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Section: Challenges > Population growth. Even though food supply expands yearly, there has also been an increase in the number of hungry people. The world population is expected to reach 9-10 billion people by 2050 and the problem of malnutrition remains a priority. To achieve food security, food engineers are required... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - Challenges > Population growth | 158 | 842 | null |
Section: Goals. The ultimate goal of these investigations is often to determine the legal liability for a fire or other accident for purposes of insurance subrogation or an injury lawsuit. Some examples include: Defective appliances: If a property fire was caused by an appliance which had a manufacturing or design defe... | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering - Goals | 341 | 1,711 | null |
Section: Applications. Forensic electrical engineers are also involved in some arson and set-fire investigations; while it is not common for arsonists to cause electrical failures to ignite fires, the presence of electrical appliances and systems in many fires scenes often requires them to be evaluated as possible acci... | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering - Applications | 222 | 1,207 | null |
Section: Liability. Most states have a statute of ultimate repose (similar to, but not to be confused with, a statute of limitations) that limits the length of time after which a party can legally be held liable for their negligent act or defective product. Many states have a "useful life" statute of ultimate repose. T... | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering - Liability | 301 | 1,464 | null |
Article: Forensic engineering. Forensic engineering has been defined as "the investigation of failures—ranging from serviceability to catastrophic—which may lead to legal activity, including both civil and criminal". The forensic engineering field is very broad in terms of the many disciplines that it covers, investiga... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Summary | 254 | 1,442 | null |
Section: Investigation. Vital to the field of forensic engineering is the process of investigating and collecting data related to the: materials, products, structures or components that failed. This involves: inspections, collecting evidence, measurements, developing models, obtaining exemplar products, and performing ... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Investigation | 282 | 1,518 | null |
Section: Analysis. There are two of the main types of analysis done in forensic engineering, there is root cause analysis and failure analysis. Root cause analysis is defined as looking at the system as a whole and what led to the system failing, and is done with large scale object, for example a building collapse. Fai... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Analysis | 339 | 1,846 | null |
For example, tire burn marks on a road surface can enable vehicle speeds to be estimated, when the brakes were applied and so on. Ladder feet often leave a trace of movement of the ladder during a slip and may show how the accident occurred. When a product fails for no obvious reason, SEM and Energy-dispersive X-ray sp... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Analysis | 291 | 1,575 | null |
Section: Organizations. The National Academy of Forensic Engineers (NAFE) was founded in 1982 by Marvin M. Specter, P.E., L.S.; Paul E. Pritzker, P.E., and William A. Cox Jr., P.E. to identify and bring together professional engineers having qualifications and expertise as practicing forensic engineers to further their... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Organizations | 221 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Examples. The broken fuel pipe shown at left caused a serious accident when diesel fuel poured out from a van onto the road. A following car skidded and the driver was seriously injured when she collided with an oncoming lorry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the nylon connector had fractured by... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Examples | 267 | 1,285 | null |
Section: Applications. Most manufacturing models will have a forensic component that monitors early failures to improve quality or efficiencies. Insurance companies use forensic engineers to prove liability or nonliability. Most engineering disasters (structural failures such as bridge and building collapses) are subje... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Applications | 344 | 1,937 | null |
Section: Historic examples. There are many examples of forensic methods used to investigate accidents and disasters, one of the earliest in the modern period being the fall of the Dee bridge at Chester, England. It was built using cast iron girders, each of which was made of three very large castings dovetailed togethe... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Historic examples | 344 | 1,714 | null |
He examined the broken parts of the main girder, and confirmed that the girder had broken in two places, the first break occurring at the center. He tested the remaining girders by driving a locomotive across them, and found that they deflected by several inches under the moving load. He concluded that the design was f... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Historic examples | 200 | 946 | null |
Section: Publications. Product failures are not widely published in the academic literature or trade literature, partly because companies do not want to advertise their problems. However, it then denies others the opportunity to improve product design so as to prevent further accidents. The journal Engineering Failure ... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering - Publications | 190 | 1,122 | null |
Article: Forensic materials engineering. Forensic materials engineering, a branch of forensic engineering, focuses on the material evidence from crime or accident scenes, seeking defects in those materials which might explain why an accident occurred, or the source of a specific material to identify a criminal. Many an... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Summary | 340 | 1,849 | null |
Forensic materials engineers are involved in examining the scenario and identifying relevant defects and their probability in being causal factors in the crime or accident. Causal Factors A crucial aspect of forensic materials engineering is to avoid defining causes of failure in too binary a manner (i.e., narrowly fra... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Summary | 264 | 1,536 | null |
Section: Metals and alloys. Metal surfaces can be analyzed in a number of ways, including by spectroscopy and EDX used during scanning electron microscopy. The nature and composition of the metal can normally be established by sectioning and polishing the bulk, and examining the flat section using optical microscopy af... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Metals and alloys | 263 | 1,353 | null |
Section: Ceramics and glasses. Hard products like ceramic pottery and glass windscreens can be studied using the same SEM methods used for metals, especially ESEM conducted at low vacuum. Fracture surfaces are especially valuable sources of information because surface features like hachures can enable the origin or ori... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Ceramics and glasses | 173 | 912 | null |
Section: Polymers and composites. Thermoplastics, thermosets, and composites can be analyzed using FTIR and UV spectroscopy as well as NMR and ESEM. Failed samples can either be dissolved in a suitable solvent and examined directly (UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy) or as a thin film cast from solvent or cut using microtomy... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Polymers and composites | 298 | 1,573 | null |
Section: Elastomers. Rubber products are often safety-critical parts of machines, so that failure can often cause accidents or loss of function. Failed products can be examined with many of the generic polymer methods, although it is more difficult if the sample is vulcanized or cross-linked. Attenuated total reflectan... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering - Elastomers | 305 | 1,490 | null |
Article: Frugal innovation. Frugal innovation or frugal engineering is the process of reducing the complexity and cost of a good and its production. Usually this refers to removing nonessential features from a durable good, such as a car or telephone, in order to sell it in developing countries. Designing products for ... | Wikipedia - Frugal innovation - Summary | 242 | 1,299 | null |
Section: History. Spotlighted in a 2010 article in The Economist, the roots of this concept may lie in the appropriate technology movement of the 1950s, although profits may have been first wrung from underserved consumers in the 1980s when multinational companies like Unilever began selling single-use-sized toiletries... | Wikipedia - Frugal innovation - History | 265 | 1,341 | null |
Section: Notable innovations. Frugal innovation is not limited to durable goods such as the GE US$800 EKG machine, Reliance Jio's JioPhone or the US$100 One Laptop Per Child but also includes services such as 1-cent-per-minute phone calls, mobile banking, off-grid electricity, and microfinance. ChotuKool fridge A tiny ... | Wikipedia - Frugal innovation - Notable innovations | 333 | 1,554 | null |
Nokia 1100 Designed for developing countries, the Nokia 1100 was basic, durable, and–besides a flashlight–had few features other than voice and text. Selling more than 200 million units only four years after its 2003 introduction made it one of the best selling phones of all time. Sorghum beer In Africa, several compan... | Wikipedia - Frugal innovation - Notable innovations | 336 | 1,643 | null |
Article: Genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species bou... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Summary | 343 | 1,753 | null |
The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold. Genetic engineering has b... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Summary | 334 | 1,837 | null |
Section: Overview. Genetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic structure of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA, or modifying existing genetic material in situ. Unlike traditional animal and plant breeding, which involves doing multiple crosses and then selecting for the organism with the des... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Overview | 348 | 1,918 | null |
Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering, are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them. Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism. Plants, animals o... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Overview | 174 | 1,037 | null |
Section: History. Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial selection: 1 : 1 as contrasted with natural selection. More recently, mutation breeding has used exposure to chemicals or radiation to produce a high frequency of random mutations, for selective... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - History | 345 | 1,776 | null |
A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world's first transgenic animal These achievements led to concerns in the scientific community about potential risks from genetic engineering, which were first discussed in depth at the Asilomar Conference ... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - History | 339 | 1,678 | null |
Both test fields were attacked by activist groups the night before the tests occurred: "The world's first trial site attracted the world's first field trasher". The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the US in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides. Th... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - History | 318 | 1,599 | null |
Section: Process > Gene isolation and cloning. The next step is to isolate the candidate gene. The cell containing the gene is opened and the DNA is purified. The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify up the gene segment. These segment... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Process > Gene isolation and cloning | 313 | 1,534 | null |
Section: Process > Inserting DNA into the host genome. There are a number of techniques used to insert genetic material into the host genome. Some bacteria can naturally take up foreign DNA. This ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress (e.g. thermal or electric shock), which increases the cell membrane's pe... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Process > Inserting DNA into the host genome | 341 | 1,659 | null |
Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells. These markers are usually present in the transgenic organism, although a number of strategies have been developed that can remove the selectable marker from the mature transgenic plant. Further testing using PCR, Southern hybridiz... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Process > Inserting DNA into the host genome | 300 | 1,540 | null |
Genome editing uses artificially engineered nucleases that create specific double-stranded breaks at desired locations in the genome, and use the cell's endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by the natural processes of homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining. There are four families of engine... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Process > Inserting DNA into the host genome | 182 | 805 | null |
Section: Applications. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzym... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications | 165 | 950 | null |
Section: Applications > Medicine. Genetic engineering has many applications to medicine that include the manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy. One of the earliest uses of genetic engineering was to mass-produce human insulin in bacteria. This application has now... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Medicine | 297 | 1,552 | null |
In 2012, Alipogene tiparvovec became the first gene therapy treatment to be approved for clinical use. In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease, epidermolysis bullosa, in order to grow, and then graft healthy skin onto 80 percent of the boy's body... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Medicine | 325 | 1,553 | null |
Section: Applications > Research. Genetic engineering is an important tool for natural scientists, with the creation of transgenic organisms one of the most important tools for analysis of gene function. Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and mod... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Research | 329 | 1,747 | null |
When this is done by creating a library of genes with point mutations at every position in the area of interest, or even every position in the whole gene, this is called "scanning mutagenesis". The simplest method, and the first to be used, is "alanine scanning", where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactiv... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Research | 339 | 1,753 | null |
More sophisticated techniques are now in development that can track protein products without mitigating their function, such as the addition of small sequences that will serve as binding motifs to monoclonal antibodies. Expression studies aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced. In these experimen... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Research | 165 | 889 | null |
Section: Applications > Industrial. Organisms can have their cells transformed with a gene coding for a useful protein, such as an enzyme, so that they will overexpress the desired protein. Mass quantities of the protein can then be manufactured by growing the transformed organism in bioreactor equipment using industri... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Industrial | 272 | 1,446 | null |
Section: Applications > Agriculture. One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation and use of genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food. Crops have been developed to increase production, increase tolerance to abiotic s... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Agriculture | 333 | 1,846 | null |
Section: Applications > Other applications. Genetic engineering has potential applications in conservation and natural area management. Gene transfer through viral vectors has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease. Transgenic trees have been sugges... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Applications > Other applications | 177 | 1,001 | null |
Section: Regulation. The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of GMOs. The development of a regulatory framework began in 1975, at Asilomar, California. The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntar... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Regulation | 314 | 1,615 | null |
The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world. All GMOs, along with irradiated food, are considered "new food" and subject to extensive, case-by-case, science-based food evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. The criteria for authorisation fall in four broad cate... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Regulation | 270 | 1,409 | null |
Section: Controversy. Critics have objected to the use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical, ecological and economic concerns. Many of these concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. These controversies have l... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - Controversy | 310 | 1,787 | null |
Section: In popular culture. Genetic engineering features in many science fiction stories. Frank Herbert's novel The White Plague describes the deliberate use of genetic engineering to create a pathogen which specifically kills women. Another of Herbert's creations, the Dune series of novels, uses genetic engineering t... | Wikipedia - Genetic engineering - In popular culture | 185 | 990 | null |
Article: Geoengineering. Geoengineering (also known as climate engineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth’s climate system intended to counteract human-caused climate change. The term commonly encompasses two broad categories: large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) a... | Wikipedia - Geoengineering - Summary | 282 | 1,553 | null |
Section: Governance. Most governance issues relating geoengineering are specific to the category or the specific method. Nevertheless, a couple of international governance instruments have addressed geoengineering collectively. The Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity have made several decisi... | Wikipedia - Geoengineering - Governance | 345 | 1,949 | null |
Article: Geological engineering. Geological engineering is a discipline of engineering concerned with the application of geological science and engineering principles to fields, such as civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, and forestry, among others. The work of geological engineers often directs or su... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Summary | 327 | 2,020 | null |
Section: History > Geological engineering as a discipline. Although projects that applied geological engineering principles in their design and construction have been around for thousands of years, these were included within the civil engineering discipline for most of this time. Courses in geological engineering have ... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - History > Geological engineering as a discipline | 258 | 1,434 | null |
Section: Education > American institutions. In the United States there are 13 geological engineering programs recognized by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). These include: Colorado School of Mines (1936 – present), Michigan Technological Un... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Education > American institutions | 181 | 903 | null |
Section: Specializations > Geoenvironmental and hydrogeological engineering. Geoenvironmental engineering is the subdiscipline of geological engineering that focuses on preventing or mitigating the environmental effects of anthropogenic contaminants within soil and water. It solves these issues via the development of p... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Specializations > Geoenvironmental and hydrogeological engineering | 257 | 1,474 | null |
Section: Specializations > Geophysical engineering (applied geophysics). Geophysical engineering is the subdiscipline of geological engineering that applies geophysics principles to the design of engineering projects such as tunnels, dams, and mines or for the detection of subsurface geohazards, groundwater, and pollut... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Specializations > Geophysical engineering (applied geophysics) | 186 | 1,011 | null |
Section: Job responsibilities. Geological engineers are responsible for the planning, development, and coordination of site investigation and data acquisition programs for geological, geotechnical, geophysical, geoenvironmental, and hydrogeological studies. These studies are traditionally conducted for civil engineerin... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Job responsibilities | 330 | 2,042 | null |
In some jobs, geological engineers conduct theoretical and applied studies of groundwater flow and contamination to develop site specific solutions which treat the contaminants and allow for safe construction. Additionally, they design means to manage and protect surface and groundwater resources and remediation soluti... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Job responsibilities | 177 | 1,072 | null |
Section: Professional associations and licensing. Professional Engineering Licenses may be issued through a municipal, provincial/state, or federal/national government organization, depending on the jurisdiction. The purpose of this licensing process is to ensure professional engineers possess the necessary technical k... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Professional associations and licensing | 165 | 966 | null |
Some regional, national, and international professional societies relevant to geological engineers are listed here: American Geophysical Union (AGU) American Geosciences Institute (AGI) American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA) Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists (AEG) Association for Mineral Explo... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Professional Societies | 346 | 1,648 | null |
Some regional, national, and international professional societies relevant to geological engineers are listed here: American Geophysical Union (AGU) American Geosciences Institute (AGI) American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA) Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists (AEG) Association for Mineral Explo... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Professional Societies | 356 | 1,678 | null |
Section: Distinction from engineering geology. Engineering geologists and geological engineers are both interested in the study of the Earth, its shifting movement, and alterations, and the interactions of human society and infrastructure with, on, and in Earth materials. Both disciplines require licenses from professi... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Distinction from engineering geology | 160 | 1,007 | null |
Section: Distinction from engineering geology > Geological engineering. Geological engineers are engineers with extensive knowledge of geological or Earth sciences as well as engineering geology, engineering principles, and engineering design practices. These professionals are qualified to perform the role of or intera... | Wikipedia - Geological engineering - Distinction from engineering geology > Geological engineering | 206 | 1,269 | null |
Section: A. Above ground level – In aviation, atmospheric sciences and broadcasting, a height above ground level (AGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. This is as opposed to altitude/elevation above mean sea level (AMSL), or (in broadcast engineering) height above average terrain (HAA... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 323 | 1,394 | null |
Accelerations are vector quantities (they have magnitude and direction) and add according to the parallelogram law. As a vector, the calculated net force is equal to the product of the object's mass (a scalar quantity) and its acceleration. Acquisition of signal – A pass, in spaceflight and satellite communications, is... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 334 | 1,643 | null |
The system uses regular 2D cameras in the Space Shuttle bay, on the Canadarm, or on the ISS along with cooperative targets to calculate the 3D position of an object. Aeroacoustics – is a branch of acoustics that studies noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 345 | 1,779 | null |
Although historical studies have been focused on aeronautical applications, recent research has found applications in fields such as energy harvesting and understanding snoring. The study of aeroelasticity may be broadly classified into two fields: static aeroelasticity, which deals with the static or steady response o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 339 | 1,863 | null |
Aerospace engineering – is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It has two major and overlapping branches: Aeronautical engineering and Astronautical Engineering. Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electronics side of aerospace engineering. Aerospa... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 342 | 1,755 | null |
It is ignited before it is pointing fully vertically, however it will turn to do so, and accelerates to pass behind the carrier aircraft. AGL – Above ground level Aileron – is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to c... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 313 | 1,502 | null |
Aircraft flight mechanics – Airfoil – An airfoil (American English) or aerofoil (British English) is the cross-sectional shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section). Airlock – is a device which permits the passage of people and objects between a pressure vessel and its... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 296 | 1,375 | null |
The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, which means wind, and is used to describe any wind speed instrument used in meteorology. Angle of attack – In fluid dynamics, angle of attack (AOA, or α {\displaystyle \alpha } ) is the angle between a reference line on a body (often the chord line of an airfoil) and the ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 300 | 1,412 | null |
By convention, positive angular velocity indicates counter-clockwise rotation, while negative is clockwise. Anticyclone – An anticyclone (that is, opposite to a cyclone) is a weather phenomenon defined by the United States National Weather Service's glossary as "a large-scale circulation of winds around a central regio... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 316 | 1,389 | null |
Arcjet rocket – or arcjet thruster is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, in which an electrical discharge (arc) is created in a flow of propellant (typically hydrazine or ammonia). This imparts additional energy to the propellant, so that one can extract more work out of each kilogram of propellant, ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 344 | 1,599 | null |
Asteroid – Asteroids are minor planets, especially of the inner Solar System. Larger asteroids have also been called planetoids. These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not resemble a planet-like disc and was not observed to have characteristics of an active comet... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 339 | 1,795 | null |
Controlling vehicle attitude requires sensors to measure vehicle orientation, actuators to apply the torques needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude, and algorithms to command the actuators based on (1) sensor measurements of the current attitude and (2) specification of a desired attitude. The integrated... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - A | 189 | 1,013 | null |
Section: B. Balloon – In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point. It is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat that can propel itself through the air in a controlled manne... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - B | 350 | 1,624 | null |
For example, an object to the East would have an absolute bearing of 90 degrees. Relative bearing refers to the angle between the craft's forward direction, and the location of another object. For example, an object relative bearing of 0 degrees would be dead ahead; an object relative bearing 180 degrees would be behin... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - B | 323 | 1,497 | null |
Big dumb booster – (BDB), is a general class of launch vehicle based on the premise that it is cheaper to operate large rockets of simple design than it is to operate smaller, more complex ones regardless of the lower payload efficiency. Bleed air – produced by gas turbine engines is compressed air that is taken from t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - B | 344 | 1,636 | null |
Section: C. Cabin pressurization – is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft, in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compresso... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 338 | 1,632 | null |
Where a gravity field can be considered to be uniform, the mass-center and the center-of-gravity will be the same. However, for satellites in orbit around a planet, in the absence of other torques being applied to a satellite, the slight variation (gradient) in gravitational field between closer-to (stronger) and furth... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 350 | 1,700 | null |
The pressure rise in the impeller is in most cases almost equal to the rise in the diffuser. Chord – is the imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil. The chord length is the distance between the trailing edge and the point on the leading edge where the chord intersects the leading e... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 297 | 1,423 | null |
Compressibility – In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. In its simple form, the compressibility β {\displa... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 325 | 1,460 | null |
Compressor map – is a diagram showing significant performance parameters for a rotating compressor, and how they vary with changing ambient conditions of pressure and temperature. Computational fluid dynamics – (CFD), is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze and solve p... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 342 | 1,892 | null |
Control engineering – or control systems engineering, is an engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments. The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with electrical engineering at many institutions around the world. Co... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - C | 173 | 938 | null |
Section: D. Damage tolerance – is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. Decalage – ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 341 | 1,591 | null |
Dead reckoning – In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating one's current position by using a previously determined position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated speeds over elapsed time and course. Deflection – is the degree to which a structural element is displaced unde... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 327 | 1,568 | null |
Delta-v budget – is an estimate of the total delta-v required for a space mission. It is calculated as the sum of the delta-v required for the propulsive maneuvers during the mission, and as input to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, determines how much propellant is required for a vehicle of given mass and propulsion s... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 339 | 1,811 | null |
The values obtained can be used to calculate meaningful aspects of flight dynamics. Dihedral – Dihedral angle is the upward angle from horizontal of the wings or tailplane of a fixed-wing aircraft. "Anhedral angle" is the name given to negative dihedral angle, that is, when there is a downward angle from horizontal of ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 302 | 1,486 | null |
DME – distance measuring equipment. DO-178B – DO-254 – Drag (physics) – In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding flui... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 327 | 1,436 | null |
The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. Drag equation – In fluid dynamics, the drag equation is a formula used to calculate the force of drag experienced by an object due to movement through a fully enclosing fluid. The equation is: F D = 1 2 ρ u 2 C D A {\displaystyle F_{D}\,=\,{\tfra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - D | 319 | 1,284 | null |
Section: E. Earth's atmosphere – The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 322 | 1,627 | null |
Note that the velocity and position vectors need to be relative to the inertial frame of the central body. Eigenvector slew – In aerospace engineering, especially those areas dealing with spacecraft, the eigenvector slew is a method to calculate a steering correction (called a slew) by rotating the spacecraft around on... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 336 | 1,661 | null |
It is particularly useful in the study of turbulent flows, and is often identified in the study of thrusters as well as the field of combustion theory. Given a domain Ω ⊆ R n {\displaystyle \Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and a once-weakly differentiable vector field u ∈ H 1 ( R n ) n {\displaystyle u\in H^{1}(\math... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 269 | 698 | null |
Given a domain Ω ⊆ R n {\displaystyle \Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and a once-weakly differentiable vector field u ∈ H 1 ( R n ) n {\displaystyle u\in H^{1}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})^{n}} which represents a fluid flow, such as a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, its enstrophy is given by: E ( u ) := ∫ Ω | ∇ u | 2 ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 332 | 766 | null |
This is quantity is the same as the squared seminorm | u | H 1 ( Ω ) n 2 {\displaystyle |\mathbf {u} |_{H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}}^{2}} of the solution in the Sobolev space :::: H 1 ( Ω ) n {\displaystyle H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}} . In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that ∇ ⋅ u = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \c... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 263 | 662 | null |
In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that ∇ ⋅ u = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} =0} , the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity ω {\displaystyle \mathbf {\omega } } , E ( ω ) ≡ ∫ Ω | ω | 2 d x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}({\boldsymbol {\omega }})\... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 386 | 1,010 | null |
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}(\mathbf {u} )\equiv \int _{S}|\nabla \times \mathbf {u} |^{2}\,dS\,.} In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result d d t ( 1 2 ∫ Ω | u | 2 ) = − ν E ( u ) {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\int _{\Omega }|\ma... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 328 | 1,225 | null |
The functions are defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions for the differential equations describing the motion of the dynamics. ESA – European Space Agency ET – (Space Shuttle) external ta... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - E | 223 | 1,141 | null |
Section: F. Fatigue – In materials science, fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. The nominal maximum stress values that cause such damage may be much less than the stre... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 340 | 1,585 | null |
Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed. Flight control surfaces – are aerodynamic devices allowing a pilot to adjust and control the aircraft's flight attitude. Flight control system (aircraft) – A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surf... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 339 | 1,828 | null |
For a fixed-wing aircraft, its changing orientation with respect to the local air flow is represented by two critical angles, the angle of attack of the wing ("alpha") and the angle of attack of the vertical tail, known as the sideslip angle ("beta"). A sideslip angle will arise if an aircraft yaws about its centre of ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 346 | 1,684 | null |
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