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The FMS sends the flight plan for display to the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), Navigation Display (ND), or Multifunction Display (MFD). The FMS can be summarised as being a dual system consisting of the Flight Management Computer (FMC), CDU and a cross talk bus. Floatstick – is a device to measure fuel le... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 343 | 1,580 | null |
Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, and understanding nebulae in interstellar space. Fluid mechanics – is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of f... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 333 | 1,576 | null |
Freefall – In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it. An object in the technical sense of the term "free fall" may not... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - F | 348 | 1,636 | null |
Section: G. Galaxy – is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million (108) stars to giants wi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 305 | 1,315 | null |
An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. Geosynchronous orbit – (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 326 | 1,389 | null |
Glide ratio – As the aircraft fuselage and control surfaces will also add drag and possibly some lift, it is fair to consider the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) of the aircraft as a whole. As it turns out, the glide ratio, which is the ratio of an (unpowered) aircraft's forward motion to its descent, is (when flown ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 340 | 1,646 | null |
Also, the faster airspeed means the aircraft will fly at greater Reynolds number and this will usually bring about a lower zero-lift drag coefficient. Glider – is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 279 | 1,401 | null |
This was first posed by Robert H. Goddard in his 1919 publication, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes". GPS – Global Positioning System Gravitational constant – The gravitational constant (also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational cons... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 349 | 1,738 | null |
Gravity assistance can be used to accelerate a spacecraft, that is, to increase or decrease its speed or redirect its path. The "assist" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. Gravity – (from Latin gravitas 'weight'), or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - G | 193 | 912 | null |
Section: H. Hall effect thruster – In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall-effect thrusters (based on the discovery by Edwin Hall) are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. Hall-effect... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - H | 348 | 1,677 | null |
High-hypersonic – Hohmann transfer orbit – In orbital mechanics, the Hohmann transfer orbit () is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different radii around a central body in the same plane. The Hohmann transfer often uses the lowest possible amount of propellant in traveling between the... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - H | 334 | 1,636 | null |
It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at rest. Hyperbolic partial differential equ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - H | 344 | 1,424 | null |
Hypersonic speed – In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above. The precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular di... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - H | 219 | 1,089 | null |
Section: I. Impulse – Specific impulse (usually abbreviated Isp) is a measure of how efficiently a rocket uses propellant or a jet engine uses fuel. For engines whose reaction mass is only the fuel they carry, specific impulse is exactly proportional to exhaust gas velocity. Indicated airspeed – (IAS), is the airspeed ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - I | 341 | 1,640 | null |
In its original form, it allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 m) over the ground, within a 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of the runway. At that point the runway should be visible to the pilot; if it is not, they perform a missed approach. Bringing the aircraft this close to the runway dramatically improves the we... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - I | 323 | 1,620 | null |
Whereas the distances between the planets in the Solar System are less than 30 astronomical units (AU), the distances between stars are typically hundreds of thousands of AU, and usually expressed in light-years. Because of the vastness of those distances, practical interstellar travel based on known physics would need... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - I | 260 | 1,331 | null |
Section: K. Keel effect – In aeronautics, the keel effect (also known as the pendulum effect or pendulum stability) is the result of the sideforce-generating surfaces being above (or below) the center of mass (which coincides with the center of gravity) in an aircraft. Along with dihedral, sweepback, and weight distrib... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - K | 324 | 1,534 | null |
The third law expresses that the farther a planet is from the Sun, the slower its orbital speed, and vice versa. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kessler syndrome – (also called the K... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - K | 331 | 1,576 | null |
In relativistic mechanics, this is a good approximation only when v is much less than the speed of light. Kite – is a tethered heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air to create lift and drag forces. A kite consists of wings, tethers and anchors. Kites often have a bridle... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - K | 321 | 1,445 | null |
None of the fluid flows around the sharp corner. The Kutta condition is significant when using the Kutta–Joukowski theorem to calculate the lift created by an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge. The value of circulation of the flow around the airfoil must be that value that would cause the Kutta condition to exist. Kut... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - K | 257 | 1,218 | null |
Section: L. Lander – spacecraft designed to soft-land intact or almost undamaged on the surface of a celestial body and eventually take-off from it Landing – is the last part of a flight, where an aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, al... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 343 | 1,505 | null |
Lagrangian mechanics defines a mechanical system to be a pair ( M , L ) {\displaystyle (M,L)} of a configuration space M {\displaystyle M} and a smooth function L = L ( q , v , t ) {\displaystyle L=L(q,v,t)} called Lagrangian. By convention, L = T − V , {\displaystyle L=T-V,} where T {\displaystyle T} and V {\displayst... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 237 | 706 | null |
{\displaystyle M).} (For those familiar with tangent bundles, L : T M × R t → R , {\displaystyle L:TM\times \mathbb {R} _{t}\to \mathbb {R} ,} and v ∈ T q M ) . {\displaystyle v\in T_{q}M).} Given the time instants t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 , {\displaystyle t_{2},} Lagrangian mechanics postulates that a smooth ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 223 | 586 | null |
{\displaystyle v\in T_{q}M).} Given the time instants t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 , {\displaystyle t_{2},} Lagrangian mechanics postulates that a smooth path x 0 : [ t 1 , t 2 ] → M {\displaystyle x_{0}:[t_{1},t_{2}]\to M} describes the time evolution of the given system if and only if x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} i... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 426 | 1,013 | null |
{\displaystyle {\cal {S}}[x]\,{\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}L(x(t),{\dot {x}}(t),t)\,dt.} If M {\displaystyle M} is an open subset of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and t 1 , {\displaystyle t_{1},} t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} are finite, then the smooth path x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} is a statio... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 390 | 875 | null |
{\displaystyle \delta {\cal {S}}\ {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\ {\frac {d}{d\varepsilon }}{\Biggl |}_{\varepsilon =0}{\cal {S}}\left[x_{0}+\varepsilon \delta \right]=0.} The function δ ( t ) {\displaystyle \delta (t)} on the right-hand side is called perturbation or virtual displacement. The directional derivative δ S {... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 322 | 1,203 | null |
Small objects placed in orbit at Lagrange points are in equilibrium in at least two directions relative to the center of mass of the large bodies. Laser broom – is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system whose purpose is to sweep space debris out of the path of other artificial satellites such as t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 323 | 1,589 | null |
Launch periods and launch windows are very dependent on both the rocket's capability and the orbit to which it is going. Leading edge – The leading edge of an airfoil surface such as a wing is its foremost edge and is therefore the part which first meets the oncoming air. Lift – Lift coefficient – is a dimensionless co... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 345 | 1,708 | null |
Only certain lighter than air gases are suitable as lifting gases. Dry air has a density of about 1.29 g/L (gram per liter) at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP) and an average molecular mass of 28.97 g/mol, and so lighter than air gases have a density lower than this. Liquid air cycle engine – (LAC... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 346 | 1,642 | null |
It is also possible to use lightweight centrifugal turbopumps to pump the rocket propellant from the tanks into the combustion chamber, which means that the propellants can be kept under low pressure. This permits the use of low-mass propellant tanks that do not need to resist the high pressures needed to store signifi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 322 | 1,458 | null |
Most of the artificial objects in outer space are in LEO, with an altitude never more than about one-third of the radius of the Earth. Lunar Module – The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply Lunar Module (LM ), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the Lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between luna... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - L | 176 | 860 | null |
Section: M. Mach number – In fluid dynamics, the Mach number is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. Magnetic sail – or magsail, is a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion which would use a static magnetic field to deflect charged particles rad... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - M | 339 | 1,610 | null |
This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines the strength of this force. Mass driver – or electromagnetic catapult, is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads up to high speeds. All existing and ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - M | 315 | 1,480 | null |
If m is an object's mass and v is its velocity (also a vector quantity), then the object's momentum p is p = m v . {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} .} In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement of momentum is the kilogram metre per second (kg⋅m/s), which is equivalent to the newton-secon... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - M | 319 | 1,464 | null |
Section: N. NACA – United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, replaced by NASA in 1958. NASA – United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Navier–Stokes equations – In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations() are certain partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - N | 332 | 1,681 | null |
It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion. A newton is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s2, which is the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second, per second. Newton's law of universal gravitation – is usually stated... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - N | 302 | 1,485 | null |
The force is proportional to the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form: F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 , {\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},} where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - N | 304 | 1,327 | null |
Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems, which laid the foundation for Newtonian mechanics. Nose cone design – Given the problem of the aerodynamic design of the nose cone section of any vehicle or body meant to travel through a compressible fluid medium (such as a ro... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - N | 240 | 1,179 | null |
Section: O. Orbit – In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approx... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - O | 323 | 1,639 | null |
Orbital eccentricity – In astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle. A value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic esc... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - O | 339 | 1,726 | null |
This maneuver requires a change in the orbital velocity vector (delta v) at the orbital nodes (i.e. the point where the initial and desired orbits intersect, the line of orbital nodes is defined by the intersection of the two orbital planes). Orbital maneuver – In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - O | 316 | 1,582 | null |
For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e. the deviations of the gravitational force of the Earth from that of a homogeneous sphere, gravitational forces from Sun/Moon, solar radiation pressure and air drag, must be counteracted. Orbiter Boom Sensor System – (OBSS), was a 50-foot (15... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - O | 291 | 1,295 | null |
Section: P. Parallel axis theorem – also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem, or just as Steiner's theorem, named after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner, can be used to determine the moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - P | 298 | 1,356 | null |
2-D body) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about the two axes at right angles to each other, in its own plane intersecting each other at the point where the perpendicular axis passes through it. Define perpendicular axes x {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - P | 226 | 855 | null |
Then the perpendicular axis theorem states that I z = I x + I y {\displaystyle I_{z}=I_{x}+I_{y}} This rule can be applied with the parallel axis theorem and the stretch rule to find polar moments of inertia for a variety of shapes. If a planar object (or prism, by the stretch rule) has rotational symmetry such that I ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - P | 308 | 1,210 | null |
Section: R. Radar – system using the reflection from transmitted electromagnetic waves to detect the distance and rough shape of an object, working even in outer space, unlike sonar Radio direction finder – Railgun – Ram accelerator – Ramjet – Rate of climb – RCS (Reaction control system) – set of rocket thrusters used... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - R | 250 | 1,140 | null |
Schlieren – Schlieren photography – Scramjet – Second moment of area – Shock wave – SI – Single point of failure – Single-stage-to-orbit – spacecraft able to fly from a celestial body (usually the Earth or the Moon)'s surface to its orbit without using external boosters Skyhook (structure) – Slew – Stream function – St... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - S | 350 | 1,658 | null |
Section: T. Tait–Bryan rotations – Temperature – Terminal velocity – is the maximum velocity (speed) attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most common example). It occurs when the sum of the drag force (Fd) and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity (FG) acting on the object. S... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - T | 339 | 1,281 | null |
Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta x\,} is the object's change in position along the x axis, also called displacement. This equation is valid along any axis on which the acceleration is constant. Total air temperature – In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - T | 294 | 1,453 | null |
Section: V. V-2 rocket – The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, "Retribution Weapon 2"), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "vengeance weapo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - V | 317 | 1,464 | null |
Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed, being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI (metric system) as metres per second (m/s or m⋅s−1). For example, "5 metres per second" is a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - V | 304 | 1,323 | null |
Section: W. Wave drag – In aeronautics, wave drag is a component of the aerodynamic drag on aircraft wings and fuselage, propeller blade tips and projectiles moving at transonic and supersonic speeds, due to the presence of shock waves. Wave drag is independent of viscous effects, and tends to present itself as a sudde... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - W | 345 | 1,770 | null |
Wing – is a type of fin that produces lift while moving through air or some other fluid. Accordingly, wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering - W | 256 | 1,228 | null |
Article: Health systems engineering. Health systems engineering or health engineering (often known as health care systems engineering (HCSE)) is an academic and a pragmatic discipline that approaches the health care industry, and other industries connected with health care delivery, as complex adaptive systems, and ide... | Wikipedia - Health systems engineering - Summary | 279 | 1,611 | null |
Section: Overview. Almost all engineering disciplines (e.g., biomedical, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, environmental, industrial, information, materials, mechanical, software, and systems engineering) have made significant contributions and brought about advances in healthcare. Contributions have also been mad... | Wikipedia - Healthcare engineering - Overview | 263 | 1,517 | null |
Section: History. The American Society of Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), established in 1962, was one of the first to publicize the term healthcare engineering. ASHE, as well as its many local affiliate societies, is devoted to the health care physical environment, including design, building, maintenance, and operation... | Wikipedia - Healthcare engineering - History | 291 | 1,648 | null |
Healthcare engineering was first defined in a white paper published in 2015 by Chyu and 40 co-authors who are active members of and contributors to the healthcare engineering community around the world. The white paper was reviewed by more than 280 reviewers, including members of US National Academy of Engineering, eng... | Wikipedia - Healthcare engineering - History | 327 | 1,977 | null |
Section: Education and training. Engineers from almost all engineering disciplines (such as biomedical, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, environmental, industrial, information, materials, mechanical, software, and systems engineering) are always in demand in healthcare. It is a common misconception that only engi... | Wikipedia - Healthcare engineering - Education and training | 172 | 990 | null |
Section: Ethics. Genetics is the study of genes and inherited traits and while the ongoing advancements in this field have resulted in the advancement of healthcare at multiple levels, ethical considerations have become increasingly crucial especially alongside. Genetic engineering has always been a topic of moral deba... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Ethics | 339 | 2,038 | null |
Confidentiality concerns not only work, health care, and insurance coverage, but a family's whole genetic test results can be impacted. Affected individuals may also have their parents, children, siblings, sisters, and even extended relatives if the condition is either genetically dominant or carried by them. Moreover,... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Ethics | 344 | 1,745 | null |
Therefore, it is crucial to examine these ethical concerns within the framework of NIPT adoption. Ethical issues related to gene therapy and human genetic enhancement concern the medical risks and benefits of the therapy, the duty to use the procedures to prevent suffering, reproductive freedom in genetic choices, and ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Ethics | 340 | 1,965 | null |
To be more specific, concerns exist regarding the capabilities and technological constraints of CRISPR technology. Furthermore, the long-term effects of the altered organisms and the possibility of the edited genes being passed down to succeeding generations and having unanticipated effects are two further issues to be... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Ethics | 346 | 1,980 | null |
The network is envisioned to focus on gathering information from dispersed sources, bringing to the fore perspectives that are often overlooked, and fostering exchange across disciplinary and cultural divides. The interventions aimed at enhancing human traits from a genetic perspective are emphasized as being contingen... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Ethics | 342 | 2,204 | null |
Section: Disease prevention. With the discovery of various types of immune-related disorders, there is a need for diversification in prevention and treatment. Developments in the field of gene therapy are being studied to be included in the scope of this treatment, but of course more research is needed to increase the ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 337 | 1,883 | null |
However, controlling the HIV epidemic and eliminating the stigma associated with the disease may not be possible only through a general AIDS awareness campaign. It is observed that HIV awareness, especially among individuals in low socio-economic regions, is considerably lower than the general population. Although ther... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 345 | 1,974 | null |
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common one of these diseases and it affects millions of people worldwide. The CRISPR-Cas9 techniques can be used to prevent the Alzheimer's disease. For example, it has a potential to correct the autosomal dominant mutaitons, problematic neurons, restoring the associated electroph... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 303 | 1,491 | null |
These genetic flaws and diseases can significantly impact the body's ability to mount an effective immune response, leaving individuals vulnerable to a wide array of pathogens. However, advancements in gene therapy research and development have shown promising potential in addressing these genetic deficiencies however ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 342 | 1,732 | null |
Despite existing evidence of CRISPR technology, advancements in the field persist in reducing limitations. Researchers developed a new, gentle gene editing method for embryos using nanoparticles and peptide nucleic acids. Delivering editing tools without harsh injections, the method successfully corrected genes in mice... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 347 | 1,976 | null |
However, the ethical dimensions of genetic manipulation cannot be overstated. Striking a delicate balance between scientific progress and ethical considerations is imperative. Robust regulatory frameworks and transparent guidelines are crucial to ensuring that genetic human enhancement is utilized responsibly, avoiding... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease prevention | 196 | 1,173 | null |
Section: Disease treatment > Gene therapy. Modification of human genes in order to treat genetic diseases is referred to as gene therapy. Gene therapy is a medical procedure that involves inserting genetic material into a patient's cells to repair or fix a malfunctioning gene in order to treat hereditary illnesses. Bet... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease treatment > Gene therapy | 270 | 1,232 | null |
Section: Disease treatment > CRISPR/Cas9. Many diseases are complex and cannot be effectively treated by simple coding sequence-targeting strategies. CRISPR/Cas9 is one technology that targets double strand breaks in the human genome, modifying genes and providing a quick way to treat genetic disorders. Gene treatment ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease treatment > CRISPR/Cas9 | 328 | 1,772 | null |
Unintentional genetic changes resulting from off-target modifications may have unanticipated effects or difficulties. Using enhanced guide RNA designs, updated Cas proteins, and cutting-edge bioinformatics tools, researchers are actively attempting to improve the specificity and reduce off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease treatment > CRISPR/Cas9 | 347 | 1,825 | null |
Between 1989 and December 2018, more than 2,900 clinical trials of gene therapies were conducted, with over half of them reaching the phase I stage. Over the years, several gene therapy-based drugs have been developed and made available to the public, marking important milestones in the treatment of genetic disorders. ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Disease treatment > CRISPR/Cas9 | 348 | 1,740 | null |
Section: Gene doping. Athletes might adopt gene therapy technologies to improve their performance. Gene doping is not known to occur, but multiple gene therapies may have such effects. Kayser et al. argue that gene doping could level the playing field if all athletes receive equal access. Critics claim that any therape... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Gene doping | 301 | 1,608 | null |
Additionally, the paper delves into health concerns that may arise as a consequence of the utilization of gene doping solely for the purpose of enhancing sports performance. The misuse of gene doping to enhance athletic performance constitutes an unethical practice and entails significant health risks, including but no... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Gene doping | 333 | 1,738 | null |
Although in its early years the technology used wasn’t reliable, more extensive research has been done for better techniques to uncover gene doping instances that have been more successful. In the beginning, scientist resorted to techniques such as PCR in its various forms. This was not successful due to the fact that ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Gene doping | 346 | 1,741 | null |
Even when used in a therapeutic manner, gene therapy poses many risks due to its unpredictability among other reasons. Factors other than health issues have raised ethical questions as well. These are mostly concerned with the hereditary factor of these therapies, where gene editing in some cases can be transmitted to ... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Gene doping | 346 | 1,840 | null |
Section: Other uses > Physical appearance. The exploration of challenges in understanding the effects of gene alterations on phenotypes, particularly within natural genetic diversity, is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the potential of systems biology and advancements in genotyping/phenotyping technologies for study... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Physical appearance | 272 | 1,451 | null |
Section: Other uses > Behavior. Significant quantitative genetic discoveries were made in the 1970s and 1980s, going beyond estimating heritability. However, issues such as The Bell Curve resurfaced, and by the 1990s, scientists recognized the importance of genetics for behavioral traits such as intelligence. The Ameri... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Behavior | 349 | 1,723 | null |
OXTR, CD38, COMT, DRD4, DRD5, IGF2, GABRB2) There has been a great anticipation of gene editing technology to modify genes and regulate our biology since the invention of recombinant DNA technology. These expectations, however, have mostly gone unmet. Evaluation of the appropriate uses of germline interventions in repr... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Behavior | 339 | 1,663 | null |
The emergence of sophisticated technologies that allow for site-specific alteration with programmable nucleases has greatly revitalized the area of gene therapy. There is some research going on on the hypothetical treatment of psychiatric disorders by means of gene therapy. It is assumed that, with gene-transfer techni... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Behavior | 343 | 1,690 | null |
cognitive) level. Similarly, the intracerebral gene transfer of ECE (endothelin-converting enzyme) via a virus vector stereotactically injected in the right anterior cortex and hippocampus, has also shown to reduce Aβ deposits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzeimer's dementia. There is also research going on on genoec... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Behavior | 341 | 1,607 | null |
Section: Other uses > Military. In December 2020, then-Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe said in an editorial for The Wall Street Journal that US intelligence shows China had conducted human testing on People's Liberation Army soldiers with the aim of creating "biologically enhanced" soldiers. In 2022, t... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Military | 348 | 1,992 | null |
These initiatives underscore the broader exploration of genetic and molecular interventions to enhance military capabilities and protect personnel from various threats. In the realm of bioenhancement, concerns have been raised about the use of dietary supplements and other biomedical enhancements by military personnel.... | Wikipedia - Human genetic enhancement - Other uses > Military | 256 | 1,408 | null |
Article: Industrial and production engineering. Industrial and production engineering (IPE) is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. It is concerned with the understa... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Summary | 348 | 2,076 | null |
As for education, undergraduates normally start off by taking courses such as physics, mathematics (calculus, linear analysis, differential equations), computer science, and chemistry. Undergraduates will take more major specific courses like production and inventory scheduling, process management, CAD/CAM manufacturin... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Summary | 170 | 962 | null |
Section: History > Specialization of labor. Adam Smith's concepts of division of labour and the "invisible hand" of capitalism introduced in his treatise "The Wealth of Nations" motivated many of the technological innovators of the Industrial Revolution to establish and implement factory systems. The efforts of James W... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - History > Specialization of labor | 189 | 1,059 | null |
Section: History > Modern development > Industrial engineering. In 1960 to 1975, with the development of decision support systems in supply such as the Material requirements planning (MRP), people can emphasize the timing issue (inventory, production, compounding, transportation, etc.) of industrial organization. Israe... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - History > Modern development > Industrial engineering | 208 | 1,113 | null |
Section: History > Modern development > Manufacturing (production) engineering. Modern manufacturing engineering studies include all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components.Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term "fabrication" for ... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - History > Modern development > Manufacturing (production) engineering | 313 | 1,786 | null |
Section: Overview > Industrial engineering. Industrial engineering is the branch of engineering that involves figuring out how to make or do things better. Industrial engineers are concerned with reducing production costs, increasing efficiency, improving the quality of products and services, ensuring worker health and... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Overview > Industrial engineering | 340 | 2,080 | null |
Quality engineering: a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers. Project management: is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goa... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Overview > Industrial engineering | 329 | 1,976 | null |
Logistics: the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations. Accounting: the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities Capital projects: the management of activit... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Overview > Industrial engineering | 322 | 1,897 | null |
Section: Overview > Manufacturing (production) engineering. Manufacturing Engineering is based on core industrial engineering and mechanical engineering skills, adding important elements from mechatronics, commerce, economics and business management. This field also deals with the integration of different facilities an... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Overview > Manufacturing (production) engineering | 300 | 1,823 | null |
Section: Education > Industrial engineering > Undergraduate curriculum. In the United States the undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or Bachelor of Science and Engineering (B.S.E.) in Industrial Engineering (IE). Variations of the title include Industrial & Operations Engineering (IOE), and In... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Education > Industrial engineering > Undergraduate curriculum | 324 | 1,799 | null |
Section: Education > Manufacturing (production) engineering > Degree certification programs. Manufacturing engineers possess an associate's or bachelor's degree in engineering with a major in manufacturing engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually two to five years followed by five more years of pro... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Education > Manufacturing (production) engineering > Degree certification programs | 323 | 1,708 | null |
Section: Manufacturing engineering certification > Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) certifications (USA) > Certified manufacturing engineer. Certified Manufacturing Engineer (CMfgE) is an engineering qualification administered by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan, USA. Candidates qualif... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Manufacturing engineering certification > Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) certifications (USA) > Certified manufacturing engineer | 150 | 795 | null |
Section: Research > Production (manufacturing) engineering > Flexible manufacturing systems. A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react to changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. This flexibility is generally considered... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Research > Production (manufacturing) engineering > Flexible manufacturing systems | 256 | 1,338 | null |
Section: Research > Production (manufacturing) engineering > Friction stir welding. Friction stir welding was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins previously un-weldable materials, including several aluminum alloys. It may play an important... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Research > Production (manufacturing) engineering > Friction stir welding | 155 | 824 | null |
Section: Employment > Industrial engineering. The total number of engineers employed in the US in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 272,470 were industrial engineers (16.92%), the third most popular engineering specialty. The median salaries by experience level are $62,000 with 0–5 years experience, $75,000 with ... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Employment > Industrial engineering | 185 | 788 | null |
Section: Employment > Production (manufacturing) engineering. Manufacturing engineering is just one facet of the engineering industry. Manufacturing engineers enjoy improving the production process from start to finish. They have the ability to keep the whole production process in mind as they focus on a particular por... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering - Employment > Production (manufacturing) engineering | 169 | 974 | null |
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