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Section: Hemming processes > Robot (roller hemming). Robot hemming is utilized for the manufacture of Low to medium-production volumes. It uses a standard industrial robot integrated with a roller hemming head to provide a flexible method for forming closures. The flange of the outer panel is bent over the inner panel ... | Wikipedia - Automotive hemming - Hemming processes > Robot (roller hemming) | 180 | 894 | null |
Article: Automotive Safety Integrity Level. Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) is a risk classification scheme defined by the ISO 26262 - Functional Safety for Road Vehicles standard. This is an adaptation of the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) used in IEC 61508 for the automotive industry. This classification helps... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Summary | 190 | 901 | null |
Section: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment. Because of the reference to SIL and because the ASIL incorporate 4 levels of hazard with a 5th non-hazardous level, it is common in descriptions of ASIL to compare its levels to the SIL levels and DO-178C Design Assurance Levels, respectively. The determination of ASIL is t... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment | 216 | 1,058 | null |
In short, ASIL refers both to risk and to risk-dependent requirements (standard minimal risk treatment for a given risk). Whereas risk may be generally expressed as Risk = ( expected loss in case of the accident ) × ( probability of the accident occurring ) {\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}=({\text{expected loss in case of ... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment | 233 | 882 | null |
Section: Levels > ASIL D. ASIL D, an abbreviation of Automotive Safety Integrity Level D, refers to the highest classification of initial hazard (injury risk) defined within ISO 26262 and to that standard's most stringent level of safety measures to apply for avoiding an unreasonable residual risk. In particular, ASIL ... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Levels > ASIL D | 266 | 1,340 | null |
Section: Decomposition. Designing an entire system to the rigorous standards of the higher levels of ASIL can be unwieldy, so ISO 26262 allows "decomposition": redundant subcomponents, each designed to a lower ASIL level, can be combined into a higher ASIL level design using higher-level methodologies. The subcomponent... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Decomposition | 278 | 1,163 | null |
Section: Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards > IEC 61508 (SIL). ISO 26262 is an extension of IEC 61508. IEC 61508 defines a widely referenced Safety Integrity Level (SIL) classification. Unlike other functional safety standards, ISO 26262 does not provide normative nor informative mapping of ASIL to SIL; while... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards > IEC 61508 (SIL) | 342 | 1,537 | null |
Section: Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards > SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL). While it is more common to compare the ISO 26262 Levels D through QM to the Design Assurance Levels (DAL) A through E and ascribe those levels to DO-178C; these DAL are actually defined and applied through the definitions of SAE ... | Wikipedia - Automotive Safety Integrity Level - Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards > SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL) | 323 | 1,364 | null |
Article: Automotive suspension design process. Automotive suspension design is an aspect of automotive engineering, concerned with designing the suspension for cars and trucks. Suspension design for other vehicles is similar, though the process may not be as well established. The process entails Selecting appropriate v... | Wikipedia - Automotive suspension design process - Summary | 152 | 882 | null |
Section: Compliance analysis. The compliance of the bushings, the body, and other parts modify the behaviour of the suspension. In general it is difficult to improve the kinematics of a suspension using the bushings, but one example where it does work is the toe control bush used in Twist-beam rear suspensions. More ge... | Wikipedia - Automotive suspension design process - Compliance analysis | 201 | 939 | null |
Article: Body flex. Body flex is a lack of rigidity in a motor vehicle's chassis, causing the car body to turn and twist while cornering. It is often something to be avoided by car manufacturers as higher levels of body flex is a sign of structural weakness, and means that the vehicle's suspension cannot work as effici... | Wikipedia - Body flex - Summary | 324 | 1,570 | null |
Article: Body in white. Body in white (BIW) is the stage in automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, door locks/handles, seats, upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been integrated into the structu... | Wikipedia - Body in white - Summary | 313 | 1,405 | null |
Article: Calspan. Calspan Corporation is a science and technology company founded in 1943 as part of the Research Laboratory of the Curtiss-Wright Airplane Division at Buffalo, New York. Calspan consists of four primary operating units: Flight Research, Transportation Research, Aerospace Sciences Transonic Wind Tunnel,... | Wikipedia - Calspan - Summary | 160 | 824 | null |
Section: History. The facility was started as a private defense contractor in the home front of World War II. As a part of its tax planning in the wake of the war effort, Curtiss-Wright donated the facility to Cornell University to operate "as a public trust." Seven other east coast aircraft companies also donated $675... | Wikipedia - Calspan - History | 327 | 1,634 | null |
Calspan was the first in a series of corporate owners that have included Arvin Industries, Space Industries International, Veridian Corporation and General Dynamics. In 2005, Calspan Corporation was returned to independent ownership when a local management group purchased the Aeronautics and Transportation Testing Grou... | Wikipedia - Calspan - History | 283 | 1,503 | null |
Article: Center axle disconnect. A center axle disconnect system or CAD is an alternative to locking hubs. CAD systems are typically used in front drive axles on four wheel drive vehicles. A CAD system works by having an axle shaft (typically the longer shaft) split into two pieces. One piece is connected to the carrie... | Wikipedia - Center axle disconnect - Summary | 162 | 778 | null |
Section: Comparison with locking hubs. Although a widely used system, this system is not as efficient as a system with locking hubs. A CAD system spins the axle shafts, spider gears, and side gears in the carrier during normal driving. Locking hubs disengage the axle at the wheels, allowing all of the axle to be at res... | Wikipedia - Center axle disconnect - Comparison with locking hubs | 165 | 773 | null |
Section: Advantages and disadvantages. Unlike locking hubs, CAD systems are generally automatic and engaged when the vehicle is placed in four wheel drive. Due to the lack of driver control over the CAD, it is not as well known to the public as manual locking hubs are (but no different from automatic locking hubs in te... | Wikipedia - Center axle disconnect - Advantages and disadvantages | 166 | 788 | null |
Section: Specifications. The Dana 35 (as well as the AMC-15) is used in many vehicles. The most common applications are as a rear axle in the Jeep Cherokee, Jeep Wrangler, and Jeep Comanche and as a front axle in the Ford Explorer and Ford Ranger. It is "reliable in day-to-day street use, but notoriously the opposite w... | Wikipedia - Dana 35 - Specifications | 305 | 1,020 | null |
Section: General specifications. Ring gear measures 8.5 in (216 mm) Ring gear measures 8.9 in (226 mm) OEM Inner axle shaft spline counts are 10, 19, 29, 30, 32, 33 and 35 Pinion shaft diameter: 1.375" (most Dana 44s) 1.625" (JK rear 8.9" Dana 44s) Pinion shaft splines and spline diameter: 26/1.12" (most Dana 44s post ... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - General specifications | 286 | 798 | null |
Section: Independent front suspension (IFS) Dana 44 axle. In the 1960s, Jeep used a unique Dana 44 IFS setup, that was short lived. In the 1980s and 1990s, Ford used a form of IFS known as "Twin Traction Beam" (TTB). This Dana 44 had no axle tubes but attached to the driver side traction beam, which also acted as a cov... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - Independent front suspension (IFS) Dana 44 axle | 194 | 831 | null |
Section: Rear Dana 44 solid axle > Dana 44. The Dana 44 rear axle first saw use in the 1940s and is still in use today. The Dana 44 has a GAWR up to 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) and is a semi-floating type, having one bearing on the end of the axle shaft which carries the weight of the vehicle on the axle and also allows axle r... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - Rear Dana 44 solid axle > Dana 44 | 285 | 1,076 | null |
Section: Independent rear suspension (IRS) Dana 44 axle. The Dana 44 has seen use in Chevrolet Corvettes and Dodge Vipers. This axle is referred to as a Dana 44 ICA or Dana 44 IRS. All 1980–1982 Chevrolet Corvette C3 and manual transmission equipped 1985–1996 Chevrolet Corvette C4 had this axle. The 2005–06 Pontiac GTO... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - Independent rear suspension (IRS) Dana 44 axle | 318 | 1,466 | null |
Dodge 1974–1993 Ramcharger (Passenger side) 1980–2001 ½ Ton (W150/1500) (Passenger side 1980–1993, Driver side 1994-2001½) 1988–1995 ¾ Ton (2500 Light Duty) (Passenger side 1988–1993, Driver side 1994-1995½) 1972–1980 (W200) (Passenger side) Ford 1959–1979 ½ Ton (F-100/F-150) (Driver side) 1980–1996 ½ Ton (F-150, TTB) ... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - Common applications | 349 | 1,135 | null |
2004–2006 Wrangler "LJ" Unlimited 1997–2006 Wrangler (optional: available starting 7 July 1997) 2007–2015 Wrangler (optional on 2007, standard '08-present) 1987–1990 XJ (tow package) 1987–1990 Wrangler (optional: available in some export markets) Gear Ratios were 3.07:1, 3.54:1, 3.73:1 and 4.10:1 1987–1992 MJ (Big-Ton/... | Wikipedia - Dana 44 - Common applications | 283 | 992 | null |
Article: Dana 50. The Dana/Spicer Model 50 was an automotive axle manufactured by the Dana Holding Corporation for 25 years and was used solely in OEM Ford applications. Dana 50's were made as front axles only until it was revived in rear solid axle configuration in the 2022 Ford Bronco Raptor. The Dana 50 has a "50" c... | Wikipedia - Dana 50 - Summary | 211 | 927 | null |
Section: Solid Axle. The solid axle Dana 50 was used in the Ford F-250 and the F-350 from 1999 to 2003. This axle was also the only OEM axle used in Four-wheel drive Ford Excursions. The GAWR of a solid axle Dana 50 is 5000 lbs. The 2022 Ford Bronco Raptor utilizes an AdvanTEK M235 (not Dana 50) solid rear axle with a ... | Wikipedia - Dana 50 - Solid Axle | 151 | 559 | null |
Article: Dana 60. The Dana/Spicer Model 60 is an automotive axle manufactured by Dana Holding Corporation and used in OEM pickup and limited passenger car applications by Chevrolet, Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, Ford and Land Rover. There are front and rear versions of the Dana 60. It can be readily identified by its straight... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Summary | 151 | 770 | null |
Section: General specifications. Every Dana 60 that was originally manufactured by Dana Corp (i.e. not aftermarket) is stamped with a build date and bill of materials on the back of the right hand axle tube. Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) 6500 lbs (full float, rear axle) 5500 lbs (semi float) GAWR is vehicle axle weig... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - General specifications | 293 | 1,082 | null |
Section: Dana 60 front steer axle > History. In the mid-1970s the Big Three all started using this axle. Dodge used a Dana 60 up to 2002. 3rd Generation Dodge Rams dropped the Dana 60 in favor of AAM (American Axle & Manufacturing) axles. Ford still uses the Dana 60 front axle. Manufactured in both Kingpin and Ball joi... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Dana 60 front steer axle > History | 182 | 811 | null |
Section: Dana 60 front steer axle > Big Three variations. Ford versions are driver's side differential drop, reverse-cut gears, and kingpin knuckles up to 1991. The later axles have ball joints. Ford Dana 60 axles mostly feature 35 spline inner axle shafts, but some are 30 spline. Larger brakes and 35 spline outer shaf... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Dana 60 front steer axle > Big Three variations | 169 | 807 | null |
Section: Dana 61. A variation of the Dana 60 known as a Dana 61 was made to accommodate gear ratios that allowed for better fuel mileage. This was done as a direct result of the 1973 oil crisis. A 3.07:1 gear ratio was common for these axles and unachievable in a regular Dana 60. To allow for the different gearing, the... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Dana 61 | 340 | 1,417 | null |
Section: Common Applications. Source: Front axle International Harvester 1975 1300 Camper Special ← A Dana BOM number series was created but no record of any Dana 60 front axles being used by International has been proven. Chevrolet 1977–1991 1Ton (K30/V30) 1984–1988 Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle 2019–2020 Medium Du... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Common Applications | 325 | 1,223 | null |
Many Land Rover applications used 10 or 24 spline shafts. Defender applications were a right-hand drop. 1971–1977 Land Rover Series 2B Forward Control 1971–1977 Land Rover Series 3 1 ton (both front and rear axles) 1971–1985 Land Rover Series 3 Military Spec (rear on series III 109s) 1972–1978 Land Rover 101 Forward Co... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Common Applications | 328 | 1,191 | null |
1971–1977 Land Rover Series 2B Forward Control 1971–1977 Land Rover Series 3 1 ton (both front and rear axles) 1971–1985 Land Rover Series 3 Military Spec (rear on series III 109s) 1972–1978 Land Rover 101 Forward Control 1983–2001 Land Rover Defender 110 Military Spec Rear axle Studebaker 1956–1964 E12 3⁄4t and E14 1t... | Wikipedia - Dana 60 - Common Applications | 486 | 1,682 | null |
Section: General specifications. The ring gear measures 10.5 inches (270 mm) 3.5 in (89 mm) diameter axle tube Inner axle shaft spline counts are 23, 32, and 35 Pinion shaft diameter: 1.75 in (44 mm) Pinion shaft splines: 10 and 29 Gear ratios: 3.07:1 - 7.17:1 Axle Shaft diameter 1.41 in (36 mm) Front (35 Spline) 1.50 ... | Wikipedia - Dana 70 - General specifications | 157 | 515 | null |
Section: Front axle > Dodge and IHC Dana 70 front axles. The first Dana 70 front axle was used in 1958 by Dodge in the W300, in both 4.88 and 5.87 ratios. International started using Dana 70 front axles in the late 1960s. Both companies used Dana 70 front axles until the mid-1970s (Dodge W300 pickup up until 1978, disc... | Wikipedia - Dana 70 - Front axle > Dodge and IHC Dana 70 front axles | 168 | 687 | null |
Section: Front axle > GM Dana Super 70 front axles. GM began making 4x4 Chevrolet Kodiaks and GMC Topkicks that utilize a Dana 70 front axle for the 2005-2009 models. These Dana 70 axles had open knuckles and ball joints. The Dana 70 axle only came with 5.13:1, 4.88,5.31 gear ratios and had a GAWR of these axles were r... | Wikipedia - Dana 70 - Front axle > GM Dana Super 70 front axles | 220 | 840 | null |
Section: Rear axle > Dana 70HD. In the 1970s the Dana 70HD was offered. The axle tubes were increased to 4 inches (100 mm) diameter and carrier bearings were larger and thicker, the axle shafts were 35 spline only. These upgrades gave the Dana 70HD a gross axle rating of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg). The Dana 70 front drive ax... | Wikipedia - Dana 70 - Rear axle > Dana 70HD | 247 | 1,070 | null |
Section: Pinion Offsets. There are three pinion offsets for the Dana 70 rear axle. 1⁄2, 5⁄8 and 31⁄32 inch (13, 16 and 25 mm) offset. The first Dana 70 axles had a 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) pinion offset and were found in Dana 70HD's as well. The drawback with the 1/2-inch offset was that a 4.10:1 gear ratio was the highest gea... | Wikipedia - Dana 70 - Pinion Offsets | 213 | 744 | null |
Article: Dana 80. The Dana/Spicer Model 80 is an automotive axle manufactured by Dana Holding Corporation and has been used in OEM heavy duty applications by Chevrolet, Dodge, and Ford. It can be identified by its straight axle tubes, 10 bolt asymmetrical cover, and an "80" cast into the housing. Dana 80's are made as ... | Wikipedia - Dana 80 - Summary | 248 | 1,051 | null |
Section: General specifications. Ring gear measures 11.25 inches (286 mm). 4" diameter axle tube. Inner axle shaft spline counts are 35 and 37. Pinion shaft diameter: 2.0 inches (51 mm) Pinion shaft splines: 37 Axle Shaft diameter 35 Spline: 1.50 inches (38 mm) 37 Spline: 1.58 inches (40 mm) Gear ratios: 3.23, 3.31, 3.... | Wikipedia - Dana 80 - General specifications | 178 | 515 | null |
Article: Dana S 110. The Dana/Spicer Model S110 is an automotive axle manufactured by the Dana Holding Corporation and the Eaton Corporation. Eaton manufactures the differential and Dana manufactures the rest of the axle. The S110 model follows a newer nomenclature for Dana axles. The "S" meaning: single rear axle. The... | Wikipedia - Dana S 110 - Summary | 300 | 1,268 | null |
Article: Drive by wire. Drive by wire or DbW in the automotive industry is the technology that uses electronics or electro-mechanical systems in place of mechanical linkages to control driving functions. The concept is similar to fly-by-wire in the aviation industry. Drive-by-wire may refer to just the propulsion of th... | Wikipedia - Drive by wire - Summary | 301 | 1,527 | null |
Section: Properties. Dispensing with mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; simplifies service and tuning; reduces the force required to engage inputs and allows it to be customized with haptic technology; allows for more interior design freedom in the placement of in... | Wikipedia - Drive by wire - Properties | 251 | 1,302 | null |
Section: Safety and security. Failures in drive by wire systems can lead to potential hazardous situations where safety depends entirely on the vehicle's failure mode. The Aachen University Institute for Motor Vehicles (ika – Institut für Kraftfahrzeuge Aachen), in collaboration with Mercedes-AMG and others, studies th... | Wikipedia - Drive by wire - Safety and security | 348 | 1,786 | null |
Section: Systems > Shift by wire. Shift-by-wire employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the mechanical connection between the driver's gearshift mechanism and the transmission. Since becoming commercially available in 1996, shift-by-wire has been commonly used in automated manual transmission, and has... | Wikipedia - Drive by wire - Systems > Shift by wire | 174 | 857 | null |
Section: Systems > Steer by wire. A vehicle equipped with a steer-by-wire system is able to steer some or all of its wheels without a steering column connected to the wheel axles. It is different from electric power steering or power-assist, as those systems still rely on the steering column to mechanically transfer so... | Wikipedia - Drive by wire - Systems > Steer by wire | 166 | 827 | null |
Section: Location. Ford Dunton is situated at the junction of West Mayne (B148) and the A127 Southend Arterial Road, in Dunton Wayletts in the district of Basildon. An electricity pylon line straddles the site. In front of the building, to the north, is a vehicle test track. To the south is the Southfields Business Par... | Wikipedia - Dunton Technical Centre - Location | 208 | 888 | null |
Section: History > 1967 to 2000. At the time of its opening, Dunton was assigned responsibility within Ford of Europe for vehicle design, interior styling, chassis and body interior engineering, engine calibration and product planning. Ford's Merkenich Centre in Cologne, Germany was given principal responsibility for b... | Wikipedia - Dunton Technical Centre - History > 1967 to 2000 | 330 | 1,577 | null |
Many of the RS models had the bodywork made at Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany; the vehicles had Pirelli tyres. By 1984 staff at Dunton were conducting video-conferences with colleagues at Merkenich, using the ECS-1 satellite, and enabled by British Telecom International. In the 1980s Ford spent £100m a year on British r... | Wikipedia - Dunton Technical Centre - History > 1967 to 2000 | 335 | 1,517 | null |
Section: History > 2000 to present. In 2003 a Silicon Graphics International (SGI) Reality Centre was constructed at Dunton, incorporating SGI Onyx 3000 visualisation supercomputers, using the InfiniteReality3 graphics rendering system. In March 2010 Ford announced plans to develop a new generation of environmentally f... | Wikipedia - Dunton Technical Centre - History > 2000 to present | 224 | 1,125 | null |
Section: Activities. Dunton houses the main design team of Ford of Europe, alongside its Merkenich Technical Centre in Cologne. Currently Dunton has responsibility for the design of the Ford Fiesta, the Ford Ka, engines for Ford of Europe (powertrain), commercial vehicles and the interior of Ford of Europe cars. It has... | Wikipedia - Dunton Technical Centre - Activities | 159 | 791 | null |
Article: Electric motorsport. Electric motorsport is a category of motor sport that consists of the racing of electric powered vehicles for competition, either in all-electric series, or in open-series against vehicles with different powertrains. Very early in the history of automobiles, electric cars held several perf... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Summary | 162 | 908 | null |
Section: History > Early land speed records. The table below details the early history of land speed records from 1898 into the early decades of the 20th century. La Jamais Contente (English: The Never Satisfied) was the first road vehicle to go over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). It was an electric vehicle with a l... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - History > Early land speed records | 307 | 1,492 | null |
Section: History > 21st century renaissance. The emergence of higher volume manufacturing of electric powertrain vehicles has allowed for economies of scale and increased research and development of electrical batteries, the critical technology in electric powertrains. Specific energy (the amount of energy stored per u... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - History > 21st century renaissance | 347 | 1,904 | null |
Section: Open-category series > Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, also known as The Race to the Clouds, is an annual automobile and motorcycle hillclimb to the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado, USA. The track measures 12.42 miles (19.99 km) over 156 turns, climbing 4,720 ft (... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > Pikes Peak International Hill Climb | 343 | 1,563 | null |
Unlimited class vehicles, with combustion engines, broke the 16 minute barrier in 1938, and have steadily improved over the subsequent decades, breaking the 10-minute barrier in 2011. Meanwhile, the electric vehicle class broke the 16 minute barrier in 1994 (Katy Endicott, Honda Civic Shuttle finishing in 15:44:71 minu... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > Pikes Peak International Hill Climb | 344 | 1,464 | null |
The winning driver Rhys Millen said in an interview that the vehicle had lost half its tractive power (due to heat) from around the halfway point. Based on testing the team had expected a run 30 seconds faster. Both the two above teams and drivers raced again in 2016, with evolutions of the vehicles, and were joined by... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > Pikes Peak International Hill Climb | 323 | 1,384 | null |
Section: Open-category series > Isle of Man TT. TT Zero is part of the Isle of Man TT and races for 1 lap (37.733 miles) of the Snaefell Mountain Course. The TT Zero event as an officially sanctioned Isle of Man TT race is for racing motorcycles where "The technical concept is for motorcycles (two wheeled) to be powere... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > Isle of Man TT | 332 | 1,432 | null |
Since joining the event in 2012, and following a brace of runner-up finishes in 2012/2013, the Japanese team Mugen won the TT Zero race for the first time in 2014, and were victors in the race for 6 consecutive years through to 2019, setting 4 new lap records, and becoming the first electric motorcycle to lap the Snaef... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > Isle of Man TT | 203 | 920 | null |
Section: Open-category series > FIA World Endurance Championship. The FIA World Endurance Championship is an auto racing world championship organized by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The series usurps the ACO's former Intercontinental Le Mans... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Open-category series > FIA World Endurance Championship | 346 | 1,716 | null |
Section: All-electric series > Touring Car > NXT Gen Cup. NXT Gen Cup is an electric junior (ages 15 to 25) touring car championship that started in 2023. Founded by Fredrik Lestrup, former racing driver and owner of Lestrup Racing, the series developed a custom electric race car, the LRT NXT1, based on the Mini Cooper... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - All-electric series > Touring Car > NXT Gen Cup | 159 | 717 | null |
Section: All-electric series > Rallycross > World Rallycross (World RX). Since the 2022 season, the FIA World Rallycross Championship top category "World RX" uses the fully electric class RX1e. All cars in this new class are based on the same powertrain developed by Kreisel Electric. A second-tier electric support seri... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - All-electric series > Rallycross > World Rallycross (World RX) | 166 | 716 | null |
Section: Future prospects. Electric powertrains have advantages over combustion engines in power delivery and vehicle dynamics (especially on motorbikes), but are heavy and still have range disadvantages in longer races (note that combustion engine vehicle often have to refill energy supply also, e.g. Isle of Man TT bi... | Wikipedia - Electric motorsport - Future prospects | 162 | 821 | null |
Section: 8.8 Solid Axle. Ford first used the 8.8 axle in 1983 model year trucks and is still in production for the Ford Ranger and Ford F-Series. It was also used in the Ford SUVs until Independent suspension replaced the solid axle. Ring, pinion and carrier all remained between the solid axle and independent rear susp... | Wikipedia - Ford 8.8 axle - 8.8 Solid Axle | 156 | 715 | null |
Section: 8.8 Solid Axle > Common Applications. Source: 1986-2014 Ford Mustang 1983-2014 Ford F-150 1983-1996 Ford Bronco 2001-2005 Ford Explorer Sport Trac 1991-2011 Ford Ranger 4.0L models 1991-2001 Ford Explorer (Solid axle) 1985-2011 Ford Panther platform vehicles Super 8.8 Ford released an updated version in both s... | Wikipedia - Ford 8.8 axle - 8.8 Solid Axle > Common Applications | 153 | 641 | null |
Article: Ford 9-inch axle. The Ford 9-inch is an automobile axle manufactured by Ford Motor Company. It is known as one of the most popular axles in automotive history. It was introduced in 1957 model year cars and ended production in 1986, having been phased out in favor of the Ford 8.8 inch axle. However, aftermarket... | Wikipedia - Ford 9-inch axle - Summary | 280 | 1,285 | null |
Section: General specifications. Ring gear measures 9.00 in (228.6 mm) Factory nodular center sections are usually marked with an "N". Factory center section's biggest flaw is the pinion bearing pilot support, which are prone to cracking due to the nature of the pinion gear/crown gear relationship. Factory center secti... | Wikipedia - Ford 9-inch axle - General specifications | 219 | 968 | null |
Section: History. The first event was held at the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) proving ground in 1998. Following that, the event was held for three years at the NEC Birmingham between 1999 and 2001. The event was then held on the Go-Kart track at Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome between 2002 and 2006, before movi... | Wikipedia - Formula Student - History | 155 | 775 | null |
Article: Ground pressure. Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a motorized vehicle, and is one measure of its potential mobility, especially over soft ground. It also applies to the feet of a walking person or machine. Pressure is measured in the SI unit of pascals (Pa). Avera... | Wikipedia - Ground pressure - Summary | 240 | 1,140 | null |
Article: IAV GmbH. IAV GmbH Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr, (literal Engineer Society Automobile and Traffic), abbreviated to IAV GmbH, is an engineering company in the automotive industry, designing products for powertrain, electronics and vehicle development. Founded in Berlin in 1983 by Prof. Dr. Hermann App... | Wikipedia - IAV GmbH - Summary | 209 | 911 | null |
Article: The Machine That Changed the World (book). The Machine That Changed the World is a 1990 book about automobile production, written by James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos. It is the result of five-years research by the International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP) at Massachusetts Institute of Technol... | Wikipedia - The Machine That Changed the World (book) - Summary | 184 | 890 | null |
Section: Summary. Beginning in the earliest times of car production, the book describes and analyzes craft production from Europe. It then moves on to mass production, with Ford's factory production of cars being fast and valuable. The book dives into how and why mass production did and didn't work. Near the middle of ... | Wikipedia - The Machine That Changed the World (book) - Summary | 325 | 1,636 | null |
Section: History of the modern modular vehicle. The world's first road-licensed quick-change modular electric vehicle, based on a patent awarded to Dr Gordon E Dower in 2000, was shown at the World Electric Vehicle Association 2003 Electric Vehicle Symposium EVS-20 in Long Beach, California, USA. Dower described the ve... | Wikipedia - Modular vehicle - History of the modern modular vehicle | 329 | 1,630 | null |
Section: Methodology > Design and engineering relationships. Due to the high importance of mechanical components or even exposed engines to motorcycle styling, almost always designers will have a greater sensitivity to and awareness of engineering than will typical car designers. In OEM situations, large teams of profe... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Methodology > Design and engineering relationships | 263 | 1,384 | null |
Section: Methodology > Research and Concept Design. In OEM motorcycle design, the normal procedure of developing a new motorcycle involves the same steps as in other professional design disciplines : identifying a target consumer, researching them to identify benchmarks and project targets, then proposing concept direc... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Methodology > Research and Concept Design | 151 | 830 | null |
Section: Methodology > Styling. Often used as an interchangeable term with "design", styling is in fact just one component of the design process. Typically, styling is developed through sketches, renderings and illustrations then realised in 3D form using automotive styling clay, specialised industrial modeling foams s... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Methodology > Styling | 265 | 1,368 | null |
Section: Methodology > Parallel development. Because of the need to reduce development time and costs, the "styling" design model is usually developed in parallel with the engineering 3D design. While there is an increasing amount of digital design input in the modern OEM design process, nearly all major motorcycle man... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Methodology > Parallel development | 227 | 1,242 | null |
Section: Amateur and specialists > Custom builders. In recent years, largely due to the popularity of television programs like Orange County Chopper and Biker Build-off, the building of one of a kind "chopper" or "cruiser" type motorcycles has become more mainstream, leading to a flourishing builder industry. As a whol... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Amateur and specialists > Custom builders | 189 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Amateur and specialists > "Specials". Custom and specials motorcycles are similar to the above but tend to be super sport type motorcycles, or at least high-performance based, using many special add-on parts, one-of-a-kind or limited series frames, racing wheels and parts or hand-made components to maximise pe... | Wikipedia - Motorcycle design - Amateur and specialists > "Specials" | 228 | 1,149 | null |
Section: History. Founded in 2019 by Chirenj Chandran and Anser Latheef, the company provides a car maintenance application. 8 months later, MySyara acquired SKKYN Technologies, an on-demand car wash application provider, for $2.8 million. In February 2021, Creative Zone, Dubai’s business setup advisory firm, acquired ... | Wikipedia - MySyara - History | 268 | 1,130 | null |
Section: History. NIRA was founded in 2001 and is located at Mjärdevi Science Park in Linköping, Sweden. During the early period, NIRA Dynamics developed the first two of its products: the anti-spin system NSC and a positioning system MAP. NSC received the Volvo Technology Award and until 2004 was featured in the Volvo... | Wikipedia - Nira Dynamics AB - History | 306 | 1,547 | null |
Section: Technology and products. NIRA Dynamics' core product is its Tire Pressure Indicator (TPI), an indirect tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) capable of detecting underinflation simultaneously in up to four tires. At the moment, TPI is installed in several Audi models (the A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, Q3, Q5, Q... | Wikipedia - Nira Dynamics AB - Technology and products | 332 | 1,385 | null |
The Audi A4 and A5 models followed the next year. TPI can be fit into different electronic stability control hardware hosts, including those of Continental AG, Robert Bosch GmbH, and TRW Automotive. NIRA Dynamics is developing sensor fusion based systems for different vehicle applications. Sensor fusion or sensor data ... | Wikipedia - Nira Dynamics AB - Technology and products | 350 | 1,811 | null |
This information can either be used directly in the car, for example to adapt the chassis, or be distributed via cloud services to other vehicles, road authorities etc. In the winter 2015/2016, NIRA started a field study in Sweden where a fleet of taxi vehicles has been equipped with RSI delivering for example an onlin... | Wikipedia - Nira Dynamics AB - Technology and products | 232 | 1,135 | null |
Article: Noise, vibration, and harshness. Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), also known as noise and vibration (N&V), is the study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles, particularly cars and trucks. While noise and vibration can be readily measured, harshness is a subjective quali... | Wikipedia - Noise, vibration, and harshness - Summary | 309 | 1,516 | null |
Section: Instrumentation. Typical instrumentation used to measure NVH include microphones, accelerometers, and force gauges or load cells. Many NVH facilities have semi-anechoic chambers, and rolling road dynamometers. Typically, signals are recorded directly to the hard drive via an analog-to-digital converter. In the... | Wikipedia - Noise, vibration, and harshness - Instrumentation | 182 | 880 | null |
Section: Computer-based modeling. NVH analysis needs good representative prototypes of the production vehicle for testing. These are needed early in the design process as the solutions often need substantial modification to the design, forcing in engineering changes which are much less expensive when made early. These ... | Wikipedia - Noise, vibration, and harshness - Computer-based modeling | 222 | 1,179 | null |
Section: Typical solutions. There are three principal means of improving NVH: Reducing the source strength, as in making a noise source quieter with a muffler, or improving the balance of a rotating mechanism Interrupting the noise or vibration path, with barriers (for noise) or isolators (for vibration) Absorption of ... | Wikipedia - Noise, vibration, and harshness - Typical solutions | 267 | 1,338 | null |
Section: Function. Ground clearance is a critical factor in several important characteristics of a vehicle. For all vehicles, especially cars, variations in clearance represent a trade-off between handling, ride quality, and practicality. A higher ride height and ground clearance means that the wheels have more vertica... | Wikipedia - Ride height - Function | 171 | 911 | null |
Section: History > Opening. It returned to Shell ownership in April 1947. The site had 70 scientists, and around 250 technicians working on quartz combustion tubes, direct fuel injection, butane fuel and the atomisation of fuel. It claimed to be the largest oil research centre in the British Empire. The site was 30 acr... | Wikipedia - Shell Technology Centre - History > Opening | 216 | 1,007 | null |
Section: History > Vehicle engineering. In the 1950s it was one of three main Shell research sites in the UK, the others being in Kent and Buckinghamshire. In 1962, Shell spent £25m on research, with 19 worldwide research centres, 8 in Europe, and 11 in the US. Pre-ignition was prevented by Ignition Control Additive (I... | Wikipedia - Shell Technology Centre - History > Vehicle engineering | 264 | 1,194 | null |
Section: Research > Fuel cells. A 5 kW fuel cell had been first demonstrated at Cambridge in 1959 by Francis Thomas Bacon; the site looked into fuel cell technology. A methanol fuel cell was demonstrated in December 1964. The world's first liquid fuel cell in 1964 was made by the Surface Reactions Division, with K.R. W... | Wikipedia - Shell Technology Centre - Research > Fuel cells | 164 | 693 | null |
Section: Research > Lubricants. Its scientists researched lubrication with the Ubbelohde viscometer. In 1949 Britain's first diesel train, with an English Electric engine, had Shell lubricating oil. Two-thirds of the lubricating oil made in UK was Shell, with Shell conducting £6m of research in 1949. The centre researc... | Wikipedia - Shell Technology Centre - Research > Lubricants | 168 | 758 | null |
Section: General Specifications. Ring gear measures 10.5 inches (270 mm). 35 Spline axle shafts with a 1.5 in (38 mm) diameter Ratios 3.08 to 4.30. Current production ratios offered are 3.31, 3.55, 3.73, and 4.30. Since ca. 2005, the gears are formed by the face hob process, formerly face milled process. 2005 through 2... | Wikipedia - Sterling 10.5 axle - General Specifications | 153 | 536 | null |
Section: 10.25. Originally this axle was made as the Sterling 10.25, with a ring gear that measured 10.25 inches (260 mm) until it was upgraded in 1999 to the Sterling 10.50 for the Ford Super Duty trucks. The 10.25 axle came with drum brakes. There were two versions of the Sterling 10.25. The first version was produce... | Wikipedia - Sterling 10.5 axle - 10.25 | 185 | 764 | null |
Section: 10.25 > 10.25 Semi-float. The semi float variation is less common and was used in F-250 trucks with a lower GVWR (7200) all the way through 1996. The 10th generation Ford F-150 offered this axle in the light-duty F-250 trucks from 1997 to 1999. For model year 2000 - 2004 trucks, the F-150 7700 offered this axl... | Wikipedia - Sterling 10.5 axle - 10.25 > 10.25 Semi-float | 186 | 718 | null |
Section: Principle. Early vehicle parking assistant products used ultrasonic parking sensors and/or a single rear-view camera to view and obtain distances to objects surrounding the vehicle, providing drivers with an audible alarm or rear-view video through a fisheye lens. There are some drawbacks to these early produc... | Wikipedia - Surround-view system - Principle | 343 | 1,703 | null |
Section: History. The first vehicle equipped with Nissan's "Around View Monitor" was the Japanese-market Elgrand, introduced in November 2007. In America, the system was introduced one month later, as an option for the EX35 from Nissan's luxury marque Infiniti. At about the same time, Mitsubishi Motors and Honda implem... | Wikipedia - Surround-view system - History | 273 | 1,281 | null |
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