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Section: History > Civil engineering as a discipline. Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - History > Civil engineering as a discipline | 255 | 1,372 | null |
Section: History > Civil engineering profession. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley civilization, and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when humans started to a... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - History > Civil engineering profession | 329 | 1,678 | null |
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. In 1747, the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, was established in France; and more examples followed in other European coun... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - History > Civil engineering profession | 326 | 1,631 | null |
Section: History > Civil engineering education. The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was Norwich University, founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - History > Civil engineering education | 192 | 1,032 | null |
Section: Practicing engineers. In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification, and a professional body certifies the degree program. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements including work experienc... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Practicing engineers | 321 | 1,800 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Environmental engineering. Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engi... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Environmental engineering | 151 | 1,004 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Forensic engineering. Forensic engineering is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. The consequences of failure are dealt with by the law of product liability. The ... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Forensic engineering | 152 | 852 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Geotechnical engineering. Geotechnical engineering studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field of soil science, materials science, mechanics, and hydraulics is applied to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and other structures... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Geotechnical engineering | 187 | 1,124 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Structural engineering. Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers (overpasses), tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, aerostructure and other structures. This involves identifying ... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Structural engineering | 255 | 1,378 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Surveying. Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment such as levels and theodolites are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With compute... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Surveying | 275 | 1,541 | null |
Land surveyors are not considered to be engineers, and have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. The services of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary surveys (to establish the boundaries of a parcel using its legal description) and subdivision plans (a plot or map base... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Surveying | 236 | 1,348 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines > Municipal or urban engineering. Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depot... | Wikipedia - Civil engineering - Sub-disciplines > Municipal or urban engineering | 217 | 1,219 | null |
Article: Computer engineering. Computer engineering (CE, CoE, or CpE) is a branch of engineering specialized in developing computer hardware and software. It integrates several fields of electrical engineering, electronics engineering and computer science. Computer engineering is referred to as electrical and computer ... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - Summary | 333 | 1,926 | null |
Section: History. Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Cli... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - History | 318 | 1,496 | null |
Section: History > History of computer engineering education. The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. As of 2015, there were 250 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S. In Europe, accreditation of... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - History > History of computer engineering education | 161 | 940 | null |
Section: Education. Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as ... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - Education | 236 | 1,365 | null |
Section: Applications and practice > Computer hardware engineering. According to the United States BLS, job outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100 jobs. ("Slower than average" in their... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - Applications and practice > Computer hardware engineering | 169 | 789 | null |
Section: Applications and practice > Computer software engineering. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - Applications and practice > Computer software engineering | 309 | 1,462 | null |
Section: Benefits of Engineering in Society. An accessible avenue for obtaining information and opportunities in technology, especially for young students, is through digital platforms, enabling learning, exploration, and potential income generation at minimal cost and in regional languages, none of which would be poss... | Wikipedia - Computer engineering - Benefits of Engineering in Society | 244 | 1,365 | null |
Section: Network infrastructure design > Physical infrastructure > Wireless networks. In addition to wired connections, wireless networks have become a common component of physical infrastructure. These networks facilitate communication between devices without the need for physical cables, providing flexibility and mob... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - Network infrastructure design > Physical infrastructure > Wireless networks | 339 | 1,845 | null |
Section: Network infrastructure design > Logical topology. Beyond the physical infrastructure, a network must be organized logically, which defines how data is routed between devices. Various topologies, such as star, mesh, and hierarchical designs, are employed depending on the network’s requirements. In a star topolo... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - Network infrastructure design > Logical topology | 161 | 889 | null |
Section: Network protocols and communication standards. Communication protocols dictate how data in a network is transmitted, routed, and delivered. Depending on the goals of the specific network, protocols are selected to ensure that the network functions efficiently and securely. The Transmission Control Protocol/Int... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - Network protocols and communication standards | 307 | 1,612 | null |
Section: Network security. As networks have become essential for business operations and personal communication, the demand for robust security measures has increased. Network security is a critical component of computer network engineering, concentrating on the protection of networks against unauthorized access, data ... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - Network security | 338 | 1,955 | null |
Section: Emerging trends. Network engineering is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology and new demands for connectivity. One trend is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into network management. AI-powered tools are increasingly used for network automation and opti... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - Emerging trends | 258 | 1,412 | null |
Section: IoT. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a central theme discussed in this review paper. It represents a comprehensive framework addressing various challenges associated with connecting the internet and the physical world. Currently, the internet plays a vital role in daily life, significantly transforming human e... | Wikipedia - Computer network engineering - IoT | 226 | 1,298 | null |
Section: Overview. Following alongside the consistent improvement in computer graphics and speed, computer aid assists engineers with once complicated and time consuming tasks with the input of information and a press of a button. It includes finite element method or analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), ... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided engineering - Overview | 209 | 1,065 | null |
Section: CAE fields and phases. CAE areas covered include: Stress analysis on components and assemblies using finite element analysis (FEA); Thermal and fluid flow analysis computational fluid dynamics (CFD); Multibody dynamics (MBD) and kinematics; Analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as casting, ... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided engineering - CAE fields and phases | 178 | 870 | null |
Section: CAE in the automotive industry. CAE tools are widely used in the automotive industry. Their use has enabled automakers to reduce product development costs and time while improving the safety, comfort, and durability of the vehicles they produce. The predictive capability of CAE tools has progressed to the poin... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided engineering - CAE in the automotive industry | 159 | 817 | null |
Section: The future of CAE in the product development process. Even though CAE has built a strong reputation as a verification, troubleshooting and analysis tool, there is still a perception that sufficiently accurate results come rather late in the design cycle to really drive the design. This can be expected to becom... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided engineering - The future of CAE in the product development process | 272 | 1,531 | null |
Section: CAPE and the Future of Manufacturing. The future of manufacturing will be determined by the efficiency with which it can incorporate new technologies. The current process in engineering manufacturing systems is often ad hoc, with computerized tools being used on a limited basis. Given the costs and resources i... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - CAPE and the Future of Manufacturing | 332 | 2,023 | null |
The environment should be designed to help engineers become more productive and effective in their work. This would be implemented on personal computers or engineering workstations which have been configured with appropriate peripheral devices. Engineering tool developers will have to integrate the functions and data u... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - CAPE and the Future of Manufacturing | 167 | 1,034 | null |
Section: What CAPE will look like. CAPE will be based on computer systems that provide an integrated set of design and engineering tools. These software tools will be used by a company's manufacturing engineers to continuously improve its production systems. They will maintain information about manufacturing resources,... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - What CAPE will look like | 310 | 1,873 | null |
This data must be maintained in a format that is accessible and usable by the engineering tools. Some examples of the information that might be contained in these electronic libraries include: production process models and data and generic manufacturing systems configurations; machinery and equipment specifications, an... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - What CAPE will look like | 267 | 1,456 | null |
Section: Technical Concerns. Many technical issues must be considered in the design and development of new engineering tools for CAPE. These issues include: required functionality of the tools themselves; formalization and refinement of engineering methods; development of on-line technical reference libraries, and user... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - Technical Concerns | 333 | 1,981 | null |
Section: CAPE's current state. An initial CAPE environment has been established from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software packages. This new environment is being used to demonstrate commercially available tools to perform CAPE functions, to develop a better understanding and define functional requirements for indiv... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering - CAPE's current state | 203 | 1,228 | null |
Article: Construction engineering. Construction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities,... | Wikipedia - Construction engineering - Summary | 199 | 1,214 | null |
Section: Work activities. Being a sub-discipline of civil engineering, construction engineers apply their knowledge and business, technical and management skills obtained from their undergraduate degree to oversee projects that include bridges, buildings and housing projects. Construction engineers are heavily involved... | Wikipedia - Construction engineering - Work activities | 275 | 1,533 | null |
Section: Educational requirements. Individuals looking to obtain a construction engineering degree must first ensure that the program is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). ABET accreditation is assurance that a college or university program meets the quality standards establish... | Wikipedia - Construction engineering - Educational requirements | 188 | 1,155 | null |
Section: Job prospects. Job prospects for construction engineers generally have a strong cyclical variation. For example, starting in 2008 and continuing until at least 2011, job prospects have been poor due to the collapse of housing bubbles in many parts of the world. This sharply reduced demand for construction, for... | Wikipedia - Construction engineering - Job prospects | 181 | 1,072 | null |
Article: Control engineering. Control engineering, also known as control systems engineering and, in some European countries, automation engineering, is an engineering discipline that deals with control systems, applying control theory to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments. The ... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - Summary | 164 | 1,043 | null |
Section: Overview. Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of control theory. Control engineering plays an essential role in a wide ran... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - Overview | 320 | 1,857 | null |
Section: History. Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient Ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria, Egypt, around the third century BCE. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the wa... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - History | 348 | 1,871 | null |
New mathematical techniques, as well as advances in electronic and computer technologies, made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by p... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - History | 243 | 1,497 | null |
Section: Education. At many universities around the world, control engineering courses are taught primarily in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, but some courses can be instructed in mechatronics engineering, and aerospace engineering. In others, control engineering is connected to computer science, as... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - Education | 319 | 1,953 | null |
Section: Careers. A control engineer's career starts with a bachelor's degree and can continue through the college process. Control engineer degrees are typically paired with an electrical or mechanical engineering degree, but can also be paired with a degree in chemical engineering. According to a Control Engineering ... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - Careers | 318 | 1,774 | null |
Section: Recent advancement. Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a computer cloc... | Wikipedia - Control engineering - Recent advancement | 312 | 1,824 | null |
Article: Corrosion engineering. Corrosion engineering is an engineering specialty that applies scientific, technical, engineering skills, and knowledge of natural laws and physical resources to design and implement materials, structures, devices, systems, and procedures to manage corrosion. From a holistic perspective,... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Summary | 177 | 960 | null |
Section: General background. Generally related to metallurgy or materials science, corrosion engineering also relates to non-metallics including ceramics, cement, composite material, and conductive materials such as carbon and graphite. Corrosion engineers often manage other not-strictly-corrosion processes including (... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - General background | 180 | 1,020 | null |
Section: Corrosion costs. In the year 1995, it was reported that the costs of corrosion nationwide in the USA were nearly $300 billion per year. This confirmed earlier reports of damage to the world economy caused by corrosion. Zaki Ahmad, in his book Principles of corrosion engineering and corrosion control, states th... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Corrosion costs | 297 | 1,660 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations. Corrosion engineers and consultants tend to specialize in Internal or External corrosion scenarios. In both, they may provide corrosion control recommendations, failure analysis investigations, sell corrosion control products, or provide installation or design of corrosion contro... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations | 179 | 1,002 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Underground soil side corrosion. Underground corrosion control engineers collect soil samples to test soil chemistry for corrosive factors such as pH, minimum soil resistivity, chlorides, sulfates, ammonia, nitrates, sulfide, and redox potential. They collec... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Underground soil side corrosion | 323 | 1,615 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Atmospheric corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion generally refers to general corrosion in a non-specific environment. Prevention of atmospheric corrosion is typically handled by use of materials selection and coatings specifications. The use of zinc coatings als... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Atmospheric corrosion | 191 | 988 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Splash zone and water spray corrosion. The usual definition of a splash zone is the area just above and just below the average water level of a body of water. It also includes areas that may be subject to water spray and mist. A significant amount of corrosi... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Splash zone and water spray corrosion | 303 | 1,552 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal (more active one) corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another dissimilar metal, in the presence of an electro... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Galvanic corrosion | 154 | 733 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Stress corrosion cracking. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the growth of a crack in a corrosive environment. It requires three conditions to take place: 1)corrosive environment 2)stress 3)susceptible material. SCC can lead to unexpected sudden and hence c... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > External corrosion > Stress corrosion cracking | 166 | 833 | null |
Section: Types of corrosion situations > Internal corrosion. Internal corrosion is occasioned by the combined effects and severity of four modes of material deterioration, namely: general corrosion, pitting corrosion, microbial corrosion, and fluid corrosivity. The same principals of external corrosion control can be a... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Types of corrosion situations > Internal corrosion | 244 | 1,287 | null |
Section: Good design to prevent corrosion situations. Corrosion engineering involves good design. Using a rounded edge rather than an acute edge reduces corrosion. Also not coupling by welding or other joining method, two dissimilar metals to avoid galvanic corrosion is best practice. Avoiding having a small anode (or ... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Good design to prevent corrosion situations | 152 | 758 | null |
Section: Material selection to prevent corrosion situations. Correct selection of the material by the design engineer affects the design life of a structure or pipeline which is very relevant in the Oil and Gas Industry. Sometimes stainless steel is not the correct choice and carbon steel would be better. There is a mi... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Material selection to prevent corrosion situations | 159 | 803 | null |
Section: Use of coatings to prevent corrosion. A coating or paint is usually a fluid applied covering applied to a surface in contact with a corrosive situation such as the atmosphere. The surface is usually called the substrate. In corrosion prevention applications the purpose of applying the coating is mainly functio... | Wikipedia - Corrosion engineering - Use of coatings to prevent corrosion | 191 | 1,049 | null |
Article: Cost engineering. Cost engineering is "the engineering practice devoted to the management of project cost, involving such activities as estimating, cost control, cost forecasting, investment appraisal and risk analysis". "Cost Engineers budget, plan and monitor investment projects. They seek the optimum balanc... | Wikipedia - Cost engineering - Summary | 177 | 976 | null |
Section: Overview. One key objective of cost engineering is to arrive at accurate cost estimates and schedules, and to avoid cost overruns and schedule slips. Cost engineering goes beyond preparing cost estimates and schedules by helping manage resources and supporting assessment and decision-making. "The discipline of... | Wikipedia - Cost engineering - Overview | 344 | 1,940 | null |
Associations, considered non-profit organizations--one example, is AACE International "is dedicated to the tenets of furthering the concepts of Total Cost Management and Cost Engineering. Total Cost Management is the effective application of professional and technical expertise to plan and control resources, costs, pro... | Wikipedia - Cost engineering - Overview | 221 | 1,276 | null |
Section: Cost Engineering Techniques. Cost engineers use software and other industry tools and resources to collect, analyze, and share cost data. Tools aside, choosing the appropriate cost engineering technique is critical. Techniques and methodologies can vary depending on several factors, including: The scope and co... | Wikipedia - Cost engineering - Cost Engineering Techniques | 193 | 1,206 | null |
Section: Professional titles or positions in cost engineering. "Cost engineering practitioners tend to be: a) specialized in function (e.g., cost estimating, planning and scheduling, etc.); b) focused on either the asset management or project control side of the TCM process; and c) focused on a particular industry (e.g... | Wikipedia - Cost engineering - Professional titles or positions in cost engineering | 158 | 734 | null |
Section: History. Cybersecurity engineering began to take shape as a distinct field in the 1970s, coinciding with the growth of computer networks and the Internet. Initially, security efforts focused on physical protection, such as safeguarding mainframes and limiting access to sensitive areas. However, as systems beca... | Wikipedia - Cybersecurity engineering - History | 156 | 810 | null |
Section: Core principles. Cybersecurity engineering is underpinned by several essential principles that are integral to creating resilient systems capable of withstanding and responding to cyber threats. Risk management: involves identifying, assessing, and prioritizing potential risks to inform security decisions. By ... | Wikipedia - Cybersecurity engineering - Core principles | 233 | 1,395 | null |
Section: Key areas of focus. Cybersecurity engineering works on several key areas. They start with secure architecture, designing systems and networks that integrate robust security features from the ground up. This proactive approach helps mitigate risks associated with cyber threats. During the design phase, engineer... | Wikipedia - Cybersecurity engineering - Key areas of focus | 222 | 1,296 | null |
Section: Standards and regulations. Various countries establish legislative frameworks that define requirements for the protection of personal data and information security across different sectors. In the United States, specific regulations play a critical role in safeguarding sensitive information. The Health Insuran... | Wikipedia - Cybersecurity engineering - Standards and regulations | 217 | 1,368 | null |
Section: Education. A career in cybersecurity engineering typically requires a strong educational foundation in information technology or a related field. Many professionals pursue a bachelor's degree in cybersecurity or computer engineering which covers essential topics such as network security, cryptography, and risk... | Wikipedia - Cybersecurity engineering - Education | 232 | 1,354 | null |
Section: History. Around the 1970s/1980s the term information engineering methodology (IEM) was created to describe database design and the use of software for data analysis and processing. These techniques were intended to be used by database administrators (DBAs) and by systems analysts based upon an understanding of... | Wikipedia - Data engineering - History | 345 | 1,753 | null |
In the early 2010s, with the rise of the internet, the massive increase in data volumes, velocity, and variety led to the term big data to describe the data itself, and data-driven tech companies like Facebook and Airbnb started using the phrase data engineer. Due to the new scale of the data, major firms like Google, ... | Wikipedia - Data engineering - History | 168 | 838 | null |
Article: Design. A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developi... | Wikipedia - Design - Summary | 159 | 860 | null |
Section: Designing. People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a fashion designer, a product designer,... | Wikipedia - Design - Designing | 261 | 1,402 | null |
Section: Design education. In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's Government School of Design (1837), and Konstfack in Sweden (1844). The Rhode Island School ... | Wikipedia - Design - Design education | 240 | 1,281 | null |
Section: Design process. Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs. Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but d... | Wikipedia - Design - Design process | 196 | 955 | null |
Section: Design process > Rational model. The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon, an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz. It posits that: Designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives. The de... | Wikipedia - Design - Design process > Rational model | 304 | 1,739 | null |
Section: Design process > Action-centric model. The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model. It posits that: Designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates. The design process is improvised. No universal seque... | Wikipedia - Design - Design process > Action-centric model | 319 | 1,640 | null |
Section: Philosophies > Approaches to design. Some of these values and approaches include: Critical design uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction. Ecolog... | Wikipedia - Design - Philosophies > Approaches to design | 325 | 1,728 | null |
Service design is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies an... | Wikipedia - Design - Philosophies > Approaches to design | 191 | 1,033 | null |
Article: Detailed engineering. Detailed engineering are studies which creates a full definition of every aspect of a project development. It includes all the studies to be performed before project construction starts. Detail engineering studies are a key component for every project development across mining, infrastruc... | Wikipedia - Detailed engineering - Summary | 281 | 1,521 | null |
Section: History > 1950s–1960s. In the late 1950s, Hans Laube invented the Smell-O-Vision, a system which released scents during a film so that the viewer could "smell" what was happening in the film. The Smell-O-Vision faced competition with AromaRama, a similar system invented by Charles Weiss that emitted scents thr... | Wikipedia - Digital scent technology - History > 1950s–1960s | 236 | 1,135 | null |
Section: History > 1990s–2000s. In 1999, DigiScents developed a computer peripheral device called iSmell, which was designed to emit a smell when a user visited a web site or opened an email. The device contained a cartridge with 128 "primary odors", which could be mixed to replicate natural and man-made odors. DigiSce... | Wikipedia - Digital scent technology - History > 1990s–2000s | 344 | 1,612 | null |
Section: History > 2010s. During ThinkNext 2010, the Israeli company Scentcom featured a demo of its scent-generating device. In June 2011, a press release from the University of California, San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering announced a paper published in Angewandte Chemie describing an optimization and miniaturiz... | Wikipedia - Digital scent technology - History > 2010s | 350 | 1,717 | null |
Section: History > 2020s. In 2020 OVR Technology introduced their Architecture of Scent Platform. Which includes the ION Scent Device which attaches to an AR or VR Headset, a software suite including a plug-in for content developers to add scent triggers and geometries to virtual reality objects, and their in-house dev... | Wikipedia - Digital scent technology - History > 2020s | 176 | 911 | null |
Section: Definition. Earthquake engineering is a scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the man-made environment from earthquakes by limiting the seismic risk to socio-economically acceptable levels. Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of st... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Definition | 185 | 1,122 | null |
Section: Seismic performance > Seismic performance assessment > Analytical/Numerical assessment. Seismic performance assessment or seismic structural analysis is a powerful tool of earthquake engineering which utilizes detailed modelling of the structure together with methods of structural analysis to gain a better und... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic performance > Seismic performance assessment > Analytical/Numerical assessment | 346 | 2,007 | null |
Thus created models are analyzed to evaluate the performance of buildings. The capabilities of the structural analysis software are a major consideration in the above process as they restrict the possible component models, the analysis methods available and, most importantly, the numerical robustness. The latter become... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic performance > Seismic performance assessment > Analytical/Numerical assessment | 194 | 976 | null |
Section: Research for earthquake engineering. Research for earthquake engineering means both field and analytical investigation or experimentation intended for discovery and scientific explanation of earthquake engineering related facts, revision of conventional concepts in the light of new findings, and practical appl... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Research for earthquake engineering | 169 | 1,084 | null |
Section: Research for earthquake engineering > Major U.S. research programs. NSF also supports the George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation The NSF Hazard Mitigation and Structural Engineering program (HMSE) supports research on new technologies for improving the behaviour and response of struc... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Research for earthquake engineering > Major U.S. research programs | 340 | 1,997 | null |
The NEES website is powered by HUBzero software developed at Purdue University for nanoHUB specifically to help the scientific community share resources and collaborate. The cyberinfrastructure, connected via Internet2, provides interactive simulation tools, a simulation tool development area, a curated central data re... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Research for earthquake engineering > Major U.S. research programs | 205 | 1,241 | null |
Section: Research for earthquake engineering > Earthquake simulation. The very first earthquake simulations were performed by statically applying some horizontal inertia forces based on scaled peak ground accelerations to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies, st... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Research for earthquake engineering > Earthquake simulation | 182 | 1,036 | null |
Section: Research for earthquake engineering > Structure simulation. Theoretical or experimental evaluation of anticipated seismic performance mostly requires a structure simulation which is based on the concept of structural likeness or similarity. Similarity is some degree of analogy or resemblance between two or mor... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Research for earthquake engineering > Structure simulation | 180 | 1,004 | null |
Section: Seismic vibration control. Seismic vibration control is a set of technical means aimed to mitigate seismic impacts in building and non-building structures. All seismic vibration control devices may be classified as passive, active or hybrid where: passive control devices have no feedback capability between the... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic vibration control | 327 | 1,769 | null |
Section: Seismic vibration control > Dry-stone walls in Peru. Peru is a highly seismic land; for centuries the dry-stone construction proved to be more earthquake-resistant than using mortar. People of Inca civilization were masters of the polished 'dry-stone walls', called ashlar, where blocks of stone were cut to fit... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic vibration control > Dry-stone walls in Peru | 167 | 808 | null |
Section: Seismic vibration control > Hysteretic dampers. A hysteretic damper is intended to provide better and more reliable seismic performance than that of a conventional structure by increasing the dissipation of seismic input energy. There are five major groups of hysteretic dampers used for the purpose, namely: Fl... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic vibration control > Hysteretic dampers | 330 | 1,594 | null |
Section: Seismic vibration control > Base isolation. Base isolation seeks to prevent the kinetic energy of the earthquake from being transferred into elastic energy in the building. These technologies do so by isolating the structure from the ground, thus enabling them to move somewhat independently. The degree to whic... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic vibration control > Base isolation | 309 | 1,582 | null |
Both are in Wellington which sits on an active fault. Springs-with-damper base isolator Springs-with-damper base isolator installed under a three-story town-house, Santa Monica, California is shown on the photo taken prior to the 1994 Northridge earthquake exposure. It is a base isolation device conceptually similar to... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic vibration control > Base isolation | 292 | 1,505 | null |
Section: Seismic design. Seismic design is based on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are only consistent with the contemporary state of the knowledge about earthquake engineering structures. Therefore, a buil... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic design | 293 | 1,788 | null |
Section: Seismic design > Seismic design requirements. Seismic design requirements depend on the type of the structure, locality of the project and its authorities which stipulate applicable seismic design codes and criteria. For instance, California Department of Transportation's requirements called The Seismic Design... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic design > Seismic design requirements | 342 | 1,984 | null |
Section: Seismic design > Failure modes. Failure mode is the manner by which an earthquake induced failure is observed. It, generally, describes the way the failure occurs. Though costly and time-consuming, learning from each real earthquake failure remains a routine recipe for advancement in seismic design methods. Be... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic design > Failure modes | 345 | 1,831 | null |
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