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Section: Operation. The set point of the tumble flap is adjusted by an electrical or vacuum-activated servo mechanism which is under the control of the engine management system. Tumble flaps are open or closed depending on engine operating states (related to engine speed and load), engine temperatures, combustion modes... | Wikipedia - Tumble flap - Operation | 314 | 1,607 | null |
Article: Unditching beam. An unditching beam is a device that is used to aid in the recovery of armoured fighting vehicles when they become bogged or "ditched". The device is a beam that is attached to the continuous tracks that provides additional traction for the vehicle to extricate itself from a ditch or from boggy... | Wikipedia - Unditching beam - Summary | 229 | 1,101 | null |
Article: Unit construction. For the vehicle design where the vehicle's skin is used as a load-bearing element, see Monocoque. Unit construction is the design of larger motorcycles where the engine and gearbox components share a single casing. This sometimes includes the design of automobile engines and was often loosel... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - Summary | 347 | 1,761 | null |
Section: Advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of unit construction are: the combined unit contributes to the stiffness of the entire motorcycle. unit construction may enable the engine unit to become a stressed member of the frame. the primary chaincase can be lighter and more compact. the primary chaincase can... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - Advantages and disadvantages | 207 | 1,077 | null |
Section: History > Early history. Alfred Angas Scott, founder of The Scott Motorcycle Company, designed a motorcycle with unit construction for the engine and gearbox. Production of the motorcycle began in 1908. In 1911, Singer offered motorcycles with unit-construction 299 cc and 535 cc engines. In 1914, ABC founder G... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - History > Early history | 340 | 1,511 | null |
From 1924, FN single-cylinder engines changed from semi unit construction (as seen in the last semi-unit single, the 1922 FN 285TT, in its last year of sale in 1924,) to unit construction engines (as seen in the new-for-1924 M.60). In 1928, BSA made their first and only two-stroke, a 175 cc unit construction bike, for ... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - History > Early history | 335 | 1,520 | null |
Section: History > BSA > Unit singles. The BSA Bantam range of two-stroke engines introduced the unit construction concept to BSA since its introduction in 1949. BSA produced their first four-stroke unit construction singles in 1959 when they introduced the C15 to replace the venerable c12 single. The unit construction... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - History > BSA > Unit singles | 338 | 1,543 | null |
The model then continued with little variation until BSA collapsed in the early 1970s. The BSA unit single was an affordable introduction to motorcycling for many young men in the 1960s and 1970s. The simple design meant that inexperienced and under-equipped home mechanics could keep them running under most circumstanc... | Wikipedia - Unit construction - History > BSA > Unit singles | 325 | 1,674 | null |
Section: Analysis and simulation. The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAM... | Wikipedia - Vehicle dynamics - Analysis and simulation | 345 | 1,826 | null |
Article: Vermont SportsCar. Vermont SportsCar (VSC) is a race car manufacturer that designs, engineers, and builds rally, rallycross and other specialty vehicles for teams and private clients. Since 2006 Vermont SportsCar has been the technical partner to Subaru of America and manages the automaker's racing division Su... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Summary | 213 | 1,049 | null |
Section: History. VSC was founded in 1988 by Lance Smith. A native of Williston, Vermont, Smith started as a mechanic preparing race cars for car builder and racer Tivvy Shenton and then in the 1980s for rally driver John Buffum. In 1988, he modified a Volkswagen Golf for a private team in the SCCA ProRally series and ... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - History | 240 | 1,093 | null |
Section: Motorsport achievements > Subaru Motorsports USA > Rally America / American Rally Association. In 2006, VSC partnered again with Subaru of America to relaunch Subaru Rally Team USA and serve as the technical partner for Subaru of America's motorsports efforts. That program, rebranded in 2019 as Subaru Motorspo... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Motorsport achievements > Subaru Motorsports USA > Rally America / American Rally Association | 251 | 1,280 | null |
Section: Motorsport achievements > Subaru Motorsports USA > Global Rallycross / Americas Rallycross Championship. VSC managed the Subaru Puma Rallycross Team for the 2012-2014 seasons. Drivers included David Higgins, Dave Mirra, Sverre Isachsen, Bucky Lasek, Patrik Sandell, and Chris Atkinson. After the Global Rallycro... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Motorsport achievements > Subaru Motorsports USA > Global Rallycross / Americas Rallycross Championship | 193 | 862 | null |
Section: Film Appearances. In 2015, VSC provided their VT15R Subaru WRX STI rally car body kit to Universal Studios for the film The Fate of the Furious, the eighth release in the Fast & Furious series. The movie featured the body kit on the Subaru WRX STI driven by the character Little Nobody, played by Scott Eastwood... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Film Appearances | 174 | 772 | null |
Section: Current rally cars. VSC specializes in designing and building Subaru race cars. At its Vermont shop, VSC performs nearly all facets of the build process from design to fabrication and carbon composites to wiring, engine development and paint. Subaru WRX ARA24 Rally Car The Subaru WRX ARA24 runs in the American... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Current rally cars | 315 | 1,371 | null |
Section: Custom road cars. Omaze Gymkhana STI Built in tandem with the VT20g, the Omaze Gymkhana STI was a one-off road car that VSC and Hoonigan, the owner of the Gymkhana brand, donated as a prize to Omaze as part of a charity contest. The car features a custom exhaust and modified sway bars, chassis bracing, coilove... | Wikipedia - Vermont SportsCar - Custom road cars | 194 | 763 | null |
Section: Examples. Fisker Automotive used virtual prototyping to design the rear structure and other areas of its Karma plug-in hybrid to ensure the integrity of the fuel tank in a rear end crash as required for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 301 certification. Agilent Technologies used virtual prototyp... | Wikipedia - Virtual prototyping - Examples | 162 | 812 | null |
Section: Cause. The major forces that accelerate a vehicle occur at the tires' contact patches. Since these forces are not directed through the vehicle's CoM, one or more moments are generated whose forces are the tires' traction forces at pavement level, the other one (equal but opposed) is the mass inertia located at... | Wikipedia - Weight transfer - Cause | 292 | 1,534 | null |
Most high performance automobiles are designed to sit as low as possible and usually have an extended wheelbase and track. One way to calculate the effect of load transfer, keeping in mind that this article uses "load transfer" to mean the phenomenon commonly referred to as "weight transfer" in the automotive world, is... | Wikipedia - Weight transfer - Cause | 312 | 1,040 | null |
One way to calculate the effect of load transfer, keeping in mind that this article uses "load transfer" to mean the phenomenon commonly referred to as "weight transfer" in the automotive world, is with the so-called "weight transfer equation": Δ W e i g h t f r o n t = a h b m {\displaystyle \Delta \mathrm {Weight} _{... | Wikipedia - Weight transfer - Cause | 347 | 1,223 | null |
Section: Center of mass. Weight transfer occurs as the vehicle's CoM shifts during automotive maneuvers. Acceleration causes the sprung mass to rotate about a geometric axis resulting in relocation of the CoM. Front-back weight transfer is proportional to the change in the longitudinal location of the CoM to the vehicl... | Wikipedia - Weight transfer - Center of mass | 342 | 1,613 | null |
Section: Traction. Load transfer causes the available traction at all four wheels to vary as the car brakes, accelerates, or turns. This bias to one pair of tires doing more "work" than the other pair results in a net loss of total available traction. The net loss can be attributed to the phenomenon known as tire load ... | Wikipedia - Weight transfer - Traction | 169 | 861 | null |
Section: Vehicles. The wheelbase of a vehicle equals the distance between its front and rear wheels. At equilibrium, the total torque of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero. Therefore, the wheelbase is related to the force on each pair of tires by the following formula: F f = d r L m g {\displaystyle F_{f}={d_{r} \o... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles | 345 | 1,206 | null |
The amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces, like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the spring rate of the suspension. If the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front tire respectively. The equation relating the wheelbase, height above the ground... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles | 301 | 972 | null |
The equation relating the wheelbase, height above the ground of the CM, and the force on each pair of tires becomes: F f = d r L m g − h c m L m a {\displaystyle F_{f}={d_{r} \over L}mg-{h_{cm} \over L}ma} F r = d f L m g + h c m L m a {\displaystyle F_{r}={d_{f} \over L}mg+{h_{cm} \over L}ma} where F f {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles | 342 | 1,073 | null |
Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises. Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a car with a much greater weight load on the rear tends to understeer due to the lack of the load ... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles | 260 | 1,189 | null |
Section: Vehicles > Varying wheelbases within nameplate. Some vehicles are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. This practice can often be found on full-size cars like the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, but ultra-luxury vehicles such as the Rolls-Royce Phant... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles > Varying wheelbases within nameplate | 157 | 758 | null |
Section: Vehicles > Skateboards. In skateboarding the word 'wheelbase' is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the rotational centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this alternative use is that decks are sold with prefabricate... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Vehicles > Skateboards | 228 | 1,115 | null |
Section: Rail. In rail vehicles, the wheelbase follows a similar concept. However, since the wheels may be of different sizes (for example, on a steam locomotive), the measurement is taken between the points where the wheels contact the rail, and not between the centers of the wheels. On vehicles where the wheelsets (a... | Wikipedia - Wheelbase - Rail | 317 | 1,564 | null |
Section: Competition. Since 2005 Wreck Racing has competed in the annual GRM $20XX event and has competed with eight separate vehicles including a 1980s VW GTI, a turbocharged E30 chassis BMW, a V8-powered Mazda Miata, a 2JZ MG Midget, a mid-engine Honda Insight, a V8 swapped BMW E28, a mid-engine Chevrolet S-10, and a... | Wikipedia - Wreck Racing - Competition | 235 | 992 | null |
Article: Electromechanics. Electromechanics combine processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focus on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in s... | Wikipedia - Electromechanics - Summary | 297 | 1,659 | null |
Section: History. The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by Michael Faraday. The motor was developed only a year after Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that the flow of electric current creates a proportional magnetic field. This early motor was simply a wire partially submerged into a glass of mercury with a ma... | Wikipedia - Electromechanics - History | 335 | 1,726 | null |
World War I saw a burst of new electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries. By World War II, countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the alternator, which was created to power military ... | Wikipedia - Electromechanics - History | 279 | 1,396 | null |
Section: History > Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have roots in the silicon revolution, which can be traced back to two important silicon semiconductor inventions from 1959: the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the meta... | Wikipedia - Electromechanics - History > Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) | 345 | 1,580 | null |
Section: Modern practice. Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some renewable energies such as wind and hydroelectric are powered by mechanical systems that also convert movement to electricity. In the last thir... | Wikipedia - Electromechanics - Modern practice | 329 | 1,870 | null |
Article: Airborne wind turbine. An airborne wind turbine is a design concept for a wind turbine with a rotor supported in the air without a tower, thus benefiting from the higher velocity and persistence of wind at high altitudes, while avoiding the expense of tower construction, or the need for slip rings or yaw mecha... | Wikipedia - Airborne wind turbine - Summary | 312 | 1,577 | null |
Section: Aerodynamic variety. An aerodynamic airborne wind power system relies on the wind for support. In one class, the generator is aloft; an aerodynamic structure resembling a kite, tethered to the ground, extracts wind energy by supporting a wind turbine. In another class of devices, such as crosswind kite power, ... | Wikipedia - Airborne wind turbine - Aerodynamic variety | 224 | 1,123 | null |
Section: Aerostat variety. An aerostat-type wind power system relies at least in part on buoyancy to support the wind-collecting elements. Aerostats vary in their designs and resulting lift-to-drag ratio; the kiting effect of higher lift-over-drag shapes for the aerostat can effectively keep an airborne turbine aloft; ... | Wikipedia - Airborne wind turbine - Aerostat variety | 348 | 1,594 | null |
Section: How it works. Bio-mechatronics mimics how the human body works. For example, four different steps must occur to lift the foot to walk. First, impulses from the brain's motor center are sent to the foot and leg muscles. Next, the nerve cells in the feet send information, providing feedback to the brain, enablin... | Wikipedia - Biomechatronics - How it works | 155 | 712 | null |
Section: Research > Neural Interfacing. Interfacing allows bio-mechatronics devices to connect with the muscle systems and nerves of the user in order send and receive information from the device. This is a technology that is not available in ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Groups at the University of Twent... | Wikipedia - Biomechatronics - Research > Neural Interfacing | 250 | 1,218 | null |
Section: Growth. The demand for biomechatronic devices are at an all-time high and show no signs of slowing down. With increasing technological advancement in recent years, biomechatronic researchers have been able to construct prosthetic limbs that are capable of replicating the functionality of human appendages. Such... | Wikipedia - Biomechatronics - Growth | 324 | 1,692 | null |
Article: Circle diagram. The circle diagram (also known as Heyland diagram or Heyland circle) is the graphical representation of the performance of the electrical machine drawn in terms of the locus of the machine's input voltage and current. It was first conceived by Alexander Heyland in 1894 and Bernhard Arthur Behre... | Wikipedia - Circle diagram - Summary | 198 | 957 | null |
The Heyland diagram is an approximate representation of a circle diagram applied to induction motors, which assumes that stator input voltage, rotor resistance and rotor reactance are constant and stator resistance and core loss are zero. Another common circle diagram form is as described in the two constant air-gap in... | Wikipedia - Circle diagram - Summary | 329 | 1,446 | null |
Section: Overview. Simulation models are commonly obtained from discrete-time approximations of continuous-time mathematical models. As mathematical models incorporate real-world constraints, like gear backlash and rebound from a hard stop, equations become nonlinear. This requires numerical methods to solve the equati... | Wikipedia - Dynamical system simulation - Overview | 293 | 1,703 | null |
Section: Applications. The first applications of computer simulations for dynamic systems was in the aerospace industry. Commercial uses of dynamic simulation are many and range from nuclear power, steam turbines, 6 degrees of freedom vehicle modeling, electric motors, econometric models, biological systems, robot arms... | Wikipedia - Dynamical system simulation - Applications | 259 | 1,326 | null |
Article: Electric machine. In electrical engineering, an electric machine is a general term for a machine that makes use of electromagnetic forces and their interactions with voltages, currents, and movement, such as motors and generators. They are electromechanical energy converters, converting between electricity and... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Summary | 203 | 1,126 | null |
Section: History. The basis for electric machines date back to the early 19th century, and the research and experiments of Michael Faraday in the relationship of electricity and magnetism. One of the first demonstrations of an electric machine was in 1821, with a free-hanging wire dipped into a pool of mercury, on whic... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - History | 274 | 1,422 | null |
Section: Operating principle. The main operating principles of electric machines take advantage of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, specifically that changes in one can create changes in the other. For example, moving a bar magnet around a wire to induce a voltage across it, or running current throug... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Operating principle | 334 | 1,720 | null |
In rotating machines, the stationary portion is called the stator, while the rotating portion is the rotor. The stator and rotor may having windings (wire wound around them) to carry the current on the electrical side and/or to help create the magnetic field. The current carrying winding is called the armature winding ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Operating principle | 154 | 743 | null |
Section: Characteristics of electric machines > AC vs DC. Electric machines can be connected to either an AC or DC electrical system, with the AC being either single phase or three phase. With rare exceptions, such as universal motors, machines cannot switch between electric systems. AC machines are largely either sync... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Characteristics of electric machines > AC vs DC | 152 | 801 | null |
Section: Characteristics of electric machines > Brushed vs bushless. If an electric machine has an electric circuit on its rotor, it needs a means to power the circuit even while the rotor is rotating. One method of doing this is to attach metallic brushes to the stator and have them held under tension against the roto... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Characteristics of electric machines > Brushed vs bushless | 316 | 1,611 | null |
Section: Characteristics of electric machines > Speed and torque. Electric motors convert electricity to motion, and are able to move increasing larger mechanical loads by drawing more electrical energy. This comes at a cost: with the Lorenz Force defining the speed of the machine, if the force has to overcome a larger... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Characteristics of electric machines > Speed and torque | 237 | 1,160 | null |
Section: Characteristics of electric machines > Synchronous vs asynchronous. In AC electric machines, one magnetic field rotates around the machine due to the electrical system connections, while the other magnetic field rotates due to the rotor's physical motion. If these two magnetic fields rotate at the same speed, ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Characteristics of electric machines > Synchronous vs asynchronous | 259 | 1,139 | null |
Section: Common machines > Synchronous generator. A synchronous generator is a synchronous machine with a prime mover attached to its rotor, which is driven by a steam or gas turbine. A synchronous generator typically has a three phase armature winding, and generators AC power. The rotor's field winding is typically ex... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Common machines > Synchronous generator | 167 | 752 | null |
Section: Common machines > Induction motor. Induction motors are the most common type of motor used, and almost the only motor used in AC applications. It's popularity comes from its simplicity: by leveraging induction between the stator and rotor to generate the field winding's magnetic field, it removes the need for ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Common machines > Induction motor | 154 | 804 | null |
Section: Common machines > Brushless DC motor. A brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is a machine that replaces the brushes and commutators of a traditional, brushed DC motor with electronics to control the motor. The construction of a BLDC can be very similar to a permanent magnet synchronous machine, or it can be an adapted as... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Common machines > Brushless DC motor | 205 | 941 | null |
Section: Other electromagnetic machines > Permanent magnet machines. PM machines have permanent magnets in the rotor which set up a magnetic field. The magnetomotive force in a PM (caused by orbiting electrons with aligned spin) is generally much higher than what is possible in a copper coil. The copper coil can, howev... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Other electromagnetic machines > Permanent magnet machines | 244 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Other electromagnetic machines > Reluctance machines. Reluctance machines have no windings on the rotor, only a ferromagnetic material shaped so that "electromagnets" in stator can "grab" the teeth in rotor and advance it a little. The electromagnets are then turned off, while another set of electromagnets is ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Other electromagnetic machines > Reluctance machines | 171 | 840 | null |
Section: Other electromagnetic machines > Polyphase AC machines. The armature of polyphase electric machines includes multiple windings powered by the AC currents offset one from another by equal phasor angles. The most popular are the 3 phase machines, where the windings are (electrically) 120° apart. The 3-phase mach... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Other electromagnetic machines > Polyphase AC machines | 181 | 857 | null |
Section: Control and protection > Protection and monitoring. Electric machine protection can be divided into the two parts of the machine: electrical protection and mechanical protection. On the electrical side, overcurrent protection is the most common and basic means of preventing the machine's windings and circuits ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Control and protection > Protection and monitoring | 217 | 1,167 | null |
Section: Example: Linear DC machine. Most electrical machines are complex to analyze, however a simple Linear DC machine can be used to see how the operating principles relate. The electric circuit is made up of a battery V B {\displaystyle V_{B}} , a resistor R {\displaystyle R} , a switch S {\displaystyle S} , and tw... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine | 183 | 774 | null |
Section: Example: Linear DC machine > Machine starting. With the switch open, there is no closed electric circuit, and the battery supplies no current. With no current flowing within the magnetic field, no force is generated, the bar does not move, and no voltage is induced across it. The machine can be started by clos... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Machine starting | 334 | 1,299 | null |
As the bar starts moving in the magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the bar from (2). With the motion of the bar to the right and the magnetic field into the page, the magnitude of e i n d {\displaystyle {e}_{ind}} is positive. With e i n d > 0 {\displaystyle {e}_{ind}>0} , the current flowing will be reduced, ... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Machine starting | 337 | 1,181 | null |
Section: Example: Linear DC machine > Motor action. Assuming the bar has a mass m {\displaystyle m} , when the switch is closed and current begins to flow through the bar in the magnetic field, a force will be induced. However, F i n d {\displaystyle F_{ind}} will now be opposed by the force from the weight of m {\disp... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Motor action | 314 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Example: Linear DC machine > Generator action. If the switch is closed, the electric machine will draw enough current to move the mass of the bar at a constant speed, slightly below the theoretical no-load speed. If instead of opposing motion, a force is applied in the same direction of the moving bar, the net... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Generator action | 350 | 1,458 | null |
Section: Example: Linear DC machine > Power conversion and losses. Power is defined as work per unit time P = d W d t {\displaystyle P={dW \over dt}} , and an electric machine converts electrical power to mechanical power (as a motor) or mechanical power to electrical power (as a generator). Mechanically, if a constant... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Power conversion and losses | 347 | 1,328 | null |
While this is not desirable behavior, it is the nature of electric machines and all thermodynamic systems. Electrically, the resistance in the circuit dissipates some power as heat, taking the form P l o s s , e l e c = i 2 R {\displaystyle P_{loss,elec}=i^{2}R} Mechanically, some power is also lost due to the friction... | Wikipedia - Electric machine - Example: Linear DC machine > Power conversion and losses | 228 | 789 | null |
Section: Different types of mathematical modeling. The modeling of purely mechanical systems is mainly based on the Lagrangian which is a function of the generalized coordinates and the associated velocities. If all forces are derivable from a potential, then the time behavior of the dynamical systems is completely det... | Wikipedia - Electromechanical modeling - Different types of mathematical modeling | 254 | 1,335 | null |
Article: High performance positioning system. A high performance positioning system (HPPS) is a type of positioning system consisting of a piece of electromechanics equipment (e.g. an assembly of linear stages and rotary stages) that is capable of moving an object in a three-dimensional space within a work envelope. Po... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - Summary | 345 | 1,786 | null |
Section: Performance. HPPS, driven by linear motors, can move at a combined high velocity on order of 3-5 m/s, high accelerations of 5-7 g, at micron or sub micron positioning accuracy with settling times on order of milliseconds and servo bandwidth of 30-50 Hz. Ball screw actuators, on the other hand, have typical ban... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - Performance | 296 | 1,269 | null |
Such a performance is required in semiconductor process equipment, electronics assembly lines, numerically controlled machine tools, coordinate-measuring machines, 3D Printing, pick-and-place machines, drug discovery assaying and many more. At their highest performance HPPS may use granite base for thermal stability an... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - Performance | 181 | 886 | null |
Section: History. The original HPPS were developed at Anorad Corporation (now Rockwell Automation) in the 1980s, after the invention of brushless linear motors by Anorad's Founder and CEO, Anwar Chitayat. Initially HPPS were used for high precision manufacturing processes in semiconductor applications such as Applied M... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - History | 247 | 1,227 | null |
Section: System requirements > Applications. Semiconductors - Photolithography is a wafer (electronics) manufacturing process in semiconductor fabrication plants. It uses linear motor stages or maglev stages, for extreme positioning, to move its wafer stage. Electronics - Surface-mount technology is using high performa... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System requirements > Applications | 193 | 1,079 | null |
Section: System requirements > Specifications. System specification (technical standard) is an official interface between the application requirements (problem), as described by the user (customer) and the design (solution) as optimized by the developer (supplier). Inertia - Indicates the resistance of the moving load ... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System requirements > Specifications | 350 | 1,552 | null |
Section: System requirements > Environment. Thermal - Indicates the highest and lowest temperature (°C) that the system may endure during operation. Effects structural deformations and precision. May require cooling, insulation and low thermal conductivity material. Humidity - Indicated the level of water vapors in the... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System requirements > Environment | 177 | 1,006 | null |
Section: System solution > Configuration. HPPS configuration is typically optimized for maximum structural stiffness with maximum damping and minimum inertia, smallest Abbe error at the point of interest (POI), with minimum components and maximum maintainability. X - A single linear stage, driven by linear motor, ball ... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System solution > Configuration | 287 | 1,390 | null |
Section: System solution > System analysis. System analysis is a process of understanding the relationships between design parameters, operating conditions, environmental variables and system performance based on system modeling and analysis tools Dynamics (mechanics) - Optimizing linear motion and rotational profiles,... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System solution > System analysis | 298 | 1,551 | null |
Section: System solution > Component sizing. Component sizing is the process of selecting standard parts from component suppliers, or designing a custom part for manufacturing Frame - Typically made of aluminum or steel weldments of hollow tubes, possibly filled in with concrete composite for damping. Mounted on leveli... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System solution > Component sizing | 348 | 1,771 | null |
cable management - For power and signal transmission. The weakest link of the system reliability chain. Lower bend radius for low profile increases fatigue. Requires cable carrier or using flat ribbon cable. Introduce jitter. Accessories - Hard stops, stiffening brackets, bellows, shock mounts, air cooling fans, limits... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System solution > Component sizing | 273 | 1,303 | null |
Section: System solution > System testing. System testing is an iterative process of system development, intended to validate system analysis modeling, proof of concepts, safety factor of performance specifications and acceptant testing. Motion travel, maximum velocity, maximum acceleration, jerk - Commonly provided wi... | Wikipedia - High performance positioning system - System solution > System testing | 195 | 1,077 | null |
Article: Impedance analogy. The impedance analogy is a method of representing a mechanical system by an analogous electrical system. The advantage of doing this is that there is a large body of theory and analysis techniques concerning complex electrical systems, especially in the field of filters. By converting to an ... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Summary | 297 | 1,705 | null |
Section: Applications. The impedance analogy is widely used to model the behaviour of mechanical filters. These are filters that are intended for use in an electronic circuit but work entirely by mechanical vibrational waves. Transducers are provided at the input and output of the filter to convert between the electric... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Applications | 169 | 880 | null |
Section: Elements. Before an electrical analogy can be developed for a mechanical system, it must first be described as an abstract mechanical network. The mechanical system is broken down into a number of ideal elements each of which can then be paired with an electrical analogue. The symbols used for these mechanical... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Elements | 233 | 1,251 | null |
Section: Elements > Inductance. The mechanical analogy of inductance in the impedance analogy is mass. A mechanical component analogous to an inductor is a large, rigid weight. An inductor is governed by the constitutive equation, v = L d i d t . {\displaystyle v=L{\frac {di}{dt}}\,.} The analogous equation in the mech... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Elements > Inductance | 206 | 651 | null |
Section: Elements > Capacitance. The mechanical analogy of capacitance in the impedance analogy is compliance. It is more common in mechanics to discuss stiffness, the inverse of compliance. The analogy of stiffness in the electrical domain is the less commonly used elastance, the inverse of capacitance. A mechanical c... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Elements > Capacitance | 350 | 1,114 | null |
Section: Elements > Transducers. Electromechanical systems require transducers to convert between the electrical and mechanical domains. They are analogous to two-port networks and like those can be described by a pair of simultaneous equations and four arbitrary parameters. There are numerous possible representations,... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Elements > Transducers | 311 | 1,152 | null |
Section: Examples > Model of the human ear. The circuit diagram shows an impedance analogy model of the human ear. The ear canal section is followed by a transformer representing the eardrum. The eardrum is the transducer between the acoustic waves in air in the ear canal and the mechanical vibrations in the bones of t... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Examples > Model of the human ear | 229 | 1,152 | null |
Section: Advantages and disadvantages. The principal advantage of the impedance analogy over its alternative, the mobility analogy, is that it maintains the analogy between electrical and mechanical impedance. That is, a mechanical impedance is represented as an electrical impedance and a mechanical resistance is repre... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - Advantages and disadvantages | 334 | 1,758 | null |
Section: History. The impedance analogy is sometimes called the Maxwell analogy after James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) who used mechanical analogies to explain his ideas of electromagnetic fields. However, the term impedance was not coined until 1886 (by Oliver Heaviside), the idea of complex impedance was introduced by... | Wikipedia - Impedance analogy - History | 162 | 794 | null |
Article: Label dispenser. Label dispenser and label applicator are machine built to simplify the process of removing a label from its liner or backing tape. Some are bench-top for dispensing the labels while others include the application of the label to the item (such as a package). Unlike label printer applicators, t... | Wikipedia - Label dispenser - Summary | 179 | 829 | null |
Section: Semi-automatic label dispenser. Electric semi-automatic label dispensers were first patented in the early 1970s. They were originally designed for multiple-row address labels for bulk mailing houses. On average a good mailing house employee could apply approximately 500 labels per hour to envelopes. The label ... | Wikipedia - Label dispenser - Semi-automatic label dispenser | 307 | 1,465 | null |
Section: Label applicators. Label applicators are fully automated and can range from simple slower speed models to large machines capable of applying hundreds or even thousands of labels per minute. Applicators advance the label stock over the peeler plate until a portion of the label, called the "flag," is extended in... | Wikipedia - Label dispenser - Label applicators | 196 | 1,007 | null |
Section: Label applicators > Components. Motor: The motor automates the label dispenser and controls the speed at which labels are dispensed. Feed-Roller: This actually is the first patented method used in the semi-automatic label dispenser to advance the label forward. The label material is fed over the peeling edge, ... | Wikipedia - Label dispenser - Label applicators > Components | 339 | 1,532 | null |
Peeler plate: A component of the machine which acts as a separator for the label and its liner. Each label is pulled across the strip plate until it is recognized by a photo sensor or limit switch. Strip plates can be of varying design and material, but they are often made of plastic, metal coil, or aluminum. Photodete... | Wikipedia - Label dispenser - Label applicators > Components | 190 | 884 | null |
Article: Linear encoder. A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal, which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller. The enco... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Summary | 197 | 938 | null |
Section: Physical principle > Scale/reference based > Optical. Optical linear encoders dominate the high resolution market and may employ shuttering/moiré, diffraction or holographic principles. Optical encoders are the most accurate of the standard styles of encoders, and the most commonly used in industrial automatio... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Physical principle > Scale/reference based > Optical | 159 | 786 | null |
Section: Output signal formats > Incremental signals > Analog. The industry standard analog output for linear encoders is sine and cosine quadrature signals. These are usually transmitted differentially so as to improve noise immunity. An early industry standard was 12 μA peak-peak current signals but more recently thi... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Output signal formats > Incremental signals > Analog | 334 | 1,636 | null |
Section: Output signal formats > Incremental signals > Digital. A linear incremental encoder has two digital output signals, A and B, which issue quadrature squarewaves. Depending on its internal mechanism, an encoder may derive A and B directly from sensors which are fundamentally digital in nature, or it may interpol... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Output signal formats > Incremental signals > Digital | 238 | 1,130 | null |
Section: Output signal formats > Absolute reference signals > Reference mark. Most incremental, linear encoders can produce an index or reference mark pulse providing a datum position along the scale for use at power-up or following a loss of power. This index signal must be able to identify position within one, unique... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Output signal formats > Absolute reference signals > Reference mark | 184 | 921 | null |
Section: Physical arrangement and protection. Linear encoders may be either enclosed or open. Enclosed linear encoders are employed in dirty, hostile environments such as machine-tools. They typically comprise an aluminium extrusion enclosing a glass or metal scale. Flexible lip seals allow an internal, guided readhead... | Wikipedia - Linear encoder - Physical arrangement and protection | 215 | 1,050 | null |
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