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Section: Regulation and inhibition. Generally, synaptic signals that are received by the dendrite are combined in the soma in order to generate an action potential that is then transmitted down the axon toward the next synaptic contact. Thus, the backpropagation of action potentials poses a threat to initiate an uncont... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Regulation and inhibition | 342 | 1,645 | null |
Pharmacological antagonists of these channels promoted the frequency of backpropagating action potentials which demonstrates their importance in keeping the cell from excessive firing (Waters et al., 2004). Results have indicated a linear increase in the density of A-type channels with increasing distance into the dend... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Regulation and inhibition | 164 | 808 | null |
Section: History. Since the 1950s, evidence has existed that neurons in the central nervous system generate an action potential, or voltage spike, that travels both through the axon to signal the next neuron and backpropagates through the dendrites sending a retrograde signal to its presynaptic signaling neurons. This ... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - History | 328 | 1,538 | null |
Section: Functions. While many questions have yet to be answered in regards to neural backpropagation, there exists a number of hypotheses regarding its function. Some proposed function include involvement in synaptic plasticity, involvement in dendrodendritic inhibition, boosting synaptic responses, resetting membrane... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Functions | 309 | 1,390 | null |
This process permits the large influx of calcium which provokes a cascade of events to cause potentiation. Current literature also suggests that backpropagating action potentials are also responsible for the release of retrograde neurotransmitters and trophic factors which contribute to the short-term and long-term eff... | Wikipedia - Neural backpropagation - Functions | 261 | 1,092 | null |
Article: Neural facilitation. Neural facilitation, also known as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse. PPF is thus a form of short-term synaptic... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Summary | 171 | 709 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Overview. Ca2+ plays a significant role in transmitting signals at chemical synapses. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are located within the presynaptic terminal. When an action potential invades the presynaptic membrane, these channels open and Ca2+ enters. A higher concentration of Ca2+ enables syna... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Mechanisms > Overview | 309 | 1,128 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Experimental evidence. Early experiments by Del Castillo & Katz in 1954 and Dudel & Kuffler in 1968 showed that facilitation was possible at the neuromuscular junction even if transmitter release does not occur, indicating that facilitation is an exclusively presynaptic phenomenon. Katz and Miledi... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Mechanisms > Experimental evidence | 302 | 1,474 | null |
When increasing the depolarizing stimulus from 1-2 ms, neurotransmitter release greatly increased due to accumulation of active Ca2+. Therefore, the degree of facilitation depends on the amount of active Ca2+, which is determined by the reduction in Ca2+ conductance over time as well as the amount of removed from axon ... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Mechanisms > Experimental evidence | 284 | 1,187 | null |
Section: Relation to other forms of short-term synaptic plasticity > Augmentation and potentiation. Short-term synaptic enhancement is often differentiated into categories of facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation (also referred to as post-tetanic potentiation or PTP). These three processes are often differentiat... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Relation to other forms of short-term synaptic plasticity > Augmentation and potentiation | 277 | 1,231 | null |
Section: Relation to other forms of short-term synaptic plasticity > Short-term depression (STD). Short-term depression (STD) operates in the opposite direction of facilitation, decreasing the amplitude of PSPs. STD occurs due to a decrease in the readily releasable pool of vesicles (RRP) as a result of frequent stimul... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Relation to other forms of short-term synaptic plasticity > Short-term depression (STD) | 260 | 1,185 | null |
Section: Relation to information transmission > Synaptic filtering. Because the probability of vesicle release is activity-dependent, synapses can act as dynamic filters for information transmission. Synapses with a low initial probability of vesicle release act as high-pass filters: because the release probability is ... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Relation to information transmission > Synaptic filtering | 320 | 1,559 | null |
Section: Relation to information transmission > Sound-source localization. In humans, sound localization is primarily accomplished using information about how the intensity and timing of a sound vary between each ear. Neuronal computations involving these interaurual intensity differences (IIDs) and interaural time dif... | Wikipedia - Neural facilitation - Relation to information transmission > Sound-source localization | 221 | 1,174 | null |
Article: Neural oscillation. Neural oscillations, or brainwaves, are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neu... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Summary | 323 | 1,665 | null |
Section: Overview. Neural oscillations are observed throughout the central nervous system at all levels, and include spike trains, local field potentials and large-scale oscillations which can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). In general, oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude and ph... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Overview | 346 | 1,725 | null |
Neural oscillations have been most widely studied in neural activity generated by large groups of neurons. Large-scale activity can be measured by techniques such as EEG. In general, EEG signals have a broad spectral content similar to pink noise, but also reveal oscillatory activity in specific frequency bands. The fi... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Overview | 345 | 1,645 | null |
in the absence of action potentials). If numerous neurons spike in synchrony, they can give rise to oscillations in local field potentials. Quantitative models can estimate the strength of neural oscillations in recorded data. Neural oscillations are commonly studied within a mathematical framework and belong to the fi... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Overview | 299 | 1,539 | null |
Section: Physiology > Microscopic. Neurons generate action potentials resulting from changes in the electric membrane potential. Neurons can generate multiple action potentials in sequence forming so-called spike trains. These spike trains are the basis for neural coding and information transfer in the brain. Spike tra... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Physiology > Microscopic | 240 | 1,267 | null |
Section: Physiology > Mesoscopic. A group of neurons can also generate oscillatory activity. Through synaptic interactions, the firing patterns of different neurons may become synchronized and the rhythmic changes in electric potential caused by their action potentials may accumulate (constructive interference). That i... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Physiology > Mesoscopic | 342 | 1,670 | null |
Section: Physiology > Macroscopic. Neural oscillation can also arise from interactions between different brain areas coupled through the structural connectome. Time delays play an important role here. Because all brain areas are bidirectionally coupled, these connections between brain areas form feedback loops. Positiv... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Physiology > Macroscopic | 211 | 1,041 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Neuronal properties. Scientists have identified some intrinsic neuronal properties that play an important role in generating membrane potential oscillations. In particular, voltage-gated ion channels are critical in the generation of action potentials. The dynamics of these ion channels have been ... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mechanisms > Neuronal properties | 328 | 1,580 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Network properties. Apart from intrinsic properties of neurons, biological neural network properties are also an important source of oscillatory activity. Neurons communicate with one another via synapses and affect the timing of spike trains in the post-synaptic neurons. Depending on the properti... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mechanisms > Network properties | 341 | 1,776 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Neuromodulation. In addition to fast direct synaptic interactions between neurons forming a network, oscillatory activity is regulated by neuromodulators on a much slower time scale. That is, the concentration levels of certain neurotransmitters are known to regulate the amount of oscillatory acti... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mechanisms > Neuromodulation | 179 | 826 | null |
Section: Mathematical description. Oscillations can often be described and analyzed using mathematics. Mathematicians have identified several dynamical mechanisms that generate rhythmicity. Among the most important are harmonic (linear) oscillators, limit cycle oscillators, and delayed-feedback oscillators. Harmonic os... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mathematical description | 334 | 1,624 | null |
In a limit-cycle oscillator, the amplitude tends to be more or less constant but the frequency can vary greatly. A heartbeat is an example of a limit-cycle oscillation in that the frequency of beats varies widely, while each individual beat continues to pump about the same amount of blood. Computational models adopt a ... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mathematical description | 159 | 845 | null |
Section: Mathematical description > Single neuron model. A model of a biological neuron is a mathematical description of the properties of nerve cells, or neurons, that is designed to accurately describe and predict its biological processes. One of the most successful neuron models is the Hodgkin–Huxley model, for whic... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mathematical description > Single neuron model | 268 | 1,347 | null |
Section: Mathematical description > Neural mass model. Neural field models are another important tool in studying neural oscillations and are a mathematical framework describing evolution of variables such as mean firing rate in space and time. In modeling the activity of large numbers of neurons, the central idea is t... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mathematical description > Neural mass model | 154 | 859 | null |
Section: Mathematical description > Kuramoto model. The Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators is one of the most abstract and fundamental models used to investigate neural oscillations and synchronization. It captures the activity of a local system (e.g., a single neuron or neural ensemble) by its circular phase ... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Mathematical description > Kuramoto model | 241 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Activity patterns. Both single neurons and groups of neurons can generate oscillatory activity spontaneously. In addition, they may show oscillatory responses to perceptual input or motor output. Some types of neurons will fire rhythmically in the absence of any synaptic input. Likewise, brain-wide activity re... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns | 159 | 800 | null |
Section: Activity patterns > Ongoing activity. Spontaneous activity is brain activity in the absence of an explicit task, such as sensory input or motor output, and hence also referred to as resting-state activity. It is opposed to induced activity, i.e. brain activity that is induced by sensory stimuli or motor respon... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns > Ongoing activity | 334 | 1,694 | null |
Section: Activity patterns > Amplitude response. Next to evoked activity, neural activity related to stimulus processing may result in induced activity. Induced activity refers to modulation in ongoing brain activity induced by processing of stimuli or movement preparation. Hence, they reflect an indirect response in c... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns > Amplitude response | 211 | 1,185 | null |
Section: Activity patterns > Phase resetting. Phase resetting occurs when input to a neuron or neuronal ensemble resets the phase of ongoing oscillations. It is very common in single neurons where spike timing is adjusted to neuronal input (a neuron may spike at a fixed delay in response to periodic input, which is ref... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns > Phase resetting | 297 | 1,478 | null |
Section: Activity patterns > Phase resetting > Asymmetric amplitude modulation. It has recently been proposed that even if phases are not aligned across trials, induced activity may still cause event-related potentials because ongoing brain oscillations may not be symmetric and thus amplitude modulations may result in ... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns > Phase resetting > Asymmetric amplitude modulation | 184 | 895 | null |
Section: Activity patterns > Cross-frequency coupling. Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) describes the coupling (statistical correlation) between a slow wave and a fast wave. There are many kinds, generally written as A-B coupling, meaning the A of a slow wave is coupled with the B of a fast wave. For example, phase–ampli... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Activity patterns > Cross-frequency coupling | 150 | 695 | null |
Section: Function. Neural synchronization can be modulated by task constraints, such as attention, and is thought to play a role in feature binding, neuronal communication, and motor coordination. Neuronal oscillations became a hot topic in neuroscience in the 1990s when the studies of the visual system of the brain by... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Function | 226 | 1,109 | null |
Section: Function > Pacemaker. Cells in the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium of the heart, spontaneously depolarize approximately 100 times per minute. Although all of the heart's cells have the ability to generate action potentials that trigger cardiac contraction, the sinoatrial node normally initiates it... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Function > Pacemaker | 161 | 785 | null |
Section: Function > Perception. Synchronization of neuronal firing may serve as a means to group spatially segregated neurons that respond to the same stimulus in order to bind these responses for further joint processing, i.e. to exploit temporal synchrony to encode relations. Purely theoretical formulations of the bi... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Function > Perception | 325 | 1,680 | null |
Perceiving different odors leads to different subsets of neurons firing on different sets of oscillatory cycles. These oscillations can be disrupted by GABA blocker picrotoxin, and the disruption of the oscillatory synchronization leads to impairment of behavioral discrimination of chemically similar odorants in bees, ... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Function > Perception | 188 | 873 | null |
Section: Function > Motor coordination. Oscillations have been commonly reported in the motor system. Pfurtscheller and colleagues found a reduction in alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations in EEG activity when subjects made a movement. Using intra-cortical recordings, similar changes in oscillatory activity... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Function > Motor coordination | 326 | 1,649 | null |
Section: Applications > Brain–computer interface. Neural oscillation has been applied as a control signal in various brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). For example, a non-invasive BCI can be created by placing electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the weak electric signals. Although individual neuron activities can... | Wikipedia - Neural oscillation - Applications > Brain–computer interface | 201 | 957 | null |
Article: Neural synchrony. Neural synchrony is the correlation of brain activity across two or more people over time. In social and affective neuroscience, neural synchrony specifically refers to the degree of similarity between the spatio-temporal neural fluctuations of multiple people. This phenomenon represents the ... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Summary | 277 | 1,449 | null |
Section: History > Motivation. Driven by the desire to understand the social nature of the human brain, the study of neural synchrony stems from social cognition, a subfield of psychology that explores how we understand and interact with other people through processes like mentalization or theory of mind. Given that it... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - History > Motivation | 209 | 1,223 | null |
Section: History > Early history. In 2002, the American neuroscientist P. Read Montague articulated the need to examine the neural activity of multiple individuals at one time. To this point, Montague and his colleagues wrote, "Studying social interactions by scanning the brain of just one person is analogous to studyi... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - History > Early history | 308 | 1,594 | null |
Section: History > Further development. Over the last two decades, neural synchrony has become an increasingly common topic of study in social and affective neuroscience research, spurring conceptual and methodological development. Along with an emphasis on ecologically valid, naturalistic experimental designs, the foc... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - History > Further development | 294 | 1,551 | null |
Section: Methods > Hyperscanning. The study of neural synchrony is predicated on advanced neuroimaging methods, particularly hyperscanning. Coined in 2002 by Montague et al., hyperscanning refers to the method of simultaneously measuring the hemodynamic or neuroelectric responses of two or more brains as they engage wi... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Methods > Hyperscanning | 251 | 1,319 | null |
Section: Methods > Imaging techniques. Hyperscanning and off-line scanning methods can be achieved through common noninvasive hemodynamic or neuroelectric brain imaging techniques. A review of neural synchrony hyperscanning studies showed that the most prevalent methods are EEG, fNIRS, and fMRI, which account for 47%, ... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Methods > Imaging techniques | 349 | 1,725 | null |
Section: Methods > Analysis. A standard approach to investigating neural synchrony, especially with data from naturalistic experimental designs, is inter-subject correlation (ISC). Often, ISC is the Pearson correlation, or robust regression, of spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity in multiple subjects. In ISC, a... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Methods > Analysis | 336 | 1,740 | null |
Section: Methods > Best practices. Neural synchrony is a relatively new area of study that affords a variety of approaches, and no prevailing paradigm exists to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. Many decisions, such as imaging techniques or analysis methods, depend on researchers’ goals. However, there are some... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Methods > Best practices | 319 | 1,771 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > Communication. Examining neural synchrony through multi-brain studies has offered insight into the shared and idiosyncratic aspects of human communication. As a potential neural mechanism for the effective transfer of information across brains, neural synchrony has show... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > Communication | 349 | 1,853 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > Narrative processing. Another focus of neural synchrony studies involves narrative processing. This direction of research has some crossover with neural synchrony studies of communication, but there remains sufficient interest in the similarities and differences in how ... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > Narrative processing | 344 | 1,937 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > Coordination. The pursuit of complex goals for individuals or groups depends on successful coordination, and neural synchrony provides a window into the underlying mechanisms of these processes as well. A review of hyperscanning research shows that neural synchrony appr... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > Coordination | 340 | 1,940 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > Cooperation. As measured through tasks that involve interactive decision-making and games, results from the field suggest a close association between neural synchrony and cooperation. Decision-making contexts and games that demand greater levels of social, high-level, a... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > Cooperation | 306 | 1,696 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > Individual-level differences. Much of the neural synchrony literature examines how stimuli drive responses across multiple brains. Because these responses are often task-dependent, it becomes hard to disentangle state-level factors from individual-level factors (e.g., t... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > Individual-level differences | 321 | 1,704 | null |
Section: Experimental evidence and implications > The brain-as-predictor approach. Neural synchrony has major implications for the brain-as-predictor approach, which encourages the use of neuroimaging data to predict robust, ecologically valid behavioral outcomes. The brain-as-predictor approach has been effective in p... | Wikipedia - Neural synchrony - Experimental evidence and implications > The brain-as-predictor approach | 339 | 1,831 | null |
Article: Neuroenhancement. Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who don't have any mental illness. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive... | Wikipedia - Neuroenhancement - Summary | 178 | 850 | null |
Section: Potential agents > Modafinil. Approved for treating narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder, modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting drug used to decrease fatigue, increase vigilance, and reduce daytime sleepiness. Modafinil improves alertness, attention, long-term memory, and daily per... | Wikipedia - Neuroenhancement - Potential agents > Modafinil | 163 | 766 | null |
Section: Potential agents > Possible adverse effects. Common drugs intended for neuroehancement are typically well-tolerated by healthy people. These drugs are already in mainstream use to treat people with different kinds of psychiatric disorders. Assessment to determine potential adverse effects are drop-out rates an... | Wikipedia - Neuroenhancement - Potential agents > Possible adverse effects | 194 | 901 | null |
Section: Prevalence. In general, people under the age of 25 feel that neuroenhancement agents are acceptable or that the decision to use them is to be made individually. Healthcare officials and parents feel concerned due to safety factors, lack of complete information on these agents, and possible irreversible adverse... | Wikipedia - Neuroenhancement - Prevalence | 312 | 1,493 | null |
Article: Neurogenesis. Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (B... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - Summary | 191 | 817 | null |
Section: In mammals > Developmental neurogenesis. During embryonic development, the mammalian central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) is derived from the neural tube, which contains NSCs that will later generate neurons. However, neurogenesis doesn't begin until a sufficient population of NSCs has been achi... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Developmental neurogenesis | 328 | 1,560 | null |
Thus, the generation of neurons occurs in a specific tissue compartment or 'neurogenic niche' occupied by their parent stem cells. The rate of neurogenesis and the type of neuron generated (broadly, excitatory or inhibitory) are principally determined by molecular and genetic factors. These factors notably include the ... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Developmental neurogenesis | 243 | 1,122 | null |
Section: In mammals > Developmental neurogenesis > Epigenetic modification. As embryonic development of the mammalian brain unfolds, neural progenitor and stem cells switch from proliferative divisions to differentiative divisions. This progression leads to the generation of neurons and glia that populate cortical laye... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Developmental neurogenesis > Epigenetic modification | 220 | 966 | null |
Section: In mammals > Adult neurogenesis. Neurogenesis can be a complex process in some mammals. In rodents for example, neurons in the central nervous system arise from three types of neural stem and progenitor cells: neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors, which go through three main division... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Adult neurogenesis | 210 | 916 | null |
Section: In mammals > Adult neurogenesis > Subventricular zone. In many mammals, including rodents, the olfactory bulb is a brain region containing cells that detect smell, featuring integration of adult-born neurons, which migrate from the SVZ of the striatum to the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream ... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Adult neurogenesis > Subventricular zone | 210 | 936 | null |
Section: In mammals > Adult neurogenesis > Hippocampus. Significant neurogenesis also occurs during adulthood in the hippocampus of many mammals, from rodents to some primates, although its existence in adult humans is debated. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the formation of new declarative memories, and it ha... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In mammals > Adult neurogenesis > Hippocampus | 186 | 878 | null |
Section: In other organisms. Neurogenesis has been best characterized in model organisms such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Neurogenesis in these organisms occur in the medulla cortex region of their optic lobes. These organisms can represent a model for the genetic analysis of adult neurogenesis and brain ... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - In other organisms | 219 | 1,055 | null |
Section: Other findings. There is evidence that new neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, the brain region important for learning, motivation, memory, and emotion. A study reported that newly made cells in the adult mouse hippocampus can display passive membrane properties, actio... | Wikipedia - Neurogenesis - Other findings | 155 | 809 | null |
Article: Neurological reparative therapy. Neurological reparative therapy (NRT) is a new model of treatment synthesized from a compilation of literature and research on how to better the lives of individuals who have a wide range of mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances – particularly children and adolescents.... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - Summary | 196 | 975 | null |
Section: Principles. Neurological reparative therapy is not a program or a technique, but is better explained as a roadmap describing the journey of healing and repair of the mental processes preventing the individual from achieving personal goals and personal contentment. NRT outlines the goal and ultimate destination... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - Principles | 185 | 970 | null |
Section: History. Although the term neurological reparative therapy is relatively new, the history of the model goes back many decades. NRT has its foundation in the integrated treatment of extreme mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances in very young children. The term was first used in the writings of a psycho... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - History | 225 | 1,201 | null |
Section: Integrated components. The four pillars of neurological reparative therapy are Brain Development, Attachment, Resiliency, and Trauma Treatment. The integration of all these components provides the synergy that leads to optimal positive brain change, which provides lasting change. Of these pillars, the research... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - Integrated components | 345 | 1,878 | null |
Section: Research. Because neurological reparative therapy is an integration of an amalgam of components and a wide range of methods, the limitations of causal research make it difficult to determine if one ingredient of the process is more significant than any others. NRT primarily relies on the research and literatur... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - Research | 350 | 1,910 | null |
As the brain matures, the emotional and sensory areas of the brain develop based upon the quality of attachment. A poor attachment early in life has been associated with a wide range of problems, including poor self-regulation, poor coping, undeveloped resiliency, abnormal social and moral development, and an increased... | Wikipedia - Neurological reparative therapy - Research | 169 | 930 | null |
Article: Neurometric function. In neuroscience, a neurometric function is a mathematical formula relating the activity of brain cells to aspects of an animal's sensory experience or motor behavior. Neurometric functions provide a quantitative summary of the neural code of a particular brain region. In sensory neuroscie... | Wikipedia - Neurometric function - Summary | 202 | 1,099 | null |
Article: Neuromorphic computing. Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe ana... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Summary | 306 | 1,673 | null |
Section: Neurological inspiration. Neuromorphic engineering is for now set apart by the inspiration it takes from what is known about the structure and operations of the brain. Neuromorphic engineering translates what we know about the brain's function into computer systems. Work has mostly focused on replicating the a... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Neurological inspiration | 311 | 1,738 | null |
Section: Examples. As early as 2006, researchers at Georgia Tech published a field programmable neural array. This chip was the first in a line of increasingly complex arrays of floating gate transistors that allowed programmability of charge on the gates of MOSFETs to model the channel-ion characteristics of neurons i... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples | 342 | 1,711 | null |
The circuit board is composed of 16 custom-designed chips, referred to as NeuroCores. Each NeuroCore's analog circuitry is designed to emulate neural elements for 65536 neurons, maximizing energy efficiency. The emulated neurons are connected using digital circuitry designed to maximize spiking throughput. A research p... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples | 319 | 1,609 | null |
There also is development of a memristive device for quantum neuromorphic architectures. In 2022, researchers at MIT have reported the development of brain-inspired artificial synapses, using the ion proton (H+), for 'analog deep learning'. Intel unveiled its neuromorphic research chip, called "Loihi", in October 2017.... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples | 311 | 1,469 | null |
The supercomputer-based simulations offer new perspectives on understanding the structure and functions of the brain. The European Union funded a series of projects at the University of Heidelberg, which led to the development of BrainScaleS (brain-inspired multiscale computation in neuromorphic hybrid systems), a hybr... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples | 347 | 1,905 | null |
Section: Examples > Neuromemristive systems. Neuromemristive systems are a subclass of neuromorphic computing systems that focuses on the use of memristors to implement neuroplasticity. While neuromorphic engineering focuses on mimicking biological behavior, neuromemristive systems focus on abstraction. For example, a ... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples > Neuromemristive systems | 315 | 1,214 | null |
For (quasi)ideal passive memristive circuits, the evolution of the memristive memories can be written in a closed form (Caravelli–Traversa–Di Ventra equation): d d t X → = − α X → + 1 β ( I − χ Ω X ) − 1 Ω S → {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {X}}=-\alpha {\vec {X}}+{\frac {1}{\beta }}(I-\chi \Omega X)^{-1}\Omega {\... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples > Neuromemristive systems | 220 | 648 | null |
However, the hypothesis of the existence of an ideal memristor is debatable. In the equation above, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the "forgetting" time scale constant, typically associated to memory volatility, while χ = R off − R on R off {\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {R_{\text{off}}-R_{\text{on}}}{R_{\text{off}}}}} is t... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Examples > Neuromemristive systems | 323 | 1,185 | null |
Section: Ethical and legal considerations. While the interdisciplinary concept of neuromorphic engineering is relatively new, many of the same ethical considerations apply to neuromorphic systems as apply to human-like machines and artificial intelligence in general. However, the fact that neuromorphic systems are desi... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Ethical and legal considerations | 217 | 1,193 | null |
Section: Ethical and legal considerations > Social concerns. Significant ethical limitations may be placed on neuromorphic engineering due to public perception. Special Eurobarometer 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots, a survey conducted by the European Commission, found that 60% of European Union citizens wanted a b... | Wikipedia - Neuromorphic computing - Ethical and legal considerations > Social concerns | 294 | 1,459 | null |
Article: Neuronal tracing. Neuronal tracing, or neuron reconstruction is a technique used in neuroscience and to determine the pathway of the neurites or neuronal processes, the axons and dendrites, of a neuron. From a sample preparation point of view, it may refer to some of the following as well as other genetic neur... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Summary | 172 | 780 | null |
Section: Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing. Digital reconstruction or tracing of neuron morphology is a fundamental task in computational neuroscience. It is also critical for mapping neuronal circuits based on advanced microscope images, usually based on light microscopy (e.g. laser scanning microsc... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing | 164 | 917 | null |
Section: Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > History. The need to describe or reconstruct a neuron's morphology probably began in early days of neuroscience when neurons were labeled or visualized using Golgi's methods. Many of the known neuron types, such as pyramidal neurons and Chandelier cells, w... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > History | 257 | 1,205 | null |
Section: Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Methods. Neurons can be often traced manually either in 2D or 3D. To do so, one may either directly paint the trajectory of neuronal processes in individual 2D sections of a 3D image volume and manage to connect them, or use the 3D Virtual Finger painting ... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Methods | 341 | 1,683 | null |
The alternative way is to produce some prior knowledge, such as the termini locations of a neuron, with which a neuron can be more easily traced automatically. Semi-automated tracing is often thought to be a balanced solution that has acceptable time cost and reasonably good reconstruction accuracy. The open source sof... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Methods | 201 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Tools and software. A number of neuron tracing tools especially software packages are available. One comprehensive Open Source software package that contains implementation of a number of neuron tracing methods developed in different research groups as wel... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Tools and software | 341 | 1,544 | null |
Section: Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Neuron formats and databases. Reconstructions of single neurons can be stored in various formats. This largely depends on the software that have been used to trace such neurons. The SWC format, which consists of a number of topologically connected structur... | Wikipedia - Neuronal tracing - Digital neuronal reconstruction and neuronal tracing > Neuron formats and databases | 348 | 1,699 | null |
Article: Neuropixels. Neuropixels probes (or "Neuropixels") are electrodes developed in 2017 to record the activity of hundreds of neurons in the brain. The probes are based on CMOS technology and have 1,000 recording sites arranged in two rows on a thin, 1-cm long shank. The probes are used in hundreds of neuroscience... | Wikipedia - Neuropixels - Summary | 189 | 857 | null |
Section: History. Neuroethical concepts such as neuroprivacy developed initially in the 2000s, after the initial invention and development of neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As neuroimaging became highly ... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - History | 181 | 875 | null |
Section: Neuroanalysis techniques > Brain fingerprinting. Brain fingerprinting is a controversial and unproven EEG technique that relies on identifying the P300 event-related potential, which is correlated with recognition of some stimulus. The purpose of this technique is to determine if a person has incriminating inf... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Neuroanalysis techniques > Brain fingerprinting | 303 | 1,578 | null |
Section: Neuroanalysis techniques > Evaluation and prediction of mental and moral faculties. Current neuroimaging technology has been able to detect neural correlates of human attributes such as memory and morality. Neurodata can be used to diagnose and predict behavioral disorders and patterns such as psychopathy and ... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Neuroanalysis techniques > Evaluation and prediction of mental and moral faculties | 174 | 920 | null |
Section: Applications of personal neurodata > Legal evidence. The legal systems of most countries generally do not accept neuroimaging data as permissible evidence, with some exceptions. India has allowed BEOS tests as legal evidence, and an Italian court of appeals used neuroimaging evidence in a 2009 case, being the ... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Applications of personal neurodata > Legal evidence | 268 | 1,343 | null |
Section: Controversy and debate > Scientific arguments. The main scientific arguments regarding neuroprivacy mainly revolve around the limits to the current understanding of neurodata. Many of the arguments against using neuroimaging in legal, surveillance and other contexts are based on the lack of a solid scientific ... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Controversy and debate > Scientific arguments | 275 | 1,378 | null |
Section: Controversy and debate > Legal arguments. There are various legal arguments as to how neuroprivacy is covered under current protections and rights and how future laws should be implemented to define and protect neuroprivacy, as neuroscience has the potential to significantly change the legal status quo. The le... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Controversy and debate > Legal arguments | 329 | 1,805 | null |
Section: Controversy and debate > Ethical arguments. Some general ethical concerns regarding neuroprivacy revolve around personal rights and control over personal information. As technology improves, it is possible that collecting neurodata without consent or knowledge will be easier or more common in the future. One a... | Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy - Controversy and debate > Ethical arguments | 234 | 1,225 | null |
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