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Plants are mainly multicellular organisms, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae, which would exclude fungi and some algae. Plant cells were derived by endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium into an early eukaryote about one billion years ago, which gave rise to chloroplasts. The first several clade... | Wikipedia - Biology - Diversity > Eukaryotes | 346 | 1,609 | null |
Section: Diversity > Viruses. Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate inside the cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. More than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail. Viruses are found in al... | Wikipedia - Biology - Diversity > Viruses | 176 | 900 | null |
Section: Ecology > Ecosystems. The community of living (biotic) organisms in conjunction with the nonliving (abiotic) components (e.g., water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere, acidity, and soil) of their environment is called an ecosystem. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together thro... | Wikipedia - Biology - Ecology > Ecosystems | 171 | 859 | null |
Section: Ecology > Populations. A population is the group of organisms of the same species that occupies an area and reproduce from generation to generation. Population size can be estimated by multiplying population density by the area or volume. The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size o... | Wikipedia - Biology - Ecology > Populations | 164 | 915 | null |
Section: Ecology > Communities. A community is a group of populations of species occupying the same geographical area at the same time. A biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), ... | Wikipedia - Biology - Ecology > Communities | 333 | 1,607 | null |
Section: Ecology > Conservation. Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is concerned with factors that influence the maintenance, loss, ... | Wikipedia - Biology - Ecology > Conservation | 212 | 1,245 | null |
Section: Biospeleology as a science > History. The first documented mention of a cave organism dates back to 1689, with the documentation of the olm, a cave salamander. Discovered in a cave in Slovenia, in the region of Carniola, it was mistaken for a baby dragon and was recorded by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his ... | Wikipedia - Biospeleology - Biospeleology as a science > History | 343 | 1,506 | null |
Biospeleology was formalized as a science in 1907 by Emil Racoviță with his seminal work Essai sur les problèmes biospéologiques ("Essay on biospeleological problems”). The first work on the systematisation of biospeleology however was the Catalogus Cavernarum Animalium (1934) by Hungarian biologist Endre Dudich and Ge... | Wikipedia - Biospeleology - Biospeleology as a science > History | 199 | 865 | null |
Section: Notable biospeleologists. Emil Racoviță, co-founder of biospeleology, the first Romanian to go to the arctic, collected the type specimens of the flightless midge Belgica antarctica Carl Eigenmann, is credited with identifying and describing for the first time 195 genera containing nearly 600 species of fishes... | Wikipedia - Biospeleology - Notable biospeleologists | 153 | 691 | null |
Section: Mechanism. Traditionally, it was believed that CTC clusters needed to dissociate into individual cells during their journey through the bloodstream to seed secondary tumors. However, recent studies show that CTC clusters can travel through the bloodstream intact, enabling them to perform every step of metastas... | Wikipedia - Cancer exodus hypothesis - Mechanism | 181 | 1,034 | null |
Section: Characterization. The hypothesis was developed due to several key studies, which have demonstrated the ability of CTC clusters to: Intravasate and travel as clusters: Research has shown that CTC clusters can enter the bloodstream as a group, travel through the circulatory system intact, and maintain their clus... | Wikipedia - Cancer exodus hypothesis - Characterization | 215 | 1,072 | null |
Article: Chlororespiration. Chlororespiration is a respiratory process that takes place within plants. Inside plant cells there is an organelle called the chloroplast which is surrounded by the thylakoid membrane. This membrane contains an enzyme called NAD(P)H dehydrogenase which transfers electrons in a linear chain ... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Summary | 171 | 820 | null |
Section: Chlororespiration – the latest model. Initially, the presence of chlororespiration as a legitimate respiratory process in plants was heavily doubted. However, experimentation on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, discovered Plastoquinone (PQ) to be a redox carrier. The role of this redox carrier is to transport electr... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Chlororespiration – the latest model | 285 | 1,288 | null |
Section: The relation between chlororespiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Experimentation with respiratory oxidase inhibitors (for instance, cyanide) on unicellular algae has revealed interactive pathways to be present between chloroplasts and mitochondria. Metabolic pathways responsible for photosynthesis are p... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - The relation between chlororespiration, photosynthesis and respiration | 339 | 1,531 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Heat and light as stimulants > Quiles' experiment. An experiment on oat plants by scientist Maria Quiles, revealed that extreme light intensity can inhibit photosynthesis and result in the lack of PS II activity. This reduction leads to an increase in NAD(P)H and PTOX levels ... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Heat and light as stimulants > Quiles' experiment | 284 | 1,267 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Heat and light as stimulants > Quiles' conclusion. After comparing the metabolic responses between oat plants under an average light intensity to that of oat plants under extreme light intensity, Quiles noted that the amount of PS II produced was of a lower amount in the leav... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Heat and light as stimulants > Quiles' conclusion | 194 | 926 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Drought as a stimulant > Paredes' and Quiles' experiment. Scientists Miriam Paredes and Maria Quiles led an investigation on the plant species Rosa Meillandina, and its metabolic response to water deficit. They noted how limited water irrigation can cause a reduction in PS II... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Drought as a stimulant > Paredes' and Quiles' experiment | 262 | 1,221 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Darkness as a stimulant > Gasulla's, Casano's and Guéra's experiment. Scientists Francisco Gasulla, Leonardo Casano and Alfredo Guéra, observed the lichen's metabolic response when placed in dark conditions. The light harvesting complex (LHC) inside the chloroplasts of Lichen... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Darkness as a stimulant > Gasulla's, Casano's and Guéra's experiment | 327 | 1,442 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Darkness as a stimulant > Gasulla's, Casano's and Guéra's conclusion. Gasulla, Casano and Guéra, concluded that the longer the lichen are subjected to darkness, the quicker the chlororespiratory pathways can begin. This is due to the fast depletion of PTOX molecules which red... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Darkness as a stimulant > Gasulla's, Casano's and Guéra's conclusion | 171 | 747 | null |
Section: Stimulation of chlororespiration > Chilling stress as a stimulant > Segura's and Quiles' experiment. An experiment observing chilling stress on the tropical plant species, Spathiphyllum wallisii by scientists Maria Segura and Maria Quiles, showcased varying responses by chlororespiratory pathways when differen... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Chilling stress as a stimulant > Segura's and Quiles' experiment | 337 | 1,517 | null |
This then led to an over-reduction in the PQ pool., which ultimately stimulated chlororespiration. Segura and Quiles utilised the Fluorescence imaging technique to determine the level of photosynthetic activity in the leaves of the plants. By discerning the percentage of photosynthesis efficiency, Segura and Quiles wer... | Wikipedia - Chlororespiration - Stimulation of chlororespiration > Chilling stress as a stimulant > Segura's and Quiles' experiment | 316 | 1,516 | null |
Article: Dermestarium. A dermestarium (pl. dermestaria) is a room, container, or terrarium where taxidermists let invertebrates - typically beetle larvae - remove (eat) flesh and other soft parts from animal carcasses or parts of animal carcasses, such as skulls. The purpose is to expose and clean individual bones or e... | Wikipedia - Dermestarium - Summary | 298 | 1,315 | null |
Article: Excretion. Excretion is elimination of metabolic waste, which is an essential process in all organisms. In vertebrates, this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. For example, placental m... | Wikipedia - Excretion - Summary | 198 | 951 | null |
Section: Processes across various types of life > Plants. Green plants excrete carbon dioxide and water as respiratory products. In green plants, the carbon dioxide released during respiration gets used during photosynthesis. Oxygen is a byproduct generated during photosynthesis, and exits through stomata, root cell wa... | Wikipedia - Excretion - Processes across various types of life > Plants | 224 | 1,020 | null |
Section: Processes across various types of life > Animals. In animals, the main excretory products are carbon dioxide, ammonia (in ammoniotelics), urea (in ureotelics), uric acid (in uricotelics), guanine (in Arachnida), and creatine. The liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood (for example, in renal exc... | Wikipedia - Excretion - Processes across various types of life > Animals | 192 | 815 | null |
Section: Definition. They define functional information as follows: the concept of degree of function is introduced, where the degree of function E x {\displaystyle E_{x}} is a non-negative objective measure of the capability of system E {\displaystyle E} to do the physical function x {\displaystyle x} . the fraction o... | Wikipedia - Functional information - Definition | 310 | 1,079 | null |
the fraction of possible configurations of the system that can achieve at least a particular level of function θ {\displaystyle \theta } in regard to tthe physical function x {\displaystyle x} is defined to be F ( E x ≥ θ ) {\displaystyle F(E_{x}\geq \theta )} the functional information relstive to a given level of fun... | Wikipedia - Functional information - Definition | 394 | 1,230 | null |
Article: High throughput biology. High throughput biology (or high throughput cell biology) is the use of automation equipment with classical cell biology techniques to address biological questions that are otherwise unattainable using conventional methods. It may incorporate techniques from optics, chemistry, biology ... | Wikipedia - High throughput biology - Summary | 330 | 1,715 | null |
In 1994, high throughput screening for this particular drug was completed. It was initially discovered by Bayer Pharmaceuticals in 2001. By using a RAF kinase biochemical assay, 200,000 compounds were screened from medicinal chemistry directed synthesis or combinatorial libraries to identify active molecules against ac... | Wikipedia - High throughput biology - Summary | 337 | 1,717 | null |
Section: Use of microscopy and cytometry. High-content screening technology is mainly based on automated digital microscopy and flow cytometry, in combination with IT-systems for the analysis and storage of the data. "High-content" or visual biology technology has two purposes, first to acquire spatially or temporally ... | Wikipedia - High throughput biology - Use of microscopy and cytometry | 157 | 824 | null |
Section: Examples. Naturally occurring interdigitation includes skull sutures that develop during periods of brain growth, and which remain thin and straight, and later develop complex fractal interdigitations that provide interlocking strength. A layer of the retina where photoreception occurs is called the interdigit... | Wikipedia - Interdigitation - Examples | 329 | 1,451 | null |
Section: Discovery. In 2002, a model termed regulated unproductive splicing and translation (RUST) was proposed based on the finding that many (~one-third) alternatively spliced transcripts contain PEs. In this model, coupling alternative splicing to NMD (AS-NMD) is thought to tune transcript levels to regulate protein... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Discovery | 262 | 1,217 | null |
Section: Regulation. Cis-regulatory elements neighboring PEs have been found to affect PE inclusion. Many proteins whose corresponding genes contain PEs autoregulate PE inclusion in their respective transcripts and thereby control their own levels via a feedback loop. Cross-regulation of PE inclusion has also been obse... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Regulation | 341 | 1,560 | null |
Section: Regulation > Disease. Proper regulation of PE inclusion and exclusion is important for health. Genetic mutations can affect inclusion of PEs and cause disease. For example, loss of CCAR1 leads to PE inclusion in the FANCA transcript, resulting in a Fanconi anemia phenotype. Dysregulation of components of the s... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Regulation > Disease | 318 | 1,329 | null |
An intronic mutation in FLNA has been found to impair binding of the splicing regulator PTBP1, leading to inclusion of a poison exon in FLNA transcripts that causes a brain-specific malformation. In RAD50, TGAGT deletion is associated with a cryptic poison exon that occurs 30 nucleotides downstream within intron 21 med... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Regulation > Disease | 178 | 751 | null |
Section: Clinical relevance > Therapeutic discovery. As PE inclusion results in transcript degradation, targeted PE inclusion or exclusion is being evaluated as a therapeutic strategy. This strategy may prove especially applicable towards targets whose gene products are not easily ligandable such as "undruggable" prote... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Clinical relevance > Therapeutic discovery | 340 | 1,509 | null |
As of October 2024, zorevunersen is being evaluated in phase 2 clinical trials (NCT04740476). Zorevunersen received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation in December 2024. Also in December 2024, Stoke Therapeutics disclosed that zorevunersen is generally well tolerated and shows substantial and sustained reductions in c... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Clinical relevance > Therapeutic discovery | 346 | 1,458 | null |
As of October 2024, REM-422 is being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials (NCT06118086, NCT06297941). The splicing modulator small molecule risdiplam, originally developed to promote exon 7 inclusion in the SMN2 transcript for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, dose-dependently promotes PE inclusion in the MYB trans... | Wikipedia - Poison exon - Clinical relevance > Therapeutic discovery | 291 | 1,117 | null |
Article: Polylecty. The term polylecty or generalist is used in pollination ecology to refer to bees that collect pollen from a range of unrelated plants. Honey bees exemplify this behavior, collecting nectar from a wide array of flowers. Other predominantly polylectic genera include Bombus, Ceratina, Heriades and Hali... | Wikipedia - Polylecty - Summary | 268 | 1,287 | null |
Section: Spatial proteomics. Spatial proteomics measures the localization and abundance of proteins at the subcellular level across a tissue. Immunohistochemistry-based spatial proteomic methods include oligo barcoded antibodies, cyclic immunofluorescence (cycIF), co-detection by indexing (CODEX), iterative bleaching e... | Wikipedia - Spatial biology - Spatial proteomics | 168 | 754 | null |
Section: Example: proteins. For example, proteins constitute the elementary building blocks of a vast variety of biological materials such as cells, spider silk or bone, where they create extremely robust, multi-functional materials by self-organization of structures over many length- and time scales, from nano to macr... | Wikipedia - Universality–diversity paradigm - Example: proteins | 203 | 1,029 | null |
Section: Biography. Andrews was born in Putney, Vermont, a son of Betsy Lathrop and Rev. Elisha D. Andrews, the Congregational minister of that town. There, and in Rochester, New York, he received his preliminary education. He was from the first devoted to botany and geology. At the age of 17 his family moved to centra... | Wikipedia - Edmund Andrews (surgeon) - Biography | 332 | 1,626 | null |
Horace Wardner, established a charity dispensary, and a private dissecting room, where he taught a class in anatomy. He was one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, and was its first professor of surgery. This latter position he held actively or emeritus up to his death. He was also surgeon to the Mercy Hosp... | Wikipedia - Edmund Andrews (surgeon) - Biography | 350 | 1,778 | null |
Although he had suffered from enlarged prostate and cystitis for two or three years he attended to his professional work until the day before he went to the hospital for operation. In January 1904, he was operated by his sons for a bladder stone. He recovered after operation well, but then on January 22, he had a sudde... | Wikipedia - Edmund Andrews (surgeon) - Biography | 163 | 800 | null |
Section: Family. Andrews was married on April 13, 1853, to Sarah Eliza Taylor of Detroit. Together, they had five sons: Charles Taylor (who died at age 2); Leo Herbert (who died at age 7); Edward Wyllys Andrews, MD (1856-1927); Frank Taylor Andrews, MD (1858-1940); and Edmund Lathrop Andrews, Jr. (1866-1939). Sara Eliz... | Wikipedia - Edmund Andrews (surgeon) - Family | 191 | 814 | null |
Section: Early life. Boone was born near Lexington, Kentucky, the seventh son of Squire and Anna Grubbs Boone. Squire Boone, Sr. was Daniel Boone's father and Levi Boone's great-grandfather, making Levi Boone Daniel Boone's great-nephew. Young Levi lost his father at the age of 9 when Squire finally succumbed to wounds... | Wikipedia - Levi Boone - Early life | 187 | 869 | null |
Section: Chicago years. Arriving in Chicago in 1835, he helped organize the Cook County Medical Board and served as the organization's first secretary. Boone had a medical practice with Charles V. Dyer. He was elected the first president of the Chicago Medical Society in 1850. In 1843, he contributed to the rift in the... | Wikipedia - Levi Boone - Chicago years | 290 | 1,414 | null |
Though not a teetotaler, Boone was a temperance advocate and worked to prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol. Anticipating the passage by referendum of a Maine law to prohibit the sale of beverage alcohol in June 1855, he got the city council to pass an ordinance that raised the cost of liquor licenses from $50 ... | Wikipedia - Levi Boone - Chicago years | 205 | 980 | null |
Section: Career. Churchill's hospital appointments included attending paediatrician at the Cook County Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital and president of the medical staff at Children's Memorial Hospital from 1909–1917. He was also an associate professor of paediatrics at Rush Medical College. In 1912, he was resident... | Wikipedia - Frank Spooner Churchill - Career | 177 | 918 | null |
Section: Career > Breastfeeding. Churchill established the first infant's clinic at Children's Memorial Hospital and was an advocate of breast feeding but believed that the milk could be spoiled if it was taken at the wrong frequency or if the mother was nervous or anxious, rendering her "utterly unfit to serve the pur... | Wikipedia - Frank Spooner Churchill - Career > Breastfeeding | 185 | 890 | null |
Section: Publications. "Infant Feeding", Chicago Medical Recorder, February 10, 1896, pp. 102–114. Medical Disease of Infancy and Childhood. 2nd edition. Cassell, London, 1898. (With Dawson Williams) "Observations on Infant Feeding, with Report of Cases", Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. XLIV, No. 21 (... | Wikipedia - Frank Spooner Churchill - Publications | 168 | 576 | null |
Section: Chicago years. Ambition led him to Chicago, then a small, but rapidly growing town, in August 1835. He became Surgeon for the garrison at Ft. Dearborn soon thereafter. In 1837, he married Louisa M. Gifford, of Elgin, with whom he would have six children, three of whom (Stella Louisa, Charles Gifford and Louis)... | Wikipedia - Charles V. Dyer - Chicago years | 195 | 901 | null |
Section: Abolition activities. In 1837, Dr. Dyer rented a hall and called a protest meeting in reaction to the murder of Elijah Lovejoy by a mob in Alton, Illinois. In 1838, he helped organize a Chicago Chapter of the American Anti-Slavery Society, along with Rev. Flavel Bascom, Philo Carpenter, Robert Freeman, L.C.P. ... | Wikipedia - Charles V. Dyer - Abolition activities | 347 | 1,542 | null |
Article: Flora Iranica. Flora Iranica is a series of books on the flora of Iranian highlands and adjacent mountains in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. The general editor of the series was the Austrian botanist Karl Heinz Rechinger (1963 - 1998). It included genera from plants such as the... | Wikipedia - Flora Iranica - Summary | 276 | 1,207 | null |
Volume 4 (1954) – Revisions: Aceraceae, Actinidiaceae sens.str., Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Ancistrocladaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Bixaceae sens.str., Burmanniaceae, Callitrichaceae, Cannabinaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cochlospermaceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Corynocarpaae, Crassulaceae,... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Main series > Series I. Seed Plants | 347 | 1,022 | null |
Valerianaceae, Xyridaceae, Zygophyllaceae. Volume 5 (1958) – Revisions: Alismataceae, Basellaceae, Batidaceae, Betulaceae, Burseraceae, Butomaceae, Centrolepidaceae, Connaraceae, Dichapetalaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hamamelidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Malpighiaceae, Papaveraceae,... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Main series > Series I. Seed Plants | 339 | 1,019 | null |
Volume 7 part 4 (1976) – Revisions: Balanophoraceae, Leeaceae, Taccaceae. Volume 8 part 1 (1974) – Revision: Hypericaceae. Volume 8 part 2 (1977) – Revisions: Bignoniaceae, Cornaceae, Crypteroniaceae, Iridaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Onagraceae, Symplocaceae, Ulmaceae. Volume 8 part 3 (1978) – Revisions: Anacardiaceae, Lab... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Main series > Series I. Seed Plants | 349 | 1,091 | null |
Volume 11 part 1 (1992) – Revision: Mimosaceae (Leguminosae–Mimosoideae). Volume 11 part 2 (1993) – Revisions: Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Coriariaceae, Pentastemonaceae, Rosaceae, Stemonaceae. Volume 11 part 3 (1994) – Revision: Sapindaceae. Volume 12 part 1 (1995) – Revision: Meliaceae. Volume 12 part 2 (1996) – Revis... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Main series > Series I. Seed Plants | 295 | 960 | null |
Section: Main series > Series II. Pteridophytes. Series II. Pteridophytes consists of: Volume 1 part 1 (1959) – Revisions: Gleicheniaceae, Schizaeaceae, Isoetaceae Volume 1 part 2 (1963) – Revision: Cyatheaceae Volume 1 part 3 (1971) – Revision: Lindsaea group Volume 1 part 4 (1978) – Revision: Lomariopsis group. Volum... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Main series > Series II. Pteridophytes | 167 | 551 | null |
Section: CD-ROMs. Several taxonomic treatments have been published by ETI Bioinformatics on CD-ROM. These treatments have various multimedia features such as interactive keys, many images, and literature databases. Currently, the following treatments have been published on CD-ROM: Leguminosae – Caesalpinioideae of Sout... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - CD-ROMs | 228 | 883 | null |
Section: Meetings. 1st International Flora Malesiana Symposium (1989) - Leiden, The Netherlands 2nd International Flora Malesiana Symposium (1992) - Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3rd International Flora Malesiana Symposium (1995) - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom 4th International Flora Malesiana Symposium (... | Wikipedia - Flora Malesiana - Meetings | 183 | 947 | null |
Article: Flora of China (series). Flora of China is a scientific publication aimed at describing the plants native to China. It is the English-language revision of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS, 中国植物志). The project is a collaborative scientific effort to publish the first modern English-language account of ... | Wikipedia - Flora of China (series) - Summary | 338 | 1,726 | null |
This checklist and Missouri Botanical Garden's Tropicos database together provide interfaces for querying the nomenclatural and distributional data and illustrations. The data from the published volumes are presented online as separate treatments of families, genera, and species. These treatments are searchable in eFlo... | Wikipedia - Flora of China (series) - Summary | 346 | 1,823 | null |
Section: Volumes. Volume 1 – not yet published Volume 2(1-4) – Actinidiaceae, Apostasiaceae, Balanophoraceae, Bonnetiaceae, Cannabidaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Casuarinaceae, Centrolepidaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Connaraceae, Cupressaceae, Cycadaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Flagellariaceae, Gnetaceae, Good... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 318 | 955 | null |
Volume 3(1) (1979) – Psilotaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Isoetaceae, Equisetaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Osmundaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Schizaeaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae. Volume 3(2) (1985) - Lindsaeaceae, Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae, Parkeriace... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 330 | 914 | null |
Volume 5(2) (1990) - Scrophulariaceae. Volume 5(3) (1991) - Bretschneideraceae, Capparaceae, Malpighiaceae, Menispermaceae, Nyctaginaceae. Volume 5(4) (1992) - Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chloranthaceae, Crypteroniaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Sonneratiacea, Umbelliferae Volume 6(1) (1993) - Taccaceae, Tiliac... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 328 | 914 | null |
Volume 7(3) (2001) - Alismataceae, Aponogetonaceae, Ctenolophonaceae, Cymodoceaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Lemnaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Melastomataceae, Polygalaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Sterculiaceae. Volume 7(4) (2002) - Buddlejaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Loranthaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Saxifragaceae, Vis... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 342 | 936 | null |
Volume 10(1) (2009) - Dioscoreaceae. Volume 10(2) (2010) - Celastraceae, Hernandiaceae, Leeaceae, Mastixiaceae, Passifloraceae, Verbenaceae. Volume 10(3) (2010) - Anacardiaceae, Convolvulaceae. Volume 10(4) (2011) - Cecropiaceae, Moraceae. Volume 11(1) (2011) - Cornaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Helwingiacea... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 313 | 825 | null |
Volume 12(2) (2014) - Orchidaceae 2 (Epidendroideae P.P.: Neottieae, Tropideae, Nervilieae, Gastrodieae, Thaieae, Calypsoeae, Arethuseae, Collabieae, Cymbidieae). Volume 13(1) (2015) - Achariaceae, Adoxaceae, Cannabaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Ericaceae, Salicaceae, Ulmaceae Volume 13(2) (2016) - Compositae (Asteraceae) Volu... | Wikipedia - Flora of Thailand - Volumes | 401 | 1,075 | null |
Volume 35 (2014): Solanaceae Volume 34 (2014): Polygalaceae Volume 33 (2014): Apocynaceae Volume 32 (2004): Myrsinaceae Volume 31 (2003): Gentianaceae Volume 30 (2001): Leguminosae - Papilionoideae - Millettieae Volume 29 (1997): Leguminoseuses, Papilionoidees, Dalbergiees Volume 28 (1995): Gymnospermae Volume 27 (1994... | Wikipedia - Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam - Volumes | 347 | 1,016 | null |
(1973): Ochnaceae, Onagraceae, Trapaceae, Balanophoraceae, Rafflesiaceae, Podostemacea, Tristichaceae Volume 13 (1972): Loganiaceae, Buddlejaceae Volume 12 (1970): Hernandiaceae Volume 11 (1970): Flacourtiaceae, Bixaceae, Cochlospermaceae Volume 10 (1969): Combretaceae: O.Lecompte Volume 9 (1969): Campanulaceae Volume ... | Wikipedia - Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam - Volumes | 250 | 742 | null |
Article: Nanfang Caomu Zhuang. The (c. 304 CE) Nanfang caomu zhuang (南方草木狀 Plants of the Southern Regions), attributed to the Western Jin dynasty scholar and botanist Ji Han (嵇含, 263-307), is a Flora describing the plants of Nanyue and Jiaozhi, present-day South China and northern Vietnam. The Nanfang caomu zhuang is t... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Summary | 252 | 1,113 | null |
Section: Ji Han. The Nanfang caomu zhuang author Ji Han was "one of the greatest of all Chinese botanists". The primary source of information about Ji Han's life is the Book of Jin biography of his uncle Ji Shao, who was the son of the poet-musician Ji Kang (23–262), one of the Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove. Ji Ha... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Ji Han | 315 | 1,211 | null |
However, before he could leave, Ji Han was assassinated at Xiangyang in 307 after Liu Hong's death. When Ji Han was made Governor, he appointed his friend Ge Hong, the alchemist and author of the Shenxian zhuan and Baopuzi, as aide-de-camp. Ge Hong went to Guangdong ahead of Ji, and remained there afterwards for severa... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Ji Han | 229 | 988 | null |
Section: Title. The title uses three common Chinese words. Nánfāng (南方, lit. "south direction/region") "south; southern part of a country" Cǎomù (草木, lit. grass/herb [and] tree") "vegetation; plants (in general)" Zhuàng (狀) "form, shape; state, condition; account, record; description, narrative" The title Nanfang caomu... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Title | 189 | 802 | null |
Section: Content. The Nanfang caomu zhuang text is divided into three chapters, with a total of 80 botanical entries. The first (cǎolèi 草類 "Herbs", 1-29) consists of 29 herbs and plants, the second (mùlèi 木類 "Trees", 30-57) 28 forest trees, and the third consists of (guǒlèi 果類 "Fruits", 58-74) 17 fruit trees, and (zhúl... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Content | 310 | 1,210 | null |
Section: Genre. The Nanfang caomu zhuang is considered the type-specimen for the "strange plants of the south" genre of Chinese botanical writings. Within the traditional Sinocentric world-view, China's "south" (nan 南) referred to the seaward-facing regions of present-day Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Haina... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Genre | 321 | 1,268 | null |
3rd century) Nanzhou yiwu zhi (南洲異物志, "Record of Strange Things of the Southern Continent") or Nanfang yiwu zhi (南方異物志, "Record of Strange Things of the South") was written by Wan Zhen (萬震), and may have been one of Ji Han's sources for his book. Ji Han's Nanfang caomu zhi ("Record of Southern Plants and Trees") title ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Genre | 331 | 1,206 | null |
Modern scholarship has shown that the two books were quite distinct. In contrast to Ji Han's "refinement", Xu Zhong's style is "plain and rather repetitive". There are five cases of the same plant being described by both authors, and then the entries are generally quite different; but the Nanfang caowu zhi was never a ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Genre | 156 | 649 | null |
Section: Sample entries > Banana. The Gānjiāo (甘蕉, lit. "sweet banana/plantain") "banana, Musa paradisiaca, Musa sapientum" entry distinguishes two kinds of dessert-banana plants and one fiber-banana plant. The Kan-chiao, seen from afar, resembles a tree. The larger plants are over one armspan in circumference. The lea... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Banana | 322 | 1,307 | null |
The kind with pods the size of a thumb, long and pointed, resembling a sheep's horn in shape, is called Yang-chiao-chiao 羊角蕉 (sheep's horn banana), and is the sweetest and most delicious in taste. Another kind with pods the size of a hen's egg and resembling a cow's udder is called Niu-ju-chiao 牛乳蕉 (cow's udder banana)... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Banana | 349 | 1,368 | null |
Musa × paradisiaca includes the previously differentiated M. paradisiaca "cooking/fiber banana; plantain" and M. sapientum " dessert banana". Judging from the Nanfang caomu zhuang account, the two yángjiǎojiāo (羊角蕉 "ram's horn banana") and niúrǔjiāo (牛乳蕉 "cow's milk banana") were of the edible sapientum type, and the u... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Banana | 318 | 1,085 | null |
270) "Wudu fu" (吳都賦 "Rhapsody on the Wu capital", i.e., Suzhou) mentions jiāogé (蕉葛 "linen made from banana/plantain fibers") but not the fruit. Needham, Lu, and Huang say that the banana was primarily a textile-producer, rather than cultivated for fruit, which could reasonably explain the origin of the name, for jiāo ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Banana | 311 | 1,194 | null |
Parts of this Nanfang caomu zhuang banana entry are almost identical with passages in earlier and later texts. The Nanfang caomu zhuang source could have been the (2nd-3rd century) Yiwu zhi or (3rd century) Nanzhou yiwu zhi; and it could have been copied into the (3rd-4th century) Nanfang caowu zhi and (4th-5th century... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Banana | 337 | 1,295 | null |
Section: Sample entries > Chinese spinach. The Nanfangcao mu zhuang entry for yongcai (蕹葉 "Ipomoea aquatica; Chinese spinach; water spinach; swamp cabbage") is the first record of both this vegetable and of floating gardens. Chinese spinach is a semi-aquatic tropical plant grown, either in water or on wet ground, as a ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Chinese spinach | 336 | 1,386 | null |
These plant references are luòkuí (落葵 lit. "falling malva") Basella alba or redvine spinach and yěgé (冶葛 lit. "smelting kudzu") Gelsemium elegans or heartbreak grass. Gelsemium is the subsequent Nanfang caomu zhuang entry (26), which says, "Those who use this to poison people often give it mixed with other raw vegetabl... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Chinese spinach | 332 | 1,269 | null |
Wang Zhen explains that the frame is like a fá (筏 "[bamboo] raft"), and that fēng means the roots of the aquatic plant gū (箛 Zizania latifolia, Manchurian wild rice). He says that floating fields are found more or less everywhere in Southeast China, and quotes a poem by Su Dongpo that describes floating fields on the W... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Chinese spinach | 231 | 962 | null |
Section: Sample entries > Oranges. The Nanfang caomu zhuang has two entries (62 and 63) for Citrus trees: Jú (橘 Citrus × sinensis, Sweet Orange) and Gān (柑 Citrus reticulata, Mandarin Orange). The Chü has white flowers and reddish fruits which have fragrant petals and a delicious taste. Since the time of Wu Ti of Han, ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Oranges | 342 | 1,401 | null |
Li notes that the Yiwu Zhi (quoted in the Qimin yaoshu) may possibly be the original source for this Nanfang caomu zhuang entry: "the orange tree has white flowers and reddish fruits, which have fragrant peels and also sweet taste. It is produced in Kiangnan and not elsewhere". The Taiping Yulan quotes this same passag... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Oranges | 346 | 1,430 | null |
(63) Húgān (壺柑) is now called pènggān (椪柑 Citrus poonensis, ponkan, Chinese honey orange"). Ma says the first few sentences appear Zhou Chu's (236-297) Fengtuji (風土記 "Record of Local Conditions"), which is the likely source for this Nanfang caomu zhuang entry. Both Duan Chengshi's (9th century) Yuyang zalu (酉陽雜俎) and t... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Oranges | 318 | 1,266 | null |
Section: Sample entries > Herb ferment. The Cǎoqū (草麴, lit. "herb ferment") entry in the Nanfang caomu zhuang is the earliest description of wine production using a natural ferment made with rice flour and herbs. In Southern Chinese tradition, this special rice wine was prepared in advance for marriage ceremonies while... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Herb ferment | 329 | 1,346 | null |
Among the southerners, when a daughter reaches several years of age the family starts to brew wine on a large scale. After straining, and when the ponds become dry in the winter, the wine is put in jars, tightly sealed at the top and buried in the side of the ponds. When spring comes and the ponds are full of water, th... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Herb ferment | 317 | 1,299 | null |
"women wine") first appears in the Zhouli ritual text meaning "female slave winemaker" who (in yin and yang gender separation) made wines for women in the royal palace, the staff of the Superintendent of Wines is said to include 10 eunuchs, 30 "wine-women", and 300 convicts. Needham and Huang suggest that since it took... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Sample entries > Herb ferment | 277 | 1,158 | null |
Section: Authenticity. Academic controversies over the authenticity of Ji Han's Nanfang caomu zhuang has been ongoing for over a century. The first scholar to question the text's authenticity was Wen Dingshi (文廷式, 1856-1904), who said Ji Han could not have been the author because the theriac entry (19) says the physici... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Authenticity | 350 | 1,207 | null |
On one side of the debate, Ma concludes the Nanfang caomu zhuang is unequivocally a forgery, compiled sometime between 1108, the year the Zhenglei bencao was first published, and 1194, the year You Mou died. On the other side, Needham, Lu, and Huang conclude that basically Ji Han's "text is authentic, though there may ... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Authenticity | 339 | 1,480 | null |
Li concludes that although we cannot rule out the possibility of interpolations, we can be reasonably sure that the text, as it has come down to us in its present form since the late Song period, "represents on the whole a historically trustworthy account of the plants treated therein as they appeared in the southern r... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Authenticity | 323 | 1,559 | null |
If the text suddenly first appeared in the Song dynasty, why did it not arouse the suspicion of learned bibliophiles? What would a forger gain by spending the time and effort necessary to compile such an admirable text but not accepting its authorship? Huang says the most reasonable hypothesis is that the Nanfang caomu... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Authenticity | 303 | 1,399 | null |
Furthermore, Hui-lin Li gave the entries on wild ginger (5) and chinkapin (73) as convincing examples. In the Nanfang caomu zhuang the descriptions make botanical sense, but the corresponding entries in Lingbiao luyi, though almost identical in language, lack one or two key words needed to render them botanically meani... | Wikipedia - Nanfang Caomu Zhuang - Authenticity | 320 | 1,478 | null |
Article: Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores is a horticultural work (alternative title Descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants) published in 1830–1832 by the Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores was published in London, Paris and Strassb... | Wikipedia - Plantae Asiaticae Rariores - Summary | 308 | 1,452 | null |
A noteworthy point is that plate number 6 is an engraving by H. Weddell, and not a lithograph. Plantae Asiaticae was seen to follow naturally on William Roxburgh's Plants of the coast of Coromandel (London: 1795–1820) and was sponsored by the East India Company who subscribed to 40 copies. The 12 parts were sold at £2 ... | Wikipedia - Plantae Asiaticae Rariores - Summary | 170 | 732 | null |
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