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Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski have declared technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages ... | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
White differentiates between five stages of human development: In the first, people use the energy of their own muscles. In the second, they use the energy of domesticated animals. In the third, they use the energy of plants (agricultural revolution). | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
In the fourth, they learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness nuclear energy. White introduced the formula P=E/T, where P is the development index, E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of the efficiency of technical factors using the energy. | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
In his own words, "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased". Nikolai Kardashev extrapolated his theory, creating the Kardashev scale, which categorizes the energy use of advanced civiliz... | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
The more information and knowledge (especially allowing the shaping of natural environment) a given society has, the more advanced it is. He identifies four stages of human development, based on advances in the history of communication. In the first stage, information is passed by genes. | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
In the second, when humans gain sentience, they can learn and pass information through experience. In the third, the humans start using signs and develop logic. In the fourth, they can create symbols, develop language and writing. | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
Advancements in communications technology translate into advancements in the economic system and political system, distribution of wealth, social inequality and other spheres of social life. He also differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy:hunter-gatherer, simple agricultu... | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
Another indicator of technological progress is the development of new products and services, which is necessary to offset unemployment that would otherwise result as labor inputs are reduced. In developed countries productivity growth has been slowing since the late 1970s; however, productivity growth was higher in som... | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
For example, employment in manufacturing in the United States declined from over 30% in the 1940s to just over 10% 70 years later. Similar changes occurred in other developed countries. This stage is referred to as post-industrial. In the late 1970s sociologists and anthropologists like Alvin Toffler (author of Future ... | Wikipedia - Technological growth | null | null | null |
Many software race conditions have associated computer security implications. A race condition allows an attacker with access to a shared resource to cause other actors that utilize that resource to malfunction, resulting in effects including denial of service and privilege escalation.A specific kind of race condition ... | Wikipedia - Race condition | null | null | null |
Many software solutions have been developed to organize and integrate the different phases of a product's lifecycle. PLM should not be seen as a single software product but as a collection of software tools and working methods integrated together to address either single stages of the lifecycle or connect different tas... | Wikipedia - Product life-cycle management | null | null | null |
An overview of the fields within PLM is covered here. The simple classifications do not always fit exactly; many areas overlap and many software products cover more than one area or do not fit easily into one category. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be... | Wikipedia - Product life-cycle management | null | null | null |
It is about business processes, people, and methods as much as software application solutions. Although PLM is mainly associated with engineering tasks it also involves marketing activities such as product portfolio management (PPM), particularly with regard to new product development (NPD). There are several life-cycl... | Wikipedia - Product life-cycle management | null | null | null |
Many software systems are available for visualization biological data. The list below links some popularly used software, and systems grouped by application areas. Medusa - A simple tool for interaction graph analysis. | Wikipedia - Biological Data Visualization | null | null | null |
It is a Java based application and available as an applet. Cytoscape - An open source software for integrating bio-molecular interaction networks with high-throughput expression data and other molecular states. Proviz - ProViz is a standalone open source application under the GPL license. PATIKA - It is a tool with int... | Wikipedia - Biological Data Visualization | null | null | null |
Many solids react vigorously with gas species like chlorine, iodine, and oxygen. Other solids form adducts, such as CO or ethylene. Such reactions are conducted in open-ended tubes, which the gasses are passed through. Also, these reactions can take place inside a measuring device such as a TGA. In that case, stoichiom... | Wikipedia - Solid-state chemistry | null | null | null |
Many species of Passiflora have been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids, some of which are MAO inhibitors. The flower and fruit have only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots often contain more. The most common of these alkaloids is harman, but harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harmol ... | Wikipedia - Passion Flower | null | null | null |
Many flavonoids and their glycosides have been found in Passiflora, including apigenin, benzoflavone, homoorientin, 7-isoorientin, isoshaftoside, isovitexin (or saponaretin), kaempferol, lucenin, luteolin, n-orientin, passiflorine (named after the genus), quercetin, rutin, saponarin, shaftoside, vicenin and vitexin. Ma... | Wikipedia - Passion Flower | null | null | null |
Esters like ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, n-hexyl butyrate and n-hexyl caproate give the fruits their flavor and appetizing smell. Sugars, contained mainly in the fruit, are most significantly d-fructose, d-glucose and raffinose. Among enzymes, Passiflora was found to be rich in catalase, pectin methylesterase and ph... | Wikipedia - Passion Flower | null | null | null |
Many species of animals engage in some type of courtship display to attract a mate, such as dancing, the creation of sounds, and physical displays. However, many species are not limited to only one of these behaviors. The males of a species across many taxa create complex multi-component signals that have an effect on ... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
The multiple message hypothesis states that each signal that a male exhibits will contribute to a possible mate's perception of the male. The redundant signal hypothesis states that the male exhibits multiple signals that portray the same "message" to the female, with each extra signal acting as a fall-back plan for th... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
Alternatively, the choosy sex may attempt to process all of the signals at once to facilitate evaluation of the opposite sex.The process of multi-modal signaling is believed to help facilitate the courtship process in many species. One such species in which multi-modal signaling is seen to improve mating success is the... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
When the calls of the tree frogs were held equal, it was determined that females tended to overlook an auditory-only stimulus in favor of males who combined auditory/visual multi-modal signals. It was seen that female green tree frogs preferred when males coupled the visual display with the auditory communication, conc... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
Because of the intense sexual selection on male peacock spiders, the reproductive success of an individual relies heavily on a male spider's ability to combine visual and vibratory displays during courtship. The combination of these displays in courtship offers support both to the redundant signal and multiple messages... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
Females in certain species have more than one trait or characteristic that they use in a courtship display to attract mates. In dance flies (Rhamphomyia longicauda), females have two ornaments — inflatable abdominal sacs and pinnate tibial scales — that they use as courtship displays in mating swarms. Intermediate vari... | Wikipedia - Sexual display | null | null | null |
Many species of bees are attracted to shaded polycultures that have a variety of flowering plants in addition to coffee. This increase in bee abundance results in a direct increase in the pollination of shade trees as well the coffee plants themselves. A study in Indonesia showed that bee species diversity increases fr... | Wikipedia - Shade-grown coffee | null | null | null |
Many species of flying fox are polygynandrous, meaning that each individual will mate with several other individuals. The Samoa flying fox is a notable exception because it is monogamous. Flying fox sexual behaviors include oral sex in addition to intercourse, with fellatio and cunnilingus observed between opposite sex... | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Females have a litter size of one young at a time, called a pup. Twins have been occasionally documented in some species, however. | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Twins can be fraternal, identical, or the result of superfetation. Pups are altricial and sparsely furred at birth, thereby dependent on their mothers for care. Pups are relatively small at birth, weighing approximately 12% of the mother's weight. | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Bats in other genera can have pups that weigh as much as 30% of the mother's weight at birth. They cling to their mothers' abdomens, gripping her fur with their thumb claws and teeth; females carry the pups for the first several weeks of life. After this, the females may leave the pups behind at the roost at night whil... | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
As with nearly all bat species, males do not assist females in parental care. While male flying foxes of at least one species, the Bismarck masked flying fox, can lactate, it is unclear if the lactation is functional and males actually nurse pups or if it is a result of stress or malnutrition. Pups fledge beginning at ... | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Pups may stay with their mothers until age one. Flying foxes do not reach sexual maturity until 1.5–2 years old. Females can have up to two litters annually, though one is the norm due to the long weaning period. | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Most flying foxes are seasonal breeders and give birth in the spring, though the Mariana fruit bat seems to have aseasonal breeding with new pups documented throughout the year. Females remain fertile with no decrease in reproductive capability for at least the first 12 or 13 years of life.Flying foxes, like all bats, ... | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
However, individuals part of populations that face excessive disturbance may have lifespans as short as 7.1 years. In captivity, individuals can live approximately 20–28 years. The longest-lived flying fox was an Indian flying fox named Statler, who was a resident at Bat World Sanctuary for his last few years. He was b... | Wikipedia - Flying foxes | null | null | null |
Many species of tobacco are in the genus of herbs Nicotiana. It is part of the nightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous to North and South America, Australia, south west Africa, and the South Pacific.Most nightshades contain varying amounts of nicotine, a powerful neurotoxin to insects. However, tobaccos tend to conta... | Wikipedia - Tobacco leaves | null | null | null |
Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as germacrene and anabasine and other piperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most herbivores, a number of such animals have evolved the ability to feed on Nicotiana species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many spec... | Wikipedia - Tobacco leaves | null | null | null |
Many specimens also accumulated in natural traps, such as sinkholes and tar pits. The Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, South Dakota, is a 26,000-year-old, roughly 40 m (130 ft)-long sinkhole that functioned for 300 to 700 years before filling with sediment. The site is the opposite scenario of that in Waco; all but one of ... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
The mammoths may have been lured to the hole by warm water or vegetation near the edges, slipping in and drowning or starving. Isotope studies of growth rings have shown that most of the mammoths died during spring and summer, which may have correlated with vegetation near the sinkhole. One individual, nicknamed "Murra... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Deep footprints of mammoths attempting to free themselves from the sinkhole's mud can be seen in vertically excavated sections of the site. Since the early 20th century, excavations at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles have yielded 100 t (220,000 lb) of fossils from 600 species of flora and fauna, including several C... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Dust and leaves likely concealed the liquid asphalt, which then trapped unwary animals. Mired animals died from hunger or exhaustion; their corpses attracted predators, which sometimes became stuck, themselves. The fossil record of the tar pits is dominated by the remains of predators, such as large canids and felids. | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Fossils of different animals are found stuck together when they are excavated from the pits. The tar pits do not preserve soft tissue, and a 2014 study concluded that asphalt may degrade the DNA of animals mired in it after an attempt was made to extract DNA from a Columbian mammoth.A site in at airport construction ar... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
It remains unclear whether the 200 Columbian mammoths found there died of natural causes and were then carved by humans. Some have hypothesized that humans drove the Columbian mammoths into the area to kill them. The site is only 12 miles (19 km) from artificial pits which were once used by humans to trap and kill larg... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Many standard estimators can be improved, in terms of mean squared error (MSE), by shrinking them towards zero (or any other fixed constant value). In other words, the improvement in the estimate from the corresponding reduction in the width of the confidence interval can outweigh the worsening of the estimate introduc... | Wikipedia - Shrinkage estimator | null | null | null |
For this value of the parameter, the new estimate will have a smaller MSE than the raw one. Thus it has been improved. An effect here may be to convert an unbiased raw estimate to an improved biased one. | Wikipedia - Shrinkage estimator | null | null | null |
Many statements equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis have been found, though so far none of them have led to much progress in proving (or disproving) it. Some typical examples are as follows. (Others involve the divisor function σ(n).) | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
The Riesz criterion was given by Riesz (1916), to the effect that the bound − ∑ k = 1 ∞ ( − x ) k ( k − 1 ) ! ζ ( 2 k ) = O ( x 1 4 + ϵ ) {\displaystyle -\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-x)^{k}}{(k-1)!\zeta (2k)}}=O\left(x^{{\frac {1}{4}}+\epsilon }\right)} holds for all ε > 0 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis holds.... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Nyman (1950) proved that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only if the space of functions of the form f ( x ) = ∑ ν = 1 n c ν ρ ( θ ν x ) {\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{\nu =1}^{n}c_{\nu }\rho \left({\frac {\theta _{\nu }}{x}}\right)} where ρ(z) is the fractional part of z, 0 ≤ θν ≤ 1, and ∑ ν = 1 n c ν θ ν = 0 {\displ... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Salem (1953) showed that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only if the integral equation ∫ 0 ∞ z − σ − 1 ϕ ( z ) e x / z + 1 d z = 0 {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{-\sigma -1}\phi (z)}{{e^{x/z}}+1}}\,dz=0} has no non-trivial bounded solutions ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } for 1 / 2 < σ < 1 {\displaystyle 1/... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Speiser (1934) proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that ζ ′ ( s ) {\displaystyle \zeta '(s)} , the derivative of ζ ( s ) {\displaystyle \zeta (s)} , has no zeros in the strip 0 < ℜ ( s ) < 1 2 . {\displaystyle 0<\Re (s)<{\frac {1}{2}}.} That ζ ( s ) {\displaystyle \zeta (s)} has only simpl... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
The Farey sequence provides two equivalences, due to Jerome Franel and Edmund Landau in 1924. The de Bruijn–Newman constant denoted by Λ and named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Charles M. Newman, is defined as the unique real number such that the function H ( λ , z ) := ∫ 0 ∞ e λ u 2 Φ ( u ) cos ( z u ) d u {\d... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Many statisticians, including Nate Silver, have argued that data science is not a new field, but rather another name for statistics. Others argue that data science is distinct from statistics because it focuses on problems and techniques unique to digital data. Vasant Dhar writes that statistics emphasizes quantitative... | Wikipedia - Data Science | null | null | null |
Many stream ciphers are based on linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs), which, while efficient in hardware, are less so in software. The design of RC4 avoids the use of LFSRs and is ideal for software implementation, as it requires only byte manipulations. It uses 256 bytes of memory for the state array, S through S,... | Wikipedia - RC4 (cipher) | null | null | null |
Many student and professional research organizations use Newmark's facilities for various projects and events.Student American Society of Civil Engineers – This society is a student chapter of the national professional organization. ASCE uses Newmark for many social and service events. American Concrete Institute – Thi... | Wikipedia - Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory | null | null | null |
Steel Bridge Team – The Steel Bridge Team designs, fabricates and assembles a steel bridge every year in a competition against teams from other universities. The team fabricates many of their parts in the student workshop of Newmark, and assembles the bridge and stores it in the crane bay. They also store bridges from ... | Wikipedia - Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory | null | null | null |
Boneyard Yacht Club – Concrete Canoe Team fabricates and then races a concrete canoe every year in a competition against teams from other universities. The canoe team fabricates their canoe in the basement of Newmark, and displays canoes of previous years on a wall of the crane bay.Professional Mid-American Earthquake ... | Wikipedia - Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory | null | null | null |
Many studies have attempted to identify which amino acid residues are important for binding activity of dendrotoxins to their potassium channel targets. Harvey et al. used residue-specific modifications to identify positively charged residues that were crucial to the blocking activity of dendrotoxin-I. They reported th... | Wikipedia - Dendrotoxin | null | null | null |
These results, along with many others, have implicated that the positively charged lysines in the N-terminal half, particularly Lys5 in the 310-helix, play a very important role in the dendrotoxin binding to their potassium channel targets. The lysine residues in the β-turn region has provided more confounding results,... | Wikipedia - Dendrotoxin | null | null | null |
There is a general agreement that the conserved lysine residue near the N-terminus (Lys5 in alpha-DTX) is crucial for the biological activity of all dendrotoxins, while additional residues, such as those in the beta-turn region, might play a role in dendrotoxin specificity by mediating the interactions of individual to... | Wikipedia - Dendrotoxin | null | null | null |
Many studies have attempted to relate linear energy transfer to the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation, with inconsistent results. The relationship varies widely depending on the nature of the biological material, and the choice of endpoint to define effectiveness. Even when these are held constant, d... | Wikipedia - Linear energy transfer | null | null | null |
The RBE is generally independent of LET for any LET less than 10 keV/µm, so a low LET is normally chosen as the reference condition where RBE is set to unity. Above 10 keV/µm, some systems show a decline in RBE with increasing LET, while others show an initial increase to a peak before declining. Mammalian cells usuall... | Wikipedia - Linear energy transfer | null | null | null |
These are very rough numbers; for example, one set of experiments found a peak at 30 keV/µm. The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) proposed a simplified model of RBE-LET relationships for use in dosimetry. They defined a quality factor of radiation as a function of dose-averaged unrestricted LET i... | Wikipedia - Linear energy transfer | null | null | null |
Different iterations of their model are shown in the graph to the right. The 1966 model was integrated into their 1977 recommendations for radiation protection in ICRP 26. This model was largely replaced in the 1991 recommendations of ICRP 60 by radiation weighting factors that were tied to the particle type and indepe... | Wikipedia - Linear energy transfer | null | null | null |
Many studies have tried to identify biopsychosocial pathways for the link between social support and health. Social support has been found to positively impact the immune, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular systems. Although these systems are listed separately here, evidence has shown that these systems can interact an... | Wikipedia - Social support | null | null | null |
For example, being more socially integrated is correlated with lower levels of inflammation (as measured by C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation), and people with more social support have a lower susceptibility to the common cold. Neuroendocrine system: Social support has been linked to lower cortisol ("stress ... | Wikipedia - Social support | null | null | null |
Cardiovascular system: Social support has been found to lower cardiovascular reactivity to stressors. It has been found to lower blood pressure and heart rates, which are known to benefit the cardiovascular system.Though many benefits have been found, not all research indicates positive effects of social support on the... | Wikipedia - Social support | null | null | null |
Many studies of longitudinal data, which correlate people's test scores over time, and cross-sectional data, which compare personality levels across different age groups, show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood, especially Neuroticism that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarl... | Wikipedia - Big five personality traits | null | null | null |
More recent research and meta-analyses of previous studies, however, indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan. The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect. On average, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time, whereas extraversion, ne... | Wikipedia - Big five personality traits | null | null | null |
Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual's current stage of development. For example, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adul... | Wikipedia - Big five personality traits | null | null | null |
Many studies on Earth have been conducted to collect data on the response of terrestrial microbes to various simulated environmental conditions of outer space. The responses of microbes, such as viruses, bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and lichens, to isolated factors of outer space (microgravity, galacti... | Wikipedia - Astro microbiology | null | null | null |
Many substituted uranocenes have been synthesized. The methodology followed was the same as for simple U(COT)2, but the properties of some of the compounds were found to be different. The tetraphenylcyclooctatetraene complex was found to be completely air stable by Streitwieser. This high stability is probably due to t... | Wikipedia - Organoactinide chemistry | null | null | null |
Plutonium also forms a sandwich complex with 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenyl (1,4-COT’’) and its 1,3 isomer. This compound is prepared by the oxidation of the anionic green Pu(III) complex Li(THF)4 with cobalt(II) chloride which leads to the formation of Pu(1,4-COT’’)(1,3-COT’’). The reaction is easily notice... | Wikipedia - Organoactinide chemistry | null | null | null |
Many sum rules exist. The validity of a particular sum rule can be sound if its derivation is based on solid assumptions, or on the contrary, some sum rules have been shown experimentally to be incorrect, due to unwarranted assumptions made in their derivation. The list of sum rules below illustrate this. Sum rules are... | Wikipedia - Sum rules (Quantum Field Theory) | null | null | null |
They permit to test the theory used to derive them, e.g. quantum chromodynamics, or an assumption made for the derivation, e.g. Lorentz invariance. They can be used to study a particle, e.g. how does the spins of partons make up the spin of the proton. They can also be used as a measurement method. If the static quanti... | Wikipedia - Sum rules (Quantum Field Theory) | null | null | null |
Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily employed structural units are required. Commonly used spacers and connecting groups include polyether chains, biphenyls and triphenyls, and simple alkyl chains. The chemistry for ... | Wikipedia - Macromolecular system | null | null | null |
Surfaces can be used as scaffolds for the construction of complex systems and also for interfacing electrochemical systems with electrodes. Regular surfaces can be used for the construction of self-assembled monolayers and multilayers. The understanding of intermolecular interactions in solids has undergone a major ren... | Wikipedia - Macromolecular system | null | null | null |
Many survival games are presented in the first-person perspective to help immerse the player in the game. Other titles use other methods of presentation: games like Terraria and Starbound are presented in two-dimensional side views, while Don't Starve uses sprites rendered in a three-dimensional isometric projection. F... | Wikipedia - Survival video game | null | null | null |
Many synthetic supramolecular systems are designed to copy functions of biological systems. These biomimetic architectures can be used to learn about both the biological model and the synthetic implementation. Examples include photoelectrochemical systems, catalytic systems, protein design and self-replication. | Wikipedia - Supramolecular chemistry | null | null | null |
Many systems (and other web content management systems) allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with (or instead of) placing the post into a predetermined category. For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with baseball and tickets. Each of those tags is usually a web link leading to an inde... | Wikipedia - Knowledge tag | null | null | null |
Many systems are shipped with default accounts and passwords, which are exploited for unauthorized access and theft of information. | Wikipedia - Data center security | null | null | null |
Many systems of finger counting have been, and still are, used in various parts of the world. Most are not as obvious as holding up a number of fingers. The position of fingers may be most important. | Wikipedia - Ethnomathematics | null | null | null |
One continuing use for finger counting is for people who speak different languages to communicate prices in the marketplace. In contrast to finger counting, the Yuki people (indigenous Americans from Northern California) keep count by using the four spaces between their fingers rather than the fingers themselves. This ... | Wikipedia - Ethnomathematics | null | null | null |
Many tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) based metabolomics studies, such as library matching and molecular networking, use spectral similarity as a proxy for structural similarity. Spec2vec algorithm provides a new way of spectral similarity score, based on Word2Vec. Spec2Vec learns fragmental relationships within a larg... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
For systemic annotation, some metabolomics studies rely on fitting measured fragmentation mass spectra to library spectra or contrasting spectra via network analysis. Scoring functions are used to determine the similarity between pairs of fragment spectra as part of these processes. So far, no research has suggested sc... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Many tasks in building services engineering involve the use of engineering software, for example to design/model or draw solutions. The most common types of tool are whole building energy simulation and CAD (traditionally 2D) or the increasingly popular Building Information Modeling (BIM) which is 3D. 3D BIM software c... | Wikipedia - Building engineering education | null | null | null |
Many technical issues must be considered in the design and development of new engineering tools for CAPE. These issues include: required functionality of the tools themselves; formalization and refinement of engineering methods; development of on-line technical reference libraries, and user engineering and graphics vis... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering | null | null | null |
There have been many efforts over the years to develop information models for different aspects of manufacturing, but no known existing model fully meets the needs of a CAPE ernviroment. Therefore, a life cycle approach is needed to identify the different processes that a CAPE environment must support, and must define ... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering | null | null | null |
Management, coordination, and administration functions need to be performed during each phase of the life cycle. Phases may be repeated over time as a system is upgraded or re-engineered to meet changing needs or incorporate new technologies. | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering | null | null | null |
A software tool integration framework should specify how the tools could be independently designed and developed. The framework would define how CAPE tools would deal with common services, interact with each other and coordinate problem solving activities. Although some existing software products and standards currentl... | Wikipedia - Computer-aided production engineering | null | null | null |
Many techniques and methods join in qualitative research. Sullivan et al. (2018, p. 17) identify some commonly occurring features of qualitative research in Psychology: A tendency to use relatively unstructured data (…); An approach to theory that involves generating theories that are localised and context specific, ra... | Wikipedia - Qualitative psychological research | null | null | null |
Many terms in the Hamiltonians of atomic or molecular systems involve the scalar product of angular momentum operators. An example is the magnetic dipole term in the hyperfine Hamiltonian, where I is the nuclear spin. The angular momentum algebra can often be simplified by recasting it in the spherical basis. Using the... | Wikipedia - Ladder operators | null | null | null |
Many theories about the role of the right hemisphere in emotion has resulted in several models of emotional functioning.After observing decreased emotional processing after right hemisphere injuries, C.K. Mills hypothesized emotions are directly related to the right hemisphere. In 1992, researchers found that emotional... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience | null | null | null |
Many theories studied in high-energy physics admit conformal symmetry due to it typically being implied by local scale invariance (see here for motivation and counterexamples). A famous example is d=4, N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory due its relevance for AdS/CFT correspondence. Also, the worldsheet in string theo... | Wikipedia - Conformal algebra | null | null | null |
Many times special sessions were scheduled within the programme of the Workshop. In the year 2016 there was a session "Integrability and Geometry" financed by National Science Foundation. In the year 2017 there was a session dedicated to the memory and scientific achievements of S. Twareque Ali, long time participant a... | Wikipedia - Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics | null | null | null |
In the year 2018 there was a session dedicated to scientific achievements of prof. Daniel Sternheimer on the occasion of his 80th birthday. In the previous years, there were sessions dedicated to other prominent mathematicians and physicists such as S.L. Woronowicz, G. Emch, B. Mielnik, F. Berezin. | Wikipedia - Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics | null | null | null |
Many tools are available for statistical analysis of data. See also Comparison of statistical packages. | Wikipedia - Mathematical software | null | null | null |
Many top universities offer Logistics engineering programs at undergraduate and graduate levels. These programs generally combine strategy, operations, facility design, technology and management. The following institutions provide Logistics engineering programs around the world: Budapest University of Technology and Ec... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
Programs in Logistics Engineering Dalian Maritime University – Masters Program in Logistics Engineering & Management Shanghai Maritime University – Bachelors & Doctoral Programs in Logistics Engineering South China University of Technology – Masters and Ph.D. Programs in Logistics Engineering and Management Hong Kong U... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
Many topological vector spaces are locally convex. Examples of spaces that lack local convexity include the following: The spaces L p ( ) {\displaystyle L^{p}()} for 0 < p < 1 {\displaystyle 0 | Wikipedia - Locally convex topological vector space | null | null | null |
Many topologies can be defined on a set to form a topological space. When every open set of a topology τ 1 {\displaystyle \tau _{1}} is also open for a topology τ 2 , {\displaystyle \tau _{2},} one says that τ 2 {\displaystyle \tau _{2}} is finer than τ 1 , {\displaystyle \tau _{1},} and τ 1 {\displaystyle \tau _{1}} i... | Wikipedia - Topological spaces | null | null | null |
The terms larger and smaller are sometimes used in place of finer and coarser, respectively. The terms stronger and weaker are also used in the literature, but with little agreement on the meaning, so one should always be sure of an author's convention when reading. The collection of all topologies on a given fixed set... | Wikipedia - Topological spaces | null | null | null |
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