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Section: Prominent members of R-L21. Below are listed some theorized lineages of prominent families. The House of Stuart who ruled as Kings of Scotland from 1371 and then, additionally, as Kings of England and Ireland from 1603 until 1714. According to the Stewart DNA Project they lie under the subclade R1b-L21 > DF13 ... | Wikipedia - Haplogroup R-L21 - Prominent members of R-L21 | 347 | 1,223 | null |
They were Kings of Munster from around 400 AD until they were deposed by their former vassals, the Dál gCais in the 10th century. Septs include the O'Sullivan Lords of Beare, the O'Mahony Lords of Kinalmeaky and others. The descendants of Cellachán Caisil, their last great king in Munster before this deposition have ho... | Wikipedia - Haplogroup R-L21 - Prominent members of R-L21 | 314 | 1,116 | null |
Examples of septs include the O'Donnell (Kings of Tír Conaill, Earl of Tyrconnell), the O'Connor Kings of Connacht and the Mac Lochlainn Kings of Tír Eoghan. However the later "O'Neill dynasty" (who usurped the aforementioned Mac Lochlainns from the kingship of Tír Chonaill), who descended from Áed in Macáem Tóinlesc, ... | Wikipedia - Haplogroup R-L21 - Prominent members of R-L21 | 349 | 1,246 | null |
Article: Romanians. Romanians (Romanian: români, pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ]; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a common culture and ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Roma... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Summary | 265 | 1,304 | null |
Section: History > Antiquity. The territories of modern-day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by the ancient Getae and Dacian tribes. King Burebista who reigned from 82/61 BC to 45/44 BC, was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area located between the Danube, ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Antiquity | 286 | 1,206 | null |
The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337–602) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern-day Balkans. The Diocese of Dacia was composed of five provinces, the northernmost provinces were Dacia Ripensis (the Danubian portion of Dacia Aureliana, one of the cities of Dacia Ripensis in today Romania is Sucidava)... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Antiquity | 300 | 1,290 | null |
Section: History > Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs, a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha, used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance-speaking and Celtic neighbours. Besides the separation of some groups (Aromanian... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages | 341 | 1,533 | null |
Brătianu considers that these words "represent an expression from the Romanian language, as it was formed at that time in the Balkan and Danube regions"; "they probably belong to one and the most significant of the substrates on which our (Romanian) language was built". After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, t... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages | 326 | 1,292 | null |
Ibn al-Nadīm (early 932–998) published in 998 the work Kitāb al-Fihrist mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs" (using Blagha for Vlachs). The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164, Andronikos I Komnenos, the emperor Manuel I Komnenos's cousin, tried without success, to usurp the throne. Failing in h... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages | 350 | 1,455 | null |
The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". Later rulers, especially Ivan Asen II, styled themselves "Tsars ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages | 331 | 1,473 | null |
Section: History > Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age. Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Moldavia and Wallachia (extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria) were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous (which was not the case of other Ottoma... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age | 335 | 1,726 | null |
On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Ian... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age | 345 | 1,730 | null |
As a result, at the end of the war, Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were awarded to Romania, through a series of international peace treaties, resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I. As of 1920, the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age | 150 | 768 | null |
Section: History > Contemporary Era. During World War II, the Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west, as Northern Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR, r... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Contemporary Era | 327 | 1,607 | null |
Following Constantinescu's single term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu, the PNL-PD candidate of the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), was elected president. Five years later, Băsescu (solely supported by the PDL this time) was na... | Wikipedia - Romanians - History > Contemporary Era | 343 | 1,545 | null |
Section: Language. During the Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian). Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German, Hungarian, and Turkish. During the modern era, most neologisms were borrowed fro... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Language | 270 | 1,320 | null |
Section: Names for Romanians > Etymology of the name Romanian (român). The name Romanian is derived from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman". Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumân [ruˈmɨn]. An older form of român was still in us... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Names for Romanians > Etymology of the name Romanian (român) | 338 | 1,563 | null |
One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans". Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved the name "Roman" and cites the sentence "Sti Rominest?" (știi românește?,... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Names for Romanians > Etymology of the name Romanian (român) | 344 | 1,461 | null |
Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s. Raymond Detrez asserts that român, derived ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Names for Romanians > Etymology of the name Romanian (român) | 150 | 694 | null |
Section: Names for Romanians > Etymology of the term Vlach. The name of "Vlachs" is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. It holds its origin from ancient Germanic—being a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"—and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, whi... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Names for Romanians > Etymology of the term Vlach | 190 | 745 | null |
Section: Romanians outside Romania. Most Romanians live in Romania, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour Romania. Romanians can also be found in many countries, notably in the other EU countries, particularly in Italy, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Romanians outside Romania | 323 | 1,767 | null |
not all Romanian nationals identify with Romanian ethnicity, and vice versa); The measurements and methodologies employed by governments to enumerate and describe the ethnicity and ancestry of their citizens vary from country to country. Thus the census definition of "Romanian" might variously mean Romanian-born, of Ro... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Romanians outside Romania | 321 | 1,652 | null |
Section: Culture > Contributions to contemporary culture. Romanians have played and contributed a major role in the advancement of the arts, culture, sciences, technology and engineering. In the history of aviation, Traian Vuia and Aurel Vlaicu built and tested some of the earliest aircraft designs, while Henri Coandă ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Culture > Contributions to contemporary culture | 338 | 1,525 | null |
More recently, filmmakers such as Cristi Puiu and Cristian Mungiu have attracted international acclaim, as has fashion designer Ioana Ciolacu. In sports, Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields, such as football (Gheorghe Hagi), gymnastics (Nadia Comăneci, Lavinia Miloșovici etc.), tennis (Ilie Năstase, Ion Țiri... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Culture > Contributions to contemporary culture | 176 | 726 | null |
Section: Culture > Religion. Almost 90% of all Romanians consider themselves religious. The vast majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church (a branch of Eastern Orthodoxy, or Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Greek Orthodox, Orthodox Church of Georgia and Russian Orthod... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Culture > Religion | 349 | 1,689 | null |
Smaller percentages are Protestant, Jews, Muslims, agnostic, atheist, or practice a traditional religion. There are no official dates for the adoption of religions by the Romanians. Based on linguistic and archaeological findings, historians suggest that the Romanians' ancestors acquired polytheistic religions in the R... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Culture > Religion | 332 | 1,302 | null |
Section: Relationship to other ethnic groups. The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians. The Istro-Romanians are the closest ethnic group to the Romanians, and it is believed they lef... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Relationship to other ethnic groups | 268 | 1,268 | null |
Section: Genetics. A Bulgarian study from 2013 shows genetic similarity between Thracians (8-6 century BC), medieval Bulgarians (8–10 century AD), and modern Bulgarians, highlighting highest resemblance between them and Romanians, Northern Italians and Northern Greeks. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Genetics | 334 | 1,460 | null |
A similar result was cited in a study investigating the genetic pool of people from Republic of Moldova, concluded about the representative samples taken for comparison from Romanians from the towns of Piatra-Neamț and Buhuși that "the most common Y haplogroup in this population was I-M423 (40.7%). This is the highest ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Genetics | 323 | 1,161 | null |
Haplogroup R1a, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern Siberia and South Asia. Haplogroup R1a among Romanians is entirely from the Eastern European variety Z282 and may be a result of Baltic, Thracian or Slavic ... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Genetics | 273 | 1,143 | null |
The population within the Carpathian range was found to have haplogroup H at 59.7% frequency, U at 11.3%, K and HV at 3.23% each, and M, X and A at 1.61% each. The South Romanian population also showed the highest frequency in haplogroup H at 47% (lower than in the sample from the North of Romania), haplogroup U showed... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Genetics | 348 | 1,618 | null |
A 2017 paper concentrated on the Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians, showed how Romania has been "a major crossroads between Asia and Europe" and thus "experienced continuous migration and invasion episodes"; while stating that previous studies show Romanians "exhibit genetic similarity with other Europeans". The paper als... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Genetics | 337 | 1,523 | null |
Section: Ethnogenesis. Three theories account for the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people. One, known as the Daco-Roman continuity theory, posits that they are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous peoples (Dacians) living in the Roman Province of Dacia, while the other posits that the Romanians are descendant... | Wikipedia - Romanians - Ethnogenesis | 215 | 1,023 | null |
Article: Genetic studies on Sami. Genetic studies on Sami is the genetic research that have been carried out on the Sami people. The Sami languages belong to the Uralic languages family of Eurasia. Siberian origins are still visible in the Sámi, Finns and other populations of the Finno-Ugric language family. An abundan... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - Summary | 325 | 1,605 | null |
Section: Y-DNA. Three Y chromosome haplogroups dominate the distribution among the Sami: N1c (formerly N3a), I1 – today more commonly known as I-M253 – and R1a, at least in the study carried out by K. Tambets et al. in 2004. The most common haplogroup among the Sami is N1c, with I1 as a close second according to that s... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - Y-DNA | 239 | 970 | null |
In Finland there is also a general difference within the Finnish population between eastern and western Finland, where eastern show a dominance of N-haplogroup and the west a dominance of I-haplogroup, where the latter is explained by a migration from southern parts of today's Norway and Sweden over to Finland as we kn... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - Y-DNA | 347 | 1,373 | null |
Section: mtDNA. Classification of the Sami mtDNA lineages revealed that the majority are clustered in a subset of the European mtDNA pool. The two haplogroup V and U5b dominate, between them accounting for about 89% of the total. This gives the Sami regions the highest level of haplogroups V and U5b thus far found. Bot... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - mtDNA | 293 | 1,133 | null |
Section: mtDNA > U5b. The great majority of Sami belong to U5b U5b even though a small proportion falls into U4. The percentage of total Sami mtDNA samples tested by K. Tambets and her colleagues (published in 2004) which were U5b ranged from 56.8% in Norwegian Sami to 26.5% in Swedish Sami. In research made by M. Ingm... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - mtDNA > U5b | 309 | 1,143 | null |
However 38% of the Sami U5b1b1 mtDNAs have haplotype so far exclusive to the Sami, containing a transition at np 16148. Alessandro Achilli and colleagues noted that the Sami and the Berbers share U5b1b, which they estimated at 9,000 years old, and argued that this provides evidence for a radiation of the haplogroup fro... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - mtDNA > U5b | 277 | 1,161 | null |
Section: mtDNA > V. The divergence time for the Sami haplogroup V sequences is estimated by M. Ingman and U. Gyllensten at 7,600 years ago. But there is a difference within the Sami group in Sweden according to their study. North Sami (Sami in the North of Swedish Lapland) belong to haplogroup V with 58.6% and South Sa... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - mtDNA > V | 334 | 1,405 | null |
Section: mtDNA > Z. Haplogroup Z is found at low frequency in the Sami and Northern Asian populations but is virtually absent in Europe. Several conserved substitutions group the Sami Z lineages with those from Finland and the Volga-Ural region of Russia. The estimated dating of the lineage at 2700 years suggests a sma... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - mtDNA > Z | 231 | 996 | null |
Section: Autosomal DNA. Autosomal genetic analyses have found that the Sámi people cluster in a distinct position, shifted away from other Europeans, with a significant proportion of the genome originating from a Neo-Siberian source population, best represented by the Nganasan people. The specific Siberian-like ancestr... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Sami - Autosomal DNA | 182 | 828 | null |
Article: Scandinavian hunter-gatherer. In archaeogenetics, the term Scandinavian hunter-gatherer (SHG) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia. Genetic studies suggest that the SHGs were a mix of western hunter-gatherers (WHGs) initiall... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Summary | 190 | 855 | null |
Section: Research. Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) were identified as a distinct ancestral component by Lazaridis et al. (2014). A number of remains examined at Motala, Sweden, and a separate group of remains from 5,000 year-old hunter-gatherers of the Pitted Ware culture (PWC), were identified as belonging to SHG.... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Research | 322 | 1,232 | null |
SHGs formed a distinct cluster between WHG and EHG, and the admixture model proposed by Lazaridis et al. could be successfully replaced with a model that takes EHG as source population for the ANE-like ancestry, with an admixture ratio of ~65% (WHG) : ~35% (EHG). SHGs living between 6000 BC and 3000 BC were found to la... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Research | 334 | 1,220 | null |
With respects to mtDNA, four samples belonged to U5a1 haplotypes, while three samples belonged U4a2 haplotypes. All samples from western and northern Scandinavia carried U5a1 haplotypes, while all the samples from eastern Scandinavia except from one carried U4a2 haplotypes. The authors of the study suggested that SHGs ... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Research | 323 | 1,494 | null |
This protein may be involved in long-term adaptation to the cold. In a genetic study published in Nature Communications in January 2018, the remains of an SHG female at Motala, Sweden between 5750 BC and 5650 BC was analyzed. She was found to be carrying U5a2d and "substantial ANE ancestry". The study found that Mesoli... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Research | 315 | 1,400 | null |
Section: Physical appearance. According to Mathieson et al. (2015), 50% of Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers from Motala carried the derived variant of EDAR-V370A. This variant is typical of modern East Asian populations, and is known to affect dental morphology and hair texture, and also chin protrusion and ear morphology... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Physical appearance | 288 | 1,314 | null |
This is strikingly different from the WHGs—who have been suggested to have the specific combination of blue eyes and dark skin and EHGs—who have been suggested to be brown-eyed and light-skinned". Four SHGs from the study yielded diverse eye and hair pigmentation predictions: one individual (SF12) was predicted to be m... | Wikipedia - Scandinavian hunter-gatherer - Physical appearance | 322 | 1,361 | null |
Section: Y-DNA. Y-chromosomal haplogroups identified among the Serbs from Serbia and near countries are the following with respective percentages: I2a (36.6-42%), E1b1b (16.5-18.2%), R1a (14.9-15%), R1b (5-6%), I1 (1.5-7.6%), J2b (4.5-4.9%), J2a (4-4.5%), J1 (1-4.5%), G2a (1.5-5.8%), and several other uncommon haplogro... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 180 | 424 | null |
I2 is the most prevailing haplogroup, accounting for one-third of Serbians. According to 2019 study is represented by four sub-clusters I2-PH908 (25.08%), I2-L621 (7.59%), I2-CTS10228 (3.63%) and I2-M223 (0.33%), while according to detailed 2024 study of haplogroup I2-P37.2 was found to be predominantly represented by ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 281 | 926 | null |
Older research considered that the high frequency of this subclade in the South Slavic-speaking populations to be the result of a "pre-Slavic" paleolithic settlement in the region, the research by O.M. Utevska (2017) confirmed that the haplogroup STR haplotypes have the highest diversity in Ukraine, with ancestral STR ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 301 | 1,238 | null |
More specifically, the "Balkan cluster" is represented by a single SNP, I-PH908, known as I2a1a2b1a1a1c in ISOGG phylogenetic tree (2019), and according to YFull YTree it formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,850-1,700 YBP (2nd-3rd century AD). Although I-L621 it is dominant among the modern Slavic peoples on the territ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 349 | 1,404 | null |
It is represented by four sub-clusters E-V13 (17.49%), E1b1b-V22 (0.33%), and E1b1b-M123 (0.33%). In Southeast Europe, its frequency peaks at the southeastern edge of the region and its variance peaks in the region's southwest. Although its frequency is very high in Kosovar Albanians (46%) and Macedonian Romani (30%), ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 331 | 1,284 | null |
Its ancestral haplogroup, E1b1b1a-M78, is of northeast African origin. R1a1-M17 accounts for about one-seventh to one-sixth of Serbian Y-chromosomes. It is represented by four sub-clusters R1a (10.89%), R1a-M458 (2.31%), R1a-YP4278 (1.32%), and R1a-Y2613 (0.33%). Its frequency peaks in Ukraine (54.0%). It is the most p... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 300 | 946 | null |
The highest frequency in the central Balkans (Myres et al. 2010). It has its frequency peak in Western Europe (90% in Wales), but a high frequency is also found in Central Europe among the West Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) and Hungarians as well as in the Caucasus among the Ossetians (43%). It was introduced to Europ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 306 | 1,238 | null |
It is proposed that the Balkan Mesolithic foragers, bearers of I-P37.2 and E-V13, adopted farming from the initial J2 agriculturalists who colonized the region about 7000 to 8000 YBP, transmitting the Neolithic cultural package. I1-M253 is also found in low frequencies (1.5-7.6%) and is represented by three sub-cluster... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 345 | 1,482 | null |
According to correspondence analysis, admixture analysis and Rst genetic distance, Serbian regional population samples cluster together and are closest to Montenegrins, Macedonians and Bulgarians, with Western Serbians being an intermediate between them and Croatian-Bosnian and Herzegovinian cluster. According to 2022 ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Y-DNA | 169 | 872 | null |
Section: mtDNA. According to Davidovic et al. (2014) study of Mitochondrial DNA in 139 samples in Serbia are present "mtDNA lineages predominantly found within the Slavic gene pool (U4a2a*, U4a2a1, U4a2c, U4a2g, HV10), supporting a common Slavic origin, but also lineages that may have originated within southern Europe ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - mtDNA | 311 | 1,014 | null |
Section: Autosomal DNA. According to 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulg... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Autosomal DNA | 337 | 1,637 | null |
According to a 2014 autosomal analysis of Western Balkan, the Serbian population shows genetic uniformity with other South Slavic populations, but the "Serbians and Montenegrins have an intermediate position on PCA plot and on Fst–based network among other Western Balkan populations". In the 2015 analysis, Serbians wer... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Serbs - Autosomal DNA | 307 | 1,521 | null |
Article: Western hunter-gatherer. In archaeogenetics, western hunter-gatherer (WHG, also known as west European hunter-gatherer, western European hunter-gatherer or Oberkassel cluster) (c. 15,000~5,000 BP) is a distinct ancestral component of modern Europeans, representing descent from a population of Mesolithic hunter... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Summary | 338 | 1,671 | null |
These Magdalenian peoples largely descended from earlier Western European Cro-Magnon groups that had arrived in the region over 30,000 years ago, prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. WHGs constituted one of the main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe, along with eastern hunter-gatherers (EH... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Summary | 300 | 1,374 | null |
Section: Research > Origin and expansion into continental Europe. WHGs represent a major population shift within Europe at the end of the Ice Age, probably a population expansion into continental Europe, from Southeastern European or West Asian refugia. It is thought that their ancestors separated from eastern Eurasian... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Origin and expansion into continental Europe | 321 | 1,513 | null |
WHG genomes display higher affinity for ancient and modern Middle Eastern populations when compared against earlier Paleolithic Europeans such as Gravettians. The affinity for ancient Middle Eastern populations in Europe increased after the Last Glacial Maximum, correlating with the expansion of WHG (Villabruna or Ober... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Origin and expansion into continental Europe | 268 | 1,160 | null |
The Villabruna cluster also carried the Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b-L754), derived from the Ancient North Eurasian haplogroup R*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia." Their mitochondrial chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U5. A 2023 study proposed that the Vi... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Origin and expansion into continental Europe | 303 | 1,412 | null |
While not confirmed, the Villabruna cluster was probably present earlier than in the Balkans region than elsewhere in Southern Europe. Early WHG/Villabruna populations are associated with the Epigravettian archaeological culture, which largely replaced populations associated with the Magdalenian culture about 14,000 ye... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Origin and expansion into continental Europe | 349 | 1,651 | null |
Section: Research > Interaction with other populations. The WHG were also found to have contributed ancestry to populations on the borders of Europe such as early Anatolian farmers and Ancient Northwestern Africans, as well as other European groups such as eastern hunter-gatherers. The relationship of WHGs to the EHGs ... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations | 345 | 1,525 | null |
Unlike most WHGs, the WHGs of the eastern Baltic did not receive European farmer admixture during the Neolithic. Modern populations of the eastern Baltic thus harbor a larger amount of WHG ancestry than any other population in Europe. SHGs have been found to contain a mix of WHG components who had likely migrated into ... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations | 349 | 1,573 | null |
These were determined to be an intermediate between EHG and SHG, although WHG ancestry in this population increased during the Neolithic. Samples of Y-DNA extracted from these individuals belonged exclusively to R haplotypes (particularly subclades of R1b1) and I haplotypes (particularly subclades of I2). mtDNA belonge... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations | 315 | 1,287 | null |
Section: Research > Interaction with other populations > Replacement by Neolithic farmers. A seminal 2014 study first identified the contribution of three main components to modern European lineages: the Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG, in proportions of up to 50% in Northern Europeans), the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE,... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations > Replacement by Neolithic farmers | 292 | 1,414 | null |
In a 2017 analysis of 180 ancient DNA datasets of the Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods from Hungary, Germany and Spain, evidence was found of a prolonged period of interbreeding. Admixture took place regionally, from local hunter-gatherer populations, so that populations from the three regions (Germany, Iberia and Hu... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations > Replacement by Neolithic farmers | 324 | 1,436 | null |
Around 6000 BC, the WHGs of Italy were almost completely genetically replaced by EEFs (two G2a2) and one Haplogroup R1b, although WHG ancestry slightly increased in subsequent millennia. Neolithic individuals in the British Isles were close to Iberian and Central European Early and Middle Neolithic populations, modeled... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Research > Interaction with other populations > Replacement by Neolithic farmers | 280 | 1,364 | null |
Section: Physical appearance. According to David Reich, DNA analysis has shown that Western Hunter Gatherers were typically dark skinned, dark haired, and blue eyed. The dark skin was due to their Out-of-Africa origin (all Homo sapiens populations having had initially dark skin), while the blue eyes were the result of ... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Physical appearance | 334 | 1,531 | null |
Admixture between hunter-gatherer and agriculturist populations was apparently occasional, but not extensive. Some authors have expressed caution regarding skin pigmentation reconstructions: Quillen et al. (2019) acknowledge studies that generally show that "lighter skin color was uncommon across much of Europe during ... | Wikipedia - Western hunter-gatherer - Physical appearance | 338 | 1,613 | null |
Article: Western Steppe Herders. In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the Chalcolithic steppe around the start of the 5th millennium BC, subsequently detected in several genetic... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Summary | 340 | 1,425 | null |
The Y-DNA haplogroups of Western Steppe Herder males are not uniform, with the Yamnaya culture individuals mainly belonging to R1b-Z2103 with a minority of I2a2, the earlier Khvalynsk culture also with mainly R1b but also some R1a, Q1a, J, and I2a2, and the later, high WSH ancestry Corded Ware culture individuals mainl... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Summary | 320 | 1,380 | null |
The expansion of WSHs resulted in the virtual disappearance of the Y-DNA of Early European Farmers (EEFs) from the European gene pool, significantly altering the cultural and genetic landscape of Europe. During the Bronze Age, Corded Ware people with admixture from Central Europe remigrated onto the steppe, forming the... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Summary | 245 | 1,059 | null |
Section: Summary. A summary of several genetic studies published in Nature and Cell during the year 2015 is given by Heyd (2017): Western Steppe Herders component "is lower in southern Europe and higher in northern Europe", where inhabitants have roughly 50% WSH ancestry on average. (Haak et al. 2015; Lazaridis et al. ... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Summary | 244 | 1,002 | null |
Section: Nomenclature and definition. 'Steppe ancestry' can be classified into at least three distinctive clusters. In its simplest and earliest form, it can be modelled as an admixture of two highly divergent ancestral components; a population related to Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) as the original inhabitants of th... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Nomenclature and definition | 337 | 1,532 | null |
This genetic component is known as Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age (Steppe EMBA), or Yamnaya-related ancestry. Expansions of Yamnaya-related populations to Eastern and Central Europe resulted in the formation of populations with admixed EMBA Steppe and Early European Farmer ancestry, such as the ancient individuals o... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Nomenclature and definition | 159 | 737 | null |
Section: Origins and expansion > Steppe Eneolithic. The precise location of the initial formation of so-called 'Eneolithic steppe' ancestry, which can be modeled as a relatively simple admixture of EHG and Near Eastern (CHG-related) populations, remains uncertain. Admixture between populations with Near Eastern ancestr... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Origins and expansion > Steppe Eneolithic | 304 | 1,342 | null |
These three individuals belong to Y-chromosome haplogroups R1a (which is not found in later elite Yamnaya graves), R1b, and Q1a, the first two of which are found in preceding EHG populations, which suggests continuity with the preceding EHG population. Three individuals from the Progress 2 site in the foothills north o... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Origins and expansion > Steppe Eneolithic | 168 | 751 | null |
Section: Origins and expansion > Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age. Early Yamnaya individuals, the Afanasievo population, and the individuals of the Poltavka and Catacomb cultures that followed the Yamnaya on the steppe comprise a genetically almost indistinguishable cluster, carrying predominantly R1b Y-DNA haplogroup... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Origins and expansion > Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age | 330 | 1,383 | null |
Section: Origins and expansion > Corded Ware and Bell Beaker. Genetic evidence demonstrates a major and relatively sudden population turnover in Europe during the early third millennium BC, resulting in the rapid spread of steppe ancestry along with the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultures. Corded Ware individuals have... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Origins and expansion > Corded Ware and Bell Beaker | 331 | 1,710 | null |
Section: Origins and expansion > Steppe Middle to Late Bronze Age. Bronze Age individuals from the Sintashta culture in the southern Urals and the closely related Andronovo culture in Central Asia, as well as the Srubnaya culture on the Pontic Caspian steppe, all carry substantial levels of Yamnaya-related ancestry, wi... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Origins and expansion > Steppe Middle to Late Bronze Age | 290 | 1,319 | null |
Section: Genetics. The American archaeologist David W. Anthony (2019) summarized the recent genetic data on WSHs. Anthony notes that WSHs display genetic continuity between the paternal lineages of the Dnieper-Donets culture and the Yamnaya culture, as the males of both cultures have been found to have been mostly carr... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Genetics | 328 | 1,305 | null |
Because the slight EEF ancestry of the WSHs has been found to be derived from Central Europe, and because there is no CHG Y-DNA detected among the Yamnaya, Anthony notes that it is impossible for the Maikop culture to have contributed much to the culture or CHG ancestry of the WSHs. Anthony suggests that admixture betw... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Genetics | 336 | 1,441 | null |
Section: Phenotypes. Western Steppe Herders are believed to have been light-skinned. Early Bronze Age Steppe populations such as the Yamnaya are believed to have had mostly brown eyes and dark hair, while the people of the Corded Ware culture had a higher proportion of blue eyes. A study from 2022 suggested that the sk... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Phenotypes | 281 | 1,347 | null |
In general, the inhabitants of the Southern Arc had darker pigmentation on average than those of the north (Europe outside the Southern Arc and the Eurasian steppe). When examining composite pigmentation phenotypes, researchers observed that while average pigmentation did indeed differentiate between populations of the... | Wikipedia - Western Steppe Herders - Phenotypes | 235 | 1,134 | null |
Section: Frequencies in European ethnic groups. The table below shows the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based on relevant studies, for various ethnic and other notable groups from Europe. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations shown in the first two columns; ... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe - Frequencies in European ethnic groups | 165 | 846 | null |
Section: Health inequalities and inequities in Europe. Health inequalities can be defined as “systematic differences in health between social groups” and populations. Health inequities, on the other hand, are unfair, “avoidable inequalities” of populations within and between countries. The WHO's Committee on the Social... | Wikipedia - EuroHealthNet - Health inequalities and inequities in Europe | 272 | 1,321 | null |
Section: EU Health Policy. Inequalities in health have been an important part of the work of the European Union (EU) since 1992 when specific competencies for public health were included in the Maastricht Treaty. However, as noted above large differences in health still exist between and within all countries in the EU,... | Wikipedia - EuroHealthNet - EU Health Policy | 247 | 1,267 | null |
Section: Founding and history. The ESHMS was founded to respond to the growing interest in sociological perspectives on health and medicine in Europe, including Israel. The WHO played a key role in the creation of the society. Following the 1978 Alma-Ata conference, the 34th World Health Assembly adopted the "Global st... | Wikipedia - European Society of Health and Medical Sociology - Founding and history | 192 | 1,089 | null |
Section: Annual meeting. Every year one of the partners - institutions of higher education (Universities of applied Sciences) is the host institution for the annual meeting. 1995 Start of Florence Network - Groningen - Netherlands 1996 Copenhagen, Oslo, 1997 Stockholm, Aalst, Belgium 1998 Bremen, Germany 1999 Rovaniemi... | Wikipedia - Florence Network - Annual meeting | 239 | 1,109 | null |
Section: Objectives > Methodology. To meet the objectives, the FOOD project has created essential channels of communication between the companies and the restaurants using its unique network of contacts through the Ticket Restaurant® solution, following five complementary sets of actions: An inventory of existing healt... | Wikipedia - FOOD Programme - Objectives > Methodology | 171 | 961 | null |
Section: Partners > Partners of the project. Main partner: Edenred S.A. Associated partners: Information and Research Centre for Food Intolerances and Hygiene (CIRIHA) National Food and Health Plan of the Belgian Health Ministry (PNNS - SPF SP) Hravě žij zdravě o. s. (Healthy Living the Easy Way) and Project STOB (Stop... | Wikipedia - FOOD Programme - Partners > Partners of the project | 246 | 1,107 | null |
Section: Partners > Partners of the programme. Coordinator: Edenred S.A. The partners: Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit und Konsumentenschutz L'Institut de Recherche LABIRIS National Food and Health Plan of the Belgian Health Ministry (PNNS - SPF SP) Prevent NutriChallenge Project STOB (Stop Obesity) ... | Wikipedia - FOOD Programme - Partners > Partners of the programme | 199 | 890 | null |
Article: Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority. The Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) is a directorate-general of the European Commission created to prepare the EU for a future pandemic and to avoid the mistakes made during the EU's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. European Co... | Wikipedia - Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority - Summary | 172 | 908 | null |
Article: Azotobacter. Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts (and also has hard crust) and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes that play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, binding atmospher... | Wikipedia - Azotobacter - Summary | 206 | 897 | null |
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