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However, a great drawback is that huge effort for preparing and modeling the data is required. For large-scale projects, huge monetary costs are induced, and extra IT human resources must be employed for constant handling, expanding and maintaining the inflexible system, which is custom for specific tasks, instead of a... | Wikipedia - Technical data management system | null | null | null |
Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and collembolans. Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate that space, while also attracting predators. | Wikipedia - Tardigrada | null | null | null |
Many organizational change theorists hold a common view of organizations adjusting gradually and incrementally and responding locally to individual crises as they arise Common elements are: BPR is a successive and ongoing process and should be regarded as an improvement strategy that enables an organization to make the... | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
It will need to efficiently capture appropriate data and allow access to appropriate individuals. To ensure that the process generates the desired benefits, it must be tested before it is deployed to the end-users. If it does not perform satisfactorily, more time should be taken to modify the process until it does. | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
A fundamental concept for quality practitioners is the use of feedback loops at every step of the process and an environment that encourages constant evaluation of results and individual efforts to improve. At the end user's level, there must be a proactive feedback mechanism that provides for and facilitates resolutio... | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
Anticipating and planning for risk handling is important for dealing effectively with any risk when it first occurs and as early as possible in the BPR process. It is interesting that many of the successful applications of reengineering described by its proponents are in organizations practicing continuous improvement ... | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
Hammer and Champy (1993) use the IBM Credit Corporation as well as Ford and Kodak, as examples of companies that carried out BPR successfully due to the fact that they had long-running continuous improvement programs.In conclusion, successful BPR can potentially create substantial improvements in the way organizations ... | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
In addition, the ultimate success of BPR depends on the people who do it and on how well they can be committed and motivated to be creative and to apply their detailed knowledge to the reengineering initiative. Organizations planning to undertake BPR must take into consideration the success factors of BPR in order to e... | Wikipedia - Business Process Re-engineering | null | null | null |
Many organizations maintain a laboratory akin to a wet-lab makerspace, providing equipment and supplies for members. Many organizations also run classes and provide training. For a fee (usually between $50 and $100), members can join some spaces and do experiments on their own. | Wikipedia - Do-it-yourself biology | null | null | null |
Many organizations relocated their technical support departments or call centers to countries or regions with lower costs. Dell was amongst the first companies to outsource their technical support and customer service departments to India in 2001, but then reshored. There has also been a growth in companies specializin... | Wikipedia - Business service management | null | null | null |
Many organomanganese complexes are derived from dimanganese decacarbonyl, Mn2(CO)10. Bromination and reduction with lithium affords BrMn(CO)5 and LiMn(CO)5, respectfully. These species are precursors to alkyl, aryl, and acyl derivatives: BrMn(CO)5 + RLi → RMn(CO)5 + LiBr LiMn(CO)5 + RC(O)Cl → RC(O)Mn(CO)5 + LiCl RMn(CO... | Wikipedia - Organomanganese chemistry | null | null | null |
Many organozirconium compounds have analogues on organotitanium chemistry. Zirconium(IV) is more resistant to reduction than titanium(IV) compounds, which often convert to Ti(III) derivatives. By the same token, Zr(II) is a particularly powerful reducing agent, forming robust dinitrogen complexes. Being a larger atom, ... | Wikipedia - Organozirconium chemistry | null | null | null |
Many other biomechanics groups and societies are affiliate members of the ISB. These groups include: American Society of Biomechanics Australia/New Zealand Society of Biomechanics Brazilian Society of Biomechanics British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Bulgarian Society of Biomechanics Canadian Society of B... | Wikipedia - International Society of Biomechanics | null | null | null |
Many other elements aside from metals are bio-active. Sulfur and phosphorus are required for all life. Phosphorus almost exclusively exists as phosphate and its various esters. Sulfur exists in a variety of oxidation states, ranging from sulfate (SO42−) down to sulfide (S2−). Selenium is a trace element involved in pro... | Wikipedia - Bioinorganic Chemistry | null | null | null |
Many other important cycles are also studied, including: Infradian rhythms, which are cycles longer than a day. Examples include circannual or annual cycles that govern migration or reproduction cycles in many plants and animals, or the human menstrual cycle. Ultradian rhythms, which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, s... | Wikipedia - Biological rhythm | null | null | null |
Lunar rhythms, which follow the lunar month (29.5 days). They are relevant e.g. for marine life, as the level of the tides is modulated across the lunar cycle. Gene oscillations – some genes are expressed more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.Within each cycle, the time period during which the pr... | Wikipedia - Biological rhythm | null | null | null |
When the process is less active, the cycle is in its bathyphase or trough phase. The particular moment of highest activity is the peak or maximum; the lowest point is the nadir. How high (or low) the process gets is measured by the amplitude. | Wikipedia - Biological rhythm | null | null | null |
Many other varieties of deontic logic have been developed, including non-monotonic deontic logics, paraconsistent deontic logics, and dynamic deontic logics. | Wikipedia - Deontic logic | null | null | null |
Many papers were written in the 1950s that spoke of a logic of knowledge in passing, but the Finnish philosopher G. H. von Wright's 1951 paper titled An Essay in Modal Logic is seen as a founding document. It was not until 1962 that another Finn, Hintikka, would write Knowledge and Belief, the first book-length work to... | Wikipedia - Epistemic modal logic | null | null | null |
Many patients and clinicians report psychological benefits for stress reduction and resolving past traumas. | Wikipedia - Watsu | null | null | null |
Many patients display impaired kidney function and neurological symptoms. In addition to liver cells, kidney cell expression involves expression of the gene for FAH. Kidney failure is a potential result of impaired kidney function, but the most common symptom associated with renal dysfunction is hypophosphatemic ricket... | Wikipedia - Tyrosinemia type 1 | null | null | null |
These crises are characterized by porphyria. They typically follow an infection. Patients can present with a variety of varied symptoms including paresthesias, abdominal pain, pain-induced seizures, and can result in self-mutilation in response to this pain. Episodes can last for 1–7 days and can lead to neuropathy. | Wikipedia - Tyrosinemia type 1 | null | null | null |
Many peer-reviewed articles analyzing migration in South America have found multiple types of linkages between climate change and its effect on migration. The effects and results vary based on the type of climatic change, socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics of migrants and the distance and direction of... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Migration in South America does not always increase as a result of increased environmental threats but is affected by factors such as climate variability and land suitability. These migrations happen either gradually or suddenly but are typically directed from rural to urban areas. Inter-provincial migration is shown t... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
The results of a climactic event catalyzing migration change depending on the onset of the event, however, climate change related events such as drought and hurricanes augment or increase youth migration. Youth are more likely to migrate as a response to climate-related events. As a result, children who have been displ... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Researchers suggest a review of the terms that define who is an environmental migrant since policy-making bodies and intergovernmental agencies most affect responses when an environmental event causes people to migrate. Because of the increase in interest in this topic in the past decade some people call for a measure ... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Others call for an increase in social programs to both prevent and help in a migration event.Active sea-level rise resulted in the relocation of the people of Enseada da Baleia, a coastal community located on Cardoso Island in southeastern Brazil. The government offered the residents the ability to either relocate to a... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Brazilian lawyer Erika Pires Ramos argues that the dilemma faced by the residents of Enseada da Baleia illustrates how climate migrants are invisible throughout much of Latin America. Governments must first recognize and identify groups of climate migrants in order to better help them.The International Organization for... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Peru passed a national climate change law in 2018 that mandates the government, led by a multi-agency group, to create a plan to mitigate and adapt to future climate migrations. Uruguay already has its own “national resettlement plan” for climate-induced migrations in place.A few countries like Argentina and Brazil, of... | Wikipedia - Climate migration | null | null | null |
Many people made important contributions to SE technologies, practices, or applications. John Backus: Fortran, first optimizing compiler, BNF Victor Basili: Experience factory. F.L. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Bauer: Stack principle, popularized the term Software Engineering Kent Beck: Refactoring, extreme programming, pair programming, test-driven development. Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web Barry Boehm: SE economics, COCOMO, Spiral model. Grady Booch: Object-oriented design, UML. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Fred Brooks: Managed System 360 and OS 360. Wrote The Mythical Man-Month and No Silver Bullet. Larry Constantine: Structured design, coupling, cohesion Edsger Dijkstra: Wrote Notes on Structured Programming, A Discipline of Programming and Go To Statement Considered Harmful, algorithms, formal methods, pedagogy. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Michael Fagan: Software inspection. Tom Gilb: Software metrics, Software inspection, Evolutionary Delivery ("Evo"). Adele Goldstine: Wrote the Operators Manual for the ENIAC, the first electronic digital computer, and trained some of the first human computers Lois Haibt: FORTRAN, wrote the first parser Margaret Hamilto... | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Watts Humphrey: Capability Maturity Model, Personal Software Process, fellow of the Software Engineering Institute. Jean Ichbiah: Ada Michael A. Jackson: Jackson Structured Programming, Jackson System Development Bill Joy: Berkeley Unix, vi, Java. Alan Kay: Smalltalk Brian Kernighan: C and Unix. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Donald Knuth: Wrote The Art of Computer Programming, TeX, algorithms, literate programming Nancy Leveson: System safety Bertrand Meyer: Design by Contract, Eiffel programming language. Peter G. Neumann: RISKS Digest, ACM Sigsoft. David Parnas: Module design, social responsibility, professionalism. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Jef Raskin: Developed the original Macintosh GUI, authored The Humane Interface Dennis Ritchie: C and Unix. Winston W. Royce: Waterfall model. Mary Shaw: Software architecture. | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Richard Stallman: Founder of the Free Software Foundation Linus Torvalds: Linux kernel, free software / open source development. Will Tracz: Reuse, ACM Software Engineering Notes. Gerald Weinberg: Wrote The Psychology of Computer Programming. Elaine Weyuker: Software testing Jeannette Wing: Formal specifications. Ed Yo... | Wikipedia - Outline of software engineering | null | null | null |
Many period 4 elements find roles in controlling protein function as secondary messengers, structural components, or enzyme cofactors. A gradient of potassium is used by cells to maintain a membrane potential which enables neurotransmitter firing and facilitated diffusion among other processes. Calcium is a common sign... | Wikipedia - Period 4 element | null | null | null |
Manganese enzymes are utilized by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and may play a role in the virulence of some pathogenic bacteria. Vanabins, also known as vanadium-associated proteins, are found in the blood cells of some species of sea squirts. The role of these proteins is disputed, although there is some speculati... | Wikipedia - Period 4 element | null | null | null |
Zinc ions are used to stabilize the zinc finger milieu of many DNA-binding proteins. Period 4 elements can also be found complexed with organic small molecules to form cofactors. The most famous example of this is heme: an iron-containing porphyrin compound responsible for the oxygen-carrying function of myoglobin and ... | Wikipedia - Period 4 element | null | null | null |
Hemocyanin replaces hemoglobin as the oxygen carrier of choice in the blood of certain invertebrates, including horseshoe crabs, tarantulas, and octopuses. Vitamin B12 represents one of the few biochemical applications for cobalt. == References == | Wikipedia - Period 4 element | null | null | null |
Many permutation statistics and other features of the combinatorics of finite permutations can be extended to the affine case. | Wikipedia - Affine symmetric group | null | null | null |
Many peroxides are used as a radical initiators, e.g., to enable polymerization of acrylates. Industrial resins based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters are invariably produced by radical polymerization with organic peroxides at elevated temperatures. The polymerization rate is adjusted by suitable choice of tem... | Wikipedia - Organic peroxide | null | null | null |
Benzoyl peroxide, peroxyesters/peroxyketals, and alkylperoxy monocarbonates are used in production of polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, and High Impact Polystyrene, and benzoyl peroxide is utilized for many acrylate based adhesive applications. Thermoplastic production techniques for many industrial polymerization app... | Wikipedia - Organic peroxide | null | null | null |
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds. Solar Type III radio bursts, the most common impulsive radio signatures from the Sun, are used by scientists as a tool to better understand solar accelerated electron beams. | Wikipedia - Particle beam | null | null | null |
Many philosophers of language, since Plato and Aristotle, have considered language as a manmade tool for making statements or propositions about the world on the basis of a predicate-argument structure. Especially in the classical tradition, the purpose of the sentence was considered to be to predicate about the subjec... | Wikipedia - Theory of language | null | null | null |
Husserl argues, in the spirit of seventeenth-century rational grammar, that the structures of consciousness are compositional and organized into subject-predicate structures. These give rise to the structures of semantics and syntax cross-linguistically. Categorial grammar is another example of logical grammar in the m... | Wikipedia - Theory of language | null | null | null |
More lately, in Donald Davidson's event semantics, for example, the verb serves as the predicate. Like in modern predicate logic, subject and object are arguments of the transitive predicate. | Wikipedia - Theory of language | null | null | null |
A similar solution is found in formal semantics. Many modern philosophers continue to consider language as a logically based tool for expressing the structures of reality by means of predicate-argument structure. Examples include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Winfrid Sellars, Hilary Putnam, and John Searle. | Wikipedia - Theory of language | null | null | null |
Many physical phenomena involve quasi-thermodynamic processes out of equilibrium, for example: heat transport by the internal motions in a material, driven by a temperature imbalance, electric currents carried by the motion of charges in a conductor, driven by a voltage imbalance, spontaneous chemical reactions driven ... | Wikipedia - Statistical thermodynamics | null | null | null |
In principle, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics could be mathematically exact: ensembles for an isolated system evolve over time according to deterministic equations such as Liouville's equation or its quantum equivalent, the von Neumann equation. These equations are the result of applying the mechanical equations ... | Wikipedia - Statistical thermodynamics | null | null | null |
Moreover, the ensemble evolution equations are fully reversible and do not destroy information (the ensemble's Gibbs entropy is preserved). In order to make headway in modelling irreversible processes, it is necessary to consider additional factors besides probability and reversible mechanics. Non-equilibrium mechanics... | Wikipedia - Statistical thermodynamics | null | null | null |
Many physiological and biochemical processes (such as heart rate, respiration rate or the maximum reproduction rate) show scaling, mostly associated with the ratio between surface area and mass (or volume) of the animal. The metabolic rate of an individual animal is also subject to scaling. | Wikipedia - Allometric law | null | null | null |
Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response. An innate response for coping with danger, it works by accelerating the breathing rate (hyperventilation), heart rate, vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels leading to blood pooling, increasing muscle... | Wikipedia - Fear | null | null | null |
With the series of physiological changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear. There are observable physical reactions in individuals who experience fear. An individual might experience a feeling of dizziness, lightheaded, like they are being choked, sweating, shortness of breath, vomiting or nausea, numbness... | Wikipedia - Fear | null | null | null |
Many plant nutrients in soil undergo biogeochemical cycles throughout their environment. These cycles are influenced by water, gas exchange, biological activity, immobilization, and mineralization dynamics, but each element has its own course of flow (Deemy et al., 2022). For example, nitrogen moves from an isolated ga... | Wikipedia - Soil chemistry | null | null | null |
In comparison, an element like phosphorus transfers in mineral form, as it is contained in rock material. These cycles also greatly vary in mobility, solubility, and the rate at which they move through their natural cycles. Together, they drive all of the processes of soil chemistry. | Wikipedia - Soil chemistry | null | null | null |
Many plant organs contain photoreceptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, and phytochromes), each of which reacts very specifically to certain wavelengths of light. These light sensors tell the plant if it is day or night, how long the day is, how much light is available, and where the light is coming from. Shoots general... | Wikipedia - Plant neurobiology | null | null | null |
Plants keep track of the time of day with a circadian clock. This internal clock is synchronized with solar time every day using sunlight, temperature, and other cues, similar to the biological clocks present in other organisms. The internal clock coupled with the ability to perceive light also allows plants to measure... | Wikipedia - Plant neurobiology | null | null | null |
This is how many plants know when to flower (see photoperiodism). The seeds of many plants sprout only after they are exposed to light. | Wikipedia - Plant neurobiology | null | null | null |
This response is carried out by phytochrome signalling. Plants are also able to sense the quality of light and respond appropriately. For example, in low light conditions, plants produce more photosynthetic pigments. If the light is very bright or if the levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation increase, plants produce ... | Wikipedia - Plant neurobiology | null | null | null |
Many plants acquire sulfur through gaseous atmospheric compounds. Leaves of trees have δ34S values lying between those of air and soil, suggesting that there is uptake occurring from atmospheric and soil sources. The δ34S values of trees has also been demonstrated to be height dependent, with the foliage at the tops of... | Wikipedia - Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
This is further supported with the epiphytic lichens and mosses having δ34S values close to atmospheric S compounds. This occurs due tp lichen and mosses having no access to soil and relying on the direct uptake of gaseous sulfur, dissolved sulfur through rainfall and dry fall accumulation, providing a cumulative recor... | Wikipedia - Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Anthropogenic emissions have increased the concentration of sulfur in the atmosphere mainly through emissions of SO2, from coal, oil, industrial processes, and biomass burning. In 2000, global anthropogenic emission of sulfur was estimated of 55.2-68 Tg S per year, which is much higher than the natural sulfur emissions... | Wikipedia - Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Many plants exude substances to repel insects. Premier examples are substances activated by the enzyme myrosinase. This enzyme converts glucosinolates to various compounds that are toxic to herbivorous insects. One product of this enzyme is allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent ingredient in horseradish sauces. The myrosin... | Wikipedia - RNAi insecticide | null | null | null |
Many plants have a maximum temperature at which they can grow, and climate change may mean that new pests are introduced to areas where it was too cold for them to survive before. Extreme weather events and more frequent droughts will also affect crop production as the Earth approaches and surpasses 2°C (3.6°F) above p... | Wikipedia - Climate apocalypse | null | null | null |
Many plants produce chemical compounds for defence against herbivores. The major classes of pharmacologically active phytochemicals are described below, with examples of medicinal plants that contain them. Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds containing phytochemicals, such as nettle, dandelion and chickweed... | Wikipedia - Phytochemistry | null | null | null |
Many plants undergo a process called hardening which allows them to survive temperatures below 0 °C for weeks to months. | Wikipedia - Cryobiology | null | null | null |
Many plants, including a variety of food plants, synthesize dopamine to varying degrees. The highest concentrations have been observed in bananas—the fruit pulp of red and yellow bananas contains dopamine at levels of 40 to 50 parts per million by weight. Potatoes, avocados, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts may also cont... | Wikipedia - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone | null | null | null |
It can be metabolized in a variety of ways, producing melanin and a variety of alkaloids as byproducts. The functions of plant catecholamines have not been clearly established, but there is evidence that they play a role in the response to stressors such as bacterial infection, act as growth-promoting factors in some s... | Wikipedia - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone | null | null | null |
However, there are also a variety of plants that contain L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine. The highest concentrations are found in the leaves and bean pods of plants of the genus Mucuna, especially in Mucuna pruriens (velvet beans), which have been used as a source for L-DOPA as a drug. Another plant contain... | Wikipedia - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone | null | null | null |
The level of L-DOPA in the beans, however, is much lower than in the pod shells and other parts of the plant. The seeds of Cassia and Bauhinia trees also contain substantial amounts of L-DOPA.In a species of marine green algae Ulvaria obscura, a major component of some algal blooms, dopamine is present in very high con... | Wikipedia - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone | null | null | null |
Many polymerization reactions are initiated by radicals. Polymerization involves an initial radical adding to non-radical (usually an alkene) to give new radicals. This process is the basis of the radical chain reaction. The art of polymerization entails the method by which the initiating radical is introduced. | Wikipedia - Radical chemistry | null | null | null |
For example, methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be polymerized to produce Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA - Plexiglas or Perspex) via a repeating series of radical addition steps: Newer radical polymerization methods are known as living radical polymerization. Variants include reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfe... | Wikipedia - Radical chemistry | null | null | null |
Many polymers are also attacked by UV radiation at vulnerable points in their chain structures. Thus polypropylene suffers severe cracking in sunlight unless anti-oxidants are added. The point of attack occurs at the tertiary carbon atom present in every repeat unit, causing oxidation and finally chain breakage. | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Polyethylene is also susceptible to UV degradation, especially those variants that are branched polymers such as LDPE. The branch points are tertiary carbon atoms, so polymer degradation starts there and results in chain cleavage, and embrittlement. In the example shown at left, carbonyl groups were easily detected by ... | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Many polymers are attacked by specific chemicals in the environment, and serious problems can arise, including road accidents and personal injury. Polymer degradation leads to sample embrittlement, and fracture under low applied loads. | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Many polymers undergo oxidative cross-linking, typically when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. In some cases this is undesirable and thus polymerization reactions may involve the use of an antioxidant to slow the formation of oxidative cross-links. In other cases, when formation of cross-links by oxidation is desirable, ... | Wikipedia - Crosslinked polymer | null | null | null |
In that process the disulfide bonds are reduced, typically using a mercaptan such as ammonium thioglycolate. Following this, the hair is curled and then "neutralized". The neutralizer is typically an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide, which causes new disulfide bonds to form under conditions of oxidation, thus perma... | Wikipedia - Crosslinked polymer | null | null | null |
Many popular free software projects distribute or include support for LMDB, often as the primary or sole storage mechanism. The Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, and OpenSuSE operating systems. OpenLDAP for which LMDB was originally developed via back-mdb. | Wikipedia - Lightning Memory-Mapped Database | null | null | null |
Postfix via the lmdb_table adapter. PowerDNS, a DNS server. CFEngine uses LMDB by default since version of 3.6.0. | Wikipedia - Lightning Memory-Mapped Database | null | null | null |
Shopify use LMDB in their SkyDB system. Knot DNS a high performance DNS server. Monero an open source cryptocurrency created in April 2014 that focuses on privacy, decentralisation and scalability. | Wikipedia - Lightning Memory-Mapped Database | null | null | null |
Enduro/X middleware uses LMDB for optional XATMI Microservices (SOA) cache. So that for first request the actual service is invoked, in next request client process reads saved result directly from LMDB. Samba Active Directory Domain Controller Nano a peer-to-peer, open source cryptocurrency created in 2015 that priorit... | Wikipedia - Lightning Memory-Mapped Database | null | null | null |
Many predators, both specialist and generalist, feed on snails. Some animals, such as the song thrush, break the shell of the snail by hammering it against a hard object, such as stone, to expose its edible insides. Other predators, such as some species of frogs, circumvent the need to break snail shells by simply swal... | Wikipedia - Land snail | null | null | null |
Such carnivorous snails are commercially grown and sold to combat pest snail species. Many of these also escape into the wild, where they prey on indigenous snails, such as the Cuban land snails of the genus Polymita, and the indigenous snails of Hawaii.In an attempt to protect themselves against predators, land snails... | Wikipedia - Land snail | null | null | null |
Land snails have many natural predators, including members of all the land vertebrate groups, three examples being thrushes, hedgehogs and Pareas snakes. Invertebrate predators include decollate snails, ground beetles, leeches, certain land flatworms such as Platydemus manokwari and even the predatory caterpillar Hypos... | Wikipedia - Land snail | null | null | null |
The flatworms invade the snail's eye stalks, causing them to become enlarged. Birds are attracted to and consume these eye stalks, consuming the flatworms in the process and becoming the final hosts of the flatworm.Human activity poses great dangers to snails in the wild. Pollution and habitat destruction have caused t... | Wikipedia - Land snail | null | null | null |
Many predators, including various fish, mammal, reptile and even amphibian species, feed on caiman eggs and hatchlings. The black caiman shares its habitat with at least 3 other semi-amphibious animals considered apex predators, usually able to co-exist with them by focusing on different prey and micro-habitats. These ... | Wikipedia - Black caiman | null | null | null |
They are possibly the most opportunistic but, despite being the largest predator of the area, can metabolically live off of their food longer and thus may not need to hunt as frequently. Usually, each predator avoids encounters with adults of the others but battles, which can be lost by nearly any side, may rarely occu... | Wikipedia - Black caiman | null | null | null |
Once the black caiman attains a length of a few feet, it has few natural predators. Large anacondas may occasionally take smaller caiman of this species. The jaguar (Panthera onca), being a known predator of all other caiman species, is another primary predatory threat to juvenile and subadult black caimans, with sever... | Wikipedia - Black caiman | null | null | null |
Many previous fMRI studies have seen that spontaneous activation of functionally connected brain regions occurs during the resting state, even in the absence of any sort of stimulation or activity. Human subjects presented with a visual learning task exhibit changes in functional connectivity in the resting state for u... | Wikipedia - Functional integration (neurobiology) | null | null | null |
Many prey animals, and to defend against seed predation also seeds of plants, make use of poisonous chemicals for self-defence. These may be concentrated in surface structures such as spines or glands, giving an attacker a taste of the chemicals before it actually bites or swallows the prey animal: many toxins are bitt... | Wikipedia - Defense mechanism (biology) | null | null | null |
The bombardier beetle has specialized glands on the tip of its abdomen that allows it to direct a toxic spray towards predators. The spray is generated explosively through oxidation of hydroquinones and is sprayed at a temperature of 100 °C. Armoured crickets similarly release blood at their joints when threatened (aut... | Wikipedia - Defense mechanism (biology) | null | null | null |
Several species of grasshopper including Poecilocerus pictus, Parasanaa donovani, Aularches miliaris, and Tegra novaehollandiae secrete noxious liquids when threatened, sometimes ejecting these forcefully. Spitting cobras accurately squirt venom from their fangs at the eyes of potential predators, striking their target... | Wikipedia - Defense mechanism (biology) | null | null | null |
The material is sticky and toxic to other insects. One of the terpenes in the secretion, pinene, functions as an alarm pheromone. Seeds deter predation with combinations of toxic non-protein amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides, protease and amylase inhibitors, and phytohemagglutinins.A few vertebrate species such as the... | Wikipedia - Defense mechanism (biology) | null | null | null |
Because an individual may lose up to 53% of blood in a single squirt, this is only used against persistent predators like foxes, wolves and coyotes (Canidae), as a last defence. Canids often drop horned lizards after being squirted, and attempt to wipe or shake the blood out of their mouths, suggesting that the fluid h... | Wikipedia - Defense mechanism (biology) | null | null | null |
Many problems can be framed as a form of the shortest path for some suitably substituted notions of addition along a path and taking the minimum. The general approach to these is to consider the two operations to be those of a semiring. Semiring multiplication is done along the path, and the addition is between paths. ... | Wikipedia - Shortest path problems | null | null | null |
Many problems in data analysis concern clustering, grouping data items into clusters of closely related items. Hierarchical clustering is a version of cluster analysis in which the clusters form a hierarchy or tree-like structure rather than a strict partition of the data items. In some cases, this type of clustering m... | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
Both of these kinds of analysis can be seen, for instance, in the application of hierarchical clustering to biological taxonomy. In this application, different living things are grouped into clusters at different scales or levels of similarity (species, genus, family, etc). This analysis simultaneously gives a multi-sc... | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
A cluster is any proper subset of the points, and a hierarchical clustering is a maximal family of clusters with the property that any two clusters in the family are either nested or disjoint. Alternatively, a hierarchical clustering may be represented as a binary tree with the points at its leaves; the clusters of the... | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
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