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Section: Announcement. On 16 February 1951, Richter claimed he had successfully demonstrated fusion. He re-ran the experiment for members of the CNEA, later claiming that they had witnessed the world's first thermonuclear reaction. On 23 February, a technician working for the project expressed his concerns about the cl... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Announcement | 331 | 1,569 | null |
Miller suggested a policy of "masterful inaction", not actively denying support for the project, but simply never providing any. The leadership meeting was to take place between 26 March and 7 April, by which time the Chinese "emergency" had passed and the war was entering a new phase. Perón then took the opportunity t... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Announcement | 327 | 1,573 | null |
He explained that a hydrogen bomb required a fission trigger, and that the country was unable and unwilling to build such a device. Very little explanation of the Thermotron was mentioned, beyond the announcement that he used the Doppler effect to measure speeds of 3,300 km/s and that the fuel was either lithium hydrid... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Announcement | 262 | 1,240 | null |
Section: Public reaction. Shortly after Richter's conference, the matter was discussed in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, where it was noted that Richter's announcement had revealed no details of the system of operation. They also noted that Richter claimed three key advances during experimentation, but failed t... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Public reaction | 327 | 1,555 | null |
George Thomson, at that time leading the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), suggested it was simply exaggerated. This opinion was mirrored by Mark Oliphant in Australia, and Werner Heisenberg and Otto Hahn in Germany. Perhaps the most biting criticism came from Manfred von Ardenne, a German physicist now wor... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Public reaction | 300 | 1,479 | null |
Section: Private reaction. Although essentially dismissed by the scientific community, the Richter announcement nevertheless had a major effect on the history of controlled fusion experiments. The most direct outcome of the announcement was its effect on Lyman Spitzer, an astrophysicist at Princeton University. Just pr... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Private reaction | 350 | 1,748 | null |
When Tuck heard of Spitzer's efforts to gain funding, he immediately applied as well, presenting his concept as the Perhapsatron. He felt that Spitzer's claims to have a fast track to fusion were "incredibly ambitious". Both Spitzer and Tuck met with AEC officials in May 1951; Spitzer was granted $50,000 to build an ex... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Private reaction | 327 | 1,484 | null |
Section: Cancellation. Argentine physicists were also critical of the announcement, but found little interest on the part of Perón, who was still at odds with the academic mainstream. González was growing increasingly frustrated with Richter, and in February 1952 told Perón that either Richter left the project, or he d... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Cancellation | 342 | 1,751 | null |
Section: After the project. In the period immediately after the military takeover, Balseiro wrote a proposal to create a nuclear physics institute on the mainland in nearby Bariloche using the equipment on the island. Originally known as the Instituto de Física de Bariloche, it was renamed the Instituto Balseiro in his... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - After the project | 345 | 1,639 | null |
Section: History. Officially established by President Juan Perón's Decree No 10.936, CNEA filled the need for a state organ to oversee the funding of the Huemul Project in Bariloche. Before CNEA came into being, the project was funded by the Dirección de Migraciones. In practice CNEA had only four members (Juan Domingo... | Wikipedia - National Atomic Energy Commission - History | 336 | 1,550 | null |
A yellowcake (uranium oxide) production capability was created that could support future plans for reactors. However, in accord with three presidential decrees of 1960, 1962 and 1963, Argentina supplied its initial production of about 90 tons of unsafeguarded yellowcake to Israel to fuel its Dimona reactor, creating th... | Wikipedia - National Atomic Energy Commission - History | 349 | 1,662 | null |
On 2010 CNEA reopened the Enriched uranium plant at Pilcaniyeu inaugurated on 1983 but closed in the 1990s In 2014 692-MWe Atucha II, also a Siemens design, started operating besides Atucha I. Since then Argentina operates three pressurized heavy-water reactors (PHWR), that use heavy water as moderator and coolant and ... | Wikipedia - National Atomic Energy Commission - History | 222 | 1,013 | null |
Section: Research, development, production and educational activities. Although CNEA HQ is located in Buenos Aires city most of CNEA's activities are concentrated at three other sites Centro Atómico Constituyentes, San Martín, Buenos Aires province Its premises contain the first nuclear reactor in Latin America RA-1 th... | Wikipedia - National Atomic Energy Commission - Research, development, production and educational activities | 317 | 1,671 | null |
Other research facilities include . Its academic unit Instituto Beninson in association with the Universidad de San Martín is focused on the applications of nuclear technologies, has an engineering degree on the subject, has many post-graduate degrees as well as granting PhDs on connected areas. There are other smaller... | Wikipedia - National Atomic Energy Commission - Research, development, production and educational activities | 273 | 1,200 | null |
Article: AUKUS. AUKUS ( AW-kəs), also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States intended to "promote a free and open Indo-Pacific that is secure and stable." Initially announced on 15 September 2021, the partnership involves two lines of effort re... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Summary | 302 | 1,575 | null |
Section: Background > Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement. In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy's conventionally-powered Collins-class submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these sub... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Background > Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement | 325 | 1,737 | null |
In February 2021, an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive, and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal. At a Senate inquiry in early June 2021, with delays ongoing, Defence Secretary Greg Moriarty revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if t... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Background > Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement | 319 | 1,724 | null |
Section: Background > Australia–UK–US negotiations. The Sunday Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines. The Daily Te... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Background > Australia–UK–US negotiations | 333 | 1,773 | null |
However, Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be "adversarial towards any other power". United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken and United States Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that Australia did not have any "reciprocal requirements" as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Background > Australia–UK–US negotiations | 190 | 1,073 | null |
Section: Features > Pillar 1 – Nuclear-powered submarines. Under the partnership, the US and UK will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia, as they have done with each other since 1958 under the US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) will acquire at least eight nuclear-powered subm... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 1 – Nuclear-powered submarines | 326 | 1,809 | null |
In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium (HEU) at 93% enrichment. Currently, only six countries have nuclear submarines, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, t... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 1 – Nuclear-powered submarines | 342 | 1,732 | null |
The treaty was considered in Australia by the Parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, in the UK by the Parliament and in the US by Congress. The ENNPIA treaty entered into force on 8 February 2022. On 31 August 2022, the UK announced that Australian submariners would receive training aboard Astute-class subm... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 1 – Nuclear-powered submarines | 347 | 1,675 | null |
The Australian Submarine Agency was established on 1 July 2023. It has the role of managing the Australian nuclear submarine program, and includes personnel posted to the UK and US. In November 2023, Capt. Lincoln Reifsteck USN, the USN's AUKUS integration and acquisition program manager, talked at the Naval Submarine ... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 1 – Nuclear-powered submarines | 274 | 1,304 | null |
Section: Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Undersea Capabilities. Undersea capabilities, in the context of AUKUS, refer to systems and technologies that operate underwater but are not crewed submarines. Pillar 2 activities in this area include the “AUKUS Maritime Autonomy Experimentation and Exercise Series... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Undersea Capabilities | 227 | 1,270 | null |
Section: Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Quantum Technologies. As part of the Quantum Technologies working group, the AUKUS nations have established the AUKUS Quantum Arrangement (AQuA), an initiative to coordinate U.S., British, and Australian RDT&E efforts concerning quantum technologies. Initial AQuA e... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Quantum Technologies | 159 | 897 | null |
Section: Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Advanced Cyber. The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving "joint capabilities and interoperability. These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and additional undersea capabilities." To... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Advanced Cyber | 273 | 1,545 | null |
Section: Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Other Pillar 2 activities. The AUKUS partners have announced they will “pursue opportunities in Long Range Fires under AUKUS Pillar II in 2024,” and have also announced the establishment of a Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) program to constantly track, ... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Features > Pillar 2 – Advanced Capabilities > Other Pillar 2 activities | 166 | 811 | null |
Section: Expansion > Japan. Since the announcement of "Pillar II" of AUKUS, there has been persistent speculation that Japan will eventually join the partnership; American Ambassador to Japan Rahm Emanuel wrote that Japan was "about to become the first additional Pillar II partner" in The Wall Street Journal on 3 April... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Expansion > Japan | 216 | 1,160 | null |
Section: Expansion > New Zealand. New Zealand has agreed to officially explore the potential benefits of joining Pillar 2. In March 2023, New Zealand's defence minister Andrew Little said New Zealand had been offered the opportunity to discuss joining AUKUS for the non-submarine co-operation areas. New Zealand has indi... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Expansion > New Zealand | 230 | 1,238 | null |
The four ministers also issued a joint statement expressing concerns about human rights violations in Xinjiang, Tibet and Hong Kong. In response to the joint Australian-NZ bilateral meeting, the Chinese Embassy in Wellington issued a statement deploring critical statements about China's internal affairs and describing ... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Expansion > New Zealand | 214 | 1,195 | null |
Section: Nuclear proliferation concerns. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty allows non-nuclear-weapon states to produce the highly enriched uranium for naval reactor fuel. Nevertheless, the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly highly enriched uranium has been described as an a... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Nuclear proliferation concerns | 341 | 1,933 | null |
Section: Comments and responses from participating countries > Australia. The federal opposition leader at the time, Anthony Albanese, of the Australian Labor Party, said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry, no possession of nucle... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Comments and responses from participating countries > Australia | 321 | 1,797 | null |
Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal. The Australian defence minister at the time, Peter Dutton, responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and "an opportunity for Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Comments and responses from participating countries > Australia | 203 | 1,070 | null |
Section: Comments and responses from participating countries > United Kingdom. Prime Minister at the time, Boris Johnson, said that the deal would create "hundreds of high-skilled jobs" and "preserve security and stability around the world" but said that the relationship with France was "rock solid". Conservative MP To... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Comments and responses from participating countries > United Kingdom | 199 | 932 | null |
Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying "I just think it's time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break"; the latter being broken French for "get a grip and give me a break". He made further reference to the deal in his speech at the Cons... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - Comments and responses from participating countries > United Kingdom | 231 | 1,076 | null |
Section: International responses > Japan. On 12 April 2022, Sankei Shimbun reported that the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia were inquiring about Japan's participation in the security framework of AUKUS. The newspaper added that the aim of said negotiations was related to the incorporation of Japanese hype... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Japan | 241 | 1,252 | null |
Section: International responses > France. The French government received official notification from Australia that the Attack class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced. Le Monde reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was €35 billion of which €8 billio... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > France | 336 | 1,737 | null |
In a statement, Le Drian said that the "exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the [AUKUS] announcements" and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract "constitute[d] unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners". French president Emmanuel Macron has not commented but is report... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > France | 324 | 1,600 | null |
So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain." A Franco-British defence summit was cancelled. Some opposition politicians in France, such as Xavier Bertrand, Jordan Bardella, and Fabien Roussel, criticised the French government and demanded that France leave NATO, with Christian Jacob as well as demandin... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > France | 295 | 1,562 | null |
Section: International responses > China. The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign affairs department spokesperson Zhao Lijian said, "The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK, and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability, intensified the arms race and undermined internationa... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > China | 337 | 1,731 | null |
Section: International responses > Other countries. Canada – The deal was announced in the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Canada's exclusion from the partnership, to which Trudeau responded by stating that "This is a deal for nucle... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 329 | 1,631 | null |
Mr Rabuka told reporters travelling with Mr Albanese in Fiji that he backed AUKUS, and that Mr Albanese had assured him Australia's submarine push would not undermine the Treaty of Rarotonga, which declares that the South Pacific is a nuclear weapons-free zone. Germany– German Minister of State for Europe Michael Roth ... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 341 | 1,719 | null |
In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati, so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed. Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China mainland. Beijing told Kiribati it is listening, whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them. Mr Maamau s... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 333 | 1,676 | null |
After a meeting with Indonesia's Foreign Minister, Malaysian Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah stated, "Although [Australia] stated that these are nuclear-powered summaries and not nuclear-armed ones, both our governments expressed concern and disturbance.": 182 Australia has since dispatched officials to Kuala Lumpu... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 288 | 1,502 | null |
Judith Collins, the leader of the National Party, expressed disappointment that New Zealand was not approached to join the partnership for the non-submarine co-operation areas. Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) – The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement cond... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 308 | 1,566 | null |
highlighted that "the enhancement of a near-abroad ally's ability to project power should restore and keep the balance rather than destabilise it", Secretary Locsin further added that without an actual presence of nuclear weapons within the region, the Philippines therefore finds that the AUKUS move would not constitut... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 303 | 1,549 | null |
Solomon Islands— Solomon Islands' Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare said that he wanted to keep the region "nuclear free" and that he opposed "any form of militarisation in our region that could threaten regional and international peace and stability". Taiwan – Vice President Lai Ching-te, immediately welcomed the partn... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > Other countries | 252 | 1,233 | null |
Section: International responses > European Union. President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, who told CNN that "one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable. ... We want to know what happened and why." The EU also demanded an apology from Australia. President of the Europe... | Wikipedia - AUKUS - International responses > European Union | 314 | 1,559 | null |
Article: Australian Atomic Energy Commission. The Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC) was a statutory body of the Australian Government devoted to nuclear science, engineering and research. It was established in 1952, replacing the Atomic Energy Policy Committee. In 1981, parts of the Commission were split off t... | Wikipedia - Australian Atomic Energy Commission - Summary | 350 | 1,824 | null |
Section: Nuclear reactors. ANSTO has two nuclear research reactors onsite: The High Flux Australian Reactor, or HIFAR, in operation from 1958 to 2007, and the Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL) designed by the Argentine company INVAP. HIFAR was permanently shut down on 30 January 2007. The OPAL reactor came... | Wikipedia - Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation - Nuclear reactors | 209 | 995 | null |
Section: Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo was a Japanese doomsday cult responsible for a range of criminal and terrorist acts. In April 1993, when Kiyohide Hayakawa, deputy leader of the Aum, arrived in Western Australia, Aum Shinrikyo purchased Banjawarn and built a facility there. Hayakawa had come in search of areas sui... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Aum Shinrikyo | 333 | 1,492 | null |
A customs duty of over $15,000 was paid to import these items. Because of the large amount of excess baggage being brought in by the group, Australian Customs searched the entire group. This search revealed four litres of concentrated hydrochloric acid, including some in containers marked as hand soap. Among the other ... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Aum Shinrikyo | 335 | 1,688 | null |
Section: Seismic event. On the night of 28 May 1993, a mysterious seismic disturbance was detected in Western Australia; it was found to have emanated from south of Banjawarn. The event sent shock waves through hundreds of miles of desert but was witnessed only by a few long-distance truck drivers and gold prospectors.... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Seismic event | 342 | 1,725 | null |
The Urban Geoscience Division of the Australian Geological Survey Organisation determined that the seismic traces of the event "showed similar characteristics consistent with typical seismic activity for Western Australia", and that the event was most likely an earthquake. Following the revelation that Banjawarn was ow... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Seismic event | 155 | 809 | null |
Section: Seismic event > IRIS investigation. Australian geologist Harry Mason started investigating the event in early 1995, in relation to the damage the event caused to the Alicia Mine, a gold mine in the Leonora-Laverton area. The fireball and the seismic event initially went relatively unnoticed by the news media, ... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Seismic event > IRIS investigation | 350 | 1,738 | null |
Section: Seismic event > U.S. Senate investigation. Information about Aum Shinrikyo's activities in Western Australia was revealed by the U.S. Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee) when it investigated both the seismic event and Aum Shinrikyo's activities in ge... | Wikipedia - Banjawarn Station - Seismic event > U.S. Senate investigation | 227 | 1,071 | null |
Article: Pangea Resources. Pangea Resources Australia Pty Ltd was a company notable for a proposal for an international high-level radioactive waste repository in Australia. Pangea Resources was a joint venture of British Nuclear Fuels Limited, Golder Associates and Swiss radioactive waste management entity Nagra. Jame... | Wikipedia - Pangea Resources - Summary | 226 | 1,215 | null |
Section: Maralinga clean-up. In 1993, Parkinson became the key person on the Maralinga clean-up project, representing the then federal Labor government (through the Department of Primary Industry and Energy). By 1997, however, there was much cost-cutting involved in the project, and differences of opinion about how the... | Wikipedia - Alan Parkinson (engineer) - Maralinga clean-up | 348 | 1,800 | null |
Section: Research. One of the most advanced experiments in physics carried out at the ASTRA reactor was an experiment on the decay of free neutrons. In this experiment, the electron-neutrino angular correlation in free neutron decay was measured via the shape of the energy spectrum of the recoil protons; the center of ... | Wikipedia - ASTRA (reactor) - Research | 205 | 924 | null |
Section: History. The Sankt Joachimsthal mines were located within the Austria-Hungary monarchy, and were the largest producers of uranium containing ore at the end of the 19th century. Eduard Suess sent the first samples of pitchblende to Pierre and Marie Curie for their research on radioactive materials. This action ... | Wikipedia - Institute for Radium Research, Vienna - History | 342 | 1,669 | null |
Victor Franz Hess was working on the absorption of gamma rays in the atmosphere. His discovery of cosmic rays in 1912, which was rewarded by the Nobel Prize in 1936, was a direct result of his work in the institute. George de Hevesy and Friedrich Adolf Paneth developed at the Institute the radioactive tracers method, f... | Wikipedia - Institute for Radium Research, Vienna - History | 224 | 1,087 | null |
Section: History. Atomic Energy Centre was completed in December 1964 and was formally inaugurated on 27 April 1965 by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The facility had a 5000 curie Cobalt-60 gamma radiation source, an IBM 1620 computer, and a Van de Graaff accelerator. On 16 December 1971 Bangladesh Liberation war e... | Wikipedia - Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka - History | 171 | 894 | null |
Article: Franco-Belge de Fabrication du Combustible. FBFC (Franco-Belge de Fabrication du Combustible, French-Belgian fabrication of fuel) is a nuclear fuel producing company. From 1977 onwards its headquarters are located in Romans-sur-Isère. It operates a further two facilities, one at the Tricastin Nuclear Power Cen... | Wikipedia - Franco-Belge de Fabrication du Combustible - Summary | 153 | 633 | null |
Article: Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), located in Geel, Belgium, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC). The IRMM promotes a common and reliable European... | Wikipedia - Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements - Summary | 221 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Belgoprocess. Belgoprocess is the industrial subsidiary. It manages and executes the industrial activities of the agency. Belgoprocess was founded in 1984 as a subsidiary of Synatom nv. Synatom is the Electrabel subsidiary that manages the fuel cycle for the commercial reactors in Belgium. In 1985 Belgoprocess... | Wikipedia - ONDRAF - Belgoprocess | 178 | 714 | null |
Section: History. SCK CEN was founded in 1952 and originally named Studiecentrum voor de Toepassingen van de Kernenergie (Research Centre for the Applications of Nuclear Energy), abbreviated to STK. Land was bought in the municipality of Mol, and over the next years many technical, administrative, medical, and resident... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - History | 275 | 1,249 | null |
Section: Organisation profile. SCK CEN is a foundation of public utility with a legal status according to private law, under the guidance of the Belgian Federal Ministry in charge of energy. SCK CEN has more than 800 employees and an annual budget of €180 million. The organization receives 25% of its funding directly f... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Organisation profile | 205 | 1,109 | null |
Section: Reactors > BR1. The Belgian Reactor 1 (BR1) is the first research reactor to have been built and commissioned in Belgium. This natural uranium air-cooled graphite-moderated reactor was commissioned in 1956. Its maximal thermal power is 4 MW, but it is presently only operated at 700 kW. Its natural uranium inve... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Reactors > BR1 | 164 | 828 | null |
Section: Reactors > BR2. Commissioned in 1962, The Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2) is a materials testing reactor. It is a high-flux reactor (~ 1015 neutron・cm-2・s-1) in which neutrons are moderated by a beryllium matrix and cooled by light water pumped at low pressure (12-15 bar). Its core is very compact due to the particula... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Reactors > BR2 | 276 | 1,194 | null |
Section: Reactors > INES incidents. After a leak in the hot cell of BR2 reactor, selenium-75 was released in the atmosphere on 15 May 2019. The event was classified by FANC at the level 1 of the international nuclear and radiological events scale (INES scale). 75Se (half-life = 119.8 days) was detected at low concentra... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Reactors > INES incidents | 276 | 1,345 | null |
Section: Research activities > HADES. In 1980, SCK CEN started the construction of an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) at 223 m below the ground level to study the feasibility of geological disposal in deep clay layers in the Boom Clay Formation at the Mol site. The underground laboratory was given the name HADES,... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Research activities > HADES | 159 | 807 | null |
Section: Research activities > Snow White. Since 2018, SCK CEN has commissioned a Snow White (JL-900) Early Warning System. This installation aspirates 900 m3 of air per hour across filters. These filters are replaced and analysed on a weekly basis. Because the system sucks up large quantities of air, SCK CEN can detec... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Research activities > Snow White | 150 | 730 | null |
Section: Research activities > Education and Training – Academy (ACA). Throughout its more than 60 years of research experience in the field of peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology, SCK CEN has also conducted education and training (ACA). The ACA activities at SCK CEN cover a. o. reactor physics, rea... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Research activities > Education and Training – Academy (ACA) | 170 | 844 | null |
Section: Increased risk of cancer?. On behalf of the Belgian Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health, Sciensano conducted the Nucabel 2 study from 9 January 2017 to 30 June 2020. This national epidemiological study focuses on the possible health risks, mainly cancer, for people living in the vicinity of Belgian nu... | Wikipedia - SCK CEN - Increased risk of cancer? | 350 | 1,714 | null |
Section: Nuclear program. In the 1950s, President Getúlio Vargas encouraged the development of independent national nuclear capabilities. At that time, the United States worked actively to prevent Brazil from acquiring the centrifuge technology that could be used to produce high-enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. Du... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program | 343 | 1,813 | null |
Congress members visited numerous facilities, including the Institute of Advanced Studies (IEAv) in São José dos Campos. They also interviewed key players in the nuclear program, such as former President João Figueiredo and retired Army General Danilo Venturini, the former head of the National Security Council under Fi... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program | 313 | 1,653 | null |
The Brazilian government did not allow the inspection of the centrifugal cascade halls, arguing that this would reveal technological secrets (probably relating to the use of a magnetic lower bearing in place of the more common mechanical bearing). The Brazilian authorities stated that, as Brazil is not part of any "axi... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program | 188 | 961 | null |
Section: Technological capability. It is likely that Brazil has retained the technological capacity and know-how to produce and deliver a nuclear weapon. Experts at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have concluded that in view of its previous nuclear activities, Brazil is in a position to produce nuclear weapons withi... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Technological capability | 168 | 913 | null |
Section: Facilities > Brazilian Army Technology Center (Guaratiba). The Brazilian Army Technology Center (Portuguese: Centro Tecnológico do Exército, or CTEx) located in Guaratiba - State of Rio de Janeiro, once worked on the project development of a plutonium-producing research reactor. Known as 'The Atlantic Project'... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Facilities > Brazilian Army Technology Center (Guaratiba) | 184 | 941 | null |
Section: Legislation and conventions. Brazil's 1988 Constitution states in Article 21 that "all nuclear activity within the national territory shall only be admitted for peaceful purposes and subject to approval by the National Congress". Brazil acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on September 18, 1998, rat... | Wikipedia - Brazil and weapons of mass destruction - Legislation and conventions | 173 | 964 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > Early years (1930–60). In Brazil, theoretical research in the field of nuclear energy began at the University of São Paulo (USP) in the late 1930s. The following decade, Brazil became a supplier of mineral resources (monazite, thorium and uranium) to nuclear experimentation proje... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > Early years (1930–60) | 324 | 1,739 | null |
CNPq sought to acquire nuclear technology from the U.S. and other countries. Washington, however, rejected Alberto's request to purchase a cyclotron from General Electric, which would have allowed Brazil to conduct advanced nuclear physics experiments. Alberto also started negotiations for the acquisition of ultracentr... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > Early years (1930–60) | 318 | 1,543 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > 1961–72. By 1962 Brazil had built its first indigenous research reactor, the Argonauta, which commenced operations in 1965 at the Rio de Janeiro-based Nuclear Engineering Institute (Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear – IEN). The Argonauta was an adaptation of a reactor designed by t... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1961–72 | 285 | 1,423 | null |
experiences of the Plowshare program; 4. the knowledge of the technique leading to the construction of nuclear explosives, since subject to the international account and limited to specific objectives of economic development, neither constitutes proliferation nor is necessarily stimulated." Accordingly, in a CSN meetin... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1961–72 | 324 | 1,809 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > 1973–78. The military continued to push for development in the nuclear sector. The government attempted to acquire all phases of the nuclear cycle through international cooperation. In 1974, the Brazilian Company for Nuclear Technology (Companhia Brasileira de Tecnologia Nuclear ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1973–78 | 341 | 1,801 | null |
Likewise, West German firms agreed to construct a complete nuclear fuel cycle in Brazil: uranium prospecting and mining; uranium enrichment (using the jet-nozzle process); manufacturing fuel rods; and reprocessing spent fuel rods. For West Germany's nuclear industry, this was the most significant contract ever to be es... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1973–78 | 349 | 1,758 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > The "autonomous" / "parallel" nuclear program (1978–87). In 1978, amid the nuclear deal with West Germany, the growing restrictions to nuclear technology stipulated by the U.S., and the newly created Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), Brazil established a secret nuclear project under... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > The "autonomous" / "parallel" nuclear program (1978–87) | 349 | 1,780 | null |
The Army coordinated Project Atlântico, which tried to develop natural uranium reactors. The Air Force worked on Project Solimões, which researched laser technology for nuclear and conventional purposes as well as the development of "nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes". In the 1980s, evidence surfaced in the pres... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > The "autonomous" / "parallel" nuclear program (1978–87) | 314 | 1,675 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > 1988–2000. In 1988, Nuclebrás was folded into a newly created institution, the Brazilian Nuclear Industries (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil – INB), which was linked to the structure of CNEN and responsible for uranium extraction, industrial treatment and processing. In that same ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1988–2000 | 270 | 1,292 | null |
Amid the unfolding political transition post-dictatorship, a new Constitution was drafted in 1987–1988, for which Brazil's nuclear development program became a focal point of debate. The article approved by the Constitutional Assembly declared: "All nuclear activity within the national territory shall only be admitted ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 1988–2000 | 337 | 1,934 | null |
Section: Brazilian nuclear activities > 2001–present. In 2001 more than two decades after the beginning its construction, the nuclear power plant of Angra 2 started its commercial operations. Under President Lula da Silva (2003–2011), the nuclear program was revived. INB's Nuclear Fuel Factory (Fábrica de Combustível N... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 2001–present | 348 | 1,727 | null |
Currently, there are four cascades in operation, which allow INB to enrich approximately 14% of Angra 1's annual uranium needs. The other 85% continues to be enriched overseas, mainly in Canada and Europe. In 2007 Brazil launched the National Energy Plan 2030 (Plano Nacional de Energia 2030 – PNE 2030). This plan state... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 2001–present | 340 | 1,553 | null |
Currently, there is only one active uranium mine in the country, located in Lagoa Real, Caetité, Bahia. The annual production of uranium in the Caetité Complex, which is managed by INB, has varied, with the record being 400 tons of uranium concentrate in 2008. There have been plans of developing mine activities in Sant... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 2001–present | 334 | 1,634 | null |
The END states Brazil's ambition to develop and master nuclear technology and conclude the nuclear propulsion submarine. The most recent White Book of National Defense, issued in 2012, states that a nuclear propulsion submarine would contribute to the protection of commercial routes, keep navigation free, help protect ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazilian nuclear activities > 2001–present | 190 | 1,020 | null |
Section: Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > Initial bilateral talks. Brazil and Argentina began nuclear talks in the 1940s as they started to develop their respective indigenous programs. In 1967 CNEN President Uriel da Costa Ribeiro participated in the inauguration of the Ezeiza Atomic Center in Buenos Aires. The fo... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > Initial bilateral talks | 337 | 1,834 | null |
Its resolution in 1979 unlocked the bilateral nuclear cooperation that would unfold. Brazil and Argentina signed their first accord on nuclear collaboration on 17 May 1980, in Buenos Aires. This agreement set out to establish scientific exchanges and collaborations on nuclear research and the development of nuclear ene... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > Initial bilateral talks | 234 | 1,379 | null |
Section: Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections. The first proposal for a joint Brazilian-Argentine safeguards system was presented in 1977 by then-U.S. Congressman Paul Findley during a press conference in Washington. This declaration was soon followed by an opinion piece entitled, "Chance... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections | 349 | 1,819 | null |
In the following years, Brazilian and Argentine diplomats exchanged views on renouncing peaceful nuclear explosions and establishing a bilateral nuclear agreement. The talks started in late 1983 between Saraiva Guerreiro and Dante Caputo, the Brazilian and Argentine foreign ministers, respectively. Then, Ambassadors Ro... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections | 327 | 1,594 | null |
In the following year, cooperation among the two countries intensified, evidenced by new joint protocols and declarations. In a move to increase transparency and trust as much as "lock in" the Brazilian side, President Alfonsín invited President Sarney to visit the Pilcaniyeu nuclear power plant, which was considered a... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections | 328 | 1,716 | null |
Sarney and Alfonsín were succeeded by Fernando Collor de Mello and Carlos Menem, respectively, and the latter two continued the bilateral collaboration. They met in Foz de Iguaçu in November 1990, when they signed the Declaration of Common Nuclear Policy (Declaração de Política Nuclear Comum). The document created the ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections | 341 | 1,625 | null |
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