Sawdah_bint_Zam%27ah) , the daughter of Zam`a went out and she was a tall woman. `Umar bin Al-Khattab saw her while he was in a gathering, and said, "I have recognized you, O Sauda!" He (`Umar) said so as he was anxious for some Divine orders regarding the veil (the veiling of women.) So Allah (/wiki/Allah) revealed the Verse of veiling. (Al-Hijab; a complete body cover excluding the eyes). [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006170-50) [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhārī1997146Vol._8,_no._6240-51) Aisha also reported that when Quran 24:31 (https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=31) was revealed, ...the men of Ansar (/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)) went to the women of Ansar and recited to them the words Allah had revealed. Each man recited to his wife, his daughter, his sister and other female relatives. Each woman among them got up, took her decorated wrapper and wrapped herself up in it out of faith and belief in what Allah had revealed. They appeared behind the Messenger of Allah wrapped up, as if there were crows on their heads. [45] (#cite_note-Veil2011-46) : 118 A similar hadith is Abū Dawud 32:4090 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/032-sat.php#032.4090) , which describes that, in response to the verses, "the women of Ansar came out as if they had crows hanging down over their heads." Although these narrations refer to black clothing ("crows on their heads"), other narrations indicate wives of the prophet also wore other colors like yellow or rose. [51] (#cite_note-52) [45] (#cite_note-Veil2011-46) : 124 Other hadith on hijab include: Narrated Safiya bint Shaiba (/wiki/Saffiyah_bint_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib) : "Aisha used to say: 'When (the Verse): "They should draw their veils (khimaar) over their breasts (juyyub) ," was revealed, (the ladies) cut their waist sheets at the edges and veiled themselves (Arabic: فَاخْتَمَرْنَ , lit. 'to put on a hijab') with the cut pieces.'" Sahih al-Bukhari (/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari) , 6:60:282 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/060-sbt.php#006.060.282) , 32:4091 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/032-sat.php#032.4091) . This hadith is often translated as "...and covered their heads and faces with the cut pieces of cloth," [52] (#cite_note-53) as the Arabic word used in the text (Arabic: فَاخْتَمَرْنَ ) could include or exclude the face and there was ikhtilaf (/wiki/Ikhtilaf) on whether covering the face is farḍ (/wiki/Fard) , or obligatory. The most prominent sharh , or explanation, of Sahih Bukhari is Fatḥ al-Bārī (/wiki/Fath_al-Bari) which states this included the face. Yahya related to me from Malik from Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Qunfudh that his mother asked Umm Salama, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, "What clothes can a woman wear in prayer?" She said, "She can pray in the khimār (headscarf) and the diri' (Arabic: الدِّرْعِ , lit. 'shield, armature', transl. 'a woman's garment' ) that reaches down and covers the top of her feet." Muwatta Imam Malik (/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik) book 8 hadith 37. Aishah narrated that Allah's Messenger said: "The Salat (/wiki/Salat) (prayer) of a woman who has reached the age of menstruation is not accepted without a khimār." Jami` at-Tirmidhi (/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi) 377. Dress code [ edit ] See also: Awrah (/wiki/Awrah) Modern Muslim scholars usually require women to cover everything but their hands and face in public, [16] (#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-16) but do not require the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) (a face covering worn by some Muslim women). In nearly all Muslim cultures, young girls are not required to wear a hijab. [53] (#cite_note-54) Sunni [ edit ] Women wearing tudongs (/wiki/Tudong) (the Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) term for hijab) in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) The four major Sunni schools of thought (/wiki/Madhhab) ( Hanafi (/wiki/Hanafi) , Shafi'i (/wiki/Shafi%27i) , Maliki (/wiki/Maliki) and Hanbali (/wiki/Hanbali) ) believe that it is obligatory (/wiki/Fard) for free women to cover their hair, [54] (#cite_note-amer37-55) and the entire body except her face and hands, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members (/wiki/Mahram) . [55] (#cite_note-seekershub.org-56) [56] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-57) [57] (#cite_note-58) According to Hanafis and other scholars [ which? ] , these requirements extend to being around non-Muslim women as well, for fear that they may describe her physical features to unrelated men. [58] (#cite_note-59) The Sunni Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas (/wiki/Permanent_Committee_for_Islamic_Research_and_Issuing_Fatwas) in Saudi Arabia, [59] (#cite_note-PermanentCommittee-60) and Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari (/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Adam_Al-Kawthari) [60] (#cite_note-61) also believe women should cover their head. Men must cover from their belly buttons to their knees, though the schools differ on whether this includes covering the navel and knees or only what is between them. [61] (#cite_note-askimam.org-62) [62] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-63) [63] (#cite_note-academia.edu-64) [64] (#cite_note-darululoomtt.net-65) It is recommended that women wear clothing that is not form fitting to the body, such as modest forms of Western clothing (long shirts and skirts), or the more traditional jilbāb , a high-necked, loose robe that covers the arms and legs. A khimār or shaylah , a scarf or cowl that covers all but the face, is also worn in many different styles. [ citation needed ] Shia [ edit ] Women wearing chadors (/wiki/Chador) in Shiraz (/wiki/Shiraz) , Iran The major and most important Shia hadith collections such as Nahj Al-Balagha and Kitab Al-Kafi for the most part do not give any details about hijab requirements. However a quotation from Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih (/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih) Musa al-Kadhim (/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim) in reply to his brother makes reference to female hijab requirements during the salat (prayer), stating "She covers her body and head with it then prays. And if her feet protrude from beneath, and she doesn't have the means to prevent that, there is no harm". [65] (#cite_note-66) In Shia jurisprudence, by consensus, it is obligatory for women to cover their hair, and the entire body except her hands and face, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members. [ citation needed ] Miscellaneous [ edit ] In private, and in the presence of close relatives ( mahrams ), rules on dress relax. However, in the presence of the husband, most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife. [66] (#cite_note-67) Traditional scholars had differences of opinion on covering the hands and face. The majority adopted the opinion that the face and hands are not part of their nakedness (/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam) . [ citation needed ] Some held the opinion that covering the face is recommended (/wiki/Ahkam) if the woman's beauty is so great that it is distracting and causes temptation or public discord (/wiki/Fitna_(word)) . [ citation needed ] Alternative views [ edit ] Malala Yousafzai (/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) , Pakistani education activist and 2014 Nobel Peace Prize laureate wears a head scarf. Leila Ahmed (/wiki/Leila_Ahmed) argues that head covering in Islam should not be seen as mandatory since it existed before the revelation of the Qur’an. It was introduced to Arabia through Arab interactions with Syria and Iran, where the hijab represented social status. Women who did not work in fields could afford to be secluded and veiled. [14] (#cite_note-aslan-14) [67] (#cite_note-68) Among her arguments is that while some Qur'anic verses enjoin women in general to "draw their Jilbabs (overgarment or cloak) around them to be recognized as believers and so that no harm will come to them" [Quran 33:58-59 (https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=58) ] and "guard their private parts ... and drape down khimar over their breasts [when in the presence of unrelated men]", [Quran 24:31 (https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=31) ] they urge modesty. The word khimar or “veil” refers to a piece of cloth that was popularly used to cover the head in ancient Arabia. [68] (#cite_note-69) While the term "hijab" was originally anything that was used to conceal, [69] (#cite_note-70) it became used to refer to concealing garments worn by women outside the house, specifically the headscarf or khimar. [70] (#cite_note-71) According to Karen Armstrong (/wiki/Karen_Armstrong) , Reza Aslan (/wiki/Reza_Aslan) and Leila Ahmed, the requirements of the hijab were initially intended solely for Muhammad's wives, serving to preserve their sanctity. This was because Muhammad conducted religious and civic matters in the mosque next to his home. [14] (#cite_note-aslan-14) Leila Ahmed further explains that Muhammad aimed at fostering a sense of privacy and protecting the intimate space of his wives from the constant presence of the bustling community at their doorstep. They argue that the term darabat al-hijab ('taking the veil') was used synonymously and interchangeably with ‘becoming Prophet Muhammad's wife’ and that during Muhammad's life no other Muslim woman wore the hijab. Aslan (/wiki/Reza_Aslan) suggests that Muslim women started to wear the hijab to emulate Muhammad's wives, who are revered as "Mothers of the Believers" in Islam, [14] (#cite_note-aslan-14) and states "there was no tradition of veiling until around 627 C.E. (/wiki/Common_Era) " in the Muslim community. [14] (#cite_note-aslan-14) [15] (#cite_note-ahmedWomIslam-15) Afghan (/wiki/Afghans) army and police officials wearing hijabs in Kandahar (/wiki/Kandahar) Khaled Abou El Fadl (/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl) argues that all Islamic moderates agree that, in all cases, the decision whether to wear the hijab should be a woman's autonomous decision and that her choice must be respected because the moderate pro-choice position is based on the Quranic teachings that there ought to be no compulsion in religion. [71] (#cite_note-72) Many scholars argue that these contemporary views and arguments, however, contradict the hadith sources, the classical scholars, exegesis sources, historical consensus, and interpretations of the companions (/wiki/Sahabah) (such as Aisha (/wiki/Aisha) and Abdullah ibn Masud (/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud) ). [ citation needed ] Some traditionalist Muslim scholars accept the contemporary views and arguments as those hadith sources are not sahih and ijma (/wiki/Ijma) would no longer be applicable if it is argued by scholars (even if it is argued by only one scholar). Notable examples of traditionalist Muslim scholars who accept these contemporary views include the Indonesian scholar Quraish Shihab (/wiki/Quraish_Shihab) . [72] (#cite_note-73) In 2012, Egyptian scholar Shaykh Mustapha Mohamed Rashed of Al Azhar University argued in his Ph.D. dissertation that hijab is not an Islamic duty. [73] (#cite_note-74) Contemporary practice [ edit ] Further information: Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) and Hijab by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) The styles and practices of hijab vary widely across the world. Wearing or not wearing a hijab can also be an act of protest. In August 2014 a mother of one of the Camp Speicher massacre (/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre) victims threw her headscarf at the Iraqi parliament speaker, Salim al-Jabouri (/wiki/Salim_al-Jabouri) . An opinion poll conducted in 2014 by The University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research asked residents of seven Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) which style of women's dress they considered to be most appropriate in public. [74] (#cite_note-2014poll-75) The survey found that the headscarf (in its tightly- or loosely-fitting form) was chosen by the majority of respondents in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and Turkey. The response rate for people of Turkey was just about 60%. [74] (#cite_note-2014poll-75) In Saudi Arabia, 63% gave preference to the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) face veil; in Pakistan the niqab , the full-length chador (/wiki/Chador) robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all. [74] (#cite_note-2014poll-75) [75] (#cite_note-q&a-76) The survey found "no significant difference" in the preferences between surveyed men and women, except in Pakistan, where more men favoured conservative women's dress. [75] (#cite_note-q&a-76) However, women more strongly support women's right to choose how to dress. [75] (#cite_note-q&a-76) People with university education are less conservative in their choice than those without one, and more supportive of women's right to decide their dress style, except in Saudi Arabia. [75] (#cite_note-q&a-76) Iriana (/wiki/Iriana) wearing a türban Some fashion-conscious women have been turning to non-traditional forms of hijab such as turbans. [76] (#cite_note-turban-77) [77] (#cite_note-78) While some regard turbans as a proper head cover, others argue that it cannot be considered a proper Islamic veil if it leaves the neck exposed. [76] (#cite_note-turban-77) Muna AbuSulayman (/wiki/Muna_AbuSulayman) wearing a turban In Iran, where wearing the hijab is legally required, many women push the boundaries of the state-mandated dress code, risking a fine or a spell in detention. [78] (#cite_note-79) The former Iranian president Hassan Rouhani (/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani) had vowed to rein in the morality police and their presence on the streets has decreased since he took office, but the powerful conservative forces in the country have resisted his efforts, and the dress codes are still being enforced, especially during the summer months. [79] (#cite_note-80) After Ebrahim Raisi (/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi) became president, he started imposing hijab laws strictly, announcing use of facial recognition in public transport to enforce hijab law. [80] (#cite_note-81) An Iranian woman, Mahsa Amini (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini) , died in custody of 'morality police' after they arrested her on new stricter hijab laws, which led to widespread protests (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests) . [81] (#cite_note-82) Women's resistance in Iran is gaining traction as an increasing number of women challenge the mandatory wearing of the hijab. Smith (2017) addressed the progress that Iranian women have made in her article, "Iran surprises by realizing Islamic dress code for women," [82] (#cite_note-Istanbul-83) published by The Times , a news organization based in the UK. The Iranian government has enforced their penal dress codes less strictly and instead of imprisonment as a punishment have implemented mandatory reform classes in the liberal capital, Tehran. General Hossein Rahimi, the Tehran's police chief stated, "Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them" (Smith, 2017). The remarks of Tehran's recent police chief in 2017 reflect political progress in contrast with the remarks of Tehran's 2006 police chief. [82] (#cite_note-Istanbul-83) [83] (#cite_note-84) Iranian women activists have made a headway since 1979 relying on fashion to enact cultural and political change. In Turkey the hijab was formerly banned in private and state universities and schools. The ban applied not to the scarf wrapped around the neck, traditionally worn by Anatolian villager women, but to the head covering pinned neatly at the sides, called türban in Turkey, which has been adopted by a growing number of educated urban women since the 1980s. As of the mid-2000s, over 60% of Turkish women covered their head outside home. However the majority of those wear a traditional, non-Islamic head covering and only 11% wore a türban . [84] (#cite_note-85) [85] (#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-86) [86] (#cite_note-87) [87] (#cite_note-salon.com-88) The ban was lifted from universities in 2008, [88] (#cite_note-89) from government buildings in 2013, [89] (#cite_note-90) and from schools in 2014. [90] (#cite_note-news24.com-91) The hijab is also a common cultural practice for Muslims in the West. For example, in a 2016 Environics poll, a large majority (73%) of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear the hijab, 13% wear the chador (/wiki/Chador) and 2% wear the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) ). Wearing a head covering in public had increased since the 2006 survey. [91] (#cite_note-poll-92) Meanwhile, in a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women also reported wearing hijab, 36% indicating they wore hijab whenever they were in public, with an additional 24% saying they wore it most or some of the time; 40% said they never wore hijab. [92] (#cite_note-93) History [ edit ] Pre-Islamic veiling practices [ edit ] Further information: Veil (/wiki/Veil) Greek bronze statuette of a veiled and masked dancer, 2nd–3rd century BC. Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses date back as far as 2500 BC. [93] (#cite_note-94) Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine, Greek, and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status. [94] (#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-95) In ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria had explicit sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_laws) detailing which women must veil and which women must not, depending upon the woman's class, rank, and occupation in society. [94] (#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-95) Female slaves and prostitutes were forbidden to veil and faced harsh penalties if they did so. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Veiling was thus not only a marker of aristocratic rank, but also served to "differentiate between 'respectable' women and those who were publicly available". [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) [94] (#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-95) Strict seclusion and the veiling of matrons were also customary in ancient Greece. Between 550 and 323 BCE, prior to Christianity, respectable women in classical Greek society were expected to seclude themselves and wear clothing that concealed them from the eyes of strange men. [95] (#cite_note-96) Roman pagan custom included the practice of the head covering worn by the priestesses of Vesta (/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)) ( Vestal Virgins (/wiki/Vestal_Virgin) ). [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) Pre-Islamic relief showing veiled women, Temple of Baal (/wiki/Temple_of_Bel) , Palmyra, Syria, 1st century CE. It is not clear whether the Hebrew Bible contains prescriptions with regard to veiling, but rabbinic literature presents it as a question of modesty ( tzniut (/wiki/Tzniut) ). [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) Modesty became an important rabbinic virtue in the early Roman period, and it may have been intended to distinguish Jewish women from their non-Jewish counterparts in Babylonian and later in Greco-Roman society. [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) According to rabbinical precepts, married Jewish women have to cover their hair (cf. Mitpaḥat (/wiki/Mitpa%E1%B8%A5at) ). The surviving representations of veiled Jewish women may reflect general Roman customs rather than particular Jewish practices. [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) According to Fadwa El Guindi (/wiki/Fadwa_El_Guindi) , at the inception of Christianity, Jewish women were veiling their heads and faces. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Roman statue of a Vestal Virgin (/wiki/Vestal_Virgin) The best-known view on Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) is delineated in the Bible (/wiki/Bible) within the passage in 1 Corinthians 11 (/wiki/1_Corinthians_11) :4-7, which states that "every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head". [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) The early Church Fathers (/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers) , including Tertullian of Carthage (/wiki/Tertullian_of_Carthage) , Clement of Alexandria (/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria) , Hippolytus of Rome (/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome) , John Chrysostom (/wiki/John_Chrysostom) and Augustine of Hippo (/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo) attested in their writings that Christian women should wear a headcovering, while men should pray with their heads uncovered. [97] (#cite_note-OCIC-98) [98] (#cite_note-SJEOC2019-99) There is archaeological evidence demonstrating that headcovering was observed as an ordinance by women in early Christianity, [99] (#cite_note-Anderson-100) [96] (#cite_note-freund-97) and the practice of Christian headcovering continues among female adherents of many Christian denominations (/wiki/Christian_denomination) today, especially among Anabaptist Christians (/wiki/Anabaptist_Christian) , as well as among certain Eastern Orthodox Christians (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian) , Oriental Orthodox Christians (/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christian) and Reformed Christians (/wiki/Reformed_Christian) , among others. [100] (#cite_note-101) [98] (#cite_note-SJEOC2019-99) In the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , some Hindu (/wiki/Hindu) women cover their heads with a veil in a practice known as ghoonghat (/wiki/Ghoonghat) . [101] (#cite_note-Gupta2003-102) [102] (#cite_note-Gupta1987-103) Intermixing of populations resulted in a convergence of the cultural practices of Greek, Persian, and Mesopotamian empires and the Semitic peoples of the Middle East. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Veiling and seclusion of women appear to have established themselves among Jews and Christians before spreading to urban Arabs of the upper classes and eventually among the urban masses. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) In the rural areas it was common to cover the hair, but not the face. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) According to Leila Ahmed, the rigid norms pertaining to veiling and seclusion of women found in Christian Byzantine literature had been influenced by ancient Persian traditions, and there is evidence to suggest that they differed significantly from actual practice. [103] (#cite_note-104) Leila Ahmed argues that "Whatever the cultural source or sources, a fierce misogyny was a distinct ingredient of Mediterranean and eventually Christian thought in the centuries immediately preceding the rise of Islam." [104] (#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_35-105) During Muhammad's lifetime [ edit ] Available evidence suggests that veiling was not introduced into Arabia by Muhammad, but already existed there, particularly in the towns, although it was probably not as widespread as in the neighbouring countries such as Syria and Palestine. [105] (#cite_note-ahmed55-56-106) Similarly to the practice among Greeks, Romans (Byzantines), Jews, and Assyrians, its use was associated with high social status. [105] (#cite_note-ahmed55-56-106) In the early Islamic texts, term hijab does not distinguish between veiling and seclusion, and can mean either "veil" or "curtain". [106] (#cite_note-107) The only verses in the Qur'an that specifically reference women's clothing are those promoting modesty, instructing women to guard their private parts and draw their scarves over their breast area in the presence of men. [107] (#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_55-108) The contemporary understanding of the hijab dates back to Hadith when the "verse of the hijab" descended upon the community in 627 CE. [108] (#cite_note-109) Now documented in Sura 33:53, the verse states, "And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a partition. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts". [109] (#cite_note-110) This verse, however, was not addressed to women in general, but exclusively to Muhammad's wives. As Muhammad's influence increased, he entertained more and more visitors in the mosque, which was then his home. Often, these visitors stayed the night only feet away from his wives' apartments. It is commonly understood that this verse was intended to protect his wives from these strangers. [110] (#cite_note-Aslan_2005_66-111) During Muhammad's lifetime the term for donning the veil, darabat al-hijab , was used interchangeably with "being Muhammad's wife". [105] (#cite_note-ahmed55-56-106) Later pre-modern history [ edit ] The practice of veiling was borrowed from the elites of the Byzantine and Persian empires, where it was a symbol of respectability and high social status, during the Arab conquests (/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests) of those empires. [111] (#cite_note-112) Reza Aslan argues that "The veil was neither compulsory nor widely adopted until generations after Muhammad's death, when a large body of male scriptural and legal scholars began using their religious and political authority to regain the dominance they had lost in society as a result of the Prophet's egalitarian reforms". [110] (#cite_note-Aslan_2005_66-111) Because Islam identified with the monotheistic religions of the conquered empires, the practice was adopted as an appropriate expression of Qur'anic ideals regarding modesty and piety. [112] (#cite_note-113) Veiling gradually spread to upper-class Arab women, and eventually it became widespread among Muslim women in cities throughout the Middle East. Veiling of Arab Muslim women became especially pervasive under Ottoman rule as a mark of rank and exclusive lifestyle, and Istanbul of the 17th century witnessed differentiated dress styles that reflected geographical and occupational identities. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Women in rural areas were much slower to adopt veiling because the garments interfered with their work in the fields. [113] (#cite_note-114) Since wearing a veil was impractical for working women, "a veiled woman silently announced that her husband was rich enough to keep her idle." [114] (#cite_note-115) By the 19th century, upper-class urban Muslim and Christian women in Egypt wore a garment which included a head cover and a burqa ( muslin (/wiki/Muslin) cloth that covered the lower nose and the mouth). [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) The name of this garment, harabah , derives from early Christian and Judaic religious vocabulary, which may indicate the origins of the garment itself. [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) Up to the first half of the twentieth century, rural women in the Maghreb and Egypt put on a form of niqab when they visited urban areas, "as a sign of civilization". [115] (#cite_note-116) Modern history [ edit ] A model displaying a fashionable hijab at "Moslema In Style Fashion Show" in Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) . Western clothing largely dominated fashion in Muslim countries in the 1960s and 1970s. [116] (#cite_note-117) [117] (#cite_note-118) For example, in Pakistan (/wiki/Fashion_in_Pakistan) , Afghanistan and Iran, some women wore short skirts, flower printed hippie (/wiki/Hippie) dresses, flared trousers, [118] (#cite_note-119) and went out in public without the hijab. [ citation needed ] This changed following the Soviet–Afghan War (/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War) , [ citation needed ] military dictatorship in Pakistan, and Iranian revolution (/wiki/Iranian_revolution) of 1979, when traditional conservative attire including the abaya (/wiki/Abaya) , jilbab and niqab made a comeback. [119] (#cite_note-120) [120] (#cite_note-121) There were demonstrations in Iran in March 1979 after the hijab law, decreeing that women in Iran would have to wear scarves to leave the house, was brought in. [121] (#cite_note-122) However, this phenomenon did not happen in all countries with a significant Muslim population; in Turkey there has been a decline on women wearing the hijab in recent years, [122] (#cite_note-123) although under Erdoğan Turkey is becoming more conservative and Islamic, as Turkey repeals the Atatürk (/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk) -era hijab ban, [123] (#cite_note-124) [124] (#cite_note-125) and the founding of new fashion companies catering to women who want to dress more conservatively. [125] (#cite_note-126) Gamal Abdel Nasser ( c. 1965 ) laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab. Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser (/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) claimed that, in 1953, he was told by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) organization that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded, "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college, and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?" [126] (#cite_note-127) The late-twentieth century saw a resurgence of the hijab in Egypt after a long period of decline as a result of westernization. Already in the mid-1970s some college aged Muslim men and women began a movement meant to reunite and rededicate themselves to the Islamic faith. [127] (#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-128) [128] (#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-129) This movement was named the Sahwah (/wiki/Islamic_revival) , [129] (#cite_note-130) or awakening, and sparked a period of heightened religiosity that began to be reflected in the dress code. [127] (#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-128) The uniform adopted by the young female pioneers of this movement was named al-Islāmī (Islamic dress) and was made up of an "al-jilbāb—an unfitted, long-sleeved, ankle-length gown in austere solid colors and thick opaque fabric—and al-khimār, a head cover resembling a nun's wimple (/wiki/Wimple) that covers the hair low to the forehead, comes under the chin to conceal the neck, and falls down over the chest and back". [127] (#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-128) In addition to the basic garments that were mostly universal within the movement, additional measures of modesty could be taken depending on how conservative the followers wished to be. Some women choose to also utilize a face covering (al-niqāb) that leaves only eye slits for sight, as well as both gloves and socks in order to reveal no visible skin. [ citation needed ] Soon this movement expanded outside of the youth realm and became a more widespread Muslim practice. Women viewed this way of dress as a way to both publicly announce their religious beliefs as well as a way to simultaneously reject western influences of dress and culture that were prevalent at the time. Despite many criticisms of the practice of hijab being oppressive and detrimental to women's equality, [128] (#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-129) many Muslim women view the way of dress to be a positive thing. It is seen as a way to avoid harassment and unwanted sexual advances in public and works to desexualize women in the public sphere in order to instead allow them to enjoy equal rights of complete legal, economic, and political status. This modesty was not only demonstrated by their chosen way of dress but also by their serious demeanor which worked to show their dedication to modesty and Islamic beliefs. [127] (#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-128) Taekwondo (/wiki/Taekwondo) medalists from Spain, Britain, Iran and Egypt at Rio Olympics, 2016 [130] (#cite_note-131) Controversy erupted over the practice. Many people, both men and women from backgrounds of both Islamic and non-Islamic faith questioned the hijab and what it stood for in terms of women and their rights (/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran) . There was questioning of whether in practice the hijab was truly a female choice or if women were being coerced or pressured into wearing it. [127] (#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-128) As the awakening movement gained momentum, its goals matured and shifted from promoting modesty towards more of a political stance in terms of retaining support for Pan-Islamism (/wiki/Pan-Islamism) and a symbolic rejection of Western culture and norms. Today the hijab means many different things for different people. For Islamic women who choose to wear the hijab it allows them to retain their modesty, morals and freedom of choice. [128] (#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-129) After the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) , the discussion and discourse on the hijab in Western nations intensified as Islamic traditions and theology came under greater scrutiny. [ citation needed ] According to the Harvard University Pluralism Project: "Some Muslim women cover their head only during prayer in the mosque; other Muslim women wear the hijab; still others may cover their head with a turban or a loosely draped scarf." [131] (#cite_note-132) Around the world [ edit ] Further information: Hijab by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) Map [ needs update ] showing prevalence of hijab wearing across the world and indicating countries where there are restrictions on wearing it. Some governments encourage and even oblige women to wear the hijab, while others have banned it in at least some public settings. In many parts of the world women also experience informal pressure for or against wearing the hijab, including physical attacks. Legal enforcement [ edit ] In Gaza (/wiki/Gaza_Strip) , there was a campaign by religious conservatives such as Hamas (/wiki/Hamas) to impose the hijab on women during the First Intifada (/wiki/First_Intifada) . In 1990, the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (/wiki/Unified_National_Leadership_of_the_Uprising) (UNLU) declared that it rejected the imposition of a hijab policy for women, but that declaration was argued to have come too late, as many women had already yielded to the pressure in order to avoid harassment. [132] (#cite_note-auto-133) After assuming the government in the Gaza Strip (/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)) in June 2007, Hamas sought to enforce Islamic law, imposing the hijab on women at courts, institutions and schools. [133] (#cite_note-134) [134] (#cite_note-135) Iran (/wiki/Iran) went from banning all types of veils (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) in 1936, to making Islamic dress mandatory for women following the Islamic Revolution in 1979. [135] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-136) In April 1980, it was decided that women in government offices and educational institutions would be mandated to veil. [135] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-136) The 1983 penal code prescribed punishment of 74 lashes for women appearing in public without Islamic hijab ( hijab shar'ee ), leaving the definition of proper hijab ambiguous. [136] (#cite_note-bucar-137) [137] (#cite_note-138) The same period witnessed tensions around the definition of proper hijab, which sometimes resulted in vigilante harassment of women who were perceived to wear improper clothing. [135] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-136) [136] (#cite_note-bucar-137) In 1984, Tehran's public prosecutor announced that a stricter dress-code should be observed in public establishments, while clothing in other places should correspond to standards observed by the majority of the people. [135] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-136) A new regulation issued in 1988 by the Ministry of the Interior based on the 1983 law further specified what constituted violations of hijab. [138] (#cite_note-139) Iran's current penal code stipulates a fine or 10 days to two months in prison as punishment for failure to observe hijab in public, without specifying its form. [139] (#cite_note-kelly-breslin-140) [140] (#cite_note-141) The dress code has been subject of alternating periods of relatively strict and relaxed enforcement over the years, with many women pushing its boundaries, and its compulsory aspect has been a point of contention between conservatives and Hassan Rouhani (/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani) , who served as president (/wiki/President_of_Iran) from 2013 until 2021. [139] (#cite_note-kelly-breslin-140) [141] (#cite_note-142) [142] (#cite_note-143) The United Nations Human Rights Council recently called on Iran to guarantee the rights of those human rights defenders and lawyers supporting anti-hijab protests. [143] (#cite_note-144) In governmental and religious institutions, the dress code requires khimar-type headscarf and overcoat, while in other public places women commonly wear a loosely tied headscarf (rousari). [ citation needed ] The Iranian government (/wiki/Iranian_government) endorses and officially promotes stricter types of veiling, praising it by invoking both Islamic religious principles and pre-Islamic Iranian culture. [144] (#cite_note-145) The Indonesian province of Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) requires Muslim women to wear hijab in public. [145] (#cite_note-aceh-146) Indonesia's central government (/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia) granted Aceh's local government the right to impose Sharia (/wiki/Sharia) in 2001, although that no local regulations should conflict with Indonesian national laws, in a deal aiming to put an end to the separatist movement in the province. [145] (#cite_note-aceh-146) The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia) formally required Muslim women to cover their hair and all women to wear a full-body garment, but it has not been strictly enforced. [146] (#cite_note-147) [147] (#cite_note-148) [148] (#cite_note-TheNewArab-149) Saudi women commonly wear the traditional abaya robe, while foreigners sometimes opt for a long coat. [149] (#cite_note-economist-saudi-150) These regulations are enforced by the religious police (/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)) and vigilantes. [149] (#cite_note-economist-saudi-150) In 2002, the Saudi religious police were accused by Saudi and international press of hindering the rescue of schoolgirls from a fire because they were not wearing hijabs, which resulted in 15 deaths. [150] (#cite_note-151) In 2018, the Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman (/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman) told CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) that Saudi law requires women to wear "decent, respectful clothing", and that women are free to decide what form it should take. [148] (#cite_note-TheNewArab-149) However, women are still required to wear the hijab in public in the holy cities of Mecca (/wiki/Mecca) and Medina (/wiki/Medina) which hosts the holiest sites in Islam (/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam) . [ citation needed ] Legal bans [ edit ] Muslim world [ edit ] The tradition of veiling hair in Persian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Iran) has ancient pre-Islamic origins, [151] (#cite_note-152) but the widespread custom was ended by Reza Shah (/wiki/Reza_Shah) 's government in 1936, as the hijab was considered to be incompatible with modernization and he ordered "unveiling" act or Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) . In some cases the police arrested women who wore the veil and would forcibly remove it. These policies had popular support but outraged the Shi'a (/wiki/Shi%27a) clerics, to whom appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness. Some women refused to leave the house out of fear of being assaulted by Reza Shah's police. [152] (#cite_note-153) In 1941, the compulsory element in the policy of unveiling was abandoned. Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) had a ban on headscarves at universities until recently. In 2008, the Turkish government attempted to lift a ban on Muslim headscarves at universities, but were overturned by the country's Constitutional Court. [153] (#cite_note-154) In December 2010, however, the Turkish government ended the headscarf ban in universities, government buildings and schools. [154] (#cite_note-155) In Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) , women were banned from wearing the hijab in state offices in 1981; in the 1980s and 1990s, more restrictions were put in place. [155] (#cite_note-156) In June 2024, Tajikistan's parliament passed a bill banning "foreign clothing" and religious celebrations for children during the Islamic holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The upper house, Majlisi Milli, approved the legislation on June 19, following approval by the lower house, Majlisi Namoyandagon, on May 8. The bill specifically targets the hijab, a traditional Islamic headscarf. This formalization of restrictions comes after years of Tajikistan unofficially discouraging Islamic attire, including headscarves and bushy beards. [156] (#cite_note-157) In 2007, the Ministry of Education banned both Islamic clothing and Western-style miniskirts in schools, a policy later extended to all public institutions. Minister of Culture Shamsiddin Orumbekzoda (/w/index.php?title=Shamsiddin_Orumbekzoda&action=edit&redlink=1) told Radio Free Europe (/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty) that Islamic dress was "really dangerous". Under previous laws, women wearing hijabs are already banned from entering the country's government offices. [157] (#cite_note-158) [158] (#cite_note-159) Europe [ edit ] A veil-burning ceremony in USSR as part of Soviet Hujum policies (/wiki/Hujum) On 15 March 2004, France passed a law (/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools) banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools. In the Belgian city of Maaseik (/wiki/Maaseik) , the niqāb has been banned since 2006. [159] (#cite_note-160) On 13 July 2010, France's lower house of parliament overwhelmingly approved a bill that would ban wearing the Islamic full veil in public. It became the first European country to ban the full-face veil in public places, [160] (#cite_note-:0-161) followed by Belgium, Latvia, Bulgaria, Austria, Denmark and some cantons of Switzerland in the following years. Belgium banned the full-face veil in 2011 in places like parks and on the streets. In September 2013, the electors of the Swiss canton of Ticino voted in favour of a ban on face veils in public areas. [161] (#cite_note-162) In 2016, Latvia and Bulgaria banned the burqa in public places. [162] (#cite_note-163) [163] (#cite_note-164) In October 2017, wearing a face veil became also illegal in Austria. This ban also includes scarves, masks and clown paint that cover faces to avoid discriminating against Muslim dress. [160] (#cite_note-:0-161) In 2016, Bosnia-Herzegovina's supervising judicial authority upheld a ban on wearing Islamic headscarves in courts and legal institutions, despite protests from the Muslim community that constitutes 40% of the country. [164] (#cite_note-165) [165] (#cite_note-166) In 2017, the European Court of Justice (/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice) ruled that companies were allowed to bar employees from wearing visible religious symbols, including the hijab. However, if the company has no policy regarding the wearing of clothes that demonstrate religious and political ideas, a customer cannot ask employees to remove the clothing item. [166] (#cite_note-167) In 2018, the Danish parliament passed a law banning the full-face veil in public places. [167] (#cite_note-168) In 2016, more than 20 French towns banned the use of the burqini (/wiki/Burqini) , a style of swimwear intended to accord with rules of hijab. [168] (#cite_note-rubin-169) [169] (#cite_note-170) [170] (#cite_note-171) Dozens of women were subsequently issued fines, with some tickets citing not wearing "an outfit respecting good morals and secularism", and some were verbally attacked by bystanders when they were confronted by the police. [168] (#cite_note-rubin-169) [171] (#cite_note-Cockburn-172) [172] (#cite_note-Quinn-173) [173] (#cite_note-row-escalates-174) Enforcement of the ban also hit beachgoers wearing a wide range of modest attire besides the burqini. [168] (#cite_note-rubin-169) [173] (#cite_note-row-escalates-174) Media reported that in one case the police forced a woman to remove part of her clothing on a beach in Nice. [171] (#cite_note-Cockburn-172) [172] (#cite_note-Quinn-173) [173] (#cite_note-row-escalates-174) The Nice mayor's office denied that she was forced to do so and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the Nice terrorist attack (/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack) . [168] (#cite_note-rubin-169) [173] (#cite_note-row-escalates-174) A team of psychologists in Belgium have investigated, in two studies of 166 and 147 participants, whether the Belgians' discomfort with the Islamic hijab, and the support of its ban from the country's public sphere, is motivated by the defence of the values of autonomy and universalism (which includes equality), or by xenophobia/ethnic prejudice and by anti-religious sentiments. The studies have revealed the effects of subtle prejudice/racism, values (self-enhancement values and security versus universalism), and religious attitudes (literal anti-religious thinking versus spirituality), in predicting greater levels of anti-veil attitudes beyond the effects of other related variables such as age and political conservatism. [174] (#cite_note-175) In 2019, Austria banned the hijab in schools (/wiki/Education_in_Austria#Grundschule) for children up to ten years of age. The ban was motivated by the equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs. Parents who send their child to school with a headscarf will be fined 440 euro. [175] (#cite_note-176) The ban was overturned in 2020 by the Austrian Constitutional Court (/wiki/Austrian_Constitutional_Court) . [176] (#cite_note-177) In 2019, Staffanstorp Municipality (/wiki/Staffanstorp_Municipality) in Sweden banned all veils for school pupils up to sixth grade. [177] (#cite_note-178) India [ edit ] See also: Karnataka hijab controversy (/wiki/Karnataka_hijab_controversy) In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab and/or burqa (/wiki/Burqa) anytime, anywhere. [178] (#cite_note-thestar1-179) [179] (#cite_note-BBC_larger_bench-180) [180] (#cite_note-csm-181) However, in January 2022, a number of colleges in the South Indian state of Karnataka (/wiki/Karnataka) stopped female students wearing the hijab from entering the campus, following which the state government issued a circular banning 'religious clothes' in educational institutions where uniforms are prescribed. [181] (#cite_note-182) On 15 March 2022, the Karnataka High Court, in a verdict, upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions where uniforms are prescribed, arguing that the practice is non-essential in Islam. [182] (#cite_note-183) The hijab ban was condemned inside India and abroad by officials in countries including the United States (/wiki/United_States) , Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) and Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) , as well as by Human Rights Watch (/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) , and by figures like Malala Yousafzai (/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) . [183] (#cite_note-184) [184] (#cite_note-185) A study published by human rights body People’s Union for Civil Liberties (/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties) reported that the move to ban hijab has widened the social divide and increased fear among Muslims in Karnataka. [185] (#cite_note-186) Unofficial pressure to wear hijab [ edit ] During the Taliban (/wiki/Taliban) regime in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) , the wearing of the hijab was mandated for women. The requirement extended to covering not only their heads but also their faces, as it was believed that doing so would prevent any perceived impropriety and maintain modesty in society. [33] (#cite_note-Gohari-33) In Srinagar (/wiki/Srinagar) , the capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, a previously unknown militant group calling itself Lashkar-e-Jabbar (/w/index.php?title=Lashkar-e-Jabbar&action=edit&redlink=1) claimed responsibility for a series of acid attacks on women who did not wear the burqa (/wiki/Burqa) in 2001, threatening to punish women who do not adhere to their vision of Islamic dress. Women of Kashmir, most of whom are not fully veiled, defied the warning, and the attacks were condemned by prominent militant and separatist groups of the region. [186] (#cite_note-187) [187] (#cite_note-188) In April 2019 in Norway, telecom company Telia (/wiki/Telia_Company) received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off her hijab in a commercial. Although the police did not evaluate the threat likely to be carried out, delivering threats is still a crime in Norway. [188] (#cite_note-189) Unofficial pressure against wearing the hijab [ edit ] In recent years, women wearing the hijab have been subjected to verbal and physical attacks worldwide, particularly following terrorist attacks. [189] (#cite_note-190) [34] (#cite_note-Cainkar-34) [190] (#cite_note-191) Louis A. Cainkar writes that the data suggest that women in hijab rather than men are the predominant target of anti-Muslim attacks, not because they are more easily identifiable as Muslims, but because they are seen to represent a threat to the local moral order that the attackers are seeking to defend. [34] (#cite_note-Cainkar-34) Some women stop wearing the hijab out of fear or following perceived pressure from their acquaintances, but many refuse to stop wearing it out of religious conviction, even when they are urged to do so for self-protection. [34] (#cite_note-Cainkar-34) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) has no official ban on wearing the hijab, but those who wear it have reported that authorities use a number of tactics to discriminate against them. [191] (#cite_note-192) In 2015, authorities in Uzbekistan (/wiki/Uzbekistan) organized a "deveiling" campaign in the capital city Tashkent (/wiki/Tashkent) , during which women wearing the hijab were detained and taken to a police station. Those who agreed to remove their hijab were released "after a conversation", while those who refused were transferred to the counterterrorism department and given a lecture. Their husbands or fathers were then summoned to convince the women to obey the police. This followed an earlier campaign in the Fergana Valley (/wiki/Fergana_Valley) . [192] (#cite_note-193) After the election of Shavkat Mirziyoyev (/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev) as President of Uzbekistan in December 2016, Muslims were given the opportunity to openly express their religious identity, which manifested itself in the wider spread of hijabs in Uzbekistan. In July 2021, the state allowed the wearing of the hijab in public places. [193] (#cite_note-194) In Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) in 2016, the government sponsored street banners aiming to dissuade women from wearing the hijab. [194] (#cite_note-195) Workplace discrimination against hijab-wearing women [ edit ] See also: Hijabophobia (/wiki/Hijabophobia) The issue of discrimination against Muslims affects Muslim women more due to the hijab making them more identifiable compared to Muslim men. Particularly after the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) and the coining of the term Islamophobia (/wiki/Islamophobia) , some of Islamophobia's manifestations are seen within the workplace. [195] (#cite_note-196) Women wearing the hijab are at risk of discrimination in their workplace because the hijab helps identify them for anyone who may hold Islamophobic attitudes. [196] (#cite_note-197) [197] (#cite_note-198) Their association with the Islamic faith automatically projects any negative stereotyping of the religion onto them. [198] (#cite_note-199) As a result of the heightened discrimination, some hijab-wearing Muslim women in the workplace resort to taking off their hijab in hopes to prevent any further prejudice acts. [199] (#cite_note-200) A number of hijab-wearing women who were interviewed expressed that perceived discrimination also poses a problem for them. [200] (#cite_note-:1-201) To be specific, Muslim women shared that they chose not to wear the headscarf out of fear of future discrimination. [200] (#cite_note-:1-201) The discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face goes beyond affecting their work experience; it also interferes with their decision to uphold religious obligations. As a result, hijab-wearing Muslim women in the United States have worries regarding their ability to follow their religion, because it might mean they are rejected employment. [201] (#cite_note-202) Ali, Yamada, and Mahmoud (2015) [202] (#cite_note-:2-203) state that women of color who also follow the religion of Islam are considered to be in what is called "triple jeopardy", due to being a part of two minority groups subject to discrimination. [ citation needed ] A study by Ali et al. (2015) [202] (#cite_note-:2-203) found a relationship between the discrimination Muslims face at work and their job satisfaction. In other words, the discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face at work is associated with their overall feeling of contentment of their jobs, especially compared to other religious groups. [203] (#cite_note-204) Hijab-wearing Muslim women not only experience discrimination whilst in their job environment; they also experience discrimination in their attempts to get a job. An experimental study conducted on potential hiring discrimination among Muslims found that in terms of overt discrimination there were no differences between Muslim women who wore traditional Islamic clothing and those who did not. However, covert discrimination was noted towards Muslim who wore the hijab, and as a result were dealt with in a hostile and rude manner. [204] (#cite_note-205) While observing hiring practices among 4,000 employers in the U.S., experimenters found that employers who self-identified as Republican (/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) tended to avoid making interviews with candidates who appeared Muslim on their social network pages. [205] (#cite_note-206) One instance that some view as hijab discrimination in the workplace that gained public attention and made it to the Supreme Court was EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores) . The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission) took advantage of its power granted by Title VII and made a case for a young hijabi female who applied for a job, but was rejected due to her wearing a headscarf which violated Abercrombie & Fitch's pre-existing and longstanding policy against head coverings and all black garments. [206] (#cite_note-:3-207) Discrimination levels differ depending on geographical location; for example, South Asian Muslims in the United Arab Emirates do not perceive as much discrimination as their South Asian counterparts in the U.S. [207] (#cite_note-:4-208) Although, South Asian Muslim women in both locations are similar in describing discrimination experiences as subtle and indirect interactions. [207] (#cite_note-:4-208) The same study also reports differences among South Asian Muslim women who wear the hijab, and those who do not. For non-hijabis, they reported to have experienced more perceived discrimination when they were around other Muslims. [207] (#cite_note-:4-208) Perceived discrimination is detrimental to well-being, both mentally and physically. [208] (#cite_note-209) However, perceived discrimination may also be related to more positive well-being for the individual. [209] (#cite_note-:5-210) A study in New Zealand concluded that while Muslim women who wore the headscarf did in fact experience discrimination, these negative experiences were overcome by much higher feelings of religious pride, belonging, and centrality. [209] (#cite_note-:5-210) See also [ edit ] Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Purdah (/wiki/Purdah) Islamic scarf controversy in France (/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France) Iranian compulsory hijab protests (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) List of religious headgear (/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear#Religious) Covering variants: cowl (/wiki/Cowl) , paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , purdah (/wiki/Purdah) , tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) (worn by men), tudong (/wiki/Tudong) , yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Non-Muslim religious coverings: ghoonghat (/wiki/Ghoonghat) (Hindu), Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) , religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-39) The term hijab is used in the Qur'an in the sense of "a curtain" or "partition"; verses that use the term (eg. 7:46, 33:53) are not related to dress code. [38] (#cite_note-worldwideenc-38) [13] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-13) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Piela, Anna (6 April 2022). "Muslim Women and the Politics of the Headscarf" (https://daily.jstor.org/muslim-women-and-the-politics-of-the-headscarf/) . Jstor . Retrieved 12 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). "9. Religious clothing and personal appearance" (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/) . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Khir-Allah, Ghufran (24 May 2021). Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789811616532 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lindberg, Christine A. (2012). Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus . Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-982992-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Religious clothing and personal appearance" (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/) . Pew Research Center . 29 June 2021 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Spurgeon2016_6-0) Spurgeon, Andrew B. (14 August 2016). Twin Cultures Separated by Centuries: An Indian Reading of 1 Corinthians . Langham Publishing. p. 196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78368-139-6 . Ghoonghat (also ghunghat or jhund ) is the Hindi word used for a veil or a scarf that a woman in northern India wears to cover her head or face (in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam). Sometimes the end of a sari or dupatta (a long scarf) is pulled over the head or face to function as a ghoonghat . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Garcia, Myrian (15 March 2022). "How India's Religious Headwear Ban Affects Muslims And Not Hindus" (https://religionunplugged.com/news/2022/3/10/hinduism-why-indias-religious-headwear-ban-has-little-impact-on-women) . Religion Unplugged . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ a b c d Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof, ed. (2012). "Hijab". Encyclopedia of Global Religion . Vol. 1. SAGE Publications. p. 516. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4135/9781412997898 (https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412997898) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761927297 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) “Hijab.” Cambridge Dictionary , dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hijab. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed (December 2020). Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation . Indiana University Press. 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"The Quran Does Not Mandate Hijab" (http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_351_400/quran_does_not_mandate_hijab.htm) . Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151221175749/http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_351_400/quran_does_not_mandate_hijab.htm) from the original on 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . ^ a b "Hijab is Not an Islamic Duty: Muslim Scholar" (http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/06/45564/hijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar/) . Morocco World News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151227054847/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/06/45564/hijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar/) from the original on 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Hijab law in Iran over the decades: the continuing battle for reform | Blog | University of Essex" (https://www.essex.ac.uk/blog/posts/2022/10/12/hijab-law-in-iran-over-the-decades-the-continuing-battle-for-reform) . www.essex.ac.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Hadid, Diaa (7 May 2022). "The Taliban orders women to wear head-to-toe clothing in public" (https://www.npr.org/2022/05/07/1097382550/taliban-women-burqa-decree) . npr.org . Retrieved 11 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Abdulaziz, Donna (2 October 2019). "Saudi Women Are Breaking Free From the Black Abaya" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-women-are-breaking-free-from-the-black-abaya-11570008601) . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 6 February 2021 . Almost immediately, women became more comfortable wearing their headscarves loosely or not at all ^ (#cite_ref-29) Nic Robertson (5 December 2020). "Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?" (https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/saudi-arabia-fun-tourists/index.html) . CNN. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Mail, Daily (15 September 2019). "Rebel Saudi women appear in public without hijab, abaya; onlookers stunned | New Straits Times" (https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2019/09/521602/rebel-saudi-women-appear-public-without-hijab-abaya-onlookers-stunned) . NST Online . Retrieved 13 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Azerbaijan: [1] (http://www.islam.com.az/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1098) , Morocco: [2] (http://www.prohijab.net/english/morocco-hijab-news.htm) [3] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5413808.stm) [4] (http://parlemento.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/lambassadeur-du-maroc-a-bruxelles-pour-linterdiction-du-voile-islamique/) , Tunisia: [5] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5382946.stm) [6] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6053380.stm) [7] (http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2006/10/27/feature-01) [8] (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/tunisia-presses-enforcement-of-muslim.php) , Egypt: [9] (http://www.quantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-549/_nr-13/_p-1/i.html?PHPSESSID=133099) [10] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3087220.stm) Algeria: [11] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7363456.stm) , Turkey: [12] (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,TUR,,4885a91a8,0.html) [13] (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1752230.ece) [14] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2002/islamic_world/2144316.stm) [15] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7441227.stm) [16] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1023189.stm) France: [17] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3619988.stm) [18] (http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/02/26/france7666.htm) , Germany: [19] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3591043.stm) [20] (http://www.islamfortoday.com/hijabgermany.htm) , Senegal: [21] (http://www.islamicvoice.com/january.2000/news.htm#HIJ) , Singapore: [22] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/debates/south_asian/1803073.stm) , Kosovo: [23] (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11065911) , Québec: [24] (http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_143925en&process=Default&token=ZyMoxNwUn8ikQ+TRKYwPCjWrKwg+vIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe/vG7/YWzz) , Austria: [25] (https://www.dw.com/en/austria-bans-muslim-headscarf-in-primary-schools/a-48756057) , Switzerland: [26] (https://www.thelocal.ch/20190211/geneva-votes-to-ban-religious-symbols-on-public-employees#:~:text=are%20being%20targeted.-,Teachers%20in%20Geneva%20are%20already%20banned%20from%20wearing%20visible%20religious,in%20contact%20with%20the%20public) , Denmark: [27] (https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/dffdb416-5d63-4001-911b-d3f46e159acc/restrictions-on-muslim-womens-dress-in-28-eu-member-states-20180709.pdf) , Kazakhstan: [28] (https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/religious_clothes) , Kyrgystan: [29] (https://www.rferl.org/a/Kyrgyzstan_Bans_Head_Scarves_From_Schools/1503459.html) , Tajikistan: [30] (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html) , Turkmenistan: [31] (https://www.refworld.org/docid/58738ed74.html) , Uzbekistan: [32] (https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbek-teachers-get-tough-assignment-remove-their-hijabs-but-don-t-hurt-their-feelings-/30208276.html#:~:text=School%20regulations%20require%20pupils%20in,for%20both%20students%20and%20teachers) ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Which countries have a 'burqa ban'? – DW – 08/01/2019" (https://www.dw.com/en/where-are-burqa-bans-in-europe/a-49843292) . dw.com . 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Souk_El_Bchemkya&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Souk+El+Bchemkya&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Souk+El+Bchemkya) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Souk_El_Bchemkya) for suggestions. ( August 2019 ) Actual location of the souk. Souk El Bchemkya is one of the souks (/wiki/Souk) of the medina of Tunis (/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis) . It used to be specialised in selling bechmak (slippers for Turks). History [ edit ] Old picture of the souk. This souk was built by Yusuf Dey (/wiki/Yusuf_Dey) at the same time as his mosque (/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque) . It is a part of his foundation made up of religious and economic buildings. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After the disappearance of qadis (/wiki/Qadi) and mudarris (teachers), the guild of manufacturers of bechmak is dissolved, leading to the disappearance of the souk. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Location [ edit ] Old view of shops located under the platform of the mosque. The souk is located near the crossroads of Sidi Ben Ziad Street (/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Ben_Ziad_Street&action=edit&redlink=1) and Souk El Bey (/wiki/Souk_El_Bey) . It surrounds the Youssef Dey Mosque on three sides: east, north and west. Some of the shops are drilled in the platform that carries the mosque. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Nowadays, shops once located on the side of Dar El Bey (/wiki/Dar_El_Bey) are annexed to this monument, and those located under the platform are reallocated to other uses, like a bank agency of Société Tunisienne de Banque (/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Tunisienne_de_Banque) . Products [ edit ] With the installation of Turks in Tunisia (/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia) , Turkish clothing is introduced. The bechmak ( pashmak in Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_language) ) are then new models of slippers or boots worn by Turks. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The yellow bechmak are worn by men, especially fakirs (/wiki/Fakir) from the Hanafi (/wiki/Hanafi) rite. Women wear different colours. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ a b c d Ahmed Saadoui (2010). Tunis, ville ottomane : trois siècles d'urbanisme et d'architecture (in French). Tunis: Centre de publication universitaire. pp. 28–30. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9973-37-023-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_2-0) Archives de l'Association de sauvegarde de la médina (1982). Étude analytique des espaces de production et d'echange dans la medina de Tunis (in French). Tunis: Association de sauvegarde de la médina. pp. 18–19. Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6758b554dc‐f8w4t Cached time: 20240701171130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.230 seconds Real time usage: 0.377 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 365/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12165/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1586/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11404/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.146/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3430418/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 309.414 1 -total 42.92% 132.806 1 Template:Reflist 33.57% 103.855 2 Template:Cite_book 27.86% 86.189 1 Template:Orphan 22.65% 70.079 1 Template:Draft_other 21.98% 68.006 1 Template:Coord_missing 21.97% 67.970 1 Template:Ambox 21.86% 67.652 2 Template:Main_other 17.66% 54.639 1 Template:If 16.99% 52.565 2 Template:P2 Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49132579-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701171130 and revision id 997971509. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Souk_El_Bchemkya&oldid=997971509 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Souk_El_Bchemkya&oldid=997971509) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Souqs in Tunis (/wiki/Category:Souqs_in_Tunis) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Orphaned articles from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_August_2019) All orphaned articles (/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles) Tunisia articles missing geocoordinate data (/wiki/Category:Tunisia_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data) All articles needing coordinates (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates) Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata)
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Argentine Filmmaker & Musician Sebastián Faena Born ( 1990-09-15 ) 15 September 1990 Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) , Argentina Occupation(s) Photographer Musician Filmmaker Website sebastianfaena.com (https://www.sebastianfaena.com/) Sebastián Faena is a photographer, singer-songwriter and filmmaker. Early life [ edit ] Faena was born and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) . He studied literature and music at Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) . Career [ edit ] His first feature film premiered as a work in progress at the 2007 Mar Del Plata Film Festival, where the lead actress, Dolores Fonzi (/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi) , won Best Actress. [1] (#cite_note-lanacion2007-1) [2] (#cite_note-lanacion2012-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Over the last two decades, he has shot for magazines 032c (/wiki/032c) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , [5] (#cite_note-5) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Pop (/wiki/Pop_(fashion_magazine)) , [6] (#cite_note-nymagpopfall08cover-6) CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) , [7] (#cite_note-7) V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) [8] (#cite_note-models.comladygaga-8) and many others, collaborating with the likes of Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , [9] (#cite_note-dailybeastcindycrawford-9) [10] (#cite_note-models.comcindycrawford-10) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , [14] (#cite_note-14) [8] (#cite_note-models.comladygaga-8) Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Penelope Cruz (/wiki/Penelope_Cruz) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Sigourney Weaver (/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Amelia Gray (/wiki/Amelia_Gray) [18] (#cite_note-18) to name some. He directed a short film 'Those Wrecked by Success' in 2015, starring Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) . [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2016 he was named Photographer of the Year at the Fashion Media Awards, awarded by Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) . [20] (#cite_note-20) He premiered his short film Fernando, at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès during the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2021, he released his first EP with songs 'Save Your Life' (featuring Gray Sorrenti) and 'Artificial Irresistible'. [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-lanacion2007_1-0) "Dolores Fonzi, el otro yo de Sebastián Faena" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/955888-dolores-fonzi-el-otro-yo-de-sebastian-faena) . La Nacion . 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-lanacion2012_2-0) Libedinsky, Juana (15 September 2012). "El argentino que retrata el glamour" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1508586-el-argentino-que-retrata-el-glamour) . La Nacion . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Desarma y Sangra" (http://www.escribiendocine.com/critica/0001052-desarma-y-sangra/) . escribiendocine.com/ . escribiendocine. 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Mona Tougaard and Vittoria Ceretti in 'CODEPENDENCY' for 032c by Sebastian Faena" (https://anneofcarversville.com/daily/2023/6/5/sebastian-faena-032c-43-codependency) . 5 June 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lulu. Sebastian Faena per Vogue Italia" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/article/lulu-sebastian-faena-saint-laurent-anthony-vaccarello-marzo) . www.vogue.it . 10 March 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-nymagpopfall08cover_6-0) "The Six Faces of 'Pop' Finally Revealed!" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2008/08/the_six_faces_of_pop_finally_r.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Okwodu, Janelle (27 February 2013). "Exclusive : CR Fashion Book's Olympic Spirit" (http://models.com/feed/?p=41479) . models.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ a b "V Magazine Lady Gaga" (http://models.com/work/v-magazine-lady-gaga) . models.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-dailybeastcindycrawford_9-0) Zimmerman, Amy (13 November 2013). "Cindy Crawford Opens Up on Her Supermodel Stardom to V magazine" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/13/cindy-crawford-opens-up-on-her-supermodel-stardom-to-v-magazine.html) . thedailybeast.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-models.comcindycrawford_10-0) Okwodu, Janelle (12 November 2013). "Cindy C" (http://models.com/feed/?p=47283) . models.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "NAOMI CAMPBELL BY SEBASTIAN FAENA FOR V SPAIN FALL 2011" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/naomi-campbell-sebastian-faena-spain-fall-2011/) . www.fashiongonerogue.com . 29 August 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-12) " (https://fashiongtonpost.com/hippodrome-by-sebastian-faena/) "Hippodrome" by Sebastian Faena" (https://fashiongtonpost.com/hippodrome-by-sebastian-faena/) . 21 May 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "CARA DELEVINGNE STARS IN JOHN HARDY'S SPRING 2015 CAMPAIGN" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/cara-delevingne-stars-john-hardys-spring-2015-campaign/) . www.fashionweekdaily.com . 20 January 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "In pictures: behind the scenes with Lady Gaga" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/galleries/TMG7973668/10/In-pictures-behind-the-scenes-with-Lady-Gaga.html) . Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "PAPER MAGAZINE: Rihanna by Sebastian Faena" (https://imageamplified.com/paper-magazine-rihanna-sebastian-faena/#.YjnVlRDMLUo) . www.imageamplified.com . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Penélope Cruz vuelve a las portadas de moda con Harper's Bazaar, Linda Evangelista y Lady Gaga" (https://www.trendencias.com/revistas/penelope-cruz-vuelve-a-las-portadas-de-moda-con-harper-s-bazaar-linda-evangelista-y-lady-gaga) . www.trendencias.com . August 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "SIGOURNEY WEAVER ON THE COVER OF INSTYLE IS 2021'S FIRST WINNER" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/sigourney-weaver-instyle/) . www.fashionweekdaily.com . 8 January 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Amelia Gray: Portrait of a Lady" (https://crfashionbook.com/amelia-gray-hamlin-cr-fashion-book/) . 8 March 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "SEBASTIAN FAENA UNVEILS SHORT FILM 'THOSE WRECKED BY SUCCESS' WITH GIGI HADID" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/sebastian-faena-unveils-short-film-those-wrecked-by-success-with-gigi-hadid/) . www.fashionweekdaily.com . 30 July 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "KAIA! MARC! GIGI! FASHION'S A-LIST HITS THE DAILY'S FOURTH ANNUAL FASHION MEDIA AWARDS" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/kaia-glenda-gigi-the-daily-front-row-hosts-the-fourth-annual-fashion-media-awards/) . www.fashionweekdaily.com . 9 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "FERNANDO by Sebastian Faena" (http://officemagazine.net/fernando-sebastian-faena) . Office Magazine . 17 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Sebastián sobre "Save Your Life": "Es la primera canción que grabamos y es acerca de mi madre" (https://billboard.com.ar/sebastian-sobre-save-your-life-es-la-primera-cancion-que-grabamos-y-es-acerca-de-mi-madre/) " (https://billboard.com.ar/sebastian-sobre-save-your-life-es-la-primera-cancion-que-grabamos-y-es-acerca-de-mi-madre/) . www.billboard.com.ar . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sebastianfaena.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/51076c1e-07a0-4d6d-b4bf-67c151478765) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐qx6p8 Cached time: 20240623215507 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.420 seconds Real time usage: 0.528 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2538/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37735/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1443/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 84522/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.286/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7031803/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 501.921 1 -total 37.01% 185.746 1 Template:Reflist 25.44% 127.673 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.17% 91.176 3 Template:Cite_news 16.63% 83.467 1 Template:Authority_control 14.26% 71.554 19 Template:Cite_web 14.09% 70.730 1 Template:Short_description 7.85% 39.416 2 Template:Pagetype 7.08% 35.511 18 Template:Main_other 6.96% 34.920 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40464392-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623215507 and revision id 1228699017. 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This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Eimi Kuroda" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eimi+Kuroda%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Eimi Kuroda Kuroda in 2016 Born ( 1988-05-14 ) May 14, 1988 (age 36) Saitama Prefecture (/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture) , Japan Occupation Model Modeling information Height 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Hazel Agency Asia Cross Eimi Kuroda ( 黒田 エイミ , Kuroda Eimi , born May 14, 1988) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Japanese fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) from Saitama Prefecture (/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture) . She is managed by Asia Cross. Biography [ edit ] Personal life [ edit ] Kuroda's father is Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_people) and her mother is English (/wiki/English_people) . [2] (#cite_note-numerotokyo2011.03-2) Her hobbies are listening to music and reading. Career [ edit ] Kuroda has appeared in numerous fashion magazines and commercials in Japan. Magazines [ edit ] Glamorous Classy (/wiki/Classy_(magazine)) Ginger Sweet Spring In Red Shel'tter Otona Look!s Voce Maquia Miss Television commercials [ edit ] Moussy Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) (China) Photo books [ edit ] Gekkan Kuroda Eimi (/w/index.php?title=Gekkan_Kuroda_Eimi&action=edit&redlink=1) （May 14, 2010, Shinchosha Publishing Co., Ltd (/w/index.php?title=Shinchosha_Publishing_Co.,_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1) ; Photography: Hajime Sawatari (/wiki/Hajime_Sawatari) ） ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-4107902177 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4107902177) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "黒田エイミ" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120429002056/http://www.asiacross.jp/model/eimi.html) . Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) : Asiacross. 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.asiacross.jp/model/eimi.html) on 2012-04-29 . Retrieved 2016-08-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-numerotokyo2011.03_2-0) " Reality Show real life jikkyou chuukei fashion hen ( Reality Show リアルライフ実況中継 ファッション編 )". Numéro TOKYO (/w/index.php?title=Num%C3%A9ro_TOKYO&action=edit&redlink=1) . 5 (2). Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) : Fusosha Publishing Inc.: 71 March 2011. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120429002056/http://www.asiacross.jp/model/eimi.html) (in Japanese) This biographical article about a model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eimi_Kuroda&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article related to Japan is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eimi_Kuroda&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐zr96p Cached time: 20240713200322 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.493 seconds Real time usage: 0.972 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2325/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30481/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2239/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24132/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.384/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17842804/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 645.940 1 -total 37.04% 239.273 1 Template:Infobox_model 15.70% 101.384 1 Template:Nihongo 13.73% 88.676 1 Template:Reflist 13.24% 85.531 1 Template:BLP_sources 11.36% 73.370 2 Template:Asbox 10.24% 66.123 1 Template:Model-stub 10.18% 65.751 1 Template:Cite_web 10.16% 65.600 1 Template:Ambox 9.83% 63.517 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35857606-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713200322 and revision id 1176218054. 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Luxury goods manufacturer based in Melbourne, Australia (2002) Curtis Australia Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 2002 ; 22 years ago ( 2002 ) Headquarters Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Products Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) , watches (/wiki/Watch) , fountain (/wiki/Fountain_pen) , ballpoint (/wiki/Ballpoint_pen) and rollerball (/wiki/Rollerball_pen) pens Website curtisaustralia.com (https://www.curtisaustralia.com/) Curtis Australia is an Australian manufacturing company (/wiki/Manufacturing_company) of luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) , based in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) . Products manufactured by the company are handcrafted jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) , watches (/wiki/Watch) and writing implements (/wiki/Writing_implement) such as fountain (/wiki/Fountain_pen) , ballpoint (/wiki/Ballpoint_pen) and rollerball (/wiki/Rollerball_pen) pens. [1] (#cite_note-1) Writing instruments produced by the brand usually contain elements of precious metal or gemstones. Pen models are often solid sterling silver, such as the Adventurer Series or a combination of materials such as evident in the Dream Writer range. Founder Glenn Curtis is a Fellow of the Gold & Silversmiths Guild of Australia and has been making jewellery in Australia for 40 years. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Curtis Australia was established in 2002 by Glenn Curtis, a craftsman (/wiki/Artisan) that manufactured writing instruments, as part of an overall change in company direction that will later lead to product collections being formed. In 2004, Curtis exhibits at the National Stationery Show of New York. By those times, Curtis began to export his products to the United States. Three years later, Curtis introduced resin and sterling silver models to its pen ranges in the form of Classic, Elegance and Luxury models. In 2007, the company opened a showroom and office in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) . The first luxury watches came in 2017, offering ladies and gentlemen models, in solid gold cases. Curtis, Australia took part in G'Day USA – an Australian Government initiative to promote Australian goods and services in the U. S. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2010, Curtis relocated to a new, purpose built studio with increased space and capabilities to create pens and jewellery products. That same year, new pen models were introduced including the Streamline, Dream Writer and Brighton models. Streamline and Dreamwriter were acrylic resin bodied pens with sterling silver trim, while Brighton was a larger version solid silver pen that featured relief decoration on both barrel and cap areas. In 2011, Glenn Curtis participated as a judge in the Rio tinto Diamonds Global Design held in NY. [4] (#cite_note-4) In late 2014, Curtis were chosen to contribute to the Robb Report Magazine's Ultimate Gift Guide, a collection of extreme luxury products and concepts aimed at the very wealthy. The Curtis pen designs included concepts called 'Artistry' - a gem set and gold pen drawing inspiration from decorative art history, and 'Racing the Wind' a design featuring a diamond set eagle and stallion. Both concepts are intended to prompt design commissions from the magazine's subscribers. [5] (#cite_note-5) Curtis started to create solid gold watches (/wiki/Watches) released its first collection in 2017, using designs created and made in house, fitted with Swiss made movements. Products [ edit ] Colours of Australia Pen Curtis pens feature an internally developed spring clip. This has allowed sterling silver, a material normally not strong enough for pen clips, to be deployed across their pen ranges. Most high-end resin and silver pens are engineered using repetition tooling or machinery, leading to similar styles and design. Curtis pens are often sculptured with modelled surfaces in relief (source) and hand finished. This approach as led to recognition in industry publications. Some Curtis pen models are decorated with imagery related to certain historical events. Examples of these include the 'Wildlife Warrior' pen, the 'Great Race' pen, the 'Race to the Pole' pen and the 'America 400' pen. The 'Wildlife Warrior' Pen was created as a philanthropic project to raise funds for the charity of the same name. [6] (#cite_note-6) The 'Race to the Pole' Pen commemorates the centenary of the race to the North Pole (link) (/wiki/Robert_Peary) Curtis' 'Great Race Pen' marks the anniversary of 'the world's first auto race' 1908 New York to Paris Race (/wiki/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race) while the 'America 400' has illustrative elements relating to the European settlement of North America. Pens in this series are heavily sculptured in solid sterling silver. Curtis watches utilise different manufacturing techniques. Most conventional watch cases are subtractively produced, i.e. engineered from solid blocks of materials, leading to designs that often reflect manufacturing technique. Curtis watch case designs have been influenced by their background as precious metal jewellers and pen makers. Product lines [ edit ] Pens [ edit ] 'Prestige' Collection (2006). Solid sterling silver pen series comprising eight initial models. Wildlife Warrior Pen (2009). A gem set solid gold pen featuring endangered wildlife from Australia and around the world in a series of bas relief (/wiki/Relief) carvings [7] (#cite_note-7) 'Superyachts' an online publication concerned with luxury goods compares Curtis Australia with Cartier as pen makers [8] (#cite_note-8) Morning Mist Necklet & Fountain Pen (2010), associated jewellery pieces. A two colour gold necklet and fountain pen set with Rio Tinto Diamonds [9] (#cite_note-9) 'Silvermist' Diamonds (https://web.archive.org/web/20131014211930/http://www.silvermistdiamonds.com/gray_diamonds_press.asp) Jack Nicklaus Series (2011) [10] (#cite_note-10) This series covered significant achievements in the career of professional golfer Jack Nicklaus (/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus) and includes pens that feature the Masters Tournament (/wiki/Masters_Tournament) , the US Open (/wiki/US_Open_(golf)) and the Ryder Cup (/wiki/Ryder_Cup) , with the British Open and the US PGA pen designs still in development. 'Signature' Pen launched (2013). Solid gold pen with a detailed carved eagle to the top, designed as a desk pen. [11] (#cite_note-11) 'The Ultimate Pen' (2014), a $1.2m pen design by Curtis features in the Robb Report December 2014 Issue, page 214 (author: John Lyon) as part of the luxury magazines 'Ultimate Gift Guide' [12] (#cite_note-12) Jewellery [ edit ] In addition to producing pens, Curtis also produces several jewellery collections, examples include the 'Flight of Fantasy' necklet and the 'Morning Mist' necklet. Recent additions include a range of two tone gold rings made by fusing different colours of solid gold into the one item and a range of pieces that include reclaimed Australian hardwoods. Morning Mist Collection Pen and Necklet (2010) [13] (#cite_note-13) Two Tone Gold Band Rings (2014) Curtis Australia appear in a series of articles in 'Gippsland Lifestyle' magazine that cover aspects of the company's activities(2017-2020 [14] (#cite_note-14) Watches [ edit ] These were introduced in 2017 with a range of solid gold and gem set watches into its collections. Watches are bespoke and can be tailored to individual clients, and are themed to complement jewellery ranges. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2020, Curtis introduced the 'Motima' watch, an 8 sided men's watch, [16] (#cite_note-16) and 'Sophia' [17] (#cite_note-17) and 'Grace', [18] (#cite_note-18) two ladies watches. Awards [ edit ] 2009 Robb Report (/wiki/Robb_Report) Best of the Best [19] (#cite_note-19) 2010 Pen World magazine Readers Choice Award for Best Metal Mastery [20] (#cite_note-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Susan Wirth" (http://fpgeeks.com/?s=Curtis+Australia) . fpgeeks.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Information about Curtis pens (http://www.marcuslink.com/pens/companies/curtis.html) on Marcus Link website ^ (#cite_ref-3) Australia Week Sponsor Gains 12 Month Leap Into Market. [1] (http://www.newyork.usa.embassy.gov.au/nycg/Biz1SU07.html) 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "page 3 Gem Talk" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041025/http://www.riotintodiamonds.com/newsletter/issue_04/GemTalk%2012.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.riotintodiamonds.com/newsletter/issue_04/GemTalk%2012.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-08-02 . Retrieved 2018-08-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bespoke Pens from Curtis - realise your dream - Curtis Australia Luxury Pens & Fine Jewellery" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211950/http://www.curtisaustralia.com/robb-report-story.html/?s=Curtis+Australia) . Archived from the original (http://www.curtisaustralia.com/robb-report-story.html/?s=Curtis+Australia) on 2015-09-23 . Retrieved 2015-01-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wildlife Warriors (https://wildlifewarriors.org.au/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Olson, Nancy. [2] (http://robbreport.com/Robb-Recommends/Style-Pens-Curtis-Australia-Wildlife-Warriors-Gold-Warrior) 13 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Cartier and Curtis: The world's finest pens?" (https://www.superyachts.com/lifestyle/story/cartier-and-curtis:-the-worlds-finest-pens-32) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Gray Diamonds-Silver Grey Colored Diamond Jewelry - Silvermist Diamonds Press Clippings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131014211930/http://www.silvermistdiamonds.com/gray_diamonds_press.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.silvermistdiamonds.com/gray_diamonds_press.asp) on 2013-10-14 . Retrieved 2014-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Nicklaus Partners - Nicklaus.com" (http://www.nicklaus.com/products-and-partners/nicklaus-partners/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Signature' Pen featured page 68, March 2014 issue Robb Report Magazine (author: John Lyon) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Lyon, John (1 December 2014). "Ultimate Gift Guide 2014: Penning a Story" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150113010345/http://robbreport.com/paid-issue/ultimate-gift-guide-2014-penning-a-story) . Archived from the original (http://robbreport.com/paid-issue/ultimate-gift-guide-2014-penning-a-story) on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) http://curtisgifts.com/casestudies/riotinto/gemtalk.pdf (http://curtisgifts.com/casestudies/riotinto/gemtalk.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150113234120/http://curtisgifts.com/casestudies/riotinto/gemtalk.pdf) 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Gem Talk. May 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "45 gippsland lifestyle summer by gippsland the lifestyle - Issuu" (https://issuu.com/james448/docs/gippsland_lifestyle_summer_45) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "2017 Article about Curtis watches features in the Australia edition of the Robb Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044249/http://www.curtisaustralia.com/uploads/3/0/0/8/30083531/robb_report_au_p024-025.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.curtisaustralia.com/uploads/3/0/0/8/30083531/robb_report_au_p024-025.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-09-20 . Retrieved 2017-09-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Motima Perpetual | Curtis Australia - Curtis Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222109/https://www.curtisaustralia.com/mens-watch-motima.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.curtisaustralia.com/mens-watch-motima.html) on 2021-01-27 . Retrieved 2020-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Sophia - Curtis Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210117054049/https://www.curtisaustralia.com/ladies-watch-sophia.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.curtisaustralia.com/ladies-watch-sophia.html) on 2021-01-17 . Retrieved 2020-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Grace - Curtis Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210127233935/https://www.curtisaustralia.com/ladies-watch-grace.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.curtisaustralia.com/ladies-watch-grace.html) on 2021-01-27 . Retrieved 2020-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Olson, Nancy "Curtis Australia Wildlife Warriors Gold Warrior | Art & Collectibles | Robb Report - the Global Luxury Source" (https://archive.today/20131121044524/http://robbreport-us.easytech.com.ar/Robb-Recommends/Style-Pens-Curtis-Australia-Wildlife-Warriors-Gold-Warrior) . Archived from the original (http://robbreport-us.easytech.com.ar/Robb-Recommends/Style-Pens-Curtis-Australia-Wildlife-Warriors-Gold-Warrior) on 2013-11-21 . Retrieved 2013-11-21 . 13 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-20) World, Pen. "PEN WORLD" (http://www.penworld.com/) . www.penworld.com . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.curtisaustralia.com) v t e Fountain pen (/wiki/Fountain_pen) manufacturers by country Australia Curtis China Hero (/wiki/Shanghai_Hero_Pen_Company) Croatia TOZ Penkala (/wiki/TOZ_Penkala) Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co. (/wiki/Penkala-Edmund_Moster_%26_Co.) 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This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( April 2021 ) Linda Fargo is an American fashion business executive. Since 2006, she has served as the senior vice president of the fashion office and as the director of women's fashion and store presentation for the Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) department store in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-time-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Born in 1957, Fargo grew up in the suburbs of Milwaukee (/wiki/Milwaukee) and received her Bachelor of Fine Arts (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison) . [2] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-2) After her move to New York, she started as a window dresser at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , eventually becoming the visual director. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Fargo joined Berdorf Goodman as the display director in June 1996. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Fargo was one of eighteen Manhattan window-display designers that collaborated on the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum) 's The Window Show in May 1999. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) That year she was both vice president for visual presentations and director of visual merchandising. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She and Robert Burke designed the 2001 Whitney Museum of American Art's (/wiki/Whitney_Museum) annual gala called Nightclub as Monument, inspired on New York café society (/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_society) and the museum's retrospective of Edward Steichen (/wiki/Edward_Steichen) 's photographic works from the 1920s and 1930s. [10] (#cite_note-10) After the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) , Fargo and her team "completely readjusted" their display plans, which were originally going to be "an homage to the arts", instead focusing on having each window facing Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) decorated in a separate value or virtue, [11] (#cite_note-11) while the 57th Street (/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)) windows were a black-and-white collage of New York landmarks (/wiki/Lists_of_New_York_City_landmarks) , and the 58th Street (/wiki/58th_Street_(Manhattan)) windows centered around children. [12] (#cite_note-12) One of the Fifth Avenue windows that year was highlighted by The New York Times as capturing the transition between "traditional sparkles and reds to a quieter, neutral wheat and organic palette" in holiday tastes. [13] (#cite_note-13) Assouline (/wiki/Assouline_Publishing) published Dreams Through the Glass: Windows from Bergdorf Goodman , written by Fargo herself, the $50 book was a retrospective of her displays, which Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) called "designs [which] prove that at its most sublime, window dressing is an art form." [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) At Bergdorf, she works with David Hoey (/wiki/David_Hoey_(window_dresser)) , the present window dresser and senior director for visual presentation, with whom she creates "about 450 windows a year." [17] (#cite_note-17) In the Media [ edit ] At a Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation) fundraiser held at Macy's in 1985, Fargo wore "lace gloves and a black dress borrowed from Kim Stoddard," which The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described as "very new wave (/wiki/New_Wave_(design)) ". [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2013 she was featured in the documentary Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's (/wiki/Scatter_My_Ashes_at_Bergdorf%27s) (the title lifted from the caption of a 1990 Victoria Roberts (/wiki/Victoria_Roberts_(cartoonist)) cartoon that appeared in pages of The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) ). [19] (#cite_note-nytimes-19) Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) said of Fargo in its review of the film, "Bergdorf's fashion director, Linda Fargo, effortlessly commands centerstage for long stretches as she vets new designers' collections for kindly 'maybe later' rejection or 'welcome to the family' acceptance." [20] (#cite_note-variety-20) Bibliography [ edit ] Hoey, David; Linda, Fargo (2010). Windows at Bergdorf Goodman . Assouline. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1614280828 . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-time_1-0) "Linda Fargo - Women in Luxury - TIME" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1838865_1838857_1838740,00.html) . content.time.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-businessoffashion_2-0) "Linda Fargo | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/linda-fargo) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Linda Fargo is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/linda-fargo) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 20 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Colman, David (1 December 1996). "Holiday Windows for the Id in All of Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151202152157/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/01/style/holiday-windows-for-the-id-in-all-of-us.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/01/style/holiday-windows-for-the-id-in-all-of-us.html) on 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_5-0) Schiro, Anne-Marie (10 February 1998). "Patterns" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527081200/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/10/style/patterns-495450.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/10/style/patterns-495450.html) on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tiefert, Rita (September–October 1999). "Yes, they do windows" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/233349064/FC6A5AB1C3F4403CPQ/) . How . Vol. 14, no. 5. F+W (/wiki/F%2BW) . Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Budick, Ariella (19 May 1999). "The Art Is the View / Cooper-Hewitt frames a show around window shopping" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/279227066/FC6A5AB1C3F4403CPQ/) . Newsday (/wiki/Newsday) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0278-5587 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-5587) . Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kaplan, Fred (/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)) (7 December 2000). "It's Window Time in Manhattan 'Happy Collision' of Theater and Art and Advertising" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/405359827/FC6A5AB1C3F4403CPQ/) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0743-1791 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791) . Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Norwich, William (31 December 2000). "Style & Entertaining; Slush Fun" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527142252/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/31/magazine/style-entertaining-slush-fun.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 48. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/31/magazine/style-entertaining-slush-fun.html) on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Columbia, David Patrick (January 2001). "David Patrick Columbia's New York social diary" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/215663471/FC6A5AB1C3F4403CPQ/) . Quest . Vol. 15, no. 1. Quest Media . Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Kaufman, Leslie (15 November 2001). "Windows as Mirrors of a City's Mood; After Sept. 11, Department Stores Rethink Holiday Displays" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527164205/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/15/nyregion/windows-mirrors-city-s-mood-after-sept-11-department-stores-rethink-holiday.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 1. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/15/nyregion/windows-mirrors-city-s-mood-after-sept-11-department-stores-rethink-holiday.html) on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Wilson, Anamaria (20 November 2001). "Window Shopping" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/231221844/FC6A5AB1C3F4403CPQ/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0043-7581 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7581) . Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cunningham, Bill (/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_(American_photographer)) (16 December 2001). "ON THE STREET; A Smooth Shift Into Neutral" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527165019/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/16/style/on-the-street-a-smooth-shift-into-neutral.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 4. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/16/style/on-the-street-a-smooth-shift-into-neutral.html) on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "News you can use" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/221410307/534AEDC8E6504243PQ/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . No. 3504. November 2003. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0017-7873 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-7873) . Retrieved 28 September 2021 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Treffinger, Stephen (20 November 2003). "Glamour in the Windows and on the Ceilings at Bergdorf" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171226095457/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/20/garden/currents-stores-glamour-in-the-windows-and-on-the-ceilings-at-bergdorf.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1553-8095 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/20/garden/currents-stores-glamour-in-the-windows-and-on-the-ceilings-at-bergdorf.html) on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Maslin, Janet Maslin (/wiki/Janet_Maslin) (21 November 2003). "The Book Tide Is Running, For Readers And Browsers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171229044226/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/21/books/critic-s-notebook-the-book-tide-is-running-for-readers-and-browsers.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1553-8095 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/21/books/critic-s-notebook-the-book-tide-is-running-for-readers-and-browsers.html) on 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) La Ferla, Ruth (13 May 2003). "Front Row" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227040533/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/13/nyregion/front-row.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1553-8095 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/13/nyregion/front-row.html) on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dullea, Georgia (2 April 1985). "Macy's: Flowering of a Party" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171128061632/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/02/style/macy-s-flowering-of-a-party.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 8. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/02/style/macy-s-flowering-of-a-party.html) on 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes_19-0) "The New York Times" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/movies/scatter-my-ashes-at-bergdorfs-directed-by-matthew-miele.html?_r=0) . nytimes.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-variety_20-0) Ronnie Scheib. "Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's: Review | Variety" (https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/scatter-my-ashes-at-bergdorfs-review-1200454854/) . variety.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . v t e Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) Parent Broadway-Hale Stores (/wiki/Broadway_Stores) (1972–1987) Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) (since 1987) Key people Current Linda Fargo Betty Halbreich (/wiki/Betty_Halbreich) David Hoey (/wiki/David_Hoey_(window_dresser)) Katia Kuethe (/wiki/Katia_Kuethe) Former Executives Michael Bastian (/wiki/Michael_Bastian) Mitchell B. Fox (/wiki/Mitchell_B._Fox) Nena Goodman (/wiki/Nena_Goodman) Michael Gross (/wiki/Michael_Gross_(American_writer)) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Dawn Mello (/wiki/Dawn_Mello) Ira Neimark (/wiki/Ira_Neimark) Bernard Newman (/wiki/Bernard_Newman_(designer)) Burton Tansky (/wiki/Burton_Tansky) Buyers Robert Duffy (/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(businessman)) Fran Horowitz (/wiki/Fran_Horowitz) Soon-Yi Previn (/wiki/Soon-Yi_Previn) Models Celia Ammerman (/wiki/Celia_Ammerman) Luciana Curtis (/wiki/Luciana_Curtis) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) Kate Dillon Levin (/wiki/Kate_Dillon_Levin) Tiiu Kuik (/wiki/Tiiu_Kuik) Michela Maggioni (/wiki/Michela_Maggioni) Lakshmi Menon (/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(model)) Keto Mikeladze (/wiki/Keto_Mikeladze) Jean Patchett (/wiki/Jean_Patchett) Kelly Piquet (/wiki/Kelly_Piquet) Katya Shchekina (/wiki/Katya_Shchekina) Ali Stephens (/wiki/Ali_Stephens) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) Inna Zobova (/wiki/Inna_Zobova) Hairstylists Julien Farel (/wiki/Julien_Farel) Ara Gallant (/wiki/Ara_Gallant) Designers Charles Creed (/wiki/Charles_Creed) Mark Mooring (/wiki/Mark_Mooring) Leslie Morris (/wiki/Leslie_Morris_(designer)) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Bernard Newman (/wiki/Bernard_Newman_(designer)) Emeric Partos (/wiki/Emeric_Partos) Maria Pavlovna (/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1890%E2%80%931958)) Others Susan Cianciolo (/wiki/Susan_Cianciolo) Cher Coulter (/wiki/Cher_Coulter) R. Couri Hay (/wiki/R._Couri_Hay) Robert Isabell (/wiki/Robert_Isabell) Peter D. Gerakaris (/wiki/Peter_D._Gerakaris) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Emile Norman (/wiki/Emile_Norman) Gregg Renfrew (/wiki/Gregg_Renfrew) Donald Robertson (/wiki/Donald_Robertson_(artist)) Emad Salem (/wiki/Emad_Salem) Benjamin Sonnenberg (/wiki/Benjamin_Sonnenberg) George Stavrinos (/wiki/George_Stavrinos) Ellen Stewart (/wiki/Ellen_Stewart) Shawn Stewart Ruff (/wiki/Shawn_Stewart_Ruff) Maya Tiwari (/wiki/Maya_Tiwari) Neecy Twinem (/wiki/Neecy_Twinem) Andrew W.K. (/wiki/Andrew_W.K.) 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Souq in Tunis, Tunisia Entrance of souk El Kmach Souk El Kmach ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : سوق القماش ) or the fabrics market is one of the most important souks (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) of the medina of Tunis (/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis) . It is the place where fabrics and tissues are sold, whether they are made in Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) or luxury products especially imported like silk (/wiki/Silk) or linen (/wiki/Linen) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The souk was constructed at the order of the Hafsid (/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty) sovereign Abou Amr Uthman (/wiki/Uthman_(Hafsid)) in the 15th century (/wiki/15th_century) at the place of an older souk, namely Souk El Rammadine. Location [ edit ] Ancient picture of the souk Souk El Kmach goes along with the western facade of the Al-Zaytuna Mosque (/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque) . In fact, it offers easy access to the mosque through three doors. Also, it is bounded by three other souks : Souk El Trouk (/wiki/Souk_El_Trouk) , Souk El Leffa (/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa) and Souk El Nissa (/wiki/Souk_El_Nissa) . Two doors provide direct access to Souk El Kmach : Souk El Attarine (/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine) 's is known for its two Spanish-Maghrebi capitals columns. Bab Souk El Kmach (/wiki/Bab_Souk_El_Kmach) is a gate. Description [ edit ] The souk has three aisles separated by two rows of columns. The one at the centre allows traffic while the two lateral aisles give access to the stores. All the souk is covered by longitudinal cradles. Yet, some skylights in the central vault illuminate the place. This lighting system can be found in the stores of the souk, too. Among the monuments of this souk are the madrasa Mouradiya and the zawiya (/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)) of the savant Ibn Asfour. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Médina de Tunis" (http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=12&lang=fr) . inp.rnrt.tn (in French) . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . v t e Souks of Tunis (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) Souk Al Asr (/wiki/Souk_Al_Asr) Souk de la Commission (/wiki/Souk_de_la_Commission) Souk Ech-Chaouachine (/wiki/Souk_Ech-Chaouachine) Souk Edabaghine (/wiki/Souk_Edabaghine) Souk El Attarine (/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine) Souk El Azzafine (/wiki/Souk_El_Azzafine) Souk El Bechmak (/wiki/Souk_El_Bechmak) Souk El Beransia (/wiki/Souk_El_Beransia) Souk El Berka (/wiki/Souk_El_Berka) Souk El Bey (/wiki/Souk_El_Bey) Souk El Blaghgia (/wiki/Souk_El_Blaghgia) Souk El Blat (/wiki/Souk_El_Blat) Souk El Dziria (/wiki/Souk_El_Dziria) Souk El Fekka (/wiki/Souk_El_Fekka) Souk El Ghrabliyya (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghrabliyya) Souk El Ghraiyer (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghraiyer) Souk El Grana (/wiki/Souk_El_Grana) Souk El Haddadine (/wiki/Souk_El_Haddadine) Souk El Jedid (/wiki/Souk_El_Jedid) Souk El Kachachine (/wiki/Souk_El_Kachachine) Souk El Kebabjia (/wiki/Souk_El_Kebabjia) Souk El Kmach Souk El Kouafi (/wiki/Souk_El_Kouafi) Souk El Koutbiya (/wiki/Souk_El_Koutbiya) Souk El Leffa (/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa) Souk El Marr (/wiki/Souk_El_Marr) Souk El Nissa (/wiki/Souk_El_Nissa) Souk El Ouzar (/wiki/Souk_El_Ouzar) Souk El Sagha (/wiki/Souk_El_Sagha) Souk El Souf (/wiki/Souk_El_Souf) Souk El Trouk (/wiki/Souk_El_Trouk) Souk En Nhas (/wiki/Souk_En_Nhas) Souk Erbaa (/wiki/Souk_Erbaa_(Tunis)) Souk Es Sabbaghine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine) Souk Es Sabbaghine El Saghir (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine_El_Saghir) Souk Es Sekajine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sekajine) Souk Sidi Boumendil (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Boumendil) Souk Sidi Mahrez (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Mahrez) Souk Sidi Sridek (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Sridek) Souk Es Sarragine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sarragine) WikiProject Tunisia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐7frj6 Cached time: 20240713104514 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.372 seconds Real time usage: 0.797 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 409/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11272/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 811/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13673/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.270/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15010552/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 453.447 1 -total 25.66% 116.371 1 Template:Lang-ar 23.07% 104.615 1 Template:Reflist 19.89% 90.205 1 Template:Cite_web 18.41% 83.484 1 Template:Souks_of_Tunis 18.33% 83.128 1 Template:Short_description 17.89% 81.100 1 Template:Navbox 15.00% 68.025 4 Template:Main_other 9.68% 43.896 2 Template:Pagetype 9.55% 43.308 1 Template:Coord_missing Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49187589-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713104514 and revision id 1142742403. 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For more information, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) . Administrators: Please do not delete this category as empty! This category may be empty occasionally or even most of the time. 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Project-Class fashion articles" The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . F Wikipedia talk:Featured topics/Overview of Angel Aquino (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics/Overview_of_Angel_Aquino) Wikipedia talk:Featured topics/Overview of Judy Ann Santos (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics/Overview_of_Judy_Ann_Santos) Wikipedia talk:Featured topics/Overview of Regine Velasquez (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics/Overview_of_Regine_Velasquez) M Wikipedia talk:Meetup/NYC/MetFashion 2020 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Meetup/NYC/MetFashion_2020) R Wikipedia talk:Requested articles/Arts and entertainment/Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion) V Wikipedia talk:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Fashion articles by quality statistics (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Fashion_articles_by_quality_statistics) W Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Fashion) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Archive 1 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_1) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Archive 2 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_2) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Archive 3 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_3) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Archive 4 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Archive_4) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Article alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Article_alerts) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Article alerts/Archive 1 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Article_alerts/Archive_1) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Article alerts/Archive 2 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Article_alerts/Archive_2) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Article alerts/Archive 3 (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Article_alerts/Archive_3) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Assessment) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Collaboration of the Month (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Collaboration_of_the_Month) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Inactive users (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Inactive_users) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/left panel (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/left_panel) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Participants (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Participants) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Popular pages (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Popular_pages) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Proposals (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Proposals) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Red links (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Red_links) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Requested pictures (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Requested_pictures) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/right panel (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/right_panel) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Talk (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Talk) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Templates (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Templates) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/to do (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/to_do) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/Unreferenced BLPs (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/Unreferenced_BLPs) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fashion/WikiProject Hats and Headgear (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion/WikiProject_Hats_and_Headgear) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=948294173 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=948294173) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion articles by quality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_articles_by_quality) Project-Class articles (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_articles) Hidden categories: Template Category class with class parameter matching title (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_class_with_class_parameter_matching_title) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Tunisian-French businessman Jean Touitou (born December 10, [1] (#cite_note-Purple_Diary-1) 1951 in Tunis (/wiki/Tunis) , Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) ) is a Tunisian-French creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) and founder of A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) [2] (#cite_note-Julien_Neuville-2) Early life and career [ edit ] Touitou was born on December 10, 1951, in Tunis, to a Tunisian Jewish (/wiki/Tunisian_Jewish) family. He was then "a revolutionary militant for a few years". [2] (#cite_note-Julien_Neuville-2) His family was in the leather business. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) He arrived in Paris (/wiki/Paris) from Tunisia with his family in 1960 at age 9. [2] (#cite_note-Julien_Neuville-2) He studied at École alsacienne (/wiki/%C3%89cole_alsacienne) , then earned a degree in history and geography from the Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) , and travelled a year in South America [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) and the United States after his studies. Career [ edit ] Early beginnings [ edit ] Upon his return in Paris in 1977, Touitou worked for the designer Takada Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-interview_magazine_Jean_Touitou-5) After a few years working as a warehouseman and an accountant, he started working at Agnès b. (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_b.) in 1985, he associated with Irié, a Japanese designer working in Paris. [6] (#cite_note-6) A.P.C., 1987–present [ edit ] In 1987, Jean Touitou launched A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) (Atelier de Production et de Création) with the menswear collection HIVER 87. [7] (#cite_note-7) The following year, the collection became unisex. In 1989, the labels referring to the seasons were replaced with A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) labels, confirming the creation of the brand located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris (/wiki/Paris) . The first pieces of the A.P.C. collections were inspired by work or military clothes, the preeminence of classic and unmixed fabrics ( Shetland wool (/wiki/Shetland_wool) for instance), as well as voluntarily traditional cuts. The collection would later include the raw Japanese denim. In thirty years of existence, A.P.C. remained independent and developed internationally, with more than 70 points of sale over the globe and 350 employees. Touitou works alongside his wife, Judith Touitou, artistic director of A.P.C. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) They met at A.P.C., where Judith started working in 1996, after studying business and then politics at Sciences Po (/wiki/Sciences_Po) in Paris, to help Jean run the company. [8] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-8) Touitou and fellow designer Vanessa Seward (/wiki/Vanessa_Seward) are partners in Vanessa Seward , which launched in 2015. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2016, he started a collaboration with the American clothing company Outdoor Voices (/wiki/Outdoor_Voices) to create sportswear apparel. [10] (#cite_note-10) Awards and honors [ edit ] 1992 : Winner of the ANDAM (/wiki/ANDAM) award [11] (#cite_note-11) Controversy [ edit ] In 2015, during the fall menswear presentation, Touitou repeatedly used the " n-word (/wiki/N-word) " to present the collection named Last Niggas in Paris (a mix of Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) and Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's Niggas in Paris (/wiki/Niggas_in_Paris) and the film Last Tango in Paris (/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris) ), a collaboration with Timberland (/wiki/Timberland_(company)) . [12] (#cite_note-12) A few days later, Timberland cut its ties with Touitou, calling his collection "in complete contrast with our values". Touitou immediately apologized for his offensive speech. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Philanthropy [ edit ] Touitou opened a private kindergarten (/wiki/Kindergarten) , Ateliers de la Petite Enfance (A.P.E.), in 2008. [15] (#cite_note-businessoffashion_bio-15) Personal life [ edit ] Touitou has three children. [8] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-8) Since 2003, Touitou has lived in an apartment in the 6th arrondissement of Paris (/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris) . Since 2018, he has also been maintaining a holiday compound on Pantelleria (/wiki/Pantelleria) . [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Purple_Diary_1-0) "Happy Birthday, Jean Touitou!" (https://purple.fr/diary/happy-birthday-jean-touitou) . 10 December 2011. ^ a b c Neuville, Julien (13 December 2013). "Jean Touitou of A.P.C. Says Be Cautious, Expect the Worst and Be Ready to Die" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131213191115/https://www.businessoffashion.com/2013/12/jean-touitou-of-a-p-c-says-be-cautious-expect-the-worst-and-be-ready-to-die.html) . businessoffashion.com (/wiki/Businessoffashion.com) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2013/12/jean-touitou-of-a-p-c-says-be-cautious-expect-the-worst-and-be-ready-to-die.html) on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2022 . ^ a b c Meter, William Van (2016-02-29). "Apt. by A.P.C.: Jean Touitou's Parisian Home" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/apt-by-a-p-c-jean-touitous-parisian-home-1456759879) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2022-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Founder of A.P.C Jean Touitou's Parisian Home" (https://stoy.com/en/stories/founder-of-a-p-c-jean-touitous-parisian-home) . stoy.com . Retrieved 2019-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-interview_magazine_Jean_Touitou_5-0) Cooke, Fraser (15 July 2010). "Jean Touitou" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/jean-touitou) . interviewmagazine.com (/wiki/Interviewmagazine.com) . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "JEAN TOUITOU (A.P.C)" (https://andam.fr/en/laureats/jean-touitou-a-p-c/) . Andam . Retrieved 2019-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Schneier, Matthew (2017-08-24). "Its Competitors Make Noise, but A.P.C. Is Happy to Make Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/24/fashion/apc-jean-touitou.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-06-18 . ^ a b Matthew Schneier (24 August 2017), Its Competitors Make Noise, but A.P.C. Is Happy to Make Clothes (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/24/fashion/apc-jean-touitou.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Carola Long (25 January 2017), Want to look polished and Parisian? Vanessa Seward has the answer (https://www.ft.com/content/8ebe1242-df23-11e6-9d7c-be108f1c1dce) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Wray, Adam (2016-02-16). "A.P.C's Jean Touitou on Beauty — and Coming to New York" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/t-magazine/fashion/apc-jean-touitou-outdoor-voices-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) ANDAM (/wiki/ANDAM) Jean Touitou A.P.C. (http://andam.fr/fr/laureats/jean-touitou-a-p-c-2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064012/http://andam.fr/fr/laureats/jean-touitou-a-p-c-2) 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-12) T. H. R. Staff (2015-01-27). "A.P.C.'s Jean Touitou Repeats N-Word During Menswear Presentation" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/apcs-jean-touitou-repeats-n-767593/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2022-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Marriott, Hannah (2015-01-29). "Timberland cuts ties with APC after its founder, Jean Touitou, uses the N-word" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/jan/29/timberland-apc-jean-touitou-n-word) . the Guardian . Retrieved 2022-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Woolf, Jake (2015-01-28). "Timberland Pulls Plug on A.P.C. Collaboration Following Founder Jean Touitou's Controversial Remarks" (https://www.gq.com/story/timberland-pulls-plug-on-apc-collaboration-following-founder-jean-touitous-controversial-remarks) . GQ . Retrieved 2022-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-businessoffashion_bio_15-0) "Jean Touitou" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/jean-touitou) . businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Alice Cavanagh (1 October 2018), The Father-Son Duo Defining Parisian Tastes (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/t-magazine/jean-pierre-touitou-apc-deviant-restaurant.html) T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T_(magazine)) . External links [ edit ] Rules of Style from Jean Touitou (http://www.details.com/style-advice/rules-of-style/200801/rules-of-style-from-apc-designer-jean-touitou) Phane Gallois, details.com (/wiki/Details.com) January 2008 20 odd questions to Jean Touitou (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704570904576180951637475430) , The Wall Street Journal , March 2011 Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000046178665X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/9433151595795605470008) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpbrGQWbTTFMkjM7qqQq) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1150245646) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017151404) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/31940b34-1a40-4ba7-89ac-2fa5ae1d406c) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/366551) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/262111691) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐lpxtj Cached time: 20240714060347 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.263 seconds Real time usage: 0.331 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 839/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26961/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 436/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52127/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.178/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4913943/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 299.680 1 -total 46.69% 139.907 1 Template:Reflist 33.50% 100.404 9 Template:Cite_web 29.19% 87.480 1 Template:Authority_control 21.37% 64.050 1 Template:Short_description 11.56% 34.638 2 Template:Pagetype 6.27% 18.786 3 Template:Main_other 5.63% 16.862 1 Template:SDcat 3.75% 11.227 3 Template:Cite_news 2.46% 7.377 1 Template:Webarchive Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42370748-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714060347 and revision id 1192748939. 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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ryderwear) . ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Australian fitness apparel company The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Ryderwear" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ryderwear%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ryderwear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ryderwear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ryderwear%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ryderwear%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ryderwear%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ryderwear Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Founded 2009 ; 15 years ago ( 2009 ) [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) Founder David Lukic and Natalie Lukic [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) Headquarters Lonsdale, South Australia (/wiki/Lonsdale,_South_Australia) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Products Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Fitness fashion (/wiki/Fitness_fashion) Number of employees 300 (2015) Website au (https://au.ryderwear.com/) .ryderwear (https://au.ryderwear.com/) .com (https://au.ryderwear.com/) Ryderwear is an Australian fitness apparel (/wiki/Athleisure) and accessories brand, manufacturer and retailer headquartered in South Australia (/wiki/South_Australia) . [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Ryderwear tied up with the professional weightlifter Big Ramy (/wiki/Big_Ramy) . [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] Ryderwear was founded by David Lukic and his now-wife Natalie Lukic in 2009. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) See also [ edit ] South Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:South_Australia) List of South Australian manufacturing businesses (/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_manufacturing_businesses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Adelaide-founded fitness brand Ryderwear opens first physical store" (https://www.smartcompany.com.au/industries/retail/ryderwear-opens-gym-store-adelaide/) . SmartCompany . 18 January 2021 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cameron (CMO), Nadia. "How Ryderwear is building its omnichannel marketing orchestration engine" (https://www.cmo.com.au/article/690348/how-ryderwear-building-its-omnichannel-marketing-orchestration-engine/) . Cmo.com.au . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Castello, Renato (15 September 2021). "Ryderwear gym clothing company wants to build a second 24/7 gym and shop on Glynburn Road, Tranmere" (https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/ryderwear-gym-clothing-company-wants-to-build-a-second-247-gym-and-shop-on-glynburn-road-tranmere/news-story/73757541ad2bddf7a14bf590054cfa13) . Adelaidenow.com.au . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ryderwear to launch a store that doubles as a gym in February" (https://insideretail.com.au/e-commerce/ryderwear-to-launch-a-store-that-doubles-as-a-gym-in-february-202101) . Insideretail.com.au . 18 January 2021 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Open 24/7: Ryderwear to open first gym-cross-store in Adelaide - Ragtrader" (http://www.ragtrader.com.au/news/open-24/7-ryderwear-to-open-first-gym-cross-store-in-adelaide) . Ragtrader.com.au . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Brian Rashid. "How Ryderwear Is Leading A Weightlifting Community Using The Power Of Social Media" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianrashid/2017/05/03/how-ryderwear-is-leading-a-weightlifting-community-using-the-power-of-social-media/) . Forbes . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://au.ryderwear.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐68584dd78‐2f8xn Cached time: 20240701143419 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.351 seconds Real time usage: 0.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1826/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36285/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1868/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29532/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.218/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5502322/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 432.505 1 -total 28.83% 124.686 1 Template:Reflist 28.06% 121.382 1 Template:Infobox_company 25.48% 110.203 1 Template:Infobox 25.31% 109.468 6 Template:Cite_web 17.56% 75.929 2 Template:Ambox 17.23% 74.504 1 Template:COI 13.30% 57.542 1 Template:Short_description 5.52% 23.885 2 Template:Pagetype 5.31% 22.979 1 Template:Notability Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69406298-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701143419 and revision id 1227075549. 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British fashion designer and model Serena Solitaire Crichton-Stuart, Marchioness of Bute (born 29 December 1959), also known by her maiden name Serena Wendell , is a British fashion designer and former model. Life [ edit ] Born in December 1959, Bute is the daughter of Major Jack Wendell (1924–2005) and his wife Anthea Peronelle Maxwell-Hyslop, and a niece of Robin Maxwell-Hyslop (/wiki/Robin_Maxwell-Hyslop) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) She was brought up in London and rural Wales by her mother and stepfather, Peter Rees, Baron Rees (/wiki/Peter_Rees,_Baron_Rees) , and became a fashion model. [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) She married firstly Robert de Lisser, and they had two children, including Jazzy de Lisser (/wiki/Jazzy_de_Lisser) . [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) Secondly, on 13 February 1999, in the marble chapel at Mount Stuart House (/wiki/Mount_Stuart_House) , on the island of Bute (/wiki/Isle_of_Bute) , she married as his second wife John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute (/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_7th_Marquess_of_Bute) , [4] (#cite_note-4) with whom she has a daughter. [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) Until his death in March 2021, [5] (#cite_note-Guardian-5) they shared a house in Regent's Park (/wiki/Regent%27s_Park) and also had Mount Stuart House, [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) but did not live there, preferring a renovated farmhouse, Ardscalpsie, six miles from Rothesay (/wiki/Rothesay) on the west coast of Bute. [6] (#cite_note-Record-6) Bute is a director of Rowanwood Ltd, Deltawood Ltd, and Serena Bute Ltd. [7] (#cite_note-7) Label [ edit ] The guiding principle of the Serena Bute label is "elegant comfort". Bute's collections include wide-legged trousers, always with a grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) stripe. Shirts are large and tailored, made of silk, velvet, and cotton. Woollen cloths and wool-silk fabrics are supplied by Bute Fabrics, a long-established upholstery firm [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) founded by her late husband's grandfather the 5th Marquess of Bute (/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_5th_Marquess_of_Bute) . [5] (#cite_note-Guardian-5) The label is reported as a favourite of Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Emma Watson (/wiki/Emma_Watson) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) , and Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) . [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Peter Townend (/wiki/Peter_Townend_(editor)) , ed., Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry , vol. 1 (London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1965), p. 407 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Burke's Peerage (/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage) , vol. 3 (2003), p. 3309 ^ a b c d e f Chloe Fox, "Bonnie in Clyde: Meet the Marchioness of Bute" (https://www.tatler.com/article/bonnie-in-clyde-meet-the-marchioness-of-bute) , 15 January 2019, accessed 16 February 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The 7th Marquess of Bute obituary" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-7th-marquess-of-bute-obituary-9dp0pnknb) in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , accessed 17 February 2023 ^ a b Richard Williams, "Johnny Dumfries obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/24/johnny-dumfries-obituary) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , 24 March 2021, accessed 16 February 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-Record_6-0) Euan McColm, "THE FAST MOVER; Formula One aristocrat's secret plans to marry his model fiancée" (https://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+FAST+MOVER%3B+Formula+One+aristocrat%27s+secret+plans+to+marry+his...-a060523831) , Daily Record (/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)) (Glasgow, Scotland), 25 January 1999, accessed 17 February 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Serena Solitaire BUTE, Date of birth December 1959", Companies House (/wiki/Companies_House) , accessed 16 February 2023 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐m74gk Cached time: 20240719211825 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.079 seconds Real time usage: 0.182 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 333/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1252/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 480/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4974/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.023/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1098330/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 102.143 1 -total 72.86% 74.425 1 Template:Short_description 39.90% 40.753 2 Template:Pagetype 20.08% 20.515 1 Template:Reflist 18.95% 19.360 3 Template:Main_other 16.88% 17.242 1 Template:SDcat 2.46% 2.516 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73052916-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719211825 and revision id 1199680790. 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Dutch model, presenter and journalist (b. 1989) Sanae Orchi Born Sanae Orchi ( 1989-11-16 ) November 16, 1989 (age 34) 's-Hertogenbosch (/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch) , Netherlands Occupation(s) model, entrepreneur, presenter, reporter Years active 2011 – present Known for FunX (/wiki/FunX) , NTR (/wiki/Omroep_NTR) , PowNed (/wiki/PowNed) Website http://www.sanaeorchi.com/ (http://www.sanaeorchi.com/) Sanae Orchi (born November 16, 1989, 's-Hertogenbosch (/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch) ) is a Dutch model, entrepreneur, presenter and journalist. She also has her own fashion brand. Early life [ edit ] Orchi grew up in 's-Hertogenbosch. At age seventeen she started studying commercial economics. [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] She works as a model. During a beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) interview she was discovered by an NTR (/wiki/Omroep_NTR) journalist. [2] (#cite_note-2) By the end of 2011 she started working as a reporter for news program De Nieuwe Maan . She moved to FunX (/wiki/FunX) and was approached to host AT5 (/wiki/AT5) Ochtendnieuws . One and a half years later Orchi started as a reporter for PowNews (/wiki/PowNews) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In early 2015 she became a news presenter for NH . She creates and hosts a web series called Sanae Zoekt . In 2017 she presented the TV show Groeten uit Marokko for NTR. That same year Orchi launched her own youth fashion brand, QIFESH that is sold by clothing shops throughout the Netherlands. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) MeerBusiness regio agenda (https://amsterdam.meerbusiness.nl/Evenementen/Regio-agenda/item/event/143/Amsterdam-Business-Inspiration-2013) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sanae Orchi nieuwslezers, journalist, actrice, model én een eigen kledinglijn – Extra – DVHN.nl (https://www.dvhn.nl/extra/Sanae-Orchi-nieuwslezers-journalist-actrice-model-én-een-eigen-kledinglijn-22145468.html) ^ (#cite_ref-3) PowNed haalt Sanae Orchi weg bij AT5 – Mediacourant.nl (https://www.mediacourant.nl/2014/08/powned-haalt-sanae-orchi-weg-bij-at5/) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Presentatrice Sanae Orchi van AT5 naar PowNed (http://radio.nl/795541/presentatrice-sanae-orchi-van-at5-naar-powned) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sanae Orchi 'PowNews is goed excuus om brutaal te zijn' (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083421/http://www.funx.nl/index.php/radio/shows/start/22148-sanae-pownews-is-goed-excuus-om-brutaal-te-zijn) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Sanae Orchi 'Ik ben niet gemaakt om één ding te doen' – Kunst & Media – PAROOL (https://www.parool.nl/kunst-en-media/sanae-orchi-ik-ben-niet-gemaakt-om-een-ding-te-doen~a4482454/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sanae Orchi lanceert nieuwe kledinglijn Qifesh – De Nieuwe Maan (https://denieuwemaan.ntr.nl/sanae-orchi-lanceert-nieuwe-kledinglijn-qifesh/) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sanaeorchi.com/) Sanae Orchi (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6872834/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐vhjg4 Cached time: 20240712172639 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.175 seconds Real time usage: 0.257 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1866/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6858/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1862/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5617/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.090/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3792480/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 243.266 1 -total 48.26% 117.399 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.18% 61.252 1 Template:Short_description 14.95% 36.368 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 13.70% 33.316 2 Template:Pagetype 12.04% 29.295 20 Template:Main_other 11.40% 27.741 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 7.18% 17.475 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.50% 15.818 1 Template:Authority_control 6.25% 15.209 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60246637-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172639 and revision id 1122942068. 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Swiss fashion model Vivienne Rohner Born 1998 (age 25–26) Zürich (/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich) , Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Occupation Model Years active 2013–present Modelling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) [1] (#cite_note-bvnzz-1) Hair colour Brown Eye colour Green Agency Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) (Paris) Monster Management (Milan) The Squad (London) Unique Models (Copenhagen) Modelwerk (Hamburg) HEROES Model Management (New York) (mother agency) [2] (#cite_note-2) Vivienne Rohner is a Swiss fashion model best known for her work with Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) . [1] (#cite_note-bvnzz-1) Early life [ edit ] Rohner was born in Zürich (/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich) , Switzerland, to a Russian mother and a father who is of Argentine and Swiss heritage. [3] (#cite_note-netaport-3) Rohner was a self-described tomboy (/wiki/Tomboy) interested in cars [4] (#cite_note-4) rather than modelling, but entered the Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) 2013 contest at the suggestion of her mother. Rohner speaks 5 languages, including German (/wiki/German_language) , English (/wiki/English_language) , Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) , and French (/wiki/French_language) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She was named after Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) . [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Career [ edit ] Although she did not win the Elite Model Look contest, she gained representation from her participation. [3] (#cite_note-netaport-3) As she was still 15 years old, she had a growth spurt of 140 millimetres (5.5 in) which helped her career prospects; soon afterwards she began working with Chanel. [1] (#cite_note-bvnzz-1) During her first season she walked for Vivienne Westwood and opened her show. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In 2017, she appeared in Self Service magazine photographed by David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) , [8] (#cite_note-8) and walked for Celine (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) 's last collection designed by Phoebe Philo (/wiki/Phoebe_Philo) before her resignation. In 2018, Rohner appeared in a watch advertisement for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) alongside people including Bria Vinaite (/wiki/Bria_Vinaite) . [9] (#cite_note-9) She also opened Mugler (/wiki/Mugler) 's S/S 2019 show. [10] (#cite_note-10) For the S/S 2022 Chanel show, a large photograph of her appeared on the backdrop of the runway as an homage to fashion photographers, as well as her opening the show. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Just two months later, in December 2021, she opened the brand's annual pre-fall Métiers d'Art show. [14] (#cite_note-14) For Chanel's F/W ready-to-wear advertisement campaign, also featuring Rianne Van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_Van_Rompaey) , Mica Argañaraz (/wiki/Mica_Arga%C3%B1araz) , and Louise de Chevigny (/w/index.php?title=Louise_de_Chevigny&action=edit&redlink=1) , she was photographed by Dutch duo Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Rohner currently ranks as one of the "Top 50" models on models.com. [16] (#cite_note-16) Rohner appeared on the cover of the March 2021 issue of Vogue México (/wiki/Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_y_Latinoam%C3%A9rica) , dubbed the "Creativity Issue". [17] (#cite_note-17) She has also appeared on the cover of Vogue Netherlands . [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Siegenthaler, Sonja (18 October 2021). "Das Schweizer Model Vivienne Rohner scheint die neue Chanel-Muse zu sein" (https://bellevue.nzz.ch/mode-beauty/vivienne-rohner-das-schweizer-model-ist-die-neue-muse-von-chanel-ld.1650478) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Vivienne Rohner - Model" (https://models.com/models/vivienne-rohner) . ^ Jump up to: a b "MEET THE MODEL: VIVIENNE ROHNER" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-us/porter/article-798f827aa4d51fd7/fashion/art-of-style/vivienne-rohner) . Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) . 27 January 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "annabelle-Model der Woche: Vivienne Rohner" (https://www.annabelle.ch/stil/annabelle-model-woche-vivienne-rohner-41214/) . annabelle.ch (in Swiss German). 25 January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Anderson, Samuel (2 May 2020). "V125 NEXT GEN: VIVIENNE ROHNER" (https://vmagazine.com/article/v125-next-gen-vivienne-rohner/) . V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Vivienne Rohner BIO" (https://www.monster-mgmt.com/w/models/mnstr/13293-vivienne-rohner) . Monster Management. ^ Jump up to: a b Sauter, Lorena (8 October 2014). "Nachwuchsmodel Vivienne startet durch" (https://www.20min.ch/story/nachwuchsmodel-vivienne-startet-durch-926867881789) . 20min.ch (in Swiss German). ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Self Service N°47" (https://selfservicemagazine.com/credit/vivienne-rohner/#/self-service-n47-35/) . Self Service Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mowatt, Robyn (4 June 2018). "MARC JACOBS PRESENTS ITS FIRST-EVER TOUCHSCREEN SMARTWATCH" (https://hypebae.com/2018/6/marc-jacobs-riley-touchscreen-smartwatch-campaign-lauren-tsai) . hypebae.com . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Binlot, Ann (15 April 2019). "Finding inspiration with Mugler's Casey Cadwallader" (https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/04/finding-inspiration-with-muglers-casey-cadwallader/) . Document Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Villamil Navarro, Camila (5 October 2021). "Elegancia y extravagancia dentro y fuera de las pasarelas de París" (https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/mujeres/semana-de-la-moda-de-paris-lo-mas-destacado-del-cierre-de-las-pasarelas-623231) . El Tiempo (in Spanish). ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ahmed, Osman (6 October 2021). "Chanel channelled the 90s for its high-camp SS22 show" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/xgxnk3/chanel-ss22-review) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hyde, Shelby Ying (5 October 2021). "Five Things to Know About Chanel's Spring 2022 Show" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/g37867738/chanels-spring-2022-show/) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Madsen, Anders Christian (7 December 2021). "Chanel" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/pre-fall-2022/chanel) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Allard, Katriane (13 September 2021). "Chanel Goes Ski Chalet Chic For Fall/Winter 2021 RTW Campaign" (https://blackbookmag.com/fashion-style/chanel-goes-ski-chalet-chic-for-fall-winter-2021-campaign/) . blackbookmag.com . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/18776#18776) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "See all 27 editions of Vogue's The Creativity Issue covers as they land" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/see-all-27-editions-of-vogues-the-creativity-issue-covers-as-they-land) . Vogue India . Condé Nast. 10 March 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Vivienne Rohner covers Vogue Nederland shot by Hill & Aubrey" (https://www.unique.dk/vivienne-r-vogue/) . Unique Models Denmark. 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivienne_Rohner&oldid=1188418516 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivienne_Rohner&oldid=1188418516) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Swiss people of Argentine descent (/wiki/Category:Swiss_people_of_Argentine_descent) Swiss people of Russian descent (/wiki/Category:Swiss_people_of_Russian_descent) Swiss female models (/wiki/Category:Swiss_female_models) People from Zürich (/wiki/Category:People_from_Z%C3%BCrich) 1998 births (/wiki/Category:1998_births) Next Management models (/wiki/Category:Next_Management_models) Hidden categories: CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2) (/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from December 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2021) EngvarB from December 2021 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_December_2021) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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German women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Germany portal (/wiki/Portal:Germany) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:German fashion designers (/wiki/Category:German_fashion_designers) . It includes German fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7lfvn Cached time: 20240719200131 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.076 seconds Real time usage: 0.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3970/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 302/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.043/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937602/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 92.508 1 -total 49.97% 46.227 1 Template:Portal 38.12% 35.267 1 Template:Non-diffusing 30.94% 28.625 1 Template:Cmbox 11.68% 10.809 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.26% 8.563 2 Template:Category_other 7.08% 6.551 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.70% 3.422 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.51% 1.398 1 Template:Clear 1.42% 1.312 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72301089-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719200131 and revision id 1177797939. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "German women fashion designers" The following 25 pages are in this category, out of 25 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Iris von Arnim (/wiki/Iris_von_Arnim) B Barbara Becker (/wiki/Barbara_Becker) Gunda Beeg (/wiki/Gunda_Beeg) Anna Ben-Yusuf (/wiki/Anna_Ben-Yusuf) Maria Bogner (/wiki/Maria_Bogner) E Barbara Engel (/wiki/Barbara_Engel) Susanne Erichsen (/wiki/Susanne_Erichsen) G Anja Gockel (/wiki/Anja_Gockel) Eva Gronbach (/wiki/Eva_Gronbach) H Uli Herzner (/wiki/Uli_Herzner) Mafalda von Hessen (/wiki/Mafalda_von_Hessen) Claudia Hill (/wiki/Claudia_Hill) K Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) L Julia Lang (entrepreneur) (/wiki/Julia_Lang_(entrepreneur)) Sonja de Lennart (/wiki/Sonja_de_Lennart) Gina-Lisa Lohfink (/wiki/Gina-Lisa_Lohfink) M Maria May (/wiki/Maria_May) Anna Muthesius (/wiki/Anna_Muthesius) P Leyla Piedayesh (/wiki/Leyla_Piedayesh) R Else Raydt (/wiki/Else_Raydt) S Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Wiebke Siem (/wiki/Wiebke_Siem) T Thea Tewi (/wiki/Thea_Tewi) W Johanna Weigel (/wiki/Johanna_Weigel) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797939 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797939) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : German fashion designers (/wiki/Category:German_fashion_designers) German women artists (/wiki/Category:German_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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American actor and model Mitchell Slaggert is an American actor and model, based in New York. He is the son of Jeff and Kellye Slaggert, and one of Douglas Leo Francis Joseph Patrick Slaggert’s 19 grandchildren. He appeared in the Broad Green feature film Wish Upon (/wiki/Wish_Upon) , opposite Joey King (/wiki/Joey_King) and Ryan Phillippe (/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe) , and directed by John Leonetti. He also appeared in the limited series Diablo Guardián (/wiki/Diablo_Guardi%C3%A1n) for Blim (/wiki/Blim) . After being scouted on the street in Wilmington N.C., he was cast as the lead of the independent film MOSS by Daniel Peddle (/wiki/Eric_Daniel_Peddle) which premiered in the US Fiction Competition at the 2017 LA Film Festival on June 21, 2017. [1] (#cite_note-filmindependent-1) As a model, Mitchell has been the face of Calvin Klein Underwear, [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Dsquared2, David Yurman, Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) and featured in numerous publications around the world. [4] (#cite_note-4) Slaggert plays Jackson on Season 2 of The Sex Lives of College Girls (/wiki/The_Sex_Lives_of_College_Girls) . [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-filmindependent_1-0) "2017 LA Film Festival Competition Lineup Announced! What's Playing and How to See It" (https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/2017-la-film-festival-competition-lineup-announced-whats-playing-see/) . Film Independent . Retrieved July 31, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Petrarca, Emilia (February 9, 2016). "Calvin Klein's Mitchell Slaggert on Meeting Kendall Jenner" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/calvn-klein-underwear-model-mitchell-slaggert) . W Magazine . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Okwodu, Janelle (February 17, 2016). "Meet Calvin Klein Underwear Model Mitchell Slaggert" (http://www.vogue.com/article/calvin-klein-underwear-model-mitchell-slaggert-kendall-jenner-interview) . Vogue . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "DNA Models" (https://www.dnamodels.com/div/men-main-board/model/mitchell-slaggert2/p/4671/c/-1/#/page/1) . DNA Models . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sisavat, Monica (November 28, 2022). "Mitchell Slaggert Talks Jackson and Kimberly's Relationship in 'TSLOCG': 'You Root For Them' (https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/mitchell-slaggert-the-sex-lives-college-girls-interview-49025693) " (https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/mitchell-slaggert-the-sex-lives-college-girls-interview-49025693) . PopSugar (/wiki/PopSugar) . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Mitchell Slaggert (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8190400/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐7588db7c9d‐nnnmw Cached time: 20240717075140 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.209 seconds Real time usage: 0.345 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 626/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10552/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 737/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19129/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.127/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4138099/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 332.274 1 -total 49.05% 162.990 1 Template:Reflist 43.68% 145.138 5 Template:Cite_web 27.57% 91.611 1 Template:Short_description 12.51% 41.581 2 Template:Pagetype 11.64% 38.689 5 Template:Main_other 11.13% 36.969 1 Template:IMDb_name 10.87% 36.123 1 Template:SDcat 5.95% 19.757 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 5.01% 16.640 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54576125-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717075140 and revision id 1224232227. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_Slaggert&oldid=1224232227 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_Slaggert&oldid=1224232227) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American male actors (/wiki/Category:American_male_actors) Male models from New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Male_models_from_New_York_(state)) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from July 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2017) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
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Men's underwear index can indicate economic recovery after a slump. The men's underwear index ( MUI ) is an economic index (/wiki/Index_(economics)) that can supposedly detect the beginnings of a recovery (/wiki/Economic_recovery) during an economic slump (/wiki/Recession) . The premise is that men's underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) are a necessity in normal economic times and sales (/wiki/Sales) remain stable. During a severe downturn (/wiki/Recession) , demand (/wiki/Demand) for these goods changes as new purchases are deferred. [1] (#cite_note-1) Hence, men's purchasing habits for underwear (and that of their spouses on their behalf) is thought to be a good indicator (/wiki/Economic_indicator) of discretionary spending (/wiki/Discretionary_spending) for consumption (/wiki/Consumption_(economics)) at large especially during turnaround periods. This indicator is noted for being followed by former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan (/wiki/Alan_Greenspan) . [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Big Mac index (/wiki/Big_Mac_index) Hemline index (/wiki/Hemline_index) Lipstick index (/wiki/Lipstick_index) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mui, Ylan Q. (31 August 2009). "Blue Chip, White Cotton: What Underwear Says About the Economy" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/30/AR2009083002761.html) . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brush, Michael. "How your undies track the recession" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110302061931/http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/CompanyFocus/how-your-undies-track-the-recession.aspx) . MSN Money . Archived from the original (https://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/CompanyFocus/how-your-undies-track-the-recession.aspx) on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . External links [ edit ] Alan Greenspan's Underwear Drawer January 1, 2008 (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17759341) Blue Chip, White Cotton: What Underwear Says About the Economy By Ylan Q. Mui Washington Post Staff Writer Monday, August 31, 2009 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/30/AR2009083002761.html) May 25, 2011 Unemployment Rate Hits 9.7 Percent As Economy Sheds 216,000 Jobs In August By Arthur Delaney (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/04/unemployment-hits-97-as-e_n_277218.html) This economics (/wiki/Economics) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_underwear_index&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wbmh6 Cached time: 20240712181233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.196 seconds Real time usage: 0.271 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 352/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7989/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 782/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12582/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.141/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3473658/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 255.350 1 -total 48.63% 124.183 1 Template:Reflist 42.96% 109.708 2 Template:Cite_news 26.21% 66.937 1 Template:Economics-stub 25.01% 63.864 1 Template:Asbox 24.40% 62.317 1 Template:Short_description 14.59% 37.244 2 Template:Pagetype 5.42% 13.832 3 Template:Main_other 4.64% 11.850 1 Template:SDcat 0.88% 2.236 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24223337-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712181233 and revision id 1212592829. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_underwear_index&oldid=1212592829 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_underwear_index&oldid=1212592829) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Economic indicators (/wiki/Category:Economic_indicators) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) Men's clothing (/wiki/Category:Men%27s_clothing) Economics and finance stubs (/wiki/Category:Economics_and_finance_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Swedish manufacturer This section contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4stens&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:H%C3%A4stens) . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hästens Sängar AB Company type Privately held company (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Furnitures (/wiki/Furniture) / Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_good) Genre Family Business (/wiki/Family_Business) Founded 1852 ( 1852 ) Founder Pehr Adolf Janson (/wiki/Pehr_Adolf_Janson) Headquarters Köping (/wiki/K%C3%B6ping,_Sweden) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Area served Global locations Key people Jan Ryde (Executive Chairman & Owner) , Robert Carlén (CFO) . [1] (#cite_note-bedtimes-1) Products High-end (/wiki/High-end) Mattress (/wiki/Mattress) / beds (/wiki/Bed) , bedding (/wiki/Bedding) , accessories Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Hästens Beds Ab Website http://www.hastens.com/ (http://www.hastens.com/) Hästens Sängar AB , or simply Hastens [2] (#cite_note-2) ( Swedish pronunciation: [ˈhɛ̌sːtɛns] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish) , Swedish for "The horse's" as in "the horse's beds"), is a Swedish (/wiki/Sweden) manufacturer established in 1852, that produces and trades in beds, bed linen, pillows and lifestyle accessories. [3] (#cite_note-3) The company was founded by Pehr Adolf Janson (/wiki/Pehr_Adolf_Janson) in 1852 as a saddler (/wiki/Saddle) business and is a family-owned company. [4] (#cite_note-4) David Janson shifted their focus in the early 1900s from making saddles to making beds. By 1952, a century after its foundation, they had become the official bedding supplier of Sweden's royal court, [1] (#cite_note-bedtimes-1) a title they share with IKEA (/wiki/IKEA) since 1984. [5] (#cite_note-5) The company continues to manufacture all beds in its factory in Sweden. [6] (#cite_note-6) Hästens manufactures beds (/wiki/Bed) and mattresses (/wiki/Mattress) by using materials such as cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , horse hair (/wiki/Horse_hair) , wool (/wiki/Wool) and flax (/wiki/Flax) . Hästens retail stores also sell branded premium bedlinen, pillows, duvets and accessories. History [ edit ] Pehr Adolf Janson, founder of Hästens. David Janson (to the left) and master craftsmen photographed by David in front of the Hästens factory in Köping in the beginning of the 1900s Hästens commissioned this 2013 commercial with Dutch attorney Bram Moszkowicz (/wiki/Bram_Moszkowicz) to show how solid their new guarantee policy is. Pehr Adolf Janson (1830-1885) was awarded his master certificate in 1852 by King Oscar I of Sweden (/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Master saddlers were also makers of mattresses, since horsetail hair was an essential material for the pads that went into the carriage. [8] (#cite_note-8) At that time, becoming a master saddler in Sweden required the certificate to be issued by the King himself. [ citation needed ] In the late 1800s, the family moved to Hed (/wiki/Heds_socken) and Pehr Adolf's son Per Thure Janson decided to follow his father's path in becoming a master saddler. Per Thure started a company together with his son David Janson. The business of making beds took off and they were soon producing more beds than saddles. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1939, British architect Ralph Erskine (/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)) (1914–2005) travelled by bicycle to Sweden, where he later met David Janson who commissioned him to build the Hästens Factory, which was one of the first buildings that he designed in Sweden. [10] (#cite_note-10) It was designed by Erskine in 1948 and he also designed the further expansion of the factory in 1998, in Köping where the company is still located as of 2019 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4stens&action=edit) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1978, Jack Ryde designed Hästens' blue check pattern that was presented for a furniture trade fair. The blue check pattern is a registered trademark for Hästens beds and is protected. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Hästens today [ edit ] Markets [ edit ] Hästens currently operates retail stores around the world in locations such as: Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , London (/wiki/London) , Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) , Zurich (/wiki/Zurich) , Frankfurt (/wiki/Frankfurt) , Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Bari (/wiki/Bari) , Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , México City (/wiki/M%C3%A9xico_City) , Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Taipei (/wiki/Taipei) and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Awards [ edit ] 1952 - Purveyor to the Swedish Royal Court (/wiki/Purveyor_to_the_Swedish_Royal_Court) [17] (#cite_note-17) 2006 - Swedish Trade Council (/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Council) Export Award & Best International Growth Company by Ernst & Young (/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) 2010 - Wallpaper* (/wiki/Wallpaper*) Design Award Best Bed [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) 2011 - Palme d'Or de la Literie de Prestige [22] (#cite_note-22) 2013 - Signum Priset (/wiki/Signum_Priset) Sweden [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) 2015 - Hurun Report (/wiki/Hurun_Report) : The Best of the Best Awards 2015 [25] (#cite_note-25) Legal cases [ edit ] In 2000, a Swedish court ruled that Hästens was not allowed to advertise with phrases such as "The finest beds in the world" and "due to [our unique manufacturing process in Köping], we can offer 25 years' warranty on springs and frames". The latter was, among other reasons, because the springs and frames were actually manufactured by a subcontractor. [26] (#cite_note-26) Many companies have tried to copy the check patterns and Hästens has successfully undertaken legal procedures in several countries against infringements and counterfeits. [27] (#cite_note-27) As of 2011, the phrase "At Hästens we set out to make the best beds in the world." is used. [28] (#cite_note-28) References [ edit ] ^ a b "PURVEYOR TO THE SWEDISH ROYAL COURT SINCE 1952" (https://www.hastens.com/en/our-story/royal-court) . Hästens.com . 30 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hästens Sängar AB: Private Company Information" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=30491029) . Bloomberg (/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.) . Retrieved 2018-09-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Our Story - Perfect sleep tailored for you since 1852 | Hästens" (https://www.hastens.com/en/our-story) . Hästens . Retrieved 2018-09-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The World of Hästens (company brochure)" (http://issuu.com/hastensbeds/docs/worldofhastens) . Hästens. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Ikea Catalogues 1984/85" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140516203602/http://ikea-kataloger.blogspot.se/) . Archived from the original (http://ikea-kataloger.blogspot.se/) on May 16, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dagens Industri March 25th, 2014 "Slut med sömnlösa nätter" ^ (#cite_ref-7) "New high street bed store puts a Hästens spring in La Casa's step" (https://jerseyeveningpost.com/business/2022/02/02/new-high-street-bed-store-puts-a-hstens-spring-in-la-casas-step/) . Jersey Evening Post . 2022-02-02 . Retrieved 2022-06-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Heritage" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150111170253/http://www.hastens.com/en/our-story/heritage/) . Archived from the original (http://www.hastens.com/en/our-story/heritage) on January 11, 2015 . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Hästens Heritage" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150111170253/http://www.hastens.com/en/our-story/heritage/) . Hastens.com . Archived from the original (http://www.hastens.com/en/our-story/heritage) on January 11, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Stockholm University" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213230100/http://www.sub.su.se/home/about-the-library/architecture/erskine-100-years/) . Stockholm University . Archived from the original (http://www.sub.su.se/home/about-the-library/architecture/erskine-100-years/) on 2015-02-13 . Retrieved 2015-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Köpings hemsida" (http://www.koping.se/boende-miljo-och-trafik/modernismen-i-vastmanland/arkitekturguide/styrmannen/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Marknadsdomstolen - Domar" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150119030953/http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/avgoranden/domar?item=1523&year=2002#id-1523) . Archived from the original (http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/avgoranden/domar?item=1523&year=2002#id-1523) on 2015-01-19 . Retrieved 2015-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Marknadsdomstolen - Domar" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150119031243/http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/avgoranden/domar?item=1514&year=2002#id-1514) . Archived from the original (http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/avgoranden/domar?item=1514&year=2002#id-1514) on 2015-01-19 . Retrieved 2015-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Dagens Industri March 24th, 2014 "Slut med sömnlösa nätter" page 28-29 ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Inauguración de la tienda Hästens en Madrid" (http://www.camarahispanosueca.com/es/eventos/417-inauguracion-de-la-tienda-haestens-en-madrid.html) . Cámara de Comercio Hispano Sueca . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Glow Digital BlogTout sur la Brussels Japan Night ! - Glow Digital Blog" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150119030639/http://www.glowmedia.be/brussels-japan-night/) . Glow Digital Blog . Archived from the original (http://www.glowmedia.be/brussels-japan-night/) on 2015-01-19 . Retrieved 2015-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "List of Royal Warrant Holders of the Swedish court" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150214055727/http://hovlev.se/index_e.html) . Kungliga Hovleverantörer . Archived from the original (http://www.hovlev.se/index_e.html) on 2015-02-14. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Horsehair beds 'Sweden's export of the year" (http://www.thelocal.se/20060424/3634) . The local . 24 April 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Hästens wins the export prize" (http://www.di.se/artiklar/2006/4/24/hastens-vann-guldmedalj/?flik=senaste) . Dagens Industri . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Wallpaper* Design Awards 2010: The Interior Design Winners" (http://inventorspot.com/articles/see_best_domestic_design_winners_wallpaper_design_awards_2010_pa_37242) . Inventor Spot . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Hästens Bed makers" (http://www.wallpaper.com/lifestyle/hstens-bed-makers/5704) . Wallpaper Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Groupe Decoration Francaise Paris ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Signumpriset" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150217123817/http://hastensnew2.episerverhotell.net/upload/pdf/Pressrelease_Signumpriset_ENG.pdf) (PDF) . PRESS RELEASE 24.01.2013 . Archived from the original (http://hastensnew2.episerverhotell.net/upload/pdf/Pressrelease_Signumpriset_ENG.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-02-17 . Retrieved 2015-02-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Brand Eye - Vi mäter varumärkets styrka" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131010032615/http://www.brandeye.se/artiklar/bn113_hart.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.brandeye.se/artiklar/bn113_hart.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-10-10 . Retrieved 2015-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Hurun Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150217120154/http://www.hurun.net/en/ArticleShow.aspx?nid=9604) . Hurun Report . Archived from the original (http://www.hurun.net/en/ArticleShow.aspx?nid=9604) on 2015-02-17 . Retrieved 2015-02-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Court ruling Dux v. Hästens (http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/Filer/Avg%C3%B6randen/Dom00.20.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213145913/http://www.marknadsdomstolen.se/Filer/Avg%C3%B6randen/Dom00.20.pdf#) 2015-02-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Marknadsdomstolen (2000). (In Swedish) ^ (#cite_ref-27) Sveriges Radio. "Blå-vita rutor gav seger till Köpingsföretag" (http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=112&artikel=131601) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Best bed (http://www.hastens.com/en-us/Sangar/) . Hastens.com. (2011) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180019/http://www.hastens.com/en-us/Sangar/) March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Official website (//www.hastens.com/en-us) v t e Mattress (/wiki/Mattress) manufacturers Boll & Branch (/wiki/Boll_%26_Branch) Casper Sleep (/wiki/Casper_Sleep) Chittenden & Eastman Company (/wiki/Chittenden_%26_Eastman_Company) Dorel (/wiki/Dorel_Industries) Eight Sleep (/wiki/Eight_Sleep) Hästens Helix Sleep (/wiki/Helix_Sleep) IKEA (/wiki/IKEA) Leggett & Platt (/wiki/Leggett_%26_Platt) Lo Monaco (/wiki/Grupo_Lo_Monaco) McRoskey (/wiki/McRoskey_Mattress_Company) Pikolin (/wiki/Pikolin) Saatva (/wiki/Saatva) Savoir Beds (/wiki/Savoir_Beds) Serta Simmons Beautyrest (/wiki/Beautyrest) Serta (/wiki/Serta_(company)) Simmons (/wiki/Simmons_Bedding_Company) Tuft & Needle (/wiki/Tuft_%26_Needle) Shifman (/wiki/Shifman_Mattress_Company) Simba Sleep (/wiki/Simba_Sleep) Sit 'n Sleep (/wiki/Sit_%27n_Sleep) Sleep Country Canada (/wiki/Sleep_Country_Canada) Bloom (/wiki/Sleep_Country_Canada#Bloom) Endy Sleep (/wiki/Endy_Sleep) Sleep Number (/wiki/Sleep_Number) Spring Air (/wiki/Spring_Air_Company) Chattam & Wells (/wiki/Chattam_and_Wells) Spring Air (/wiki/Spring_Air_Company) Tempur Sealy International (/wiki/Tempur_Sealy_International) Sealy (/wiki/Sealy_Corporation) Stearns & Foster (/wiki/Stearns_%26_Foster) Tempur-Pedic (/wiki/Tempur-Pedic) Therm-a-Rest (/wiki/Therm-a-Rest) Vispring (/wiki/Vispring) AhhSleep! (http://www.AhhSleep.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐tzd8c Cached time: 20240713234209 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.574 seconds Real time usage: 0.789 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2719/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64542/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2488/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 96487/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.397/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18149536/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 707.365 1 -total 30.53% 215.942 1 Template:Reflist 25.10% 177.536 23 Template:Cite_web 15.17% 107.281 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.05% 106.484 1 Template:IPA-sv 14.79% 104.614 1 Template:IPA 13.60% 96.236 1 Template:Infobox 11.66% 82.457 1 Template:Mattresses 11.03% 78.054 1 Template:Navbox 10.38% 73.396 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32867978-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713234209 and revision id 1214726812. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hästens&oldid=1214726812 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hästens&oldid=1214726812) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1852 introductions (/wiki/Category:1852_introductions) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Swedish brands (/wiki/Category:Swedish_brands) Beds (/wiki/Category:Beds) Bed manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Bed_manufacturers) Mattress retailers of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Mattress_retailers_of_Sweden) Multinational companies headquartered in Sweden (/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Sweden) Purveyors to the Court of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Purveyors_to_the_Court_of_Sweden) Swedish companies established in 1852 (/wiki/Category:Swedish_companies_established_in_1852) Manufacturing companies established in 1852 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1852) Shops in New York City (/wiki/Category:Shops_in_New_York_City) Companies based in Västmanland County (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_V%C3%A4stmanland_County) Sleep (/wiki/Category:Sleep) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from March 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_March_2016) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from February 2015 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_possible_conflicts_of_interest_from_February_2015) Pages with Swedish IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Swedish_IPA) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2015) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
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American shoe manufacturer This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Weinbrenner Shoe Company" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Weinbrenner+Shoe+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Weinbrenner Shoe Company Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 1892 Headquarters Merrill, Wisconsin (/wiki/Merrill,_Wisconsin) , United States Products Boots (/wiki/Boot) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Thorogood Website www.weinbrennerusa.com (http://www.weinbrennerusa.com/) Weinbrenner Shoe Company is an American manufacturer of safety (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) , military (/wiki/Combat_boot) , work and uniform footwear (/wiki/Footwear) . It was established in 1892 and the headquarters are located in Merrill, Wisconsin (/wiki/Merrill,_Wisconsin) . This manufacturer is best known for the Thorogood brand of work boots (/wiki/Work_boots) . History [ edit ] The Weinbrenner Shoe Company was founded by Albert H. Weinbrenner, the son of a German immigrant and cobbler. Originally working as an apprentice for his father repairing outsoles, he left at age 27 in 1892 to start his own business with Joseph Pfeifer. The two opened a small cobblery in Milwaukee (/wiki/Milwaukee) , Wisconsin called "Weinbrenner and Pfeifer", specializing in "jobbing" shoes (referred to today as work boots). After eight years in repair and sale, the pair transitioned into manufacturing. In 1900 they purchased the Knoll Shoe Company for $1,500. The new company they formed was named the Albert H. Weinbrenner Company. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The company grew quickly, reaching production of 60 pairs of boots per day by 1902 and 2,500 pairs per day by 1905. In 1909, Weinbrenner moved to a new, larger factory of 158,000 square feet. Its innovate exterior design for the period led to its feature in several national architectural magazines. [2] (#cite_note-2) In the 1910s, the company began to diversify into producing boot styles designed for more particular trades. During the first World War (/wiki/World_War_I) , they were a major contributor of military boots for US Army infantry. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1918, the Thorogood brand of work boots was introduced and quickly garnered popularity. It remains Weinbrenner's most well-known brand by a significant margin. In 1935, construction began on a new manufacturing plant in Marshfield (/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin) , Wisconsin in order to raise production capacity to 3–4,000 boots per day. In the following few years, new plants were also built in Merrill (/wiki/Merrill,_Wisconsin) , Wisconsin (/wiki/Wisconsin) and Antigo (/wiki/Antigo,_Wisconsin) , Wisconsin. During the second World War, all production was directed towards the war effort. This led to the development of improved safety technology such as steel safety-toe caps, protective outsoles, and metatarsal guards. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1943, workers at Weinbrenner unionized under the International Boot and Shoe Workers Union, a first step in a long history of union support in the company (currently, the company is represented by the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union). Production of the "Hike 'n Camp" boot designed for the Boy Scouts began in 1964. This style (now the "814-4201") would become Weinbrenner's best selling boot of all time. Its design is widely considered the signature boot for the construction industry. In 2000, workers took ownership of the company in the form of an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). Today Weinbrenner is America's largest manufacturer of "Made in USA" footwear, selling over 125 styles of domestic footwear. Including imported lines, it produces 250 styles. The Merrill manufacturing plant operates as the current headquarters. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2019, Jeff Burns was named president of the company. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the same year, it was named Merrill's Business of the Year. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "THOROGOOD WORK BOOTS | Safety and Non-Safety | AMERICAN MADE - UNION MADE | Lifetime Union Member Discounts | FREE SHIPPING & EXCHANGES" (https://www.theunionbootpro.com/faq_sizingHIST.cfm) . www.theunionbootpro.com . Retrieved 2020-07-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) pls4e (2018-08-01). "Weinbrenner Shoe Company Factory" (https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/WI-01-WO5) . SAH ARCHIPEDIA . Retrieved 2020-07-13 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Jeff Burns Named President of Weinbrenner Shoe Company" (https://merrillfotonews.com/2019/09/04/jeff-burns-named-president-of-weinbrenner-shoe-company/) . Merrill Foto News . 2019-09-04 . Retrieved 2020-07-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Weinbrenner Shoe Company named large Business of the Year" (https://merrillfotonews.com/2019/12/05/weinbrenner-shoe-company-named-large-business-of-the-year/) . Merrill Foto News . 2019-12-05 . Retrieved 2020-07-13 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.weinbrennerusa.com/) 45°10′46″N 89°42′00″W / 45.179496°N 89.69997°W / 45.179496; -89.69997 History of Weinbrenner (https://www.theunionbootpro.com/faq_sizingHIST.cfm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4hhmt Cached time: 20240715032601 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.365 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1483/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25251/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1041/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19952/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.159/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5625963/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 336.851 1 -total 28.58% 96.270 1 Template:Reflist 24.86% 83.742 4 Template:Cite_web 21.71% 73.135 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.15% 71.250 1 Template:Primary_sources 19.81% 66.744 1 Template:Ambox 19.19% 64.638 1 Template:Infobox 18.23% 61.396 1 Template:Short_description 10.57% 35.605 2 Template:Pagetype 6.92% 23.301 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46501970-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715032601 and revision id 1194939358. 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Clothing worn by the Kazakh people Kazakh women wearing a folk costume for ceremonial purposes. Kazakh clothing , worn by the Kazakh (/wiki/Kazakhs) people, is often made of materials suited to the region's extreme climate and the people's nomadic lifestyle. [1] (#cite_note-Coming_of_Age-1) It is commonly decorated with elaborate ornaments made from bird beaks, animal horns, hooves and feet. [2] (#cite_note-2) Although contemporary Kazakhs usually wear Western dress, the Turkic people (/wiki/Turkic_people) wear more traditional clothing for holidays and special occasions. [3] (#cite_note-Pictures-3) Materials and production methods [ edit ] Traditional materials used in Kazakh clothing include fabric (/wiki/Fabric) , skin (/wiki/Hide_(skin)) , felt (/wiki/Felt) , and fur (/wiki/Fur_clothing) . Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , fur, jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) , and ornamentation may also be used for decoration. [4] (#cite_note-4) Imported materials such as silk (/wiki/Silk) , brocade (/wiki/Brocade) , and velvet (/wiki/Velvet) can also be used for clothing, but are more expensive than traditional materials. A Bactrian camel has its hair sheared for clothing. Traditional materials, such as horsehair (/wiki/Horsehair) , fox fur (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur#Fox) , sheep's wool and rabbit hides, are used in the production of clothing. Preparation of the materials includes skinning, drying, and greasing the hides with a mixture of sour milk and flour. After four days, the skins are washed and soaked in a concentrated brine (/wiki/Brine) . After more drying, the underside of the hide is scraped with a skinning knife before being heated; this gives the skin its whitish color. The fur is then ready for dyeing in a variety of colors. Yellow dye is made from the crushed root of the Taranovy plant. Red dye is made from the root of Uiran Boyau , and orange dye is often made from dried pomegranate (/wiki/Pomegranate) crusts. Kazakhs often use white wool, and consider wool from the neck of a sheep valuable. The hair of the Bactrian camel (/wiki/Bactrian_camel) is also used for more luxurious clothing. An undercoat (/wiki/Fur#Composition) , collected after the camel has molted (/wiki/Moulting) , it is considered particularly valuable. Imported cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , silk, and woolen fabrics were used by Kazakh nomads (/wiki/Nomad) . The feudal nobility used imported fabrics to make their clothing; less-affluent Kazakhs wore more easily accessible materials, such as furs, leather, and homemade wool. Fabrics were home-spun on a primitive, horizontal loom (/wiki/Loom) . Women's clothing [ edit ] Women wear a shirt-like garment known as a köylek . Different fabrics are used, with more-expensive fabrics for festive wear and common fabrics for everyday use. The köylek is made by folding a piece of fabric in half and sewing the sides from the armpits to the bottom hem. A köylek usually worn by unmarried Kazakh girls is typically made from a light, soft fabric which accentuates the waist. Kunikey means "sun-like" in Kazakh (/wiki/Kazakh_language) , and the word is used to describe this type of clothing. [5] (#cite_note-5) Kazakh girls wear trousers made of sheepskin, homespun cloth, and heavy cotton fabrics. They may be short ( shalbar ) or long ( dalbar ). A kupe is a coat worn by women and men which is typically made of fox fur or, occasionally, goatskin (/wiki/Goatskin_(material)) . It is usually lined with camel or sheep wool and hemmed with otter fur on the sleeves for warmth during early spring and fall. [6] (#cite_note-6) A woman's kupe is distinguishable from a man's by its embroidered collar. A staple article of Kazakh clothing is the chapan (/wiki/Chapan) or shapan , a long, loose robe. [7] (#cite_note-CentralAsia-7) Unlike other clothing, it is not gender-specific and is worn by men and women. [8] (#cite_note-8) Chapans are made from various fabrics and are available in a range of colors (most often monochrome or dark). They are lined with a layer of wool or cotton. Festive velvet chapans are decorated with appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) , brushing, and gold embroidery. This type of robe was worn by wealthy Kazakhs. A syrmaly is a chapan which is quilted and strengthened with denser fabric. [9] (#cite_note-9) A qaptal is a lined chapan, and a shabu is a chapan trimmed with fur. [10] (#cite_note-10) Headgear [ edit ] A Kazakh woman riding a horse, wearing the saukele . Headgear (/wiki/Headgear) indicate a woman's relationship status. Unmarried girls wear a skullcap scarf and a warm, fur-edged cap. Wealthier girls' hats are made of bright velvet fabric and embroidered with golden thread. The bridal headgear of a bride is known as the saukele . These headdresses, often over a foot tall, are embedded with valuable ornaments such as pearls, coral, and pressed silver. [11] (#cite_note-11) Long suspension brackets, jaqtau , are fastened to the sides of the saukele and frame the bride's face. They sometimes reach the bride's waist. [12] (#cite_note-12) Less prosperous women make the saukele from cloth or satin and decorate it with glass beads; the zhaktau are added later. After the birth of her first child, a woman wears a hat made of white fabric (often for the rest of her life). The details of the hat vary by region to region. It has two parts; the bottom ( kimeshka ) is placed on the head and the top is twisted to form a turban (/wiki/Turban) . Men's clothing [ edit ] Traditional Kazakh men's clothing Men wear two types of skin shirts (without an undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) ), inner and outer trousers and loose-fitting robes made from various materials and belted with leather or cloth. During the 18th century, the top trousers ( shalbar ) were sewn from homespun camel hair (/wiki/Camel_hair) fabric and skin. They had embroidered silk patterns in vegetable shapes, the ends often sheathed by an ornate band and lace (/wiki/Lace) and edged with fur. Jackets were sewn from monochrome dark (occasionally multicolored) fabrics. They had a cloth lining, often insulated with a thin layer of wool. Popular among young Kazakh men, the jargaq shapa is decorated with traditional patterns and worn on important occasions. The coat ( ton ) is often made of sheepskin, but may be made from the skin of raccoons ( janat ishik ) or silver foxes ( qara tulki ). Nobles often wear kok ton , fur coats made from blue cloth covered (and trimmed) with beaver skin. [13] (#cite_note-13) Tons are often made by sewing together tanned sheepskins with wool on the inside; more prosperous Kazakhs wear tons made from the wool of four- to five-month-old lambs. Headgear [ edit ] Kazakh hunters with eagles An aiyr qalpaq is a pointed, upturned cap, usually worn by the upper class. [14] (#cite_note-costumes-14) The fabric cap is decorated with unique, ornamental patterns to indicate wealth, power and social status. A borik is a warm, round cap trimmed with otter, marten or raccoon fur, and a tymaq is a fur hat which covers the ears. [14] (#cite_note-costumes-14) A kulapara is a hood worn by hunters, shepherds, and herdsmen which attaches to the coat collar. [14] (#cite_note-costumes-14) For camouflage, hunters wear differently colored kulapara in different seasons: white in winter, green in summer, and yellow in autumn. A taqiya is a light, round hat decorated with patterns which include zoomorphic embroidery, flowers, and animal horns. Contemporary References [ edit ] In 2021, 14-year-old Kazakh Snezhanna Lee, an Aktobe native, won the gold cup and $1 million South Korean won ($851 USD) at the 7th annual International Super Queen Fashion contest in Seoul, South Korea. According to The Astana Times, the judges were fond of her traditional Kazakh outfits, among other skills, which led to her winning the prize. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Coming_of_Age_1-0) [1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC&q=clothing+&pg=PA110) Fergus, Michael and Jandosova, Janar, "Kazakhstan: Coming of Age," Stacey International, 2003, page 216. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1900988612 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900988612) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Loading site please wait..." (http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/kazakh-traditional-clothing-past-and-present) www.kazakhembus.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pictures_3-0) [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8rd4LRKrdUC&q=clothing+&pg=PA59) Waters, Bella "Kazakhstan in Pictures," Twenty First Century Books; 2nd edition, 2007, page 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0822565888 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822565888) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Kazakh Traditional Clothing: Past and Present" (http://astanatimes.com/2016/05/kazakh-traditional-clothing-past-and-present/) . 17 May 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kazakhstan Traditional Costumes and Clothing - Garments, Dress, Headgear, Footwear" (http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/kazakh_traditional_costumes.html) . www.bukhara-carpets.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Kazakhstan Traditional Costumes and Clothing - Garments, Dress, Headgear, Footwear" (http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/kazakh_traditional_costumes.html) . www.bukhara-carpets.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-CentralAsia_7-0) [3] (https://books.google.com/books?id=7qEgs9ZL7LgC&dq=clothing+kazakhstan&pg=PT252) Hanks, Reuel R., "Central Asia: a global studies handbook," ABC-CLIO, 2005, page 232. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1851096565 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096565) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Shapan (the dressing gown)" (http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/543) . National Digital History of Kazakhstan . August 8, 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kazakhstan Traditional Costumes and Clothing - Garments, Dress, Headgear, Footwear" (http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/kazakh_traditional_costumes.html) . www.bukhara-carpets.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Kazakhstan Traditional Costumes and Clothing - Garments, Dress, Headgear, Footwear" (http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/kazakh_traditional_costumes.html) . www.bukhara-carpets.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kazakh Saukele (female wedding headdress: from Sakas to Kazakhs through millenniums)" (http://www.kunstkamera.ru/en/temporary_exhibitions/in_house_exhibitions/archive_2/kazakh_saukele/) . Kunstkamera . Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "National Kazakh Wear" (http://visitkazakhstan.kz/en/about/77/) . Visit Kazakhstan . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Kazakh national costume reflects the ancient traditions associated with their ethnic history, economic, social and climatic conditions" (http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/347) . National Digital History of Kazakhstan . August 4, 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ a b c "Kazakhstan Traditional Costumes and Clothing - Garments, Dress, Headgear, Footwear" (http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/kazakh_traditional_costumes.html) . www.bukhara-carpets.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) December 2021, Saniya Bulatkulova in Culture on 4 (2021-12-04). "Young Kazakh Girl Amazes Jury of International Super Queen Korea Сontest" (https://astanatimes.com/2021/12/young-kazakh-girl-amazes-jury-of-international-super-queen-korea-сontest/) . The Astana Times . 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(Redirected from Star in a Bra (/w/index.php?title=Star_in_a_Bra&redirect=no) ) Lingerie brand Curvy Kate Founded 2009 Headquarters 1 Harefield Road Uxbridge UB81PH, Uxbridge , United Kingdom Key people Steve Hudson (Founder/Director) Products Lingerie Brands Brastop, Flirtelle, Scantilly Curvy Kate is a lingerie brand specialising in D – K cup Bras and Swimwear. They are currently based in Uxbridge, London (/wiki/Uxbridge,_London) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Curvy Kate lingerie is designed for the curvy woman and for small back sizes through to plus size bras with back bands from a 28" – 44". [2] (#cite_note-2) They officially launched in July 2009 at the Harrogate Lingerie Show. [3] (#cite_note-3) Curvy Kate do not use professional models. They instead run an annual modelling competition called "Star In A Bra" to look for customer role models with a D+ cup size. Their stance for using real sized models and ethnic models has been warmly received by the lingerie industry. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Since 2008 the winners have been: Emma Tabor (2008) [7] (#cite_note-7) Lauren Colfer (2009) [8] (#cite_note-8) Laura Ann Smith (2010) [ citation needed ] Lizzie Haines (/wiki/Lizzie_Haines) (2011) [9] (#cite_note-9) Sophie Morgan (2012) [10] (#cite_note-10) Lotte Williams (2013) and Sophia Adams (2015). [ citation needed ] In November 2015, Curvy Kate announced the launch of their new brand Scantilly in DD – HH cup sizes. [11] (#cite_note-11) Awards [ edit ] 2011 Full Bust Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) [12] (#cite_note-12) 2012 Full Bust Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards Best Marketing Campaign – UK Lingerie Awards [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) 2014 Lingerie and Beachwear Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards Womenswear Brand of the Year – Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) Awards [15] (#cite_note-15) 2015 Marketing Campaign of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " Contacts (http://www.curvykate.com/contacts-curvy-kate.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120904113908/http://www.curvykate.com/contacts-curvy-kate.php) 2012-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ." Curvy Kate Lingerie. Retrieved on 1 October 2013. "Curvy Kate Limited Unit 1, Hawthorn Centre, Elmgrove Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 2RF, United Kingdom" ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Curvy Kate Lingerie" (http://www.boudoirlingerie.co.uk/p0/curvy-kate-lingerie/392073.htm) . Boudoirlingerie.co.uk . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Curvy Kate 1st Birthday – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3759) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100819021356/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3759) 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ethnic Lingerie Models Ignored – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3887) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120617191113/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3887) 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A Look at Curvy Kate with Cheryl Warner" (https://thelingeriejournal.com/a-look-at-curvy-kate-with-cheryl-warner/) . thelingeriejournal.com . 27 May 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ethnic Lingerie Models – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=4120) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101219122705/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=4120) 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Emma's a real star in a bra" (http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/09/21/emma-s-a-real-star-in-a-bra-91466-21863820/) . WalesOnline . 2008-09-21 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Lauren Colfer: Star in a Bra 2009 Winner!" (http://www.the-lingerie-post.com/2009/08/lauren-colfer-star-in-a-bra-2009-winner/) . The Lingerie Post. 2009-08-05 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Lizzie Haines scoops Curvy Kate modelling prize" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110922024048/http://www.braselector.co.uk/2011/lizzie-haines-scoops-curvy-kate-modelling-prize/) . Archived from the original (http://www.braselector.co.uk/2011/lizzie-haines-scoops-curvy-kate-modelling-prize/) on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Star in a Bra 2012 – TOP TEN!" (http://sophiajenner.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/star-in-a-bra-2012-top-ten/) . Sophiajenner.wordpress.com. 2012-04-19 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Shop All Scantilly- Curvy Kate" (http://www.curvykate.com/scantilly-lingerie) . www.curvykate.com . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Curvy Kate celebrates Fuller Bust Brand of the Year title | News | The Appointment Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120129044140/http://www.theappointment.co.uk/news/article-curvy-kate-celebrates-fuller-bust-brand-of-the-year-title) . Theappointment.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.theappointment.co.uk/news/article-curvy-kate-celebrates-fuller-bust-brand-of-the-year-title) on 2012-01-29 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "uk lingerie awards | Special Reports" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192854/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/0/) . Lingerieinsight.com. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/0/) on 2013-10-29 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "uk lingerie awards | Special Reports" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721053232/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/15/) . Lingerieinsight.com. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/15/) on 2012-07-21 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Drapers Interview: Steve Hudson, Curvy Kate" (http://www.drapersonline.com/people/the-drapers-interview/the-drapers-interview-steve-hudson-curvy-kate/5069237.fullarticle) . Drapers . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Clarke, Sarah. "UKLA WINNER: Marketing Campaign of the Year" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810074922/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-6809-ukla-winner-marketing-campaign-of-the-year/) . www.lingerieinsight.com . Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-6809-ukla-winner-marketing-campaign-of-the-year/) on 2016-08-10 . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . 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Headgear and symbol of the Doge of Venice Corno ducale Heraldic depictions Details Country Most Serene Republic of Venice (/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice) The corno ducale ( Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) for 'ducal horn'), a unique ducal hat, was the headgear and symbol of the Doge of Venice (/wiki/Doge_of_Venice) . It was a stiff horn-like bonnet, which was made of gemmed brocade or cloth-of-gold and worn over a camauro (/wiki/Camauro) . The ducal horn was a fine linen cap with a structured peak at the back reminiscent of the Phrygian cap (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) , a classical symbol of liberty. Every Easter Monday (/wiki/Easter_Monday) , the doge headed a procession (/wiki/Procession) from St. Mark's basilica (/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica) to the convent of San Zaccaria (/wiki/San_Zaccaria,_Venice) , where the abbess (/wiki/Abbess) presented him with a new camauro crafted by the nuns. Origins [ edit ] The origin of the design is uncertain. Venice was heavily influenced by the Orient (/wiki/Orient) through trade and cultural exchange. This ceremonial headdress shares similarities with the Phrygian cap (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) or the white crown (/wiki/Hedjet) of Upper Egypt (/wiki/Upper_Egypt) . [1] (#cite_note-1) When Venice was still part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) , high-ranking Byzantine soldiers stationed in Venice also wore a headdress reminiscent of the horned Phrygian cap. [2] (#cite_note-2) The first recorded mention of the corno is from the 12th century, although it is possible that the doges already wore similar hats before then. Heraldry [ edit ] In heraldry, a distinction is made between the doge hat of the Republic of Venice and the doge hat of the Republic of Genoa (/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa) . From the end of the 18th century, this emblem of rank and dignity was only occasionally carried on in the arms of Venetian noble families ( Vendramin (/wiki/Vendramin_family) , Sagredo (/wiki/Sagredo_family) , Giustiniani (/wiki/Giustiniani) ). [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The corno was also used as a crest on the coat of arms of the Doge. Due to a special Italian Presidential decree (/wiki/President_of_Italy) , the coat of arms of the modern-day city of Venice features the corno. It replaces the mural crown (/wiki/Mural_crown) that is present on the coat of arms of other Italian cities. Coat of arms of the Republic. Modern-day coat of arms of the city of Venice. Election [ edit ] The Venetian Doges were appointed for life by the city-state (/wiki/City-state) 's aristocracy. The hat was presented to the doge on the day of his election. It was placed on his head by the youngest member of the Great Council (/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice) , with the following address: Accipe coronam ducalem Ducatus Venetiarum ("Receive the ducal crown of the Dogeship of Venice"). The doge then wears this horned cap in all circumstances where the dignity and power of the Republic are expressed, in particular on Easter day and during the feast of the Ascension (/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension) , for the Marriage of the Sea (/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Sea_ceremony) ceremony. History [ edit ] Due to its particular shape, the corno ducale is a very recognisable symbol of the Most Serene Republic. The cap is featured in countless works of art. In the Venetian language, the ducal horn is called zoia , literally "jewel". The rear point in the shape of a curved horn giving the cap its name is mentioned in the 13th century during the reign of Reniero Zeno (/wiki/Reniero_Zeno) ( r. 1253–1268 ). In this description the headdress is made of crimson velvet, with a gold circle around its perimeter. A golden cross is added to it by the doge Lorenzo Celsi (/wiki/Lorenzo_Celsi) ( r. 1361–1365 ). Another transformation of the zoia occurs in the 15th century when the doge Nicolo Marcello (/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Marcello) ( r. 1473–1474 ) had one made in gold. [6] (#cite_note-6) The horn disappeared along with the dogal institution in 1797, after the capture of Venice (/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice#12_May_1797:_the_Fall_of_the_Venetian_Republic) by Napoleon Bonaparte (/wiki/Napoleon) and the abdication of Ludovico Manin (/wiki/Ludovico_Manin) , the last doge. Gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Doge of Venice (/wiki/Doge_of_Venice) Republic of Venice (/wiki/Republic_of_Venice) Commune of Venice (/wiki/Commune_of_Venice) Signoria of Venice (/wiki/Signoria_of_Venice) Great Council of Venice (/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sharpe, Samuel (1863). Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity, with their modern influence on the opinions of modern Christendom . London: J.R. Smith. pp. xi. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781497873087 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Pazzi, Piero (1996). Il Corno ducale; o sia, Contributi alla conoscenza della corona ducale di Venezia volgarmente chiamata Corno [ On the ducal horn, emblem and insignia of the Doge of Venice ] (in Italian). Treviso: Istituto di Vigilanza Compiano. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Heraldik" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004337862__com_080535) . Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/9789004337862__com_080535 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004337862__com_080535) . Retrieved 2021-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gritzner, Maximilian (2012). Großes und allgemeines Wappenbuch . Bremen. p. 184. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-95507-686-3 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Oswald, Gert (1984). Lexikon der Heraldik . Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim. p. 100. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-411-02149-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Laugier, Marc-Antoine (1758). Histoire de la république de Venise . Paris: N.B. 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Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress of Uma Thurman Designer Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) Year 2000 ( 2000 ) Type Crimson dress The Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress of Uma Thurman refers to the crimson Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) dress worn by Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) at the 72nd Academy Awards (/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards) on March 26, 2000. In a poll by Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) published in The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) the dress was voted the 20th greatest red carpet gown of all time. [1] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-1) [2] (#cite_note-peop_TheO-2) The dress remains among the most iconic dresses worn at the Academy Awards. [3] (#cite_note-shek_Gown-3) [4] (#cite_note-smas_10Re-4) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Lavender Prada dress of Uma Thurman (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph08_1-0) Urmee Khan (October 9, 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved May 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-peop_TheO_2-0) Lisa Rose (January 24, 2008). "The Oscars' Most Iconic Red Dresses - 2000: UMA THURMAN - Academy Awards, Uma Thurman" (http://people.com/style/the-oscars-most-iconic-red-dresses/2000-uma-thurman) . People . Retrieved April 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-shek_Gown_3-0) WOMAN.ca (December 17, 2010). "Gown Glory" (http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1059219/top-20-most-iconic-red-carpet-dresses) . SheKnows . Retrieved April 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-smas_10Re_4-0) Andreas (September 26, 2014). "10 Red-Carpet Dresses that Stood the Test of Time" (http://smashingtops.com/design/10-red-carpet-dresses-that-stood-test-time/) . Smashing Tops . Retrieved April 22, 2015 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Aeshra_Patel&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Aeshra+Patel&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Aeshra+Patel) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Aeshra_Patel) for suggestions. ( December 2015 ) Aeshra Patel Born Aeshra Patel 10 April Kavitha, Vadodara (/wiki/Vadodara) , India (/wiki/India) Nationality Indian Occupation(s) Model, beauty pageant titleholder Years active 2008–present Modeling information Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Aeshra Patel is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder and model. She participated in Femina Miss India 2010 [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and was a 1st runner up in the Ford Supermodel 2009 [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) competition. Early life, education and personal life [ edit ] Patel was born and brought up in village called Kavitha, Vadodara (/wiki/Vadodara) . Her parents are farmers. As she was born in a farmer family she grew up doing all the farming activities like working in the farm, milking cows, etc. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Aeshra won Miss Baroda competition while studying medicine. [3] (#cite_note-3) Then she decided to pursue her dreams and moved to Mumbai to establish her career in modelling. Aeshra wasn't well versed with English language before she moved to Mumbai. She learnt the language all by herself. [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Early career and Femina Miss India 2010 [ edit ] Aeshra moved to Mumbai in 2008. She did number of television commercials & fashion shows. Some of her early notable work include commercials for Pantene, and Pizza Hut. Aeshra participated in Ford Supermodel 2009 competition and became the 1st runner up. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Aeshra also participated in Femina Miss India in 2010. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Lakme Fashion Week and India's International Jewellery Fashion Week [ edit ] Aeshra has walked the ramp at Lakme Fashion Week in 2011-2012 for notable fashion designers like Tarun Tahiliani, Sabyasachi Mukherji, Rohit Bal, Neeta Lulla, Anita Dongre, Shyamal and Bhoomika, Babita Malkani, and many more. Aeshra has also walked the ramp at India's International Jewellery Fashion Week in 2012–2013. [5] (#cite_note-5) Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2013 [ edit ] In 2013, Aeshra participated in Kingfisher Calendar Girl. She was awarded to be the new face of TRESemmé during the competition. [6] (#cite_note-6) Other modelling and print work [ edit ] Aeshra's other notable TV commercial work includes commercials for Puma, Emami Fair & Handsome, Provogue, Axe Deo, Spice Mobile, Star Cricket Promo, MTV Promo, Radical Rice, Reliance Mobile, Skoda, Intel, UTV Stars, and Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign which featured voiceover from Amitabh Bachchan (/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan) . Aeshra has also done a music video titled "Always on My Mind" with notable Pakistani pop icon Zohaib Hassan (/wiki/Zohaib_Hassan) . Aeshra's print work includes ads for Provogue, Raymond Suitings, Nature Valley Health Bars, Garden Vareli, Water Kingdom, Big Bazar, TBZ Jewellers, Economic Times, Kalanjali Sarees, Panache Jewellery, Skoda Calendar, Jai Hind Suitings, and Novotel Hotels. External videos Pantene Commercial (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebAhud64tC0) , YouTube video Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2013 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YNncQQrgTs) , YouTube video Provogue TV commercial (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sELXLZw1BnQ) , YouTube video Emami Fair and Handsome latest commercial (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hE4AoQCxmis) , YouTube video Ramp Ready Hairstyles by TRESemmé - Twisted Side Bun (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqtw5Qjvd-c) , YouTube video Ramp Ready Hairstyles by TRESemmé - Messy Updo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eY0CVOQ4oCw) , YouTube video Always on My Mind by Zoheb Hassan (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBTZQAklXko) , YouTube video Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4987aI9Qx4) , YouTube video PUMA Deccan Chargers - Horny for Cricket (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wXaikKHElY) , YouTube video UTV Stars commercial (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fac4yaiMptc) , YouTube video References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Aeshra Patel - Femina Miss India 2010 Contestants - Indiatimes.com" (http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/5711191.cms) . beautypageants.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "My journey to Miss India" (http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/aeshrapatelblog/my-journey-to-miss-india/) . Times Of India Blogs . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sizzler: Aeshra Patel : Simply Gujarati - India Today" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Sizzler:+Aeshra+Patel/1/3597.html) . indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Newbie Aeshra Patel wasn't well versed in English" (http://www.mid-day.com/articles/newbie-aeshra-patel-wasnt-well-versed-in-english/185044) . mid-day . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Aeshra Patel|Lakme Fashion Week Winter/Festive 2010 Female Model Auditions Photo Gallery, Lakme Fashion Week Winter/Festive 2010 Female Model Auditions Stills, Lakme Fashion Week Winter/Festive 2010 Female Model Auditions Gallery, Lakme Fashion Week Winter/Festive 201" (http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/photo_gallery_3-Hindi-Events-Lakme_Fashion_Week_Winter_Festive_2010_Female_Model_Auditions-Photo-Galleries-1,8,7138,13.php) . Bharatstudent . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Meet Aeshra Patel | NDTV Good Times" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151226024407/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/tv-shows/meet-aeshra-patel-695) . goodtimes.ndtv.com . Archived from the original (http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/tv-shows/meet-aeshra-patel-695) on 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . 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Swedish tailor and educator Hulda Lundin at the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) Born Hulda Sofia Lundin June 12, 1847 Kristianstad (/wiki/Kristianstad) , Sweden Died March 13, 1921 (1921-03-13) (aged 73) Oscars Parish, Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) Occupation tailor, educator, writer Language Swedish Nationality Swedish Alma mater Dahlska Girls School, Scania Subject sewing, sloyd (/wiki/Sloyd) Relatives Augusta Lundin (/wiki/Augusta_Lundin) (sister) Hulda Lundin (June 12, 1847, Kristianstad (/wiki/Kristianstad) [1] (#cite_note-runeberg.org-1) – March 13, 1921, Oscars Parish, Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) ) was a Swedish tailor and educator who laid the foundation for modern sewing education. She was the founder of the so-called “Swedish public school system of manual training”, and served as Inspector of Girls' Sloyd (/wiki/Sloyd) in the public schools of Stockholm. The government of Sweden granted Lundin a stipend to the World's Columbian Exposition (/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition) in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , the only woman thus chosen. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Early years and education [ edit ] Hulda Sofia Lundin was the daughter of Anders Lundin and Christine Andersson, as well as sister to the fashionista, fashion designer, and tailor Augusta Lundin (/wiki/Augusta_Lundin) and actor Anna Diedrich (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Diedrich&action=edit&redlink=1) . [3] (#cite_note-tidningar.kb.se-3) Both Lundin and her older sister, Augusta, learned sewing from their father, who was tailor. She studied at the Dahlska Girls School from 1855 to 1863. Career [ edit ] Educator [ edit ] Lundin worked in 1862–1866 as a teacher at the Dahlska Girls School. In 1867, she moved from her native town in Scania (/wiki/Scania) to Stockholm to work as a teacher with special dispensation, as she did not graduate with a college degree. [4] (#cite_note-ts-4) She secured a position as teacher of reading to a class of beginners. An interesting fact is that the natives of Scania have difficulty in pronouncing some of the letters of the alphabet, [ citation needed ] so this was a peculiarly trying position for the young teacher, twenty years of age, who was required to teach by the natural method, but the way in which she overcame its difficulties is a key to her character. Of it, she said: "As a Scanian I could not give the correct sounds of r and à (pronounced J). I was half discouraged, sought Inspector Meijerberg, and said to him: 'I cannot teach reading to beginners; I cannot teach reading by the natural method. Can I not have a class of older children to instruct?' The inspector's reply was: 'Learn what you do not know!' So early in the morning and late at night I rolled my r's and placed my lips and vocal organs in all possible and impossible positions in seeking a pure o, and-I conquered. It was a lesson which has been of practical value to me all my life; I discovered that difficulties and so-called impossibilities can be overcome!" [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Lundin entered on her teaching career at a fortunate time, for it was not long before the question of manual training in schools began to occupy the minds of pedagogues, and in 1881, it was decided to send out a female teacher at the expense of the celebrated Lars Hierta (/wiki/Lars_Hierta) 's memorial fund, to study the German system of Rosalie Schallenfeld as applied to hand work for girls. Lundin had won such high opinions from the school board that she was chosen by them as the most fitting person for this important errand, because in addition to the excellent manner in which she had performed her regular school duties, she had shown her interest in the subject of manual training by taking a trip in 1872 to England (/wiki/England) and Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) and in 1877 to Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) , especially to study this subject. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Hulda Lundin (1880) Lundin visited Germany (/wiki/Germany) for the purpose of finding out the reason for so much ingenuity on the part of the children of that country. After close observation she obtained sufficient knowledge of the deft and ingenious work done by them and the manner in which it was accomplished. Returning to Sweden she introduced into the public schools of her native country a thorough and practical system of handiwork. This system is taught boys and girls alike, and the result has been that, at the close of the school term the young people were experts with the needle. Patching, darning, knitting, crocheting, plain sewing, designing, cutting and making garments is a part of their daily instruction. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1893151-5) After the trip to Germany in 1881, Lundin began to form the pedagogy (/wiki/Pedagogy) , which was called alternating "Lundinska kursen, the Stockholm method" and the "Folkeskolans method". The pedagogy was inspired by Rosalie Schallenfeldt (/w/index.php?title=Rosalie_Schallenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1) 's teaching in female craft forms in Germany, and involved a methodological learning process, where different elements of teaching followed each other in a determined order. [4] (#cite_note-ts-4) There was also an element in the pedagogy that craft education was developing in a number of other ways such as by learning out of order. [6] (#cite_note-6) The Schallenfeld method was introduced by way of experiment into two Stockholm schools, and normal classes for the teachers were established. The committees of other cities soon seeing the value of the new work, invited Lundin to form normal classes for their teachers, and this she did, going even to Finland to introduce the system. Eventually, Lundin began teaching other teachers in her education methods, which was characterized by the teaching of the sloyd (/wiki/Sloyd) in Sweden in the latter part of the 19th century. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) In 1884, she was sent by the government to Karlsruhe (/wiki/Karlsruhe) to study the subject further, and on her return in 1885, was appointed inspector of girls' sloyd in all the public schools of Stockholm. In 1887, Lundin visited France (/wiki/France) and Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) on behalf of the state, and two years later, made a second journey of investigation to France at her own expense. The result of these student journeys was an intelligent, discriminating collection of material, through the use of which, by adaptation to the needs and conditions of her own country, a new and independent system was developed which in many respects, far exceeded the German one. The founder of the so-called “Swedish public school system of manual training” had the satisfaction of seeing her system used in Norway, Denmark, Finland, and even in the United States, where it was introduced into the New York Training College for Teachers. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Among her efforts to spread her system and bring about the good results that experience had shown her would follow, Lundin prepared and published several books describing it, giving programs of work in the various school grades and containing illustrations. An exhibit of Lundin's system of girls' sloyd was sent to Chicago, where it was displayed in the Swedish Building and in the Woman's Pavilion, arranged in upright cases decorated with the Viking style of ornament. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Other interests [ edit ] Lundin's organizing and executive powers were recognized and appreciated in other circles than purely educational ones, for she was one of the directors of the woman's club of Stockholm called Nya Idun (/wiki/Nya_Idun) , which was a monthly assemblage of women of the capital in literary, artistic, musical, educational, scientific, and philanthropic circles, and she was also one of the members of the Women's Committee of Sweden for the Chicago Exposition. The government of Sweden granted Lundin a stipend to the Chicago Exposition, the only woman thus chosen. She also represented the Swedish Women's Committee there. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) She was invited by the Swedish National Bureau of Education to be one of their honorary vice-presidents of the Department Congress of Industrial and Manual Instruction, and was also appointed a member of the Advisory Council of the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary on a World's Congress of Representative Women. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchool_of_Education1893276-2) Lundin was the first female member of the board of the Swedish Folk Higher Education Association, [4] (#cite_note-ts-4) and was also a member of the board of the Swedish Teachers' Magazine . [7] (#cite_note-runeberg.org156-7) Selected works [ edit ] Klädsömnad : Handledning i Måttagning, Mönsterritning och tillklippning af fruntimmerskläder , 1888 (in Swedish) Franska skolförhållanden : Reseanteckningar. , 1889 (in Swedish) Handledning i metodisk undervisning i kvinnlig slöjd , 1892 (in Swedish) En efterskörd från Chicagoutställningen. , 1895 (in Swedish) Klädsömnad : Handledning i måttagning, mönsterritning och tillklippning af fruntimmerskläder : Med 9 teckn:r : Till skolans och hemmets tjänst. , 1899 (in Swedish) Föredrag hållet vid Hulda Lundins slöjdkurs 25-års-jubileum. , 1907 (in Swedish) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-runeberg.org_1-0) "Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon, vol. II" (https://runeberg.org/sbh/b0103.html) . runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1906. p. 103 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g h School of Education 1893 (#CITEREFSchool_of_Education1893) , p. 276. ^ (#cite_ref-tidningar.kb.se_3-0) "Sök bland svenska dagstidningar" (https://tidningar.kb.se/8224221/1926-08-18/edition/0/part/1/page/2/?q=%2522anna%2520diedrich%2522&sort=asc&newspaper=DAGENS%2520NYHETER&from=1926-08-18&to=1926-08-18) . tidningar.kb.se (in Swedish) . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . ^ a b c Terra Scaniae (http://www.ts.skane.se/person/augusta-och-hulda-lundin/kallforteckning) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220953/http://www.ts.skane.se/person/augusta-och-hulda-lundin/kallforteckning) 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (in Swedish) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1893151_5-0) Campbell 1893 (#CITEREFCampbell1893) , p. 151. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kunskap genom lärande - Vad motiverar dig i din skapandeprocess?, Sofia Lindgren Dahlberg & Viktoria Wikström, Examensarbete på Lärarprogrammet vid Umeå universitet 2008 (in Swedish) ^ (#cite_ref-runeberg.org156_7-0) "Svensk Läraretidning / 16:e årg. 1897)" (https://runeberg.org/svlartid/1897/0160.html) . runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1897. p. 156 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Bibliography [ edit ] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) : Campbell, J.B. (1893). Campbell's Illustrated Weekly . Vol. 3 (Public domain ed.). Chicago, Illinois: J.B. Campbell. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) : School of Education (1893). Journal of Education . Vol. 37–38 (Public domain ed.). Boston University, School of Education. External links [ edit ] Media related to Hulda Lundin (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hulda_Lundin) at Wikimedia Commons Hulda Lundin (http://www.skbl.se/en/article/HuldaLundin) at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon) Hulda Lundin (https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=9865) by Engholm, Gunhild in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1982-1984) (in Swedish) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/372149066571665601577) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMjPgKbPgdBC3tjCGT73) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/22820) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1242637613) Artists KulturNav (http://kulturnav.org/c2cc68f4-f129-481f-b314-16b3a2d66c4a) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐vgwhr Cached time: 20240719093540 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.918 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1944/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31313/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5409/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26825/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.315/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7126596/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 628.402 1 -total 22.07% 138.703 1 Template:Reflist 18.99% 119.349 1 Template:Short_description 17.26% 108.482 3 Template:Cite_web 16.82% 105.688 1 Template:Authority_control 13.11% 82.368 1 Template:Infobox_writer 12.33% 77.484 1 Template:Infobox 10.67% 67.029 18 Template:Main_other 9.09% 57.105 9 Template:Sfn 8.46% 53.173 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56222580-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719093540 and revision id 1191856087. 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American model (born 1994) Lindsey Wixson Lindsay Wixson at Emilio Pucci F/W 2013 Born Lindsey Wixson ( 1994-04-11 ) April 11, 1994 (age 30) Wichita, Kansas (/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas) , U.S. Years active 2009–present Spouse Brion Starr (m. 2024) Modeling information Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair color Blonde Eye color Blue Agency The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) (New York) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (Paris, Copenhagen) d'management group (Milan) Storm Management (/wiki/Storm_Management) (London) Model Management (Hamburg) VISION (Los Angeles) (mother agency) [2] (#cite_note-2) Lindsey Wixson (born April 11, 1994) is an American model. She is known for her unique looks, defined in part by her "bee-stung lips", "rosebud pout", and gapped front teeth. [3] (#cite_note-newgirl-3) [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She is best known for her campaigns with designers as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , Versace Vanitas (/wiki/Versace) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , and Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) . [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) Early life [ edit ] Wixson was born in Wichita, Kansas (/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas) on April 11, 1994, to Thomas, who works installing satellite dishes (/wiki/Satellite_dishes) , and Michele, a school bus (/wiki/School_bus) driver (/wiki/Bus_driver) . She has a sister, Kirsten. Wixson inherited her gapped teeth from her father. [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) As a young girl she wanted to be either a chef (/wiki/Chef) or a lawyer. [7] (#cite_note-W-7) In middle school (/wiki/Middle_school) , Wixson was bullied, having her tooth gap (/wiki/Diastema_(dentistry)) called a "parking lot", making her self-conscious about her looks. [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) At 12 years old and 5'7", strangers would come up to her to tell her she could be a model, [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) so she started researching it as a possible career. [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) Around the same time, she was inspired by an article in the Reader's Digest (/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest) about Bill Gates (/wiki/Bill_Gates) and other millionaires, stating that "it was talking about how they took the chance and they took their opportunities and they took it to a whole other level". Wixson decided to become a model, [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) and studied old copies of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , looking at the careers of supermodels like Gisele (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) , Christy (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) and Kate (/wiki/Kate_Moss) . Wixson first signed with an agency in Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) , Models and Images, who connected her with Vision LA. Her parents made the decision to take out a loan and drive down to Los Angeles. [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) Career [ edit ] Breakthrough, 2009–2010 [ edit ] Wixson began her modeling career in 2009 when she signed with Vision Models in Los Angeles. In June 2009, she went to New York where she was rejected by IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) and several other agencies because casting directors thought her looks would not translate well on and off the runway (/wiki/Runway) , except for one: Marilyn Agency (/wiki/Marilyn_Agency) . [3] (#cite_note-newgirl-3) [8] (#cite_note-nymag.com-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) At just 15, she was hand-selected by Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) after finding a video of her on Models.com and booked her for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Italia, [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) [7] (#cite_note-W-7) her first job. [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) Her runway debut was at the Spring 2010 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) walking for Cynthia Steffe. [8] (#cite_note-nymag.com-8) Wixson then went to Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) where she opened the spring 2010 Prada (/wiki/Prada) show and then closed for Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) in Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , both as exclusives (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)#Exclusive) , thus making her one of the most successful newcomers that season. By September, W editor Stefano Tonchi (/wiki/Stefano_Tonchi) ran a full-page close-up of her lips and the gap in her teeth, her two most arresting features, in his first issue of W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) magazine. [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) She then became the face of Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) 's Spring 2010 campaign shot by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott (/wiki/Mert_Alas_and_Marcus_Piggott) . A press release about the campaign called her the "embodiment of a free-spirit on the cusp of womanhood" (she would stay with the brand for a two-season run). [10] (#cite_note-10) But, Wixson has her limits in what she models, during a W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) editorial shoot titled "Run of Show" shot by Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) she requested a bra because her top was see-through, W notes that a lot of models wouldn't have done that. [7] (#cite_note-W-7) Photographer Gabrielle Revere [11] (#cite_note-11) was commissioned by LIFE magazine (/wiki/LIFE_magazine) to photograph Wixson as she worked at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . The story chronicles the life of how a 15-year-old teen model navigates her way through fittings, hair, makeup and the runway. [12] (#cite_note-12) A selection of 10 unpublished photographs from the LIFE magazine shoot were displayed at Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) in Photographer Gabrielle Revere's exhibition [13] (#cite_note-13) titled "I Remain, You Desire" in 2010. [14] (#cite_note-14) She ended the season with the fall/winter campaigns for Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) Beauty , Barney's (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) Vanitas Fragrance, and Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) . [15] (#cite_note-advertising-15) She also walked in a combined 44 shows in New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) and Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in the fall. [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) And booked her first major magazine cover, for the i-D (/wiki/I-D) fall 2010 issue. [16] (#cite_note-16) Rising star, 2011–2014 [ edit ] Lindsey Wixson in November 2011 Proclaimed as the modelling world's biggest rising star, [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) Wixson started off the spring/summer 2011 season in campaigns for Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry) , Barney's (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , Jill Stuart's Night Jewels Fragrance, Jill Stuart Beauty , and Versace (/wiki/Versace) Vanitas Fragrance. [15] (#cite_note-advertising-15) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) As well as modeled for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) ’s spring makeup collection. [19] (#cite_note-19) She did her first editorial work for Vogue , a two-model shoot with Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) . [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) Her agent (/wiki/Talent_agent) , Cheri Bowen at Marilyn Agency, said that Wixson is more interested in quality than quantity, "She's incredibly intelligent about the business. She's not about selling out". [6] (#cite_note-WWD-6) Wixson made her national television appearance on CNN (/wiki/CNN) , being introduced a "teen supermodel" at 17, as the cameras and reporter Alina Cho (/wiki/Alina_Cho) followed her home to Wichita to film her prom experience. [20] (#cite_note-prom-20) Wixson has walked for a number of key labels this season, from Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) in New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) to Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) and Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) in Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , but due to an allergic reaction (/wiki/Allergic_reaction) to the make-up she had to cut her stint short at Paris Fashion Week, missing out on a number of the city's big shows. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2013, Wixson joined The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) in New York and Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) in Paris. [23] (#cite_note-23) In January of the same year she was also featured in the psychedelic band Animal Collective (/wiki/Animal_Collective) 's video for their song Applesauce from Centipede Hz. During the 2014 Paris Fashion Week, she modelled for Elie Saab and Atelier Versace, and for the Chanel Haute Couture show in Salzburg. She also appeared on the covers of Russian, Korean, Japanese and Ukrainian Vogue . In December, Wixson was photographed for the cover of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) Japan, by Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) . Continued Success, 2015–2017 [ edit ] In 2015, Wixson appeared in campaigns for Chanel, Versace, Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) and Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . She again appeared on the covers of Korean and Russian Vogue as well as Vogue Turkey. That season, she walked for designers including Chanel, Fendi, Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) and Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . In 2016, Wixson fronted campaigns for Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) and River Island (/wiki/River_Island) . She walked the Chanel Resort wear show in Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) , Chanel, Balmain and Gaultier at Paris Fashion Week and Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) and Max Mara at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . She also modelled for the cover of Russian Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Wixson began 2017 fronting a campaign for Dior (/wiki/Dior) , walking the Spring 2017 Chanel Haute Couture Show as well as appearing on the cover of Mexican Harper's Bazaar . Hiatus, 2017-2018 [ edit ] In July 2017, Wixson had announced that she would retire from modeling due to an "injury [that] has put me in a position to retire from this high-heel business." [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Wixson had suffered a foot injury (/wiki/Injury) that required her to refrain from continuing her modeling career, and decided to focus on "designing interiors, pottery (/wiki/Pottery) , sculpting, carving, and inventing for the future." [26] (#cite_note-26) Return, 2018-Present [ edit ] After recovering from her injury Wixson returned to further solidifying her supermodel status by walking for such designers as Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) as well as starring in campaigns for Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) and Fenty (/wiki/Fenty_(fashion_house)) . In 2023, Wixson received news she was expecting a child, she went on to walk shows for Dsquared2 (/wiki/Dsquared2) and MSGM (/w/index.php?title=MSGM&action=edit&redlink=1) while pregnant. Personal life [ edit ] Wixson's hobbies include art and writing. When she finishes modeling Wixson said she would love to become a pilot. Her model friends include Daphne Groeneveld (/wiki/Daphne_Groeneveld) , Camille Rowe (/wiki/Camille_Rowe) , Ethan Green and Aymeline Valade. Wixson expressed that modelling really helped build her confidence and is inspired by Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) 's fashion style. [4] (#cite_note-Southern_Belle-4) In 2011, her prom (/wiki/Prom) dress was designed especially for her by Jason Wu (/wiki/Jason_Wu) , the same designer who designed Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) 's dress for the inauguration. [20] (#cite_note-prom-20) [27] (#cite_note-27) Wixson and musician Brion Starr were married at New York City Hall on February 14th, 2024, the couple have one child together and reside in New York City. [28] (#cite_note-28) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Donaldson, Aurelia (October 29, 2011). " (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8850568/Head-over-heels-with-Lindsey-Wixson.html) The Queen's Diamond Jubilee " (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8850568/Head-over-heels-with-Lindsey-Wixson.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lindsey Wixson - Model" (https://models.com/models/Lindsey-Wixson) . ^ a b Lim, James (December 11, 2009). "Meet the New Girl: Lindsey Wixson" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/12/meet_the_new_girl_lindsey_wixs.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 16, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g Alexander, Ella (May 20, 2011). "Southern Belle" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110523084703/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110519-lindsey-wixson-model-miu-miu-mcquee.aspx) . Vogue UK (/wiki/Vogue_UK) . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110519-lindsey-wixson-model-miu-miu-mcquee.aspx) on May 23, 2011 . Retrieved June 2, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Adams, Esther. "Lindsay Wixson" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194134/http://www.vogue.com/fashion/model-wall/lindsey-wixson/) . Vogue Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/fashion/model-wall/lindsey-wixson/) on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Turner, Zeke (February 7, 2011). "Hanging With Lindsey Wixson" (http://www.wwd.com/eyescoop/eye/hanging-with-lindsay-wixson-3460662?src=nl/mornReport/20110207#) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved February 15, 2011 . ^ a b c Rao, Priya (February 2, 2010). "This Week's Model: Lindsay Wixson" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100206215601/http://www.wmagazine.com/w/blogs/editorsblog/2010/02/02/this-weeks-model-lindsey-wixon.html) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.wmagazine.com/w/blogs/editorsblog/2010/02/02/this-weeks-model-lindsey-wixon.html) on February 6, 2010 . Retrieved November 1, 2010 . ^ a b "Lindsay Wixson" (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lwixson/lindseywixson/) . NY Magazine . Retrieved November 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hickman, Janell (December 31, 2009). "Model Lindsey Wixon Says No To Nudity" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100914130143/http://www.honeymag.com/2010/honeymag/model-lindsey-wixon-says-no-to-nudity/) . Honey Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.honeymag.com/2010/honeymag/model-lindsey-wixon-says-no-to-nudity/) on September 14, 2010 . Retrieved November 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Odell, Amy (February 4, 2010). "Fifteen-Year-Old Lindsey Wixson's Miu Miu Ads Debut" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/02/15-year-old_lindsey_wixsons_mi.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "GabrielleRevere.com" (https://www.gabriellerevere.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hintz-Zambrano, Katie (March 1, 2010). "LIFE.com Fashion Week Slideshow Stars 15-Year-Old Miu Miu Model" (http://www.stylelist.com/2010/03/01/life-magazine-fashion-week-slideshow-stars-15-year-old-miu-miu-model/) . stylelist. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Special Projects by Gabrielle Revere" (https://www.gabriellerevere.com/special-projects/lindsey-wixson/) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Caldwell, Christina (September 2010). "Model of the Moment: Lindsey Wixson" (http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2010/09/model-of-the-moment-lindsey-wi/) . W Magazine . Retrieved January 14, 2014 . ^ a b Lindsey Wixson – Advertising (http://models.com/models/Lindsey-Wixson/year) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Lim, James (September 24, 2010). "Lindsey Wixson Lands i-D's Fall Cover" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/09/lindsey_wixson_lands_i-ds_fall.html) . New York Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Odell, Amy (January 11, 2011). "Lindsey Wixson Is the Spring 2011 Face of Alexander McQueen [Updated]" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/01/lindsay_wixson_is_the_spring_2.html) . New York Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lim, James (January 13, 2011). "Jill Stuart Selects Lindsey Wixson As Her Newest Face" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/01/jill_stuart_selects_lindsey_wi.html) . New York Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-19) ITG (January 17, 2011). "The Makeup/Lindsey in Chanel" (http://intothegloss.com/2011/01/lindsey-in-chanel/) . Into the Gloss. ^ a b Odell, Amy (May 13, 2011). "Video: Going to Prom in Wichita, Kansas, With Lindsey Wixson" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/05/video_going_to_prom_in_wichita.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Rees, Alex (March 7, 2011). "Allergic Reaction to Makeup Forces Lindsey Wixson to Leave Paris Fashion Week" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/03/lindsey_wixsons_makeup_made_he.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Alexander, Ella (March 8, 2011). "No Show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110312111803/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110308-lindsey-wixson-cuts-her-paris-fashi.aspx) . Vogue UK (/wiki/Vogue_UK) . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110308-lindsey-wixson-cuts-her-paris-fashi.aspx) on March 12, 2011 . Retrieved June 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lim, James (March 20, 2013). "The New Model Agency Taking Top New York Models" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/03/lindsey-wixson-joins-new-modeling-agency.html) . Retrieved June 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Lindsey Wixson Has Retired from Modeling to Focus on Interior Design and Ceramics" (https://www.vogue.com/article/lindsey-wixson-retires-ceramics-interior-design) . July 13, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/BWVU0e3AR5w/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Lindsey Young (@wixsondesign) • Instagram photos and videos" (https://www.instagram.com/wixsondesign/) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Aboutaleb, Britt (April 19, 2011). "A Model Prom" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110426020907/http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/2011/04/19/a-model-prom/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/2011/04/19/a-model-prom/) on April 26, 2011 . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) https://nypost.com/2024/02/14/us-news/new-yorkers-flock-to-city-hall-for-valentines-day-nuptials-with-one-cab-driver-saving-a-wedding/ (https://nypost.com/2024/02/14/us-news/new-yorkers-flock-to-city-hall-for-valentines-day-nuptials-with-one-cab-driver-saving-a-wedding/) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lindsey Wixson (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lindsey_Wixson) . Lindsey Wixson (https://x.com/LindseyWixson) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Lindsey Wixson (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/lindsey_wixson/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐gllqm Cached time: 20240722165357 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.515 seconds Real time usage: 0.646 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3572/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 56737/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4768/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 101750/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.336/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10011262/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 592.002 1 -total 36.34% 215.162 1 Template:Infobox_model 35.88% 212.421 1 Template:Reflist 16.26% 96.274 24 Template:Cite_web 13.96% 82.669 1 Template:Cite_news 11.95% 70.731 1 Template:Short_description 8.04% 47.613 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.95% 41.168 1 Template:Infobox 6.11% 36.181 2 Template:Pagetype 5.99% 35.437 21 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27990946-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165357 and revision id 1218558929. 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The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this article is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ben_Bridge_Jeweler##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ben Bridge Jeweler Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1912 ; 112 years ago ( 1912 ) , in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) Founder Samuel Silverman Ben Bridge Area served United States (/wiki/United_States) Products Jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Berkshire Hathaway (/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway) Website www (http://www.benbridge.com) .benbridge (http://www.benbridge.com) .com (http://www.benbridge.com) Ben Bridge Jeweler is a high-end American jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) retailer that sells engagement rings (/wiki/Engagement_ring) , diamonds (/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)) and watches (/wiki/Watch) , including Rolex (/wiki/Rolex) , among other luxury product and is currently owned by Warren Buffett (/wiki/Warren_Buffett) 's Berkshire Hathaway (/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway) . It was established in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) , in 1912 and currently operates over 80 stores in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] In 1912, a watchmaker (/wiki/Watchmaker) named Samuel Silverman opened his first store in downtown Seattle. Silverman's son-in-law Ben Bridge joined the firm as a partner in 1922; Ben later purchased Sam's firm and renamed it Ben Bridge Jeweler. Since then, the company has expanded to over 70 retail stores in 11 different states, primarily in the western United States. In May 2000, Ben Bridge Jeweler was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway (/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Today, the company continues to be family-operated and is currently managed by Ben's great-granddaughter Lisa Bridge. In 2022, Ben Bridge announced plans to build a new flagship store (/wiki/Flagship_store) in Downtown Seattle at a former Gap (/wiki/Gap_(company)) store on Pine Street (/wiki/Pine_Street) , adjacent to Westlake Center (/wiki/Westlake_Center) . [4] (#cite_note-4) A historic Ben Bridge street clock (/wiki/Street_clock) was planned to be moved from Pike Street to the new store, but during construction of its new foundation in April 2023, contractors pierced the roof of Westlake station (/wiki/Westlake_station_(Sound_Transit)) under Pine Street and caused major disruptions to Link light rail (/wiki/Link_light_rail) service. [5] (#cite_note-Times-Clock-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Us - Ben Bridge Jeweler" (https://www.benbridge.com/about-us.html) . www.benbridge.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Warren Buffett buys Ben Bridge Jeweler" (https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2000/05/15/daily13.html) . Puget Sound Business Journal (/wiki/Puget_Sound_Business_Journal) . May 18, 2000 . Retrieved May 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Acquisition of Ben Bridge Jeweler" (http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/news/may1800.html) . www.berkshirehathaway.com . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Thompson, Joey (September 7, 2022). "Ben Bridge Jeweler plans new downtown Seattle flagship store" (https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2022/09/07/ben-bridge-flagship.html) . Puget Sound Business Journal . Retrieved May 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Times-Clock_5-0) Lindblom, Mike (May 4, 2023). "How a demolition crew punctured the Westlake Station ceiling" (https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/how-a-demolition-crew-punctured-the-westlake-station-ceiling/) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 5, 2023 . Sources [ edit ] "Our Heritage" (http://www.benbridge.com/about-us/our-heritage) . Ben Bridge Jeweler . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.benbridge.com/) This United States retail business article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Spanish fashion designer In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Pertegaz and the second or maternal family name is Ibáñez . Manuel Pertegaz Born Manuel Pertegaz Ibáñez ( 1918-05-18 ) 18 May 1918 Olba (/wiki/Olba,_Aragon) ( Teruel (/wiki/Province_of_Teruel) ), Spain (/wiki/Spain) Died 30 August 2014 (2014-08-30) (aged 96) Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain Occupation Fashion designer Label Pertegaz Manuel Pertegaz Ibáñez (18 May 1918 - 30 August 2014) known as Manuel Pertegaz or simply as Pertegaz was a Spanish fashion designer. He was so highly regarded that he was asked to succeed Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) in 1957 as head designer at Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) , but chose to remain in Spain, where by the 1960s he was considered its leading couturier. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Early life [ edit ] Manuel Pertegaz Ibáñez kept his date of birth relatively secret, although obituaries place the year as 1917. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He was born in Olba, in Aragon, but relocated to Barcelona with his family a few years afterwards. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) Aged 13, the young Pertegaz started working for a tailor's in Barcelona, and soon afterwards joined the Angulo team of tailors. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) When Angulo launched a line of women's clothing, Pertegaz discovered that womenswear was where his talents lay. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) Career [ edit ] Pertegaz design for flight attendants (/wiki/Flight_attendant) on Iberia (/wiki/Iberia_(airline)) , 1968 Pertegaz opened his first establishment at the age of 25, during the Second World War (/wiki/World_War_II) . [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) Among his first clients were General Franco (/wiki/General_Franco) 's wife Carmen (/wiki/Carmen_Polo,_1st_Lady_of_Meir%C3%A1s) and their daughter (/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco) . [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) In 1953 he debuted his collections in the United States, where he showed them in New York, Boston, Atlanta and Philadelphia. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) He became popular with American buyers. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 1957, following the sudden death of Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Pertegaz was proposed as his successor, but chose to remain in Spain rather than take up the role as head designer for Dior. [4] (#cite_note-4) By the 1960s Pertegaz had a staff of 700 employed in workrooms in Madrid and Barcelona, and was considered the foremost couturier in Spain. [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) In 1968 he designed uniforms for flight attendants (/wiki/Flight_attendant) on Iberia Airlines (/wiki/Iberia_(airline)) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Famous clients included Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) , Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) and Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) . [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) In 2004 Pertegaz designed the wedding dress for Letizia Ortiz (/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain) 's marriage to the future Felipe VI of Spain (/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain) . [1] (#cite_note-inobit-1) On 15 October 2010, a set of Spanish postage stamps was released featuring the work of Pertegaz. [6] (#cite_note-stamps-6) Death [ edit ] Pertegaz died in Barcelona on 30 August 2014. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) José Ignacio Wert (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Wert) , the culture and education minister of Spain, made the announcement, paying tribute to Pertegaz's memory by declaring his name synonymous with elegance. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thomas, Eve (10 September 2014). "Manuel Pertegaz: Fashion designer whose clients included Kennedy, Hepburn, Gardner and the future Queen Letizia" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/manuel-pertegaz-fashion-designer-whose-clients-included-kennedy-hepburn-gardner-and--the-future-queen-letizia-9722304.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ a b c d The Associated Press (2 September 2014). "Manuel Pertegaz, Dresser of Stars and Spanish Royalty, Dies at 96" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/business/manuel-pertegaz-dresser-of-stars-and-spanish-royalty-dies-at-96.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Peterson, Patricia (29 April 1964). "Spanish Pavilion is Site of Gala Fashion Show" (https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/29/spanish-pavilion-is-site-of-gala-fashion-show.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Whittaker, Andrew, ed. (2008). Spain : be fluent in Spanish life and culture . London: Thorogood. p. 247. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781854186058 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lamas, María José Cortés (25 July 2014). "A History of Iberia Uniforms: 1968-1972" (http://love2fly.iberia.com/2014/07/history-iberia-uniforms-1968/) . Love2Fly Iberia . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-stamps_6-0) "Spanish Fashion Designer – Manuel Pertegaz" (http://philatelynews.com/2010/spain/spanish-fashion-designer-manuel-pertegaz/) . Philately News. 29 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . External links [ edit ] Fashion from Spain profile (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857768_5852720_233079_0,00.html) v t e National Fashion Design Award (/wiki/National_Fashion_Design_Award_(Spain)) (Spain) 2000s 2009: Manuel Pertegaz 2010s 2010: Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) 2011: Elio Berhanyer (/wiki/Elio_Berhanyer) 2012: Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) 2013: Amaya Arzuaga (/wiki/Amaya_Arzuaga) 2014: Josep Font 2015: Sybilla 2016: David Delfín 2017: Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada (/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Ruiz_de_la_Prada) 2018: Miguel Adrover (/wiki/Miguel_Adrover) 2019: Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) 2020s 2020: Ana Locking (/wiki/Ana_Locking) 2021: Antonio Alvarado 2022: Ángel Schlesser 2023: Teresa Helbig 2024: Palomo Spain Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/60180666) National Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1515714) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17805854v) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17805854v) Catalonia (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509582106706) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/130117455) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001009877) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rj4ts Cached time: 20240719090741 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.439 seconds Real time usage: 0.590 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2348/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30086/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1729/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39849/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.280/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6552048/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 543.934 1 -total 29.82% 162.206 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 25.52% 138.796 1 Template:Reflist 17.63% 95.920 3 Template:Cite_news 15.46% 84.099 1 Template:National_Fashion_Design_Award_(Spain) 14.91% 81.122 1 Template:Navbox 14.28% 77.696 1 Template:Short_description 10.42% 56.702 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.50% 46.216 2 Template:Pagetype 6.51% 35.399 1 Template:Birth_date Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44458243-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719090741 and revision id 1123227479. 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000s portal (/wiki/Portal:2000s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2002 (/wiki/2002) . 1964 1965 (/wiki/Category:1965_in_fashion) 1973 (/wiki/Category:1973_in_fashion) 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_fashion) 2002 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_fashion) 2005 (/wiki/Category:2005_in_fashion) 2006 (/wiki/Category:2006_in_fashion) 2007 (/wiki/Category:2007_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐8564bc6dcd‐7qfqk Cached time: 20240718205138 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.151 seconds Real time usage: 0.269 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 162/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4976/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 98/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.110/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1556109/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 255.738 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 255.738 1 -total 72.76% 186.085 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 19.30% 49.368 1 Template:Portal 6.04% 15.446 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 3.87% 9.897 1 Template:FindYDCportal 3.74% 9.563 1 Template:Category_other 2.96% 7.564 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 1.91% 4.890 6 Template:Title_year 0.87% 2.214 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39096668-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718205138 and revision id 949562892. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2002 in fashion" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 2002 in red carpet fashion (/wiki/2002_in_red_carpet_fashion) G Giant shoes of Marikina (/wiki/Giant_shoes_of_Marikina) K Kapital (fashion brand) (/wiki/Kapital_(fashion_brand)) O Oyster dress (/wiki/Oyster_dress) S Silver Julien Macdonald dress of Paris Hilton (/wiki/Silver_Julien_Macdonald_dress_of_Paris_Hilton) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2002_in_fashion&oldid=949562892 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2002_in_fashion&oldid=949562892) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Sessions" clothing company (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sessions%22+clothing+company&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sessions Founded 1983 ; 41 years ago ( 1983 ) Founder Joel Gomez Headquarters Santa Cruz, California (/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California) , United States Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Leonian Singapore Pte. Ltd. (from 2015) Sessions is an apparel company that designs, develops, produces and markets action-sports based products primarily in the snowsports industry as well as young men's and women's clothing. Sessions is headquartered in Santa Cruz, California (/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) . History [ edit ] Joel Gomez, a skateboarder from Santa Cruz, began his retail career in 1983 by opening the country's first snowboard shop in Sunnyvale, California (/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California) selling his now famous Sessions star logo patches as well as punk rock (/wiki/Punk_rock) records and t-shirts. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 1985, Sessions started an alternative rock music mail order business. The Sessions music mail-order catalog was often included as a circular with Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)) , SPIN (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) , and other American music magazines, coinciding with the rise and acceptance of underground college and alternative rock by mainstream media. In 1989, Sessions received an order of 300 pairs of pants from a customer in Japan [2] (#cite_note-2) after Terry Kidwell was photographed with a Sessions patch on his snowpants. [3] (#cite_note-3) This kickstarted Sessions outerwear production and the local shop to an internationally recognized brand. Sessions was also the first action sports company to create a record label, Sessions Records. Sessions Records featured collectable 7" vinyl records. Some of Sessions Records notable releases were from artists including Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_(band)) , Gwar (/wiki/Gwar) , AFI (/wiki/AFI_(band)) , Swingin' Utters (/wiki/Swingin%27_Utters) , Audioslave (/wiki/Audioslave) , No Use For A Name (/wiki/No_Use_for_a_Name) , Supersuckers (/wiki/The_Supersuckers) , Descendents (/wiki/Descendents) and Foo Fighters (/wiki/Foo_Fighters) . Sessions Records also released several compilation albums including Snoisses Vol. 1, Snoisses Vol. 2, Steve Caballero (/wiki/Steve_Caballero) Bandology Vol. 1 and more. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Sessions Records was active between 1995 and 2005. [ citation needed ] Today, Sessions sells snowsports apparel that includes snowboard jackets, snowboard pants, layering, gloves, hats, shirts and related products. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2015, the Sessions brand was purchased by Leonian Singapore Pte. Ltd., a company that runs retail chains, sporting goods, apparel and golf driving ranges. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sherowski, Jen (2009-11-11). "Faces Biography On Snowboarder Joel Gomez" (https://www.snowboarder.com/transworld-snowboarding-archive/snowboarding-photos/faces-joel-gomez/) . SNOWBOARDER Magazine . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Catching Air With Street Wear" (https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/catching-air-with-street-wear/1446/) . OZY . 2013-09-18 . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sessions presents Always Have Always Will" (https://www.snowboarder.com/featured/sessions-presents-always-have-always-will/) . SNOWBOARDER Magazine . 2016-01-27 . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Releases" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061229120602/http://www.sessionsrecords.com/releases/index.php) . Sessions Records . 2006-12-29. Archived from the original (http://www.sessionsrecords.com/releases/index.php) on December 29, 2006 . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Sessions Records" (https://www.discogs.com/label/67757-Sessions-Records) . Discogs . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Store Locator" (https://sessionsmfg.com/apps/store-locator/) . Sessions . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "SESSIONS Trademark of Leonian Singapore Pte. Ltd. - Registration Number 4693929 - Serial Number 79152614 :: Justia Trademarks" (http://trademarks.justia.com/791/52/sessions-79152614.html) . trademarks.justia.com . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . External links [ edit ] Official site (https://sessionsmfg.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐n4dbh Cached time: 20240722165403 Cache expiry: 803158 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.243 seconds Real time usage: 0.328 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1771/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30016/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1539/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28762/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.158/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4722570/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 302.826 1 -total 34.46% 104.363 1 Template:Reflist 32.31% 97.829 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.68% 89.880 7 Template:Cite_web 28.58% 86.544 1 Template:Infobox 26.62% 80.622 1 Template:Notability 22.01% 66.652 1 Template:Ambox 5.33% 16.143 1 Template:Citation_needed 4.49% 13.591 1 Template:Fix 3.88% 11.741 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5260949-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722165403 and revision id 1177390668. 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Aburatorigami ( あぶらとり紙 , lit. ' oil removal paper ' ) is a traditional Japanese facial oil blotting paper (/wiki/Blotting_paper) . Aburatorigami absorbs excess oil, thereby eliminating shine from the face. Aburatorigami has traditionally been used by kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) actors and geisha (/wiki/Geisha) when wearing oshiroi (/wiki/Oshiroi) (traditional white makeup), to keep makeup looking fresh throughout performances. In modern times it has been growing in popularity for everyday use amongst women and men for its various skincare and makeup benefits. [1] (#cite_note-five-1) Aburatorigami also works well to keep the balance of water and oil in the skin and prevents skin problems. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) Production [ edit ] Traditional aburatorigami is made from only the finest grade of the blotting paper abaca (/wiki/Abaca) leaf, rather than pulp (/wiki/Pulp_(paper)) or rice paper (/wiki/Rice_paper) . Although sometimes known as Manila hemp (/wiki/Manila_hemp) , Cebu hemp (/wiki/Cebu_hemp) , or Davao hemp (/wiki/Davao_hemp) , the abaca plant is not related to true hemp (/wiki/Hemp) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The Philippine Bureau of Fiber and Inspection Service (/wiki/Philippine_Fiber_Industry_Development_Authority) defines a total of 15 grades of abaca, the highest of which are derived from the leaf sheaths located closest to the center of the abaca stem. [4] (#cite_note-4) Aburatorigami is essentially a by-product of the gold-leaf production process, effectively using material that might otherwise be thrown away. [5] (#cite_note-four-5) After aburatorigami is used, it can be composted (/wiki/Compost) and degraded naturally back into the earth. No oil-based chemicals are used in its production. As a result, aburatorigami has relatively low environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact) . [5] (#cite_note-four-5) History [ edit ] Aburatorigami was discovered for its oil-absorbing qualities several hundred years ago but was effectively present as a by-product of the gold leaf (/wiki/Gold_leaf) making process over a thousand years ago in Kyoto (/wiki/Kyoto) . Originally called hakuuchi-gami , gold leaf artisans in Kanazawa (/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa) used this specialty paper to protect the gold during the vigorous goldbeating technique. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) Goldbeating During the Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) (794–1192 CE), the demand was extremely high, as gold was used in decorating temples and in providing the emperor (/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan) and the nobility with high-quality furnishings and crafts. Thus, much hakuuchi-gami was taken to Kyoto as wrapping for delicate gold leaf. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) During the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) (1603–1867), its popularity spread as its notability for absorbing oil and refreshing the complexion grew. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) Usage [ edit ] During the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) , Minamiza (/wiki/Minamiza) , the first kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theater of Japan, was built in Kyoto in 1610. The kabuki actors, like geisha (/wiki/Geisha) , were especially grateful to have a product that would help keep their thick makeup on while absorbing excess oil and sweat, for their performances in non-air-conditioned theaters. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) As a result, the culture of aburatorigami began to flourish in Kyoto. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) Aburatorigami were given to geisha in Kyoto as a small present by the gold artisans who would linger around the teahouses (/wiki/Teahouses) , the exclusive establishments also known as ochaya (/wiki/Ochaya) . Geisha wore thick white foundation with limited time to touch up their makeup during performances. Geisha would also use aburatorigami to prepare and set their makeup, as they would commonly entertain for hours. [2] (#cite_note-two-2) See also [ edit ] Oshibori (/wiki/Oshibori) Oshiroi (/wiki/Oshiroi) Kumadori (/wiki/Kumadori) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-five_1-0) Nobi Nakanishi. "Aburatorigami (Oil blotting paper)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160716033140/http://chopsticksny.com/contents/j-shop/2008/05/633) . Chopsticksny.com . Archived from the original (http://www.chopsticksny.com/contents/j-shop/2008/05/633) on 2016-07-16 . Retrieved 2011-07-06 . ^ a b c d e f g Akiko Nakai; Mami Nishiyama. "Feel a Japanese Tradition on Your Skin" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111001020004/http://www.kyopro.kufs.ac.jp/dp/dp01.nsf/ecfa8fdd6a53a7fc4925700e00303ed8/5f23c2a221cf09624925704900183b49%21OpenDocument) . Learning About Kyoto . Kyoto University of Foreign Studies. Archived from the original (http://www.kyopro.kufs.ac.jp/dp/dp01.nsf/ecfa8fdd6a53a7fc4925700e00303ed8/5f23c2a221cf09624925704900183b49!OpenDocument) on 2011-10-01. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "abaca" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/331/abaca) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Vogt, Kristina (2007). Forests and Society: Sustainability and Life Cycles of Forests in Human Landscapes . USA: CAB International. p. 270. 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Type of single-breasted jacket A dark green wool Teba jacket A Teba jacket is a soft, single-breasted (/wiki/Single-breasted) jacket, unpadded throughout the chest and shoulders, and featuring shirt-like sleeves, ventless backs, notchless lapels (/wiki/Lapel) and patch pockets with flaps. [1] (#cite_note-1) It generally has four front buttons, either in leather or nacre (/wiki/Nacre) . Tebas are made in many fabrics, but the most common are wool, cashmere and linen. There are several ways in which the jacket's buttons should be fastened when worn, but the bottom one should always remain undone. For example, it is possible to fasten the top three, the second and third, or only the second. Origins [ edit ] It was originally designed as a shooting blazer that would not make it difficult to raise the elbow when firing. Contrary to common misconception that it was first tailored in Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row_tailoring) , the jacket was born out of a small tailor shop in Zarautz (/wiki/Zarautz) , Spain, and was named after the 21st Count of Teba (/wiki/Count_of_Teba) , Carlos Alfonso Mitjans y Fitz-James Stuart (/wiki/Carlos_Alfonso_de_Mitjans) , who later gifted Alfonso XIII (/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain) with one during a partridge (/wiki/Red-legged_partridge) driven hunt in Spain. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriego2017206-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The lady tailor in question, María Sorreluz Múgica, was commissioned by Teba to design a soft and comfortable yet elegant jacket for him to use at the pigeon-shooting (/wiki/Pigeon-shooting) in Igeldo (/wiki/Igeldo) and Zarautz, where he spent his summers. [5] (#cite_note-5) The Teba jacket has since been used not only as the utmost iconic piece of Spanish countrywear, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) but also as a city outfit due to its popularity throughout the world. From the beginning, Teba jackets developed a strong association with the aristocratic land-owning upper classes. [8] (#cite_note-8) A navy linen Teba was worn by Timothy Dalton (/wiki/Timothy_Dalton) as James Bond in the 1989 film Licence to Kill (/wiki/Licence_to_Kill) , in a scene where Bond resigns in Key West (/wiki/Key_West) and becomes a rogue agent. [9] (#cite_note-9) Gallery [ edit ] An example of the cuff of a tweed Teba, with the horn (/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)) button variety. An olive wool Teba with leather buttons in a bird hunt in Suffolk (/wiki/Suffolk) , England. A variety known as Teba sahariana (Safari Teba), a hybrid with a safari jacket (/wiki/Safari_jacket) . See also [ edit ] British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Camisería Burgos (/wiki/Camiser%C3%ADa_Burgos) Hunting in Spain (/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teba jackets (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Teba_jackets) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Guy, Derek (October 8, 2015). "The Slouchy Spanish Teba" (http://dieworkwear.com/post/130758908669/the-slouchy-spanish-teba) . Die, Workwear . Retrieved October 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriego2017206_2-0) Priego 2017 (#CITEREFPriego2017) , p. 206. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Bel Teba Jacket" (http://belycia.com/en/bel-teba-jacket/) . Bel y Cia (in English, Spanish, and French). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222916/http://belycia.com/bel-teba-jacket/?lang=en) from the original on December 4, 2017 . Retrieved October 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lacort, Pedro J. (May 16, 2021). "Spain is different. Teba!" (https://spiffmagazine.es/en/spain-is-different-teba/) . Spiff Magazine (in Spanish) . Retrieved February 28, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Soro, Mikel (March 3, 2006). " (https://www.diariovasco.com/pg060303/prensa/noticias/Contraportada/200603/03/DVA-ULT-418.html) 'Teba', la chaqueta de Zarautz" (https://www.diariovasco.com/pg060303/prensa/noticias/Contraportada/200603/03/DVA-ULT-418.html) . El Diario Vasco (in Spanish) . Retrieved September 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Puch, Andrés (February 20, 2015). "Chaqueta Teba: Un Icono de Estilo" (https://spendin.blob.core.windows.net/data/Fotos/Articulos/8040/8040.pdf) (PDF) . Spend In (in Spanish) . Retrieved September 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Font, Consuelo (June 25, 2019). "La discreta y poco conocida condesa de Teba, una aristócrata con apabullante pedigrí" (https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2020/10/07/5f7c68a921efa0df458b4689.html) (in Spanish). El Mundo . Retrieved October 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mayor Ortega, Leonor (April 21, 2019). "Vox o la revolución de las Tebas" (https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190421/461722188077/vox-votante-chaqueta-teba.html) . La Vanguardia (in Spanish) . Retrieved September 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Spaiser, Matt (September 11, 2011). "A Farewell to Arms: Navy Teba Jacket and White Shirt in Licence to Kill" (https://www.bondsuits.com/navy-shirt-jacket-licence-to-kill/) . Bond Suits . Retrieved December 4, 2021 . Bibliography [ edit ] Chenoune, Farid (1996). A History of Men's Fashion . Flammarion. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-20-80135-36-0 . Priego, Count of (2017). Cazadores Españoles del Siglo XX . Turner Publicaciones. 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Pakistani fashion designer Khadijah Shah Nationality American [1] (#cite_note-1) Pakistani Alma mater London School of Economics (/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) Occupation Fashion designer Khadijah Shah is a Pakistani American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) , facing several alleged charges of rioting and vandalism. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In May 2023, Shah was detained, after a series of unsuccessful attempts by the police to arrest her, over her alleged role in the 9th May riots. Part of those protests in the after math of illegal arrest of PTI chairman Imran Khan took a violent turn when PTI supporters exercised their democratic right of protest, however, some rioters broke into Army installations including setting fire to a General's official residence. She was allegedly arrested for her role in leading Jinnah house attack. [5] (#cite_note-5) In December 2023, she was released on bail after being denied the release despite being granted bail several times & thus clear violation of basic human rights; thought still many PTI protestors languish in jail. Early life and family [ edit ] Khadijah Shah was born to former Finance Minister, Salman Shah (/wiki/Salman_Shah_(economist)) . [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) She is a granddaughter of former Chief of Army Staff, Asif Nawaz Janjua (/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua) . [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Shah went to the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) for her studies and attended the London School of Economics (/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) . [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) After completing her education, she returned to Pakistan and entered its fashion industry. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Shah is married and has three children: two sons and a daughter. [7] (#cite_note-auto-7) She holds dual citizenship. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Shah's early exposure to fashion design was influenced by her mother, Aneela, a fashion designer. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) The family's fashion brand, Élan, introduced in 2004, was named after Aneela's nickname, underscoring her influence on Shah's career trajectory. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) During the early stages of her career, Shah primarily engaged with a select clientele in the high-end market, thus establishing her brand. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) In 2012, Shah formed a partnership with Hussain Mills Ltd., and ventured into the lawn market. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Élan lawn was launched on March 15, 2012, which helped expand the brand. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) [7] (#cite_note-auto-7) In 2014, Shah entered into a partnership with Sapphire Mills, assuming the role of creative director. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Concurrently, she continued to manage and develop her independent brand, Élan. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) In 2017, Shah left Sapphire Mills and started another fashion label called Zaha. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) [9] (#cite_note-9) Élan is also available in India. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2023, she was arrested on allegedly fake charges by Police for conspiring against the state of Pakistan due to her activity on 9th may commander house attack (/wiki/Corps_Commander_House_attack) [12] (#cite_note-12) in Pakistan References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Feitelberg, Rosemary (June 9, 2023). "U.S. State Department Addresses Imprisonment of Designer Khadijah Shah in Pakistan" (https://wwd.com/eye/people/u-s-state-department-prison-designer-khadijah-shah-pakistan-1235680501/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Upfront, close and personal with… Khadija Shah | Instep | thenews.com.pk" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/558754-upfront-close-personal-khadija-shah) . www.thenews.com.pk . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "KHADIJAH SHAH" (https://okpakistan.com/khadijah-shah/) . July 3, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Haute Shots" (https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/haute-shots/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Designer Khadija Shah arrested for 'leading Jinnah House attack' (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418227/designer-khadija-shah-arrested-for-leading-attack-on-jinnah-house) " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418227/designer-khadija-shah-arrested-for-leading-attack-on-jinnah-house) . The Express Tribune . May 23, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Abidi, Maliha (November 6, 2022). "Pakistan's most successful designer brand is in trouble. But why?" (https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/11/06/pakistans-most-successful-designer-brand-is-in-trouble-but-why/) . Profit by Pakistan Today . ^ a b "Pakistan's Khadijah Shah: Redefining Fashion" (https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/pakistans-khadijah-shah-redefining-fashion-1.1654411224397) . gulfnews.com . June 5, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://www.geo.tv/latest/488656-who-is-khadija-shah) 'I'm a PTI supporter and a dual national': Who is Khadija Shah?" (https://www.geo.tv/latest/488656-who-is-khadija-shah) . www.geo.tv . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Maqsood, Haider. "Khadija Shah and Sapphire end their alliance" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine) . www.thenews.com.pk . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "India has tastes, sensibilities very similar to Pakistan: Designer" (https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/india-pakistan-designer-elan-5377186/) . September 27, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "These Pakistan designers redefine traditional couture for Indian brides" (https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/these-pakistan-designers-redefine-traditional-couture-for-indian-brides/) . Vogue India . September 6, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Designer Khadija Shah arrested for 'leading Jinnah House attack' (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418227/designer-khadija-shah-arrested-for-leading-attack-on-jinnah-house) " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418227/designer-khadija-shah-arrested-for-leading-attack-on-jinnah-house) . The Express Tribune . 2023-05-23 . Retrieved 2023-06-08 . 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Season of television series Germany's Next Topmodel Season 13 Judges Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Thomas Hayo (/wiki/Thomas_Hayo) Michael Michalsky (/wiki/Michael_Michalsky) No. of contestants 29 Winner Toni Dreher-Adenuga (/wiki/Toni_Dreher-Adenuga) No. of episodes 16 Release Original network ProSieben (/wiki/ProSieben) Original release 8 February ( 2018-02-08 ) – 24 May 2018 ( 2018-05-24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_(season_12)) Next → Season 14 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_(season_14)) List of episodes (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Top_Model#Cycles) The thirteenth season of Germany's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) aired on ProSieben (/wiki/ProSieben) from February 2018 under the catch phrase Welcome to Paradise . The international destinations this cycle are Las Terrenas (/wiki/Las_Terrenas) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , Cancún (/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn) , Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) and Havana (/wiki/Havana) . The winner of this season was 18-year-old Toni Dreher-Adenuga (/wiki/Toni_Dreher-Adenuga) from Stuttgart (/wiki/Stuttgart) . Her prizes included a modeling contract worth €140,000 with ONEeins fab Management, a spread and cover in the German Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , a €100,000 cash prize and an Opel Adam (/wiki/Opel_Adam) . This is the final season to have Thomas Hayo and Michael Michalsky return for their spots as judges. This is also the last season to have the teams and battle concept. [1] (#cite_note-express-1) Contestants [ edit ] (ages stated are at start of contest) [2] (#cite_note-2) Team Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Michael Selma Toroy 24 Nürnberg (/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg) Episode 2 29 Michael Ivana Rajić-Hrnjić 22 Bad Wildungen (/wiki/Bad_Wildungen) 28 (quit) Michael Viktoria Wendell 21 Detmold (/wiki/Detmold) 27–26 Thomas Lania Barzanji 22 Hamm (/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia) Thomas Liane Polt 17 Kufstein (/wiki/Kufstein) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Episode 3 25 Michael Julia Freimuth 17 Plattling (/wiki/Plattling) 24 Thomas Elisabeth 'Lis' Kanzler 22 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm (/wiki/Pfaffenhofen_an_der_Ilm) Episode 4 23–22 Thomas Valerie Wersche 24 Zorneding (/wiki/Zorneding) Thomas Karoline Seul 19 Wesel (/wiki/Wesel) Episode 5 21 Thomas Franziska Schwager 23 Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) 20–19 Michael Isabella Özdemir 22 Pfullendorf (/wiki/Pfullendorf) Michael Sherezade 'Sarah' Amiri 19 Wolfschlugen (/wiki/Wolfschlugen) Episode 6 18 Michael Gerda Lewis 25 Köln (/wiki/K%C3%B6ln) Episode 7 17 Michael Anne Volkmann 23 Passau (/wiki/Passau) 16 Thomas Stephanie Groll 19 Starnberg (/wiki/Starnberg) Episode 8 15 Thomas Shari Streich 23 Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) Episode 9 14 Thomas Abigail Odoom 20 Hürth (/wiki/H%C3%BCrth) 13 Thomas Bruna Rodrigues 24 Offenbach (/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main) Episode 10 12-11 Thomas Victoria Pavlas 19 Ebreichsdorf (/wiki/Ebreichsdorf) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Thomas Zoe Saip 18 Bad Vöslau (/wiki/Bad_V%C3%B6slau) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Episode 11 10 Thomas Trixi Giese 17 Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Episode 12 9 Michael Klaudia Giez 21 Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) Episode 14 8-7 Michael Sara Leutenegger 23 Dübendorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCbendorf) , Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Michael Sally Haas 17 Remscheid (/wiki/Remscheid) 6 Thomas Jennifer Michalczyk 22 Niederkassel (/wiki/Niederkassel) Episode 15 5 Thomas Christina Peno 21 Dudenhofen (/wiki/Dudenhofen) Episode 16 4 Michael Pia Riegel 22 München (/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen) 3 Michael Julianna Townsend 20 Klein-Winternheim (/wiki/Klein-Winternheim) 2 Michael Oluwatoniloba 'Toni' Dreher-Adenuga (/wiki/Toni_Dreher-Adenuga) 18 Stuttgart (/wiki/Stuttgart) 1 Episode summaries [ edit ] No. overall No. in season Title Original air date 180 1 "Auftakt in der Karibik" 8 February 2018 ( 2018-02-08 ) The 13th season of Germany's Next Top Model (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Top_Model) started with a big casting. Out of 100 applicants, only 50 girls have made it. They flew to the Caribbean (/wiki/Caribbean) . There, they had their first photoshoot and their first walk in front of Heidi. 29 girls made it to the next round. Eliminated: Julia, Katarzyna, Saron Ghebremeskel, Sophie, Soraya and Xenia Tsilikova (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_19) Featured photographer: Shayan Asgharnia 181 2 "Das Nackt-Shooting" 15 February 2018 ( 2018-02-15 ) The new week started with a catwalk training. After that, the girls had to walk against each other in a challenge. Each one girl of their team. The challenge has won by Team Michael . The photoshoot this week was a nude photoshoot on the beach. The girls were shocked and unhappy about that. After the shoot, Selma was eliminated. At elimination, Ivana decided to quit the competition. After that, Lania and Viktoria W. were eliminated for their weak performance in the photoshoot. Challenge winner: Team Michael Shoot-out: Ivana Rajić-Hrnjić & Selma Toroy Eliminated outside of judging panel: Selma Toroy Best performance: Klaudia Giez & Pia Riegel Quit: Ivana Rajić-Hrnjić Bottom four: Gerda Lewis, Lania Barzanji, Liane Polt & Viktoria Wendell Eliminated: Lania Barzanji & Viktoria Wendell Featured photographer: Rankin (/wiki/Rankin_(photographer)) Special guests: Nikeata Thompson & Papis Loveday (/wiki/Papis_Loveday) 182 3 "Sprung in den Winter" 22 February 2018 ( 2018-02-22 ) The week started with a photoshoot. The girls had to jump on a trampoline and were wearing fur. After the photoshoot, Liane was eliminated. The girls had their first casting for the Christian Cowan fashion show. All girls except Anne, Christina, Julia and Klaudia were booked. At elimination, Anne, Christina, Isabella, Julia, Klaudia, Victoria and Zoe found them self at the bottom. In the end, Julia was eliminated for her bad performance at the shoot and for not booking the job. Shoot-out: Gerda Lewis & Liane Polt Eliminated outside of judging panel: Liane Polt Booked for job: Abigail Odoom, Bruna Rodrigues, Franziska Schwager, Gerda Lewis, Isabella Özedemir, Jennifer Michalczyk, Julianna Townsend, Karoline Seul, Lis Kanzler, Pia Riegel, Sally Haas, Sara Leutenegger, Sarah Amiri, Shari Streich, Stephanie Groll, Toni Dreher-Adenuga, Trixi Giese, Valerie Wersche, Victoria Pavlas & Zoe Saip Best performance: Pia Riegel Bottom seven: Anne Volkmann, Christina Peno, Isabella Özedemir, Julia Freimuth, Klaudia Giez, Victoria Pavlas & Zoe Saip Eliminated: Julia Freimuth Featured photographer: Max Montgomery (/wiki/Max_Montgomery) Special guests: Christian Cowan & Tim Labenda 183 4 "Das große Umstyling!" 1 March 2018 ( 2018-03-01 ) The girls arrived in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . There, they got their new makeovers. On the next day, the girls had a sedcard photoshoot. At elimination, Lis and Valerie were eliminated. Bottom four: Karoline Seul, Lis Kansler, Trixi Giese & Valerie Wersche Eliminated: Lis Kanzler & Valerie Wersche Featured photographer: Brian Bowen Smith Special guests: Kerstin Weng 184 5 "Das Einhorn-Rodeo" 8 March 2018 ( 2018-03-08 ) The week started with a Unicorn Rodeo photoshoot. After the shoot, Karoline was eliminated. On the next day, Abigail, Bruna and Sally flew to Cancun (/wiki/Cancun) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) for a casting for the German InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Sally was booked for the job. The other 17 girls had a challenge, where they had to change into a party outfit in a lift and against each other. The challenge was won by Team Thomas. At elimination, Bruna, Franziska, Gerda, Isabella, Jennifer, Pia, Sara, Shari, Victoria and Zoe landed in the bottom ten. In the end, Franziska and Isabella were eliminated. Shoot-out: Karoline Seul & Trixi Giese Eliminated outside of judging panel: Karoline Seul Challenge winner: Team Thomas Booked for job: Sally Haas Best performance: Klaudia Giez Bottom ten: Bruna Rodrigues, Franziska Schwager, Gerda Lewis, Isabella Özedemir, Jennifer Michalczyk, Pia Riegel, Sara Leutenegger, Shari Streich, Victoria Pavlas & Zoe Saip Eliminated: Franziska Schwager & Isabella Özedemir Featured photographer: Shane Russack Special guests: Caro Daur (/wiki/Caroline_Daur) , Kerstin Weng, Nikeata Thompson & Papis Loveday (/wiki/Papis_Loveday) 185 6 "GNTM Hip-Hop Edition" 15 March 2018 ( 2018-03-15 ) The week started with a Hip Hop (/wiki/Hip_Hop) video shoot with Brooke Candy (/wiki/Brooke_Candy) . Most of the girls did not do so well, but Pia and Shari were praised. After that, Klaudia, Toni and Zoe were invited to a casting for Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) magazine to Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . Zoe was booked for the job. The other girls had a challenge. They had to dance against each other. The challenge was won by Team Thomas . At elimination, Sarah was eliminated. Challenge winner: Team Thomas Booked for job: Zoe Saip Best performance: Pia Riegel & Shari Streich Bottom three: Gerda Lewis, Jennifer Michalczyk & Sarah Amiri Eliminated: Sarah Amiri Special guests: Brooke Candy (/wiki/Brooke_Candy) , Cro, Dennis Jauch & Jarren Barboza 186 7 "Boys, Boys, Boys" 22 March 2018 ( 2018-03-22 ) The week started with a photoshoot. The girls had to pose with a nude male model. After the shoot, Gerda was eliminated. Anne, Bruna, Christina, Julianna, Pia, Sally, Sara, Toni, Victoria & Zoe were invited to a casting for Deichmann (/wiki/Deichmann_SE) . Bruna, Julianna, Pia, Sally and Toni were booked for the job. The other 6 girls had a workout with James Wilson. At elimination, Abigail, Anne, Shari, Victoria & Zoe landed in the bottom five. In the end, Anne was eliminated. Shoot-out: Gerda Lewis & Jennifer Michalczyk Eliminated outside of judging panel: Gerda Lewis Booked for job: Bruna Rodrigues, Julianna Townsend, Pia Riegel, Sally Haas & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Best performance: Julianna Townsend Bottom five: Abigail Odoom, Anne Volkmann, Shari Streich, Victoria Pavlas & Zoe Saip Eliminated: Anne Volkmann Featured photographer: Yu Tsai (/wiki/Yu_Tsai) Special guests: Andreas Conze & James Wilson 187 8 "Magic Bride" 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Bruna, Christina, Sara and Trixi were invited for a casting for Elle magazine (/wiki/Elle_magazine) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) . Christina was booked for the job. The girls had a video shoot. They had to portray a bride in a pub, where each girl also had a different emotion to portray. At elimination, the girls had a challenge. The theme was a beauty pageant. They had to walk against each other, had to make a speech and say why they are better than the other one. Klaudia won the challenge and got immunity, but she also had the choice to save an eliminated girl. Stephanie and Trixi were eliminated, but Klaudia decided to save Trixi, while Stephanie had to leave. Booked for job: Christina Peno Challenge winner/Immune: Klaudia Giez Bottom four: Jennifer Michalczyk, Shari Streich, Stephanie Groll & Trixi Giese Originally eliminated: Trixi Giese Eliminated: Stephanie Groll Featured director: Lance Drake Special guests: Magic Mike Live crew 188 9 "Action Edition" 5 April 2018 ( 2018-04-05 ) The week started with a photo shoot. The girls had to portray Hollywood divas in extreme heights. After the shoot, Shari was eliminated. The girls had a casting for About You. Julianna and Toni were booked and flew to Havana (/wiki/Havana) , Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) . But they also got immunity for the next elimination. At elimination, Abigail, Bruna and Victoria landed in the bottom three. In the end, Abigail was eliminated for her bad performance at the photoshoot. Shoot-out: Jennifer Michalczyk & Shari Streich Eliminated outside of judging panel: Shari Streich Booked for job/Immune: Julianna Townsend & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Best performance: Christina Peno Bottom three: Abigail Odoom, Bruna Rodrigues & Victoria Pavlas Eliminated: Abigail Odoom Featured photographer: Markus Schäfer Special guests: Julian Jansen & Sofia Tsakiridou 189 10 "Surprise, Surprise" 12 April 2018 ( 2018-04-12 ) The week started with a fashion gymnastics photoshoot. Christina, Julianna, Pia and Toni were invited for a casting in Lissabon (/wiki/Lissabon) , Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . Pia and Toni were booked for the job. The other 8 girls moved in their new home. At elimination, the girls had a Mickey Mouse (/wiki/Mickey_Mouse) runway show. After that, Bruna and Victoria were eliminated, because of their weak performance at the photoshoot. Booked for job: Pia Riegel & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Best performance: Klaudia Giez Eliminated: Bruna Rodrigues & Victoria Pavlas Featured photographer: Oliver Beckmann Special guests: Wincent Weiss (/wiki/Wincent_Weiss) 190 11 "Social Media Edition" 19 April 2018 ( 2018-04-19 ) The week started with a photoshoot. The girls were driving through Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and were taking a shower. After that, the girls had a casting for Gilette Venus. Christina was booked for the job. Then the girls had an interview with Julia Bauer. At the end of the teaching, it was revealed that Klaudia, Pia and Trixi were the best. At elimination, Zoe was eliminated. Booked for job: Christina Peno Eliminated: Zoe Saip Featured photographer: Christian Anwander Special guests: Julia Bauer 191 12 "Family & Friends" 26 April 2018 ( 2018-04-26 ) The week started with a photo challenge. But what the girls did not know was that they got visits from their family and friends except Trixi. Toni and Klaudia went with Heidi to the amfAR Gala (/wiki/AmfAR_Gala) . This week the girls had a 60s housewives video shoot. The girls also had to sell a product. At elimination, Sally, Sara and Trixi landed in the bottom three. In the end, Trixi was eliminated. Best performance: Toni Dreher-Adenuga Bottom three: Sally Haas, Sara Leutenegger & Trixi Giese Eliminated: Trixi Giese Featured director: Justin Wu 192 13 "Water Edition" 3 May 2018 ( 2018-05-03 ) This week started with a teaching. The girls learn how to pose underwater. Christina, Jennifer and Julianna were invited for a casting for Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) . Julianna was booked for the job. At the next day, the girls had an Underwater mermaid photoshoot. After that, the girls had a challenge. The girls were divided into groups. They had to portray twins with their styling. Sally and Toni won the challenge. At elimination, Nobody was eliminated. Later, Heidi announced, that all girls, who weren't booked for a job yet (Jennifer, Klaudia and Sara) plus Toni, are next week in the Shoot out and two girls will be going home. Challenge winner: Toni Dreher-Adenuga & Sally Haas Booked for job / immune: Julianna Townsend Eliminated: None Featured photographer: Chris Straley Special guests: Virginia Henkins & Wolfgang Joop (/wiki/Wolfgang_Joop) 193 14 "Drag Edition" 10 May 2018 ( 2018-05-10 ) The week started with a casting for MCM Worldwide (/wiki/MCM_Worldwide) . Christina and Toni were booked for the job. After that, the girl a Gender swap photoshoot with Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) . After the shoot, Klaudia and Sara were eliminated. At elimination, the remaining 6 girls had a runway show with the drag queens Laganja Estranja (/wiki/Laganja_Estranja) , Moni Stat, Jaidynn Diore Fierce (/wiki/Jaidynn_Diore_Fierce) , Farrah Moan (/wiki/Farrah_Moan) , Misty Violet and Morgan McMichaels (/wiki/Morgan_McMichaels) . After that, Sally was eliminated because of her weak performance at the photoshoot and runway. Shoot-out: Jennifer Michalczyk, Klaudia Giez, Sara Leutenegger & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Eliminated outside of judging panel: Klaudia Giez & Sara Leutenegger Booked for job: Christina Peno & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Best performance: Toni Dreher-Adenuga Bottom two: Jennifer Michalczyk & Sally Haas Eliminated: Sally Haas Featured photographer: Kristian Schuller Special guests: Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 194 15 "Das Halbfinale" 17 May 2018 ( 2018-05-17 ) The week started with the Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) cover shot. On the next day, the girls had a last runway training. At elimination, the girls had their last runway show and were wearing Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) couture dresses. Heidi announced that Toni is the 1st finalist. After that, Pia became the 2nd finalist. Then, Christina became the 3rd finalist. Jennifer and Julianna landed in the bottom two and Jennifer was eliminated making Julianna the 4th finalist. Bottom two: Jennifer Michalczyk & Julianna Townsend Eliminated: Jennifer Michalczyk Featured photographer: Regan Cameron (/wiki/Regan_Cameron) Special guests: Kerstin Schneider, Nikeata Thompson & Papis Loveday (/wiki/Papis_Loveday) 195 16 "Das große Finale" 24 May 2018 ( 2018-05-24 ) The final started with a drag queen fashion show. Then followed the first decision. Christina and Julianna landed in the bottom two and Christina was the first eliminated. Then they had to prove again on the runway. After that, Pia was the second eliminated. The last task was a photoshoot with german singer Wincent Weiss (/wiki/Wincent_Weiss) . After the final runway, Toni was declared the winner of Germany's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) . Final four: Christina Peno, Julianna Townsend, Pia Riegel & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Bottom two: Christina Peno & Julianna Townsend Eliminated: Christina Peno Final three: Julianna Townsend, Pia Riegel & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Bottom two: Julianna Townsend & Pia Riegel Eliminated: Pia Riegel Personality Award: Klaudia Giez Final two: Julianna Townsend & Toni Dreher-Adenuga Germany's Next Topmodel: Toni Dreher-Adenuga Featured photographer: Rankin (/wiki/Rankin_(photographer)) Special guests: Cro, Rebecca Mir (/wiki/Rebecca_Mir) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) , Shawn Mendes (/wiki/Shawn_Mendes) & Wincent Weiss (/wiki/Wincent_Weiss) Summaries [ edit ] Results table [ edit ] Team Thomas Team Michael Place Model Episodes 1 2 [a] (#cite_note-3) 3 [b] (#cite_note-4) 4 5 [c] (#cite_note-5) 6 7 [d] (#cite_note-6) 8 [e] (#cite_note-7) 9 [f] (#cite_note-8) 10 11 12 13 [g] (#cite_note-9) 14 [h] (#cite_note-10) 15 16 1 Toni SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE IMM SAFE SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Winner 2 Julianna SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH SAFE IMM SAFE SAFE SAFE IMM SAFE LOW LOW LOW OUT 3 Pia SAFE HIGH HIGH SAFE LOW HIGH SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 4 Christina SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 5 Jennifer SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW LOW SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT 6 Sally SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT 7–8 Klaudia SAFE HIGH LOW SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE IMM SAFE HIGH HIGH SAFE LOW OUT Sara SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW LOW OUT 9 Trixi SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE SAVE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 10 Zoe LOW SAFE LOW SAFE LOW SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 11–12 Bruna SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW OUT Victoria SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE LOW SAFE LOW SAFE LOW OUT 13 Abigail SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT 14 Shari SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW HIGH LOW LOW OUT 15 Stephanie SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 16 Anne LOW SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 17 Gerda LOW LOW SAFE SAFE LOW LOW OUT 18 Sarah SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 19–20 Franziska SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Isabella SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT 21 Karoline SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW OUT 22–23 Lis SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Valerie SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT 24 Julia SAFE SAFE OUT 25 Liane SAFE LOW OUT 26–27 Lania SAFE OUT Viktoria SAFE OUT 28 Ivana LOW QUIT 29 Selma LOW OUT The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant withdrew from the competition The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was originally eliminated from the competition but was saved The contestant won best photo The contestant was in danger of elimination The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition ^ (#cite_ref-3) In Episode 2, Selma was eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. Furthermore, Ivana decided to quit the competition. ^ (#cite_ref-4) In Episode 3, Liane was eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. ^ (#cite_ref-5) In Episode 5, Karoline was eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. ^ (#cite_ref-6) In episode 7, Gerda was eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. ^ (#cite_ref-7) In episode 8, Trixi was originally eliminated, but was saved by Klaudia as she won the elimination walk and had a vote to save one girl. ^ (#cite_ref-8) In Episode 9, Shari was eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. Julianna and Toni were booked for the job and got immunity. ^ (#cite_ref-9) In Episode 13, Julianna was booked for the job and got immunity. Furthermore, no one was eliminated. However, Jennifer, Klaudia, Sara, and Toni were put into the shoot-out. ^ (#cite_ref-10) In Episode 14, Klaudia and Sara were eliminated outside of judging panel after losing the shoot out. Photo shoot guide [ edit ] Episode 1 photo shoot: 60 second test shoot (Casting) Episode 2 photo shoot: Nude on the beach Episode 3 photo shoot: Wearing fur (/wiki/Fur) whilst jumping on a trampoline Episode 4 photo shoot: Sedcards Episode 5 photo shoot: Fairies on a Unicorn Rodeo Episode 6 video shoot: Hip Hop (/wiki/Hip_Hop) music video Episode 7 photo shoot: Posing with a nude male model Episode 8 video shoot: Brides in a pub with the Magic Mike crew Episode 9 photo shoot: Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) divas on the roof Episode 10 photo shoot: Fashion gymnastics in mid-air Episode 11 photo shoot: Taking a shower in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) Episode 12 video shoot: 60's wives whilst selling a product Episode 13 photo shoot: Underwater mermaids Episode 14 photo shoot: Gender Swap with Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Episode 15 photo shoot: Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) covers Episode 16 photo shoot: Posing with singer Wincent Weiss (/wiki/Wincent_Weiss) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-express_1-0) Anne Tafferner. "Germany's Next Topmodel: Das ändert sich in der 13. Staffel der Casting-Show" (https://www.express.de/news/promi-und-show/-germany-s-next-topmodel--einiges-anders--so-wird-die-13--staffel-der-casting-show-29422002) . Express.de . Retrieved 2018-01-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Germany's next Topmodel - Models" (https://beta.prosieben.de/tv/germanys-next-topmodel/models) . 24 July 2013. External links [ edit ] Official Website v t e Germany's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) Seasons 1 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_7) 8 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_8) 9 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_9) 10 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_10) 11 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_11) 12 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_12) 13 14 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_14) 15 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_15) 16 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_16) 17 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_17) 18 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_18) 19 (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_season_19) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel_contestants) Winners Lena Gercke (/wiki/Lena_Gercke) Barbara Meier (/wiki/Barbara_Meier) Jennifer Hof (/wiki/Jennifer_Hof) Sara Nuru (/wiki/Sara_Nuru) Alisar Ailabouni (/wiki/Alisar_Ailabouni) Jana Beller (/wiki/Jana_Beller) Luisa Hartema (/wiki/Luisa_Hartema) Lovelyn Enebechi (/wiki/Lovelyn_Enebechi) Stefanie Giesinger (/wiki/Stefanie_Giesinger) Vanessa Fuchs (/wiki/Vanessa_Fuchs) Kim Hnizdo (/wiki/Kim_Hnizdo) Céline Bethmann (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Bethmann) Toni Dreher-Adenuga (/wiki/Toni_Dreher-Adenuga) Simone Kowalski (/wiki/Simone_Kowalski) Jacky Wruck (/wiki/Jacky_Wruck) Alex-Mariah Peter (/wiki/Alex-Mariah_Peter) Lou-Anne Gleißenebner-Teskey (/wiki/Lou-Anne_Glei%C3%9Fenebner-Teskey) Vivien Blotzki (/wiki/Vivien_Blotzki) Other alumni Micaela Schäfer (/wiki/Micaela_Sch%C3%A4fer) Fiona Erdmann (/wiki/Fiona_Erdmann) Vanessa Hegelmaier (/wiki/Vanessa_Hegelmaier) Milla von Krockow (/wiki/Milla_von_Krockow) Gina-Lisa Lohfink (/wiki/Gina-Lisa_Lohfink) Larissa Marolt (/wiki/Larissa_Marolt) Rebecca Mir (/wiki/Rebecca_Mir) Giuliana Radermacher (/wiki/Giuliana_Farfalla) Miriam Rautert (/wiki/Miriam_Rautert) Related Die Model WG (/wiki/Die_Model_WG_(German_TV_series)) Top Model (/wiki/Top_Model) Austria's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel) Switzerland's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Switzerland%27s_Next_Topmodel) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐ncrq8 Cached time: 20240713085641 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.748 seconds Real time usage: 0.970 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4522/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 142071/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5397/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27606/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.381/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19131778/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 664.851 1 -total 37.59% 249.898 1 Template:Infobox_television_season 26.94% 179.132 2 Template:Infobox 24.01% 159.613 1 Template:Episode_table 21.10% 140.289 16 Template:Episode_list 19.59% 130.239 14 Template:Main_other 18.32% 121.786 2 Template:Reflist 15.81% 105.081 2 Template:Cite_web 14.86% 98.787 1 Template:Germany's_Next_Topmodel 14.51% 96.485 2 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56245502-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713085641 and revision id 1225066898. 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(Redirected from Hanbok as social status (/w/index.php?title=Hanbok_as_social_status&redirect=no) ) Traditional Korean clothing Hanbok People wearing hanbok Material Diverse Place of origin Korea (/wiki/Korea) Introduced At least since Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) period Hanbok North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl (/wiki/Hangul) 조선옷 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%98%B7) Hancha (/wiki/Hanja) 朝鮮 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE) 옷 Transcriptions Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Joseon-ot McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Chosŏn-ot South Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 한복 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%B3%B5) Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 韓服 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%9C%8D) Transcriptions Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Hanbok McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Hanbok The hanbok ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 한복 ; Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) : 韓服 ; lit. Korean dress) is traditional clothing (/wiki/Traditional_clothing) of the Korean people (/wiki/Koreans) . The term hanbok is primarily used by South Koreans; North Koreans refer to the clothes as chosŏn-ot ( 조선옷 , lit. ' Korean clothes ' ). The clothes are also worn in the Korean diaspora (/wiki/Korean_diaspora) , especially by Koreans in China (/wiki/Koreans_in_China) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Koryo-saram (/wiki/Koryo-saram) - ethnic Koreans living in the lands of the former Soviet Union - also retained a hanbok tradition. [4] (#cite_note-4) Koreans have worn hanbok since antiquity. The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) period (57 BC to 668 AD) with roots in the Proto-Koreanic people (/wiki/Yemaek) of what is now northern Korea (/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea) and Manchuria (/wiki/Manchuria) . The clothes are also depicted on tomb murals from the Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) period (4th to 6th century AD), with the basic structure of the hanbok established since at latest this period. [5] (#cite_note-Dead-Goguryeo_Tomb_Murals_2007-5) The ancient hanbok consisted of a jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) (top), baji (/wiki/Baji_(clothing)) (pants), chima (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) (skirt), and the po (/wiki/Po_(clothing)) (coat). The basic structure of hanbok developed to facilitate ease of movement; it integrated many motifs of Mu-ism (/wiki/Korean_shamanism) . [6] (#cite_note-:16-6) For thousands of years, the hanbok most people wore was pure white (/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea) with no ornamentation. More ornate hanbok was typically reserved for special occasions such as weddings. The color white was seen as pure. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In some periods, commoners ( seomin ) were even forbidden (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) from wearing colorful hanbok regularly. [11] (#cite_note-:73-11) : 104 [12] (#cite_note-:83-12) [13] (#cite_note-:103-13) However, on the other hand, during the Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) Dynasty (1392-1897) and the Japanese occupation of Korea (/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule) (1910-1945), there was also an attempt to ban white clothes and to encourage non-bleached dyed clothes, which ultimately failed. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Modern hanbok are typically patterned after the hanbok worn in the Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) , [6] (#cite_note-:16-6) especially those worn by the nobility and royalty. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 104 [19] (#cite_note-:8-19) There is some regional variation in hanbok design between South Korea, North Korea, and Koreans in China (/wiki/Koreans_in_China) as a result of the relative isolation from each other that these groups experienced in the late-20th century. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 246 [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) Despite this, the designs have somewhat converged again since the 1990s, [22] (#cite_note-22) especially due to increased cultural and economic exchange after the Chinese economic reform (/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform) [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 246 of 1978 onwards. Nowadays, contemporary Koreans wear hanbok for formal or semi-formal occasions and for events such as weddings, festivals, celebrations, and ceremonies. In 1996, the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism) established Hanbok Day to encourage South Korean citizens to wear the hanbok . [24] (#cite_note-24) Etymology [ edit ] The term hanbok appeared relatively recently and is connected with the historical context in which it appeared. The term emerged in the late Joseon period, when the Empire of Japan (/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) and other western countries competed to place Korea under their own sphere of influence. The first known use of the term is in an 1881 document from the late Joseon period entitled Chŏngch'iilgi ( 《정치일기》 ). [25] (#cite_note-:52-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) There, hanbok is used to distinguish Korean clothing from Japanese- and Western-style clothing. Hanbok was again used in an 1895 document to distinguish between Korean and Japanese clothing. These two usages predate the Korean Empire's (/wiki/Korean_Empire) popularization of the use of the hanja (/wiki/Hanja) character Han ( Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) : 韓 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93) ) to describe the Korean people. [ citation needed ] Beginning in 1900, Korean newspapers used the hanja character Han in words that described Korean clothing, such as Han'gugŭibok ( 한국의복 ), Han'gugyebok ( 한국예복 ), and Taehannyŏbok ( 대한녀복 ). Hanbok was used in a 1905 newspaper article to describe the clothing of one of the righteous armies (/wiki/Righteous_army) . Other words with similar meanings, such as uri-ot ( 우리옷 ) and chosŏn-ot ( 조선옷 ), were concurrently used. Since the division of Korea (/wiki/Division_of_Korea) , South Korea has preferred the term hanbok while North Korea has preferred the term Chosŏn-ot . This reflects the general trend of South Korea's preference for the term Han and North Korea's for Chosŏn . [ citation needed ] Components and design [ edit ] A diagram of the hanbok 's anatomy 1. hwajang 2. godae 3. somae buri 4. somae 5. goreum 6. u 7. doryeon 8, 11. jindong 9. gil 10. baerae 12. git 13. dongjeong For women, traditional hanbok consist of the jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) (top) and the chima (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) (skirt). The ensemble is often known as ' chima jeogori (/wiki/Chima_jeogori) ' . For men, hanbok consist of jeogori and loose-fitting baji (trousers). [27] (#cite_note-KBS-27) There are also a variety of vests, jackets and coats on top of this ensemble. For women, there are Jangsam , Dansam , Wonsam (/wiki/Wonsam) , and more. For men, some examples are durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) , dopo (/wiki/Dopo_(clothing)) , Danryeong-ui , Joong-chimak , Sochang-ui , Daechang-ui , etc. Jeogori [ edit ] Main article: Jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) Jeogori and chima The jeogori (저고리) is the basic upper garment of the hanbok , worn by both men and women. It covers the arms and upper part of the wearer's body. [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) [29] (#cite_note-HanbokBritannica-29) There are various styles and types of jeogori varying in fabric, sewing technique, and shape. [30] (#cite_note-Britannica-30) [31] (#cite_note-Jeogori_Reborns_with_New_Visions_of_a_Thousand-31) The basic form of a jeogori consists of gil , git , dongjeong , goreum and sleeves. Gil ( 길 ) is the large section of the garment on both front and back sides, and git ( 깃 ) is a band of fabric that trims the collar. Dongjeong ( 동정 ) is a removable white collar placed over the end of the git and is generally squared off. The goreum ( 고름 ) are fabric-strings that tie the jeogori . [27] (#cite_note-KBS-27) Women's jeogori may have kkeutdong ( 끝동 ), a different colored cuff (/wiki/Cuff) placed at the end of the sleeves. Contemporary jeogori are presently designed with various lengths. Goreum [ edit ] Goreum (고름) refers to the strings that fasten clothes together. Traditionally, there are many types of goreum. Fabric goreum were potentially used since Gojoseon (/wiki/Gojoseon) . They were originally practical but often decorative. Silla (/wiki/Silla) had regulations against types of Dae (belts) and decorative goreum for each Golpoom (/wiki/Bone-rank_system) . Southern parts of Korea, including Silla (/wiki/Silla) , had a colorful goreum on the front of the neck, which influenced Yayoi (/wiki/Yayoi_period) culture. Parts of Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) style had a fabric goreum loop around the waist with a decorative ribbon to the side like a belt. Generally, thin and short ones were used on the inside and more decorative, colourful ones were used on the outside. Since the early form of the jeogori was usually wrapped across the front, the outside goreum was placed on the side of the wearer, below the armpit. Starting in Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_dynasty) , the goreum slowly moved to the front of the jeogori . In the 20th century, the goreum became the commonly known long and wide decorative ribbons on the front of the jeogori and was coined the Ot-goreum. Danchu [ edit ] Danchu (buttons) can also be used as an alternative to Goreum. There are many types of danchu. One example is the Maedeup-danchu which were often used to keep symmetrical collars together in the front and used for practical uses on military uniforms and court uniforms. They have long horizontal lines on either side like Manchurian (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) buttons or looked like a ball and lasso. Magoja-danchu are often big decorative metal, gems or stones buttons usually on Jokki (vest). [32] (#cite_note-32) Chima [ edit ] Main article: Chima (clothing) (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) Chima (치마) refers to "skirt", and is also called sang ( 裳 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B3) ) or gun ( 裙 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%99) ) in hanja (/wiki/Hanja) . [33] (#cite_note-EncyKorea-33) [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) [30] (#cite_note-Britannica-30) The underskirt, or petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) layer, is called sokchima . Chima-malgi is the waistband that trims the top of the chima . Chima were typically made from rectangular panels that were pleated (/wiki/Pleat) or gathered (/wiki/Gather_(sewing)) into the chima-malgi (waistband). [34] (#cite_note-CHA-34) This waistband also had goreum strings for fastening the skirt around the body. [35] (#cite_note-CHA2-35) From the Goguryeo to Joseon periods, chima have been striped, pleated, patchworked, and gored (/wiki/Gore_(segment)) . [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) Sokchima was largely made in a traditional way until the early 20th century when shoulder straps were added, [36] (#cite_note-GoodPeople-36) later developing into a sleeveless bodice or "reformed" petticoat called Eo-Kkeh-Heo-ri-Chima . [37] (#cite_note-GoodPeople2-37) By the mid-20th century, some outer chima also gained a sleeveless bodice, which was then covered by the jeogori . [38] (#cite_note-RecycleLACMARedSkirt-38) [39] (#cite_note-RecycleLACMA-39) Baji [ edit ] Main article: Baji (clothing) (/wiki/Baji_(clothing)) Baji (바지) refers to the bottom part of the men's hanbok . It is the term for "trousers" in Korean. Compared to western style pants, baji does not fit tightly. The roomy design is aimed at making the clothing ideal for sitting on the floor and an ethnic style that dates back to the Three kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) . [40] (#cite_note-asia-planet.net-40) It functions as modern trousers do and the term baji is commonly used in Korea to refer to every kind of pants. The baji-malgi is a waistband of the baji that has a long string of goreum . Baji can be unlined trousers, leather trousers, silk pants, or cotton pants, depending on style of dress, sewing method, embroidery and so on. Sokgot [ edit ] Main article: Sokgot (/wiki/Sokgot) Sokgot ( 속곳 ) is a collective noun for various types of traditional Korean (/wiki/Korean_culture) undergarments (/wiki/Underwear) . They were worn as part of a hanbok before the import of Western-style underwear. Women usually wore several layers of undergarments, the more layers they had the richer they were. [41] (#cite_note-41) Undergarments were considered very important, thus it happened that the quality and material of the underwear was better than that of the visible outer layers. [42] (#cite_note-hanstyle-42) Deot-ot [ edit ] Deot-ot refers to a category of outer layers worn on top of the jeogori . There are many varieties other than the ones listed here. Po [ edit ] Main articles: Po (clothing) (/wiki/Po_(clothing)) and Durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) Po ( 포/袍 ) is a generic term referring to an outer robe (/wiki/Robe) or overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) . There are two general types of po , the Korean type and the Chinese type. [43] (#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-43) The Korean type is a common style from the Three Kingdoms of Korea (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) period, and it is used in the modern day. [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) [43] (#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-43) The Chinese type consist of different types of po from mainland China. [43] (#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-43) Durumagi is a type of po that was worn for protection against the cold. It has been widely worn as an outer robe over jeogori and baji . It is also called jumagui , juchaui , or juui . [33] (#cite_note-EncyKorea-33) [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) [44] (#cite_note-Britannica1-44) Banbi [ edit ] Banbi ( 반비/半臂 , lit. 'half sleeve') are a type Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) that originated from the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . Banbi refers to variety of short sleeved garments worn on top of inner garments, typically the Yuanling pao (Chinese: 圓領袍, 'round collar robe'). Numerous outer half-sleeved Banbi can be seen in ancient Tang-era paintings, murals, and statues. [45] (#cite_note-45) Bigap [ edit ] A sleeveless outer garment that was derived from Mongolian (/wiki/Mongol_Empire) clothing worn during the Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) period. [46] (#cite_note-46) Baeja and kwaeja [ edit ] Baeja refers to sleeveless outer garments that are worn on top of inner garments. It can be different lengths, short to long. Kwaeja is interchangeable with baeja, but kwaeja often refers to men's clothing. Dapho [ edit ] Main article: Dapho (/wiki/Dapho) The dapho (/wiki/Dapho) ( 도포/道袍 ) is a short-sleeved men's outer garment, often part of military uniform or official uniform. Jokki [ edit ] Jokki ( 조끼 ) is a type of vest (/wiki/Vest) , while magoja (/wiki/Magoja) is an outer jacket. The jokki was created around late Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_dynasty) , as Western culture (/wiki/Western_culture) began to affect Korea. Magoja [ edit ] Main article: Magoja (/wiki/Magoja) Magoja (마고자) does not have a git , the band of fabric trimming the collar. [27] (#cite_note-KBS-27) The magoja for men sometimes has seop ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 섶 , overlapped column on the front) and is longer than women's magoja , with both sides open at the bottom. A magoja can be made of silk (/wiki/Silk) and often adorned with danchu which are usually made from amber (/wiki/Amber) . In men's magoja , buttons are attached to the right side, as opposed to the left as in women's magoja . [44] (#cite_note-Britannica1-44) It was introduced to Korea after Heungseon Daewongun (/wiki/Heungseon_Daewongun) , the father of King Gojong (/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea) , returned from his political exile (/wiki/Exile) in Tianjin (/wiki/Tianjin) in 1887. [44] (#cite_note-Britannica1-44) [47] (#cite_note-Life_in_Korea-47) Long sleeved Magoja were derived from the magwae (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) he wore in exile because of the cold climate there. Owing to its warmth and ease of wear, magoja became popular in Korea. It is also called "deot jeogori" (literally "an outer jeogori ") or magwae . [44] (#cite_note-Britannica1-44) Children's hanbok [ edit ] Children's hanbok Traditionally, Kkachi durumagi (/wiki/Kkachi_durumagi) (literally "a magpie's overcoat") were worn as seolbim ( 설빔 ), new clothing and shoes worn on the Korean celebration of Korean New Year (/wiki/Korean_New_Year) , while at present, it is worn as a ceremonial garment for dol (/wiki/Doljanchi) , the celebration for a baby's first birthday. [48] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Kkachi-48) [49] (#cite_note-dol-49) It is a children's colorful overcoat. [50] (#cite_note-50) It was worn mostly by young boys. [51] (#cite_note-51) The clothes is also called obangjang durumagi which means "an overcoat of five directions". [48] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Kkachi-48) It was worn over jeogori (a jacket) and jokki (a vest), while the wearer could put jeonbok (/wiki/Jeonbok) (a long vest) over it. Kkachi durumagi was also worn along with headgear (/wiki/Headgear) such as bokgeon (/wiki/Bokgeon) (a peaked cloth hat), [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) hogeon (peaked cloth hat with a tiger pattern) for young boys or gulle (/wiki/Gulle) (decorative headgear) for young girls. [28] (#cite_note-Doosan-28) [ need quotation to verify ] [54] (#cite_note-tour2korea-54) Children in Washington DC (/wiki/Washington_DC) wearing hanbok Foreign influences in design [ edit ] The clothing of Korea's rulers and aristocrats after AD 7, was influenced by both foreign and indigenous (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) styles, including significant influences from various Chinese dynasties (/wiki/Chinese_dynasties) , resulting in some styles of clothing, such as the simui (/wiki/Shenyi) from Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , [55] (#cite_note-55) gwanbok (/wiki/Gwanbok) (관복 or 단령) worn by male officials were generally adopted from and/or influenced by the court clothing system of the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) [57] (#cite_note-:17-57) Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , [57] (#cite_note-:17-57) and Ming dynasties (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , [58] (#cite_note-58) and Court clothing of women in the court and women of royalty were adapted from the clothing style of Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasties. [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) The cheolick (#Cheolique) , which originated in Mongolia, took the form of everyday clothing [61] (#cite_note-61) and military uniform. The cultural exchange was also bilateral and Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) hanbok had cultural influence on some clothing of Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty) worn by the upper class (i.e. the clothing worn by Mongol royal women's clothing [62] (#cite_note-:102-62) and in the Yuan imperial court [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) ). [64] (#cite_note-64) Commoners were less influenced by these foreign fashion trends, and mainly wore a style of indigenous clothing distinct from that of the upper classes. [65] (#cite_note-Daum_Global-65) Design and social position [ edit ] Hwarot (/wiki/Hwarot) , bride clothes The choice of hanbok can also signal social position. Bright colors, for example, were generally worn by children and girls, and muted hues by middle aged men and women. Unmarried women often wore yellow jeogori and red chima while matrons wore green and red, and women with sons donned navy. The upper classes wore a variety of colours. Contrastingly, commoners were required to wear white, but dressed in shades of pale pink, light green, gray and charcoal on special occasions. The material of the hanbok also signaled status. The upper classes dressed in hanbok of closely woven ramie cloth or other high grade lightweight materials in warmer months and of plain and patterned silks throughout the remainder of the year. Commoners, in contrast, were restricted to cotton. Patterns were embroidered on hanbok to represent the wishes of the wearer. Peonies on a wedding dress, represented a wish for honor and wealth. Lotus flowers symbolized a hope for nobility, and bats and pomegranates showed the desire for children. Dragons, phoenixes, cranes and tigers were only for royalty and high-ranking officials. [66] (#cite_note-66) In addition, special variants were made for officials and shamans. [40] (#cite_note-asia-planet.net-40) History [ edit ] Three Kingdoms of Korea [ edit ] 7th-century Chinese Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) period (57 BC to 668 AD). [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) [70] (#cite_note-KCIS2-70) The origin of ancient hanbok can be found in the ancient clothing of what is now today's Northern Korea and Manchuria (/wiki/Manchuria) . [71] (#cite_note-Greenwood2-71) Some hypothesize that the hanbok of antiquity can trace its origin to nomadic clothing of the Eurasian Steppes (/wiki/Eurasian_Steppes) ( Scythian clothing (/wiki/Scythian_clothing) ), spanning across Siberia from western Asia to Northeast Asia, interconnected by the Steppe Route (/wiki/Steppe_Route) . [72] (#cite_note-kim_7_154-72) [73] (#cite_note-Lee,_Kyung-Ja,_20035-73) [74] (#cite_note-스키타이_복식_유형_및_형태에_관한_연구_-_고대_한국과의_관계-74) Reflecting its nomadic (/wiki/Nomad) origins in western and northern Asia, ancient hanbok shared structural similarities with hobok type clothing of the nomadic cultures in East Asia , designed to facilitate horse-riding and ease of movement, [25] (#cite_note-:52-25) [75] (#cite_note-:23-75) [76] (#cite_note-한국의상디자인학회지22-76) such as the use of trousers and jacket for male clothing and the use of left closure in its jacket. [77] (#cite_note-:20-77) However, although the ancient hanbok reflects some similarity with the Scythian clothing, numerous differences between the two types of clothing have also been observed which led associated professor Youngsoo Chang from the Department of Cultural Properties in Gyeongju University in 2020 to suggest that the theory about Scythian clothing being the archetype of the ancient hanbok , a theory accepted as common knowledge in Korean academia, having to be revised. [77] (#cite_note-:20-77) Goguryeo [ edit ] Early forms of hanbok can be seen in the art of Goguryeo tomb (/wiki/Goguryeo_tombs) murals in the same period from the 4th to 6th century AD. [70] (#cite_note-KCIS2-70) [71] (#cite_note-Greenwood2-71) [76] (#cite_note-한국의상디자인학회지22-76) [78] (#cite_note-78) Trousers, long jackets and twii (a sash-like belt) were worn by both men and women. Women wore skirts on top of their trousers. These basic structural and features of hanbok remain relatively unchanged to this day, [79] (#cite_note-79) except for the length and the ways the jeogori opening was closed as over the years. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) The jeogori opening was initially closed at the center front of the clothing, similar to a kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) or closed to the left, before closing to the right side eventually became mainstream. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) Since the sixth century AD, the closing of the jeogori at the right became a standard practice. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) The length of the female jeogori also varied. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) For example, women's jeogori seen in Goguryeo paintings of the late 5th century AD are depicted shorter in length than the man's jeogori . [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) In early Goguryeo, the jeogori jackets were hip-length Kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) tunics belted at the waist, and the po overcoats were full body-length Kaftan robes also belted at the waist. The pants were roomy, bearing close similarities to the pants found at Xiongnu burial site of Noin Ula (/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site) . [ citation needed ] Some Goguryeo aristocrats wore roomy pants with tighter bindings at the ankle than others, which may have been status symbols along with length, cloth material, and colour. Women sometimes wore pants or otherwise wore pleated skirts. They sometimes wore pants underneath their skirts. [80] (#cite_note-:15-80) Two types of hwa (shoes) were used, one covering only the foot, and the other covering up to the lower knee. [ citation needed ] During this period, conical hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) and its similar variants, sometimes adorned with long bird feathers, [81] (#cite_note-81) were worn as headgear. [74] (#cite_note-스키타이_복식_유형_및_형태에_관한_연구_-_고대_한국과의_관계-74) Bird feather ornaments, and bird and tree motifs of golden crowns, are thought to be symbolic connections to the sky. [ citation needed ] The Goguryeo period royal attire was known as ochaebok . [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) The precursor of what is now known as the durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) was introduced during the Goguryeo period from a long coat worn by Northern asian. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) Originally the durumagi was worn by the upper class of Goguryeo for various ceremonies and rituals. It was later modified and worn by the general population. [69] (#cite_note-:82-69) In Muyong-chong murals of Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) , there are male dancers in short jeogori with long flexible sleeves and female dancers wearing long coats with long flexible sleeves, all performing a dance. This type of long sleeves, similar to the Chinese water-sleeves (/wiki/Water_sleeves) , was passed down to Goryeo, Joseon, and present day Korean court dances (/wiki/Korean_dance) and mu-ism (/wiki/Korean_shamanism) rituals. [ citation needed ] A Goguryeo man in a hunting attire from Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom (/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom) , 5th century A.D., Jilin province, China. Goguryeo servants wearing a Chima (skirt) and a long jeogori jacket, Goguryeo mural paintings in Jilin province, China, 5th-century AD. North-South States period [ edit ] In the North-South States Period (/wiki/North-South_States_Period) (698–926 AD), Silla (/wiki/Silla) and Balhae (/wiki/Balhae) adopted dallyeong (/wiki/Dallyeong) , a circular-collar robe (/wiki/Circular-collar_robe) from the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) of China. [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-:1-83) In Silla, the dallyeong (/wiki/Round_collar_robe) was introduced by Muyeol of Silla (/wiki/Muyeol_of_Silla) in the second year of queen Jindeok of Silla (/wiki/Jindeok_of_Silla) . [83] (#cite_note-:1-83) [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) The dallyeong style from China was used as gwanbok (/wiki/Gwanbok) , a formal attire for government officials, grooms, and dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) , a formal attire for royalty until the end of Joseon. [83] (#cite_note-:1-83) United Silla [ edit ] The Silla (/wiki/Silla) Kingdom unified the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) in 668 AD. The Unified Silla (/wiki/Later_Silla) (668-935 AD) was the golden age of Korea. In Unified Silla, various silks, linens, and fashions were imported from Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) China and Persia. In the process, the latest fashions trend of Luoyang (/wiki/Luoyang) which included Chinese dress styles, the second capital of Tang, were also introduced to Korea, where the Korean silhouette became similar to the Western Empire silhouette (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) . King Muyeol of Silla (/wiki/Muyeol_of_Silla) personally travelled to the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) to voluntarily request for clothes and belts; it is however difficult to determine which specific form and type of clothing was bestowed although Silla requested the bokdu (幞頭; a form of hempen hood during this period), danryunpo (/wiki/Round_collar_robe) (團領袍; round collar gown), banbi (/wiki/Banbi) , baedang (䘯襠), and pyo (褾). [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) Based on archaeological findings, it is assumed that the clothing which was brought back during Queen Jindeok rule are danryunpo and bokdu . [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) The bokdu also become part of the official dress code of royal aristocrats, court musicians, servants, and slaves during the reign of Queen Jindeok (/wiki/Jindeok_of_Silla) ; it continued to be used throughout the Goryeo dynasty. [84] (#cite_note-84) In 664 AD, Munmu of Silla (/wiki/Munmu_of_Silla) decreed that the costume of the queen should resemble the costume of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) ; and thus, women's costume also accepted the costume culture of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) Women also sought to imitate the clothing of the Tang dynasty through the adoption of shoulder straps attached to their skirts and wore the skirts over the jeogori . [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) [85] (#cite_note-:21-85) The influence of the Tang dynasty during this time was significant and the Tang court dress regulations were adopted in the Silla court. [80] (#cite_note-:15-80) [86] (#cite_note-:9-86) The clothing of the Tang dynasty introduced in Silla made the clothing attire of Silla Court extravagant, and due to the extravagance, King Heundeog (/wiki/Heungdeok_of_Silla) enforced clothing prohibition during the year 834 AD. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) The general public of Silla continued to wear their own traditional clothing. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) Reconstruction of Silla (/wiki/Silla) king's and queen's attire Gold waist belt used by royalty of Silla. Women figures wearing Tang-dynasty style clothing, Silla. Balhae [ edit ] Balhae (/wiki/Balhae) (698–926 AD) imported many various kinds of silk and cotton cloth from the Tang and diverse items from Japan including silk products and ramie. In exchange, Balhae would export fur and leather. The clothing culture of Balhae was heterogeneous; it was not only influenced by the Tang dynasty but also had inherited Goguryeo and indigenous Mohe people (/wiki/Mohe_people) elements. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) Early Balhae officials wore clothing appeared to continue the Three Kingdoms period tradition. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) However, after Mun of Balhae (/wiki/Mun_of_Balhae) , Balhae started to incorporate elements from the Tang dynasty, which include the putou and round collared gown for its official attire. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) Male everyday clothing was similar to Gogoryeo clothing in terms of its headgear; i.e. hemp or conical hats with bird feathers; they also wore leather shoes and belts. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) Women clothing appears to have adopted clothing from Tang dynasty (i.e. upper garment with long sleeves which is partially covered by a long skirts and shoes with curled tips to facilitate walking) but also wore the ungyeon (Yunjuan; a silk shawl) which started to appear after the demise of the Tang dynasty. The Ungyeon use is unique to late Balhae period and is distinctive from the shawl which was worn by the women of the Tang dynasty. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) People from Balhae also wore fish-skin skirts and sea leopard leather top to keep warm. [87] (#cite_note-:4-87) Goryeo dynasty [ edit ] The Chinese style imported in the Northern-South period, however, did not affect hanbok still used by the commoners, [ citation needed ] In the following Goryeo period, use of the Chinese Tang dynasty style of wearing the skirt over the top started to fade, and the wearing of top over skirt was revived in the aristocrat class. [88] (#cite_note-Koreana2-88) [89] (#cite_note-Hanstyle2-89) The way of wearing the top under the chima (Tang-style influenced fashion) did not disappear in Goryeo and continued to coexist with the indigenous style of wearing of the top over skirt throughout the entire Goryeo dynasty; this Tang-style influenced fashion continued to be worn until the early Joseon dynasty and only disappeared in the middle and late Joseon periods. [90] (#cite_note-90) In Goryeo Buddhist paintings (/wiki/Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings) , the clothing and headwear of royalty and nobles typically follows the clothing system of the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . [91] (#cite_note-:72-91) The Goryeo painting "Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara", for example, is a Buddhist painting which was derived from both Chinese and Central Asian pictorial references. [92] (#cite_note-92) On the other hand, the Chinese clothing worn in Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) rarely appeared in paintings of Goryeo. [91] (#cite_note-:72-91) The Song dynasty system was later exclusively used by Goryeo Kings and Goryeo government officials after the period when Goryeo was under Mongol rule (/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule) (1270 –1356). [93] (#cite_note-:18-93) However, even in the Buddhist painting of the late Goryeo, such as the Royal Palace Mandala , the courting ladies are depicted in Tang and Song dynasty-style court dress clothing, which is a different style from the Mongol Yuan court. [93] (#cite_note-:18-93) Details of the Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara painting shows a group of nobles (possibly the donors) dress in court clothing, Goryeo painting. [94] (#cite_note-94) Chima-jeogori, a noblewoman's attire in Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara , Goryeo dynasty painting, 1323 AD. [93] (#cite_note-:18-93) Court ladies wearing the Tang and Song dynasty style clothing, from the painting Royal Palace Mandala , late Goryeo Portrait of Lady Jo ban (1341-1401 AD), Goryeo dynasty. Portrait of Yi Je-hyeon (1287–1367 AD) of the Goryeo dynasty, wearing simui (/wiki/Shenyi) . Hanbok went through significant changes under Mongol rule. After the Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) dynasty signed a peace treaty with the Mongol Empire (/wiki/Mongol_Empire) in the 13th century, Mongolian princesses who married into the Korean royal house brought with them Mongolian fashion which began to prevail in both formal and private life. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) [73] (#cite_note-Lee,_Kyung-Ja,_20035-73) [95] (#cite_note-koreanculture.org-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) A total of seven women from the Yuan imperial family were married to the kings of Goryeo. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) The Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) princess followed the Mongol lifestyle who was instructed to not abandon the Yuan traditions in regards to clothing and precedents. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) As a consequence, the clothing of Yuan was worn in the Goryeo court and impacted the clothing worn by the upper-class families who visited the Goryeo court. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) The Yuan clothing culture which influenced the upper classes and in some extent the general public is called Mongolpung . [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) King Chungryeol, who was political hostage to the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) and pro-Yuan, married the princess of Yuan announcing a royal edict to change into Mongol clothing. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) After the fall of the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , only Mongol clothing which were beneficial and suitable to Goryeo culture were maintained while the others disappeared. [56] (#cite_note-:22-56) As a result of the Mongol influence, the chima skirt was shortened, and jeogori was hiked up above the waist and tied at the chest with a long, wide ribbon, the goreum g (an extending ribbon tied on the right side) instead of the twii (i.e. the early sash-like belt) and the sleeves were curved slightly. [ citation needed ] The cultural exchange was also bilateral and Goryeo had cultural influence on the Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) court of the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) (1279–1368); one example is the influence of Goryeo women's hanbok on the attire of aristocrats, queens, and concubines of the Mongol court which occurred in the capital city, Khanbaliq (/wiki/Khanbaliq) . [97] (#cite_note-97) [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) However, this influence on the Mongol court clothing mainly occurred in the last years of the Yuan dynasty. [100] (#cite_note-100) [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) Throughout the Yuan dynasty, many people from Goryeo were forced to move into the Yuan; most of them were kongnyo (literally translated as "tribute women"), eunuchs, and war prisoners. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) [101] (#cite_note-101) About 2000 women from Goryeo were sent to Yuan as kongnyo against their will. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) Although women from Goryeo were considered very beautiful and good servants, most of them lived in unfortunate situations, marked by hard labour and sexual abuse. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) However, this fate was not reserved to all of them; and one Goryeo woman became the last Empress of the Yuan dynasty; this was Empress Gi (/wiki/Empress_Gi) who was elevated as empress in 1365. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) Most of the cultural influence that Goryeo exerted on the upper class of the Yuan dynasty occurred when Empress Gi came into power as empress and started to recruit many Goryeo women as court maids. [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) The influence of Goryeo on the Mongol court's clothing during the Yuan dynasty was dubbed as Goryeoyang ("the Goryeo style") and was rhapsodized by the Late Yuan dynasty poet, Zhang Xu, in the form of a short banbi (/wiki/Banbi) (半臂) with square collar (方領). [63] (#cite_note-:0-63) [62] (#cite_note-:102-62) However, so far, the modern interpretation on the appearance of Mongol royal women's clothing influenced by Goryeo is based on authors' suggestions. [62] (#cite_note-:102-62) According to Hyunhee Park: "Like the Mongolian style, it is possible that this Koryŏ style [ Koryŏ yang ] continued to influence some Chinese in the Ming period after the Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty, a topic to investigate further." [102] (#cite_note-102) Joseon dynasty [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hanbok) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Neo-Confucianism as the ruling ideology in Joseon was established by the early Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) kings; this led to the dictation of clothing style worn by all social classes in Joseon (including the dress of the royals, the court members, the aristocrats and commoners) in all types of occasions, which included wedding and funerals. [103] (#cite_note-:19-103) Social values such as the integrity in men and chastity in women were also reflected in how people would dress. [103] (#cite_note-:19-103) After the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) (/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)) or Imjin War , economic hardship on the peninsula may have influenced the closer-fitting styles that use less fabric. [104] (#cite_note-Chosun_Ilbo2-104) Women's everyday wear [ edit ] Ordinary people's clothing, [93] (#cite_note-:18-93) Mural tomb of Bak Ik in Gobeop-ri, Miryang. Bak Ik was a civil official who lived from 1332 to 1398 AD, Early Joseon Early Joseon continued the women's fashion for baggy, loose clothing, such as those seen on the mural from the tomb of Bak Ik (1332–1398); [105] (#cite_note-105) the murals from the tomb of Bak Ik are valuable resources in Korean archaeology and art history for study of life and customs in the early Joseon. [106] (#cite_note-106) The women of the upper classes, the monarchy and the court wore hanbok which was inspired by the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) clothing while simultaneously maintaining a distinctive Korean-style look; in turn, the women of the lower class generally imitated the upper-class women clothing. [107] (#cite_note-:12-107) During the Joseon dynasty, the chima or skirt adopted fuller volume, while the jeogori or blouse took more tightened and shortened form, features quite distinct from the hanbok of previous centuries, when chima was rather slim and jeogori baggy and long, reaching well below waist level. In the 15th century, neo-confucianism was very rooted in the social life in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries which lead to the strict regulation of clothing (including fabric use, colours of fabric, motifs, and ornaments) based on status. [108] (#cite_note-108) Neo-confucianism also influence women's wearing of full-pleated chima, longer jeogori, and multiple layers clothing in order to never reveal skin. [109] (#cite_note-:11-109) In the 15th century, women started wearing of full-pleated chima which completely hide the body lines and longer-length jeogori. [110] (#cite_note-110) [109] (#cite_note-:11-109) [111] (#cite_note-111) The 15th century AD chima-jeogori style was undoubtedly a clothing style introduced from China consisting of longer jeogori and pleated chima. [109] (#cite_note-:11-109) 15th century lady 15th century lady However, by the 16th century, the jeogori had shortened to the waist and appears to have become closer fitting, although not to the extremes of the bell-shaped silhouette of the 18th and 19th centuries. [112] (#cite_note-112) [113] (#cite_note-Contemporary_Artwork_of_Women2-113) [104] (#cite_note-Chosun_Ilbo2-104) In the 16th century, women's jeogori was long, wide, and covered the waist. [114] (#cite_note-저고리2-114) The length of women's jeogori gradually shortened: it was approximately 65 cm in the 16th century, 55 cm in the 17th century, 45 cm in the 18th century, and 28 cm in the 19th century, with some as short as 14.5 cm. [114] (#cite_note-저고리2-114) A heoritti (허리띠) or jorinmal (졸잇말) was worn to cover the breasts. [114] (#cite_note-저고리2-114) The trend of wearing a short jeogori with a heoritti was started by the gisaeng (/wiki/Gisaeng) and soon spread to women of the upper class. [114] (#cite_note-저고리2-114) Among women of the common and lowborn classes, a practice emerged in which they revealed their breasts (/wiki/Toplessness) by removing a cloth to make breastfeeding more convenient. [115] (#cite_note-115) As there was an excessive preference for boys in the Joseon dynasty, the deliberate exposure of breast eventually became a cultural practice and an indicator of women's pride and status symbol in having given birth to a son and thus she would "proudly bare her breasts to feed her child, deliberately provoking the envy of other women". [85] (#cite_note-:21-85) During the 17th and 18th centuries the fullness of the skirt was concentrated around the hips, thus forming a silhouette similar to Western bustles. In the 18th century, the jeogori became very short to the point that the waistband of the chima was visible; this style was first seen on female entertainers at the Joseon court. [107] (#cite_note-:12-107) The jeogori continued to shorten until it reached the modern times jeogori -length; i.e. just covering the breasts. [109] (#cite_note-:11-109) The fullness of the skirt reached its extreme around 1800. During the 19th century fullness of the skirt was achieved around the knees and ankles thus giving chima a triangular or an A-shaped silhouette, which is still the preferred style to this day. Many undergarments (/wiki/Sokgot) such as darisokgot, soksokgot, dansokgot , and gojengi were worn underneath to achieve desired forms. Women's hanbok consists of chima skirt and jeogori shirt by Shin Yunbok Full skirt and tight jeogori were considered fashionable. 18th century. A rare painting of yangban (/wiki/Yangban) women. Yangban ladies were sensitive to "fashion fads" which worried Seonbi (/wiki/Seonbi) scholars. 18th century. Soksokgot , similar to a petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) , is shown under the woman's skirt. 18th century. Dancing together with two swords At the end of the 19th century, as mentioned above, Heungseon Daewongun introduced magoja (/wiki/Magoja) , a Manchu-style jacket, which is often worn over jeogori to this day. A clothes reformation movement aimed at lengthening jeogori experienced wide success in the early 20th century and has continued to influence the shaping of modern hanbok . Modern jeogori are longer, although still halfway between the waistline and the breasts. Heoritti are sometimes exposed for aesthetic reasons. Men's everyday wear [ edit ] Male aristocrat dress: a gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) (a horsehair (/wiki/Horsehair) hat) on the head and yellow dopo (/wiki/Dopo_(clothing)) (overcoat) Men's hanbok saw little change compared to women's hanbok . The form and design of jeogori and baji hardly changed. In contrast, men's lengthy outwear, the equivalent of the modern overcoat, underwent a dramatic change. Before the late 19th century, yangban men almost always wore jungchimak when traveling. Jungchimak had very lengthy sleeves, and its lower part had splits on both sides and occasionally on the back so as to create a fluttering effect in motion. To some this was fashionable, but to others, namely stoic scholars, it was nothing but pure vanity. Daewon-gun successfully banned jungchimak as a part of his clothes reformation program and jungchimak eventually disappeared. Durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) , which was previously worn underneath jungchimak and was basically a house dress, replaced jungchimak as the formal outwear for yangban men. Durumagi differs from its predecessor in that it has tighter sleeves and does not have splits on either sides or back. It is also slightly shorter in length. Men's hanbok has remained relatively the same since the adoption of durumagi . In 1884, the Gapsin Dress Reform took place. [116] (#cite_note-:13-116) Under the 1884's decree of King Gojong (/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea) , only narrow-sleeves traditional overcoat were permitted; as such, all Koreans, regardless of their social class, their age and their gender started to wear the durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) or chaksuui or ju-ui (周衣). [116] (#cite_note-:13-116) Hats was an essential part formal dress and the development of official hats became even more pronounced during this era due to the emphasis of Confucian values. [117] (#cite_note-:6-117) The gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) was considered an essential aspect in a man's life; however, to replace the gat in more informal setting, such as their residences, and to feel more comfortable, Joseon-era aristocrats also adopted a lot hats which were introduced from China, such as the banggwan, sabanggwan, dongpagwan, waryonggwan, jeongjagwan. [117] (#cite_note-:6-117) The popularity of those Chinese hats may have partially been due to the promulgation of Confucianism and because they were used by literary figures and scholars in China. [117] (#cite_note-:6-117) In 1895, King Gojong decreed adult Korean men to cut their hair short and western-style clothing were allowed and adopted. [116] (#cite_note-:13-116) A man wearing jungchimak . 18th century. The "fluttering" effect. 18th century. Waryonggwan and hakchangui in 1863 Photograph taken in 1863 Photograph taken in 1863 Bokgeon and simui in 1880 Black bokgeon and blue dopo in 1880 Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) on the head A Korean in mourning clothes Korean men, 1871 Young Korean man of the middle class (/wiki/Chungin) , 1904 Korean mother and daughter, 1910–1920 Material and color [ edit ] Heuk dallyeongpo in the late 18th century The upper classes wore hanbok of closely woven ramie (/wiki/Ramie) cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and of plain and patterned silks the rest of the year. Commoners were restricted by law as well as resources to cotton at best. The upper classes wore a variety of colors, though bright colors were generally worn by children and girls and subdued colors by middle-aged men and women. Commoners were restricted by law to everyday clothes of white, but for special occasions they wore dull shades of pale pink, light green, gray, and charcoal. The color of chima showed the wearer's social position and statement. For example, a navy color indicated that a woman had son(s). Only the royal family could wear clothing with geumbak (/wiki/Geumbak) -printed patterns (gold leaf) on the bottom of the chima. Headdresses [ edit ] A woman wearing a wig, or gache (/wiki/Gache) Both male and female wore their hair in a long braid (/wiki/Braid) until they were married, at which time the hair was knotted; man's hair was knotted in a topknot called sangtu (상투) on the top of the head, and the woman's hair was rolled into a ball shaped form or komeori and was set just above the nape of the neck. A long pin, or binyeo (/wiki/Binyeo) (비녀), was worn in women's knotted hair as both a fastener and a decoration. The material and length of the binyeo varied according to the wearer's class and status. And also wore a ribbon or daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) (댕기) to tie and to decorate braided hair. Women wore a jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) on their wedding day and wore an ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) for protection from the cold. Men wore a gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) , which varied according to class and status. Before the 19th century, women of high social backgrounds and gisaeng (/wiki/Gisaeng) wore wigs ( gache (/wiki/Gache) ). Like their Western counterparts, Koreans considered bigger and heavier wigs to be more desirable and aesthetic. Such was the women's frenzy for the gache that in 1788 King Jeongjo (/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon) banned by royal decree the use of gache , as they were deemed contrary to the Korean Confucian (/wiki/Korean_Confucianism) values of reserve and restraint. [118] (#cite_note-118) Owing to the influence of Neo-Confucianism, it was compulsory for women throughout the entire society to wear headdresses ( nae-oe-seugae ) to avoid exposing their faces when going outside; those headdresses may include suegaechima (a headdress which looked like a chima but was narrower and shorter in style worn by the upper-class women and later by all classes of people in late Joseon), the jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) , and the neoul (which was only permitted for court ladies and noblewomen). [119] (#cite_note-119) In the 19th century yangban women began to wear jokduri , a small hat that replaced gache . However gache enjoyed vast popularity in kisaeng circles well into the end of the century. Later development [ edit ] Today's hanbok is the direct descendant of hanbok patterned after those worn by the aristocratic women or by the people who were at least from the middle-class in the Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) period, [86] (#cite_note-:9-86) [120] (#cite_note-120) specifically the late 19th century. Hanbok had gone through various changes and fashion fads during the five hundred years under the reigns of Joseon kings and eventually evolved to what we now mostly consider typical hanbok . Beginning in the late 19th century, hanbok was largely replaced by new Western imports like the Western suit (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) and dress. Today, formal and casual wear are usually based on Western styles. However, hanbok is still worn for traditional occasions, and is reserved for celebrations like weddings, the Lunar New Year, annual ancestral rites, or the birth of a child. Modern usage [ edit ] Hanbok has been featured in international haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) ; on the catwalk, in 2015 when Karl Lagerfield (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) dressed Korean models for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , and during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) in photography by Phil Oh (/w/index.php?title=Phil_Oh&action=edit&redlink=1) . [121] (#cite_note-121) It has also been worn by international celebrities, such as Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) and Jessica Alba (/wiki/Jessica_Alba) , and athletes, such as tennis player Venus Williams (/wiki/Venus_Williams) and football player Hines Ward (/wiki/Hines_Ward) . [122] (#cite_note-122) Hanbok is also popular among Asian-American celebrities, such as Lisa Ling (/wiki/Lisa_Ling) and Miss Asia (/wiki/Miss_Asia_Pageant) 2014, Eriko Lee Katayama (/w/index.php?title=Eriko_Lee_Katayama&action=edit&redlink=1) . [123] (#cite_note-:3-123) It has also made appearances on the red carpet, and was worn by Sandra Oh (/wiki/Sandra_Oh) at the SAG Awards (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award) , and by Sandra Oh's mother who made fashion history in 2018 for wearing a hanbok to the Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Award) . [124] (#cite_note-124) South Korea [ edit ] The South Korean government has supported the resurgence of interest in hanbok by sponsoring fashion designers. [125] (#cite_note-125) Domestically, hanbok has become trendy in street fashion and music videos. It has been worn by the prominent K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) artists like Blackpink (/wiki/Blackpink) and BTS (/wiki/BTS) , notably in their music videos for " How You Like That (/wiki/How_You_Like_That) " and "Idol." (/wiki/Idol_(BTS_song)) [126] (#cite_note-126) [127] (#cite_note-127) In Seoul, a tourist's wearing of hanbok makes their visit to the Five Grand Palaces (Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung) free of charge. In Busan, the APEC South Korea 2005 (/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005) provided hanbok for delegates of the 21 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. North Korea [ edit ] Joseon-ot in North Korea Women in joseon-ot, North Korea, 2017 Newlywed bride in hanbok, North Korea Women wearing uniform joseon-ot, North Korea Little girls wearing chima-jeogori, North Korea, Pyeongyang Hanbok is also worn in present-day North Korea (/wiki/North_Korea) where it is known as Joseon-ot ( 조선옷 ; 朝鮮옷 ; Joseon-ot ). [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The Joseon-ot thus highlights the identity of the Korean ethnic and has been more actively promoted under the rule of Kim Jong Un (/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un) . [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The Joseon-ot is currently typically worn during special occasions, e.g. weddings, [129] (#cite_note-:28-129) : 49 and when North Koreans celebrate the 60th, 70th, and 80th birthdays of their parents. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) It is also mandated that women wear Joseon-ot when attending National events, such as Kim Jong Il (/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il) 's birthday (16 February), International women's day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) (8 March), Kim Il Sung's birthday (/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun) (15 April), Foundation Day (9 September). [129] (#cite_note-:28-129) : 78 White colored hanbok is often used as the color white has been the traditionally favored by the Korean people as the symbolism of pure spirit. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The chima-jeogori remains the clothing of women, including female university students who are required to wear it as part of their university school uniforms. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The uniform of female university students has been a black-and-white chima-jeogori since the early to mid 2000s. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The chima can often be found at a length of about 30 cm from the ground for practical purposes in order to facilitate movements and to ensure that women could wear it during their daily workday with ease and comfort; this decrease in skirt length also gives a sense of modern style. [129] (#cite_note-:28-129) : 75 The Joseon-ot patterns also have special meanings which are given by the North Koreans. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) Generally, young people in North Korea like floral prints and bright colours, while the older generations favour simple styles of clothing and solid colours. [130] (#cite_note-:27-130) : 376 The chima-jeogori in North Korea is sometimes characterized by its use of floral patterns which are often added to the sleeves of the jeogori and to the chima . [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) Azaleas (/wiki/Azalea) , in particular, are favoured in Yongbyon (/wiki/Nyongbyon_County) due to their association with the emotional poem Azaleas (《 진달래꽃 》) by Kim So-wol (/wiki/Kim_Sowol) . [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) Men occasionally wear joseon-ot . [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) However, joseon-ot are typically more expensive than ordinary clothing, and renting is available for people who cannot afford to purchase one; some are available for purchase at US$20 while the joseon-ot made in China (/wiki/China) with South Korean designs and fabrics are more expensive and can cost approximately US$3000. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) The mid-2010s also saw the increased popularity of children dressing in joseon-ot by their parents. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) History [ edit ] The 1950s and 1960s also saw women from the upper-class wear Joseon-ot made out of rayon (/wiki/Rayon) while a black-and-white chima-jeogori consisting of a black long-length chima and white jeogori were used in the 1950s and 1960s where it was generally worn by women; [131] (#cite_note-:02-131) this style can, however, be traced to a typical clothing style used in the Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) period. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) This combination is still representative of the ideal woman and remains the official outfit for women in North Korea to this day. [129] (#cite_note-:28-129) : 77 In the 1980s, the Joseon-ot became the official attire of women when attending ceremonies while western-style clothing became the everyday, ordinary clothing. [131] (#cite_note-:02-131) After the mid-1990s due to extreme economic contractions, women could purchase their Joseon-ot in private markers and were allowed to choose their desired colours and designs. [128] (#cite_note-:242-128) In 2001, Lee Young-Hee (/wiki/Lee_Young-hee_(designer)) , a South Korean hanbok designer visited Pyeongyang (/wiki/Pyongyang) to hold a fashion show at the Pyeongyang Youth Center on 4 and 6 June; [130] (#cite_note-:27-130) : 262 and since the 2002, North Korea have held their own fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) in Pyeongyang (/wiki/Pyongyang) every spring. [131] (#cite_note-:02-131) Since 2001, there have been an increase of shops specialized in the customization of Joseon-ot in Pyeongyang which was reported by the KBCS. [130] (#cite_note-:27-130) : 261 This increase was due to a project implemented by the public service bureau of the Pyeongyang People's Committee to increase Joseon-ot tailoring shops. [130] (#cite_note-:27-130) : 262 These shops are typically found in large cities, such as Pyeongyang and Gaesong but are rarely found in small cities and villages. [130] (#cite_note-:27-130) : 262 Modern usage by Korean diaspora [ edit ] China [ edit ] Illustration of vintage chaoxianfu on the Yanbian Literature & Art magazine cover, China, 1975~1983. In China (/wiki/China) , the hanbok is referred as chaoxianfu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 朝鮮服 ; 조선옷 ; 朝鮮옷 ; Joseon-ot ) and is recognized as being the traditional ethnic clothing of chaoxianzu (/wiki/Koreans_in_China) ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 朝鲜族 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 朝鮮族 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : cháoxiǎnzú ; lit. ' Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) (Korean) ethnic group') in China. The chaoxianzu is an official term and is recognized as one of the official 55 ethnic minority in China (/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China) ; [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) people from chaoxianzu ethnic are not recent immigrants in China but have a long history having lived in China for generations. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 240 They share the same ethnic identity as the Korean ethnic in both Northern and Southern Korea but are counted as Chinese citizens by nationality under the Constitution (/wiki/Constitution) of China. Their traditions are not entirely the same due to their unique historical experiences, geographical location and mixed identities. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) The term chaoxianzu literally correspond to Chosonjok ( 조선족 ; 朝鮮族 ; Chosŏnjok ), a non-official deragotory term in South Korea, to refer to Hangukgye Junggugin ( lit. ' Korean-Chinese ' ), which is the actual legal term in South Korea. [132] (#cite_note-:26-132) In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture) , where most chaoxianzu reside, [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) the chaoxianfu was mostly worn on special occasions in the past; [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) however, by 2019, they had regained popularity and have become fashionable. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) Since the Chinese economic reform (/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform) of China, there have been more exchanges with both Koreas leading to both the development and changes in chaoxianzu-style Chosŏn-ot in China; [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) some of designs of the chaoxianzu-style Chosŏn-ot have been influenced and inspired by both South Korean and North Korean hanbok designs. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 246 The chaoxianzu originally preferred to wear white colours as it represented cleanliness, simplicity, and purity; however, since the 20th century, the colours started to become brigher and more vivid and diverse as woven fabrics, such as polyester and nylon sateen, started to be introduced. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) The "reform and opening up" of China also allowed for more exchanges with both Koreas, which lead to the both development and changes in the chaoxianfu of China. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) Following the chaoxianzu tradition, the chaoxianfu has an A-line in silhouette to give it the appearance of a mountain (/wiki/Mountain) as per the tradition, women are the host of the family, and thus, women holding the household need to be stable; the chaoxianfu also covers the entire body. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) The chaoxianzu have developed their own style of hanbok [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) due to the isolation for about 50 years from both the North and South Koreas. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 240, 246 As a result, the styles of hanbok in South Korea, North Korea, and China, worn by the Korean ethnics from these three countries have developed separately from each other. For example, Yemi Hanbok by Songok Ryu, an ethnic chaoxianzu from the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture) , is unique in both style and business model as it can operate in both South Korea and North Korea. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 240, 246 In terms of chaoxianfu design, Yemi Hanbok designs are based on Chinese-style designs. [20] (#cite_note-:5-20) : 246 Over the years, the women's chaoxianfu also changed in length for the jeogori , git , and goreum and changed in width for the git , dong-jeong , sleeves, and goreum . The git and barae have evolved from straight to curve patterns. The wrinkle arrangement, length, and silhouette of the chima have also evolved; some of the skirts were sometimes decorated with gold embroidery (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) or gold leaf at the bottom hem. [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) The colours used were also very varied; for example, feminine colours such as pink, yellow, and deep red could be used. [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) The 1990s saw the use of gold leaf, floral prints, embroidery on the women's chaoxianfu ; the use of gradient colours also emerged. [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) For men, their jeogori , baji , and sleeves were made longer; their baji also became wider. The durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) continues to be worn, and the baeja and magoja are worn frequently in present-days. [21] (#cite_note-:24-21) On 7 June 2008, the chaoxianfu were approved by the State Council of China to be included in the second layer of national intangible cultural heritage. [23] (#cite_note-:25-23) And, in 2011, the chaoxianfu was official designated as being part of the intangible cultural heritage (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) of China by the Chinese government; while the announcement was welcomed by the chaoxianzu ethnic in China as a proud indicator of their equal membership in a multi-ethnic and multicultuary country such as China, it received negative criticism in South Koreans who perceived it as a "scandalous appropriation of the distinctive national culture of Koreans". [133] (#cite_note-133) : 239 In 2022, a girl from the chaoxianzu (/wiki/Koreans_in_China) ethnic wore a chaoxianfu on the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics (/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics) opening ceremony leading to an uproar from South Koreans who accused China of cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) . [132] (#cite_note-:26-132) Social status [ edit ] Especially from the Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) dynasty, the hanbok started to determine differences in social status (from people with the highest social status (kings), to those of the lowest social status (slaves) [134] (#cite_note-Clothing,_Traditional_-_Korea-134) ) and gender through the many types, components, [134] (#cite_note-Clothing,_Traditional_-_Korea-134) colours, [135] (#cite_note-:2-135) : 132 and characteristics. [136] (#cite_note-Characteristics_of_the_Korean_Costume_and_Its_Development-136) Although the modern hanbok does not express a person's status or social position, hanbok was an important element of distinguishment especially in the Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) and Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) dynasties. [136] (#cite_note-Characteristics_of_the_Korean_Costume_and_Its_Development-136) For example, farmers and commoners were not allowed to wear colour garments in their daily lives, excluding some categories of people, such as the shamans, gisaeng (/wiki/Kisaeng) , and children, who were allowed to wear colourful clothing despite their social status. [135] (#cite_note-:2-135) : 132 Occasions when all people were allowed to wear colourful clothing were for special ceremonial occasions (e.g. wedding, birthday, holidays). [135] (#cite_note-:2-135) : 132 Clothes [ edit ] Hwarot [ edit ] Hwarot (/wiki/Hwarot) or hwal-ot was the full dress for a princess and the daughter of a king by a concubine (/wiki/Concubine) , formal dress for the upper class, and bridal wear for ordinary women during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) Popular embroidered patterns on hwarot were lotuses (/wiki/Lotus_(genus)) , phoenixes (/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)) , butterflies, and the ten traditional symbols of longevity: the sun; mountains; water; clouds; rocks/stone; pine trees; the mushroom of immortality; turtles; white cranes (/wiki/Crane_(bird)) , and deer. [138] (#cite_note-Official/Court_Clothing-138) Each pattern represented a different role within society, for example: a dragon represented an emperor while a phoenix represented a queen; floral patterns represented a princess and a king's daughter by a concubine, and clouds and cranes represented high ranking court officials. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) All these patterns throughout Korean history had meanings of longevity, good luck, wealth and honor. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) Hwarot also had blue, red, and yellow colored stripes in each sleeve (/wiki/Sleeve) ; a woman usually wore a scarlet-colored skirt and yellow or green-colored Jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) , a traditional Korean jacket. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) Hwarot was worn over the Jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) and skirt. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) A woman also wore her hair in a bun, with an ornamental hairpin and a ceremonial coronet (/wiki/Coronet) . [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) A long ribbon was attached to the ornamental hairpin, the hairpin is known as Yongjam ( 용잠 ). [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) In more recent times, people wear hwarot on their wedding day, and so the Korean tradition survives in the present day. [137] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(26)-137) Wonsam [ edit ] Wonsam (/wiki/Wonsam) was a ceremonial overcoat for a married woman in the Joseon dynasty. [139] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(25)-139) The Wonsam (/wiki/Wonsam) was also adopted from China (/wiki/China) and is believed to have been one of the costumes from the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) which was bestowed in the Unified Three Kingdoms period. [83] (#cite_note-:1-83) It was mostly worn by royalty, high-ranking court ladies, and noblewomen and the colors and patterns represented the various elements of the Korean class system. [139] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(25)-139) The empress wore yellow; the queen wore red; the crown princess wore a purple-red color; [135] (#cite_note-:2-135) : 132 meanwhile a princess, a king's daughter by a concubine (/wiki/Concubine) , and a woman of a noble family or lower wore green. [139] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(25)-139) All the upper social ranks usually had two colored stripes in each sleeve: yellow-colored Wonsam usually had red and blue colored stripes, red-colored Wonsam had blue and yellow stripes, and green-colored Wonsam had red and yellow stripes. [139] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(25)-139) Lower-class women wore many accompanying colored stripes and ribbons, but all women usually completed their outfit with onhye or danghye , traditional Korean shoes. [139] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(25)-139) Dangui [ edit ] Dangui (/wiki/Dangui) or tangwi were minor ceremonial robes for the queen, a princess, or wife of a high ranking government official while it was worn during major ceremonies among the noble class in the Joseon dynasty. [138] (#cite_note-Official/Court_Clothing-138) The materials used to make dangui varied depending on the season, so upper-class women wore thick dangui in winter while they wore thinner layers in summer. [140] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(27)-140) The dangui came in many colors, but yellow and/or green were most common. However the emperor wore purple dangui , and the queen wore red. [140] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(27)-140) In the Joseon dynasty, ordinary women wore dangui as part of their wedding dress. [140] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(27)-140) Myeonbok and Jeokui [ edit ] Myeonbok [ edit ] Myeonbok (/wiki/Myeonbok) were the king's religious and formal ceremonial robes while jeokui (/wiki/Diyi) were the queen's equivalent during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Myeonbok was composed of Myeonryu-Gwan ( 면류관 ) and Gujang-bok ( 구장복 ). [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Myonryu-Gwan had beads, which hung loose; these would prevent the king from seeing wickedness. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) There were also wads of cotton in the left and right sides of Myeonryu-Gwan, and these were supposed to make the king oblivious to the influence of corrupt officials. Gujang-bok was black, and it bore nine symbols out of the Twelve ornaments (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) , which all represented the king: [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Dragon (/wiki/Dragon) : A dragon's appearance paralleled how the king governed and subsequently brought balance to the world. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Fire (/wiki/Fire) : The king was expected to be intelligent and wise to govern the people effectively, like a guiding light represented by the fire. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Pheasant (/wiki/Pheasant) : The image of a pheasant represented magnificence. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Mountain (/wiki/Mountain) : As a mountain is high, the king was on a par in terms of status and was deserving of respect and worship. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Tiger (/wiki/Tiger) : A tiger represented the king's courage. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Monkey (/wiki/Monkey) : A monkey symbolized wisdom. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Rice (/wiki/Rice) : As the people needed rice to live, the king was compared to this foodstuff as he had the responsibility of protecting their welfare. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Axe (/wiki/Axe) : This indicated that the king had the ability to save and take lives. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Water plant (/wiki/Aquatic_plant) : Another depiction of the king's magnificence. [141] (#cite_note-Myeonbok-141) Jeokui [ edit ] Jeokui (/wiki/Diyi) or tseogwi ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 적의 ) was arranged through the use of different colors as a status symbol within the royal family. [142] (#cite_note-Jeokui-142) The empress wore purple-red colored Jeokui, the queen wore pink, and the crown princess wore deep blue. [142] (#cite_note-Jeokui-142) "Jeok" means pheasant, and so Jeokui often had depictions of pheasants embroidered onto it. [142] (#cite_note-Jeokui-142) Cheolique [ edit ] Cheolique (/wiki/Terlig) (also Cheolick or Cheollik; 철릭 ) was a Korean adaptation of the Mongol tunic (/wiki/Terlig) , imported in the late 1200s during the Goryeo dynasty (/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty) . Cheolique, unlike other forms of Korean clothing, is an amalgamation of a blouse with a kilt into a single item of clothing. The flexibility of the clothing allowed easy horsemanship and archery. During the Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_dynasty) , they continued to be worn by the king, and military officials for such activities. [143] (#cite_note-Cheolique-143) It was usually worn as a military uniform, but by the end of the Joseon dynasty, it had begun to be worn in more casual situations. [143] (#cite_note-Cheolique-143) A unique characteristic allowed the detachment of the Cheolique's sleeves which could be used as a bandage if the wearer was injured in combat. [143] (#cite_note-Cheolique-143) Ayngsam [ edit ] Ayngsam (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) was the formal clothing for students during the national government exam and governmental ceremonies. [144] (#cite_note-Aengsam-144) It was typically yellow, but for the student who scored the highest in the exam, they were rewarded with the ability to wear green Aengsam. [144] (#cite_note-Aengsam-144) If the highest-scoring student was young, the king awarded him with red-colored Aengsam. [144] (#cite_note-Aengsam-144) It was similar to the namsam but with a different colour. [145] (#cite_note-145) Accessories [ edit ] Hanbok accessories Binyeo [ edit ] Binyeo (/wiki/Binyeo) was a traditional ornamental hairpin, and it had a different-shaped tip again depending on social status. [146] (#cite_note-Binyeo-146) As a result, it was possible to determine the social status of the person by looking at the binyeo. Women in the royal family had dragon or phoenix-shaped Binyeo while ordinary women had trees or Japanese apricot (/wiki/Japanese_apricot) flowers. [147] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(21)-147) And Binyeo was a proof of marriage. Therefore, to a woman, Binyeo was an expression of chastity and decency. [148] (#cite_note-148) Daenggi [ edit ] Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) is a traditional Korean ribbon made of cloth to tie and to decorate braided hair. Norigae [ edit ] Norigae (/wiki/Norigae) was a typical traditional accessory for women; it was worn by all women regardless of social ranks. [149] (#cite_note-Norigae-149) [150] (#cite_note-:14-150) However, the social rank of the wearer determined the different sizes and materials of the norigae. [150] (#cite_note-:14-150) Danghye [ edit ] Danghye or tanghye ( 당혜 ) were shoes for married women in the Joseon dynasty. [151] (#cite_note-Danghye-151) Danghye were decorated with trees bearing grapes, pomegranates (/wiki/Pomegranates) , chrysanthemums (/wiki/Chrysanthemums) , or peonies (/wiki/Peonies) : these were symbols of longevity. [152] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(11)-152) Kunghye [ edit ] Danghye for a woman in the royal family were known as kunghye ( 궁혜 ), and they were usually patterned with flowers. [152] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(11)-152) Onhye [ edit ] Danghye for an ordinary woman were known as onhye ( 온혜 ). [152] (#cite_note-Cho_Eun-ah's_Hanbok_Story(11)-152) Characteristic [ edit ] Material [ edit ] In Hanbok, various cotton fabrics are used as materials, and with the entry of Western civilization, the range of fabrics such as mixed fabrics has expanded. The use of materials also varies slightly depending on the jeogori and pants, and there is a big difference in the season. [153] (#cite_note-153) In the case of jeogori, there are more than 10 types of general materials such as silk, jade, and general wool, and they use ramie or hemp in summer, and silk or Gapsa, Hangra, and Guksa cloth in spring and autumn. [154] (#cite_note-154) [155] (#cite_note-155) The material used evenly throughout the four seasons was sesame, and silk, both ends, and silk were often used in the durumagi for adult men. [156] (#cite_note-우리나라옷-156) In the case of silk, which is one of the most widely used materials due to differences in lining and outer material, most of the silk jeogori was lined with silk, and if it was not possible, only the inside of the collar, the tip, and the sap were lined with silk. If this situation did not work out like this, the fine-grained cotton was used. In fact, more than half of the materials identified in the jeogori study were silk, followed by cotton and hemp. [157] (#cite_note-장인우-157) In some cases, silk and cotton were lined with a mixture. When the jeogori was torn or broken, most of them were sewn with the same fabric, and a large piece was added to the elbow and sewn. [157] (#cite_note-장인우-157) Just as in the fact that silk was used a lot in jeogori, silk, cotton, and literary arts were evenly used in various clothes, ranging from red ginseng, skirt, beoseon, and pants. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of Korean clothing (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) - a Chinese equivalent. Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) - a Vietnamese equivalent. Wafuku (/wiki/Wafuku) - a Japanese equivalent. Notes [ edit ] Footnotes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Zang, Yingchun (2007). Zhongguo shao shu min zu fu shi . 臧迎春. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-5085-0379-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 57675221 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57675221) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Minority Ethnic Clothing : Korean (Chaoxianzu) Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221027151816/http://baoku.gmu.edu/exhibits/show/minority-ethnic-clothing/korean-clothing) . baoku.gmu.edu . Archived from the original (http://baoku.gmu.edu/exhibits/show/minority-ethnic-clothing/korean-clothing) on 27 October 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Korean Culture and Information Service, 2018, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Korea ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ji-Yeon O. Jo (30 November 2017). "Koreans in the Commonwealth of Independent States". Homing: An Affective Topography of Ethnic Korean Return Migration . Nonolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780824872519 . Retrieved 22 July 2024 . [...] Koryǒ Saram [...] did their best to maintain Korean traditions - for example, observing major Korean holidays, wearing hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) on culturally important days, playing customary Korean games, and making traditional rice cakes with traditional Korean tools that they had crafted in diaspora. ^ (#cite_ref-Dead-Goguryeo_Tomb_Murals_2007_5-0) The Dreams of the Living and the Hopes of the Dead-Goguryeo Tomb Murals, 2007, Ho-Tae Jeon, Seoul National University Press ^ a b Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique . Anne Wagner, Sarah Marusek. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2021. p. 125. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-030-32865-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1253353500 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1253353500) . The basic structure of the Hanbok dress was designed to facilitate ease of movement, incorporating many shamanistic motifs. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "<Records of the Three Kingdoms>" (https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=jo_004r_0010_0020_0020) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "<Book of Sui>" (https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=jo_013r_0010_0030_0040) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "History of Song" (https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=jo_018r_0010_0010_0210) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "《고려도경》(高麗圖經)" (https://db.history.go.kr/KOREA/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=cnkd_007r_0020) . ^ (#cite_ref-:73_11-0) Passport to Korean culture . Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Korea: Korean Culture and Information Service (/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service) . 2009. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-89-7375-153-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 680802927 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680802927) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: date and year ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-:83_12-0) Gwak, Sung Youn Sonya (2006). Be(com)ing Korean in the United States: Exploring Ethnic Identity Formation Through Cultural Practices . Cambria Press (/wiki/Cambria_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781621969723 . ^ (#cite_ref-:103_13-0) Lopez Velazquez, Laura (2021). "Hanbok during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasty" (https://www.korea.net/TalkTalkKorea/Korean/community/community/CMN0000009345) . Korea.net (/wiki/Korea.net) . Retrieved 21 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "백의민족 (白衣民族) - Encyclopedia of Korean Culture" (https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0022280) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty" (https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kaa_10706029_001) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty" (https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10105016_003) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty" (https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kpa_12610003_001) . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_18-0) Passport to Korean culture . Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Korea: Korean Culture and Information Service (/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service) . 2009. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-89-7375-153-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 680802927 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680802927) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-:8_19-0) Gwak, Sung Youn Sonya (2006). Be(com)ing Korean in the United States: Exploring Ethnic Identity Formation Through Cultural Practices . Cambria Press (/wiki/Cambria_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781621969723 . ^ a b c d e f g h Women entrepreneurs: inspiring stories from emerging economies and developing countries . Mauro F. Guillén. New York: Routledge. 2014. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-32459-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 857463468 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857463468) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b c d e f Lin, Huishun (2020). "A study on the Alteration of traditional costume of Korean Chinese (I) - Focused on the daily wear" (https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10514397) 중국 조선족 전통복식의 변화연구 (I) - 일상복을 중심으로 - . 한국의상디자인학회지 (in Korean). 22 (4): 63–78. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Chang, In-Woo (2006). "Change in Hanbok of South and North Korea after the Division and the Interexchange -Focusing on Women's Jeogori-" (https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200612842609717.page) . Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles . 30 (1): 106–114. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1225-1151 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1225-1151) . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jin, Wenlian (2020). Chaoxianzu's Traditions of Dress: An Exploration of Identity Within Contemporary Fashion Contexts (Thesis thesis). Auckland University of Technology. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "한복데이, 전국 5개 도시서 펼쳐진다" (http://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk201409150150) . 쿠키뉴스 (in Korean). 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ a b 역사 속의 우리 옷 변천사, 2009, Chonnam National University Press ^ (#cite_ref-26) 김, 여경 (2010). "2000년 이후 인쇄매체에 나타난 한복의 조형미 연구" (http://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchArticle.do?cn=DIKO0011925322) . ScienceON (in Korean) . 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"Mural Tomb of Bak Ik, Miryang - Heritage Search" (http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=zlMQLnmvrCZ3g9fsza7XSFD2VaW1HbZAfUE3Mxu7kkbLeRDLJK64zg5QpV9bYqor.cha-was01_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=04590000&sCcebCtcd=38&pageIndex=279®ion=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=&ccebCtcd=) . Cultural Heritage Administration (/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_Administration) . Retrieved 21 August 2022 . ^ a b Welters, Linda (2018). Fashion history : a global view . Abby Lillethun. London, UK. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-5363-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1004424828 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004424828) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-108) The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history . Jill Condra. Westport, Connecticut. 2008. pp. 222–223. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33662-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 156808055 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156808055) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b c d Murray, Anne Wood (Emeritus Curator of American Costume, Division of Costume, Department of Social and Cultural History, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). "Dress - Korea" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 March 2021 . In the 15th century, Korean women began to wear pleated skirts (chima) and longer chŏgori, a style that was undoubtedly introduced from China. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-110) Guide to Korean culture . Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2013. p. 93. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-89-7375-571-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 882879939 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882879939) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-111) Yang, Sunny (1997). Hanbok : the art of Korean clothing . Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym. p. 61. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56591-082-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 39614017 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39614017) . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Keum, Ki-Suk "The Beauty of Korean Traditional Costume" (Seoul: Yeorhwadang, 1994) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 89-301-1039-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-301-1039-8) p.43 ^ (#cite_ref-Contemporary_Artwork_of_Women2_113-0) "Contemporary Artwork of Korean Women" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120224191200/http://medieval-baltic.us/korot2.html) . Archived from the original (http://medieval-baltic.us/korot2.html) on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . ^ a b c d 허윤희. "조선 여인 저고리 길이 300년간 2/3나 짧아져" (http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/27/2011062702249.html) . 조선닷컴 (in Korean) . Retrieved 6 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) Han, Hee-sook (2004). "Women's Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty" (https://ijkh.khistory.org/journal/view.php?number=342) . International Journal of Korean History . 6 (1): 142 . Retrieved 6 September 2019 . ^ a b c Pyun, Kyunghee; Wong, Aida Yuen (2018). Fashion, identity, and power in modern Asia . Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-319-97199-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1059514121 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1059514121) . ^ a b c Ch'oe, Ŭn-su (2012). Gat : traditional headgear in Korea . Hyŏng-bak Pak, Eunhee Hwang, Kungnip Munhwajae Yŏn'guso. Daejeon, Korea. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-89-6325-987-1 . 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Retrieved 10 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) 아름다운 한복도 예절에 맞게 입어야 (http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=106&oid=047&aid=0000012566) 오마이뉴스 2002-09-20 ^ (#cite_ref-154) (그여자네)한복, 강렬한 원색 곱구나 (http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200702150930431&code=900305) 경향신문 2007-02-15 ^ (#cite_ref-155) 추석 한복 멋내기 (http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20060928301001) 서울신문 2007-06-28 ^ (#cite_ref-우리나라옷_156-0) 석주선, 《우리나라옷》, 광문출판사, 1966년, 10쪽 ^ a b 조선초기 저고리의 복원적 고찰 (http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=2ff1eadcc94dd681#) 장인우, 숙명여자대학교 대학원 의류학과, 1985년, 72, 77, 78쪽 References [ edit ] An, Myung Sook (안명숙); Kim, Yong Ser (김용서) (in Korean) 1998. Hanʼguk poksiksa (한국복식사). Seoul. Yehaksa (예학사) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-89-89668-11-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-89668-11-4) Kim, Ki Sun (김기선). (in Korean) 2005. Information about Mongolian pigtail 몽골의 辮髮에 대하여 (http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?pid=734&isid=33818&arid=710104&topMenu=&topMenu1=) . The Institute of Asian Ethno-Forms and Culture. v. 5, 81-97 Kim, Moon Ja (in Korean) , 2004. A study on the Source of Hanbok in ancient times and the position of Hanbok on the Globalism Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102004542/http://dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=567713) 2 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (고대 한복의 원류 및 세계화 속의 한복의 위치), Society of Korean Traditional Costume, v. 7.1, 7-15 Lee, Kyung-Ja (이경자) (in Korean) , 2003, Uri ot ŭi chŏnt'ong yangsik (우리옷의 전통양식 The Traditional Style of Korean Clothes) (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjyNv61pT4C) Ewha Womans University (/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University) Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 89-7300-514-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-7300-514-6) Levinson, David (2002). Encyclopedia of modern Asia, Volume 2 . Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 120–121. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-80617-4 . McCallion, Aleasha; Condra, Jill. 2008. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History (https://books.google.com/books?id=S8bTzilz1BMC) . Greenwood Publishing Group (/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group) . p. 221 - 228, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33664-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33664-4) Nelson, Sarah. 1993. The archaeology of Korea . Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-521-40783-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40783-4) You, Soon Lye (유순례) (in Korean) 2006, Comparative Research on the Costume Aesthetic Korean & Mongolia (몽골과 한국의 전통복식 미의식 비교에 대한 연구), Society of Korean Traditional Costume, v. 6, 183-185 External links [ edit ] Media related to Hanbok (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hanbok) at Wikimedia Commons Hanbok History Evolution (https://thekoreaninme.com/blogs/hanbok-philosophy/hanbok-history-evolution) Hanbok History Infographic (https://thekoreaninme.com/blogs/hanbok-philosophy/hanbok-history-infographic) History of Hanbok (https://web.archive.org/web/20071113153646/http://myhome.naver.com/korean_dress/history1.htm) (in Korean) Information about Hanbok (https://web.archive.org/web/20071021095831/http://goldhanbok.com/data/data_kind.asp) (in Korean) Traditional Korean Clothing (http://www.lifeinkorea.com/culture/clothes/clothes.cfm) - Life in Korea Official Korea Tourism Organization - Hanbok Clothing (http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_1_2_1.jsp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161013070712/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_1_2_1.jsp) 13 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan 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(/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai 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(/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) 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Tight-fitting waist-length jacket This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bell-boy_jacket) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Bell-boy jacket" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bell-boy+jacket%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Bell-boy Jacket is modeled on uniforms traditionally worn by hotel bell-boys (/wiki/Bell-boy) and messengers (/wiki/Courier) , consisting of a very fitted waist-length jacket and a band collar, often double-breasted and trimmed with fancy braid or piping, and rows of close-set brass buttons. The cuffs of the jacket often have similar decoration. The style is based on 19th-century military dress uniforms and drummer boys. This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell-boy_jacket&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐rt72c Cached time: 20240713045804 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.165 seconds Real time usage: 0.239 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 260/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13086/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 419/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5760/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.122/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2021913/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 222.499 1 -total 34.69% 77.177 1 Template:Clothing-stub 33.78% 75.150 1 Template:Asbox 33.18% 73.826 1 Template:Short_description 32.01% 71.229 1 Template:Unreferenced 29.58% 65.808 1 Template:Ambox 20.07% 44.656 2 Template:Pagetype 7.45% 16.583 2 Template:Main_other 6.26% 13.935 1 Template:SDcat 6.10% 13.571 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11041200-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713045804 and revision id 1166134989. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell-boy_jacket&oldid=1166134989 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell-boy_jacket&oldid=1166134989) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Jackets (/wiki/Category:Jackets) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles lacking sources from May 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_May_2017) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Women's dress resembling an overcoat Coatdress A coatdress or coat dress is a woman's dress that resembles an overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) , usually with collar, lapels and front fastenings similar to a coat, and made in spring- or autumn-weight fabrics. [1] (#cite_note-dic-1) The modern coatdress first emerged in the 1910s, with a 1915 article in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) assuring readers that the new garment could be worn over waistcoats or underdresses. [1] (#cite_note-dic-1) The basic coatdress was a wardrobe staple for most decades, but became particularly popular in the 1960s. [2] (#cite_note-2) In the 1980s and 1990s, Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , was a particularly high-profile wearer of coatdresses, many designed by Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The coatdress is often recommended for those wishing to project a professional look, [5] (#cite_note-5) whether in the office, [6] (#cite_note-6) or in the courtroom (/wiki/Courtroom) . [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Redingote (/wiki/Redingote) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P.E. (2010). The dictionary of fashion history (Rev., updated ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847885340 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Howell, Frances S. (2010). Christopher Costilow (ed.). History of American dress : from the 15th and 16th century through 1965 . Escondido, CA: C.T. Costilow. p. 183. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781450547383 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Janaway, Alison; David Levenson (1985). Diana: Her Latest Fashions . Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780517453773 . ...she has added them to the coat-dress variety which again she popularised almost single-handedly, without waiting for the trend to develop unaided. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Modlinger, Jackie (1998). Diana : woman of style . Godalming: Bramley. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781858339658 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ramsey, Lydia (2008). Manners That Sell: Adding the Polish That Builds Profits . Pelican Publishing. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781455608324 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Moore, June Hines (2003). Social skills survival guide: a handbook for interpersonal and business etiquette . Broadman & Holman. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780805426335 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Childress, Celia W. (1995). Persuasive delivery in the courtroom . [Rochester, N.Y.]: Lawyers Cooperative Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780762000265 . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) 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Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) 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Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) 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(/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Women's pajama A dhilja was a pajama (/wiki/Pajamas) made of silk (/wiki/Silk) with a wide cut and straight in shape. The Dhilja was a garment of the Mughal clothing (/wiki/Mughal_clothing) of ladies in the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) in the late 17th to early 19th centuries. [1] (#cite_note-1) See also [ edit ] Peshwaj (/wiki/Peshwaj) Katzeb (/wiki/Katzeb) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) admin (2016-04-23). "The costume of Mughal period" (https://www.josbd.com/the-costume-of-mughal-period/) . www.josbd.com . Retrieved 2021-01-19 . v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook 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ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This article about the history of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Online music magazine Highsnobiety Type of site Online magazine (/wiki/Online_magazine) Available in English (/wiki/English_language) Headquarters Berlin, Germany Owner David Fischer Parent (/wiki/Holding_company) Zalando URL highsnobiety (http://highsnobiety.com) .com (http://highsnobiety.com) Commercial Yes Registration No Launched 2005 ; 19 years ago ( 2005 ) Current status Active Highsnobiety is a global fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and lifestyle media brand founded in 2005 by David Fischer. The youth-focused company is difficult to pigeonhole (/wiki/Pigeonholing) , as it straddles the line between a media company (/wiki/Media_companies) that reviews fashion and lifestyle products, a clothing company that sells its own clothing lines, and a creative agency (/wiki/Creative_agency) that advises other companies how to market their own fashion and lifestyle products. [1] (#cite_note-1) It was bought by Zalando (/wiki/Zalando) in 2022. [2] (#cite_note-2) It is headquartered in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) and has offices in Amsterdam, London, Milan, New York, Los Angeles and Sydney. Highsnobiety has a digital-first (/w/index.php?title=Digital-first&action=edit&redlink=1) publishing approach. The print magazine (/wiki/Magazine) first launched in 2010, with quarterly issues published globally. Company activities [ edit ] Highsnobiety Shop, a multi-brand online fashion and lifestyle retailer, was launched in 2019. Highsnobiety launched their apparel collection in 2021. [3] (#cite_note-3) Since 2018, the brand publishes regular research papers in the fields of luxury and young consumer trends in collaboration with Boston Consulting Group (/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2021, Highsnobiety launched Gate Zero, a travel retail concept with locations in Zurich International Airport. In 2022, travel retail company Gebr. Heinemann (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebr._Heinemann) announced a joint venture (/wiki/Joint_venture) to expand the concept, beginning with a location at Copenhagen International Airport (/wiki/Copenhagen_International_Airport) . In January 2024, Highsnobiety announced its long-term partnership with Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) and their plan to launch an "ultra-limited" edition L003 2K24 sneaker and a clothing line. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Awards and honors [ edit ] 2022 D&AD (/wiki/D%26AD) Wood Pencil Award for Advertising, Design, Craft, Culture and Impact [7] (#cite_note-7) 2022 Webby Award (/wiki/Webby_Award) for Advertising, Media & PR Fashion, Beauty & Lifestyle [8] (#cite_note-8) 2022 Webby Award (/wiki/Webby_Award) for Video Fashion & Lifestyle (Branded) [9] (#cite_note-9) 2018 Digiday Award (/wiki/Digiday_Award) for Best In-House Content/Brand Studio 2017 Webby Award (/wiki/Webby_Award) for Cultural Blog/Website [10] (#cite_note-10) 2017 BoF 500, Business of Fashion [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Testa, Jessica (18 April 2024). "How Highsnobiety is Shaping the Current Media Landscape" (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/18/style/highsnobiety-magazines.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Zalando snaps up majority stake in Highsnobiety" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/zalando-snaps-up-majority-stake-in-highsnobiety) . Vogue Business . 2022-06-13 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/highsnobiety-launches-e-commerce-platform-with-exclusive-prada-drop/) 'We've always been about pushing other people's stuff': Highsnobiety begins its e-commerce transformation" (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/highsnobiety-launches-e-commerce-platform-with-exclusive-prada-drop/) . Glossy . 2019-05-24 . Retrieved 2022-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pastore, Alexandra (2022-06-09). "EXCLUSIVE: BCG and Highsnobiety on Cultural Credibility in the Luxury Fashion Space" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/exclusive-bcg-highsnobiety-cultural-credibility-luxury-fashion-1235200459/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lacoste et Highsnobiety collaborent et débutent un partenariat à long terme" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lacoste-et-highsnobiety-collaborent-et-debutent-un-partenariat-a-long-terme,1596027.html#zuhair-murad) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Lacoste and Highsnobiety team up for first time, more launches planned" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lacoste-and-highsnobiety-team-up-for-first-time-more-launches-planned,1595704.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Full Steam Ahead with Francis Bourgeois, The North Face and Gucci | D&AD Awards 2022 Shortlist | Social Commercials Over 30 Seconds | D&AD" (https://www.dandad.org/awards/professional/2022/235721/full-steam-ahead-with-francis-bourgeois-the-north-face-and-gucci/) . www.dandad.org . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "NEW Webby Gallery + Index" (http://winners.webbyawards.com/2022/advertising-media-pr/branded-content/fashion-beauty-lifestyle/220295/full-steam-ahead-with-francis-bourgeois-the-north-face-and-gucci) . NEW Webby Gallery + Index . Retrieved 2022-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "NEW Webby Gallery + Index" (http://winners.webbyawards.com/2022/video/branded-entertainment/fashion-lifestyle-branded/220138/summit-ascent-service) . NEW Webby Gallery + Index . Retrieved 2022-06-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Cultural Blog/Website (https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2017/websites/general-website/cultural-blogwebsite/highsnobiety/) webbyawards.com ^ (#cite_ref-11) "David Fischer is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/david-fischer) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2022-06-11 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.highsnobiety.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highsnobiety&action=edit) . v t e This Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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News anchor and beauty pageant titleholder In this article, the surname (/wiki/Surname) is Basrewan ( Indonesian Hadhrami (/wiki/Arab_Indonesians) patronymic surname (/wiki/Patronymic_surname) ) . Karina Basrewan Basrewan in 2023 Born Karina Fariza Basrewan Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) , Indonesia Occupation News anchor Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Earth Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Indonesia) Major competition(s) Puteri Indonesia 2018 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2018) (Top 11) Miss Earth Indonesia 2022 (Winner) Miss Earth 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) (Unplaced) (Best National Costume) Karina Fariza Basrewan ( Indonesian: [Bâs'ŕēwąn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay) ; born 13 March 1996) is an Indonesian news anchor (/wiki/News_anchor) , and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Earth Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Indonesia) and represented Indonesia at Miss Earth 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) in the Philippines, where she won Best National Costume . [1] (#cite_note-1) Pageantry [ edit ] Puteri Indonesia 2018 [ edit ] She won her first pageant, Puteri Indonesia DKI Jakarta 6, competed in Puteri Indonesia 2018 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2018) , and was placed in the top 11. [2] (#cite_note-2) Miss Earth Indonesia 2022 [ edit ] On 22 September 2022, was appointed to be Miss Earth Indonesia 2022 by Mahakarya Duta Pesona Indonesia organization, and represented Indonesia at the Miss Earth 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) pageant. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Miss Earth 2022 [ edit ] As the winner of Miss Earth Indonesia 2022, she represented Indonesia at Miss Earth 2022 at Okada Manila, Philippines, on November 13, 2022. At the final she won the Best National Costume award. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Television Programs [ edit ] Basrewan has presented several variety talk shows and news programs. [7] (#cite_note-Presenter_(1)-7) [8] (#cite_note-Presenter_(2)-8) Talk show [ edit ] Year Title Genre Role Film Production Ref. 2019–present SEA Today (/wiki/SEA_Today) News Program (/wiki/News) as herself Metro TV (/wiki/Metro_TV_(Indonesian_TV_network)) [7] (#cite_note-Presenter_(1)-7) [8] (#cite_note-Presenter_(2)-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Widyastuti. "Bikin Bangga! Karina Fariza Basrewan Dipilih Menjadi Miss Earth 2022 Asal Indonesia yang Berkompetesi di Filipina" (https://nova.grid.id/read/053509313/bikin-bangga-karina-fariza-basrewan-dipilih-menjadi-miss-earth-2022-asal-indonesia-yang-berkompetesi-di-filipina?page=all) . Nova . Retrieved 4 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Inilah 11 Besar Puteri Indonesia 2018" (https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-3908439/inilah-11-besar-puteri-indonesia-2018) . Detik.com (/wiki/Detik.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Diana Rafikasari. "Selamat! Fariza Basrewan Menjadi Miss Earth Indonesia 2022" (https://lifestyle.sindonews.com/read/900837/186/selamat-fariza-basrewan-menjadi-miss-earth-indonesia-2022-1664637016) . Koran Sindo (/wiki/Koran_Sindo) . Retrieved 1 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Karina Fariza Basrewan Dinobatkan sebagai Miss Earth Indonesia 2022" (https://viraldetik.online/47764/karina-fariza-basrewan-dinobatkan-sebagai-miss-earth-indonesia-2022.html) . Detik News (/wiki/Detik.com) . Retrieved 1 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Pegang Lisensi Miss Earth, Promosikan Kesadaran Lingkungan Jadi Tujuan Utama" (https://lifestyle.sindonews.com/read/792629/186/pegang-lisensi-miss-earth-promosikan-kesadaran-lingkungan-jadi-tujuan-utama-1654700793) . sindonews.com . 10 June 2022 . Retrieved 17 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Kontes Miss Earth 2022 Hadir, Diharapkan Bisa Jadi Pelestarian Lingkungan" (https://nova.grid.id/read/053322212/kontes-miss-earth-2022-hadir-diharapkan-bisa-jadi-pelestarian-lingkungan) . Nova (/wiki/Nova) . 10 June 2022 . Retrieved 17 August 2022 . ^ a b Vindiasari Putri. "Gadis cantik ini finalis Puteri Indonesia 2018 asal DKI Jakarta" (https://www.brilio.net/selebritis/10-pesona-karina-basrewan-wanita-yang-kabarnya-dekat-dengan-jaz-hayat-180413g.html) . Emtek Brilio (/wiki/Emtek) . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ a b "About karina Fariza Ambrosini Basrewan" (https://atvcreative.asia/about-karina/) . atvcreative.asia . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Awards and achievements Preceded by Monica Fransisca Antoinette Khonado (/wiki/Monica_Khonado) Miss Earth Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Indonesia) 2022 Succeeded by Cindy Inanto (/w/index.php?title=Cindy_Inanto&action=edit&redlink=1) v t e Miss Earth 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) national titleholders Sheridan Mortlock (/wiki/Sheridan_Mortlock) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Colombian_model)) Karina Basrewan Diana Andimba (/wiki/Diana_Andimba) Nadeen Ayoub (/wiki/Nadeen_Ayoub) Jenny Ramp (/wiki/Jenny_Ramp) Mina Sue Choi (/wiki/Mina_Sue_Choi) Oriana Pablos (/wiki/Oriana_Pablos) Thạch Thu Thảo (/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_Thu_Th%E1%BA%A3o) Miss Earth delegates of 01 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2001_delegates) 02 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2002_delegates) 03 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2003_delegates) 04 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2004_delegates) 05 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2005_delegates) 06 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2006_delegates) 07 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2007_delegates) 08 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2008_delegates) 09 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2009_delegates) 10 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2010_delegates) 11 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2011_delegates) 12 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2012_delegates) 13 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2013_delegates) 14 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2014_delegates) 15 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2015_delegates) 16 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2016_delegates) 17 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2017_delegates) 18 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2018_delegates) 19 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2019_delegates) 20 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2020_delegates) 21 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2021_delegates) 22 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2022_delegates) 23 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2023_delegates) 24 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2024_delegates) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Indonesia (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐2s4qw Cached time: 20240722075850 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.605 seconds Real time usage: 0.867 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4366/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48679/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8372/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46722/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.400/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20482602/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 806.958 1 -total 23.63% 190.660 1 Template:Miss_Earth_2022_delegates 18.89% 152.474 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 18.19% 146.811 1 Template:Navbox 15.30% 123.473 1 Template:Reflist 15.12% 122.009 1 Template:IPA-id 14.79% 119.323 1 Template:IPA 13.20% 106.491 8 Template:Cite_news 8.84% 71.330 1 Template:Short_description 7.87% 63.540 9 Template:Flagicon Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71951683-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722075850 and revision id 1232983721. 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Vacuum cleaner attachment for cutting hair A man uses a Flowbee, an electrically powered vacuum cleaner attachment made for cutting hair. The Flowbee is an electrically powered vacuum cleaner (/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner) attachment made for cutting hair (/wiki/Haircut) . It was developed and filed for patent in 1986 [1] (#cite_note-Patent_4679322-1) by Rick E. Hunts, a San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) , California (/wiki/California) , US carpenter (/wiki/Carpenter) . US patent 4679322 was granted in 1987 [1] (#cite_note-Patent_4679322-1) and the product marketed since 1988. Hunts initially sold the Flowbees out of his garage before finding success with live demonstrations at a county fair. The product was advertised as being capable of performing "hundreds of precision layered haircuts" in frequently aired late-night television infomercials (/wiki/Infomercial) . [2] (#cite_note-salon-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) By 2000, two million Flowbees had been sold. [2] (#cite_note-salon-2) Hair cutting devices like the Flowbee are used by astronauts during spaceflight missions, including on the ISS (/wiki/International_Space_Station) , because hair particles are sucked into a container instead of floating freely inside the spacecraft in the absence of gravity. The standard Flowbee can be used to groom dogs with long hair such as Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_(dog)) or Bichon Frisé (/wiki/Bichon_Fris%C3%A9) with a special pet-grooming attachment; [2] (#cite_note-salon-2) a Flowbee Pet Groomer (/wiki/Dog_grooming) variant of the device was available previously. Over the years, the Flowbee device saw at least three revisions which can be identified by the shape and labeling of the cutting head ("Vac-u-cut", "Flowbee Int.", "Flowbee.com"). It continues in production, and is sold through the Flowbee factory direct (/wiki/Factory_direct) website and various Internet sellers. The Flowbee factory was located in Flour Bluff (/wiki/Flour_Bluff,_Corpus_Christi,_Texas) , a suburb of Corpus Christi, Texas (/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas) but later moved to Kerrville, Texas (/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Astronauts aboard the Skylab space station (/wiki/Skylab) cutting hair with scissors plus a vacuum cleaner to prevent hair particles from accumulating in the microgravity environment. Operation [ edit ] The device consists of an electric-powered cutting head, spacers, and a hose. The hose is attached to the suction hose of a vacuum cleaner or a dedicated Flowbee "Mini Vac". One or more of several spacers is fitted onto the cutting head depending on the length of hair desired. The vacuum is turned on, the cutting head powered up, and the cutting head placed over the head. The vacuum sucks the hair through the spacers and into the cutting head, cutting off the ends of the hair. The suction carries the cut hair particles into the vacuum. The cutting head is lifted and placed over another section of hair, continuing around the head until all the hair is cut. Different spacers may be used to cut varying lengths, such as shorter hair at the nape of the neck and longer hair on the top of the head. [5] (#cite_note-5) Opinions [ edit ] The Flowbee was tested on The Fourth Hour , hosted by Pat Gray (/wiki/Blaze_Media) and Stu Burguiere (/wiki/Stu_Burguiere) on GBTV (/wiki/GBTV) , during the Infomercial Friday segment which aired on June 22, 2012. It was given poor reviews by both hosts despite initial optimism by Burguiere. [ citation needed ] Gray quipped that "the problem seems to be that [the Flowbee] doesn't actually cut hair". [6] (#cite_note-6) In popular culture [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flowbee) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Reference to the Flowbee has been made in many films and television shows. It was spoofed in the film Wayne's World (/wiki/Wayne%27s_World_(film)) as a device called the "Suck Kut". [7] (#cite_note-7) Reference to the Flowbee was made in the American comedy series Glee (/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)) . In Season 1, Episode 15 "The Power of Madonna" glee club director, Mr. Schuester told Sue Sylvester, "Oh, maybe you should try a new setting on your Flowbee, oh snap". The band Bloodhound Gang (/wiki/Bloodhound_Gang) made reference to the device in their song " Mope (/wiki/Mope) " from their third album Hooray for Boobies (/wiki/Hooray_for_Boobies) with the lyric "Givin' myself a mullet / Hook the Flowbee to the Kirby (/wiki/Kirby_Company) ." In The Spy Next Door (/wiki/The_Spy_Next_Door) , the children find a Flowbee in the spy character's drawer. In an episode of The Nanny (/wiki/The_Nanny) , CC comments on the fact that Niles is so stingy with his money that he "bought a Flowbee just so you could do your own hair!". In an episode of Legends of Tomorrow (/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow) , the Flowbee was featured as an exhibition in the Hall of Bad Ideas, later to be looted and used as a weapon by the protagonists. In 2020 actor George Clooney (/wiki/George_Clooney) said that he used a Flowbee to cut his own hair, and had done so for 22 years. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Hair clipper, patent US4679322A" (https://patents.google.com/patent/US4679322A/en) . Date granted 1987-07-14 ^ a b c Cave, Damien (January 6, 2000). "A hair-raising scheme" (https://www.salon.com/2000/01/06/flowbee/) . Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120508053643/http://www.salon.com/2000/01/06/flowbee/singleton/) from the original on May 8, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Pond, Mimi (1998). Splitting Hairs: The Bald Truth about Bad Hair Days . New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 130. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-82643-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rankin, Dale (October 31, 2019). "Around The Island" (http://islandmoon.com/assets/811.pdf) (PDF) . The Island Moon Weekly . Retrieved December 31, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Flowbee Haircutting System Review (2020 Buying Guide)" (https://www.menshairstylestoday.com/flowbee-haircutting-system-review/) . Men's Hairstyles Today . 6 December 2019 . Retrieved 4 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The 4th Hr: The Flowbee" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Imeu88Mnno0) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . 2012-06-22 . Retrieved 2022-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Propstore Ltd. (2012-11-16). "Wayne's World - Suck Kut" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGMbJu84N60) . youtube.com . Retrieved 2022-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Go with the Flowbee: George Clooney reveals how he cuts his hair" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/dec/04/go-with-the-flowbee-george-clooney-reveals-how-he-cuts-his-hair) . The Guardian . December 4, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Medina, Evelina Zaragoza. "George Clooney Has Apparently Been Cutting His Hair With A Flowbee For 25 Years" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/evelinamedina/george-clooney-flowbee-haircut) . BuzzFeed . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Girls with guns (/wiki/Girls_with_guns) . "Girls with guns" is a genre of film which first appeared in the early 1960s. See also: Category:Superheroine films (/wiki/Category:Superheroine_films) Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Girls_with_guns_films) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Girls_with_guns_films&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7fg47 Cached time: 20240719182636 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.086 seconds Real time usage: 0.120 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 341/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26800/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2994/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3751/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.017/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 791799/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 109.967 1 -total 56.42% 62.045 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 54.01% 59.395 2 Template:Category_other 50.51% 55.549 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 44.21% 48.616 1 Template:Category_TOC 35.76% 39.328 1 Template:TOC_top 33.75% 37.112 1 Template:Cat_main 26.28% 28.897 1 Template:Flatlist 9.60% 10.560 1 Template:Category_see_also 5.02% 5.517 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28537598-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719182636 and revision id 1202949359. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. A Girls with guns anime and manga (/wiki/Category:Girls_with_guns_anime_and_manga) (2 C, 35 P) Pages in category "Girls with guns films" The following 190 pages are in this category, out of 190 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 The 10th Victim (/wiki/The_10th_Victim) The 355 (/wiki/The_355) A Acceleration (film) (/wiki/Acceleration_(film)) Æon Flux (film) (/wiki/%C3%86on_Flux_(film)) Aileen Wuornos: American Boogeywoman (/wiki/Aileen_Wuornos:_American_Boogeywoman) Alien (film) (/wiki/Alien_(film)) Aliens (film) (/wiki/Aliens_(film)) Angel (1987 film) (/wiki/Angel_(1987_film)) Angel Enforcers (/wiki/Angel_Enforcers) Angels Revenge (/wiki/Angels_Revenge) Anna (2019 feature film) (/wiki/Anna_(2019_feature_film)) Asian School Girls (/wiki/Asian_School_Girls) Assassination Nation (/wiki/Assassination_Nation) Assault Girls (/wiki/Assault_Girls) Atomic Blonde (/wiki/Atomic_Blonde) Ava (2020 film) (/wiki/Ava_(2020_film)) B Bad Girls (1994 film) (/wiki/Bad_Girls_(1994_film)) Baise-moi (/wiki/Baise-moi) Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever (/wiki/Ballistic:_Ecks_vs._Sever) Bandidas (/wiki/Bandidas) Barb Wire (1996 film) (/wiki/Barb_Wire_(1996_film)) Battle Royale (film) (/wiki/Battle_Royale_(film)) The Belle Starr Story (/wiki/The_Belle_Starr_Story) Beyond Hypothermia (film) (/wiki/Beyond_Hypothermia_(film)) Big Bad Mama (/wiki/Big_Bad_Mama) Bikini Bandits (/wiki/Bikini_Bandits) Bitch Slap (/wiki/Bitch_Slap) Black Cat (1991 film) (/wiki/Black_Cat_(1991_film)) Branded to Kill (/wiki/Branded_to_Kill) The Brave One (2007 film) (/wiki/The_Brave_One_(2007_film)) C Captain Singrid (/wiki/Captain_Singrid) Chai Lai (/wiki/Chai_Lai) Chandee (/wiki/Chandee) Cherry Bomb (film) (/wiki/Cherry_Bomb_(film)) Class of 2018 (/wiki/Class_of_2018) Coffy (/wiki/Coffy) The Collaborators (film) (/wiki/The_Collaborators_(film)) Colombiana (/wiki/Colombiana) Come Drink with Me (/wiki/Come_Drink_with_Me) Craving (2023 film) (/wiki/Craving_(2023_film)) D D.E.B.S. (2003 film) (/wiki/D.E.B.S._(2003_film)) D.E.B.S. (2004 film) (/wiki/D.E.B.S._(2004_film)) The Dalton Girls (/wiki/The_Dalton_Girls) Day of the Warrior (/wiki/Day_of_the_Warrior) Devil Hunters (/wiki/Devil_Hunters) Do or Die (film) (/wiki/Do_or_Die_(film)) The Doll Squad (/wiki/The_Doll_Squad) Domino (2005 film) (/wiki/Domino_(2005_film)) Don (1978 film) (/wiki/Don_(1978_film)) Don (2006 Hindi film) (/wiki/Don_(2006_Hindi_film)) Don 2 (/wiki/Don_2) E Ebony, Ivory & Jade (/wiki/Ebony,_Ivory_%26_Jade) Ek Tha Tiger (/wiki/Ek_Tha_Tiger) Everly (film) (/wiki/Everly_(film)) Exception to the Rule (/wiki/Exception_to_the_Rule) Excessive Force II: Force on Force (/wiki/Excessive_Force_II:_Force_on_Force) F Farewell, My Love (/wiki/Farewell,_My_Love) Fathom (1967 film) (/wiki/Fathom_(1967_film)) Fear in the Night (1972 film) (/wiki/Fear_in_the_Night_(1972_film)) Feds (film) (/wiki/Feds_(film)) Fit to Kill (/wiki/Fit_to_Kill) Foxy Brown (film) (/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)) Fudoh: The New Generation (/wiki/Fudoh:_The_New_Generation) Full Disclosure (2001 film) (/wiki/Full_Disclosure_(2001_film)) G The Gene Generation (/wiki/The_Gene_Generation) General Commander (/wiki/General_Commander) The Girl Bandits' Hoodoo (/wiki/The_Girl_Bandits%27_Hoodoo) The Golden Lady (/wiki/The_Golden_Lady) Goodachari (/wiki/Goodachari) Gun Crazy 2: Beyond the Law (/wiki/Gun_Crazy_2:_Beyond_the_Law) Gun Crazy 3: Traitor's Rhapsody (/wiki/Gun_Crazy_3:_Traitor%27s_Rhapsody) Gun Crazy: A Woman from Nowhere (/wiki/Gun_Crazy:_A_Woman_from_Nowhere) Gunpowder Milkshake (/wiki/Gunpowder_Milkshake) Guns (film) (/wiki/Guns_(film)) H Hanna (film) (/wiki/Hanna_(film)) Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel:_Witch_Hunters) Hapkido (film) (/wiki/Hapkido_(film)) Haywire (2011 film) (/wiki/Haywire_(2011_film)) The Heat (film) (/wiki/The_Heat_(film)) Hell Squad (1985 film) (/wiki/Hell_Squad_(1985_film)) Heroic bloodshed (/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed) Hick (film) (/wiki/Hick_(film)) Jack Hill (/wiki/Jack_Hill) Hot Pursuit (2015 film) (/wiki/Hot_Pursuit_(2015_film)) Human Experiments (/wiki/Human_Experiments) I In Her Line of Fire (/wiki/In_Her_Line_of_Fire) In the Line of Duty 4: Witness (/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Duty_4:_Witness) Interceptor (film) (/wiki/Interceptor_(film)) J Jane Got a Gun (/wiki/Jane_Got_a_Gun) Judas Kiss (1998 film) (/wiki/Judas_Kiss_(1998_film)) Julia (2008 film) (/wiki/Julia_(2008_film)) K Karateci Kız (/wiki/Karateci_K%C4%B1z) Kate (film) (/wiki/Kate_(film)) Kill Bill: Volume 1 (/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1) Kill Bill: Volume 2 (/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_2) Kite (2014 film) (/wiki/Kite_(2014_film)) Kite Liberator (/wiki/Kite_Liberator) Kung Fu Mama – Agentin mit Kids (/wiki/Kung_Fu_Mama_%E2%80%93_Agentin_mit_Kids) Kuro no tenshi Vol. 1 (/wiki/Kuro_no_tenshi_Vol._1) Kuro no tenshi Vol. 2 (/wiki/Kuro_no_tenshi_Vol._2) L L.A. Bounty (/wiki/L.A._Bounty) La Femme Nikita (film) (/wiki/La_Femme_Nikita_(film)) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life (/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider_%E2%80%93_The_Cradle_of_Life) The Legend of Frenchie King (/wiki/The_Legend_of_Frenchie_King) L.E.T.H.A.L. Ladies: Return to Savage Beach (/wiki/L.E.T.H.A.L._Ladies:_Return_to_Savage_Beach) Lila & Eve (/wiki/Lila_%26_Eve) Lola Colt (/wiki/Lola_Colt) The Long Kiss Goodnight (/wiki/The_Long_Kiss_Goodnight) Lucy (2014 film) (/wiki/Lucy_(2014_film)) M Machete (2010 film) (/wiki/Machete_(2010_film)) Machete Kills (/wiki/Machete_Kills) The Machine Girl (/wiki/The_Machine_Girl) Madea (/wiki/Madea) Magnificent Warriors (/wiki/Magnificent_Warriors) Mama's Dirty Girls (/wiki/Mama%27s_Dirty_Girls) Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (/wiki/Map_of_the_Sounds_of_Tokyo) Mari's Prey (/wiki/Mari%27s_Prey) Mercenaries (2014 film) (/wiki/Mercenaries_(2014_film)) Modesty Blaise (1966 film) (/wiki/Modesty_Blaise_(1966_film)) Monster (2003 film) (/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)) Movin' Too Fast (film) (/wiki/Movin%27_Too_Fast_(film)) Ms .45 (/wiki/Ms_.45) N Naked Killer (/wiki/Naked_Killer) Naked Soldier (/wiki/Naked_Soldier) Naked Weapon (/wiki/Naked_Weapon) No Looking Back (2021 film) (/wiki/No_Looking_Back_(2021_film)) O The Old Guard (2020 film) (/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(2020_film)) The Old Guard 2 (/wiki/The_Old_Guard_2) P Peppermint (2018 film) (/wiki/Peppermint_(2018_film)) Picasso Trigger (/wiki/Picasso_Trigger) Pistol Opera (/wiki/Pistol_Opera) Planet Terror (/wiki/Planet_Terror) Point of No Return (1993 film) (/wiki/Point_of_No_Return_(1993_film)) Police Woman (film) (/wiki/Police_Woman_(film)) Prairie Fever (/wiki/Prairie_Fever) Q The Quick and the Dead (1995 film) (/wiki/The_Quick_and_the_Dead_(1995_film)) R Red Nights (/wiki/Red_Nights) Red Sparrow (/wiki/Red_Sparrow) Resident Evil (film) (/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film)) Resident Evil: Afterlife (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Afterlife) Resident Evil: Apocalypse (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Apocalypse) Resident Evil: Extinction (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Extinction) Resident Evil: Retribution (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Retribution) Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_The_Final_Chapter) Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Welcome_to_Raccoon_City) Righting Wrongs (/wiki/Righting_Wrongs) Rokto (/wiki/Rokto) Rudhra (/wiki/Rudhra) S Saakini Daakini (/wiki/Saakini_Daakini) Salt (2010 film) (/wiki/Salt_(2010_film)) Set It Off (film) (/wiki/Set_It_Off_(film)) Shanghai, Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai,_Shanghai) S*H*E (/wiki/S*H*E) She Shoots Straight (/wiki/She_Shoots_Straight) Shotgun Wedding (2022 film) (/wiki/Shotgun_Wedding_(2022_film)) Sin City (film) (/wiki/Sin_City_(film)) So Close (film) (/wiki/So_Close_(film)) Sorority House Massacre III: Hard to Die (/wiki/Sorority_House_Massacre_III:_Hard_to_Die) Stiletto (2008 film) (/wiki/Stiletto_(2008_film)) Sucker Punch (2011 film) (/wiki/Sucker_Punch_(2011_film)) Supreme Sanction (/wiki/Supreme_Sanction) Swindle (2002 film) (/wiki/Swindle_(2002_film)) T Tank Girl (film) (/wiki/Tank_Girl_(film)) Terminator 2: Judgment Day (/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day) Thelma & Louise (/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise) Tiger Zinda Hai (/wiki/Tiger_Zinda_Hai) Tokyo Gore Police (/wiki/Tokyo_Gore_Police) Les trottoirs de Bangkok (/wiki/Les_trottoirs_de_Bangkok) U Ultraviolet (film) (/wiki/Ultraviolet_(film)) Underworld (2003 film) (/wiki/Underworld_(2003_film)) Underworld: Awakening (/wiki/Underworld:_Awakening) Underworld: Blood Wars (/wiki/Underworld:_Blood_Wars) Underworld: Evolution (/wiki/Underworld:_Evolution) V Vice Girls (/wiki/Vice_Girls) The Villainess (/wiki/The_Villainess) Violet & Daisy (/wiki/Violet_%26_Daisy) Viva Maria! 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Wristbands containing LEDs Xyloband Xylobands in the Mylo Xyloto Tour (/wiki/Mylo_Xyloto_Tour) Type Wristband Inventor Jason Regler [1] (#cite_note-1) Inception 2011 ( 2011 ) Manufacturer RB Concepts, Ltd. Available Available Website xylobands (http://xylobands.com) .com (http://xylobands.com) A Xyloband is a wristband that contains light-emitting diodes (/wiki/LED) and a radio frequency receiver. Used primarily in the live entertainment industry, it was launched by RB Concepts Ltd, a company set up by entrepreneur Clive Banks with inventor Jason Regler. The lights inside the wristband can be controlled by a software program, which sends signals to the wristband, instructing it to light up or blink, for example. The single colour version is available in green, blue, yellow, red, pink, and white. The first use of Xylobands on a large scale was on Coldplay (/wiki/Coldplay) 's 2012 Mylo Xyloto Tour (/wiki/Mylo_Xyloto_Tour) . A Xyloband was given to each member of the audience, and as the concert played, the flashing of the wristbands was synchronized to the music. Regler stated that he had the idea for the product while at a Coldplay concert, during the song " Fix You (/wiki/Fix_You) ". [2] (#cite_note-SALMON-2) Technology [ edit ] The wristbands themselves are constructed of a thick fabric with LEDs inside the fabric. A radio receiver is located within a plastic case on the band, and it receives wireless signals from a controller. These signals are sent either by a handheld TV remote styled controller, which has a range of 250 meters, or a controller which is hosted on a laptop computer linked to a radio transmitter, [3] (#cite_note-3) which can remotely control the wristbands from up to 300 meters away. [4] (#cite_note-4) The operator of the controller or laptop software may program all wristbands or only those of certain colors to flash on and off at specific intervals and specific moments. The wristbands are not intended to be lit outside of the concert venue, although there exist anecdotes of Xylobands "coming back to life" at seemingly random times. [5] (#cite_note-5) Uses [ edit ] A collection of Xylobands, as they appeared during the Mylo Xyloto Tour (/wiki/Mylo_Xyloto_Tour) . Coldplay's second version of the Xylobands, in use during a concert on the A Head Full of Dreams Tour (/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams_Tour) . The wristbands were given to each audience member at Coldplay's 2012 Mylo Xyloto tour. As the music played, the wristbands flashed with the music to create a colorful light show in the audience, which the Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) referred to as a "psychedelicatessen of moving, multicolored lights.". [6] (#cite_note-6) It was wrongly reported that Xylobands were costing the band approximately €490,000 per concert. Xylobands were also prominently featured in Coldplay's " Charlie Brown (/wiki/Charlie_Brown_(Coldplay_song)) " music video. [7] (#cite_note-7) The Santa Cruz-based electronic music event promotion company VitalSC offered Xylobands as part of a VIP package for their annual Dubstep (/wiki/Dubstep) music event, Wobbleland. Xylobands were also used by Cisco Systems during their Cisco Live London 2013 event. They were given out to attendees to wear during a keynote presentation. Attendees to the conference were also given Xylobands when attending a party on the final evening of the conference. Video of the solutions keynote speech uploaded to YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) includes references and brief footage of the wristbands. It is uncertain whether or not Xylobands will be used by other organizations, such as sports teams. Regler and Coldplay currently have an agreement which governs the design trademark on the wristbands, the patent (/wiki/Patent) , and the intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) rights to the Xylobands. [2] (#cite_note-SALMON-2) Regler also stated that the band would not want the Xyloband experience diluted, and that it remained to be seen if they would be marketed to other organizations. [8] (#cite_note-ReglerInterview-8) Yet, Xylobands' website beckons prospective customers to "put your brand on a Xyloband!" [9] (#cite_note-9) In early October 2013, and then again in 2015, the Chicago Blackhawks used Xylobands as a part of their banner raising ceremony to celebrate their recent Stanley Cup wins. They were also used in a concert in Abu Dhabi on 31 October 2013 while Al Gasmy, and Amr Diab where performing. It was a promotion to the telecom operator DU in UAE Also used during the Jay Z concert in Abu Dhabi on 1 November 2013 by DU. Audience members began throwing their lit wristbands into the air and over the heads of the crowd which, although unintended, created a fascinating visual display similar to fireless fireworks. On 29 October 2014, Xylobands were given to each fan in attendance for the New York Knicks vs. Chicago Bulls at Madison Square Garden. The Xylobands were used during introductions during a short performance by the Blue Man Group. In April 2015, the New York Rangers (/wiki/New_York_Rangers) used Xylobands as part of their pregame ceremony in the first round of the 2015 Stanley Cup Playoffs versus the Pittsburgh Penguins (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins) . Four months later, a video was posted on the Xyloband YouTube page showing iPad controlling and the wristbands flashing in different colors. The Xylobands were also used in April 2016, as a 'concert element' during an on-stage music recording for the closure of Michael McIntyre's (/wiki/Michael_McIntyre) 'Big Show'. In June, the wristbands were present during the opening session of the #smaccDUB conference in Dublin, Ireland and during Coldplay's (/wiki/Coldplay) headline performance on the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival 2016 (/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_2016) , the band also partnered with Jason Regler for the A Head Full of Dreams Tour (/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams_Tour) . The Cancer Research UK (/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK) Shine Walk (25/26 September 2016) gave away Xylobands to its entrants, with the fundraising walk being a half or full marathon through the streets of London overnight. The wristbands fit with the theme of the event, which was to "shine" by wearing LEDs (/wiki/LED) , EL wire (/wiki/EL_wire) , glow sticks (/wiki/Glow_stick) , and so on to light up the night. They were plain white and were set to light up at strategic points, such as mile markers, pit stops and other important points. Gallery [ edit ] (/wiki/File:A_Head_Full_of_Dreams_Tour,_Ethiad_Stadium_(Panorama).jpg) Panoramic view of Etihad Stadium (/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium) , during a concert on Coldplay (/wiki/Coldplay) 's A Head Full of Dreams Tour (/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams_Tour) . Many Xylobands, emitting white light during a performance of " A Sky Full of Stars (/wiki/A_Sky_Full_of_Stars) ", can be seen throughout the audience. See also [ edit ] PixMob (/wiki/PixMob) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Thakkar, Pooja. "The Coldplay Concert Lights up With LED Display: Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120910183512/http://www.technology-digital.com/web20/the-coldplay-concert-lights-up-with-led-display-video) . Archived from the original (http://www.technology-digital.com/web20/the-coldplay-concert-lights-up-with-led-display-video) on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . ^ a b "Interview: Xylobands Inventor Jason Regler" (https://www.coldplay.com/interview-xylobands-inventor-jason-regler/) . Coldplay Official Website . 10 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328224043/https://www.coldplay.com/interview-xylobands-inventor-jason-regler/) from the original on 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ladendorf, Kirk (4 June 2012). "Chips from Austin's Silicon Labs take the rock 'n' roll road" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120605090903/http://www.statesman.com/business/chips-from-austins-silicon-labs-take-the-rock-2389708.html) . Austin Statesman . Archived from the original (http://www.statesman.com/business/chips-from-austins-silicon-labs-take-the-rock-2389708.html) on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shoemaker, Natalie. "Xylobands turn Coldplay concert into incredible light show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120621002253/http://www.geek.com/articles/gadgets/xylobands-turn-coldplay-concerts-into-giant-light-show-20120616) . Archived from the original (http://www.geek.com/articles/gadgets/xylobands-turn-coldplay-concerts-into-giant-light-show-20120616/) on 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Debord, Jason (30 April 2012). "Coldplay Xyloband (Light Up Wristband) Reanimated By Concert Video, Comes Back To Life… "Is There Anybody Out There?" (http://rocksubculture.com/2012/04/30/coldplay-xyloband-light-up-wristband-reanimated-by-concert-video-comes-back-to-life-is-there-anybody-out-there/) " (http://rocksubculture.com/2012/04/30/coldplay-xyloband-light-up-wristband-reanimated-by-concert-video-comes-back-to-life-is-there-anybody-out-there/) . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) McKenna, Dave (9 July 2012). "Coldplay performance at Verizon Center anything but boring" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/coldplay-performance-at-verizon-center-anything-but-boring/2012/07/09/gJQAyrw1XW_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) La Rosa, David (3 February 2012). "Coldplay Debut 'Charlie Brown' Music Video" (http://runninglip.com/music/videos/2012/02/coldplay-debut-charlie-brown-music-video/) . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ReglerInterview_8-0) "Coldplay spend €490,000 a night on Xylobands" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001534/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0615/coldplay.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0615/coldplay.html) on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Product Information" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120805080948/http://xylobands.com/glowbands-product_info.php) . Archived from the original (http://xylobands.com/glowbands-product_info.php) on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . 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Mouth-veil worn by North African nomads Litham Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) man wearing a litham Type mouth-veil Material cloth Place of origin North Africa (/wiki/North_Africa) Manufacturer Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) , and Sanhaja (/wiki/Sanhaja) people Litham ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : لِثَام , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) : lithām , sometimes pronounced lifam ) is a mouth- veil (/wiki/Veil) which the Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) and other North African (/wiki/Berbers) nomads, particularly men, have traditionally used to cover the lower part of their face. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Role and significance [ edit ] The litham has served as protection from the dust and extremes of temperature characterizing the desert environment. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) In cases of blood feuds (/wiki/Feud#Blood_feuds) , it also served as protection against violence by making the wearer difficult to recognize. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Wearing of the litham is not viewed as a religious requirement, although it was apparently believed to provide magical protection against evil forces. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) History and practice [ edit ] Ancient African rock engravings depicting human faces with eyes but no mouth or nose suggest that the origins of litham are not only pre-Islamic but even pre-historic. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) The litham was commonly worn among the Berber Sanhaja (/wiki/Sanhaja) tribes in north-west Africa. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Its use by the Almoravids (/wiki/Almoravids) , who originated from a Sanhaja clan, gave it a political significance during their conquests in the 11th and 12th centuries. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) This practice gave rise to Almoravids being pejoratively nicknamed al-mulaththamun (the muffled ones). [2] (#cite_note-2) The Almohads (/wiki/Almohads) , who succeeded the Almoravids as the dominant dynasty in the North African region, opposed the practice of wearing the litham, claiming that it is forbidden for men to imitate women's dress, but they never managed to suppress its use. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Among the Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) , men wear the litham, also called tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) , while women go unveiled. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) Tuareg boys start wearing the litham at the onset of puberty and the veil is regarded as a mark of manhood. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) It is considered improper for a man to appear unveiled in front of elders, especially those from his wife's family. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) The Tuareg litham is made of several pieces of Sudanese cloth which are sewn together to yield a strip about four yards long. [4] (#cite_note-4) Tagelmust or Afrwal or litham [ edit ] Tagelmusts, worn by three Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg_people) men A tagelmust, worn by a man The tagelmust (also known as cheich , cheche and litham ) is an indigo (/wiki/Indigo_dye) -dyed cotton (/wiki/Cotton) litham, with the appearance of both a veil (/wiki/Veil) and a turban (/wiki/Turban) . The cloth may exceed 10 metres (33 ft) in length. It is mostly worn by Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg_people) Berber (/wiki/Berbers) men, the Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_people) of the far northern Sahel region and the Songhai (/wiki/Songhai_people) . In recent times, other colors have come into use, with the indigo veils saved for use on special occasions. It usually has many layers that cover the head, and it drapes down to loosely cover the neck. It is worn by some French people as a scarf. [ citation needed ] The tagelmust covers the head. It prevents the inhalation of wind-borne sand (/wiki/Wind-borne_sand) by its wearers in the Sahara (/wiki/Sahara) region. [5] (#cite_note-5) The indigo is believed by many of the wearers to be healthy and beautiful, with a buildup of indigo in the skin of the wearer being generally considered to protect the skin, and denote affluence. [6] (#cite_note-JBP-6) Because of the scarcity of water, the tagelmust is often dyed by pounding in dried indigo instead of soaking it. The dye often permanently leaches (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leaching) into the skin of the wearer, and because of this, the Tuareg are often referred to as the "blue men of the desert". [7] (#cite_note-7) Among the Tuareg, men who wear the tagelmust are called Kel Tagelmust , or "People of the Veil". [8] (#cite_note-8) The tagelmust is worn only by adult males and taken off only in the presence of close family. Tuareg men often find shame in showing their mouth or nose to strangers or people of a higher standing than themselves and have been known to hide their features using their hands if a tagelmust is unavailable. The tagelmust has other cultural significance, since the manner in which it is wrapped and folded is often used to show clan and regional origin, the darkness to which it is dyed showing the wealth of the wearer. In literature and folklore [ edit ] A number of legends were invented to explain the custom of male veiling. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) When one fell in battle and lost his litham, his friends could not recognize him until it was put back on. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) The word litham and its derivatives have been widely used in Arabic literature, in particular by the poets, who commonly employed puns between the general meaning of litham as veil and the verbal root lathama , which means "to kiss". [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) In One Thousand and One Nights (/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights) women use the litham to disguise themselves as men. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) The classical dictionary Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur (/wiki/Ibn_Manzur) treats lifam as a separate word, describing it as a mouth veil worn by women. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) See also [ edit ] Agal (accessory) (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Alasho (/wiki/Alasho) , a similar turban veil worn by Hausa men Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Hejazi turban (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Imama Turban (/wiki/Ammama) Islam and clothing (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) , the Arabic term for a face veil worn by women Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) , worn by Mandaean men Sirwal (/wiki/Sirwal) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Björkman, W. (2012). "Lit̲h̲ām". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4672 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_4672) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) John L. Esposito, ed. (2009). "Murābiṭūn" (http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1210) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195305135 . ^ a b c Allen Fromherz (/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz) (2008). "Twareg" (http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1626) . In Peter N. Stearns (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World . Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195176322 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Douglas Porch (2005). The Conquest of the Sahara . Macmillan. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780374128791 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chris Scott Budget Travel (2007-03-16). "The Sahara: Dry but never boring" (http://www.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/03/16/sahara/index.html) . Cnn.com . Retrieved 2014-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-JBP_6-0) Balfour-Paul, Jenny (1997). Indigo in the Arab world (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 152. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7007-0373-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tuareg" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203134239/http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/tuareg/) . Newsfinder.org. 2002-06-16. Archived from the original (http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/tuareg/) on 2014-02-03 . Retrieved 2014-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Indigenous Peoples of the World — the Tuareg" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070719165217/http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/hosted/tuareg/) . Archived from the original on July 19, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-04-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-9) The thousand and one nights, or, The Arabian nights' entertainments . Vol. 2. J. Murray. 1847. pp. 60, 143. Further reading [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Litham (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Litham) . Philippi, Dieter (2009). Sammlung Philippi: Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig. 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Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) Labbade (/wiki/Labbade) Lika (/wiki/Lika_cap) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrin_cap) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Nón quai thao (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Senufo bird (/wiki/Senufo_bird) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Šibenik (/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) terminology Sufis Abdal (/wiki/Abdal) Ahl al-Khutwa (/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa) Al-Insān al-Kāmil (/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil) Bash Hezzab (/wiki/Bash_Hezzab) Dervish (/wiki/Dervish) Fakir (/wiki/Fakir) Hafiz (/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)) Hezzab (/wiki/Hezzab) Imam (/wiki/Imam) Khatib (/wiki/Khatib) Majzoob (/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)) Marabout (/wiki/Marabout) Mudaqiq (/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Muqaddam (/wiki/Muqaddam) Muqarrab (/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)) Murshid (/wiki/Murshid) Mutahaqiq (/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82) ] Murid (/wiki/Murid) Nass al-Houdhour (/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour) Pir (/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)) Qalandar (/wiki/Qalandar_(title)) Qāriʾ (/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE) Qutb (/wiki/Qutb) Rabbani (/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)) Salik (/wiki/Salik) Sheikh (/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)) Siddiq (/wiki/Siddiq) Sufis ranks (/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1) Talibe (/wiki/Talibe) The Seven ranks (/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9) ] Wali (/wiki/Wali) Wasil (/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)) Concepts Aayane (/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Aayane Thabita (/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9) ] Aql (/wiki/Mind) Baqaa (/wiki/Baqaa) Dhawq (/wiki/Dhawq) Fana (/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)) Ghaflah (/wiki/Ghaflah) Hal (/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)) Huwa (/wiki/Huwa) Ihsan (/wiki/Ihsan) Ishq (/wiki/Ishq) Ismul Azam (/wiki/Ismul_Azam) Lataif-e-Sitta (/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta) Maqam (/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)) Nafs (/wiki/Nafs) Qalb (/wiki/Qalb) Ran (/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Rūḥ (/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5) Sadr (/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yaqeen (/wiki/Yaqeen) Awrad (/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)) Dhikr (/wiki/Dhikr) Djamaa (/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)) ] Djoua (/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Dua (/wiki/Dua) Ibara (/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Ichara (/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Latifa (/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Lazimi (/wiki/Lazimi) Muhasabah (/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1) Muraqabah (/wiki/Muraqabah) Raising hands in Dua (/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua) Sabr (/wiki/Sabr) Sahar (/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Salat al-Fatih (/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih) Salawat (/wiki/Salawat) Samt (/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Shuhud (/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Shukr (/wiki/Shukr) Sufism pillars (/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1) Tafakur (/wiki/Contemplation) Tahara (/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9) ] Tahlia (/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Takhlia (/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Tawajud (/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF) ] Tawakkul (/wiki/Tawakkul) Tawassul (/wiki/Tawassul) Tazkiah (/wiki/Tazkiah) Uzla (/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Wajd (/wiki/Wajd) Wazifa (/wiki/Wazifa) Zarruqiyya (/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya) Wird (/wiki/Wird) Zuhd (/wiki/Asceticism) Waridates (/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)) Barakah (/wiki/Barakah) Basirah (/wiki/Basirah) Bast (/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Djadba (/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Fath (/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Haqiqa (/wiki/Haqiqa) Hidayah (/wiki/Hidayah) Ilham (/wiki/Afflatus) Irfan (/wiki/Irfan) Ishrak (/wiki/Illuminationism) Karamat (/wiki/Karamat) Kashf (/wiki/Kashf) Khatir (/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ma'rifa (/wiki/Ma%27rifa) Nūr (/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)) Qabdh (/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Rabita (/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Ru'ya (/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1) Secret (/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Tajalli (/wiki/Tajalli) Thawab (/wiki/Thawab) Uns (/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3) ] Walayah (/wiki/Walayah) Warid (/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)) Misconducts Antinomianism (/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism) Rahbaniya (/wiki/Monasticism) Shath (/wiki/Shath) Taqabbur (/wiki/Hubris) Zandaqa (/wiki/Zandaqa) Ceremonies Ashura (/wiki/Ashura) Bay'ah (/wiki/Bay%27ah) Haḍra (/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra) Hizb Rateb (/wiki/Hizb_Rateb) Idjaza (/wiki/Idjaza) Mawlid (/wiki/Mawlid) Mawsim (/wiki/Mawsim) Salka (/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)) Sbooa (/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2) ] Sebiba (/wiki/Sebiba) Silsila (/wiki/Silsila) Sufi orders (/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders) Tariqa (/wiki/Tariqa) Tweeza (/wiki/Tweeza) Wezeea (/wiki/Wezeea) Ziyarat (/wiki/Ziyarat) Arts Ashewiq (/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82) ] Madih nabawi (/wiki/Madih_nabawi) Nasheed (/wiki/Nasheed) Naʽat (/wiki/Na%CA%BDat) Qawwali 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Men's cologne by Lacoste Lacoste Essential is the name of a men's cologne produced by high-end apparel company Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) . The original Lacoste Essential for men contains aquatics citrus ( tangerine (/wiki/Tangerine) , bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_orange) ), tomato leaves, cassis, black pepper, rose, patchouli, sandalwood and “wood accord.” [1] (#cite_note-1) The popular fragrance is recognized by its distinctly shaped glass container, bearing a brushed aluminum atomizer and the trademark Lacoste crocodile emblem engraved into the glass, as well as the liquid's warm yellow-green tint. Composition [ edit ] The perfume was introduced in 2005 and created in cooperation with perfumer Laurent Bruyere. The fragrance is described as an "aromatic-woody one created in layers of green accords." [2] (#cite_note-2) The fragrance comprises top notes of tomato leaves, citrus, fruity and watery notes. The scent's heart is made of black pepper and a floral accord, including rose notes. Sandalwood and patchouli notes are in the fragrance's drydown. [3] (#cite_note-3) The overall effect of the scent is frequently described as "fresh" and "energetic" or "spicy." Related products [ edit ] The popularity of the fragrance prompted Lacoste to release companion products in addition to the cologne including Lacoste Essential Shower Gel, after-shave and deodorant stick. Variants [ edit ] Since the inception of the brand, Lacoste has offered a variety of spin-off fragrances. For men, Lacoste offers the new brands Challenge, Pour Homme, Lacoste Red and Lacoste Elegance. For women, the company offers the fragrances Touch of Pink, Love of Pink (itself a spin-off of the former) and Pour Femme, the sister fragrance to Pour Homme. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2012, Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) announced that actress Amy Adams (/wiki/Amy_Adams) will be the face of Lacoste's new perfume for women, Eau de Lacoste. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Lacoste Essential ~ men's fragrance review :: Now Smell This" (http://www.nstperfume.com/2007/03/09/lacoste-essential-mens-fragrance-review/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lacoste Essential Collector Edition Lacoste Fragrances cologne - a fragrance for men 2008" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Lacoste/Lacoste-Essential-Collector-Edition-4829.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lacoste Essential Cologne for Men 2.5 oz EAU de Toilette Spray" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090329001334/http://www.valentineperfume.com/Lacoste-Essential-Cologne-for-Men-2.5-oz-Eau-De-Toilette-Spray-p-24285.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.valentineperfume.com/Lacoste-Essential-Cologne-for-Men-2.5-oz-Eau-De-Toilette-Spray-p-24285.html) on 2009-03-29 . Retrieved 2009-12-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "LACOSTE Parfums - Lacoste Pour Homme, Lacoste Pour Femme, Lacoste Red, Lacoste Pink, Lacoste Essential, Lacoste Inspiration" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070409141717/http://www.lacoste-parfums.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.lacoste-parfums.com/) on 2007-04-09 . Retrieved 2009-12-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Amy Adams is the new face of Eau de Lacoste perfume" (http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/beauty-hair/news/a18239/amy-adams-is-the-new-face-of-eau-de-lacoste-fragrance/) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . December 3, 2012. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐mttnw Cached time: 20240623173044 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.157 seconds Real time usage: 0.289 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 380/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8603/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 412/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18642/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3900624/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 195.651 1 -total 61.71% 120.735 1 Template:Reflist 48.67% 95.225 4 Template:Cite_web 36.29% 70.992 1 Template:Short_description 21.49% 42.054 2 Template:Pagetype 8.95% 17.518 3 Template:Main_other 7.92% 15.491 1 Template:SDcat 2.92% 5.707 1 Template:Cite_news 1.18% 2.312 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25498346-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623173044 and revision id 1105983559. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacoste_Essential&oldid=1105983559 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacoste_Essential&oldid=1105983559) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
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Daphne Brooker Born Daphne Beacon ( 1927-06-08 ) 8 June 1927 London (/wiki/London) , England Died 2 February 2012 (2012-02-02) (aged 84) Occupation(s) Designer, academic Academic background Alma mater (/wiki/Alma_mater) Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) , Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) . Academic work Institutions Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) Main interests Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Daphne Elizabeth Brooker (née Beacon, 8 June 1927 – 2 February 2012) was a British model, costume designer, and a professor and head of fashion at Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) for three decades, where she had "a leading role in the teaching of fashion". [1] (#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-1) Early life [ edit ] She was born Daphne Elizabeth Beacon on 8 June 1927 at the Ormond Maternity Home, 29 Blantyre Street, Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) , London, the elder child and only daughter of Charles Beacon, a chauffeur, and his wife, Mabel Elizabeth Beacon, née Mann (1891–1972), who were living in Battersea (/wiki/Battersea) at the time. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) [3] (#cite_note-kingston.ac.uk-3) She grew up and was educated in Kingston upon Thames (/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames) in Surrey, her family having moved there when she was five years old. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) She went to Kingston School of Art (/wiki/Kingston_School_of_Art) from 1941 to 1945, followed by the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) (RCA), where she received an ARCA diploma in design in 1948. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) Career [ edit ] On leaving the RCA in 1948 she started work as an art teacher. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) Brooker appeared on the front cover of Vogue in 1952, [1] (#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-1) and appeared in the magazine several times, shot by photographers including Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , Anthony Denney (/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Denney&action=edit&redlink=1) and Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) . [4] (#cite_note-vogue-4) However, she found modelling boring, and worked as a costume designer for some years. [4] (#cite_note-vogue-4) She first taught at Walthamstow School of Art (/wiki/Walthamstow_School_of_Art) in east London, where her students included the fashion designers James Wedge (/wiki/James_Wedge) , Marion Foale (/wiki/Marion_Foale) and Sally Tuffin (/wiki/Sally_Tuffin) , the film director Ken Russell (/wiki/Ken_Russell) and the musician Ian Dury (/wiki/Ian_Dury) . [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) [3] (#cite_note-kingston.ac.uk-3) In 1962 Brooker joined Kingston College of Art (in 1970, it merged with Kingston College of Technology in 1970 to create Kingston Polytechnic (/wiki/Kingston_Polytechnic) ) as a lecturer, becoming head of fashion in 1963, and a professor in 1981. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) When she retired in 1992, the fashion department was "one of the most successful of its kind — in securing jobs for its graduates in the competitive world of design and in having paved the way for how fashion courses were subsequently taught." [1] (#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-1) Her students included the designers John Richmond (/wiki/John_Richmond_(fashion_designer)) , Richard Nott (/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nott&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Soozie Jenkinson (/w/index.php?title=Soozie_Jenkinson&action=edit&redlink=1) ; Helen Storey (/wiki/Helen_Storey) , professor of science and fashion at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) ; the BBC costume designer Jane Hartley (/wiki/Jane_Hartley) ; and the journalist Glenda Bailey (/wiki/Glenda_Bailey) . [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) [4] (#cite_note-vogue-4) [3] (#cite_note-kingston.ac.uk-3) Personal life [ edit ] On 21 July 1948, at Battersea Register Office (/w/index.php?title=Battersea_Register_Office&action=edit&redlink=1) , she married fellow RCA graduate, Maxwell Gervase Anderson Brooker (1927–2008), who was then a second lieutenant in the Royal Army Education Corps (/wiki/Royal_Army_Education_Corps) , and later became an artist and art teacher. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) They had one child, Caroline Sarah Brooker (born 1956), after which they bought a house in Canonbury (/wiki/Canonbury) in Islington, north London. [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) Later life [ edit ] In her later years she lived on Canonbury Road, Islington, London, and died at University College Hospital (/wiki/University_College_Hospital) on 2 February 2012, of bronchopneumonia (/wiki/Bronchopneumonia) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukaemia) . [2] (#cite_note-ONDB-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Daphne Brooker" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/daphne-brooker-qpd0876c8m9) . www.thetimes.co.uk. 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ehrman, Edwina. "Brooker [née Beacon], Daphne Elizabeth (1927–2012), model and fashion teacher" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/106513) . ONDB . OUP . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ a b c "Pioneer of university fashion education dies" (http://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/535/09-feb-2012-pioneer-of-university-fashion-education-dies/) . www.kingston.ac.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ a b c Milligan, Lauren. "Fashion Pioneer" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/daphne-brooker-vogue-model-kingston-university-dies) . vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . 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