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Landslide rock fall. A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, including rock falls. Typically, the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur though in this case there was another contributing factor which affected the original slope stability: ... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic design > Failure modes | 340 | 1,886 | null |
If a superstructure is not mounted on a base isolation system, its shifting on the basement should be prevented. Reinforced concrete column burst at Northridge earthquake due to insufficient shear reinforcement mode which allows main reinforcement to buckle outwards. The deck unseated at the hinge and failed in shear. ... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Seismic design > Failure modes | 309 | 1,560 | null |
Section: Earthquake-resistant construction. Earthquake construction means implementation of seismic design to enable building and non-building structures to live through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with the applicable building codes. Design and construction are intimatel... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Earthquake-resistant construction | 269 | 1,579 | null |
Section: Earthquake-resistant construction > Limestone and sandstone structures. Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in North America and Europe. Many landmarks across the world are made of limestone. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone and sandstone masonry. They are the... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Earthquake-resistant construction > Limestone and sandstone structures | 157 | 898 | null |
Section: Earthquake-resistant construction > Reinforced concrete structures. Reinforced concrete is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. It can be used to produce beams, columns, floors or bridges. Prestressed conc... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Earthquake-resistant construction > Reinforced concrete structures | 209 | 1,120 | null |
Section: Earthquake-resistant construction > Prestressed structures. Prestressed structure is the one whose overall integrity, stability and security depend, primarily, on a prestressing. Prestressing means the intentional creation of permanent stresses in a structure for the purpose of improving its performance under ... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Earthquake-resistant construction > Prestressed structures | 205 | 1,016 | null |
Section: Earthquake-resistant construction > Steel structures. Steel structures are considered mostly earthquake resistant but some failures have occurred. A great number of welded steel moment-resisting frame buildings, which looked earthquake-proof, surprisingly experienced brittle behavior and were hazardously damag... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Earthquake-resistant construction > Steel structures | 236 | 1,331 | null |
Section: Prediction of earthquake losses. Earthquake loss estimation is usually defined as a Damage Ratio (DR) which is a ratio of the earthquake damage repair cost to the total value of a building. Probable Maximum Loss (PML) is a common term used for earthquake loss estimation, but it lacks a precise definition. In 1... | Wikipedia - Earthquake engineering - Prediction of earthquake losses | 165 | 920 | null |
Section: Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications. Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine. Its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engine... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications | 289 | 1,599 | null |
defined ecological engineering as: 1) utilizing ecological science and theory; 2) applying to all types of ecosystems; 3) adapting engineering design methods; and 4) acknowledging a guiding value system. Barrett (1999) offers a more literal definition of the term: "the design, construction, operation and management (th... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications | 324 | 1,656 | null |
Implementation of ecological engineering has focused on the creation or restoration of ecosystems, from degraded wetlands to multi-celled tubs and greenhouses that integrate microbial, fish, and plant services to process human wastewater into products such as fertilizers, flowers, and drinking water. Applications of ec... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications | 169 | 992 | null |
Section: Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles. Ecological engineering design will combine systems ecology with the process of engineering design. Engineering design typically involves problem formulation (goal), problem analysis (constraints), alternative solutions search, decision among alterna... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles | 329 | 1,940 | null |
Mitsch and Jorgensen identified five Functional Classes for ecological engineering designs: Ecosystem utilized to reduce/solve pollution problem. Example: phytoremediation, wastewater wetland, and bioretention of stormwater to filter excess nutrients and metals pollution Ecosystem imitated or copied to address resource... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles | 204 | 1,117 | null |
Example: sustainable agro-ecosystems, multispecies aquaculture, and introducing agroforestry plots into residential property to generate primary production at multiple vertical levels. Mitsch and Jorgensen identified 19 Design Principles for ecological engineering, yet not all are expected to contribute to any single d... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles | 359 | 2,091 | null |
Mitsch and Jorgensen identified 19 Design Principles for ecological engineering, yet not all are expected to contribute to any single design: Ecosystem structure & function are determined by forcing functions of the system; Energy inputs to the ecosystems and available storage of the ecosystem is limited; Ecosystems ar... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles | 381 | 2,262 | null |
Section: Academic curriculum (colleges). An academic curriculum was proposed for ecological engineering in 2001. Key elements of the suggested curriculum are: environmental engineering; systems ecology; restoration ecology; ecological modeling; quantitative ecology; economics of ecological engineering, and technical el... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Academic curriculum (colleges) | 344 | 1,942 | null |
Section: Literature. Howard T. Odum (1963), "Man and Ecosystem" Proceedings, Lockwood Conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology, in: Bulletin Connecticut Agric. Station. W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen (1989). Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. W.J. Mitsch (1993)... | Wikipedia - Ecological engineering - Literature | 346 | 1,263 | null |
Article: Electrical engineering. Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems that use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the com... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Summary | 324 | 1,920 | null |
Section: History > 19th century. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify. Notable developments in this century include the work of Hans Christian Ørsted, who discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle; of William Sturgeon, who in ... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > 19th century | 336 | 1,748 | null |
Electrical telegraphy may be considered the first example of electrical engineering. Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created a global electric telegraph network, and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK and the US to su... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > 19th century | 312 | 1,749 | null |
The Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the world's first department of electrical engineering in 1882 and introduced the first-degree course in electrical engineering in 1883. The first electrical engineering degree program in the United States was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the phy... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > 19th century | 328 | 1,822 | null |
Alternating current, with its ability to transmit power more efficiently over long distances via the use of transformers, developed rapidly in the 1880s and 1890s with transformer designs by Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (later called ZBD transformers), Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs and William Stan... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > 19th century | 184 | 919 | null |
Section: History > Early 20th century. During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio technology and electronics. The mathematical work of James Clerk Maxwell during the 1850s had shown the relationship of different forms of electromagnetic radiation including the possibility of inv... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > Early 20th century | 340 | 1,728 | null |
John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode. In 1920, Albert Hull developed the magnetron which would eventually lead to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer. ... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > Early 20th century | 249 | 1,250 | null |
Section: History > Solid-state electronics. The first working transistor was a point-contact transistor invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1947. They then invented the bipolar junction transistor in 1948. While early junct... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > Solid-state electronics | 326 | 1,558 | null |
Since then, the MOSFET has been the basic building block of modern electronics. The mass-production of silicon MOSFETs and MOS integrated circuit chips, along with continuous MOSFET scaling miniaturization at an exponential pace (as predicted by Moore's law), has since led to revolutionary changes in technology, econom... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - History > Solid-state electronics | 253 | 1,172 | null |
Section: Subfields > Power and energy. Power & Energy engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high voltage engineering, and power electronics. In many regio... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Power and energy | 189 | 997 | null |
Section: Subfields > Telecommunications. Telecommunications engineering focuses on the transmission of information across a communication channel such as a coax cable, optical fiber or free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a carrier signal to shift the information to a carrier... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Telecommunications | 202 | 1,206 | null |
Section: Subfields > Control engineering. Control engineering focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. To implement such controllers, electronics control engineers may use electronic circuits, digital signa... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Control engineering | 215 | 1,241 | null |
Section: Subfields > Electronics. Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of electronic circuits that use the properties of components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors to achieve a particular functionality. The tuned circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Electronics | 277 | 1,447 | null |
Section: Subfields > Microelectronics and nanoelectronics. Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components ... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Microelectronics and nanoelectronics | 230 | 1,157 | null |
Section: Subfields > Signal processing. Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the in... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Signal processing | 315 | 1,817 | null |
Section: Subfields > Instrumentation. Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow, and temperature. The design of such instruments requires a good understanding of physics that often extends beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, flight instrum... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Subfields > Instrumentation | 150 | 836 | null |
Section: Related disciplines. Mechatronics is an engineering discipline that deals with the convergence of electrical and mechanical systems. Such combined systems are known as electromechanical systems and have widespread adoption. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation and air-conditio... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Related disciplines | 218 | 1,194 | null |
Section: Education. Electrical engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, electrical engineering technology, or electrical and electronic engineering. The same fundamental principles are taught in all programs, though emphasis may vary according to ti... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Education | 315 | 1,748 | null |
Section: Professional practice. In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including w... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Professional practice | 337 | 1,884 | null |
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 c... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Professional practice | 184 | 1,000 | null |
Section: Tools and work. From the Global Positioning System to electric power generation, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test, and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the des... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Tools and work | 333 | 1,906 | null |
A wide range of instrumentation is used by electrical engineers. For simple control circuits and alarms, a basic multimeter measuring voltage, current, and resistance may suffice. Where time-varying signals need to be studied, the oscilloscope is also an ubiquitous instrument. In RF engineering and high-frequency telec... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Tools and work | 330 | 1,866 | null |
The workplaces of engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a fabrication plant, on board a Naval ship, the offices of a consulting firm or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervi... | Wikipedia - Electrical engineering - Tools and work | 188 | 1,072 | null |
Article: Electronic engineering. Electronic engineering is a sub-discipline of electrical engineering that emerged in the early 20th century and is distinguished by the additional use of active components such as semiconductor devices to amplify and control electric current flow. Previously electrical engineering only ... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Summary | 196 | 1,168 | null |
Section: History and development. Electronics engineering as a profession emerged following Karl Ferdinand Braun´s development of the crystal detector, the first semiconductor device, in 1874 and the identification of the electron in 1897 and the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify s... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - History and development | 211 | 1,201 | null |
Section: Specialist areas. Electronics engineering has many subfields. This section describes some of the most popular. Electronic signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, i... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Specialist areas | 336 | 2,025 | null |
These courses are offered at such as Civil Aviation Technology Colleges. Control engineering has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern cars. It also plays an important role in industrial automation. Control eng... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Specialist areas | 344 | 1,885 | null |
Section: Education and training. Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject. Electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and the completed degree may be de... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training | 341 | 1,952 | null |
Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (in much o... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training | 300 | 1,706 | null |
Section: Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas. The huge breadth of electronics engineering has led to the use of a large number of specialists supporting knowledge areas. Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. W... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas | 309 | 1,600 | null |
Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-i-n and avalanche photo diode, LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuit fabrication process, oxida... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas | 334 | 1,307 | null |
Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor 8086: architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing. Signals and systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transf... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas | 153 | 745 | null |
Section: Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas > Electronic Control systems. Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams — Mason's rule. Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs ... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Education and training > Supporting knowledge areas > Electronic Control systems | 271 | 1,405 | null |
Section: Project engineering. For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of system design and development, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many s... | Wikipedia - Electronic engineering - Project engineering | 224 | 1,343 | null |
Article: Energy engineering. Energy engineering is a multidisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on optimizing energy systems, developing renewable energy technologies, and improving energy efficiency to meet the world's growing demand for energy in a sustainable manner. It encompasses areas such as energy harv... | Wikipedia - Energy engineering - Summary | 290 | 1,758 | null |
Section: History. Human civilizations have long relied on the conversion of energy for various purposes, from the use of fire to the development of water wheels, windmills, and, eventually, electricity generation. The formalization of energy engineering began during the industrial revolution and accelerated in the mid-... | Wikipedia - Energy engineering - History | 156 | 884 | null |
Section: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a program created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) in March 2000. LEED is a program that encourages green building and promotes sustainability in the construction of buildings and the effic... | Wikipedia - Energy engineering - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design | 163 | 850 | null |
Section: Energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is seen two ways. The first view is that more work is done from the same amount of energy used. The other perception is that the same amount of work is accomplished with less energy used in the system. Some ways to get more work out of less energy is to "Reduce, Reuse, and ... | Wikipedia - Energy engineering - Energy efficiency | 293 | 1,358 | null |
Article: Engineering consulting. Engineering consulting is the practice of performing engineering as a consulting engineer. It assists individuals, public and private companies with process management, idea organization, product design, fabrication, maintenance, repair and operations (MRO), servicing, tech advice, tech... | Wikipedia - Engineering consulting - Summary | 154 | 873 | null |
Section: Computer Engineering as a discipline of field study. Computer-aided design (CAD), intelligent CAD, engineering analysis, collaborative design support, computer-aided engineering, and product life-cycle management are some of the terms that have emerged over the past decades of computing in engineering. Codific... | Wikipedia - Engineering informatics - Computer Engineering as a discipline of field study | 340 | 1,977 | null |
Then came the engineering use of AI, driven by theories of cognitive science and computational models of cognition (logic and pattern based). More recently, models of collaboration and representation and acquisition of collective knowledge have been introduced, driven by fields of social sciences (ethnography, sociolog... | Wikipedia - Engineering informatics - Computer Engineering as a discipline of field study | 348 | 2,045 | null |
These developments have made the problems of distance less onerous and allow for global design, manufacturing, and supply chains. However, the problem of managing a global supply chain still is a daunting task with numerous incompatibilities in information exchange and coordination. The problem of integrating entire se... | Wikipedia - Engineering informatics - Computer Engineering as a discipline of field study | 328 | 1,866 | null |
Section: Universities and institutions offering Engineering Informatics > Portugal. University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal University of Minho, Braga, Portugal NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal University of Algarve - Faculty of Sciences and Technology, ... | Wikipedia - Engineering informatics - Universities and institutions offering Engineering Informatics > Portugal | 173 | 829 | null |
Article: Engineering law. Engineering law is the study of how engineering ethics and legal frameworks are adopted to ensure public safety surrounding the practice of engineering. California law defines engineering as "the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring education, training and expe... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Summary | 334 | 1,977 | null |
Section: Specific engineering laws. In the United States of America and Canada engineering is governed by state or provincial legislation. In Qatar engineering is governed by national legislation. In New York, engineers are governed by Article 145 of the Education Law. Pennsylvania has the Engineer, Land Surveyor and G... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Specific engineering laws | 333 | 1,458 | null |
Regulation 941: General. Alberta Engineering and Geosciences Act; Revised Statutes of Alberta 2000 Chapter E-11. California Professional Engineers Act; Business and Professions Code; 6700 - 6799; Chapter 7. Arkansas lists the Engineer Law (A.C.A. § 17-30-101 et seq w/amendments from 2013 Legislative Session) New Brunsw... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Specific engineering laws | 284 | 1,146 | null |
c. E120 The Engineering and Geoscientific Professions Act Idaho Engineers and Surveyors Idaho Code, Title 54, Chapter 12 New Jersey State Board of Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Law Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 443 Examining Board Of Architects, Landscape Architects, Professional Engineers, Designers, And Prof... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Specific engineering laws | 207 | 1,130 | null |
Professional Engineers Virginia Regulations Governing Architects, Professional Engineers, Land Surveyors, Certified Interior Designers and Landscape Architects, Statutes Title 54.1, Chapter 4 Excerpts from Title 13.1 West Virginia Code Chapter 30 – Professions And Occupations Article 13 - Engineers North Carolina Gener... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Specific engineering laws | 222 | 1,310 | null |
Section: Intent of engineering laws. It is illegal for a practicing engineer to jeopardize public safety in any way. This means that an engineer must hold herself or himself to the highest level of technical and moral conduct reasonable or suffer litigation if an engineering system fails causing harm to the public, inc... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Intent of engineering laws | 201 | 1,133 | null |
Section: Taking responsibility for engineering work (supervision and oversight). There is a supervisory exemption to engineering work in some states or provinces. Unlicensed employees may do engineering work if it is done under the supervision of a licensed engineer with an appropriate and documented supervisory model.... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Taking responsibility for engineering work (supervision and oversight) | 329 | 1,891 | null |
Engineering legislation in North America is most often silent on geography. The licensed engineer must ensure proper standards of practice, that codes and standards have been followed and public safety for work they are responsible for. The immunity afforded to an employee at an outsourced operation whose work is revie... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Taking responsibility for engineering work (supervision and oversight) | 173 | 1,067 | null |
Section: The seal or stamp. In many jurisdictions, engineering regulatory bodies require a seal or stamp for all engineering drawings, analysis and documentation related to any customer who relies on an engineer. The engineer sealing or stamping the work must be in control of it as an author or reviewer. The analysis o... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - The seal or stamp | 341 | 1,779 | null |
Section: International engineering law. In an international engineering project there may be a country where the work is originated and a country where the work is executed. The laws of both the originating country and the project destination country must be observed. Further complications may occur when the country wh... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - International engineering law | 333 | 1,809 | null |
France is not a member of the Washington Accord. The practice of engineering is neither controlled nor regulated by French law. In Germany the term 'engineer' is an academic title and there are no licences. India has construction laws but professional engineering is not legislated. Weak engineering law can cause a vari... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - International engineering law | 192 | 1,095 | null |
Section: Order in engineering. Engineering must be conducted in an orderly and ethical manner where all appropriate codes and standards are carefully considered. Orderly consideration is a vital part of any engineering work involving public safety or a contract. Any disorder involved in engineering practice could be te... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Order in engineering | 341 | 1,970 | null |
Section: Satisfactory practice. While a practicing engineer may aim for high ideals and exemplary work practices, she or he encounters schedule and budget pressures in conventional practice. The question becomes how good is good enough for an engineering work? This question is answered differently for an engineering dr... | Wikipedia - Engineering law - Satisfactory practice | 240 | 1,345 | null |
Section: History. Engineering psychology was created from within experimental psychology. Engineering psychology started during World War I (1914). The reason why this subject was developed during this time was because many of America's weapons were failing; bombs not falling in the right place to weapons attacking nor... | Wikipedia - Engineering psychology - History | 340 | 1,845 | null |
Section: Related subjects > Engineering Psychology, Ergonomics and Human Factors. Although the comparability of these terms and many others have been a topic of debate, the differences of these fields can be seen in the applications of the respective fields. Engineering psychology is concerned with the adaptation of th... | Wikipedia - Engineering psychology - Related subjects > Engineering Psychology, Ergonomics and Human Factors | 330 | 1,901 | null |
Another example of an ergonomics study is the effects of shoe traction and obstacle height on friction. Similarly, many topics in ergonomics deal with the actual science of matching man to equipment and encompasses narrower fields such as engineering psychology. At one point in time, the term human factors was used in ... | Wikipedia - Engineering psychology - Related subjects > Engineering Psychology, Ergonomics and Human Factors | 218 | 1,304 | null |
Section: Related subjects > Importance of Engineering Psychologists. Engineering psychologists contribute to the design of a variety of products, including dental and surgical tools, cameras, toothbrushes and car-seats. They have been involved in the re-design of the mailbags used by letter carriers. More than 20% of l... | Wikipedia - Engineering psychology - Related subjects > Importance of Engineering Psychologists | 172 | 918 | null |
Article: Engineering research. Engineering research - as a branch of science, it stands primarily for research that is oriented towards achieving a specific goal that would be useful, while seeking to employ the powerful tools already developed in Engineering as well as in non-Engineering sciences such as Physics, Math... | Wikipedia - Engineering research - Summary | 290 | 1,666 | null |
Section: Programs. A Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, or Ph.D. degree in engineering science, engineering mechanics, or engineering science and mechanics is awarded upon completion of the respective program. Areas of specialization include aerodynamics, biomechanics, bionanotechnology, bio... | Wikipedia - Engineering science and mechanics - Programs | 215 | 997 | null |
Article: Environmental engineering. Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science. It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also i... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Summary | 291 | 1,871 | null |
Section: Etymology. The word environmental has its root in the late 19th-century French word environ (verb), meaning to encircle or to encompass. The word environment was used by Carlyle in 1827 to refer to the aggregate of conditions in which a person or thing lives. The meaning shifted again in 1956 when it was used ... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Etymology | 209 | 964 | null |
Section: History > Ancient civilizations. Environmental engineering is a name for work that has been done since early civilizations, as people learned to modify and control the environmental conditions to meet needs. As people recognized that their health was related to the quality of their environment, they built syst... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - History > Ancient civilizations | 286 | 1,381 | null |
Section: History > Modern era. Very little change was seen from the decline of the Roman Empire until the 19th century, where improvements saw increasing efforts focused on public health. Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major sewerage sy... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - History > Modern era | 244 | 1,328 | null |
Section: Education. Many universities offer environmental engineering programs through either the department of civil engineering or chemical engineering and also including electronic projects to develop and balance the environmental conditions. Environmental engineers in a civil engineering program often focus on hydr... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Education | 246 | 1,728 | null |
Section: Education > Curriculum. The following topics make up a typical curriculum in environmental engineering: Mass and Energy transfer Environmental chemistry Inorganic chemistry Organic Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Growth models Resource consumption Population growth Economic growth Risk assessment Hazard identifica... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Education > Curriculum | 180 | 1,182 | null |
Section: Applications > Wastewater treatment. There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Applications > Wastewater treatment | 160 | 842 | null |
Section: Applications > Environmental impact assessment and mitigation. Environmental engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic, ecology, and noise. If im... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering - Applications > Environmental impact assessment and mitigation | 186 | 1,005 | null |
Section: Difference with related fields. As a recently created program, environmental engineering science has not yet been incorporated into the terminology found among environmentally focused professionals. In the few engineering colleges that offer this major, the curriculum shares more classes in common with environ... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering science - Difference with related fields | 222 | 1,397 | null |
Section: Description at universities > University of Florida. The College of Engineering at UF defines Environmental Engineering Science as follows: The broad undergraduate environmental engineering curriculum of EES has earned the department a ranking as a leading undergraduate program. The ABET accredited engineering... | Wikipedia - Environmental engineering science - Description at universities > University of Florida | 198 | 1,179 | null |
Section: Usage. Due to the difficulty and necessity of anticipating results in such areas as genetic modification, climate change, molecular engineering, and megascale engineering, parallel fields such as bioethics, climate engineering and hypothetical molecular nanotechnology sometimes emerge to develop and examine hy... | Wikipedia - Exploratory engineering - Usage | 230 | 1,257 | null |
Section: Criticism. Exploratory engineering has its critics, who dismiss the activity as mere armchair speculation, albeit with computer assist. A boundary which would take exploratory engineering out of the realm of mere speculation and define it as a realistic design activity is often indiscernible to such critics, a... | Wikipedia - Exploratory engineering - Criticism | 292 | 1,508 | null |
Article: Financial engineering. Financial engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, methods of engineering, tools of mathematics and the practice of programming. It has also been defined as the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical finance and computational finance, i... | Wikipedia - Financial engineering - Summary | 187 | 1,129 | null |
Section: Discipline. Financial engineering draws on tools from applied mathematics, computer science, statistics and economic theory. In the broadest sense, anyone who uses technical tools in finance could be called a financial engineer, for example any computer programmer in a bank or any statistician in a government ... | Wikipedia - Financial engineering - Discipline | 348 | 1,909 | null |
"Rocket scientist" (aerospace engineer) is an older term, first coined in the development of rockets in WWII (Wernher von Braun), and later, the NASA space program; it was adapted by the first generation of financial quants who arrived on Wall Street in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While basically synonymous with fi... | Wikipedia - Financial engineering - Discipline | 165 | 906 | null |
Section: Criticisms. One of the prominent critics of financial engineering is Nassim Taleb, a professor of financial engineering at Polytechnic Institute of New York University who argues that it replaces common sense and leads to disaster. A series of economic collapses has led many governments to argue a return to "r... | Wikipedia - Financial engineering - Criticisms | 316 | 1,661 | null |
Article: Food engineering. Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution o... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - Summary | 198 | 1,102 | null |
Section: History. Although food engineering is a relatively recent and evolving field of study, it is based on long-established concepts and activities. The traditional focus of food engineering was preservation, which involved stabilizing and sterilizing foods, preventing spoilage, and preserving nutrients in food for... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - History | 172 | 977 | null |
Section: Application and practices > Packaging. Food packaging technologies are used to extend the shelf-life of products, to stabilize food (preserve taste, appearance, and quality), and to maintain the food clean, protected, and appealing to the consumer. This can be achieved, for example, by packaging food in cans a... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - Application and practices > Packaging | 176 | 989 | null |
Section: Emerging technologies > Biosensors. Biosensors can be used for quality control in laboratories and in different stages of food processing. Biosensor technology is one way in which farmers and food processors have adapted to the worldwide increase in demand for food, while maintaining their food production and ... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - Emerging technologies > Biosensors | 173 | 888 | null |
Section: Education and training. In the 1950s, food engineering emerged as an academic discipline, when several U.S. universities included food science and food technology in their curricula, and important works on food engineering appeared. Today, educational institutions throughout the world offer bachelors, masters,... | Wikipedia - Food engineering - Education and training | 329 | 1,921 | null |
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