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(This second equivalence arises because the utility of a function can always be written as the probability of that function exceeding some random variable). Because it changes the constrained optimization problem associated with reliability-based optimization into an unconstrained optimization problem, it often leads t... | Wikipedia - Multidisciplinary design optimization - History > Recent MDO methods | 183 | 1,064 | null |
Section: Problem formulation > Design variables. A design variable is a specification that is controllable from the point of view of the designer. For instance, the thickness of a structural member can be considered a design variable. Another might be the choice of material. Design variables can be continuous (such as ... | Wikipedia - Multidisciplinary design optimization - Problem formulation > Design variables | 188 | 980 | null |
Section: Problem formulation > Models. The designer must also choose models to relate the constraints and the objectives to the design variables. These models are dependent on the discipline involved. They may be empirical models, such as a regression analysis of aircraft prices, theoretical models, such as from comput... | Wikipedia - Multidisciplinary design optimization - Problem formulation > Models | 188 | 1,029 | null |
Section: Problem formulation > Standard form. Once the design variables, constraints, objectives, and the relationships between them have been chosen, the problem can be expressed in the following form: find x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } that minimizes J ( x ) {\displaystyle J(\mathbf {x} )} subject to g ( x ) ≤ 0 {\d... | Wikipedia - Multidisciplinary design optimization - Problem formulation > Standard form | 347 | 1,154 | null |
Section: Problem solution > Other methods. Random search Grid search Simulated annealing Direct search IOSO (Indirect Optimization based on Self-Organization) Most of these techniques require large numbers of evaluations of the objectives and the constraints. The disciplinary models are often very complex and can take ... | Wikipedia - Multidisciplinary design optimization - Problem solution > Other methods | 211 | 1,150 | null |
Article: Municipal or urban engineering. Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment. Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply network... | Wikipedia - Municipal or urban engineering - Summary | 193 | 1,124 | null |
Section: History. Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century United Kingdom, following the Industrial Revolution and the growth of large industrial cities. The threat to urban populations from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus led to the development of a profession devo... | Wikipedia - Municipal or urban engineering - History | 326 | 1,768 | null |
By the early 20th century, Municipal Engineering had become a broad discipline embracing many of the responsibilities undertaken by local authorities, including roads, drainage, flood control, coastal engineering, public health, waste management, street cleaning, water supply, sewers, waste water treatment, crematoria,... | Wikipedia - Municipal or urban engineering - History | 322 | 1,910 | null |
Section: International organization. The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organisation comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world. IFME's mission is to connect municipal engineers, public works professionals, public agencies, institutions and businesses around the... | Wikipedia - Municipal or urban engineering - International organization | 174 | 964 | null |
Section: History. 4th Century Rome: The Lycurgus Cup was crafted using dichroic glass which is a product of nanoengineering 6th-15th Centuries: Stained glass windows were created in European cathedrals which contained nanoparticles of gold chloride or other metal oxides or chlorides. These nanoparticles give the glass ... | Wikipedia - Nanoengineering - History | 319 | 1,554 | null |
Section: Degree programs. The first nanoengineering program was started at the University of Toronto within the Engineering Science program as one of the options of study in the final years. In 2003, the Lund Institute of Technology started a program in Nanoengineering. In 2004, the College of Nanoscale Science and Eng... | Wikipedia - Nanoengineering - Degree programs | 336 | 1,703 | null |
Article: Naval architecture. Naval architecture, or naval engineering, is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Summary | 162 | 983 | null |
Section: Main subjects > Hydrodynamics. Hydrodynamics concerns the flow of water around the ship's hull, bow, and stern, and over bodies such as propeller blades or rudder, or through thruster tunnels. Ship resistance and propulsion concern resistance towards motion in water primarily caused due to flow of water around... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Main subjects > Hydrodynamics | 152 | 788 | null |
Section: Main subjects > Flotation and stability. While atop a liquid surface a floating body has 6 degrees of freedom in its movements, these are categorized in either translation or rotation. Translation Sway: transverse Surge: fore and aft Heave: vertical Rotation Yaw: about a vertical axis Pitch or trim: about a tr... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Main subjects > Flotation and stability | 315 | 1,614 | null |
Section: Main subjects > Structures. Structures involves selection of material of construction, structural analysis of global and local strength of the vessel, vibration of the structural components and structural responses of the vessel during motions in seaway. Depending on type of ship, the structure and design will... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Main subjects > Structures | 328 | 1,791 | null |
Section: Main subjects > Construction. Construction depends on the material used. When steel or aluminium is used this involves welding of the plates and profiles after rolling, marking, cutting and bending as per the structural design drawings or models, followed by erection and launching. Other joining techniques are... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Main subjects > Construction | 193 | 1,096 | null |
Section: Science and craft. Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science. The suitability of a vessel's shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed. This included rigging, deck arrangements, and even ... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - Science and craft | 291 | 1,472 | null |
Section: The naval architect. Due to the complexity associated with operating in a marine environment, naval architecture is a co-operative effort between groups of technically skilled individuals who are specialists in particular fields, often coordinated by a lead naval architect. This inherent complexity also means ... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - The naval architect | 333 | 1,838 | null |
Naval architects integrate these activities. This demanding leadership role requires managerial qualities and the ability to bring together the often-conflicting demands of the various design constraints to produce a product which is fit for the purpose. In addition to this leadership role, a naval architect also has a... | Wikipedia - Naval architecture - The naval architect | 222 | 1,249 | null |
Article: Nuclear engineering. Nuclear engineering is the engineering discipline concerned with designing and applying systems that utilize the energy released by nuclear processes. The most prominent application of nuclear engineering is the generation of electricity. Worldwide, some 440 nuclear reactors in 32 countrie... | Wikipedia - Nuclear engineering - Summary | 164 | 938 | null |
Section: History. Nuclear engineering was born in 1938, with the discovery of nuclear fission. The first artificial nuclear reactor, CP-1, was designed by a team of physicists who were concerned that Nazi Germany might also be seeking to build a bomb based on nuclear fission. (The earliest known nuclear reaction on Ear... | Wikipedia - Nuclear engineering - History | 330 | 1,583 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines. Nuclear engineers work in such areas as the following: Nuclear reactor design, which has evolved from the Generation I, proof-of concept, reactors of the 1950s and 1960s, to Generation II, Generation III, and Generation IV concepts Thermal hydraulics and heat transfer. In a typical nuclear pow... | Wikipedia - Nuclear engineering - Sub-disciplines | 298 | 1,673 | null |
Section: Organizations. American Nuclear Society Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (ANENT) https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/anent Canadian Nuclear Association Chinese Nuclear Society International Atomic Energy Agency International Energy Agency (IEA) Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) Korea Nuc... | Wikipedia - Nuclear engineering - Organizations | 190 | 887 | null |
Article: Operations research. Operations research (British English: operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve management and decisio... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Summary | 196 | 1,106 | null |
Section: Overview. Operations research (OR) encompasses the development and the use of a wide range of problem-solving techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such as simulation, mathematical optimization, queueing theory and other stochastic-process models, Markov deci... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Overview | 313 | 1,850 | null |
Section: History > Historical origins. In the 17th century, mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Christiaan Huygens solved problems involving sometimes complex decisions (problem of points) by using game-theoretic ideas and expected values; others, such as Pierre de Fermat and Jacob Bernoulli, solved these types of problem... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Historical origins | 335 | 1,649 | null |
Section: History > Second World War. The modern field of operational research arose during World War II. In the World War II era, operational research was defined as "a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control". Other names... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Second World War | 346 | 1,781 | null |
It was also argued that small convoys would be harder for German U-boats to detect. On the other hand, large convoys could deploy more warships against an attacker. Blackett's staff showed that the losses suffered by convoys depended largely on the number of escort vessels present, rather than the size of the convoy. T... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Second World War | 261 | 1,319 | null |
Other work by the CC-ORS indicated that on average if the trigger depth of aerial-delivered depth charges were changed from 100 to 25 feet, the kill ratios would go up. The reason was that if a U-boat saw an aircraft only shortly before it arrived over the target then at 100 feet the charges would do no damage (because... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Second World War | 333 | 1,591 | null |
All damage inflicted by German air defenses was noted and the recommendation was given that armor be added in the most heavily damaged areas. This recommendation was not adopted because the fact that the aircraft were able to return with these areas damaged indicated the areas were not vital, and adding armor to non-vi... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Second World War | 346 | 1,851 | null |
By comparing the number of flying hours put in by Allied aircraft to the number of U-boat sightings in a given area, it was possible to redistribute aircraft to more productive patrol areas. Comparison of exchange rates established "effectiveness ratios" useful in planning. The ratio of 60 mines laid per ship sunk was ... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > Second World War | 253 | 1,344 | null |
Section: History > After World War II. In 1947, under the auspices of the British Association, a symposium was organized in Dundee. In his opening address, Watson-Watt offered a definition of the aims of OR: "To examine quantitatively whether the user organization is getting from the operation of its equipment the best... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > After World War II | 342 | 1,832 | null |
In the 1950s and 1960s, chairs of operations research were established in the U.S. and United Kingdom (from 1964 in Lancaster) in the management faculties of universities. Further influences from the U.S. on the development of operations research in Western Europe can be traced here. The authoritative OR textbooks from... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > After World War II | 318 | 1,608 | null |
With the development of computers over the next three decades, Operations Research can now solve problems with hundreds of thousands of variables and constraints. Moreover, the large volumes of data required for such problems can be stored and manipulated very efficiently." Much of operations research (modernly known a... | Wikipedia - Operations research - History > After World War II | 218 | 1,248 | null |
Section: Problems addressed. Critical path analysis or project planning: identifying those processes in a multiple-dependency project which affect the overall duration of the project Floorplanning: designing the layout of equipment in a factory or components on a computer chip to reduce manufacturing time (therefore re... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Problems addressed | 331 | 2,052 | null |
Section: Management science. The field of management science (MS) is known as using operations research models in business. Stafford Beer characterized this in 1967. Like operational research itself, management science is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics devoted to optimal decision planning, with stro... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Management science | 235 | 1,456 | null |
Section: Management science > Applications. Applications are abundant such as in airlines, manufacturing companies, service organizations, military branches, and government. The range of problems and issues to which it has contributed insights and solutions is vast. It includes: Scheduling (of airlines, trains, buses e... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Management science > Applications | 266 | 1,554 | null |
Section: Societies and journals > Societies. The International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) is an umbrella organization for operational research societies worldwide, representing approximately 50 national societies including those in the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Australia, New Zea... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Societies and journals > Societies | 239 | 1,376 | null |
Section: Societies and journals > Other journals. These are listed in alphabetical order of their titles. 4OR-A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research: jointly published the Belgian, French and Italian Operations Research Societies (Springer); Decision Sciences published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Decision S... | Wikipedia - Operations research - Societies and journals > Other journals | 313 | 1,760 | null |
Article: Optical engineering. Optical engineering is the field of engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and utilization of light. Optical engineers use the science of optics to solve problems and to design and build device... | Wikipedia - Optical engineering - Summary | 188 | 1,048 | null |
Article: Packaging engineering. Packaging engineering, also package engineering, packaging technology and packaging science, is a broad topic ranging from design conceptualization to product placement. All steps along the manufacturing process, and more, must be taken into account in the design of the package for any g... | Wikipedia - Packaging engineering - Summary | 278 | 1,611 | null |
Article: Paper engineering. Paper engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the usage of physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics) and life sciences (e.g. biology and biochemistry) in conjunction with mathematics as applied to the converting of raw materials into useful paper products and co-products. ... | Wikipedia - Paper engineering - Summary | 256 | 1,323 | null |
Section: Methods > Mechanical pulping. In the process of mechanical pulping, "grinding" and "refining" are the two main methods used to create the pulp. Grinding is the method of pressing logs and chips against a turning stone to produce fibers. Refiner pulping is treating wood chips with chemicals or heat and then cru... | Wikipedia - Paper engineering - Methods > Mechanical pulping | 179 | 824 | null |
Section: Methods > Chemical pulping. The process of chemical pulping is used to chemically disband the lignin found in the cell walls of the material undergoing the process. After the cellulose fibers are separated from the lignin, a pulp is created which can then be treated to create durable paper, boxes, and corrugat... | Wikipedia - Paper engineering - Methods > Chemical pulping | 187 | 902 | null |
Section: Colleges and universities. Generally offered as a specialization within chemical engineering: United States Auburn University Georgia Institute of Technology Miami University North Carolina State University SUNY ESF University of Maine University of Minnesota University of Washington University of Wisconsin - ... | Wikipedia - Paper engineering - Colleges and universities | 209 | 1,188 | null |
Article: Petroleum engineering. Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas or both. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration... | Wikipedia - Petroleum engineering - Summary | 276 | 1,626 | null |
Section: Overview. The profession got its start in 1914 within the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME). The first Petroleum Engineering degree was conferred in 1915 by the University of Pittsburgh. Since then, the profession has evolved to solve increasingly difficult situations. ... | Wikipedia - Petroleum engineering - Overview | 347 | 1,882 | null |
Section: Overview > Petroleum engineering salaries. Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest-paid engineering disciplines, although there is a tendency for mass layoffs when oil prices decline and waves of hiring as prices rise. In 2020, the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Stat... | Wikipedia - Petroleum engineering - Overview > Petroleum engineering salaries | 338 | 1,561 | null |
Section: Sub-disciplines. Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types: Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques. Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injecti... | Wikipedia - Petroleum engineering - Sub-disciplines | 233 | 1,286 | null |
Section: Terminology. In some countries, both what would be translated as "engineering physics" and what would be translated as "technical physics" are disciplines leading to academic degrees. In China, for example, with the former specializing in nuclear power research (i.e. nuclear engineering), and the latter closer... | Wikipedia - Engineering physics - Terminology | 174 | 945 | null |
Section: Expertise. Unlike traditional engineering disciplines, engineering science or engineering physics is not necessarily confined to a particular branch of science, engineering or physics. Instead, engineering science or engineering physics is meant to provide a more thorough grounding in applied physics for a sel... | Wikipedia - Engineering physics - Expertise | 175 | 1,036 | null |
Section: Terraforming > Technologies. A common object of discussion on potential terraforming is the planet Mars. To terraform Mars, humans would need to create a new atmosphere, due to the planet's high carbon dioxide concentration and low atmospheric pressure. This would be possible by introducing more greenhouse gas... | Wikipedia - Planetary engineering - Terraforming > Technologies | 194 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Terraforming > Feasibility. A variety of planetary engineering challenges stand in the way of terraforming efforts. The atmospheric terraforming of Mars, for example, would require "significant quantities of gas" to be added to the Martian atmosphere. This gas has been thought to be stored in solid and liquid ... | Wikipedia - Planetary engineering - Terraforming > Feasibility | 288 | 1,481 | null |
Section: Terraforming > Ethical considerations. While successful terraforming would allow life to prosper on other planets, philosophers have debated whether this practice is morally sound. Certain ethics experts suggest that planets like Mars hold an intrinsic value independent of their utility to humanity and should ... | Wikipedia - Planetary engineering - Terraforming > Ethical considerations | 184 | 1,008 | null |
Section: Climate engineering. Climate engineering is a form of planetary engineering which involves the process of deliberate and large-scale alteration of the Earth's climate system to combat climate change. Examples of geoengineering are carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, ... | Wikipedia - Planetary engineering - Climate engineering | 259 | 1,268 | null |
Section: Purpose & Impact. Platform engineering aims to improve software engineering productivity by creating streamlined toolchains that can be used by developers. It can be used for digital transformation, or to expand CI/CD setups. According to a panel of experts at PlatformCon 2024, it was stated that building an i... | Wikipedia - Platform engineering - Purpose & Impact | 305 | 1,764 | null |
Section: DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. DevOps serves as the overarching philosophy and set of guiding principles that advocate for collaboration between development and operations teams. It emphasizes automation, continuous integration, and continuous delivery to streamline software development and deploymen... | Wikipedia - Platform engineering - DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering | 259 | 1,579 | null |
Section: History. The word “polymer” was introduced by the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius. He considered, for example, benzene (C6H6) to be a polymer of ethyne (C2H2). Later, this definition underwent a subtle modification. The history of human use of polymers has been long since the mid-19th century, when it entered ... | Wikipedia - Polymer engineering - History | 337 | 1,587 | null |
Section: Classification > Elastomers. An elastomer generally refers to a material that can be restored to its original state after removal of an external force, whereas a material having elasticity is not necessarily an elastomer. The elastomer is only deformed under weak stress, and the stress can be quickly restored ... | Wikipedia - Polymer engineering - Classification > Elastomers | 195 | 847 | null |
Section: Classification > Thermosets. A thermosetting resin is used as a main component, and a plastic which forms a product is formed by a cross-linking curing process in combination with various necessary additives. It is liquid in the early stage of the manufacturing or molding process, and it is insoluble and infus... | Wikipedia - Polymer engineering - Classification > Thermosets | 288 | 1,322 | null |
Section: Materials > Plastic. Plastic is a polymer compound which is polymerized by polyaddition polymerization and polycondensation. It is free to change the composition and shape. It is made up of synthetic resins and fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colorants and other additives. The main component of... | Wikipedia - Polymer engineering - Materials > Plastic | 186 | 856 | null |
Section: Applications > Biomedical applications. Biodegradable polymers are widely used materials for many biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. These polymers are considered very promising for controlled drug delivery devices. Biodegradable polymers also offer great potential for wound management, orthopaedic de... | Wikipedia - Polymer engineering - Applications > Biomedical applications | 153 | 794 | null |
Article: Power plant engineering. Power plant engineering, abbreviated as TPTL, is a branch of the field of energy engineering, and is defined as the engineering and technology required for the production of an electric power station. Technique is focused on power generation for industry and community, not just for hou... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Summary | 174 | 996 | null |
Section: History. Power plant engineering got its start in the 1800s when small systems were used by individual factories to provide electrical power. Originally the only source of power came from DC, or direct current, systems. While this was suitable for business, electricity was not accessible for most of the public... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - History | 337 | 1,857 | null |
Section: Governing principles > First Law of Thermodynamics. In simple terms, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed; however, power can be converted from one form of energy to another form of energy. This is especially important in power generation because power production i... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Governing principles > First Law of Thermodynamics | 161 | 869 | null |
Section: Types of power plants > Hydroelectric power plants. Hydroelectric power plants generate power using the force of water to turn generators. They can be categorized into three different types; impoundment, diversion and pumped storage. Impoundment and diversion hydroelectric power plants operate similarly in tha... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Types of power plants > Hydroelectric power plants | 198 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Types of power plants > Thermal power plants. Thermal power plants are split into two different categories; those that create electricity by burning fuel and those that create electricity via prime mover. A common example of a thermal power plant that produces electricity by the consumption of fuel is the nucl... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Types of power plants > Thermal power plants | 232 | 1,320 | null |
Section: Types of power plants > Solar power plants. Solar power plants derive their energy from sunlight, which is made accessible via photovoltaics (PV's). Photovoltaic panels, or solar panels, are constructed using photovoltaic cells which are made of silica materials that release electrons when they are warmed by t... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Types of power plants > Solar power plants | 213 | 1,103 | null |
Section: Types of power plants > Wind power plants. Wind power plants, also known as wind turbines, derive their energy from the wind by connecting a generator to the fan blades and using the rotational motion caused by wind to power the generator. Then the generated power is fed back into the power grid. Wind power pl... | Wikipedia - Power plant engineering - Types of power plants > Wind power plants | 189 | 1,029 | null |
Section: Industry needs > The use of new materials and manufacturing methods. To achieve reduced costs or fuel economy, manufacturers need to continually consider adopting new materials and corresponding manufacturing methods. That makes product development more complex, as engineers cannot rely on their decades of exp... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Industry needs > The use of new materials and manufacturing methods | 176 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Industry needs > Ever increasing pressure on time, cost, quality and diversification. Consumers today can get easy access to products that are designed in any part of the world. That puts an enormous pressure on the time-to-market, the cost and the product quality. It's a trend which has been going on for deca... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Industry needs > Ever increasing pressure on time, cost, quality and diversification | 232 | 1,263 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Deploying a closed-loop systems-driven product development process. In this multi-disciplinary simulation-based approach, the global design is considered as a collection of mutually interacting subsystems from the very beginning. From the very early stages on, the chosen a... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Deploying a closed-loop systems-driven product development process | 154 | 910 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Increasing the use of 1D multi-physics system simulation. 1D system simulation, also referred to as 1D CAE or mechatronics system simulation, allows scalable modeling of multi-domain systems. The full system is presented in a schematic way, by connecting validated analytic... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Increasing the use of 1D multi-physics system simulation | 268 | 1,407 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Improving 3D simulation technologies. 3D simulation or 3D CAE is usually applied at a more advanced stage of product development than 1D system simulation, and can account for phenomena that cannot be captured in 1D models. The models can evolve into highly detailed repres... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Improving 3D simulation technologies | 220 | 1,275 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Model-in-the-Loop. Already when evaluating potential architectures, 1D simulation should be combined with models of control software, as the electronic control unit (ECU) will pl... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Model-in-the-Loop | 196 | 1,116 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Software-in-the-Loop. After the conceptual control strategy has been decided, the control software is further developed while constantly taking the overall global system function... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Software-in-the-Loop | 174 | 944 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Hardware-in-the-Loop. During the final stages of controls development, when the production code is integrated in the ECU hardware, engineers further verify and validate using ext... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Establishing a strong coupling between 1D simulation, 3D simulation and controls engineering > Hardware-in-the-Loop | 223 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Closely aligning simulation with physical testing > Increasing realism of simulation models. Modal testing or experimental modal analysis (EMA) was already essential in verification and validation of pure mechanical systems. It is a well-established technology that has bee... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Closely aligning simulation with physical testing > Increasing realism of simulation models | 222 | 1,221 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Closely aligning simulation with physical testing > Using simulation for more efficient testing. As the number of parameters and their mutual interaction explodes in complex products, testing efficiency is crucial, both in terms of instrumentation and definition of critica... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Closely aligning simulation with physical testing > Using simulation for more efficient testing | 175 | 1,025 | null |
Section: Enabling processes and technologies > Tightly integrating 1D and 3D CAE, as well as testing in the complete product lifecycle management process. Tomorrow's products will live a life after delivery. They will include predictive functionalities based on system models, adapt to their environment, feed informatio... | Wikipedia - Predictive engineering analytics - Enabling processes and technologies > Tightly integrating 1D and 3D CAE, as well as testing in the complete product lifecycle management process | 201 | 1,111 | null |
Article: Process engineering. Process engineering is a field of study focused on the development and optimization of industrial processes. It consists of the understanding and application of the fundamental principles and laws of nature to allow humans to transform raw material and energy into products that are useful ... | Wikipedia - Process engineering - Summary | 193 | 1,178 | null |
Section: Overview. Process engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modeled using mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria are relevant require analysis using the princip... | Wikipedia - Process engineering - Overview | 331 | 1,710 | null |
They represent a less muddled approach to the design. The P&ID is then used as a basis of design for developing the "system operation guide" or "functional design specification" which outlines the operation of the process. It guides the process through operation of machinery, safety in design, programming and effective... | Wikipedia - Process engineering - Overview | 259 | 1,454 | null |
Section: Principal areas of focus in process engineering. Process engineering activities can be divided into the following disciplines: Process design: synthesis of energy recovery networks, synthesis of distillation systems (azeotropic), synthesis of reactor networks, hierarchical decomposition flowsheets, superstruct... | Wikipedia - Process engineering - Principal areas of focus in process engineering | 305 | 1,698 | null |
Section: History of process engineering. Various chemical techniques have been used in industrial processes since time immemorial. However, it wasn't until the advent of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of mass in the 1780s that process engineering was properly developed and implemented as its own discipline.... | Wikipedia - Process engineering - History of process engineering | 242 | 1,320 | null |
Section: Overview. Manufacturing Engineering is based on core industrial engineering and mechanical engineering skills, adding important elements from mechatronics, commerce, economics, and business management. This field also deals with the integration of different facilities and systems for producing quality products... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Overview | 298 | 1,786 | null |
Section: History. The history of manufacturing engineering can be traced to factories in the mid-19th century USA and 18th century UK. Although large home production sites and workshops were established in China, ancient Rome, and the Middle East, the Venice Arsenal provides one of the first examples of a factory in th... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - History | 343 | 1,805 | null |
Section: History > Modern developments. Modern manufacturing engineering studies include all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term "fabrication" for these processes. Automation is used in ... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - History > Modern developments | 305 | 1,742 | null |
Section: Education > Certification Programs. Manufacturing engineers possess an associate's or bachelor's degree in engineering with a major in manufacturing engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually two to five years followed by five more years of professional practice to qualify as a professional ... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Education > Certification Programs | 320 | 1,660 | null |
Section: Education > Syllabus. The Foundational Curriculum for a Bachelor's Degree in Manufacturing Engineering or Production Engineering includes below mentioned syllabus. This syllabus is closely related to Industrial Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, but it differs by placing more emphasis on Manufacturing Sci... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Education > Syllabus | 208 | 1,317 | null |
Section: Manufacturing engineering certification. Certification and licensure: In some countries, "professional engineer" is the term for registered or licensed engineers who are permitted to offer their professional services directly to the public. Professional Engineer, abbreviated (PE - USA) or (PEng - Canada), is t... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Manufacturing engineering certification | 316 | 1,749 | null |
Certified Manufacturing Engineer (CMfgE) is an engineering qualification administered by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan, USA. Candidates qualifying for a Certified Manufacturing Engineer credential must pass a four-hour, 180-question multiple-choice exam which covers more in-depth topics tha... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Manufacturing engineering certification | 157 | 866 | null |
Section: Modern tools. Many manufacturing companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Modern tools | 342 | 1,793 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines > Mechanics. Mechanics, in the most general sense, is the study of forces and their effects on matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses. Subdis... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Subdisciplines > Mechanics | 247 | 1,277 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines > Drafting. Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which manufacturers create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Subdisciplines > Drafting | 287 | 1,527 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines > Mechatronics. Mechatronics is an engineering discipline that deals with the convergence of electrical, mechanical and manufacturing systems. Such combined systems are known as electromechanical systems and are widespread. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation a... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Subdisciplines > Mechatronics | 188 | 943 | null |
Section: Subdisciplines > Advanced composite materials. Advanced composite materials (engineering) (ACMs) are also known as advanced polymer matrix composites. These are generally characterized or determined by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compa... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Subdisciplines > Advanced composite materials | 150 | 849 | null |
Section: Employment. Manufacturing engineering is just one facet of the engineering manufacturing industry. Manufacturing engineers enjoy improving the production process from start to finish. They have the ability to keep the whole production process in mind as they focus on a particular portion of the process. Succes... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Employment | 204 | 1,307 | null |
Section: Frontiers of research > Flexible manufacturing systems. A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react to changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. This flexibility is generally considered to fall into two categories... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Frontiers of research > Flexible manufacturing systems | 252 | 1,310 | null |
Section: Frontiers of research > Friction stir welding. Friction stir welding was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins previously un-weldable materials, including several aluminum alloys. It may play an important role in the future construc... | Wikipedia - Manufacturing engineering - Frontiers of research > Friction stir welding | 188 | 1,002 | null |
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