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The three main criteria for biofuels to be sustainable and allowed for use are: Biofuels must achieve greenhouse gas savings of at least 35% versus fossil fuels, which then rises to 50% in 2017, then rises again to 60% in 2018. The rising standards are only for new production plants. (The entire life cycle emissions of... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Background | 226 | 1,136 | null |
The schemes are usually privately run but must be recognized as valid by the European Commission. The following is a list of approved voluntary schemes: ISCC (International Sustainability and Carbon Certification) Bonsucro EU RTRS EU RED (Round Table on Responsible Soy EU RED) RSB EU RED (Roundtable of Sustainable Biof... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Background | 155 | 751 | null |
Section: European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath. The European Commission on Energy has established criteria on the use of biofuels for aviation in the EU. Emissions from the aviation sector of transportation account for 3% of total emissions in the EU. They introduced the "European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath" in 2011,... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath | 342 | 1,737 | null |
The EU Commission on Energy introduced several new rules to address indirect land use change in 2015, in the form of amendments on the Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive (Directive 2009/30/EC). These amendments include: limiting the share of biofuels from crops grown on agricultural land that can be ... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath | 202 | 1,062 | null |
Section: History. Germany ranks first in biofuel use in the EU, partly due to the early implementation of such fuel sources. Nicolaus August Otto, a German engineer, was one of the first pioneers in biofuel use. His early prototypes of combustion engines ran on ethanol in the 1860s. Additionally, German inventor and me... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - History | 346 | 1,802 | null |
These rising prices continued into the twentieth century. With the new century came increased environmental consciousness regarding the impact fossil fuels have on the environment. The increase in prices, and interest in sustainability lead to unprecedented innovation in the alternative fuel industry. Thus biofuels suc... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - History | 154 | 887 | null |
Section: Current legislation. The EU has played a large role in increasing the use of biofuels in member states; however, it has also aimed, to some extent, to mitigate the potential negative impacts of biofuel production. Legislative procedures in Europe currently involve a proposal made by the European Commission, fo... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Current legislation | 329 | 1,686 | null |
Targets stated in the Indirect Land Usage Change directive (ILUC) complement the RED act, and relate to biofuel usage in the EU. These targets include accounting for GHG emissions caused from land use change as well as solely biofuel usage, limiting the share of biofuel crops that can be grown on agricultural land as w... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Current legislation | 327 | 1,629 | null |
The legislation highlighted in the chart below transposes the requirements of the RED, FQD, or both into the policies of each member country in order to comply with EU regulations. In some countries, double counting is allowed for biofuels made from select materials, such as waste, non-food cellulosic materials, and ot... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Current legislation | 341 | 1,807 | null |
The adoption of non-land based feedstock or ''advanced biofuels'' derived from wastes and bacteria has proven to be a more sustainable solution than conventional biofuels. However, proposals of the revised RED II target to phase out conventional biofuels has received many criticisms; "miraculously relying on a successf... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Current legislation | 347 | 1,745 | null |
Section: Debates regarding the use of biofuels. The debate within the EU surrounding biofuels ‘"has long been seen as a battle between politicians intent on finding a viable alternative to fossil fuels and campaign groups that claim the creation of biofuels creates potential environmental damage, cuts into food product... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Debates regarding the use of biofuels | 332 | 1,640 | null |
Step-up negotiations have formed a pattern where EU states attempt to reach a decision by an external event, and this is quickly rejected by a coalition led by Poland, including Italy and some new member states. But member states cannot always be treated as unified actors, because in several instances, the positions of... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Debates regarding the use of biofuels | 348 | 1,761 | null |
"Free trade is very important for farmers", Merrild said, "but we cannot accept double standards. There will never be fair competition between the EU and Latin America as they do not produce under the same conditions or meet the same standards". Biofuels are carbon neutral, renewable, recyclable, and a cleaner energy s... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Debates regarding the use of biofuels | 336 | 1,686 | null |
Article: Directive 2003/30/EC. Directive 2003/30/EC was a European Union directive promoting the use of biofuels for EU transport. The directive entered into force in May 2003, and stipulated that national measures must be taken by countries across the EU aiming at replacing 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol ... | Wikipedia - Directive 2003/30/EC - Summary | 181 | 848 | null |
Section: Petroleum industry accused of undermining. On 2008-04-29, Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE) released a report stating that oil companies are falsely claiming that the target proposed by the European Commission in revisions to the Fuel Quality Directive is unachievable. The report specifically cited that it is... | Wikipedia - Directive 2003/30/EC - Petroleum industry accused of undermining | 181 | 919 | null |
Section: Criticism. On 14 January 2008 the EU Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas announced the EU is rethinking its biofuel program due to environmental and social concerns and new guidelines must ensure that EU targets are not damaging. The EU official was particularly concerned about the impact of biofuels on ris... | Wikipedia - Directive 2003/30/EC - Criticism | 271 | 1,434 | null |
Article: Genetic history of Europe. The genetic history of Europe includes information around the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about populations indigenous, or living in Europe. European early modern human (EEMH) lineages between 40 and 26 ka (Aurignacian) were still part of a large Weste... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Summary | 345 | 1,664 | null |
As a result of the population movements during the Mesolithic to Bronze Age, modern European populations are distinguished by differences in WHG, EEF and Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry. Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Summary | 284 | 1,418 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Palaeolithic. Neanderthals inhabited much of Europe and western Asia from as far back as 130,000 years ago. They existed in Europe as late as 30,000 years ago. They were eventually replaced by anatomically modern humans (AMH; sometimes known as Cro-Magnons), who began to appear in Europe circa 40,... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Palaeolithic | 309 | 1,380 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Upper Paleolithic. It is thought that modern humans began to inhabit Europe during the Upper Paleolithic about 40,000 years ago. Some evidence shows the spread of the Aurignacian culture.: 59 From a purely patrilineal, Y-chromosome perspective, it appears that Haplogroup C1a2, F and... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Upper Paleolithic | 329 | 1,351 | null |
This suggested that haplogroup IJ colonists formed the first wave and haplogroup R1 arrived much later. Thus the genetic data suggests that, at least from the perspective of patrilineal ancestry, separate groups of modern humans took two routes into Europe: from the Middle East via the Balkans and another from Central ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Upper Paleolithic | 343 | 1,494 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Last Glacial Maximum. The Last Glacial Maximum ("LGM") started c. 30 ka BCE, at the end of MIS 3, leading to a depopulation of Northern Europe. According to the classical model, people took refuge in climatic sanctuaries (or refugia) as follows: Northern Iberia and Southwest France,... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Last Glacial Maximum | 350 | 1,539 | null |
From an mtDNA perspective, Richards et al. found that the majority of mtDNA diversity in Europe is accounted for by post-glacial re-expansions during the late upper Palaeolithic/ Mesolithic. "The regional analyses lend some support to the suggestion that much of western and central Europe was repopulated largely from t... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Palaeolithic > Last Glacial Maximum | 334 | 1,393 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Mesolithic. Mesolithic (post-LGM) populations had diverged significantly due to their relative isolation over several millennia, to the harsh selection pressures during the LGM, and to the founder effects caused by the rapid expansion from LGM refugia in the beginning Mesolithic. By the end of the... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Mesolithic | 330 | 1,445 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Neolithic. A big cline in genetic variation that has long been recognised in Europe seems to show important dispersals from the direction of the Middle East. This has often been linked to the spread of farming technology during the Neolithic, which has been argued to be one of the most important p... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Neolithic | 303 | 1,599 | null |
There is consensus that agricultural technology and the main breeds of animals and plants which are farmed entered Europe from somewhere in the area of the Fertile Crescent and specifically the Levant region from the Sinai to Southern Anatolia.: 1143, 1150 (Less certainly, this agricultural revolution is sometimes argu... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Neolithic | 330 | 1,788 | null |
Gene flow from SE to NW Europe seems to have continued in the Neolithic, the percentage significantly declining towards the British Isles. Classical genetics also suggested that the largest admixture to the European Paleolithic/Mesolithic stock was due to the Neolithic revolution of the 7th to 5th millennia BCE. Three ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Neolithic | 298 | 1,282 | null |
also described E1b1b as representing a late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, evidence for which does not show up in mitochondrial DNA. Concerning timing the distribution and diversity of V13 however, Battaglia proposed an earlier movement whereby the E-M78* lineage ancestra... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Neolithic | 319 | 1,466 | null |
5300 years ago in Europe, coinciding with the Balkan Bronze Age. Like Peričic et al. they consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe". More recently, Lacan announced that a 7000-year-old skele... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Neolithic | 326 | 1,502 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Bronze Age. The Bronze Age saw the development of long-distance trading networks, particularly along the Atlantic Coast and in the Danube valley. There was migration from Norway to Orkney and Shetland in this period (and to a lesser extent to mainland Scotland and Ireland). There was also migratio... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Bronze Age | 348 | 1,616 | null |
The geographical spread of haplogroup N in Europe is well aligned with the Pit–Comb Ware culture, whose emergence is commonly dated c. 4200 BCE, and with the distribution of Uralic languages. Mitochondrial DNA studies of Sami people, haplogroup U5 are consistent with multiple migrations to Scandinavia from Volga-Ural r... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Bronze Age | 337 | 1,541 | null |
According to Iosif Lazaridis, "the Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is proportionally the smallest component everywhere in Europe, never more than 20 percent, but we find it in nearly every European group we’ve studied." This genetic component does not come directly from the Mal'ta lineage itself, but a related lineage ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Bronze Age | 330 | 1,478 | null |
(2016), a population related to the people of the Chalcolithic Iran contributed to roughly half of the ancestry of Yamnaya populations of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. These Iranian Chalcolithic people were a mixture of "the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers." The genetic variatio... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Bronze Age | 196 | 938 | null |
Section: Prehistory > Recent history. Expansions of the Roman Empire do not appear to have left distinct genetic signatures in Europe. Indeed, Romance-speaking populations in the Balkans, like Romanians, Aromanians, Moldovans, etc. have been found to genetically resemble neighbouring Greek and South Slavic-speaking peo... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Prehistory > Recent history | 167 | 795 | null |
Section: Genetics of modern European populations > Patrilineal studies. There are four main Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that account for most of Europe's patrilineal descent. Haplogroup R1b is common in Europe, particularly in Western Europe, with the R1b1a1a2 being the most common among Western Europeans. Nearly all ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > Patrilineal studies | 335 | 1,361 | null |
In Southeast Europe, R1b drops behind R1a in the area in and around Hungary and Serbia but is more common both to the south and north of this region. R1b in Western Europe is dominated by at least two sub-clades, R-U106, which is distributed from the east side of the Rhine into northern and central Europe (with a stron... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > Patrilineal studies | 321 | 1,354 | null |
This clade is found at its highest expression by far in Europe and may have been there since before the LGM. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) was part of a migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East, which carried E1b1b at low to medium frequency and was introduced into Neolithic Middle Easterners thro... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > Patrilineal studies | 307 | 1,364 | null |
Putting aside small enclaves, there are also several haplogroups apart from the above four that are less prominent or most common only in certain areas of Europe. Haplogroup G, a common haplogroup among European Neolithic farmers, is common in most parts of Europe at a low frequency, reaching peaks above 70% around Geo... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > Patrilineal studies | 246 | 1,012 | null |
Section: Genetics of modern European populations > Matrilineal studies. There have been a number of studies about the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (mtDNA) in Europe. In contrast to Y DNA haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups did not show as much geographical patterning, but were more evenly ubiquitous. Apart from the outlyin... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > Matrilineal studies | 255 | 1,168 | null |
Section: Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure. Genetically, Europe is relatively homogeneous, but distinct sub-population patterns of various types of genetic markers have been found, particularly along a southeast–northwest cline. For example, Cavalli-Sforza's principal component... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure | 346 | 1,784 | null |
A cline of genes with highest frequencies in the Basque country, and lower levels beyond the area of Iberia and Southern France. In perhaps the most well-known conclusion from Cavalli-Sforza, this weakest of the five patterns was described as isolated remnants of the pre-Neolithic population of Europe, "who at least pa... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure | 330 | 1,644 | null |
Central and Western Europe. Italy, due to the alps acting as a great genetic barrier. In this study, barrier analysis revealed "genetic barriers" between Finland, Italy and other countries and that barriers could also be demonstrated within Finland (between Helsinki and Kuusamo) and Italy (between northern and southern... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure | 312 | 1,368 | null |
Section: Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal DNA. East Asian ancestry is found at low frequency among some Europeans, such as British (2.5 ± 1%), Orcadians (3.8 ± 1%), French (0.7 ± 0.8%) and Germans (2.7 ± 0.8%). Finns and Russians have more than 12% East Asian ances... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal DNA | 301 | 1,296 | null |
Many of the participants in this study were American citizens who self-identified with different European ethnicities based on self-reported familial pedigree. A similar study in 2007 using samples predominantly from Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal DNA | 345 | 1,777 | null |
Overall, they found only a low level of genetic differentiation between subpopulations, and differences which did exist were characterised by a strong continent-wide correlation between geographic and genetic distance. In addition, they found that diversity was greatest in southern Europe due a larger effective populat... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal DNA | 337 | 1,789 | null |
This Siberian component is itself a composition of Ancient North Eurasian and East Asian-related ancestry from Eastern Siberia, maximized among Evenks and Evens or Nganasans. The spread of this ancestry is linked by some geneticists to the dispersal of Uralic languages, others however maintain that the Uralic languages... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal DNA | 293 | 1,455 | null |
Section: Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal genetic distances (Fst) based on SNPs (2009). The genetic distance between populations is often measured by Fixation index (Fst), based on genetic polymorphism data, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or microsa... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - Genetics of modern European populations > European population sub-structure > Autosomal genetic distances (Fst) based on SNPs (2009) | 288 | 1,361 | null |
Section: History of research > Classical genetic markers (by proxy). One of the first scholars to perform genetic studies was Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. He used classical genetic markers to analyse DNA by proxy. This method studies differences in the frequencies of particular allelic traits, namely polymorphisms from p... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - History of research > Classical genetic markers (by proxy) | 278 | 1,401 | null |
Section: History of research > Direct DNA analysis. Studies using direct DNA analysis are now abundant and may use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY), or even autosomal DNA. MtDNA and NRY DNA share some similar features, which have made them particularly useful in genetic a... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - History of research > Direct DNA analysis | 332 | 1,693 | null |
Barbujani argues that there is no reason to believe that Europe was colonised by monomorphic populations. This would result in an overestimation of haplogroup age, thus falsely extending the demographic history of Europe into the Late Paleolithic rather than the Neolithic era. Greater certainty about chronology may be ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Europe - History of research > Direct DNA analysis | 297 | 1,546 | null |
Article: Genetic history of Sardinia. The genetic history of Sardinia consists of the study of the gene pool of the Sardinian people with two main objectives. The first is purely cultural and is to reconstruct the natural history of the population. The other instead has the aim of understanding the genetic causes of hi... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Summary | 208 | 1,170 | null |
Section: Studies > Autosomal studies. Recent comparisons between the Sardinians' genome and that of some individuals from the Neolithic and the early Chalcolithic, who lived in the Alpine, German, and Hungarian regions, showed considerable similarities between these populations and current day Sardinians, while at the ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 314 | 1,478 | null |
estimated that the current Sardinian genome derives roughly 62.5% from Neolithic Early European Farmers (EEF), 9.7% from the Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), 13.9% from ancestry related to Neolithic Iranians of Ganj Dareh (or also Caucasus-related ancestry), 10.6% from the Bronze Age Western Steppe Herders (W... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 301 | 1,306 | null |
also found that the present-day Sardinian genome was shaped by immigration from the Iron Age onwards, which can be modelled well using three source populations, namely "Nuragic Sardinia, one northern Mediterranean source (e.g., individuals with group labels Lombardy, Tuscan, French, Basque, Spanish) and one eastern Med... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 195 | 890 | null |
North African ancestry among present-day Sardinians was found to be "negligible". Raveane et al 2022, analysing the genetic structure of present-day Greek, and Italian populations, confirmed the Sardinians' status as an outlier in the Italian gene pool, stating that "Modern Italians, with the exception of Sardinians, a... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 334 | 1,503 | null |
Additionally, Sardinians, along with samples from Lombardy, and Tuscany, were found to need the addition of WHG as a fourth source, indicating an excess of WHG with respect of Europe_EN. Sardinians as a whole are not simply a homogeneous genetic population: several studies have found some differences among the various ... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 290 | 1,509 | null |
A similar phenomenon is commonly found in other isolated populations, like the Ladin groups from the Italian region of Veneto and in the Alpine area, where the local orography did not facilitate intraregional communications. However, despite a high degree of interindividual genetic differentiation being detected on mul... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Autosomal studies | 307 | 1,487 | null |
Section: Studies > Conclusions. In conclusion, it can therefore be stated that the Sardinian genes fit within the European gene pool, in particular Western Europe, with major differences however in terms of: gene frequencies (mostly due to founder effect and random genetic drift). For example, the I2a1(M26) haplotype o... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Conclusions | 341 | 1,634 | null |
low incidence of the ANE (Ancient North Eurasian) autosomal component, widespread in most Eurasian populations and among Native Americans; constitutes approximately 10-20% of the genetic ancestry of current Europeans, in Sardinia approximately 5%. This component, which can be linked to some Siberian Paleolithic populat... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Studies > Conclusions | 154 | 792 | null |
Section: Longevity. The "AKeA" project (acronym for "A Kent'Annos", a traditional Sardinian wish meaning "may you live to be 100 years old"), based on studies carried out since 1997 by Prof. Luca Deiana's team and officially presented in February 2002, it is headed by the chair of Clinical Biochemistry at the Universit... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Longevity | 327 | 1,562 | null |
Internal areas with a high concentration of long-lived people have been identified, and it has been discovered that the male/female ratio over one hundred years old in Sardinia is very different from that present elsewhere. If in the rest of Italy and in the West the ratio is 1 to 4, if not even 1 to 7, on the island i... | Wikipedia - Genetic history of Sardinia - Longevity | 242 | 1,120 | null |
Article: Ancient North Eurasian. In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) refers to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture (c. 24,000 BP) and populations closely related to them, such as the Upper Paleolithic individuals from Afontova Gora in Siber... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Summary | 302 | 1,344 | null |
It is unknown exactly where this population admixture took place, and two opposing theories have put forth different migratory scenarios that united the Ancient North Eurasians with ancient East Asian populations. Later, ANE populations migrated westward into Europe and admixed with European Western hunter-gatherer (WH... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Summary | 201 | 1,014 | null |
Section: Genetic studies > Definition. The ANE lineage, also known as Paleolithic Siberians, is defined by association with the "Mal'ta boy" (MA-1), the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago in central Siberia, discovered in the 1920s. Together with the Yana Rhinoceros Hor... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Genetic studies > Definition | 266 | 1,149 | null |
Section: Genetic studies > Formation. The formation of the Ancient North Eurasian/Siberian (ANE/ANS) gene pool occurred during the Upper Paleolithic period: an early West Eurasian population related to Upper Paleolithic Europeans, such as Kostenki-14 and Sungir, migrated via a 'northern route' into Siberia where they e... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Genetic studies > Formation | 344 | 1,577 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns. By c. 32kya, populations carrying ANE-related ancestry were probably widely distributed across northeast Eurasia. They may have expanded as far as Alaska and the Yukon, but were forced to abandon high latitude regions following the onset of harsher climatic conditions that ... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns | 321 | 1,464 | null |
She is closely related to Mal'ta and Afontova Gora specimens, found further east. The ancient Tianyuan Man and modern East/Southeast Asian populations were found to lack Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasian or ANE-related admixture, suggesting "resistance of those groups to the incoming UP population movements", or alter... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns | 169 | 815 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Native American contribution. According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' (ANE) population. This difference is caused b... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Native American contribution | 337 | 1,669 | null |
One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to East Asia, or Southern Siberia, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from Lake Baikal in Mongolia supports this area as the location where the admixture took place. However, a third theory, the "Beringia... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Native American contribution | 328 | 1,614 | null |
The AB and the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage formed about 25,000 years ago, and subsequently diverged from each other, with the AB staying in the Beringian region, while the Ancestral Native Americans populated the Americas. The ANE genetic contribution to late-Paeolithic Ancestral Native Americans (USR1 spec... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Native American contribution | 157 | 636 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Jōmon people. The Jōmon people, the pre-Neolithic population of Japan, mainly derived their ancestry from an ancient East Asian lineage, but may have stood in contact with an ANS (Yana-like) population. This is ba... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Jōmon people | 158 | 772 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Siberian and Asian Holocene populations. Altai hunter-gatherer is the name given to Middle Holocene Siberian hunter-gatherers within the Altai-Sayan region in Southern Siberia. They originated from the admixture o... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Siberian and Asian Holocene populations | 313 | 1,425 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Tarim mummies. A 2021 genetic study on the Tarim mummies found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the Afontova Gora 3 specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > Tarim mummies | 241 | 1,152 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > West Asian populations. Mesolithic and Neolithic Iranian populations derived a significant amount of their ancestry from an ANE-like geneflow. ANE ancestry is present among Neolithic Iranians as well as the distan... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > West Asian populations | 219 | 1,031 | null |
Section: Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > European populations. Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was brought to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. Lazaridis et al. (2014) detected ANE a... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > European populations | 330 | 1,338 | null |
After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western hunter-gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated westward from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gath... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Distribution and expansion patterns > Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians > European populations | 330 | 1,521 | null |
Section: Phenotype prediction > Anthropologic research. Kozintsev (2020, 2022) argues that the historical Southern Siberian Okunevo population, and other Paleo-Siberians, which derive high amounts of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians, as possessing a distinct craniometric phenotype, which he dubbed "Americano... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Phenotype prediction > Anthropologic research | 276 | 1,295 | null |
Section: Phenotype prediction > Evolution of blond hair. Blond hair is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism, the mutated allele rs12821256 of the KITLG gene. The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from the Afontova Gora 3 site, which is dated to c. 1... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Phenotype prediction > Evolution of blond hair | 226 | 1,025 | null |
Section: Comparative mythology. Since the term 'Ancient North Eurasian' refers to a genetic bridge of connected mating networks, scholars of comparative mythology have argued that they probably shared myths and beliefs that could be reconstructed via the comparison of stories attested within cultures that were not in c... | Wikipedia - Ancient North Eurasian - Comparative mythology | 323 | 1,535 | null |
Article: Ancient Northeast Asian. In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA), also known as Amur ancestry, is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 7th–4th millennia before present, in far eastern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal region... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Summary | 153 | 711 | null |
Section: Origins. The Paleolithic origins of Ancient Northern East Asians (ANEA) are not well clarified, mainly due to the lack of archaeological specimens. So far, the oldest populations for which genomic data have been obtained are the "Basal East Asian" Tianyuan man (c. 39,000 BP), as well as the Amur33K (c. 33,000 ... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Origins | 324 | 1,397 | null |
Section: Neolithic populations. The first individual to be identified with the specific ANA gene pool came from the Russian Far East, near the Pacific coast, at the Devil’s Gate Cave ("DevilsCave_N", c. 5700 BCE). More Neolithic individuals with the ANA/Amur-like gene pool have been identified in eastern Mongolia (SOU0... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Neolithic populations | 318 | 1,197 | null |
The ANE-like component is best explained via Ancient Paleo-Siberian-rich groups. They also display genetic affinities with the Yumin hunter-gatherers from Northeast China, as well as the Neolithic and Bronze Age groups in Yakutia (Yakutia_LNBA) and Krasnoyarsk (kra001) in the Altai-Sayan region. These populations are s... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Neolithic populations | 226 | 973 | null |
Section: Later populations > Altai MLBA and Khövsgöl LBA. Several successor groups of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers with varying degrees of Western Steppe Herders/Sintashta-like admixture started to appear in the Altai region during the Late Bronze Age. These groups formed from the Neolithi... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Later populations > Altai MLBA and Khövsgöl LBA | 343 | 1,404 | null |
Section: Later populations > Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars. The Baikal EBA populations, also contributed to a large extent to the formation of the hybrid Eurasian Scytho-Siberian cultures, such as the Arzhan and Pazyryk (Eastern Saka) as well as the Tasmola (Central Saka) cultures of Central Asia from around 1000 BCE, c... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Later populations > Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars | 321 | 1,391 | null |
A likely chanyu, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3% Slab Grave genetic ancestry, 51.9% Han ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being Saka (Chandman) ancestry. A Xiongnu remain (GD1-4) a... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Later populations > Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars | 342 | 1,398 | null |
Section: Later populations > Göktürks. The Turkic princess Ashina (551–582 CE), whose remains were sequenced, was found to be genetically closely associated with Ancient Northeast Asians (with 97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry, 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry dating back to around 3,000 years ago, and no Chinese ("Yellow Rive... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Later populations > Göktürks | 330 | 1,417 | null |
Two Türk remains (GD1-1 and GD2-4) excavated from present-day eastern Mongolia analysed in a 2024 paper, were found to display only little to no West Eurasian ancestry. One of the Türk remains (GD1-1) was derived entirely from an Ancient Northeast Asian source (represented by SlabGrave1 or Khovsgol_LBA and Xianbei_Mogu... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - Later populations > Göktürks | 211 | 781 | null |
Section: ANA ancestry today. Genetically, ANA/Amur ancestry peaks among modern Tungusic, Mongolic and Nivkh-speaking populations of Northeast Asia. ANA ancestry (represented by the Tungusic-speaking Ulchi people) overall forms the main ancestry of the early and contemporary speakers of Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic lan... | Wikipedia - Ancient Northeast Asian - ANA ancestry today | 162 | 734 | null |
Article: Atlantic Europe. Atlantic Europe encompasses the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as a biogeographical region. It comprises the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland), Iceland, Belgium, the Netherlands, th... | Wikipedia - Atlantic Europe - Summary | 207 | 1,112 | null |
Section: Culture > Origins. The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period of approximately 1300–700 BC, that marked the economic and cultural exchange between the current territories of Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain and Ireland. During this time, tin from throughout Atlantic Europe was... | Wikipedia - Atlantic Europe - Culture > Origins | 301 | 1,601 | null |
Section: Culture > Culture at present. A number of authors have postulated that there still is a cultural continuum in Atlantic Europe, forming a cultural unit which has its roots in prehistoric times but remained until today mostly thanks to sea trade. Geographers also mention the influence of the natural environment ... | Wikipedia - Atlantic Europe - Culture > Culture at present | 314 | 1,553 | null |
O'Flanagan, based on the theories of Pedrayo and Ribeiro, states that Atlantic Europe is a cultural reality that stretches along the coastal fringe of Europe, from Norway to South-Central Portugal (roughly down to the Santarém area), and including Britain and Ireland. With this in mind, Paredes affirms that there exist... | Wikipedia - Atlantic Europe - Culture > Culture at present | 163 | 801 | null |
Section: Autosomal DNA. According to 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Bosnian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria cl... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Autosomal DNA | 314 | 1,528 | null |
According to the same study, Bosnians (together with Croatians) are by autosomal DNA closest to East European populations and overlap mostly with Hungarians. In the 2015 analysis, Bosnians formed a western South Slavic cluster with the Croatians and Slovenians in comparison to eastern cluster formed by Macedonians and ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Autosomal DNA | 234 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Y-DNA > Contemporary. Y-DNA studies on Bosnians and Bosniaks from Bosnia and Herzegovina show close affinity to other neighboring South Slavs. A majority (>67%) of Bosnians belong to one of the three major European Y-DNA haplogroups: I2 (43.50% especially its subclade I2-CTS10228>S17250+), R1a (15.3% mostly it... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Y-DNA > Contemporary | 273 | 959 | null |
M. Utevska (2017) found the haplogroups STR haplotypes have the highest diversity in Ukraine, with ancestral STR marker result DYS448=20 comprising "Dnieper-Carpathian" cluster (modal Y-STR for I2-CTS10228>S17250), while younger derived result DYS448=19 (modal Y-STR for I2-CTS10228>S17250>PH908) comprising the "Balkan ... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Y-DNA > Contemporary | 350 | 1,437 | null |
According to Pamjav et al. (2019) and Fóthi et al. (2020), the distribution of ancestral subclades like of I-CTS10228 among contemporary carriers indicates a rapid expansion from Southeastern Poland, is mainly related to the Slavs and their medieval migration, and the "largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balk... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Y-DNA > Contemporary | 196 | 777 | null |
Section: Mitochondrial DNA > Contemporary. Genetically, on the maternal mitochondrial DNA line, a majority (>75%) of Bosnians belong to three of the eleven major European mtDNA haplogroups - H (47.92%), U (19.44%) and J (6.94%), while a large minority (>25) belongs to other rare mitochondrial lineages. The mtDNA studie... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bosniaks - Mitochondrial DNA > Contemporary | 296 | 1,183 | null |
Article: Genetic studies on Bulgarians. The Bulgarians are part of the Slavic ethnolinguistic group as a result of migrations of Slavic tribes to the region since the 6th century AD and the subsequent linguistic assimilation of other populations. Hellenthal et al., 2014 estimated from data of 94 modern populations a co... | Wikipedia - Genetic studies on Bulgarians - Summary | 322 | 1,562 | null |
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