text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
So-called place cells located in this region become active only when the rat is in a particular location — called a place field — in the environment. Since these place fields are distributed throughout the environment, one interpretation is that groups of place cells form maps in the hippocampus. The accuracy of these ... | Wikipedia - Long-term potentiation - Relationship to behavioral memory > Spatial memory | 279 | 1,369 | null |
Section: Relationship to behavioral memory > Inhibitory avoidance. In 2006, Jonathan Whitlock and colleagues reported on a series of experiments that provided perhaps the strongest evidence of LTP's role in behavioral memory, arguing that to conclude that LTP underlies behavioral learning, the two processes must both m... | Wikipedia - Long-term potentiation - Relationship to behavioral memory > Inhibitory avoidance | 239 | 1,188 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Alzheimer's disease. LTP has received much attention among those who study Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease that causes marked cognitive decline and dementia. Much of this deterioration occurs in association with degenerative changes in the hippocampus and other med... | Wikipedia - Long-term potentiation - Clinical significance > Alzheimer's disease | 295 | 1,322 | null |
Article: Malaria therapy. The malaria therapy (or malaria inoculation, and sometimes malariotherapy) is an archaic medical procedure of treating diseases using artificial injection of malaria parasites. It is a type of pyrotherapy (or pyretotherapy) by which high fever is induced to stop or eliminate symptoms of certai... | Wikipedia - Malaria therapy - Summary | 159 | 770 | null |
Section: Background. The beneficial effects of infections in mental problems were known in the Ancient world. Hippocrates in the 4th century BCE recorded bacterial infections such as dysentery and dropsy reducing the symptoms of madness; and that malaria (quartan fever) could stop epileptic convulsions. Galen in the 2n... | Wikipedia - Malaria therapy - Background | 331 | 1,662 | null |
Section: Rediscovery and clinical application. Although the priority of using malaria therapy in brain disorders is generally attributed to Rosenblum, the credit of developing malaria therapy as a standard medical practice and explaining the underlying scientific principle is to Austrian physician Julius Wagner-Jauregg... | Wikipedia - Malaria therapy - Rediscovery and clinical application | 337 | 1,611 | null |
Wagner-Jauregg came to the conclusion that fever could cure psychosis after reviewing his own experiments and the historical accounts based on three phenomena: (a) the appearance of fever coincided with the disappearance of the symptoms of psychosis in medical history; (b) his findings that fever was the only possible ... | Wikipedia - Malaria therapy - Rediscovery and clinical application | 160 | 799 | null |
Article: Malleability of intelligence. Malleability of intelligence describes the processes by which intelligence can increase or decrease over time and is not static. These changes may come as a result of genetics, pharmacological factors, psychological factors, behavior, or environmental conditions. Malleable intelli... | Wikipedia - Malleability of intelligence - Summary | 308 | 1,745 | null |
Section: Neuroscience basis. The biological basis of intelligence is founded in the degree of connectivity of neurons in the brain and the varying amounts of white and grey matter. Studies show that intelligence is positively correlated with total cerebral volume. While it is true that the number of neurons in the brai... | Wikipedia - Malleability of intelligence - Neuroscience basis | 155 | 832 | null |
Section: Neuroscience basis > Neural plasticity. Neural plasticity refers to any change in the structure of the neural network that forms the central nervous system. Neural plasticity is the neuronal basis for changes in how the mind works, including learning, the formation of memory, and changes in intelligence. One w... | Wikipedia - Malleability of intelligence - Neuroscience basis > Neural plasticity | 169 | 851 | null |
Section: Neuroscience basis > Genetic factors of intelligence. Humans have varying degrees of neuroplasticity due to their genetic makeups, which affects their ability to adapt to conditions in their environments and effectively learn from experiences. The degree to which intelligence test scores can be linked to genet... | Wikipedia - Malleability of intelligence - Neuroscience basis > Genetic factors of intelligence | 170 | 820 | null |
Section: Pharmacological influence. Numerous pharmacological developments have been made to help organize neural circuitry for patients with learning disorders. The cholinergic and glutamatergic systems in the brain serve an important role in learning, memory, and the developmental organization of neuronal circuitry. T... | Wikipedia - Malleability of intelligence - Pharmacological influence | 244 | 1,195 | null |
Section: Contributors. Localization theories can be dated as far back as Aristotle, but the man credited with the beginning concepts of field theory was Jean Pierre Flourens. Field theory is the concept that the brain acts as a single functional unit. He devised the first principle of mass action, stating, "As long as ... | Wikipedia - Mass action principle (neuroscience) - Contributors | 336 | 1,651 | null |
Section: Versus functional specialization. There is evidence supporting both the mass action principle and functional specialization within the brain. Functional specialization is the idea that functions are localized within the brain and can only be carried out by particular area(s) of the brain. Some tasks appear to ... | Wikipedia - Mass action principle (neuroscience) - Versus functional specialization | 185 | 979 | null |
Section: Criticisms. It is now believed that Flourens may have removed more than just the parts of the hemispheres that he claimed because his experiments can be replicated without his same drastic results. At the time, extraction methods were very crude and little was understood about the stages of recovery. These thi... | Wikipedia - Mass action principle (neuroscience) - Criticisms | 341 | 1,798 | null |
Section: Scientific scope. Scientific research at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence is thematically divided into seven research departments and 17 independent research groups. Numerous thematic connections between the groups result in a lively exchange and numerous collaborations within the institute... | Wikipedia - Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence - Scientific scope | 215 | 1,315 | null |
Article: Maximally informative dimensions. Maximally informative dimensions is a dimensionality reduction technique used in the statistical analyses of neural responses. Specifically, it is a way of projecting a stimulus onto a low-dimensional subspace so that as much information as possible about the stimulus is prese... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Summary | 151 | 823 | null |
Section: Mathematical formulation. Neural stimulus-response functions are typically given as the probability of a neuron generating an action potential, or spike, in response to a stimulus s {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} } . The goal of maximally informative dimensions is to find a small relevant subspace of the much larg... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 231 | 852 | null |
We let { v K } {\displaystyle \{\mathbf {v} ^{K}\}} denote the basis of the relevant subspace, and s K {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} ^{K}} the projection of s {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} } onto { v K } {\displaystyle \{\mathbf {v} ^{K}\}} . Using Bayes' theorem we can write out the probability of a spike given a stimulus: ... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 261 | 636 | null |
Using Bayes' theorem we can write out the probability of a spike given a stimulus: P ( s p i k e | s K ) = P ( s p i k e ) f ( s K ) {\displaystyle P(spike|\mathbf {s} ^{K})=P(spike)f(\mathbf {s} ^{K})} where f ( s K ) = P ( s K | s p i k e ) P ( s K ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {s} ^{K})={\frac {P(\mathbf {s} ^{K}|spike... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 261 | 696 | null |
In order to choose the optimal { v K } {\displaystyle \{\mathbf {v} ^{K}\}} , we compare the prior stimulus distribution P ( s ) {\displaystyle P(\mathbf {s} )} with the spike-triggered stimulus distribution P ( s | s p i k e ) {\displaystyle P(\mathbf {s} |spike)} using the Shannon information. The average information... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 244 | 703 | null |
The average information conveyed by a single spike about the projection x = s ⋅ v {\displaystyle x=\mathbf {s} \cdot \mathbf {v} } is I ( v ) = ∫ d x P v ( x | s p i k e ) l o g 2 [ P v ( x | s p i k e ) / P v ( x ) ] {\displaystyle I(\mathbf {v} )=\int dxP_{\mathbf {v} }(x|spike)log2[P_{\mathbf {v} }(x|spike)/P_{\math... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 350 | 885 | null |
Under this formulation, the relevant subspace of dimension K = 1 {\displaystyle K=1} would be defined by the direction v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } that maximizes the average information I ( v ) {\displaystyle I(\mathbf {v} )} . This procedure can readily be extended to a relevant subspace of dimension K > 1 {\displa... | Wikipedia - Maximally informative dimensions - Mathematical formulation | 356 | 844 | null |
Article: Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness has been defined in modern psychological terms as "paying attention to relevant aspects of experience in a nonjudgmental manner", and maintaining attention on present moment experience with an attitude of openness and acceptance. Meditation is a platform used t... | Wikipedia - Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation - Summary | 331 | 1,834 | null |
Section: Attention regulation. Attention regulation is the task of focusing attention on an object, acknowledging any distractions, and then returning your focus back to the object. Some evidence for mechanisms responsible for attention regulation during mindfulness meditation are shown below. Mindfulness meditators sh... | Wikipedia - Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation - Attention regulation | 328 | 1,671 | null |
Section: Body awareness. Body awareness refers to focusing on an object/task within the body such as breathing. From a qualitative interview with ten mindfulness meditators, some of the following responses were observed: "When I'm walking, I deliberately notice the sensations of my body moving" and "I notice how foods ... | Wikipedia - Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation - Body awareness | 219 | 1,142 | null |
Section: Emotion regulation. Emotions can be regulated cognitively or behaviorally. Cognitive regulation (in terms of mindfulness meditation) means having control over giving attention to a particular stimuli or by changing the response to that stimuli. The cognitive change is achieved through reappraisal (interpreting... | Wikipedia - Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation - Emotion regulation | 324 | 1,717 | null |
Section: Pain. Pain is known to activate the following regions of the brain: the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior/posterior insula, primary/secondary somatosensory cortices, and the thalamus. Mindfulness meditation may provide several methods by which a person can consciously regulate pain. Brown and Jones found tha... | Wikipedia - Mechanisms of mindfulness meditation - Pain | 302 | 1,466 | null |
Section: Memory function factors > Neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is the mechanism by which the brain encodes experience, learns new behaviors, and can relearn behaviors lost due to brain damage. Experience-dependent neuroplasticity suggests that the brain changes in response to experiences. After the learning of Lon... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Memory function factors > Neuroplasticity | 194 | 952 | null |
Section: Memory function factors > Stress. Research has found that chronic and acute stress have adverse effects on memory processing systems. Chronic stress has been shown to have negative impacts on the brain, especially in memory processing systems. The hippocampus is vulnerable to repeated stress due to adrenal ste... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Memory function factors > Stress | 332 | 1,528 | null |
Acute stress, a more common form of stress, results in the release of adrenal steroids resulting in impaired short-term and working memory processes such as selective attention, memory consolidation, as well as long-term potentiation. The human brain has a limited short-term memory capacity to process information, whic... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Memory function factors > Stress | 292 | 1,559 | null |
Section: Strategies > Cognitive training. Discovering that the brain can change as a result of experience has resulted in the development of cognitive training. Cognitive training improves cognitive functioning, which can increase working memory capacity and improve cognitive skills and functions in clinical population... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Cognitive training | 343 | 2,046 | null |
Studies strongly support the claim that the amount of information remembered can be increased by rehearsing out loud, telling a story with stimuli, or using imagery to make stimuli stand out. Strategy training has been used for children with Down syndrome and in older adult populations. Core training involves the repet... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Cognitive training | 344 | 1,926 | null |
Section: Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception. Generation effect The generation effect relies on the involvement of the individual in creating their own study materials in order to enhance encoding and long-term retrieval. Though the underlying mechanisms of the generation effect are not fully ... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception | 335 | 1,911 | null |
Longer breaks between study sessions have been associated with better learning and retention. Encountering previously learned information after a break helps improve long- and short-term retention. Illusion of learning Illusions of learning should be avoided when improving memory. Some learning and studying strategies ... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception | 344 | 1,876 | null |
These diagrams are beneficial because they require the creator to link and integrate different ideas, which improve critical thinking and leads to more meaningful learning. Concept maps also help to facilitate the storage of material in long term memory, as well as help to show visually any knowledge gaps that may be p... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception | 179 | 971 | null |
Section: Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception > Method of loci and visual memory. The method of loci is a technique utilized for memory recall when items to be remembered are associated with different locations that are well known to the learner. Method of loci is one of the oldest and most eff... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Personal application and intellectual conception > Method of loci and visual memory | 234 | 1,226 | null |
Section: Strategies > Psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on mood, sensation, thought, and behavior. There is evidence that aspects of memory can be improved by action on selective neurotransmitter systems, such as the cholinergic system, which releas... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Psychopharmacology | 266 | 1,330 | null |
Section: Strategies > Stress management. Meditation, a form of mental training to focus attention, has been shown to increase the control over brain resource distribution, improving both attention and self-regulation. The changes are potentially long-lasting, as meditation may be able to strengthen neuronal circuits as... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Stress management | 271 | 1,457 | null |
Section: Strategies > Exercise. In both human and animal studies, exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance on encoding and retrieval tasks. The Morris water maze and radial arm water maze studies of rodents found that, when compared to sedentary animals, exercised mice showed improved performance traver... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Exercise | 311 | 1,742 | null |
Section: Strategies > Mental exercise. Aristotle wrote a treatise about memory: De memoria et reminiscentia. To improve recollection, he advised that a systematic search should be made and that practice was helpful. He suggested grouping the items to be remembered in threes and then concentrating upon the central membe... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Mental exercise | 279 | 1,634 | null |
Section: Strategies > Memory aids. Physical memory aids, which are typically worn on the wrist or finger, can help the user remember something they might otherwise forget. Aids can be used by people with memory loss. Typical memory aids for people with Alzheimer's include sticky notes and color-coded memory aids. Tying... | Wikipedia - Memory improvement - Strategies > Memory aids | 345 | 1,693 | null |
Article: Mind–body problem. The mind–body problem is a philosophical problem concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind and body. It addresses the nature of consciousness, mental states, and their relation to the physical brain and nervous system. The problem centers on understandin... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Summary | 329 | 1,824 | null |
Such reflections raise a number of questions, including: Are the mind and body two distinct entities, or a single entity? If the mind and body are two distinct entities, do the two of them causally interact? Is it possible for these two distinct entities to causally interact? What is the nature of this interaction? Can... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Summary | 152 | 758 | null |
Section: Mind–body interaction and mental causation. Philosophers David L. Robb and John F. Heil introduce mental causation in terms of the mind–body problem of interaction: Mind–body interaction has a central place in our pretheoretic conception of agency. Indeed, mental causation often figures explicitly in formulati... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Mind–body interaction and mental causation | 347 | 1,670 | null |
Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia puts it forcefully to him in a 1643 letter: how the human soul can determine the movement of the animal spirits in the body so as to perform voluntary acts—being as it is merely a conscious substance. For the determination of movement seems always to come about from the moving body's being... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Mind–body interaction and mental causation | 276 | 1,372 | null |
In neuroscience, much has been learned about correlations between brain activity and subjective, conscious experiences. Many suggest that neuroscience will ultimately explain consciousness: "...consciousness is a biological process that will eventually be explained in terms of molecular signaling pathways used by inter... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Mind–body interaction and mental causation | 322 | 1,782 | null |
Section: Neural correlates > Neurobiology and neurophilosophy. A science of consciousness must explain the exact relationship between subjective conscious mental states and brain states formed by electrochemical interactions in the body, the so-called hard problem of consciousness. Neurobiology studies the connection s... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Neural correlates > Neurobiology and neurophilosophy | 327 | 1,706 | null |
Section: Neural correlates > Arousal and content. There are two common but distinct dimensions of the term consciousness, one involving arousal and states of consciousness and the other involving content of consciousness and conscious states. To be conscious of something, the brain must be in a relatively high state of... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Neural correlates > Arousal and content | 319 | 1,629 | null |
Section: Theoretical frameworks. A variety of approaches have been proposed. Most are either dualist or monist. Dualism maintains a rigid distinction between the realms of mind and matter. Monism maintains that there is only one unifying reality as in neutral or substance or essence, in terms of which everything can be... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks | 328 | 1,739 | null |
An explicit rejection of the dichotomy is found in French structuralism, and is a position that generally characterized post-war Continental philosophy. An ancient model of the mind known as the Five-Aggregate Model, described in the Buddhist teachings, explains the mind as continuously changing sense impressions and m... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks | 322 | 1,618 | null |
Section: Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Interactionism. The viewpoint of interactionism suggests that the mind and body are two separate substances, but that each can affect the other. This interaction between the mind and body was first put forward by the philosopher René Descartes. Descartes believed that the min... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Interactionism | 343 | 1,687 | null |
Section: Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Psychophysical parallelism > Pre-established harmony. The viewpoint of pre-established harmony is another offshoot of psychophysical parallelism which suggests that mental events and bodily events are separate and distinct, but that they are both coordinated by an external ag... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Psychophysical parallelism > Pre-established harmony | 345 | 1,616 | null |
There are two general ways to describe this event: in terms of mental events (where the conscious sensation of pain caused one to say 'ouch') and in terms of physical events (where neural firings in one's toe, carried to the brain, are what caused one to say 'ouch'). The main task of the mind–body problem is figuring o... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Psychophysical parallelism > Pre-established harmony | 346 | 1,554 | null |
If Alice then seems to shake her hand in anger, it is not actually her mind that causes this, but some previous state of her hand. Note that if a mind behaves as a windowless monad, there is no need for any other object to exist to create that mind's sense perceptions, leading to a solipsistic universe that consists on... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Theoretical frameworks > Dualism > Psychophysical parallelism > Pre-established harmony | 314 | 1,431 | null |
Section: Historical background > The Buddha. The Buddha (480–400 B.C.E), founder of Buddhism, described the mind and the body as depending on each other in a way that two sheaves of reeds were to stand leaning against one another and taught that the world consists of mind and matter which work together, interdependentl... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > The Buddha | 329 | 1,625 | null |
Section: Historical background > Plato. Plato (429–347 B.C.E.) believed that the material world is a shadow of a higher reality that consists of concepts he called Forms. According to Plato, objects in our everyday world "participate in" these Forms, which confer identity and meaning to material objects. For example, a... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Plato | 245 | 1,141 | null |
Section: Historical background > Aristotle. For Aristotle (384–322 BC) mind is a faculty of the soul. Regarding the soul, he said: It is not necessary to ask whether soul and body are one, just as it is not necessary to ask whether the wax and its shape are one, nor generally whether the matter of each thing and that o... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Aristotle | 193 | 856 | null |
Section: Historical background > Influences of Eastern monotheistic religions. In religious philosophy of Eastern monotheism, dualism denotes a binary opposition of an idea that contains two essential parts. The first formal concept of a "mind–body" split may be found in the divinity–secularity dualism of the ancient P... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Influences of Eastern monotheistic religions | 152 | 735 | null |
Section: Historical background > Descartes. René Descartes (1596–1650) believed that mind exerted control over the brain via the pineal gland: My view is that this gland is the principal seat of the soul, and the place in which all our thoughts are formed.[The] mechanism of our body is so constructed that simply by thi... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Descartes | 173 | 801 | null |
Section: Historical background > Popper. For Karl Popper (1902–1994) there are three aspects of the mind–body problem: the worlds of matter, mind, and of the creations of the mind, such as mathematics. In his view, the third-world creations of the mind could be interpreted by the second-world mind and used to affect th... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Popper | 251 | 1,139 | null |
Section: Historical background > Searle. For John Searle (b. 1932) the mind–body problem is a false dichotomy; that is, mind is a perfectly ordinary aspect of the brain. Searle proposed biological naturalism in 1980. According to Searle then, there is no more a mind–body problem than there is a macro–micro economics pr... | Wikipedia - Mind–body problem - Historical background > Searle | 151 | 655 | null |
Section: History. The technology behind brain or mind control goes back to at least 2002, when researchers implanted electrodes into the brains of macaque monkeys, which enabled them to control a cursor on a computer screen. Similar techniques were able to control robotic arms and simple joysticks. In 2009, researchers... | Wikipedia - Mind-controlled wheelchair - History | 257 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Technology > Operation. A mind-controlled wheelchair functions using a brain–computer interface: an electroencephalogram (EEG) worn on the user's forehead detects neural impulses that reach the scalp allowing the micro-controller on board to detect the user's thought process, interpret it, and control the whee... | Wikipedia - Mind-controlled wheelchair - Technology > Operation | 208 | 993 | null |
Section: Technology > Functionality. The A-SET wheelchair comes standard with many different types of sensors, like temperature sensors, sound sensors and an array of distance sensors which detect any unevenness in the surface. The chair automatically avoids stairs and steep inclines. It also has a "safety switch": in ... | Wikipedia - Mind-controlled wheelchair - Technology > Functionality | 165 | 790 | null |
Section: Different kinds of moral enhancement. Moral enhancement in general is sometimes distinguished from MBE specifically, such that ME includes any means of moral improvement while MBE only involves biomedical interventions. Some also distinguish invasive from non-invasive, intended from resultant, treatment-focuse... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Different kinds of moral enhancement | 195 | 1,031 | null |
Section: Arguments in favour. The simplest argument for MBE is definitional: improving moral character is morally good, so all else being equal, any biomedical treatment that actually improves moral character does moral good. Douglas originally suggested MBE as a counter-example to what he calls the "bioconservative th... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Arguments in favour | 189 | 969 | null |
Section: Arguments in favour > Companions in innocence. Walker argues for the GVP based on what he calls a ‘‘companions in innocence’’ strategy, which says that “any objection raised against the GVP has an analogue in socialization and educational efforts. Since such objections are not understood as decisive against nu... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Arguments in favour > Companions in innocence | 209 | 1,113 | null |
Section: Arguments in favour > Unfit for the Future. Based on the fact that human technological progress has advanced faster than human moral psychology can adapt through evolution, Persson and Savulescu point out that humans' capability to cause large-scale destruction has increased exponentially. However, given that ... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Arguments in favour > Unfit for the Future | 218 | 1,169 | null |
Section: Criticism > The Freedom to Fall. John Harris criticised moral enhancement on the grounds of 'The Freedom to Fall'. His principal argument is that moral enhancement is wrong because it restricts one's freedom to do wrong, making it impossible to act immorally, thus undermining their autonomy. Harris referred to... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > The Freedom to Fall | 327 | 1,642 | null |
Section: Criticism > The Freedom to Fall > Replies. Harris's "Freedom to Fall" has been widely criticized by MBE proponents, who have argued that MBE is benign to freedom and can sometimes increase freedom.: 112–115 Freely chosen moral enhancement is no threat to freedom, as described by Vojin Rakić. By reducing biases... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > The Freedom to Fall > Replies | 273 | 1,314 | null |
Section: Criticism > Sufficiency of non-biomedical methods. Terri Murray disputes the claim by Persson and Savulescu that political will and moral education are insufficient to ensure that people will behave responsibly, claiming that Persson and Savulescu unjustly reify moral dispositions in biology. Murray argues tha... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > Sufficiency of non-biomedical methods | 223 | 1,135 | null |
Section: Criticism > Ethical basis of moral enhancement > Replies. Although there are a wide variety of disagreeing ethical systems, David DeGrazia argues, there are “points of overlapping consensus among competing, reasonable moral perspectives.”: 364 Traditional moral education generally teaches children to stay with... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > Ethical basis of moral enhancement > Replies | 151 | 790 | null |
Section: Criticism > Other issues. MBE proponents have been accused of being too speculative, overstating the capabilities of future interventions and describing unrealistic scenarios like enhancing "all of humanity." One literature review assesses the evidence on seven interventions cited by MBE proponents, saying tha... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > Other issues | 252 | 1,377 | null |
Other authors have suggested that unless MBE is based on an individual's choice, it cannot truly be called "moral" enhancement because personal choice is the basis of ethics. Murray argues that the idea that biological enhancement can make us morally good "undermines our understanding of moral goodness." She argues tha... | Wikipedia - Moral enhancement - Criticism > Other issues | 202 | 988 | null |
Section: Mental practice of action > Motor deficits. Mental practice has been used to rehabilitate motor deficits in a variety of neurological disorders. Mental practice of action seems to improve balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis and in elderly women. For instance, mental practice has been used with succe... | Wikipedia - Motor imagery - Mental practice of action > Motor deficits | 184 | 998 | null |
Section: Functional equivalence to motor preparation. Motor imagery has been studied using the classical methods of introspection and mental chronometry. These methods have revealed that motor images retain many of the properties, in terms of temporal regularities, programming rules and biomechanical constraints, which... | Wikipedia - Motor imagery - Functional equivalence to motor preparation | 261 | 1,464 | null |
Section: Physiology. A large number of functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that motor imagery is associated with the specific activation of the neural circuits involved in the early stage of motor control (i.e., motor programming). This circuits includes the supplementary motor area, the primary motor cor... | Wikipedia - Motor imagery - Physiology | 179 | 994 | null |
Section: Effects. Motor imagery is now widely used as a technique to enhance motor learning and to improve neurological rehabilitation in patients after stroke. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in musicians. On motor learning: Motor imagery is an accepted procedure in the preparation of athletes. Such practice u... | Wikipedia - Motor imagery - Effects | 233 | 1,371 | null |
Section: Simulation and understanding mental states. Motor imagery is close to the notion of simulation used in cognitive and social neuroscience to account for different processes. An individual who is engaging in simulation may replay his own past experience in order to extract from it pleasurable, motivational or st... | Wikipedia - Motor imagery - Simulation and understanding mental states | 341 | 1,782 | null |
Section: Basics of neuronal signaling. In the nervous system there are primarily two ways of propagating signals. By far the most common method of intracellular signal propagation is the action potential. The dendrites of neurons contain ionotropic (aka ligand-gated ion channel) and metabotropic neurotransmitter recept... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Basics of neuronal signaling | 312 | 1,438 | null |
Section: Univesicular release. Most presynaptic terminals release small numbers of neurotransmitter containing vesicles even when action potentials are not present. This is stochastic and the probability of release (Pr) can be modified by numerous factors including the presence and speed of an action potential. These v... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Univesicular release | 157 | 764 | null |
Section: Effects on signaling. MVR is thought to affect signal strength in postsynaptic neurons that typically have low receptor occupancy; this number can vary widely throughout the nervous system. This means that for however many receptors are found on a postsynaptic cell in the area of presynaptic cell vesicle relea... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Effects on signaling | 176 | 799 | null |
Section: Physiological effects. MVR likely plays a substantial role in hippocampal signaling and memory. MVR exists in both near-synchronous (mulitiple vesicles released within tens of microseconds) and desynchronous (multiple vesicles released over a somewhat longer timescale). These different types of MVR can have di... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Physiological effects | 346 | 1,403 | null |
NMDA receptors allow calcium into the postsynaptic cell when they bind glutamate. Previous work in the hippocampus has shown that the response to stimulation of a single axon can be highly variable. Unlike earlier electrophysiology studies that studied postsynaptic currents due to calcium influx at multiple synapses, i... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Physiological effects | 334 | 1,621 | null |
MVR is also thought to participate in vesicular release at ribbon synapses that are prominent in the sensory nervous system. Presynaptic cells at primary synapses in the sensory nervous system typically are smaller than many other neurons, and can rely on graded potentials in the cells to reliably trigger neurotransmit... | Wikipedia - Multivesicular release - Physiological effects | 343 | 1,624 | null |
Section: Function. Muscle coactivation allows muscle groups surrounding a joint to become more stable. This is due to both muscles (or sets of muscles) contracting at the same time, which produces compression on the joint. The joint is able to become stiffer and more stable due to this action. For example, when the bic... | Wikipedia - Muscle coactivation - Function | 319 | 1,583 | null |
Section: Testing. Muscle coactivation is measured using a technique called electromyography(EMG). This is performed by using surface EMG that responds to electrical activity of the muscle through the skin. Electrical activity is only present in the muscle when the muscle voluntarily contracts. When the muscle is contra... | Wikipedia - Muscle coactivation - Testing | 158 | 813 | null |
Section: Mechanism. The process of nano neuro knitting for nervous system tissue repair is carried out by engineering nanostructures for use as neural prosthetics and scaffolding in the brain. The nano neuro knitting process is two-fold. Firstly, the nanostructure is constructed. This entails creating electrospun nanof... | Wikipedia - Nano neuro knitting - Mechanism | 283 | 1,360 | null |
Section: Research and outlook > Ophthalmic applications. Nano neuro knitting has been researched for ophthalmic applications. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has tested a self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS) on hamsters to repair optic tract damage. Following injection, axon regeneration r... | Wikipedia - Nano neuro knitting - Research and outlook > Ophthalmic applications | 350 | 1,679 | null |
Section: Research and outlook > Central nervous system obstacles. One obstacle for drug delivery to the brain is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The small size of nanomaterials, however, allows nanotechnologies to pass through. The scaffolds that enable nano neuro knitting, hence, are able to bypass this boundary withou... | Wikipedia - Nano neuro knitting - Research and outlook > Central nervous system obstacles | 290 | 1,409 | null |
Section: Research and outlook > Spinal cord injury repair. Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) cause damage to the nervous system, which can result in neurological disfunction. The main barrier to recovery from a SCI arises from the absence of tissue regeneration ability, specifically in damage to a portion of the nerve cell c... | Wikipedia - Nano neuro knitting - Research and outlook > Spinal cord injury repair | 302 | 1,442 | null |
Article: Nerve glide. Nerve glide, also known as nerve flossing or nerve stretching, is an exercise that stretches nerves. It facilitates the smooth and regular movement of peripheral nerves in the body. It allows the nerve to glide freely along with the movement of the joint and relax the nerve from compression. Nerve... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Summary | 245 | 1,315 | null |
Section: Research > Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that induces pain when the median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. It occurs when median nerves get irritated, compress, and strengthen. CTS evokes symptoms, including pain, paresthesia, and muscle atrophy. This ... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Research > Carpal tunnel syndrome | 259 | 1,438 | null |
Section: Research > Acute sciatica and hip range of motion. Sciatica is low back pain that can extend to the feet. This nerve pain is caused by nerve root irritation or constriction. Sciatica is known as an extremely painful symptom. Nerve glides are a common option for sciatica due to their cost-effectiveness. After p... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Research > Acute sciatica and hip range of motion | 172 | 819 | null |
Section: Research > Cubital tunnel syndrome. Cubital tunnel syndrome is a condition that can cause pain when the ulnar nerves are stretched, pressed, or irritated. This syndrome is also known as "ulnar nerve entrapment". Similar to carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or w... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Research > Cubital tunnel syndrome | 189 | 939 | null |
Section: Comparisons > Static stretching and dynamic stretching. Nerve gliding can reduce and strengthen connective tissues resulting in increased hamstring extensibility and passive stiffness. Passive stiffness refers to the resistance elongation that occurs in the joint, tendon, and connective tissue. The acute incre... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Comparisons > Static stretching and dynamic stretching | 215 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Precaution. The injured or entrapped nerves are sensitive to external stimuli. Thus, nerve gliding, or nerve flossing, must be stopped, or range of motion (ROM) must be reduced once the patient feels pain. Patients' pain must be checked to avoid further irritation and injuries. Continuous nerve gliding enhance... | Wikipedia - Nerve glide - Precaution | 213 | 1,082 | null |
Section: Mechanism. When the graded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the soma to spike threshold at the axon hillock, first, the axon experiences a propagating impulse through the electrical properties of its voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels. An action potential occurs in t... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Mechanism | 345 | 1,609 | null |
However, recent research has provided evidence for the existence of backwards-propagating action potentials (Staley 2004). To elaborate, neural backpropagation can occur in one of two ways. First, during the initiation of an axonal action potential, the cell body, or soma, can become depolarized as well. This depolariz... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Mechanism | 340 | 1,561 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.