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Article: OpenVINO. OpenVINO is an open-source software toolkit for optimizing and deploying deep learning models. It enables programmers to develop scalable and efficient AI solutions with relatively few lines of code. It supports several popular model formats and categories, such as large language models, computer vis... | Wikipedia - OpenVINO - Summary | 151 | 697 | null |
Section: OpenVINO model format. OpenVINO IR is the default format used to run inference. It is saved as a set of two files, *.bin and *.xml, containing weights and topology, respectively. It is obtained by converting a model from one of the supported frameworks, using the application's API or a dedicated converter. Mod... | Wikipedia - OpenVINO - OpenVINO model format | 166 | 810 | null |
Section: Overview. OpenVX specifies a higher level of abstraction for programming computer vision use cases than compute frameworks such as OpenCL. The high level makes the programming easy and the underlying execution will be efficient on different computing architectures. This is done while having a consistent and po... | Wikipedia - OpenVX - Overview | 205 | 1,086 | null |
reverse array: # reverse input array of doubles input: {"type": "array", "items": "double"} output: {"type": "array", "items": "double"} action: - let: { x : input} - let: { z : input} - let: { l : {a.len: [x]}} - let: { i : l} - while : { ">=" : [i,0]} do: - set : {z : {attr: z, path : [i] , to: {attr : x ,path : [ {"... | Wikipedia - Portable Format for Analytics - Examples | 350 | 716 | null |
{attr: A, path:[{+:[i,1]}]} ]} then : - set : {s : {attr: A, path: [i]}} - set : {A : {attr: A, path: [i], to: {attr: A, path:[{+:[i,1]}]} } } - set : {A : {attr: A, path: [{+:[i,1]}], to: s }} - set : {i : {+:[i,1]}} - set : {n : {-:[n,1]}} - A | Wikipedia - Portable Format for Analytics - Examples | 150 | 245 | null |
Section: Implementations. Hadrian (Java/Scala/JVM) - Hadrian is a complete implementation of PFA in Scala, which can be accessed through any JVM language, principally Java. It focuses on model deployment, so it is flexible (can run in restricted environments) and fast. Titus (Python 2.x) - Titus is a complete, independ... | Wikipedia - Portable Format for Analytics - Implementations | 258 | 1,102 | null |
Article: Predictive Model Markup Language. The Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) is an XML-based predictive model interchange format conceived by Robert Lee Grossman, then the director of the National Center for Data Mining at the University of Illinois at Chicago. PMML provides a way for analytic applications to... | Wikipedia - Predictive Model Markup Language - Summary | 156 | 805 | null |
Section: PMML components. A PMML file can be described by the following components: Header: contains general information about the PMML document, such as copyright information for the model, its description, and information about the application used to generate the model such as name and version. It also contains an a... | Wikipedia - Predictive Model Markup Language - PMML components | 261 | 1,308 | null |
Aggregation: used to summarize or collect groups of values. Model: contains the definition of the data mining model. E.g., A multi-layered feedforward neural network is represented in PMML by a "NeuralNetwork" element which contains attributes such as: Model Name (attribute modelName) Function Name (attribute functionN... | Wikipedia - Predictive Model Markup Language - PMML components | 341 | 1,640 | null |
In PMML, outliers can be treated as missing values, as extreme values (based on the definition of high and low values for a particular field), or as is. Missing Value Replacement Policy (attribute missingValueReplacement): if this attribute is specified then a missing value is automatically replaced by the given values... | Wikipedia - Predictive Model Markup Language - PMML components | 305 | 1,464 | null |
Section: PMML 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. PMML 4.0 was released on June 16, 2009. Examples of new features included: Improved Pre-Processing Capabilities: Additions to built-in functions include a range of Boolean operations and an If-Then-Else function. Time Series Models: New exponential Smoothing models; also place holde... | Wikipedia - Predictive Model Markup Language - PMML 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 | 298 | 1,424 | null |
Section: History. The Quantum AI Lab was announced by Google Research in a blog post on May 16, 2013. At the time of launch, the Lab was using the most advanced commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave Two from D-Wave Systems. On October 10, 2013, Google released a short film describing the current state of the ... | Wikipedia - Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab - History | 188 | 957 | null |
Article: Reasoning system. In information technology a reasoning system is a software system that generates conclusions from available knowledge using logical techniques such as deduction and induction. Reasoning systems play an important role in the implementation of artificial intelligence and knowledge-based systems... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - Summary | 233 | 1,417 | null |
Section: History. The first reasoning systems were theorem provers, systems that represent axioms and statements in First Order Logic and then use rules of logic such as modus ponens to infer new statements. Another early type of reasoning system were general problem solvers. These were systems such as the General Prob... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - History | 340 | 1,928 | null |
Section: Use of logic. The term reasoning system can be used to apply to just about any kind of sophisticated decision support system as illustrated by the specific areas described below. However, the most common use of the term reasoning system implies the computer representation of logic. Various implementations demo... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - Use of logic | 347 | 1,800 | null |
Section: Types of reasoning system > Rule engines. Rule engines represent conditional logic as discrete rules. Rule sets can be managed and applied separately to other functionality. They have wide applicability across many domains. Many rule engines implement reasoning capabilities. A common approach is to implement p... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - Types of reasoning system > Rule engines | 169 | 889 | null |
Section: Types of reasoning system > Deductive classifier. Deductive classifiers arose slightly later than rule-based systems and were a component of a new type of artificial intelligence knowledge representation tool known as frame languages. A frame language describes the problem domain as a set of classes, subclasse... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - Types of reasoning system > Deductive classifier | 233 | 1,240 | null |
Section: Types of reasoning system > Case-based reasoning systems. Case-based reasoning (CBR) systems provide solutions to problems by analysing similarities to other problems for which known solutions already exist. Case-based reasoning uses the top (superficial) levels of similarity; namely, the object, feature, and ... | Wikipedia - Reasoning system - Types of reasoning system > Case-based reasoning systems | 204 | 1,097 | null |
Article: Revoscalepy. revoscalepy is a machine learning package in Python created by Microsoft. It is available as part of Machine Learning Services in Microsoft SQL Server 2017 and Machine Learning Server 9.2.0 and later. The package contains functions for creating linear model, logistic regression, random forest, dec... | Wikipedia - Revoscalepy - Summary | 170 | 865 | null |
Article: RevoScaleR. RevoScaleR is a machine learning package in R created by Microsoft. It is available as part of Machine Learning Server, Microsoft R Client, and Machine Learning Services in Microsoft SQL Server 2016. The package contains functions for creating linear model, logistic regression, random forest, decis... | Wikipedia - RevoScaleR - Summary | 161 | 795 | null |
Article: Biologist. A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. They usually specialize in a particular branch (e.g., molecular biology, zoology, a... | Wikipedia - Biologist - Summary | 222 | 1,131 | null |
Section: History. Francesco Redi, the founder of biology, is recognized to be one of the greatest biologists of all time. Robert Hooke, an English natural philosopher, coined the term cell, suggesting plant structure's resemblance to honeycomb cells. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently formulated the theory... | Wikipedia - Biologist - History | 242 | 1,250 | null |
Section: Research. Biologists who work in basic research formulate theories and devise experiments to advance human knowledge on life including topics such as evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience and cell biology. Biologists typically conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants, microor... | Wikipedia - Biologist - Research | 347 | 2,051 | null |
Section: Research > Specializations. Most biological scientists specialize in the study of a certain type of organism or in a specific activity, although recent advances have blurred some traditional classifications. Geneticists study genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. Neuroscientists... | Wikipedia - Biologist - Research > Specializations | 349 | 2,019 | null |
Zoologists and wildlife biologists also may collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of current and potential uses of land and water areas. Zoologists usually are identified by the animal group they study. For example, ornithologists study birds, mammalogists study mammals, herpetologi... | Wikipedia - Biologist - Research > Specializations | 345 | 1,797 | null |
Section: Employment. Biologists typically work regular hours but longer hours are not uncommon. Researchers may be required to work odd hours in laboratories or other locations (especially while in the field), depending on the nature of their research. Many biologists depend on grant money to fund their research. They ... | Wikipedia - Biologist - Employment | 252 | 1,405 | null |
Section: General biology. Becher, Anne, Joseph Richey. American environmental leaders: From colonial times to the present. Grey House, 2008. ISBN 9781592371198. Butcher, Russell D., Stephen E. Adair, Lynn A. Greenwalt. America's national wildlife refuges: A complete guide. Roberts Rinehart Publishers in cooperation wit... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology | 340 | 1,269 | null |
Goudie, Andrew, David J. Cuff. Encyclopedia of global change: Environmental change and human society. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0195108256. Gove, Doris. Audubon guide to the national wildlife refuges. Southeast : Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Te... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology | 345 | 1,282 | null |
Laubach, René. Audubon guide to the national wildlife refuges. New England : Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont. St. Martin's Griffin, 2000. ISBN 0312204507. Mac Arthur, Loren, Debbie S. Miller. Audubon guide to the national wildlife refuges. Alaska and the Northwest: Alaska, Oregon... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology | 344 | 1,343 | null |
Encyclopedia of environmental biology. Academic Press, 1995. ISBN 0122267303. Nybakken, James Willard, William W. Broenkow, T. L. Vallier. Interdisciplinary encyclopedia of marine sciences. Grolier Academic Reference, 2003. ISBN 0717259463. O'Daly, Anne. Encyclopedia of life sciences. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. ISBN 076... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology | 342 | 1,279 | null |
ISBN 978-0-470-05723-0. Royal Society (Great Britain). Biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society. Royal Society, 1955–. ISSN 0080-4606. Shearer, Benjamin F., Barbara Smith Shearer. Notable women in the life sciences: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Press, 1996. ISBN 0313293023. Sterling, Keir B. Biograp... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology | 185 | 729 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms. Association for Biodiversity Information. NatureServe explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. NatureServe. [4]. Beacham, Walton, Frank V. Castronova, Suzanne Sessine. Beacham's guide to the endangered species of North America. Gale Group, 2001. ISBN 0787650285. Center for Applied... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms | 272 | 1,111 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals. Audubon Society Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Clarkson N. Potter, 1982. Bekoff, Marc, Jane Goodall. Encyclopedia of animal behavior. Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0313327459. Bruce, Jenni. The encyclopedia of animals: A complete visual guide. University of California Press, ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals | 325 | 1,377 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Aquatic. Banister, Keith & Andrew Campbell. The Encyclopedia of Aquatic Life. Facts on File, 1985. Dakin, Nick. Macmillan Book of the Marine Aquarium. Macmillan, 1993. The Encyclopedia of Marine Invertebrates. T. F. H. Publications, 1983. Folkens, Pieter A., Randall R. R... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Aquatic | 187 | 769 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Aquatic > Fishes. Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of Freshwater Aquarium Fishes. T. F. H. Publications, 6th ed., 1991. Dr. Burgess's Mini-Atlas of Freshwater Aquarium Fishes. T. F. H. Publications, 1991. Eschmeyer, William N., Earl Stanndard Herald, Howard Hammann. A field guide to ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Aquatic > Fishes | 324 | 1,203 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Arthropods > Insects. Audubon Society Book of Insects. Abrams, 1983. Capinera, John L. Encyclopedia of entomology. Kluwer Academic, 2004. ISBN 0792386701. Johnson, Warren T., Howard H. Lyon, C. S. Koehler. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. Comstock Publishing Associ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Arthropods > Insects | 324 | 1,191 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Birds. Alderfer, Jonathan K., National Geographic Society (U. S.). National Geographic complete birds of North America. National Geographic, 2006. ISBN 0792241754. American Ornithologists' Union, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Cornell University. The birds ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Birds | 349 | 1,312 | null |
Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds, London: J. White. Montagu, George (1813). Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary, Or Synopsis of British Birds. S. Woolmer, Exeter. p. 1. Perrins, Christopher. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds. Prentice Hall, 1991. Perrins, Christopher and Alex... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Birds | 301 | 1,080 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals. Beacham, Walton, Kirk H. Beetz. Beacham's guide to international endangered species. Beacham, 1998–2001. ISBN 0933833342. Elbroch, Mark. Mammal tracks and sign: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 0811726266. Folkens, Pieter A., Randal... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals | 341 | 1,229 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals > Canines. Alderton, David (September 2008). Encyclopedia of Dogs (Hardcover). Bath: Parragon Inc. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-4075-2438-2. American Kennel Club. The complete dog book: Official publication of the American Kennel Club. Ballantine Books, 2006. ISBN 03454762... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals > Canines | 338 | 1,123 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals > Human. Blakemore, Colin, Sheila Jennett, Alan Cuthbert. The Oxford companion to the body. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 019852403X. Cooper, David N., Nature Publishing Group. Nature encyclopedia of the human genome. Nature Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 033... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Mammals > Human | 190 | 748 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Reptiles and Amphibians. Behler, John L., F. Wayne King, National Audubon Society. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0394508246. Bonin, Franck, Bernard Devaux, Alain Dupré. Turtles of the world. Johns Hopkins Uni... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Animals > Reptiles and Amphibians | 339 | 1,316 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Fungi. Hall, Ian R. Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world. Timber Press, 2003. ISBN 0881925861. Kuo, Michael, John David Moore, Darvin DeShazer. 100 edible mushrooms. University of Michigan Press, 2007. ISBN 9780472031269. Kuo, Michael. MushroomExpert.com. Michael Kuo, 2000-... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Fungi | 255 | 886 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Plants. Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Ethel Zoe Bailey. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, 3rd ed., 1976. Barker, Joan. The encyclopedia of North American wild flowers. Parragon, 2004. ISBN 1405430354. Beckett, Kenneth A. T... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants | 349 | 1,453 | null |
Scribner's, 12th ed., 1985. Graf, Alfred Byrd. Hortica: A Color Cyclopedia of Garden Flora in All Climates and Indoor Plants. Macmillan, 1992. Graf, Alfred Byrd. Tropica: Color Cyclopedia of Exotic Plants. Scribner's, 3rd ed., 1986. Herwig, Rob. The New Good Housekeeping Encyclopedia of House Plants. Hearst, rev. ed., ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants | 346 | 1,300 | null |
Moore, David M. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of Plants and Earth Sciences. Marshall Cavendish, 1988. Nelson, Lewis S., Richard Shih, Michael J. Balick, Lewis R. Goldfrank, Andrew Weil, New York Botanical Garden. Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. New York Botanical Garden; Springer, 2007. IS... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants | 347 | 1,319 | null |
Encyclopedia of aquaculture. Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0471291013. Thieret, John W, William A. Niering, Nancy C. Olmstead. National Audubon Society field guide to North American wildflowers: eastern region. Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. ISBN 0375402322. Turner, Nancy J., Adam F. Szczawinski. Common poisonous plants and mushrooms of N... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants | 172 | 606 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Plants > Botany and horticulture. Bradley, Fern Marshall & Barbara W. Ellis. Rodale's All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening: The Indispensable Resource for Every Gardener. Rodale, 1992. Brickell, Christopher. American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening. Dorling Ki... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants > Botany and horticulture | 347 | 1,426 | null |
Section: General biology > Lifeforms > Plants > Trees. Burns, Russell M., Barbara H. Honkala, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Silvics of North America. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1990. [20]. Cafferty, Steve. Firefly encyclopedia of trees. Firefly Books, 2005. ISBN 1554070511. Davis, Richard... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Lifeforms > Plants > Trees | 322 | 1,227 | null |
Section: General biology > Bioethics. Post, Stephen Garrard. Encyclopedia of bioethics. Third edition. Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. ISBN 0028657748. ISSN 0950-4125; DOI:10.1108/09504120510573477. (5-Volume Set; 3062 pages). Reich, Warren Thomas Encyclopedia of Bioethics. First edition. New York: Free Press, 1978. ISB... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Bioethics | 227 | 762 | null |
Section: General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Agriculture. American Veterinary Medical Association. AVMA: American Veterinary Medical Association. American Veterinary Medical Association, 2006-.[21]. Arntzen, Charles J. and Ellen M. Ritter. Encyclopedia of agricultural science. Academic Press, 1994. ISB... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Agriculture | 346 | 1,358 | null |
ISBN 0029073502. Felius, Marleen. Cattle breeds: An encyclopedia. Misset, 1995. ISBN 9054390174. Flickinger, Michael C. and Steven W. Drew. Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology: Fermentation, biocatalysis, and bioseparation. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. [24] Goodman, Robert M. Encyclopedia of plant and crop science. M. De... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Agriculture | 348 | 1,218 | null |
ISBN 0873713583. Johnson, Warren T., Howard H. Lyon, C. S. Koehler. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. Comstock Publishing Associates, 1991. ISBN 0801426022. Knobil, Ernst and Jimmy D. Neill. Encyclopedia of reproduction. Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 0122270207. Lal, R. Encyclopedia of soil science. Taylor & Francis,... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Agriculture | 342 | 1,209 | null |
CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 0849313031. Roginski, Hubert, John W. Puquay, P. F. Fox. Encyclopedia of dairy sciences. Academic Press, 2003. ISBN 0122272358. [27]. Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. Encyclopedia of American Agricultural History. Greenwood, 1975. Scharpf, Robert, U. S. Forest Servic... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Agriculture | 346 | 1,211 | null |
Section: General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food. Albala, Ken. Food cultures of the world encyclopedia. Greenwood, 2011. ISBN 9780313376269. Claiborne, Craig. The New York Times Food Encyclopedia. Times Books, 1985. Considine, Douglas M. & Glenn D. Considine. Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia. Va... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food | 349 | 1,341 | null |
Section: General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food > Nutrition. Ensminger, Audrey H. Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, 1983. Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, 1986. Margen, Sheldon. The Wellness Encyclopedia of Food and Nutrition: How to Buy, Store, and Prepare Every V... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food > Nutrition | 155 | 668 | null |
Section: General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food > Wines, beers, and spirits. Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines and Spirits. 5th ed., Knopf, 1987. Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers, & Spirits. 7th ed., Scribner's, 1983. Hugh Johnson's Modern Encyclopedia of Wine. 3rd ed., Simon & Schuster, 199... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Food, nutrition, and agriculture > Food > Wines, beers, and spirits | 160 | 579 | null |
Section: General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Health. Accomasso, V. (1995). Enciclopedia della medicina (in Italian). Vallardi A. ISBN 978-88-11-93806-4. Ammer, Christine (1997). Gesundheitslexikon der Frau: Anatomie, Diagnose, Therapie, Medikamente, Hormone, Sexualität, Schwangerschaft und Geburt, Seelische... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Health | 336 | 935 | null |
ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-181-6. Fermie, Peter; Shepherd, Stephen; Kelly, Robert F. (2004). Family Health Encyclopedia: The Comprehensive Guide to the Whole Family's Health Needs. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0-7548-1162-6. Fink, George. Encyclopedia of stress. Elsevier, 2007. ISBN 0120885034. Gullotta, Thomas P.; Bloom, Ma... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Health | 335 | 995 | null |
Gyldendals Bogklubber. ISBN 978-87-03-03314-3. Loue, Sana; Sajatovic, Martha (2008). Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-33753-1. Loue, Sana; Sajatovic, Martha (2012). Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-5659-0. Lovejoy, Frederick H. (1987). The New child health enc... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Health | 342 | 1,041 | null |
Québec Amerique. ISBN 978-2-7644-0865-0. Quevauvilliers, Jacques; Perlemuter, Léon; Perlemuter, Gabriel (2009). Dictionnaire médical de l'infirmière (in French). Elsevier Masson. ISBN 978-2-9941008-0-5. Reiche, Dagmar (2003). Roche-Lexikon Medizin (in German). Urban & Fischer. ISBN 978-3-437-15180-4. Reuter, Peter (200... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Health | 348 | 1,046 | null |
Section: General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Medicine. Bailey, Hamilton, W. J. Bishop, Harold Ellis. Bailey and Bishop's notable names in medicine and surgery. Lewis, 1983. ISBN 0718604660. Bendiner, Jessica, Elmer Bendiner. Biographical dictionary of medicine. Facts on File, 1990. ISBN 0816018642. Berkow, ... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Medicine | 348 | 1,270 | null |
Hunter, B. Michael Tarpey. Directory of deceased American physicians, 1804–1929: A genealogical guide to over 149,000 medical practitioners providing brief biographical sketches drawn from the American Medical Association's Deceased Physician Masterfile. American Medical Association, c1993. ISBN 0899705278. Hirsch, Aug... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Medicine | 348 | 1,360 | null |
London: D. Appleton and Co., 1928. Leroy, Francis. A century of Nobel prize recipients: Chemistry, physics, and medicine. Marcel Dekker, 2003. ISBN 0824708768. Levin, Beatrice. Women and medicine. Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0810842386. Magner, Lois N. Doctors, nurses, and medical practitioners: A bio-bibliographical s... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Medicine | 336 | 1,297 | null |
Physician's Desk Reference. Medical Economics, 1947-. Pinzon, Soledad Mata, Carlos Zolla, Diego Méndez Granados Instituto Nacional Indigenista (Mexico). Diccionario enciclopédico de la medicina tradicional mexicana. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1994. ISBN 9682961335. Rédei, G. P. Encyclopedic dictionary of genetics,... | Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology - General biology > Health, medicine, and drugs > Medicine | 345 | 1,301 | null |
Section: Cleanup crew. Waste products of the primary species are consumed by a variety of detritivores, referred to as the "cleanup crew" by hobbyists. These can include woodlice, springtails, earthworms, millipedes, and various beetles, with different species being preferred in different habitats - the cleanup crew fo... | Wikipedia - Bioactive terrarium - Cleanup crew | 184 | 904 | null |
Section: Substrate. Bioactive enclosures require some form of substrate to grow plants and to provide habitat for the cleanup crew. The choice of substrate is typically determined by the habitat of the primary species (e.g. jungle vs desert), and created by mixing a variety of components such as organic topsoil (free o... | Wikipedia - Bioactive terrarium - Substrate | 196 | 939 | null |
Section: Types of constraint. Any aspect of an organism that has not changed over a certain period of time could be considered to provide evidence for "constraint" of some sort. To make the concept more useful, it is therefore necessary to divide it into smaller units. First, one can consider the pattern of constraint ... | Wikipedia - Biological constraints - Types of constraint | 300 | 1,580 | null |
Section: Types of constraint > Functional coupling and physico-chemical constraint. Related to the idea of stabilizing selection is that of the requirement that organisms function adequately in their environment. Thus, where stabilizing selection acts because of the particular niche that is occupied, mechanical and phy... | Wikipedia - Biological constraints - Types of constraint > Functional coupling and physico-chemical constraint | 248 | 1,320 | null |
Article: Biology. Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of life. Central to biology are five fundamental themes: the cel... | Wikipedia - Biology - Summary | 326 | 1,851 | null |
Section: History. The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions shaped ancient Greek natural philosophy. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE) contributed extensively to the development of bi... | Wikipedia - Biology - History | 340 | 1,643 | null |
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells, continuing to support spontaneous generatio... | Wikipedia - Biology - History | 328 | 1,753 | null |
However, the significance of his work was not realized until the early 20th century when evolution became a unified theory as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics. In the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of experiments by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase pointed to DNA as the compon... | Wikipedia - Biology - History | 185 | 934 | null |
Section: Chemical basis > Water. Life arose from the Earth's first ocean, which formed some 3.8 billion years ago. Since then, water continues to be the most abundant molecule in every organism. Water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions... | Wikipedia - Biology - Chemical basis > Water | 348 | 1,668 | null |
Section: Chemical basis > Organic compounds. Organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon bonded to another element such as hydrogen. With the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon. Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, enabling it to form di... | Wikipedia - Biology - Chemical basis > Organic compounds | 300 | 1,383 | null |
Section: Chemical basis > Macromolecules. Macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller subunits or monomers. Monomers include sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides. Carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. Lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. They include s... | Wikipedia - Biology - Chemical basis > Macromolecules | 187 | 792 | null |
Section: Cells. Cell theory states that cells are the fundamental units of life, that all living things are composed of one or more cells, and that all cells arise from preexisting cells through cell division. Most cells are very small, with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers and are therefore only visible und... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells | 158 | 714 | null |
Section: Cells > Cell structure. Every cell is enclosed within a cell membrane that separates its cytoplasm from the extracellular space. A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. Cell membranes are semipermeabl... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cell structure | 347 | 1,657 | null |
Biomolecules such as proteins can be engulfed by lysosomes, another specialized organelle. Plant cells have additional organelles that distinguish them from animal cells such as a cell wall that provides support for the plant cell, chloroplasts that harvest sunlight energy to produce sugar, and vacuoles that provide st... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cell structure | 203 | 914 | null |
Section: Cells > Metabolism. All cells require energy to sustain cellular processes. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions in an organism. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes; the conversion of food/fuel to monomer building blocks; and the eliminat... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Metabolism | 308 | 1,598 | null |
Section: Cells > Cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break larg... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cellular respiration | 348 | 1,573 | null |
At the end of the cycle, the total yield from 1 glucose (or 2 pyruvates) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules. Finally, the next stage is oxidative phosphorylation, which in eukaryotes, occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain, which is a series of four pr... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cellular respiration | 346 | 1,461 | null |
This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cellular respiration | 204 | 916 | null |
Section: Cells > Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities via cellular respiration. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which ar... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Photosynthesis | 335 | 1,595 | null |
The transport of electrons is coupled to the movement of protons (or hydrogen) from the stroma to the thylakoid membrane, which forms a pH gradient across the membrane as hydrogen becomes more concentrated in the lumen than in the stroma. This is analogous to the proton-motive force generated across the inner mitochond... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Photosynthesis | 197 | 953 | null |
Section: Cells > Cell signaling. Cell signaling (or communication) is the ability of cells to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Signals can be non-chemical such as light, electrical impulses, and heat, or chemical signals (or ligands) that interact with receptors, which can be... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cell signaling | 349 | 1,664 | null |
Section: Cells > Cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell divis... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cell cycle | 344 | 1,598 | null |
In contrast to mitosis, meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division (meiosis I), and sister chromatids are separated in the second division (meiosis II). Both of these cell division cycles... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Cell cycle | 271 | 1,219 | null |
Section: Cells > Sexual reproduction and meiosis. Meiosis is a central feature of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, and the most fundamental function of meiosis appears to be conservation of the integrity of the genome that is passed on to progeny by parents. Two aspects of sexual reproduction, meiotic recombination a... | Wikipedia - Biology - Cells > Sexual reproduction and meiosis | 254 | 1,232 | null |
Section: Genetics > Inheritance. Genetics is the scientific study of inheritance. Mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. It has several principles. The first is that genetic characteristics, alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms (e... | Wikipedia - Biology - Genetics > Inheritance | 308 | 1,480 | null |
Section: Genetics > Genes and DNA. A gene is a unit of heredity that corresponds to a region of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries genetic information that controls form or function of an organism. DNA is composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. It is found as line... | Wikipedia - Biology - Genetics > Genes and DNA | 325 | 1,426 | null |
Section: Genetics > Gene regulation. The regulation of gene expression by environmental factors and during different stages of development can occur at each step of the process such as transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene expression can be influenced by positi... | Wikipedia - Biology - Genetics > Gene regulation | 314 | 1,546 | null |
Section: Genetics > Genes, development, and evolution. Development is the process by which a multicellular organism (plant or animal) goes through a series of changes, starting from a single cell, and taking on various forms that are characteristic of its life cycle. There are four key processes that underlie developme... | Wikipedia - Biology - Genetics > Genes, development, and evolution | 327 | 1,782 | null |
Section: Evolution > Evolutionary processes. Evolution is a central organizing concept in biology. It is the change in heritable characteristics of populations over successive generations. In artificial selection, animals were selectively bred for specific traits. Given that traits are inherited, populations contain a ... | Wikipedia - Biology - Evolution > Evolutionary processes | 150 | 877 | null |
Section: Evolution > Phylogeny. A phylogeny is an evolutionary history of a specific group of organisms or their genes. It can be represented using a phylogenetic tree, a diagram showing lines of descent among organisms or their genes. Each line drawn on the time axis of a tree represents a lineage of descendants of a ... | Wikipedia - Biology - Evolution > Phylogeny | 225 | 1,076 | null |
Section: Evolution > History of life. The history of life on Earth traces how organisms have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago and all life on Earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3.5 billion y... | Wikipedia - Biology - Evolution > History of life | 318 | 1,440 | null |
Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean eon and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place in this environment. The earliest evidence of eukaryotes dates from 1.85 billion years ago, and while they may have been present earlie... | Wikipedia - Biology - Evolution > History of life | 334 | 1,676 | null |
Section: Diversity > Bacteria and Archaea. Bacteria are a type of cell that constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are pre... | Wikipedia - Biology - Diversity > Bacteria and Archaea | 328 | 1,592 | null |
Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes, including archaeols. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea... | Wikipedia - Biology - Diversity > Bacteria and Archaea | 312 | 1,441 | null |
Section: Diversity > Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are hypothesized to have split from archaea, which was followed by their endosymbioses with bacteria (or symbiogenesis) that gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts, both of which are now part of modern-day eukaryotic cells. The major lineages of eukaryotes diversified in ... | Wikipedia - Biology - Diversity > Eukaryotes | 315 | 1,270 | null |
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