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Article: Project commissioning. Project commissioning is the process of ensuring that all systems and components of a building or industrial plant are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the owner's or final client's operational requirements. A commissioning process may be applied not onl... | Wikipedia - Project commissioning - Summary | 241 | 1,370 | null |
Article: Project engineering. Project engineering includes all parts of the design of manufacturing or processing facilities, either new or modifications to and expansions of existing facilities. A "project" consists of a coordinated series of activities or tasks performed by engineers, designers, drafters and others f... | Wikipedia - Project engineering - Summary | 213 | 1,289 | null |
Section: Overview > Responsibilities. The role of the project engineer can often be described as that of a liaison between the project manager and the technical disciplines involved in a project. The distribution of "liaising" and performing tasks within the technical disciplines can vary wildly from project to project... | Wikipedia - Project engineering - Overview > Responsibilities | 224 | 1,279 | null |
Section: Overview > Engineering companies. When used, an engineering company is generally contracted to conduct a study (capital cost estimate or technical assessment) or to design a project. Projects are designed to achieve some specific objective, ranging in scope from simple modifications to new factories or expansi... | Wikipedia - Project engineering - Overview > Engineering companies | 344 | 1,995 | null |
Section: Construction industry. Project engineers are often project managers with qualifications in engineering or construction management. Other titles include field engineer, construction engineer, or construction project engineer. In smaller projects, this person may also be responsible for contracts and will be cal... | Wikipedia - Project engineering - Construction industry | 295 | 1,734 | null |
Section: Description. Quality engineering is the discipline of engineering that creates and implements strategies for quality assurance in product development and production as well as software development. Quality Engineers focus on optimizing product quality which W. Edwards Deming defined as: Quality = Results of wo... | Wikipedia - Quality engineering - Description | 160 | 935 | null |
Section: Software. IT services are increasingly interlinked in workflows across platform boundaries, device and organisational boundaries, for example in cyber-physical systems, business-to-business workflows or when using cloud services. In such contexts, quality engineering facilitates the necessary all-embracing con... | Wikipedia - Quality engineering - Software | 285 | 1,750 | null |
Section: Quality objectives. Quality objectives describe basic requirements for software quality. In quality engineering they often address the quality attributes of availability, security, safety, reliability and performance. With the help of quality models like ISO/IEC 25000 and methods like the Goal Question Metric ... | Wikipedia - Quality engineering - Quality objectives | 241 | 1,372 | null |
Section: Knowledge management. Knowledge management plays an important part in quality engineering. The quality engineering knowledge base comprises manifold structured and unstructured data, ranging from code repositories via requirements specifications, standards, test reports and enterprise architecture models to sy... | Wikipedia - Quality engineering - Knowledge management | 344 | 1,978 | null |
Section: Collaborative processes. The quality engineering process comprises all tasks carried out manually and in a (semi-)automated way to identify, fulfil and measure any quality features in a chosen context. The process is a highly collaborative one in the sense that it requires interaction of actors, widely acting ... | Wikipedia - Quality engineering - Collaborative processes | 228 | 1,315 | null |
Section: History. The field of quantum technology was explored in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn. It was then followed by a 2003 article by Milburn and Jonathan P. Dowling, and a separate publication by David Deutsch on the same year. The application of quantum mechanics was evident in several technologies. These inc... | Wikipedia - Quantum engineering - History | 345 | 1,722 | null |
Section: Education programs. Quantum engineering is evolving into its own engineering discipline. The quantum industry requires a quantum-literate workforce, a missing resource at the moment. Currently, scientists in the field of quantum technology have mostly either a physics or engineering background and have acquire... | Wikipedia - Quantum engineering - Education programs | 324 | 1,902 | null |
A report on the development of this bachelor degree has been published in IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering. Students are trained in signal and information processing, optoelectronics and photonics, integrated circuits (bipolar, CMOS) and electronic hardware architectures (VLSI, FPGA, ASIC). In addition, they ar... | Wikipedia - Quantum engineering - Education programs | 153 | 841 | null |
Article: Rehabilitation engineering. Rehabilitation engineering is the systematic application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities. These individuals may have experienced a spinal cord inj... | Wikipedia - Rehabilitation engineering - Summary | 199 | 1,159 | null |
Section: Qualifications. While some rehabilitation engineers have master's degrees in rehabilitation engineering, usually a subspecialty of Biomedical engineering, most rehabilitation engineers have undergraduate or graduate degrees in biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, or electrical engineering. A Portugu... | Wikipedia - Rehabilitation engineering - Qualifications | 267 | 1,567 | null |
Section: Professional, Scientific and Technical Associations. Many of the Rehabilitation Engineering professionals join multidisciplinary scientific and technical associations with a common interest in the field of Assistive Technology and Accessibility. Examples are RESNA - Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Tec... | Wikipedia - Rehabilitation engineering - Professional, Scientific and Technical Associations | 273 | 1,533 | null |
Section: Assistive Technology devices. The rehabilitation process for people with disabilities often entails mechanical design of assistive devices such as Walking aids intended to promote inclusion of their users into the mainstream of society, commerce, and recreation. Device development can range from purely mechani... | Wikipedia - Rehabilitation engineering - Assistive Technology devices | 219 | 1,218 | null |
Article: Reliability engineering. Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes the ability of equipment to function without failure. Reliability is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Summary | 342 | 1,993 | null |
"Nearly all teaching and literature on the subject emphasize these aspects and ignore the reality that the ranges of uncertainty involved largely invalidate quantitative methods for prediction and measurement." For example, it is easy to represent "probability of failure" as a symbol or value in an equation, but it is ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Summary | 173 | 936 | null |
Section: History. The word reliability can be traced back to 1816 and is first attested to the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Before World War II the term was linked mostly to repeatability; a test (in any type of science) was considered "reliable" if the same results would be obtained repeatedly. In the 1920s, product ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - History | 337 | 1,766 | null |
In the 1960s, more emphasis was given to reliability testing on component and system levels. The famous military standard MIL-STD-781 was created at that time. Around this period also the much-used predecessor to military handbook 217 was published by RCA and was used for the prediction of failure rates of electronic c... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - History | 345 | 1,827 | null |
Reliability engineering was now changing as it moved towards understanding the physics of failure. Failure rates for components kept dropping, but system-level issues became more prominent. Systems thinking has become more and more important. For software, the CMM model (Capability Maturity Model) was developed, which ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - History | 230 | 1,286 | null |
Section: Overview > Objective. The objectives of reliability engineering, in decreasing order of priority, are: To apply engineering knowledge and specialist techniques to prevent or to reduce the likelihood or frequency of failures. To identify and correct the causes of failures that do occur despite the efforts to pr... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Overview > Objective | 178 | 947 | null |
Section: Overview > Scope and techniques. Reliability engineering for "complex systems" requires a different, more elaborate systems approach than for non-complex systems. Reliability engineering may in that case involve: System availability and mission readiness analysis and related reliability and maintenance require... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Overview > Scope and techniques | 289 | 1,810 | null |
Section: Overview > Basics of a reliability assessment. Many engineering techniques are used in reliability risk assessments, such as reliability block diagrams, hazard analysis, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis (FTA), Reliability Centered Maintenance, (probabilistic) load and material stre... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Overview > Basics of a reliability assessment | 350 | 1,832 | null |
The risk here is the combination of probability and severity of the failure incident (scenario) occurring. The severity can be looked at from a system safety or a system availability point of view. Reliability for safety can be thought of as a very different focus from reliability for system availability. Availability ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Overview > Basics of a reliability assessment | 343 | 1,735 | null |
Section: Reliability and availability program plan. Implementing a reliability program is not simply a software purchase; it is not just a checklist of items that must be completed that ensure one has reliable products and processes. A reliability program is a complex learning and knowledge-based system unique to one's... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability and availability program plan | 336 | 1,922 | null |
Improving maintainability is generally easier than improving reliability. Maintainability estimates (repair rates) are also generally more accurate. However, because the uncertainties in the reliability estimates are in most cases very large, they are likely to dominate the availability calculation (prediction uncertai... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability and availability program plan | 346 | 1,872 | null |
The maintenance strategy can influence the reliability of a system (e.g., by preventive and/or predictive maintenance), although it can never bring it above the inherent reliability. The reliability plan should clearly provide a strategy for availability control. Whether only availability or also cost of ownership is m... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability and availability program plan | 184 | 924 | null |
Section: Reliability requirements. For any system, one of the first tasks of reliability engineering is to adequately specify the reliability and maintainability requirements allocated from the overall availability needs and, more importantly, derived from proper design failure analysis or preliminary prototype test re... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability requirements | 331 | 1,801 | null |
One reason is that a full validation (related to correctness and verifiability in time) of a quantitative reliability allocation (requirement spec) on lower levels for complex systems can (often) not be made as a consequence of (1) the fact that the requirements are probabilistic, (2) the extremely high level of uncert... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability requirements | 349 | 1,696 | null |
Also, the validation of results is a far more subjective task than any other type of requirement. (Quantitative) reliability parameters—in terms of MTBF—are by far the most uncertain design parameters in any design. Furthermore, reliability design requirements should drive a (system or part) design to incorporate featu... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability requirements | 315 | 1,694 | null |
These requirements (often design constraints) are in this way derived from failure analysis or preliminary tests. Understanding of this difference compared to only purely quantitative (logistic) requirement specification (e.g., Failure Rate / MTBF target) is paramount in the development of successful (complex) systems.... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability requirements | 280 | 1,589 | null |
Section: Reliability culture / human errors / human factors. In practice, most failures can be traced back to some type of human error, for example in: Management decisions (e.g. in budgeting, timing, and required tasks) Systems Engineering: Use studies (load cases) Systems Engineering: Requirement analysis / setting S... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability culture / human errors / human factors | 297 | 1,648 | null |
Section: Reliability prediction and improvement. Reliability prediction combines: creation of a proper reliability model (see further on this page) estimation (and justification) of input parameters for this model (e.g. failure rates for a particular failure mode or event and the mean time to repair the system for a pa... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement | 296 | 1,593 | null |
Another surprising – but logical – argument is that to be able to accurately predict reliability by testing, the exact mechanisms of failure must be known and therefore – in most cases – could be prevented! Following the incorrect route of trying to quantify and solve a complex reliability engineering problem in terms ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement | 334 | 1,818 | null |
Section: Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Statistics-based approach (i.e. MTBF). Reliability design begins with the development of a (system) model. Reliability and availability models use block diagrams and Fault Tree Analysis to provide a graphical means of evaluating the relationship... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Statistics-based approach (i.e. MTBF) | 340 | 1,852 | null |
By combining redundancy, together with a high level of failure monitoring, and the avoidance of common cause failures; even a system with relatively poor single-channel (part) reliability, can be made highly reliable at a system level (up to mission critical reliability). No testing of reliability has to be required fo... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Statistics-based approach (i.e. MTBF) | 223 | 1,136 | null |
Section: Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Physics-of-failure-based approach. For electronic assemblies, there has been an increasing shift towards a different approach called physics of failure. This technique relies on understanding the physical static and dynamic failure mechanisms. I... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Physics-of-failure-based approach | 189 | 1,049 | null |
Section: Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Common tools and techniques. Many of the tasks, techniques, and analyses used in Reliability Engineering are specific to particular industries and applications, but can commonly include: Physics of failure (PoF) Built-in self-test (BIT or BIST) ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > Design for reliability > Common tools and techniques | 316 | 1,748 | null |
Section: Reliability prediction and improvement > The importance of language. Reliability engineers, whether using quantitative or qualitative methods to describe a failure or hazard, rely on language to pinpoint the risks and enable issues to be solved. The language used must help create an orderly description of the ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > The importance of language | 313 | 1,557 | null |
This can for example be seen in descriptions of events in fault tree analysis, FMEA analysis, and hazard (tracking) logs. In this sense language and proper grammar (part of qualitative analysis) plays an important role in reliability engineering, just like it does in safety engineering or in-general within systems engi... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability prediction and improvement > The importance of language | 212 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Reliability modeling. Reliability modeling is the process of predicting or understanding the reliability of a component or system prior to its implementation. Two types of analysis that are often used to model a complete system's availability behavior including effects from logistics issues like spare part pro... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability modeling | 232 | 1,348 | null |
Section: Reliability modeling > Reliability theory. Reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its intended function during a specified period of time under stated conditions. Mathematically, this may be expressed as, R ( t ) = P r { T > t } = ∫ t ∞ f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle R(t)=Pr\{T>t\}=\i... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability modeling > Reliability theory | 347 | 1,550 | null |
Section: Reliability modeling > Quantitative system reliability parameters—theory. Quantitative requirements are specified using reliability parameters. The most common reliability parameter is the mean time to failure (MTTF), which can also be specified as the failure rate (this is expressed as a frequency or conditio... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability modeling > Quantitative system reliability parameters—theory | 349 | 1,808 | null |
Section: Reliability testing. The purpose of reliability testing or reliability verification is to discover potential problems with the design as early as possible and, ultimately, provide confidence that the system meets its reliability requirements. The reliability of the product in all environments such as expected ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing | 350 | 2,057 | null |
Testing proceeds during each level of integration through full-up system testing, developmental testing, and operational testing, thereby reducing program risk. However, testing does not mitigate unreliability risk. With each test both statistical type I and type II errors could be made, depending on sample size, test ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing | 350 | 1,948 | null |
Variations in test conditions, operator differences, weather and unexpected situations create differences between the customer and the system developer. One strategy to address this issue is to use a scoring conference process. A scoring conference includes representatives from the customer, the developer, the test org... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing | 235 | 1,359 | null |
Section: Reliability testing > Reliability test requirements. There are many criteria to test depends on the product or process that are testing on, and mainly, there are five components that are most common: Product life span Intended function Operating Condition Probability of Performance User exceptions The product ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing > Reliability test requirements | 329 | 1,890 | null |
A certain parameter is expressed along with a corresponding confidence level: for example, an MTBF of 1000 hours at 90% confidence level. From this specification, the reliability engineer can, for example, design a test with explicit criteria for the number of hours and number of failures until the requirement is met o... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing > Reliability test requirements | 212 | 1,129 | null |
Section: Reliability testing > Accelerated testing. The purpose of accelerated life testing (ALT test) is to induce field failure in the laboratory at a much faster rate by providing a harsher, but nonetheless representative, environment. In such a test, the product is expected to fail in the lab just as it would have ... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability testing > Accelerated testing | 183 | 965 | null |
Section: Software reliability. Software reliability is a special aspect of reliability engineering. It focuses on foundations and techniques to make software more reliable, i.e., resilient to faults. System reliability, by definition, includes all parts of the system, including hardware, software, supporting infrastruc... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Software reliability | 277 | 1,591 | null |
Software reliability engineering must take this into account. Despite this difference in the source of failure between software and hardware, several software reliability models based on statistics have been proposed to quantify what we experience with software: the longer software is run, the higher the probability th... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Software reliability | 340 | 1,922 | null |
Other software metrics, such as complexity, are also used. This metric remains controversial, since changes in software development and verification practices can have dramatic impact on overall defect rates. Software testing is an important aspect of software reliability. Even the best software development process res... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Software reliability | 200 | 1,165 | null |
Section: Comparison to safety engineering. Reliability for safety and reliability for availability are often closely related. Lost availability of an engineering system can cost money. If a subway system is unavailable the subway operator will lose money for each hour the system is down. The subway operator will lose m... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Comparison to safety engineering | 325 | 1,779 | null |
Section: Comparison to safety engineering > Fault tolerance. Safety can be increased using a 2oo2 cross checked redundant system. Availability can be increased by using "1oo2" (1 out of 2) redundancy at a part or system level. If both redundant elements disagree the more permissive element will maximize availability. A... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Comparison to safety engineering > Fault tolerance | 220 | 1,095 | null |
Section: Comparison to safety engineering > Basic reliability and mission reliability. The above example of a 2oo3 fault tolerant system increases both mission reliability as well as safety. However, the "basic" reliability of the system will in this case still be lower than a non-redundant (1oo1) or 2oo2 system. Basic... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Comparison to safety engineering > Basic reliability and mission reliability | 219 | 1,030 | null |
Section: Reliability versus quality (Six Sigma). Quality often focuses on manufacturing defects during the warranty phase. Reliability looks at the failure intensity over the whole life of a product or engineering system from commissioning to decommissioning. Six Sigma has its roots in statistical control in quality of... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability versus quality (Six Sigma) | 340 | 1,926 | null |
This is known as the life distribution model. Some of these reliability issues may be due to inherent design issues, which may exist even though the product conforms to specifications. Even items that are produced perfectly will fail over time due to one or more failure mechanisms (e.g. due to human error or mechanical... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability versus quality (Six Sigma) | 330 | 1,912 | null |
Solutions are found in different ways, such as by simplifying a system to allow more of the mechanisms of failure involved to be understood; performing detailed calculations of material stress levels allowing suitable safety factors to be determined; finding possible abnormal system load conditions and using this to in... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability versus quality (Six Sigma) | 206 | 1,103 | null |
Section: Reliability operational assessment. Once systems or parts are being produced, reliability engineering attempts to monitor, assess, and correct deficiencies. Monitoring includes electronic and visual surveillance of critical parameters identified during the fault tree analysis design stage. Data collection is h... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability operational assessment | 344 | 2,008 | null |
It is extremely important for an organization to adopt a common FRACAS system for all end items. Also, it should allow test results to be captured in a practical way. Failure to adopt one easy-to-use (in terms of ease of data-entry for field engineers and repair shop engineers) and easy-to-maintain integrated system is... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability operational assessment | 169 | 790 | null |
Section: Reliability organizations. Systems of any significant complexity are developed by organizations of people, such as a commercial company or a government agency. The reliability engineering organization must be consistent with the company's organizational structure. For small, non-critical systems, reliability e... | Wikipedia - Reliability engineering - Reliability organizations | 279 | 1,623 | null |
Article: Reservoir engineering. Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the fluid flow through a porous medium during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer ar... | Wikipedia - Reservoir engineering - Summary | 224 | 1,302 | null |
Section: Types. Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas: Surveillance engineering, i.e. monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production and injection rates. Surveillance engineers typically use analytical and empirical techniques to perform their work, including decline curve analysis, material b... | Wikipedia - Reservoir engineering - Types | 155 | 877 | null |
Section: Challenges > Safety in human-robot interaction. Ensuring safety in human-robot interaction is a significant challenge in the field of robotics engineering. In addition to technical aspects, such as the development of sensitive control systems and force-limited actuators, engineers must address the ethical and ... | Wikipedia - Robotics engineering - Challenges > Safety in human-robot interaction | 295 | 1,698 | null |
Section: Analysis techniques. Analysis techniques can be split into two categories: qualitative and quantitative methods. Both approaches share the goal of finding causal dependencies between a hazard on system level and failures of individual components. Qualitative approaches focus on the question "What must go wrong... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques | 223 | 1,157 | null |
Section: Analysis techniques > Traditional methods for safety analysis > Failure modes and effects analysis. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a bottom-up, inductive analytical method which may be performed at either the functional or piece-part level. For functional FMEA, failure modes are identified for eac... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques > Traditional methods for safety analysis > Failure modes and effects analysis | 229 | 1,148 | null |
Section: Analysis techniques > Traditional methods for safety analysis > Fault tree analysis. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top-down, deductive analytical method. In FTA, initiating primary events such as component failures, human errors, and external events are traced through Boolean logic gates to an undesired top e... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques > Traditional methods for safety analysis > Fault tree analysis | 323 | 1,602 | null |
Section: Analysis techniques > Oil and gas industry offshore (API 14C; ISO 10418). The offshore oil and gas industry uses a qualitative safety systems analysis technique to ensure the protection of offshore production systems and platforms. The analysis is used during the design phase to identify process engineering ha... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques > Oil and gas industry offshore (API 14C; ISO 10418) | 321 | 1,744 | null |
Other undesirable events for a pressure vessel are under-pressure, gas blowby, leak, and excess temperature together with their associated causes and detectable conditions. Once the events, causes and detectable conditions have been identified the next stage of the methodology uses a Safety Analysis Checklist (SAC) for... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques > Oil and gas industry offshore (API 14C; ISO 10418) | 327 | 1,512 | null |
PSH) initiates the shutdown or warning action on the top right (e.g. ESV closure). The SAFE chart constitutes the basis of Cause and Effect Charts which relate the sensing devices to shutdown valves and plant trips which defines the functional architecture of the process shutdown system. The methodology also specifies ... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Analysis techniques > Oil and gas industry offshore (API 14C; ISO 10418) | 152 | 785 | null |
Section: Safety certification. Typically, safety guidelines prescribe a set of steps, deliverable documents, and exit criterion focused around planning, analysis and design, implementation, verification and validation, configuration management, and quality assurance activities for the development of a safety-critical s... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Safety certification | 239 | 1,320 | null |
Section: Preventing failure. Once a failure mode is identified, it can usually be mitigated by adding extra or redundant equipment to the system. For example, nuclear reactors contain dangerous radiation, and nuclear reactions can cause so much heat that no substance might contain them. Therefore, reactors have emergen... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Preventing failure | 221 | 1,177 | null |
Section: Safety and reliability. Safety engineering and reliability engineering have much in common, but safety is not reliability. If a medical device fails, it should fail safely; other alternatives will be available to the surgeon. If the engine on a single-engine aircraft fails, there is no backup. Electrical power... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Safety and reliability | 346 | 1,786 | null |
When adding equipment is impractical (usually because of expense), then the least expensive form of design is often "inherently fail-safe". That is, change the system design so its failure modes are not catastrophic. Inherent fail-safes are common in medical equipment, traffic and railway signals, communications equipm... | Wikipedia - Safety engineering - Safety and reliability | 345 | 1,743 | null |
Article: Sanitary engineering. Sanitary engineering or sanitation engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the s... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Summary | 319 | 1,901 | null |
Section: History. Irrigation systems were invented five to seven thousand years ago as a means of supplying water to agriculture-based societies. Aqueducts and irrigation systems were among the first forms of wastewater engineering. As population centers became more dense, they were used to remove sewage from settlemen... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - History | 191 | 989 | null |
Section: History > Sanitation in the 1900's. During the 1900s, the activated sludge process was invented. The activated sludge process is a form of water purification that uses bacteria to consume human feces. Chlorine is used later in the process to kill off the bacteria. In the 1950s, the public health reports provid... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - History > Sanitation in the 1900's | 275 | 1,410 | null |
Section: Sanitation in the United States > California/Counties > Counties. El Dorado county has numerous garbage collection facilities, some private companies. In residential areas, the main source of waste is oil. Since then, many waste management facilities have been built in El Dorado county, reducing the risk of th... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Sanitation in the United States > California/Counties > Counties | 211 | 1,058 | null |
Section: Education > Engineering. Wastewater engineering is not usually its own degree course, but a specialization from degrees such as environmental and sanitary engineering, sanitary engineering, civil engineering, environmental engineering, bio-chemical engineering, or chemical engineering. Formal education for was... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Education > Engineering | 318 | 1,883 | null |
Section: Education > Plant Operations. Initial employment in wastewater engineering can be obtained by those with and without advanced formal education. The California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), for example, shows how individuals can advance through a progression of certifications as Waste Water Treat... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Education > Plant Operations | 190 | 1,147 | null |
Section: Job description and typical tasks. Important job types working in sanitary engineering include sanitation workers, waste collectors and wastewater engineers. Wastewater engineers use a variety of skills and must have knowledge of mechanical and environmental engineering. They are required to perform tasks and ... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Job description and typical tasks | 337 | 2,075 | null |
Section: Modern challenges > Water scarcity. Water managers confront new challenges and the need for new technology as water levels decrease due to increasingly frequent and extended droughts. Technologies such as sonar mapping are being used in wells to determine the volume of water that they can hold. For example, th... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Modern challenges > Water scarcity | 168 | 851 | null |
Section: Modern challenges > Climate change. Wastewater treatment contributes to global warming in many ways. One of the factors that contributes to global warming is wastewater treatment facilities and their emissions of greenhouse gases. Some of those gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases ... | Wikipedia - Sanitary engineering - Modern challenges > Climate change | 277 | 1,610 | null |
Section: History. Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering. The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the ... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - History | 323 | 1,771 | null |
Section: Terminology > Definition. Notable definitions of software engineering include: "The systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software."—The Bureau of Labor Statistics—IEEE Systems and software engineer... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Terminology > Definition | 331 | 1,823 | null |
Section: Workload > Requirements analysis. Requirements engineering is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of requirements for software. Software requirements can be functional, non-functional or domain. Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requiremen... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Workload > Requirements analysis | 168 | 923 | null |
Section: Education. Knowledge of computer programming is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the IEEE Computer Society produced the SWEBOK, which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software eng... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Education | 228 | 1,325 | null |
Section: Education > Software engineering degree programs. Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science, information systems, or information technology. A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the Department of Computing at Imperial College London intr... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Education > Software engineering degree programs | 332 | 1,948 | null |
Section: Profession. Legal requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, so... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession | 276 | 1,475 | null |
Section: Profession > Employment. There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016. Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organiz... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Employment | 273 | 1,477 | null |
Section: Profession > Employment > United States. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in the U.S. in 2018. Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and man... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Employment > United States | 337 | 1,634 | null |
Section: Profession > Certification. The Software Engineering Institute offers certifications on specific topics like security, process improvement and software architecture. IBM, Microsoft and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many IT certification programs are oriented toward specific... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Certification | 311 | 1,920 | null |
In Canada the Canadian Information Processing Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Information Systems Professional (ISP). In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's (P... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Certification | 192 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Profession > Impact of globalization. The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russ... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Impact of globalization | 333 | 1,930 | null |
Section: Profession > Prizes. There are various prizes in the field of software engineering: ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award- USA. Awarded to career contributions that have breadth within computer science, or that bridge computer science and other disciplines. BCS Lovelace Medal. Awarded to individuals who have made outsta... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Profession > Prizes | 185 | 1,011 | null |
Section: Criticism. Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field. Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software eng... | Wikipedia - Software engineering - Criticism | 290 | 1,516 | null |
Article: Specialty engineering. In the domain of systems engineering, Specialty Engineering is defined as and includes the engineering disciplines that are not typical of the main engineering effort. More common engineering efforts in systems engineering such as hardware, software, and human factors engineering may be ... | Wikipedia - Specialty engineering - Summary | 282 | 1,685 | null |
Article: Sports engineering. Sports engineering is a sub-discipline of engineering that applies math and science to develop technology, equipment, and other resources as they pertain to sport. Sports engineering was first introduced by Isaac Newton’s observation of a tennis ball. In the mid-twentieth century, Howard He... | Wikipedia - Sports engineering - Summary | 233 | 1,335 | null |
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