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Section: Hybrid speciation in plants > Polyploid hybrid speciation. In cases where the first-generation hybrids are viable but infertile, fertility can be restored by whole genome duplication (polyploidy), resulting in reproductive isolation and polyploid speciation. Polyploid speciation is commonly observed in plants ... | Wikipedia - Hybrid speciation - Hybrid speciation in plants > Polyploid hybrid speciation | 321 | 1,533 | null |
Article: Hybrizyme. Hybrizyme is a term coined to indicate novel or normally rare gene variants (or alleles) that are associated with hybrid zones, geographic areas where two related taxa (e.g. species or subspecies) meet, mate, and produce hybrid offspring. The hybrizyme phenomenon is widespread and these alleles occu... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Summary | 212 | 996 | null |
Section: Etymology. Originally hybrizymes were defined as "unexpected allelic electromorphs associated with hybrid zones", a formal term proposed by renowned conservation geneticist and biogeographer David S. Woodruff in 1988. By suggesting a new definition for a phenomenon that had been previously widely observed Wood... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Etymology | 174 | 864 | null |
Section: Widespread phenomenon. Hybrid populations display the hybrizyme phenomenon by having increased frequencies of certain alleles that are rare or non-existent outside of the hybrid zone. The hybrizyme phenomenon is widespread in hybrid zones of species of snails, crickets, lizards, salamanders, rodents, fish and ... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Widespread phenomenon | 187 | 907 | null |
Section: Mutational origin > Intragenic recombination. Intragenic recombination, under certain circumstances, might create new allelic variants at rates higher than the ones associated with regular mutational processes. Under this hypothesis the variant allele would be a mosaic of the parental alleles. The likelihood o... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Mutational origin > Intragenic recombination | 175 | 893 | null |
Section: Cause of maintenance. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account the high frequency of hybrizymes in hybrid zones such as genetic drift, elevated rates of nucleotide substitutions. or positive selection on alleles which are mildly deleterious in parental taxa. Still, some faced a certain degree of unpred... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Cause of maintenance | 313 | 1,542 | null |
Section: Adaptive novelty. Hybridization might expand the prospect of adaptive radiation to the point where positive selection on recombinant hybrid genotypes surpasses the intrinsic selection against them. Therefore, the selection schemes in hybrid swarms ensures that relatively strong endogenous selection would not q... | Wikipedia - Hybrizyme - Adaptive novelty | 263 | 1,499 | null |
Section: Location. Hypersensitive sites are found on every active gene, and many of these genes often have more than one hypersensitive site. Most often, hypersensitive sites are found only in chromatin of cells in which the associated gene is being expressed, and do not occur when the gene is inactive. In DNA being tr... | Wikipedia - Hypersensitive site - Location | 202 | 934 | null |
Article: Imaging genetics. Imaging genetics refers to the use of anatomical or physiological imaging technologies as phenotypic assays to evaluate genetic variation. Scientists that first used the term imaging genetics were interested in how genes influence psychopathology and used functional neuroimaging to investigat... | Wikipedia - Imaging genetics - Summary | 200 | 1,077 | null |
Section: Alzheimer's disease. By combining the outputs of the polygenic and neuro-imaging within a linear model, it has been shown that genetic information provides additive value in the task of predicting Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD traditionally has been considered a disease marked by neuronal cell loss and widespre... | Wikipedia - Imaging genetics - Alzheimer's disease | 330 | 1,603 | null |
Section: Alzheimer's disease > Biomarkers and Alzheimer's spectrum. If suitable biomarkers are found and applied in clinical use, we will be able to give the diagnosis of the AD spectrum at an even earlier stage. In the proposal, the AD spectrum is divided into the three stages (i) the preclinical stage; (ii) mild cogn... | Wikipedia - Imaging genetics - Alzheimer's disease > Biomarkers and Alzheimer's spectrum | 232 | 1,139 | null |
Article: Imitation SWI. ISWI (Imitation SWItch) is one of the five major DNA chromatin remodeling complex types, or subfamilies, found in most eukaryotic organisms. ISWI remodeling complexes place nucleosomes along segments of DNA at regular intervals. The placement of nucleosomes by ISWI protein complexes typically re... | Wikipedia - Imitation SWI - Summary | 343 | 1,349 | null |
Section: Generation of loops in dsDNA. A single molecule study using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and tethered particle motion (TPM) has observed that ISWI can bind naked DNA in the absence of ATP, wrapping DNA around the protein. In presence of ATP, the protein generates DNA loops while simultaneously generating nega... | Wikipedia - Imitation SWI - Generation of loops in dsDNA | 162 | 746 | null |
Section: Virus insertional mutagenesis. Because many viruses integrate their own genomes into the genomes of their host cells in order to replicate, mutagenesis caused by viral infections is a fairly common occurrence. Not all integrating viruses cause insertional mutagenesis, however. Some DNA insertions will lead to ... | Wikipedia - Insertional mutagenesis - Virus insertional mutagenesis | 331 | 1,658 | null |
Alteration of different genes will have varying effects on the cell. Not all mutations will significantly affect the proliferation of the cell. However, if the insertion occurs in an essential gene or a gene that is involved in cellular replication or programmed cell death, the insertion may compromise the viability of... | Wikipedia - Insertional mutagenesis - Virus insertional mutagenesis | 329 | 1,498 | null |
Section: Insertional inactivation. Insertional inactivation is a technique used in recombinant DNA engineering where a plasmid (such as pBR322) is used to disable the expression of a gene. The inactivation of a gene by inserting a fragment of DNA into the middle of its coding sequence. Any future products from the inac... | Wikipedia - Insertional mutagenesis - Insertional inactivation | 267 | 1,197 | null |
Article: Integrative and conjugative element. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements present in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In a donor cell, ICEs are located primarily on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipie... | Wikipedia - Integrative and conjugative element - Summary | 222 | 965 | null |
Section: Characteristics. Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation abilities, including conjugative transposons, regardless of the p... | Wikipedia - Integrative and conjugative element - Characteristics | 304 | 1,530 | null |
Section: Integron function. Cassette maintenance requires that they be integrated within a replicative element (chromosome, plasmids). The integrase encoded by the integron preferentially catalyses two types of recombination reaction: 1) attC x attC, which results in cassette excision, 2) attI x attC, which allows inte... | Wikipedia - Integron - Integron function | 272 | 1,250 | null |
Article: Interlocus contest evolution. Interlocus contest evolution (ICE) is a process of intergenomic conflict by which different loci within a single genome antagonistically coevolve. ICE supposes that the Red Queen process, which is characterized by a never-ending antagonistic evolutionary arms race, does not only a... | Wikipedia - Interlocus contest evolution - Summary | 218 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Intersexual conflict. A fundamental conflict between the sexes lies in differences in investment: males generally invest predominantly in fertilization while females invest predominantly in offspring. This conflict manifests itself in many traits associated with sexual reproduction. Genes expressed in only one... | Wikipedia - Interlocus contest evolution - Intersexual conflict | 323 | 1,616 | null |
Section: Parent–offspring conflict. A father, mother and offspring may differ in the optimal resource allocation to the offspring. This co-evolutionary conflict can be considered in the context of ICE. Selection will favor genes in the male to maximize female investment in the current offspring, no matter the consequen... | Wikipedia - Interlocus contest evolution - Parent–offspring conflict | 152 | 808 | null |
Section: Interference competition. ICE can also explain the theory of interference competition, which is most likely to be associated with opposing sets of genes that determine the outcome of competition between individuals. Different sets of genes may code for signal or receiver phenotypes, such as in the context of t... | Wikipedia - Interlocus contest evolution - Interference competition | 234 | 1,271 | null |
Article: Jena Declaration. The Jena Declaration is a scientific statement that questions and refutes the concept of human "races in a biological sense". It was published in September 2019 at the 112th Annual Meeting of the German Zoological Society (Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft) in Jena. The statement was written ... | Wikipedia - Jena Declaration - Summary | 178 | 989 | null |
Section: Content. The authors of the statement, Martin S. Fischer, Uwe Hoßfeld, Johannes Krause and Stefan Richter examined the issue of alleged human "races" from a biological perspective. They clarified that this concept has no scientific justification. Scientific studies of genetic variation within and between human... | Wikipedia - Jena Declaration - Content | 319 | 1,778 | null |
Section: Impact. In Germany, the Declaration had a considerable impact on public debate and legislation, especially on the discussion about removing the term "Rasse" from the German constitution. The Jena Declaration also led to a number of publications in the field of education and learning. In the book "Den Begriff '... | Wikipedia - Jena Declaration - Impact | 273 | 1,219 | null |
Article: Ka/Ks ratio. In genetics, the Ka/Ks ratio, also known as ω or dN/dS ratio, is used to estimate the balance between neutral mutations, purifying selection and beneficial mutations acting on a set of homologous protein-coding genes. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per n... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Summary | 177 | 831 | null |
Section: Context. Selection acts on variation in phenotypes, which are often the result of mutations in protein-coding genes. The genetic code is written in DNA sequences as codons, groups of three nucleotides. Each codon represents a single amino acid in a protein chain. However, there are more codons (64) than amino ... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Context | 222 | 949 | null |
Section: Interpreting results. The Ka/Ks ratio is used to infer the direction and magnitude of natural selection acting on protein coding genes. A ratio greater than 1 implies positive or Darwinian selection (driving change); less than 1 implies purifying or stabilizing selection (acting against change); and a ratio of... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Interpreting results | 245 | 1,285 | null |
Section: Complications. There is often a systematic bias in the frequency at which various nucleotides are swapped, as certain mutations are more probable than others. For instance, some lineages may swap C to T more frequently than they swap C to A. In the case of the amino acid Asparagine, which is coded by the codon... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Complications | 350 | 1,607 | null |
There is no way of detecting multiple substitutions at a single site, thus the estimate of the number of substitutions is always an underestimate. In addition, in the example above two non-synonymous and one synonymous substitution occurred at the third site; however, because substitutions restored the original sequenc... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Complications | 228 | 1,167 | null |
Section: Limitations. Although the Ka/Ks ratio is a good indicator of selective pressure at the sequence level, evolutionary change can often take place in the regulatory region of a gene which affects the level, timing or location of gene expression. Ka/Ks analysis will not detect such change. It will only calculate s... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Limitations | 339 | 1,673 | null |
Further, the method lacks the capability to distinguish between positive and negative nonsynonymous substitutions. Some amino acids are chemically similar to one another, whereas other substitutions may place an amino acid with wildly different properties to its precursor. In most situations, a smaller chemical change ... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Limitations | 201 | 1,098 | null |
Section: Individual codon approach. Additional information can be gleaned by determining the Ka/Ks ratio at specific codons within a gene sequence. For instance, the frequency-tuning region of an opsin may be under enhanced selective pressure when a species colonises and adapts to new environment, whereas the region re... | Wikipedia - Ka/Ks ratio - Individual codon approach | 261 | 1,291 | null |
Section: Eruption > Chronology of the Toba eruption. The exact date of the eruption is unknown, but the pattern of ash deposits suggests that it occurred during the northern summer because only the summer monsoon could have deposited Toba ashfall in the South China Sea. The eruption lasted perhaps 9 to 14 days. The mos... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Chronology of the Toba eruption | 247 | 1,120 | null |
Section: Eruption > Effects of the eruption. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University have estimated that the total amount of material released in the eruption was at least 2,800 km3 (670 cu mi)—about 2,000 km3 (480 cu mi) of ignimbrite that flowed over the ground, and approximately 800 km3 (190... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Effects of the eruption | 348 | 1,263 | null |
The air-fall of this eruption blanketed the Indian subcontinent in a layer of 5 cm (2.0 in) ash, the Arabian Sea in 1 mm (0.039 in), the South China Sea in 3.5 cm (1.4 in), and Central Indian Ocean Basin in 10 cm (3.9 in). Its horizon of ashfall covered an area of more than 38,000,000 km2 (15,000,000 sq mi) in 1 cm (0.... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Effects of the eruption | 217 | 789 | null |
Section: Eruption > Climatic effects > Climate at the time of the eruption. Greenland stadial 20 (GS20) is a millennium-long cold event in the north Atlantic ocean that started around the time of the Toba eruption. The timing of the initiation of GS20 is dated to 74.0–74.2 kyr, and the entire event lasted about 1,500 y... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Climatic effects > Climate at the time of the eruption | 340 | 1,483 | null |
Section: Eruption > Climatic effects > Possible climate records of the eruption. While the Toba eruption occurred in the backdrop of the rapid climate transitions of GS20 and MIS 4, triggered by changes in ocean currents and insolation, whether the eruption played any role in accelerating these events is much more deba... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Climatic effects > Possible climate records of the eruption | 323 | 1,635 | null |
Section: Eruption > Climatic effects > Climate modeling. The modeled climate effects of the Toba eruption hinges on the mass of sulfurous gases and aerosol microphysical processes. Modeling on an emission of 8.5×1014 g of sulfur, which is 100 times the 1991 Pinatubo sulphur, volcanic winter has a maximum global mean co... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Eruption > Climatic effects > Climate modeling | 285 | 1,281 | null |
Section: Toba catastrophe theory > History. In 1972, an analysis of human hemoglobins found very few variants, and to account for the low frequency of variation human population must have been as low as a few thousand until very recently. More genetic studies confirmed an effective population on the order of 10,000 for... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Toba catastrophe theory > History | 323 | 1,656 | null |
Section: Toba catastrophe theory > Possible effects on Homo > Human demographic history. Recent analyses apply Markov models to the complete set of genetic material to infer human population history. In non-African populations, studies recover a long-term steep decline in numbers starting 200 kyr and reaching the lowes... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Toba catastrophe theory > Possible effects on Homo > Human demographic history | 342 | 1,707 | null |
The estimated remaining effective population sizes are around 10,000 individuals, larger than the estimated non-African size during their bottleneck. Unlike the non-African populations, there is no consensus as to the cause of the African bottleneck. Proposed causes include climatic deterioration (from MIS 5, Toba erup... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Toba catastrophe theory > Possible effects on Homo > Human demographic history | 199 | 1,081 | null |
Section: Toba catastrophe theory > Possible effects on Homo > Archaeological studies. Other research has cast doubt on an association between the Toba Caldera Complex and a genetic bottleneck. For example, ancient stone tools at the Jurreru Valley in southern India (Andhra Pradesh) were found above and below a thick la... | Wikipedia - Youngest Toba eruption - Toba catastrophe theory > Possible effects on Homo > Archaeological studies | 339 | 1,678 | null |
Article: Locus (genetics). In genetics, a locus (pl.: loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located. Each chromosome carries many genes, with each gene occupying a different position or locus; in humans, the total number of protein-coding genes in a complete ha... | Wikipedia - Locus (genetics) - Summary | 274 | 1,243 | null |
Section: Nomenclature. The shorter arm of a chromosome is termed the p arm or p-arm, while the longer arm is the q arm or q-arm. The chromosomal locus of a typical gene, for example, might be written 3p22.1, where: 3 = chromosome 3 p = p-arm 22 = region 2, band 2 (read as "two, two", not "twenty-two") 1 = sub-band 1 Th... | Wikipedia - Locus (genetics) - Nomenclature | 303 | 1,107 | null |
Section: History. The development of genetic technologies that can modulate cellular processes has greatly contributed to biological research. A representative example is the development of optogenetics, which is a neuromodulation tool kit that involves light-sensitive proteins such as opsins. This progress provided th... | Wikipedia - Magnetogenetics - History | 319 | 1,662 | null |
In 1980, Young and colleagues have shown that magnetic fields with magnitudes in millitesla range are able to penetrate into the brain without attenuation of the signal or side effects because of the negligible magnetic susceptibility and low conductivity of biological tissue. Early attempts to manipulate electrical si... | Wikipedia - Magnetogenetics - History | 325 | 1,583 | null |
elegans. In 2012, Seung Chan Kim showed gene expression profile change of total human genome approximately 30,000 genes using 0.2T static magnetic fields. In 2015, Polina Anikeeva's research group demonstrated that similar concept can enhance the neuronal signals in mammalian brain. In 2021, Jinwoo Cheon's research gro... | Wikipedia - Magnetogenetics - History | 268 | 1,380 | null |
Section: Issues > Physical limitation of the ferritin. One of the main issues in magnetogenetics is related the physical properties of the ferritin. The ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of protein complex and a small iron oxide core. The core of the ferritin is in the form of ferric hydroxide which has antiferromagn... | Wikipedia - Magnetogenetics - Issues > Physical limitation of the ferritin | 157 | 769 | null |
Article: Marker-assisted selection. Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection (MAS) is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is selected based on a marker (morphological, biochemical or DNA/RNA variation) linked to a trait of interest (e.g. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress to... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Summary | 224 | 1,173 | null |
Section: Marker types. The majority of MAS work in the present era uses DNA-based markers. However, the first markers that allowed indirect selection of a trait of interest were morphological markers. In 1923, Karl Sax first reported association of a simply inherited genetic marker with a quantitative trait in plants w... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Marker types | 348 | 1,778 | null |
Section: Positive and negative selectable markers. The following terms are generally less relevant to discussions of MAS in plant and animal breeding, but are highly relevant in molecular biology research: Positive selectable markers are selectable markers that confer selective advantage to the host organism. An exampl... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Positive and negative selectable markers | 186 | 1,005 | null |
Section: Gene vs marker. The gene of interest directly causes production of protein(s) or RNA that produce a desired trait or phenotype, whereas markers (a DNA sequence or the morphological or biochemical markers produced due to that DNA) are genetically linked to the gene of interest. The gene of interest and the mark... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Gene vs marker | 320 | 1,551 | null |
Section: Drawbacks of morphological markers. Morphological markers are associated with several general deficits that reduce their usefulness including: the delay of marker expression until late into the development of the organism allowing dominance to mask the underlying genetics pleiotropy, which does not allow easy ... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Drawbacks of morphological markers | 260 | 1,424 | null |
Section: Selection for major genes linked to markers. 'Major genes' that are responsible for economically important characteristics are frequent in the plant kingdom. Such characteristics include disease resistance, male sterility, self-incompatibility, and others related to shape, color, and architecture of whole plan... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Selection for major genes linked to markers | 192 | 972 | null |
Section: Situations that are favorable for molecular marker selection. There are several indications for the use of molecular markers in the selection of a genetic trait. Situations such as: The selected character is expressed late in plant development, like fruit and flower features or adult characters with a juvenile... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Situations that are favorable for molecular marker selection | 312 | 1,611 | null |
Section: Steps for MAS. Generally the first step is to map the gene or quantitative trait locus (QTL) of interest first by using different techniques and then using this information for marker assisted selection. Generally, the markers to be used should be close to gene of interest (<5 recombination unit or cM) in orde... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Steps for MAS | 153 | 729 | null |
Section: Single step MAS and QTL mapping. In contrast to two-step QTL mapping and MAS, a single-step method for breeding typical plant populations has been developed. In such an approach, in the first few breeding cycles, markers linked to the trait of interest are identified by QTL mapping and later the same informati... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Single step MAS and QTL mapping | 187 | 930 | null |
Section: High-throughput genotyping techniques. Recently high-throughput genotyping techniques are developed which allows marker aided screening of many genotypes. This will help breeders in shifting traditional breeding to marker aided selection. One example of such automation is using DNA isolation robots, capillary ... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - High-throughput genotyping techniques | 202 | 947 | null |
Section: Marker assisted gene pyramiding. Gene pyramiding has been proposed and applied to enhance resistance to disease and insects by selecting for two or more than two genes at a time. For example, in rice such pyramids have been developed against bacterial blight and blast. The advantage of use of markers in this c... | Wikipedia - Marker-assisted selection - Marker assisted gene pyramiding | 154 | 726 | null |
Article: MASS syndrome. MASS syndrome is a medical disorder of the connective tissue similar to Marfan syndrome. MASS stands for mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter at upper limits of normal for body size, stretch marks of the skin, and skeletal conditions similar to Marfan syndrome. It is caused by a mutation ... | Wikipedia - MASS syndrome - Summary | 345 | 1,565 | null |
Article: Maternal effect. A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the geno... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Summary | 178 | 920 | null |
Section: In genetics. In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant pheno... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - In genetics | 200 | 1,016 | null |
Section: In genetics > In Drosophila early embryogenesis. A Drosophila melanogaster oocyte develops in an egg chamber in close association with a set of cells called nurse cells. Both the oocyte and the nurse cells are descended from a single germline stem cell, however cytokinesis is incomplete in these cell divisions... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - In genetics > In Drosophila early embryogenesis | 339 | 1,566 | null |
The anterior end of the egg becomes the head; posterior end becomes the tail. the dorsal side is on the top; the ventral side is in underneath. The products of maternal effect genes called maternal mRNAs are produced by nurse cell and follicle cells and deposited in the egg cells (oocytes). At the start of development ... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - In genetics > In Drosophila early embryogenesis | 198 | 969 | null |
Section: In genetics > In humans. In 2015, obesity theorist Edward Archer published "The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Resources Hypothesis" and a series of works on maternal effects in human obesity and health. In this body of work, Archer argued that accumulative materna... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - In genetics > In humans | 152 | 763 | null |
Section: Adaptive maternal effects > Defining adaptive maternal effects. When traits are influenced by either the maternal environment or the maternal phenotype, it is said to be influenced by maternal effects. Maternal effects work to alter the phenotypes of the offspring through pathways other than DNA. Adaptive mate... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Adaptive maternal effects > Defining adaptive maternal effects | 303 | 1,638 | null |
When looking at the likelihood of these “altered” phenotypes evolving there are many factors and cues involved. Adaptive maternal effects evolve only when offspring can face many potential environments; when a mother can “predict” the environment into which her offspring will be born; and when a mother can influence he... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Adaptive maternal effects > Defining adaptive maternal effects | 296 | 1,632 | null |
Section: Adaptive maternal effects > Phenotypic plasticity. When analyzing the types of changes that can occur to a phenotype, we can see changes that are behavioral, morphological, or physiological. A characteristic of the phenotype that arises through adaptive maternal effects, is the plasticity of this phenotype. Ph... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Adaptive maternal effects > Phenotypic plasticity | 310 | 1,458 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment influence epigenetic effects. Related to adaptive maternal effects are epigenetic effects. Epigenetics is the study of long lasting changes in gene expression that are produced by modifications to chromatin instead of changes in DNA sequence, as is seen in DNA mutation. This "chan... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment influence epigenetic effects | 339 | 1,736 | null |
This can explain why individuals with identical DNA can differ in their susceptibility to certain chronic diseases. Currently, researchers are examining the correlations between maternal diet during pregnancy and its effect on the offspring's susceptibility for chronic diseases later in life. The fetal programming hypo... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment influence epigenetic effects | 180 | 1,027 | null |
Section: Importance for the general population. Knowledge of maternal diet induced epigenetic changes is important not only for scientists, but for the general public. Perhaps the most obvious place of importance for maternal dietary effects is within the medical field. In the United States and worldwide, many non-comm... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Importance for the general population | 340 | 1,881 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Hyperglycemia during gestation correlated with obesity and heart disease in adulthood. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is thought to cause epigenetic changes in the leptin gene of newborns leading to a potential increase... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Hyperglycemia during gestation correlated with obesity and heart disease in adulthood | 339 | 1,601 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with metabolic syndrome. High fat diets in utero are believed to cause metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a set of symptoms including obesity and insulin resistance that... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with metabolic syndrome | 346 | 1,717 | null |
Therefore, there was less adiponectin to help cells take up glucose and break down fat, as well as less leptin to cause a feeling of satiety. The decrease in these hormones caused fat mass gain, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, abnormal adiponectin and leptin levels, and hypertension throughout the animal's l... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with metabolic syndrome | 228 | 1,076 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with chronic inflammation. In addition, high fat diets cause chronic low-grade inflammation in the placenta, adipose, liver, brain, and vascular system. Inflammation is an impo... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with chronic inflammation | 342 | 1,597 | null |
This hyperinflammatory response can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.[35] As previously mentioned, high fat diets in utero contribute to obesity; however, some proinflammatory factors, like IL-6 and MCP-1, are also linked to body fat deposition. It has been suggested tha... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High fat diets during gestation correlated with chronic inflammation | 210 | 970 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Undernutrition during gestation correlated with cardiovascular disease. A study done after the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 showed that undernutrition during the early stages of pregnancy are associated with hypomet... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Undernutrition during gestation correlated with cardiovascular disease | 332 | 1,635 | null |
This displayed that birth weight may not be an adequate way to determine nutritional status during gestation. This study stressed that epigenetic effects vary depending on the timing of exposure and that early stages of mammalian development are crucial periods for establishing epigenetic marks. Those exposed earlier i... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Undernutrition during gestation correlated with cardiovascular disease | 153 | 854 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Nutrient restriction during gestation correlated with diabetes mellitus type 2. In another study, researchers discovered that perinatal nutrient restriction resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) contribute... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Nutrient restriction during gestation correlated with diabetes mellitus type 2 | 289 | 1,399 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High protein diet during gestation correlated with higher blood pressure and adiposity. Further studies have examined the epigenetic changes resulting from a high protein/low carbohydrate diet during pregnancy. This die... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > High protein diet during gestation correlated with higher blood pressure and adiposity | 320 | 1,424 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Neonatal estrogen exposure correlated with prostate cancer. Strong evidence in rats supports the conclusion that neonatal estrogen exposure plays a role in the development of prostate cancer. Using a human fetal prostat... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Neonatal estrogen exposure correlated with prostate cancer | 288 | 1,481 | null |
Section: Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Supplementation may reverse epigenetic changes. In utero or neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastic, is correlated with higher body weight, breast cancer, prostate ... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet and environment epigenetically influences susceptibility for adult diseases > Supplementation may reverse epigenetic changes | 194 | 901 | null |
Section: Maternal diet effects and ecology. Maternal dietary effects are not just seen in humans, but throughout many taxa in the animal kingdom. These maternal dietary effects can result in ecological changes on a larger scale throughout populations and from generation to generation. The plasticity involved in these e... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet effects and ecology | 223 | 1,277 | null |
Section: Maternal diet effects and ecology > Parental diet affects offspring immunity. A pyralid moth species, Plodia interpunctella, commonly found in food storage areas, exhibits maternal dietary effects, as well as paternal dietary effects, on its offspring. Epigenetic changes in moth offspring affect the production... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet effects and ecology > Parental diet affects offspring immunity | 320 | 1,757 | null |
Section: Maternal diet effects and ecology > Maternal diet affects offspring growth rate. Food availability also influences the epigenetic mechanisms driving growth rate in the mouthbrooding cichlid, Simochromis pleurospilus. When nutrient availability is high, reproducing females will produce many small eggs, versus f... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet effects and ecology > Maternal diet affects offspring growth rate | 339 | 1,708 | null |
If a mother is able to gather a plentiful amount of resources, she will have a higher fecundity and produce offspring who are able to grow quickly to avoid predation. Mothers who are unable to obtain as many nutrients will produce fewer offspring, but the offspring will be larger in hopes that their large size will hel... | Wikipedia - Maternal effect - Maternal diet effects and ecology > Maternal diet affects offspring growth rate | 320 | 1,598 | null |
Section: Meiotic drive in plants. The first report of meiotic drive came from Marcus Rhoades who in 1942 observed a violation of Mendelian segregation ratios for the R locus - a gene controlling the production of the purple pigment anthocyanin in maize kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10). A... | Wikipedia - Meiotic drive - Meiotic drive in plants | 244 | 1,045 | null |
Section: Meiotic drive in animals > Meiotic drive in mice. Early observations of mouse t-haplotypes by Mary Lyon described numerous genetic loci on chromosome 17 that suppress X-chromosome sex ratio distortion. If a driver is left unchecked, this may lead to population extinction as the population would fix for the dri... | Wikipedia - Meiotic drive - Meiotic drive in animals > Meiotic drive in mice | 198 | 960 | null |
Section: Meiotic drive in animals > Meiotic drive in flies. Selfish chromosomes of stalk-eyed flies have had ecological consequences. Driving X chromosomes lead to reductions in male fecundity and mating success, leading to frequency dependent selection maintaining both the driving alleles and wild-type alleles. Multip... | Wikipedia - Meiotic drive - Meiotic drive in animals > Meiotic drive in flies | 318 | 1,434 | null |
Article: Memetics. Memetics is a theory of the evolution of culture based on Darwinian principles with the meme as the unit of culture. The term "meme" was coined by biologist Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, to illustrate the principle that he later called "Universal Darwinism". All evolutionary proc... | Wikipedia - Memetics - Summary | 346 | 1,664 | null |
Among proponents of memetics are psychologist Susan Blackmore, author of The Meme Machine, who argues that when our ancestors began imitating behaviours, they let loose a second replicator and co-evolved to become the "meme machines" that copy, vary, and select memes in culture. Philosopher Daniel Dennett develops meme... | Wikipedia - Memetics - Summary | 333 | 1,699 | null |
Section: History. In his book The Selfish Gene (1976), the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used the term meme to describe a unit of human cultural transmission analogous to the gene, arguing that replication also happens in culture, albeit in a different sense. While cultural evolution itself is a much older top... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History | 315 | 1,597 | null |
The evolutionary model of cultural information transfer is based on the concept that memes—units of information—have an independent existence, are self-replicating, and are subject to selective evolution through environmental forces. Starting from a proposition put forward in the writings of Dawkins, this model has for... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History | 341 | 1,628 | null |
Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash). The idea of language as a virus had already been introduced by William S. Burroughs as early as 1962 in his novel The Ticket That Exploded, and continued in The Electronic Revolution, published in 1970 in The Job. The foundation of memetics in its full modern incarnation was launched by D... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History | 276 | 1,466 | null |
Section: History > Etymology. The term meme derives from the Ancient Greek μιμητής (mimētḗs), meaning "imitator, pretender". The similar term mneme was used in 1904, by the German evolutionary biologist Richard Semon, best known for his development of the engram theory of memory, in his work Die mnemischen Empfindungen... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History > Etymology | 343 | 1,372 | null |
Section: History > Internalists and externalists. The memetics movement split almost immediately into two. The first group were those who wanted to stick to Dawkins' definition of a meme as "a unit of cultural transmission". Gibron Burchett, a memeticist responsible for helping to research and co-coin the term memetic ... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History > Internalists and externalists | 302 | 1,397 | null |
These two schools became known as the "internalists" and the "externalists." Prominent internalists included both Lynch and Brodie; the most vocal externalists included Derek Gatherer, a geneticist from Liverpool John Moores University, and William Benzon, a writer on cultural evolution and music. The main rationale fo... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History > Internalists and externalists | 350 | 1,753 | null |
Section: History > Decline. In 2005, the Journal of Memetics ceased publication and published a set of articles on the future of memetics. The website states that although "there was to be a relaunch... after several years nothing has happened". Susan Blackmore left the University of the West of England to become a fre... | Wikipedia - Memetics - History > Decline | 344 | 1,603 | null |
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