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However, unlike the distances in a metric space, it is not required to satisfy the triangle inequality. Next, the dissimilarity function is extended from pairs of points to pairs of clusters. | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
Different clustering methods perform this extension in different ways. For instance, in the single-linkage clustering method, the distance between two clusters is defined to be the minimum distance between any two points from each cluster. Given this distance between clusters, a hierarchical clustering may be defined b... | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
Known methods for repeatedly finding the closest pair of clusters in a dynamic set of clusters either require superlinear space to maintain a data structure that can find closest pairs quickly, or they take greater than linear time to find each closest pair. The nearest-neighbor chain algorithm uses a smaller amount of... | Wikipedia - Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm | null | null | null |
Many problems in ergodic theory reduce to problems about automorphisms of abelian von Neumann algebras. In that regard, the following results are useful: Theorem. Suppose μ, ν are standard measures on X, Y respectively. Then any involutive isomorphism Φ: L ∞ ( X , μ ) → L ∞ ( Y , ν ) {\displaystyle \Phi :L^{\infty }(X,... | Wikipedia - Abelian von Neumann algebra | null | null | null |
Many problems in graph algorithms may be solved efficiently on graphs of low pathwidth, by using dynamic programming on a path-decomposition of the graph. For instance, if a linear ordering of the vertices of an n-vertex graph G is given, with vertex separation number w, then it is possible to find the maximum independ... | Wikipedia - Path decomposition | null | null | null |
Such results are not frequently found in the literature because they are subsumed by similar algorithms parametrized by the treewidth; however, pathwidth arises even in treewidth-based dynamic programming algorithms in measuring the space complexity of these algorithms.The same dynamic programming method also can be ap... | Wikipedia - Path decomposition | null | null | null |
Many problems involve characterizing the members of various classes of graphs. Some examples of such questions are below: Enumerating the members of a class Characterizing a class in terms of forbidden substructures Ascertaining relationships among classes (e.g. does one property of graphs imply another) Finding effici... | Wikipedia - Graph Theory | null | null | null |
Many problems on matroids are known to be solvable in polynomial time, by algorithms that access the matroid only through an independence oracle or another oracle of equivalent power, without need of any additional assumptions about what kind of matroid has been given to them. These polynomially-solvable problems inclu... | Wikipedia - Matroid oracle | null | null | null |
The latter problem is called matroid intersection, and the solutions to both problems are closely related to each other. Testing whether a matroid is k {\displaystyle \scriptstyle k} -connected (in the sense of Tutte 1966) for k ≤ 3 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle k\leq 3} . Testing whether a given matroid is graphic or re... | Wikipedia - Matroid oracle | null | null | null |
Finding an ear decomposition of a given matroid, a sequence of circuits whose union is the matroid and in which each circuit remains a circuit after all previous circuits in the sequence are contracted. Such a decomposition may also be found with the additional property that a chosen matroid element belongs to every ci... | Wikipedia - Matroid oracle | null | null | null |
Many products and services purchased by large companies and institutions are highly complex. Examples include airliners, weapons systems, and IT systems (such as telecommunications, or databases and their dependent applications for purposes such as logistics or customer relationship management). Sales engineers advise ... | Wikipedia - Sales engineering | null | null | null |
Many professional mathematicians also engage in the teaching of mathematics. Duties may include: teaching university mathematics courses; supervising undergraduate and graduate research; and serving on academic committees. | Wikipedia - Mathematician | null | null | null |
Many programming languages allow users to define recursive data types. For example, the type of lists of numbers can be specified by This section deals only with functional data structures that cannot change. Conventional imperative programming languages would typically allow the elements of such a recursive list to be... | Wikipedia - Denotational semantics | null | null | null |
One approach, roughly speaking, is to consider the collection of all domains as a domain itself, and then solve the recursive definition there. Polymorphic data types are data types that are defined with a parameter. For example, the type of α lists is defined by Lists of natural numbers, then, are of type nat list, wh... | Wikipedia - Denotational semantics | null | null | null |
Some researchers have developed domain theoretic models of polymorphism. Other researchers have also modeled parametric polymorphism within constructive set theories. A recent research area has involved denotational semantics for object and class based programming languages. | Wikipedia - Denotational semantics | null | null | null |
Many programming languages incorporate algebraic data types as a first class notion, including: | Wikipedia - Algebraic data type | null | null | null |
Many programs exist for the processing and analyzing of resting state fMRI data. Some of the most commonly used programs include SPM, AFNI, FSL (esp. Melodic for ICA), CONN, C-PAC, and Connectome Computation System (CCS). | Wikipedia - Resting state fMRI | null | null | null |
Many projects can advance a product and call it a stablecoin. Thus, despite the name, many stablecoins have historically needed more stability because digital assets can be built to many different standards. Stablecoins such as TerraUSD, USDD, DEI and others crashed to zero in 2022 alone. | Wikipedia - Stablecoin | null | null | null |
Many properties of the transpose hold for general *-algebras: The Hermitian elements form a Jordan algebra; The skew Hermitian elements form a Lie algebra; If 2 is invertible in the *-ring, then the operators 1/2(1 + *) and 1/2(1 − *) are orthogonal idempotents, called symmetrizing and anti-symmetrizing, so the algebra... | Wikipedia - Involutive algebra | null | null | null |
Many proposals for planetary engineering involve the use of genetically engineered bacteria.As synthetic biology matures over the coming decades it may become possible to build designer organisms from scratch that directly manufacture desired products efficiently. Lisa Nip, Ph.D. candidate at the MIT Media Lab's Molecu... | Wikipedia - Terraforming | null | null | null |
He also notes that it would be best to develop "not a single kind of microbe but a suite of several that work together".DARPA is researching the use of photosynthesizing plants, bacteria, and algae grown directly on the Mars surface that could warm up and thicken its atmosphere. In 2015 the agency and some of its resea... | Wikipedia - Terraforming | null | null | null |
Many proteins and hormones are synthesized in the form of their precursors - zymogens, proenzymes, and prehormones. These proteins are cleaved to form their final active structures. Insulin, for example, is synthesized as preproinsulin, which yields proinsulin after the signal peptide has been cleaved. The proinsulin i... | Wikipedia - Proteolytic cleavage | null | null | null |
Removal of two C-terminal residues from the B-chain then yields the mature insulin. Protein folding occurs in the single-chain proinsulin form which facilitates formation of the ultimate inter-peptide disulfide bonds, and the ultimate intra-peptide disulfide bond, found in the native structure of insulin. Proteases in ... | Wikipedia - Proteolytic cleavage | null | null | null |
This is to ensure that the protease is activated only in the correct location or context, as inappropriate activation of these proteases can be very destructive for an organism. Proteolysis of the zymogen yields an active protein; for example, when trypsinogen is cleaved to form trypsin, a slight rearrangement of the p... | Wikipedia - Proteolytic cleavage | null | null | null |
Many proteins are glycosylated on certain residues, which can affect the proteome.Glycans can interact with receptors, which in turn affect their cellular and subcellular localization. For example, cytokines and the subgroup chemokines are small signaling proteins that are involved in the immune response. Many of the N... | Wikipedia - Translational glycobiology | null | null | null |
For example, interferon beta has been shown to be important in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Recombinant versions of interferon beta have been produced in Escherichia coli, with the glycosylated form being more stable and resistant to protease degradation, while the non-glycosylated form is degraded much more qu... | Wikipedia - Translational glycobiology | null | null | null |
This has been of particular interest in the development of therapeutics for lysosomal storage disease. Proper delivery of these enzymes is highly dependent on the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) tagging on N-glycans. Thus, engineering of these N-glyans, such as by modification of branching patterns, sialic acid capping, M6P ... | Wikipedia - Translational glycobiology | null | null | null |
Many proteins have their termini located close together in 3D space. Because of this, it is often possible to design circular permutations of proteins. Today, circular permutations are generated routinely in the lab using standard genetics techniques. Although some permutation sites prevent the protein from folding cor... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
The motivation for creating a circular permutant of a protein can vary. Scientists may want to improve some property of the protein, such as: Reduce proteolytic susceptibility. The rate at which proteins are broken down can have a large impact on their activity in cells. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Since termini are often accessible to proteases, designing a circularly permuted protein with less-accessible termini can increase the lifespan of that protein in the cell. Improve catalytic activity. Circularly permuting a protein can sometimes increase the rate at which it catalyzes a chemical reaction, leading to mo... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Alter substrate or ligand binding. Circularly permuting a protein can result in the loss of substrate binding, but can occasionally lead to novel ligand binding activity or altered substrate specificity. Improve thermostability. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Making proteins active over a wider range of temperatures and conditions can improve their utility.Alternately, scientists may be interested in properties of the original protein, such as: Fold order. Determining the order in which different parts of a protein fold is challenging due to the extremely fast time scales i... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Essential structural elements. Artificial circularly permuted proteins can allow parts of a protein to be selectively deleted. This gives insight into which structural elements are essential or not. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Modify quaternary structure. Circularly permuted proteins have been shown to take on different quaternary structure than wild-type proteins. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Find insertion sites for other proteins. Inserting one protein as a domain into another protein can be useful. For instance, inserting calmodulin into green fluorescent protein (GFP) allowed researchers to measure the activity of calmodulin via the fluorescence of the split-GFP. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Regions of GFP that tolerate the introduction of circular permutation are more likely to accept the addition of another protein while retaining the function of both proteins. Design of novel biocatalysts and biosensors. Introducing circular permutations can be used to design proteins to catalyze specific chemical react... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Many proteins shown to be highly upregulated in pathological states by immunohistochemistry are potential targets for therapies utilising monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies, due to their size, are utilized against cell surface targets. Among the overexpressed targets are members of the EGFR family, transmembr... | Wikipedia - Immunohistochemical staining | null | null | null |
The molecule is highly expressed in a variety of cancer cell types, most notably breast cancer. As such, antibodies against HER2/neu have been FDA approved for clinical treatment of cancer under the drug name Herceptin. | Wikipedia - Immunohistochemical staining | null | null | null |
There are commercially available immunohistochemical tests, Dako HercepTest, Leica Biosystems Oracle and Ventana Pathway.Similarly, EGFR (HER-1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers including head and neck and colon. Immunohistochemistry is used to determine patients who may benefit from therapeutic antibodies such... | Wikipedia - Immunohistochemical staining | null | null | null |
Many psychological and psychoeducational tests are not available to the public. Test publishers put restrictions on who has access to the test. Psychology licensing boards also restrict access to the tests used in licensing psychologists. Test publishers hold that both copyright and professional ethics require them to ... | Wikipedia - Psychological test | null | null | null |
Many psychological thrillers have emerged over the past years, all in various media (film, literature, radio, etc.). Despite these very different forms of representation, general trends have appeared throughout the narratives. Some of these consistent themes include: Death Existence/Purpose Identity Mind Perception Rea... | Wikipedia - Psychological thriller film | null | null | null |
Character may be threatened with death, be forced to deal with the deaths of others, or fake their own deaths. Psychological thrillers can be complex, and reviewers may recommend a second or third viewing to "decipher its secrets." Common elements may include stock characters, such as a hardboiled detective and serial ... | Wikipedia - Psychological thriller film | null | null | null |
Sensation novels, examples of early psychological thrillers, were considered to be socially irresponsible due to their themes of sex and violence. These novels, among others, were inspired by the exploits of real-life detective Jack Whicher. Water, especially floods, is frequently used to represent the unconscious mind... | Wikipedia - Psychological thriller film | null | null | null |
Psychological thrillers may not always be concerned with plausibility. Peter Hutchings defines the giallo, an Italian subgenre of psychological thrillers, as violent murder mysteries that focus on style and spectacle over rationality. According to Peter B. Flint of The New York Times, detractors of Alfred Hitchcock acc... | Wikipedia - Psychological thriller film | null | null | null |
Many public health experts have been advocating that health data collection may be the best way to analyse information on a large-scale. However, the data-driven approach has also raised concerns on the side of privacy advocates, who worry about how the collected information is going to be used. Privacy advocates have ... | Wikipedia - Health data | null | null | null |
Many published papers demonstrate that isostatic depression of the Earth's crust happened in the early Holocene. This process has led to submerging substantial portions of coastal areas adjacent to continental ice sheets and resulted in the accumulations of marine sediments and fossils within them. A well-documented ex... | Wikipedia - Tollmann's bolide hypothesis | null | null | null |
Many quantum information applications, such as quantum teleportation, quantum error correction, and superdense coding, rely on entanglement. However, entanglement is a fragile quantum property between particles and can be easily destroyed by loss and noise arising from interaction with the environment, leading to quant... | Wikipedia - Quantum illumination | null | null | null |
This implies that the use of entanglement should not be dismissed in entanglement-breaking scenarios. Quantum illumination takes advantage of this stronger-than-classical residual correlations between two systems to achieve a performance enhancement over all schemes based on transmitting classical states with comparabl... | Wikipedia - Quantum illumination | null | null | null |
Many randomized clinical trials are double-blind – no one involved with the trial knows what treatment is to be given to each trial participant. Blinding includes the participant, their doctor, and even the study personnel at the company or organization sponsoring the trial. Blinding is breached and true assignments di... | Wikipedia - Data safety monitoring board | null | null | null |
The DMC is a group (typically 3 to 7 members) who are independent of the entity conducting the trial. At least one DMC member will be a statistician. Clinicians knowledgeable about the disease indication should be represented, as well as clinicians knowledgeable in the fields of any major suspected safety effects. | Wikipedia - Data safety monitoring board | null | null | null |
Ethicists or representatives from a patient advocacy group may be included, particularly for research involving vulnerable populations. The DMC will convene at predetermined intervals (depending on the type of study) to review unblinded results. The DMC has the power to recommend continuation or termination of the stud... | Wikipedia - Data safety monitoring board | null | null | null |
Many reactions in life sciences involve water and metal ions are often at the catalytic centers (active sites) for these enzymes, i.e. these are metalloproteins. Often the reacting water is a ligand (see metal aquo complex). Examples of hydrolase enzymes are carbonic anhydrase, metallophosphatases, and metalloproteinas... | Wikipedia - Bioinorganic Chemistry | null | null | null |
Bioinorganic chemists seek to understand and replicate the function of these metalloproteins. Metal-containing electron transfer proteins are also common. They can be organized into three major classes: iron–sulfur proteins (such as rubredoxins, ferredoxins, and Rieske proteins), blue copper proteins, and cytochromes. ... | Wikipedia - Bioinorganic Chemistry | null | null | null |
Many reactions in organometallic chemistry involve insertion of one ligand (L) into a metal-hydride or metal-alkyl/aryl bond. Generally it is the hydride, alkyl, or aryl group that migrates onto L, which is often CO, an alkene, or alkyne. | Wikipedia - Insertion reaction | null | null | null |
Many reads span exon-exon junctions and can not be aligned directly by Short aligners, thus specific aligners were necessary - Spliced aligners. Some Spliced aligners employ Short aligners to align firstly unspliced/continuous reads (exon-first approach), and after follow a different strategy to align the rest containi... | Wikipedia - List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools | null | null | null |
Many real-world mathematical models are too complex to meet the simplifying assumptions required for an analytic solution. In these cases, the modeler develops a numerical solution that approximates the exact solution. Solution techniques include the finite-difference and finite-element methods, among many others. | Wikipedia - Hydrological model | null | null | null |
Specialized software may also be used to solve sets of equations using a graphical user interface and complex code, such that the solutions are obtained relatively rapidly and the program may be operated by a layperson or an end user without a deep knowledge of the system. There are model software packages for hundreds... | Wikipedia - Hydrological model | null | null | null |
Many real-world phenomena exhibit limited or statistical fractal properties and fractal dimensions that have been estimated from sampled data using computer based fractal analysis techniques. Practically, measurements of fractal dimension are affected by various methodological issues, and are sensitive to numerical or ... | Wikipedia - Fractal dimension | null | null | null |
In this case, a validation can also be done by comparing other than fractal properties implied by the model, with measured data. In colloidal physics, systems composed of particles with various fractal dimensions arise. To describe these systems, it is convenient to speak about a distribution of fractal dimensions, and... | Wikipedia - Fractal dimension | null | null | null |
Many refinements and extensions of Kim et al. delayed-choice quantum eraser have been performed or proposed. Only a small sampling of reports and proposals are given here: Scarcelli et al. (2007) reported on a delayed-choice quantum-eraser experiment based on a two-photon imaging scheme. After detecting a photon passed... | Wikipedia - Delayed choice quantum eraser | null | null | null |
They impose two incompatible photons onto a beam-splitter, such that no interference pattern could be observed. When the output ports are monitored in an integrated fashion (i.e. counting all the clicks), no interference occurs. | Wikipedia - Delayed choice quantum eraser | null | null | null |
Only when the outcoming photons are polarization analysed and the right subset is selected, quantum interference in the form of a Hong-Ou-Mandel dip occurs.The construction of solid-state electronic Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZI) has led to proposals to use them in electronic versions of quantum-eraser experiments.... | Wikipedia - Delayed choice quantum eraser | null | null | null |
Many related fields may be considered tightly coupled to systems engineering. The following areas have contributed to the development of systems engineering as a distinct entity: | Wikipedia - Systems Engineering | null | null | null |
Many reptiles, including all crocodiles and most turtles, have temperature-dependent sex determination. In these species, the temperature experienced by the embryos during their development determines their sex. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower temperatures than females; but Macroclemys females... | Wikipedia - Sex | null | null | null |
Many research programs are also focused on employing natural biomolecules to perform biological tasks or to support a new chemical method. In this regard, chemical biology researchers have shown that DNA can serve as a template for synthetic chemistry, self-assembling proteins can serve as a structural scaffold for new... | Wikipedia - Chemical Biology | null | null | null |
Many researchers are developing methods that use bacteria to deliver drugs. These bacteria can be “programmed” to perform a specific task, and can be directed to go to targeted locations in the body. However, the bacteria may damage healthy organs or fail to deliver the medicine to the sick organ in the case of a malfu... | Wikipedia - Fail-safes in nanotechnology | null | null | null |
In such cases, a fail-safe mechanism is required to neutralize the bacteria and prevent damage. An antibiotic is generally suitable as the fail-safe agent. == References == | Wikipedia - Fail-safes in nanotechnology | null | null | null |
Many researchers have agreed that only words and images are used in mental representation. Supporting evidence shows that memory for some verbal information is enhanced if a relevant visual is also presented or if the learner can imagine a visual image to go with the verbal information. Likewise, visual information can... | Wikipedia - Dual-coding theory | null | null | null |
Because multimedia presentations require both spatial and verbal working memory, individuals dual code information presented and are more likely to recall the information when tested at a later date. Moreover, studies that have been conducted on abstract and concrete words have also found that the participants remember... | Wikipedia - Dual-coding theory | null | null | null |
These results supported Paivio's hypothesis that verbal information is processed differently from visual information and that verbal information was superior to visual information when sequential order was also required for the memory task. Lee Brooks conducted an experiment that provided additional support for two sys... | Wikipedia - Dual-coding theory | null | null | null |
To respond to the questions, participants were asked to either respond verbally, visually, or manually. Through this experiment, Brooks found that interference occurred when a visual perception was mixed with manipulation of the visual task, and verbal responses interfere with a task involving a verbal statement to be ... | Wikipedia - Dual-coding theory | null | null | null |
Dual-coding theories complement a dual-route theory of reading. When people read written information, dual-route theory contends that the readers access orthographic and phonological information to recognize words in the writing. Paivio's work has implications for literacy, visual mnemonics, idea generation, HPT, human... | Wikipedia - Dual-coding theory | null | null | null |
Many researchers have formulated hypotheses on the biological mechanisms determining contact guidance. In general, cellular contraction, stress fibers and focal adhesions seem to play an important role. Recently, a computational model has been developed that is able to simulate the re-alignment of cells and stress fibe... | Wikipedia - Contact guidance | null | null | null |
Once formed, the focal adhesions produce a signal that starts to diffuse into the cell inducing stress fiber assembly. At this point, there are two different possibilities, depending on the groove size. On the one hand, when the groove size is small, the intracellular signal produced by focal adhesions on the ridges ca... | Wikipedia - Contact guidance | null | null | null |
In that case, the stress fiber assembly is isotropic, and these fibers can pull on their surroundings in an isotropic fashion, and consequently the resulting cell shape is isotropic (without a preferred alignment). On the other hand, when the groove size is relatively large, the intracellular signal cannot reach the lo... | Wikipedia - Contact guidance | null | null | null |
Due to the anisotropic cellular contraction, stress fibers and cells align along the direction of the microgrooves. Further experiments are necessary to validate this theory. == References == | Wikipedia - Contact guidance | null | null | null |
Many researchers in axiomatic set theory have subscribed to what is known as set-theoretic Platonism, exemplified by Kurt Gödel. Several set theorists followed this approach and actively searched for axioms that may be considered as true for heuristic reasons and that would decide the continuum hypothesis. Many large c... | Wikipedia - Foundations of Mathematics | null | null | null |
Many resources at EBI are indexed within the search engine, but some are not. The EB-eye can search only the information that gets indexed. This implies that other search engines operating on biological data might yield different results. As a rule of thumb, the EB-eye search engine index identifiers, names, descriptio... | Wikipedia - EB-eye | null | null | null |
Many results concerning differential equations carry over quite easily to corresponding results for difference equations, while other results seem to be completely different from their continuous counterparts. The study of dynamic equations on time scales reveals such discrepancies, and helps avoid proving results twic... | Wikipedia - Dynamic equations on time scales | null | null | null |
The three most popular examples of calculus on time scales are differential calculus, difference calculus, and quantum calculus. Dynamic equations on a time scale have a potential for applications such as in population dynamics. For example, they can model insect populations that evolve continuously while in season, di... | Wikipedia - Dynamic equations on time scales | null | null | null |
Many risks and challenges must still be addressed and explored before tissue engineered heart valves can fully be clinically implemented: Contamination – Particular source materials can foster a microbiological environment that is conducive to the susceptibility of viruses and infectious diseases. Anytime an external s... | Wikipedia - Tissue engineering of heart valves | null | null | null |
The response to these interactions are also highly individualistic, dependent on the specific patient's biological environment; therefore, animal models researched prior may not accurately portray outcomes in the human body. Due to the highly interactive nature between the scaffold and surrounding tissue, properties su... | Wikipedia - Tissue engineering of heart valves | null | null | null |
Many scholars have proposed different taxonomies of data journalism projects. Megan Knight suggested a taxonomy that is based on the level of interpretations and analysis that is needed in order to produce a data journalism project. Specifically the taxonomy included: number pullquote, static map, list and timelines, t... | Wikipedia - Data driven journalism | null | null | null |
Many scholars have viewed the several large stepped cisterns at Qumran as ritual baths. This supports the religious settlement model. There are difficulties in understanding all these cisterns as baths, however. Qumran's water arrived perhaps twice a year from rainwater runoff. | Wikipedia - Qumran-Essene hypothesis | null | null | null |
Water was one of Qumran's most valued commodities, and water management is an integral part of the site, as seen with the numerous cisterns and channels. If the large cisterns were ritual baths, the water would sit getting dirtier through ritual bathing throughout the year and was extremely infrequently replenished by ... | Wikipedia - Qumran-Essene hypothesis | null | null | null |
Many science fiction authors have explored the possible applications of stellar engineering, among them Iain M Banks, Larry Niven and Arthur C. Clarke. In the novel series Star Carrier by Ian Douglas the Sh’daar species merge many stars to make blue giants, which then explode to become black holes. These perfectly sync... | Wikipedia - Stellar engineering | null | null | null |
In the season 3 (1989) episode "Take Me to Your Leader" of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon, Krang, Shredder, Bebop and Rocksteady use a Solar Siphon to aim towards the Sun, and store the solar energy into compact batteries, freezing the Earth making it too cold for people to resist them.In episode 12 of S... | Wikipedia - Stellar engineering | null | null | null |
In addition to the ability to create and destroy stars, this branch also gives a race the ability to create and destroy black holes, wormholes, nebulae, planets, ringworlds and sphereworlds. Just as described above, this technology is so advanced that once the player has the ability to use them, they usually don't need... | Wikipedia - Stellar engineering | null | null | null |
Many scientific endeavors are dependent upon accurate quantification of drugs and endogenous substances in biological samples; the focus of bioanalysis in the pharmaceutical industry is to provide a quantitative measure of the active drug and/or its metabolite(s) for the purpose of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, bio... | Wikipedia - Bioanalysis | null | null | null |
Many scientists are currently seeking robust methods of directly manipulating quantum states. Efforts are being made to more fully develop quantum cryptography, which will theoretically allow guaranteed secure transmission of information. An inherent advantage yielded by quantum cryptography when compared to classical ... | Wikipedia - Applications of quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
Many secondary metabolites have been discovered and isolated from Plumbago auriculata such as plumbagin and palmitic acids. | Wikipedia - Cape Leadwort | null | null | null |
Many self-sufficient computational chemistry software packages exist. Some include many methods covering a wide range, while others concentrate on a very specific range or even on one method. Details of most of them can be found in: Biomolecular modelling programs: proteins, nucleic acid. Molecular mechanics programs. | Wikipedia - Computational Chemistry | null | null | null |
Quantum chemistry and solid state-physics software supporting several methods. Molecular design software Semi-empirical programs. Valence bond programs. | Wikipedia - Computational Chemistry | null | null | null |
Many sequence alignment and protein structure alignment algorithms have been developed assuming linear data representations and as such are not able to detect circular permutations between proteins. Two examples of frequently used methods that have problems correctly aligning proteins related by circular permutation ar... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
The algorithms are classified according to the type of input they require. Sequence-based algorithms require only the sequence of two proteins in order to create an alignment. Sequence methods are generally fast and suitable for searching whole genomes for circularly permuted pairs of proteins. | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Structure-based methods require 3D structures of both proteins being considered. They are often slower than sequence-based methods, but are able to detect circular permutations between distantly related proteins with low sequence similarity. Some structural methods are topology independent, meaning that they are also a... | Wikipedia - Circular permutation in proteins | null | null | null |
Many significance tests have an estimation counterpart; in almost every case, the test result (or its p-value) can be simply substituted with the effect size and a precision estimate. For example, instead of using Student's t-test, the analyst can compare two independent groups by calculating the mean difference and it... | Wikipedia - Estimation statistics | null | null | null |
However, proponents of estimation statistics warn against reporting only a few numbers. Rather, it is advised to analyze and present data using data visualization. Examples of appropriate visualizations include the Scatter plot for regression, and Gardner-Altman plots for two independent groups. While historical data-g... | Wikipedia - Estimation statistics | null | null | null |
Many simulations are large enough that the effects of general relativity in establishing a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmology are significant. This is incorporated in the simulation as an evolving measure of distance (or scale factor) in a comoving coordinate system, which causes the particles to slow in com... | Wikipedia - N-body simulations | null | null | null |
Many single-celled organisms called phytoplankton live in oceans and lakes. When certain conditions are present, such as high nutrient or light levels, these organisms reproduce explosively. The resulting dense swarm of phytoplankton is called an algal bloom. Blooms can cover hundreds of square kilometres and are easil... | Wikipedia - Insect swarm | null | null | null |
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