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Section: Materials and fabrication > Steel > Coatings and corrosion protection. Steel is subject atmospheric corrosion, splash zone corrosion, crevice corrosion, and other causes, including corrosion due aerobic and anaerobic bacteria interacting. Seawater rates are twice that of freshwater. Coatings may delay the star... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Materials and fabrication > Steel > Coatings and corrosion protection | 280 | 1,402 | null |
Section: Materials and fabrication > Structural concrete. Prestressed and reinforced concrete have been used for several decades for the construction of large offshore platforms, mostly in the North Sea. Concrete is also used together with steel structure in hybrid and composite designs, and cement grout is used on ste... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Materials and fabrication > Structural concrete | 171 | 871 | null |
Section: Materials and fabrication > Combined steel–concrete structures. Two forms of combined steel and concrete construction have been used to advantage: The hybrid approach: Structural steel superstructures supported by concrete substructures, Structural steel frames supporting exterior concrete walls and slabs, Ste... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Materials and fabrication > Combined steel–concrete structures | 336 | 1,689 | null |
Section: Equipment. Some classes of major equipment frequently used in marine construction: Barges: Ch 5.6 Crane barges: Ch 5.7 Revolving derrick barges: Ch 5.8 Semi-submersible barges: Ch 5.9 Jack-up barges: Ch 5.10 Launch barges: Ch 5.11 Catamaran barges: Ch 5.12 Pipe-laying ships and barges: Ch 5.14 Dredgers and hop... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Equipment | 191 | 801 | null |
Section: Marine operations > Seafloor modifications. The seafloor may be covered with level sediments that have been consolidated over the years and provide a stable platform, but this is often not the case, and the construction site may be uneven, covered with unconsolidated, weak sediment, lie on a slope, or be irreg... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Marine operations > Seafloor modifications | 239 | 1,257 | null |
In some cases, extensions to the foundations may be placed to protect the structure moving ice or ship collision. These operations may include:: Ch 7.1 The site may be prepared by dredging, levelling and removal of obstructions.: Ch 7.3 Soft material may be removed, consolidated or reinforced,: Ch 7.6 and high areas of... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Marine operations > Seafloor modifications | 344 | 1,565 | null |
Section: Marine operations > Harbour, river and estuary structures. The most common type of harbour structure is the quay or marginal wharf intended for loading and unloading containers. Finger piers are commonly used for transfer of petroleum products, and trestle supports are provided for access to loading platforms ... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Marine operations > Harbour, river and estuary structures | 311 | 1,498 | null |
Section: Marine operations > Offshore platforms. An offshore platform is usually a large structure with facilities to extract and process petroleum and natural gas that lie in rock formations beneath the seabed. Many platforms also have facilities to accommodate the workers, although it is also common to have a separat... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Marine operations > Offshore platforms | 172 | 936 | null |
Section: Other applications > Submarine pipelines and cables. A submarine pipeline is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or below it in a trench.: p583-585 Some of the pipeline may also be on land. Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but transportation of water is also important. A distinctio... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Other applications > Submarine pipelines and cables | 179 | 878 | null |
Article: Museum of Engines and Mechanisms. The Museum of Engines and Mechanisms is an italian academic museum located in Palermo, Italy, and is part of the Museum System of the University of Palermo. Inaugurated on February 25, 2011, it houses a vast collection of engines and industrial, scientific, and educational equ... | Wikipedia - Museum of Engines and Mechanisms - Summary | 180 | 1,023 | null |
Section: Historic aircraft FIAT G.59 4B. The museum's collection includes two aircraft: the Lockheed F-104S ASA-M, displayed on the University of Palermo campus, and one of only five surviving FIAT G.59s, which is displayed in a dedicated area of the museum. The FIAT G.59, designed by Italian aeronautical engineer Gius... | Wikipedia - Museum of Engines and Mechanisms - Historic aircraft FIAT G.59 4B | 210 | 912 | null |
Article: PDF/E. ISO 24517-1:2008 is an ISO Standard published in 2008. Document management—Engineering document format using PDF—Part 1: Use of PDF 1.6 (PDF/E-1) This standard defines a format (PDF/E) for the creation of documents used in geospatial, construction and manufacturing workflows and is based on the PDF Refe... | Wikipedia - PDF/E - Summary | 150 | 628 | null |
Section: Description. The PDF/E Standard specifies how the Portable Document Format (PDF) should be used for the creation of documents in engineering workflows. Key benefits of PDF/E include: Reduces requirements for expensive & proprietary software Lower storage and exchange costs (vs. paper) Trustworthy exchange acro... | Wikipedia - PDF/E - Description | 197 | 1,009 | null |
Section: Background. The idea behind SEEL is to mitigate risks and ensure safety not only during the active use phase of a product but also during its end-of-life processes, such as disposal, recycling, or decommissioning. This approach recognises that even after a product has served its intended purpose, it can still ... | Wikipedia - Safer end of engineering life - Background | 231 | 1,166 | null |
Section: Recent milestones. The Royal Academy of Engineering launched a global review in January 2021 into the further study of SEEL, as well as the impacts the lack of action was having, with potential goals and aims in the future. An international workshop was held online in May 2022 with experts from 15 countries. T... | Wikipedia - Safer end of engineering life - Recent milestones | 150 | 775 | null |
Section: History > Founding. The firm was founded as SECOR Ltd in 1994 by John Leeson, Alan Sheppard, and David Richards. After establishing the company in Oxford, United Kingdom, in 1994, David oversaw the growth of the business from a small UK operator into an environmental consultancies in the UK, with international... | Wikipedia - SLR Consulting - History > Founding | 260 | 1,268 | null |
Section: History > Expansion. Over the years the firm has expanded its offices, with additions across Europe (including the UK & Ireland, France, Germany, and the Netherlands), Africa (including Ghana, Namibia and South Africa), Asia-Pacific (including Australia, New Zealand and Singapore), and the US, Canada, & Chile ... | Wikipedia - SLR Consulting - History > Expansion | 311 | 1,563 | null |
Article: Snakebot. A snakebot, also referred to as a snake robot, is a biomorphic robot that resembles a snake. Snakebots have uses similar to those of certain types of soft robots. Snakebots can vary significantly in size and design. Their small cross-section-to-length ratios allow them to maneuver through tight space... | Wikipedia - Snakebot - Summary | 164 | 832 | null |
Section: Applications. By mimicking the locomotion of snakes, snakebots can be used for tasks in multiple industries that traditional robots or human workers may find challenging or impossible to accomplish safely. Snakebots have been considered for the following applications: Search and rescue: A snakebot was deployed... | Wikipedia - Snakebot - Applications | 290 | 1,552 | null |
Section: Locomotion. Traditional Snakebots move by changing the shape of their body, similar to actual snakes. Many variants have been created that use wheels or treads for movement. There has yet to be any Snakebots that accurately approximate the locomotion of real snakes. However, researchers have produced new movem... | Wikipedia - Snakebot - Locomotion | 220 | 1,064 | null |
Article: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD or SSPD) is a type of optical and near-infrared single-photon detector based on a current-biased superconducting nanowire. It was first developed by scientists at Moscow State Pedagogical University and ... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Summary | 323 | 1,535 | null |
Section: Principle of operation. The SNSPD consists of a thin (≈ 5 nm) and narrow (≈ 100 nm) superconducting nanowire. The length is typically hundreds of micrometers, and the nanowire is patterned in a compact meander geometry to create a square or circular pixel with high detection efficiency. The nanowire is cooled ... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Principle of operation | 319 | 1,499 | null |
Proper self-resetting of the device requires that this inductive time constant be slower than the intrinsic cooling time of the nanowire hotspot. While the SNSPD does not match the intrinsic energy or photon-number resolution of the superconducting transition edge sensor, the SNSPD is significantly faster than conventi... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Principle of operation | 336 | 1,538 | null |
They vary widely, however, due to highly localized regions of the nanowires where the effective cross-sectional area for superconducting current is reduced. SNSPD devices have also demonstrated exceptionally low jitter – the uncertainty in the photon arrival time – as low as 3 picoseconds at visible wavelengths. Timing... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Principle of operation | 331 | 1,564 | null |
Single photon sensitivity up to 10 micrometer wavelength has recently been demonstrated in a tungsten silicide SNSPD. Alternative thin film deposition techniques such as atomic layer deposition are of interest for extending the spectral range and scalability of SNSPDs to large areas. High temperature superconductors ha... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Principle of operation | 164 | 799 | null |
Section: Applications. Many of the initial application demonstrations of SNSPDs have been in the area of quantum information, such as quantum key distribution and optical quantum computing. Other current and emerging applications include imaging of infrared photoemission for defect analysis in CMOS circuitry, single ph... | Wikipedia - Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Applications | 256 | 1,260 | null |
Section: History. Texnikoi Engineering Honorary Fraternity was founded on November 5, 1924 at Ohio State University as an honorary organization for students in the College of Engineering. At the time this organization was founded, many students felt that some effort should be made to recognize outstanding work in the e... | Wikipedia - Texnikoi - History | 200 | 1,035 | null |
Section: Symbols. Texnikoi's colors are black and yellow. The three main values of Texnikoi are: Participation in activities Leadership in organizations Service to the university and the community The Texnikoi plaque is a hand-crafted representation of the Texnikoi symbol. At the beginning of every initiation period, m... | Wikipedia - Texnikoi - Symbols | 154 | 765 | null |
Section: Activities. Texnikoi meets once a month during the regular school year. Meetings serve two purposes: i) to inform members of the upcoming service, philanthropy, and social events, and ii) to allow engineers to meet other engineers and create a social network. Each year the active membership of Texnikoi selects... | Wikipedia - Texnikoi - Activities | 170 | 925 | null |
Section: History. W.M. Clark, of South Orange, NJ, in a book accompanying the exhibit described himself as a "hobbyist ... [who] ... through the help of the book '507 Mechanical Movements', acquired the foundation for a mechanical education, without schooling in the regular way."The exhibit, originally titled "Mechanic... | Wikipedia - The Clark Collection of Mechanical Movements - History | 205 | 926 | null |
Section: History > Newark Museum copy of collection. In 1930, after John Cotton Dana, the founder of the Newark Museum, expressed interest, a second copy of the exhibit was constructed by W.M. Clark and donated to the Newark Museum by Louis Bamberger. The book "Mechanical Models" was published by the Newark Museum. In ... | Wikipedia - The Clark Collection of Mechanical Movements - History > Newark Museum copy of collection | 154 | 685 | null |
Section: History. The method was first proposed in 2013 by Peter Wriggers, Jörg Schröder, and Alexander Schwarz, where a St. Venant-Kirchhoff material was used to model the third medium. This approach required explicit treatment of surface normals and continued to be used until 2017, when Bog et al. simplified the meth... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - History | 344 | 1,795 | null |
Section: Principles > Material model. TMC relies on a material model for the third medium, which stiffens under compression. The most commonly applied material models are of a neo-Hookean type, characterized by a strain energy density function: W ( u ) = K 2 ( ln | F | ) 2 + G 2 ( | F | − 2 / 3 | | F | | 2 − 3 ) {\disp... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Material model | 334 | 988 | null |
Section: Principles > Regularization. While the neo-Hookean material model can be stable for contact without sliding, sliding often leads to instability. To address this, regularization techniques are applied to the strain energy density function. Regularization is typically achieved by adding a regularization term to ... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Regularization | 350 | 1,137 | null |
a neo-Hookean solid or another hyperelastic material. The HuHu regularization was the first regularization method specifically developed for TMC. A subsequent refinement is known as the HuHu-LuLu regularization, expressed as: Ψ ( u ) = W ( u ) + H u ⋮ H u − 1 T r ( I ) L u ⋅ L u {\displaystyle \Psi ({\mathbf {u}})=W({\... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Regularization | 309 | 801 | null |
A subsequent refinement is known as the HuHu-LuLu regularization, expressed as: Ψ ( u ) = W ( u ) + H u ⋮ H u − 1 T r ( I ) L u ⋅ L u {\displaystyle \Psi ({\mathbf {u}})=W({\mathbf {u}})+\mathbb {H} {\mathbf {u}}\,{\boldsymbol {\scriptstyle {\vdots }}}\,\mathbb {H} {\mathbf {u}}-{\dfrac {1}{\mathrm {Tr} ({\mathbf {I}})... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Regularization | 324 | 898 | null |
The LuLu term is designed to mitigate the penalization of bending and quadratic compression deformations while maintaining the penalization of excessive skew deformations, thus preserving the stabilizing properties of the HuHu regularization. This reduced penalization on bending deformations enhances the accuracy of mo... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Regularization | 175 | 961 | null |
Section: Principles > Friction. The integration of friction into the TMC method represents a significant advancement in simulating realistic contact conditions, addressing the previous limitations in replicating real-world scenarios. Currently, there is only one approach available for adding friction. This approach int... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Friction | 150 | 849 | null |
This modification rapidly builds up shear stress in compressed regions of the third medium, which is crucial for accurately modelling frictional contact. In this formulation, the extended strain energy density expression with the added shear term is: W e x t ( u ) = W ( u ) + β 2 ( C e : ( s 0 ⊗ n 0 ) ) 2 {\displaystyl... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Friction | 318 | 870 | null |
In this formulation, the extended strain energy density expression with the added shear term is: W e x t ( u ) = W ( u ) + β 2 ( C e : ( s 0 ⊗ n 0 ) ) 2 {\displaystyle W_{ext}({\mathbf {u}})=W({\mathbf {u}})+{\dfrac {\beta }{2}}\left({\mathbf {C}}_{e}:({\mathbf {s}}_{0}\otimes {\mathbf {n}}_{0})\right)^{2}} , where: β ... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Friction | 349 | 898 | null |
The shear extension works by penalising the contribution in C e {\displaystyle {\mathbf {C}}_{e}} associated with shear in the slip direction s 0 {\displaystyle {\mathbf {s}}_{0}} . To release the shear stresses at the onset of sliding, a framework inspired by crystal plasticity is employed. This includes a yield crite... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Principles > Friction | 165 | 755 | null |
Section: Example. The C-shape contact problem used in has established itself as a benchmark problem for third medium contact models. It involves two solid beams, upper and lower, clamped at their left end. The region between the beams is considered "void" and is modelled as a third medium to allow for contact between t... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Example | 200 | 983 | null |
Section: Applications. TMC is widely used in computational mechanics and topology optimization due to its ability to model contact mechanics in a differentiable and fully implicit manner. One of the key advantages of TMC is that it eliminates the need to explicitly define surfaces and contact pairs, thereby simplifying... | Wikipedia - Third medium contact method - Applications | 210 | 1,150 | null |
Article: UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development. The World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development (acronym: WED) is one of the UNESCO international days and is celebrated every 4 March. It was proclaimed by UNESCO General Conference on 25 November 2019, based on a proposal by the World Federation... | Wikipedia - UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development - Summary | 285 | 1,497 | null |
Article: Acoustical engineering. Acoustical engineering (also known as acoustic engineering) is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration. It includes the application of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis ... | Wikipedia - Acoustical engineering - Summary | 220 | 1,185 | null |
Section: Acoustic engineer (professional). Acoustic engineers usually possess a bachelor's degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a bachelor's degree with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engine... | Wikipedia - Acoustical engineering - Acoustic engineer (professional) | 217 | 1,302 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines > Noise control. Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection (earmuffs or earplugs). Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of provid... | Wikipedia - Acoustical engineering - Subdisciplines > Noise control | 151 | 741 | null |
Section: Fundamental science. Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design. Complex sound wave behaviors include absorption, reverberation, diffraction, and refraction. Abso... | Wikipedia - Acoustical engineering - Fundamental science | 198 | 1,077 | null |
Section: History. The first use of agricultural engineering was the introduction of irrigation in large scale agriculture in the Nile and the Euphrates rivers before 2000 B.C. Large irrigation structures were also present in Baluchistan and India before Christian era. In other parts of Asia, agricultural engineering wa... | Wikipedia - Agricultural engineering - History | 267 | 1,317 | null |
John Deere made his first steel plow in 1833. The two horse cultivator was first about 1861. The introduction of these engineering concepts into the field of agriculture allowed for an enormous boost in the productivity of crops, dubbed a "second agricultural revolution" which consisted of: Shift from peasant subsisten... | Wikipedia - Agricultural engineering - History | 172 | 888 | null |
Section: Roles of agricultural engineers > Philippines. In the Philippines, the professional designation is registered agricultural and biosystems engineer'. These engineers are licensed and accredited after successfully passing the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Licensure Examination. A prospective agricultur... | Wikipedia - Agricultural engineering - Roles of agricultural engineers > Philippines | 290 | 1,894 | null |
Section: Examples of research and development areas. Accelerator physics Acoustics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Brain–computer interfacing Chemistry Chemical physics Differentiable programming Artificial intelligence Scientific computing Engineering physics Chemical engineering Electrical engineering Electronics engi... | Wikipedia - Applied physics - Examples of research and development areas | 173 | 1,360 | null |
Article: Aquacultural engineering. Aquacultural engineering is a multidisciplinary field of engineering and that aims to solve technical problems associated with farming aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, and algae. Common aquaculture systems requiring optimization and engineering include sea cages, ponds, and recircu... | Wikipedia - Aquacultural engineering - Summary | 171 | 1,062 | null |
Section: Recirculating aquaculture systems. Recirculating aquaculture systems often involve intensive, high-density culture of a species with limited water usage and extensive filtration. In a typical recirculating aquaculture system, a series of filtration steps maintains a high level of water quality that promotes ra... | Wikipedia - Aquacultural engineering - Recirculating aquaculture systems | 151 | 835 | null |
Article: Architectural engineering. Architectural engineering or architecture engineering, also known as building engineering, is a discipline that deals with the engineering and construction of buildings, such as environmental, structural, mechanical, electrical, computational, embeddable, and other research domains. ... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - Summary | 334 | 2,099 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines of architectural engineering > Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP). Mechanical engineering and electrical engineering engineers are specialists when engaged in the building design fields. This is known as mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) throughout the United States, or building... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - Subdisciplines of architectural engineering > Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) | 155 | 903 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines of architectural engineering > Building Envelope Engineering. Building enclosure and façade engineering involves the design and management of the outer shell of a building, which acts as a barrier between the interior and exterior environments. This includes walls, roofs, windows, doors, and oth... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - Subdisciplines of architectural engineering > Building Envelope Engineering | 155 | 868 | null |
Section: The architectural engineer (PE) in the United States. In many jurisdictions of the United States, the architectural engineer is a licensed engineering professional. Usually a graduate of an EAC/ABET-accredited architectural engineering university program preparing students to perform whole-building design in c... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - The architectural engineer (PE) in the United States | 333 | 1,940 | null |
In the state of New Jersey, a registered architect is allowed to sit for the PE exam and a professional engineer is allowed to take the design portions of the Architectural Registration Exam (ARE), to become a registered architect. Formal architectural engineering education, following the engineering model of earlier d... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - The architectural engineer (PE) in the United States | 213 | 1,218 | null |
Section: The architect as architectural engineer. In some countries, the practice of architecture includes planning, designing and overseeing the building's construction, and architecture, as a profession providing architectural services, is referred to as "architectural engineering". In Japan, a "first-class architect... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - The architect as architectural engineer | 333 | 1,694 | null |
Besides traditional architecture design training, Brazilian architecture courses also offer complementary training in engineering disciplines such as structural, electrical, hydraulic and mechanical engineering. After graduation, architects focus in architectural planning, yet they can be responsible to the whole build... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - The architect as architectural engineer | 315 | 1,685 | null |
Section: Education. The architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical engineering branches each have well established educational requirements that are usually fulfilled by completion of a university program. In Canada, a CEAB-accredited engineer degree is the minimum academic requirement for registration as a P... | Wikipedia - Architectural engineering - Education | 154 | 869 | null |
Section: Airspace development. The global airspace is divided into territorial airspace which then belongs to a country. Generally, airspace has to be engineered to benefit both military and civil users. Planning and designing airspace is important so as not to affect military operations and in order to designate air r... | Wikipedia - Aviation engineering - Airspace development | 233 | 1,359 | null |
Section: Career. Governments around the world hire aviation engineers for all sorts of reasons. In the United States, federal, state and local agencies all commonly employ aviation engineers for agencies such as the Department of Transportation. The Federal Aviation Administration, which is in charge of controlling air... | Wikipedia - Aviation engineering - Career | 206 | 1,283 | null |
Article: Biomechanical engineering. Biomechanical engineering, also considered a subfield of mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering, combines principles of physics (with a focus on mechanics), biology, and engineering. Topics of interest in this field include (experimental and theoretical) biomechanics, comp... | Wikipedia - Biomechanical engineering - Summary | 246 | 1,260 | null |
Article: Bioresource engineering. Bioresource engineering is similar to biological engineering, except that it is based on biological and/or agricultural feedstocks. Bioresource engineering is more general and encompasses a wider range of technologies and various elements such as biomass, biological waste treatment, bi... | Wikipedia - Bioresource engineering - Summary | 332 | 1,726 | null |
Section: Qualifications > Knowledge. Broadcast engineers are generally required to know the following areas, from conventional video broadcast systems to modern Information Technology: Conventional broadcast Audio/Video instrumentation measurement Baseband video – standard / high-definition Broadcast studio acoustics T... | Wikipedia - Broadcast engineering - Qualifications > Knowledge | 283 | 1,498 | null |
Section: Digital engineering. The conversion to digital broadcasting means broadcast engineers must now be well-versed in digital television and digital radio, in addition to analogue principles. New equipment from the transmitter to the radio antenna to the receiver may be encountered by engineers new to the field. Fu... | Wikipedia - Broadcast engineering - Digital engineering | 269 | 1,498 | null |
Article: Ceramic engineering. Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions. The term includes the purification of raw mat... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Summary | 256 | 1,452 | null |
Section: History. The word "ceramic" is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos) meaning pottery. It is related to the older Indo-European language root "to burn". "Ceramic" may be used as a noun in the singular to refer to a ceramic material or the product of ceramic manufacture, or as an adjective. Ceramics ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - History | 320 | 1,436 | null |
Section: History > Military. The military requirements of World War II encouraged developments, which created a need for high-performance materials and helped speed the development of ceramic science and engineering. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new types of ceramics were developed in response to advances in atomic ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - History > Military | 315 | 1,766 | null |
Section: Modern industry. Now a multibillion-dollar a year industry, ceramic engineering and research has established itself as an important field of science. Applications continue to expand as researchers develop new kinds of ceramics to serve different purposes. Zirconium dioxide ceramics are used in the manufacture ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Modern industry | 345 | 1,779 | null |
Ceramic engines do not require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction and therefore greater fuel efficiency. Fuel efficiency of the engine is also higher at high temperature, as shown by Carnot's theorem. In a conventional metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Modern industry | 344 | 1,841 | null |
Most hydroxyapatite ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength and are used to coat metal orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers. They are also used as fillers for orthopedic plastic screws to aid in reducing the inflammation and increase absorption of these plastic materials.... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Modern industry | 329 | 1,698 | null |
Section: Glass-ceramics. Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glasses and ceramics. Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization", which is typically avoided in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics often contain a... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Glass-ceramics | 327 | 1,611 | null |
Section: Processing steps. The traditional ceramic process generally follows this sequence: Milling → Batching → Mixing → Forming → Drying → Firing → Assembly. Milling is the process by which materials are reduced from a large size to a smaller size. Milling may involve breaking up cemented material (in which case indi... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Processing steps | 343 | 1,684 | null |
Forming is making the mixed material into shapes, ranging from toilet bowls to spark plug insulators. Forming can involve: (1) Extrusion, such as extruding "slugs" to make bricks, (2) Pressing to make shaped parts, (3) Slip casting, as in making toilet bowls, wash basins and ornamentals like ceramic statues. Forming pr... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Processing steps | 271 | 1,270 | null |
Section: Forming methods. Ceramic forming techniques include throwing, slipcasting, tape casting, freeze-casting, injection molding, dry pressing, isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), 3D printing and others. Methods for forming ceramic powders into complex shapes are desirable in many areas of technology. ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Forming methods | 308 | 1,612 | null |
Tape casting or forming processes are also of increasing interest for other applications, ranging from open structures such as fuel cells to ceramic composites. The other major layer structure is coating, where thermal spraying is very important, but chemical and physical vapor deposition and chemical (e.g., sol-gel an... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Forming methods | 192 | 959 | null |
Section: The sintering process. The principles of sintering-based methods are simple ("sinter" has roots in the English "cinder"). The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of the ceramic. Once a roughly-held-together object called a "green body" is made, it is fired in a kiln, where atomic and molecu... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - The sintering process | 350 | 1,816 | null |
The ultimate microstructure (and thus the physical properties) of the final product will be limited by and subject to the form of the structural template or precursor which is created in the initial stages of chemical synthesis and physical forming. Hence the importance of chemical powder and polymer processing as it p... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - The sintering process | 349 | 1,732 | null |
Section: Strength of ceramics. A material's strength is dependent on its microstructure. The engineering processes to which a material is subjected can alter its microstructure. The variety of strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a material include the mechanism of grain boundary strengthening. Thus, alt... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Strength of ceramics | 350 | 1,625 | null |
Section: Faber-Evans model. The Faber-Evans model, developed by Katherine Faber and Anthony G. Evans, was developed to predict the increase in fracture toughness in ceramics due to crack deflection around second-phase particles that are prone to microcracking in a matrix. The model considers particle morphology, aspect... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Faber-Evans model | 329 | 1,722 | null |
Disc-shaped particles and spheres are less effective in toughening. Fracture toughness, regardless of morphology, is determined by the twist of the crack front at its most severe configuration, rather than the initial tilt of the crack front. Only for disc-shaped particles does the initial tilting of the crack front pr... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Faber-Evans model | 282 | 1,492 | null |
Section: Theory of chemical processing > Microstructural uniformity. In the processing of fine ceramics, the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact. Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due t... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Theory of chemical processing > Microstructural uniformity | 340 | 1,795 | null |
Monodisperse colloids provide this potential. Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica, for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure a high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid which results from aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Theory of chemical processing > Microstructural uniformity | 150 | 718 | null |
Section: Theory of chemical processing > Self-assembly. Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Theory of chemical processing > Self-assembly | 334 | 1,754 | null |
Section: Ceramic composites. Substantial interest has arisen in recent years in fabricating ceramic composites. While there is considerable interest in composites with one or more non-ceramic constituents, the greatest attention is on composites in which all constituents are ceramic. These typically comprise two cerami... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Ceramic composites | 318 | 1,549 | null |
However, there is some built-in self-control due to inhibition of matrix grain growth by the dispersed phase. Particulate composites, though generally offer increased resistance to damage, failure, or both, are still quite sensitive to inhomogeneities of composition as well as other processing defects such as pores. Th... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Ceramic composites | 330 | 1,713 | null |
This can also be obtained in some cases by sintering, as for precipitation-toughened, partially stabilized zirconia. Similarly, it is known that one can directionally solidify ceramic eutectic mixtures and hence obtain uniaxially aligned fiber composites. Such composite processing has typically been limited to very sim... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Ceramic composites | 341 | 1,787 | null |
Section: Applications. The products of technical ceramics include tiles used in the Space Shuttle program, gas burner nozzles, ballistic protection, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, bio-medical implants, jet engine turbine blades, and missile nose cones. Its products are often made from materials other than clay, ch... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Applications | 274 | 1,305 | null |
Section: Biomaterials. Silicification is quite common in the biological world and occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). Crystalline minerals formed in such environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g. strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Biomaterials | 341 | 1,713 | null |
With well over 1000 proteins possible, current research emphasizes the use of collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The 'hard' phases are often strengthened by crystalline minerals, which nucleate and grow in a bio-mediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most ... | Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering - Biomaterials | 323 | 1,730 | null |
Article: Chemical engineering. Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of the operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - Summary | 246 | 1,495 | null |
Section: Etymology. A 1996 article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of sulfuric acid. In the same paper, however, George E. Davis, an English consultant, was credited with having coined the term. Davis also tried to found a Society of Chemica... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - Etymology | 153 | 778 | null |
Section: History > New concepts and innovations. In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developing chemical reactors. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, transport phenomena started t... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - History > New concepts and innovations | 204 | 1,100 | null |
Section: History > Safety and hazard developments. Concerns regarding large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities' safety and environmental impact were also raised during this period. Silent Spring, published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects of DDT, a potent insecticide. The 1974 Flixborough disast... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - History > Safety and hazard developments | 194 | 1,056 | null |
Section: Concepts > Plant design and construction. Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specifications, and economic analyses for pilot plants, new plants, or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by sever... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - Concepts > Plant design and construction | 196 | 1,110 | null |
Section: Concepts > Process design and analysis. A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as crystallization, filtration, drying and evaporation) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and control... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - Concepts > Process design and analysis | 233 | 1,274 | null |
Section: Applications and practice. Chemical engineers develop economic ways of using materials and energy. Chemical engineers use chemistry and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in waste ma... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineering - Applications and practice | 189 | 1,140 | null |
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