Split (3)

train · 28.1k rows

english large_stringlengths 0 467	japanese large_stringlengths 0 212
On March 15, 951, he was transferred to Sadaiben (major controller of the left). On July 4, 951, he served concurrently as Kangeyu no kami (chief investigator of the records of outgoing officials).	951年（天暦5）1月30日、左大弁に転任。 5月22日、勘解由長官を兼任。
On November 25, 953, he was appointed to Sangi, Councilor.	953年（天暦7）9月25日、参議に補任。
On April 24, 954, he served concurrently as Bizen no kami (the governor of Bizen Province).	954年（天暦8）3月14日、備前守を兼任。
On November 9, 955, he served concurrently as Mino no gon no kami (provisional governor of Mino Province). He left Bizen no kami.	955年（天暦9）閏9月17日、美濃権守を兼任。備前守を去る。
On February 26, 956, he was promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his position as Sangi. On March 17, 956, he served concurrently as Sanuki gon no kami (provisional governor of Sanuki Province).	956年（天暦10）1月7日、正四位下に昇叙し、参議如元。 1月27日、讃岐権守を兼任。
On January 25, 958, he passed away. Died at the age of 92. He was Sangi, Shoshiinoge, and Sanuki gon no kami.	957年（天徳 (日本)元）12月28日、卒去。享年92。時に参議正四位下行讃岐権守。
Creed Ju-kyo teaches the maintenance of five human relations arranged in order (father and son, lord and vassal, husband and wife, old and young, one and one's friend) through expansion of moral character called the five eternal virtues (humanity, justice, courtesy, wisdom, sincerity).	教義儒教は、五常（仁、義、礼、智、信）という徳性を拡充することにより五倫（父子、君臣、夫婦、長幼、朋友）関係を維持することを教える。
To sympathize or consider others' situation. Before Koshi, the word was used to mean 'to flatter.' Additionally, according to the "Biography of Confucius" by Shizuka SHIRAKAWA, 'it is a word describing the likelihood of valiant young men in hunting clothes.'	人を思いやること。孔子以前には、｢おもねること｣という意味では使われていた。また、白川静『孔子伝』によれば、「狩衣姿も凛々しい若者のたのもしさをいう語」。
In 'The Analects of Confucius,' it is described in many ways. Koshi considered humanity the highest type of virtue. Justice	｢論語｣の中では、さまざまな説明がなされている。孔子は仁を最高の徳目としていた。義
Repay an obligation Courtesy	恩に報いる礼
Humanity displayed in specific actions. It originally referred to taboos in religious courtesy or traditional practices and systems. Later, it came to mean rules to follow in superior-inferior relationships between people. Wisdom	仁を具体的な行動として、表したもの。もともとは宗教儀礼でのタブーや伝統的な習慣・制度を意味していた。のちに、人間の上下関係で守るべきことを意味するようになった。智
Study hard Sincerity	学問に励む信
Promote friendship	親睦を深める
Meanwhile, thinkers such as Kantan and O Ju (Wang Chong) advocated atheism, and criticized Shini from their rationalistic perspective.	一方で桓譚や王充といった思想家は無神論を唱え、その合理主義的な立場から讖緯を非難している。
Additionally, it is important to point out that Yo Ken (Yang Jian) of Sui was the first to perform Kakyo (Imperial examination). Instead of the traditional system in which young nobles became government officials, government officials were selected by examination. This opened the way for Confucian scholars to make use of their knowledge to become government officials.	また隋の楊堅がはじめて科挙を行ったことを挙げなければならない。従来の貴族の子弟が官吏となる体制から試験によって官吏が選ばれるようになった。これにより儒学者がその知識をもって官吏となる道が広がったのである。
Song	宋代
Atago-yama (or Atago-san) is a name of mountain. There are many mountains named Atago-yama or Atago-san in various places in Japan. Most of them are mountains which have certain relation with Atago-jinja Shrine (propagated name) and the name of their origin, Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) (Kadono-gun, Yamashiro Province), was originated from the name of a mountain.	愛宕山（あたごやま、あたごさん）は、山の名前。日本各地に愛宕山の名前をもつ山がある。多くは愛宕神社と関連のある山（伝播地名）であるが、その大元の愛宕神社 (京都市)（山城国葛野郡）の名も山名に由来する。
The term Henjo Nanshi refers to the idea that a woman, who has been thought to have great difficulty in becoming a Buddha since ancient times, is able to accomplish it by once changing into a man. The idea originates from a scene in Devadatta chapter of the Lotus Sutra, where an eight-year-old dragon girl (the daughter of the dragon king Sagara) attains Buddhahood.	変成男子（へんじょうなんし）とは、古来、女子（女性）は成仏することか非常に難しいとされ、いったん男子（男性）に成ることで、成仏することができるようになるとした思想。法華経提婆達多品で、8歳の竜女が成仏する場面を由来とする。
This kind of idea, that could be taken as a reflection of the predominance of men over women, is not found in early Buddhist sutras. However, the idea of women's difficulty in attaining Buddhahood spread after Shakyamuni passed away, and the idea of Henjo Nanshi may be cited in Mahayana Buddhism to deny such misogyny.	初期の経典にはこのような男尊女卑（とも受け取られかねない思想）は見られない。しかし釈尊滅後、女性は成仏するのが難しいという思想が広まり、大乗仏教では、そういう女性蔑視の思想を否定しようとして変成男子の思想を示したとも考えられる。
Takebeyama-jo Castle existed in Kasa County, Tango Province (now Shimofukui, Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (period of warring states). It was a base of the Isshiki clan who were Shugo-Daimyo (feudal lords who were previously military governors or 'shugo') and thrived during the Muromachi period.	建部山城（たけべやまじょう）は丹後国加佐郡（現在の京都府舞鶴市下福井）にあった室町時代から戦国時代にあった城。室町時代に栄えた守護大名・一色氏の根拠地。
Muko-jinja Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Muko City, Kyoto Prefecture. It is also known as Muko Myojin. It is listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho (register of Shrines and kami in the book of regulations of the Engi era) and was classified as a fusha shrine (prefectural shrine) under the old shrine ranking system.	向日神社（むこうじんじゃ）は、京都府向日市に鎮座する神社。向日明神とも。式内社（名神大社）で、旧社格は府社。
He strived to convert 'Otani-byodo Mausoleum' into a temple (establishment of Hongan-ji Temple) and laid the foundation of a religious order headed by Hongan-ji Temple.	「大谷廟堂」の寺院化（本願寺の成立）に尽力し、本願寺を中心とする教団の基礎となった。
He was effectively the founder of Hongan-ji Temple (Jodo Shinshu). (Though Shinran is generally believed to be the founder, Shinran didn't have the intention to establish a sect and Kakunyo decided after Hongan-ji Temple was established.)	本願寺（浄土真宗）の実質的な開祖。（一般に開祖は、親鸞とされるが、親鸞自身に開宗の意思は無く、本願寺成立後、覚如が定めた。)
He was the eldest son of Kakue, a son of Kakushinni who was the youngest daughter of Shinran. His mother was a daughter of a certain Nakahara, Suo no Gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Suo Province). He was a great-grandchild of Shinran.	親鸞の末娘である覚信尼の子、覚恵の長男。母は周防権守中原某の娘。親鸞の曾孫にあたる。
"Kyuji" is regarded to be a history book handed down by each clan, which was used as basic information for editing "kiki" (the Kojiki and Nihonshoki), but it was lost and is not existent, just like "Teiki" (a genealogy of the imperial family).	『旧辞』（きゅうじ）とは、記紀編纂の基本資料になったとされる各氏族伝来の歴史書であると考えられているが、帝紀と同じく散逸しており、現存していない。
"Sendai no kuji" (Ancient matters of former ages) and "Honji" (Accounts of origin) in the introduction of "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), and "Joko shoji" (matters of high antiquity) in the section of Emperor Tenmu's 10th year and 3rd month in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) are considered to be this book.	古事記序文にある『先代旧辞』（せんだいのくじ）及び『本辞』、日本書紀天武天皇10年3月条にある『上古諸事』はこの書のことと考えられている。
There is a theory that "Teiki" and "Kyuji" were not separate books but a unified book.	帝紀、旧辞は別々の書物ではなく一体のものであったとする学説もある。
Sokichi TSUDA regarded that 'Kyuji' had become the original of the narrative and mythological part in the description of the kiki.	津田左右吉は「旧辞」を記紀の記述のうち説話・伝承的な部分の元になったものであると考えた。
FUJIWARA no Muneyo (dates of birth and death unknown) was a court noble during the Heian period. He was a son of FUJIWARA no Yasukata of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and Sei Shonagon's husband. He was KOUMA no Myobu's father. He served as the governor of Echizen, Yamashiro and Settsu Provinces.	藤原棟世（ふじわらのむねよ、生没年不詳）は、平安時代の貴族。藤原南家・藤原保方の子で、清少納言の夫。小馬命婦の父。筑前国守・山城国守・摂津国守などを歴任した。
Emperor Gonara (January 26, 1497 - September 27, 1557) was the hundred fifth Emperor during the Muromachi and the Warring States period; the period of civil wars between rival daimyo. (his reign was from June 9, 1526 to September 27, 1557) His posthumous name was Tomohito.	後奈良天皇（ごならてんのう、明応5年12月23日（1497年1月26日） - 弘治3年9月5日（1557年9月27日））は、室町時代・戦国時代の第105代天皇（在位：大永6年4月29日（1526年6月9日）- 弘治3年9月5日（1557年9月27日））。名は知仁（ともひと）。
Genealogy He was the second Prince of Emperor Gokashiwabara. His mother was Norihide KANJUJI's daughter, Burakumon in FUJIWARA no Toshi.	系譜後柏原天皇の第二皇子。母は、勧修寺教秀の娘、豊楽門院・藤原藤子。
His posthumous name, 'Gonara' came from the name of Emperor Heizei's different name of Emperor Nara.	諡たる「後奈良」は平城天皇の別称奈良帝にちなむ。
Eras during his reign	在位中の元号
Daiei (Taiei) (April 29, 1526) - August 20, 1528	大永（1526年4月29日） - 1528年8月20日
Kyoroku August 20, 1528 - July 29, 1532	享禄 1528年8月20日 - 1532年7月29日
Tenbun July 29, 1532 - October 23, 1555	天文 1532年7月29日 - 1555年10月23日
Koji October 23, 1555 - (September 27, 1557)	弘治 1555年10月23日 - （1557年9月27日）
The Imperial Mausoleum The Emperor was entombed in Fukakusa no Kita no Misasagi at Fukakusa Bo-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City.	陵墓・霊廟京都市伏見区深草坊町の深草北陵（ふかくさのきたのみささぎ）に葬られた。
Tamagaki is a fence around a shrine or shiniki (the holy precincts of a shrine).	玉垣（たまがき）とは、神社・神域の周囲にめぐらされる垣のことである。
The Battle of Tanabe-jo Castle is a battle that erupted over Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province (present-day Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture) from August 27 to October 12, 1600.	田辺城の戦い（たなべじょうのたたかい）とは、慶長5年7月19日 (旧暦)（1600年8月27日）から9月6日 (旧暦)（1600年10月12日）にかけて、丹後国の田辺城 (丹後国)（現在の京都府舞鶴市）をめぐり起こった戦い。
Shinsho (1167 - August 1, 1230) was a priest of the Tendai Sect from the latter part of the Heian period to the early part of the Kamakura period. His father was Mochihito-o, the son of the Emperor Goshirakawa.	真性（しんしょう、仁安 (日本)2年（1167年）－寛喜2年6月14日 (旧暦)（1230年7月25日））は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代前期にかけての天台宗の僧。父は後白河天皇の子以仁王。
It consists of two schools, Honyu School and Shusei School.	本有学派・修生学派の２つがある。
Under Tomitsu, Mt. Koya (Kongobu-ji Temple), To-ji Temple and Mt. Negoro (Negoro-ji Temple) are called the Three Great Centers of Learning. These three locations served as centers for training, research and advancement of the religion.	東密では、高野山・東寺・根来山を併せて三大学風と称する。主にこの3箇所を中心にして、教学の研鑽・研究・発展が見られた。
When the monk Kukai returned to Japan from Tang China in 806, he spread Shingon Buddhism around Toji Temple (present Kyoogokoku-ji) preaching that the only Esoteric Buddhism is the "gate of truth" to reach depth of "satori" (enlightenment). Shingon Buddhism later split into the Hirosawa school and the Ono school, which again multiplied into various sects.	806年（大同_(日本)元年）唐から帰朝した空海は、密教のみが悟りの境地へ深達するための真実門であるとして、東寺（現在の教王護国寺）を中心に真言密教を広めた。その後、広沢流・小野流の2流に分かれ、さらに数多くの派に分かれていった。
Brief biography 781: Court rank of Jugoinoge (Lower Junior Fifth Rank). 782: Kai no Kami (Governor of Kai), Saemon no suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Gate Guards), Chue no shosho (Minor Captain of the Inner Palace Guards), Echizen no Kami (Governor of Echizen), Kura no Kami (Governor of Kura) and Gyobukyo (Minister of Justice).	略歴天応 (日本)元年（781年）　従五位下天応2年（782年）　甲斐守、左衛門佐、中衛少将、越前守、内蔵頭、刑部卿。
794: Sangi (Councilor), Onmyo no kami (Head of the Bureau of Divination), Konoe no daisho (General of the Palace Guards), and Kageyu no kami (Head of the Office of Investigators of the Records of Outgoing Officials).	延暦13年（794年）　参議、陰陽頭、近衛大将、勘解由長官。
798: Court rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Zogudaibu (Commissioner of Imperial Construction).	延暦20年（798年）　従三位・中納言、造宮大夫。
806: Dainagon (chief councilor of state), court rank of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank), Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Jiju (Emperor's Chamberlain).	大同 (日本)元年（806年）　大納言、正三位・右大臣・侍従。
812 and onwards: Posthumously promoted to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) and to the court rank of Juichii (Junior First Rank).	弘仁3年（812年）以降　太政大臣・従一位を追贈。
The Shibayama family was a "Tosho-ke" (hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of an illegitimate family lineage of Kajuji of the Takafuji group of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and its social standing was a prestigious family. The family crest was the Mittsu atsume suzume (three sparrows).	芝山家（しばやまけ）は、藤原北家高藤流勧修寺庶流の堂上家、家格は、名家。家紋は三つ集め雀。
The family was started when Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) Nobutoyo KAJUJI, a biological child of Ukyo no suke (Assistant Master of the Western Capital Offices) Okiyasu ABE (who was the fifth son of Haretoyo KAJUJI, a Jun-daijin (Vice Minister)) was adopted by his uncle Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Mitsutoyo KAJUJI and was named SHIBAYAMA.	右京亮・阿部致康（准大臣・勧修寺晴豊の五男）の実子である大蔵卿・勧修寺宣豊が、叔父である権大納言・勧修寺光豊の猶子となり、芝山を称したのにはじまる。
Originally, Shibayama was an another name for the KAJUJI family, and the first family head of the KAJUJI family, Naidaijin (minister of the center) Tsuneaki KAJUJI was also called Naidaijin Shibayama.	芝山とは元々勧修寺家の別称であり、勧修寺家初代、内大臣・勧修寺経顕も芝山内大臣と称した。
After the first family head, Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Nobutoyo SHIBAYAMA, waka poetry had been their family business for generations, and they also had 100 koku crop yields of rice during the Edo period. During the Meiji Era, the tenth family head was Yoshitoyo SHIBAYAMA, and the family was raised to the peer level and to viscount.	初代・権大納言・芝山宣豊以降、代々歌道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米100石であった。 10代・芝山慶豊で明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
The family crest was the Take ni suzume (bamboo and sparrow) following after the Kajuji family. The family temple was Shojoke-in Temple. Their residence was in Inzan-cho Nishiyori.	家紋は、勧修寺家に倣い「竹に雀」。菩提所は、浄華院。居所は、院参町西寄とした。
Meibutsu can be regarded as a rating of tea utensils.	名物（めいぶつ）とは、茶道具においては格付けの一種類と捉えることが出来る。
While in a broad sense, meibutsu indicates all good tea utensils which have nicknames, and generally refers to utensils selected and is listed on records such as Meibutsuki (Record of specialty).	広義には愛称としての銘を備えた道具の全てを指すが、一般的には名物記などに登場する道具を指す。
Further, in some cases, Meibutsu is limited to utensils that were famous during the time of SEN no Rikyu against O-meibutsu (explained below) and Chuko-meibutsu (explained below).	さらに大名物（おおめいぶつ）と中興名物（ちゅうこうめいぶつ）に対して、千利休時代に著名であった道具を指す場合もある。
In the early Edo period, Enshu KOBORI picked up Kuniyaki Chaire (tea containers) made in Japan which have been made light of until the time, and he placed inscriptions according to the utensils' characteristics after the themes of waka poems (waka inscriptions).	江戸初期には、小堀遠州がそれまで軽んじられていた日本製の国焼茶入を取上げ、和歌を題材に道具の個性にちなんだ銘を付けた（和歌銘）。
In the late Edo period, Harusato MATSUDAIRA (Fumaiko)'s "Unshu Meibutsu cho" (Fumai Matsudaira's records about the collection of tea utensils of Izumo Province) was published and after this, the grades of 'O-meibutsu' (great famous objects), 'Meibutsu' (famous objects) and 'Chuko meibutsu' (later famous objects) prevailed.	江戸後期には松平不昧（松平治郷）の『雲州名物帳』が刊行されるが、これにより同書の「大名物」、「名物」、「中興名物」という格付けが普及した。
Chuko-Meibutsu In contrast to the O-meibutsu above, tea utensils famous in the age of Rikyu were simply called 'Meibutsu' and the utensils set lower than the 'Meibutsu' belonged in the 'Chuko-meibutsu' category. They were also determined by the "Unshu Meibutsu cho" and kuniyaki chaire which were loved by Enshu became central to this.	中興名物「大名物」に対しては、利休時代に著名であった道具を単に「名物」と称しており、その下に設定されたのが「中興名物」である。これも『雲州名物帳』によって決められており、遠州が好んだ国焼茶入が主体となっている。
This is a common processing method used in areas where there is a large volume of fish caught and dried fish is being produced in countries around the world in addition to Japan.	魚が豊富に捕れる地域で行われる加工法であり、日本のみならず世界各国で作られている。
Aong with rice, miso soup, pickles, Japanese omelet and nori seaweed sheet, dried fish is one of the essential items on the breakfast table in Japan. It is also popular as a souvenier in the oceanfront areas throughout Japan.	日本ではご飯、味噌汁、漬物、卵焼き、海苔と並んで和食の朝食には欠かせない一品である。また全国の海辺では土産品としてよく使われている。
Kanbutsu (dry food) is another form of dried seafood, but is made by thoroughly drying part of it, or the whole seafood.	同じ魚介類の乾燥品としては乾物もあるが、乾物は身の一部または全てを完全乾燥させて作られている。
Ventilation is considered particularly important when making dried fish and it is believed that the best dried fish is produced when it is exposed to dry air blowing in winter. In summer, the intense heat of the sun cooks the fish spoiling its flavor. In view of the foregoing, it is said that shade-dried fish tastes better.	干物は風通しを特に重要視するため、乾燥した空気が吹き込む冬場の物が美味しいとされている。また、夏場は日光に当てると煮立ってしまい美味しさを損ねる。この為日陰干しが美味しいと言われている。
Even when the term 'drying in the sun' is used, it is common to dry fish in the sun for approximately one hour and then placed into the shade for the rest of drying process. The photograph accompanying this article shows fish drying in the sun, but they remain in the sun for a very brief period and approximately one hour after being dried, the fish will be available to sell.	実際に天日干しと言っても１時間程度干すだけであとは影にて干す事が多い。本稿の写真では天日で干しているが、その時間も短時間で、干したあと1時間程度で直ぐに販売される。
Surume-ika (also known as atarime)	スルメ-イカ（「あたりめ」とも呼ぶ）
Namaboshi (also referred to as Wakaboshi) (lightly salted and semi-dried) and Ichiyaboshi (salted and dried overnight) Since a very small amount of water has been removed, this type of dried fish has a poor shelf-life and requires refrigeration. Well-dried fish is referred to as superior dried fish.	生干し（若干し）や一夜干し軽く水分を抜くだけにとどめたもので、保存が効かないため、冷蔵庫での貯蔵が必要となっている。乾燥度を上げたものは上乾○○などと呼ばれる。
This drying method is used for fish such as shishamo smelts (Spirinchus lanceolatus), saffron cods and flounders.	シシャモ、コマイ、カレイ類など。
Maruboshi (whole dried fish) Whole fish with innards left intact are dried by the namaboshi method. Mezashi (several dried fish held together by a bamboo skewer or a piece of straw passed through their eyes)	丸干し内臓を取らずに生干ししたもの。目刺
Hirakiboshi (dried butterflied-fish) Dried fish that has been cleaned and butterflied. Fish used for this method include saury (Cololabis saira), Japanese horse mackerel, mackerel, hokke (Okhostk Atka mackerel) and Japanese barracuda.	開き干し内臓を取り開いて干したもの。サンマ、アジ、サバ、ホッケ、カマスなど。
Seasoned dried fish Fish that have been marinated in seasoning and dried. Dried fish produced by this method are called kusaya muroaji (Decapterus) and are marinated into a kind of fish sauce and then dried in the sun.	調味干し調味液に漬け干したもの。くさや-ムロアジ
Mirinboshi Fish marinated in mirin (type of sweet sake used in cooking) and dried. Mirinboshi which is made using small butterflied fish is also referred to as sakuraboshi.	味醂干し味醂に漬け込み、干したもの。小魚を開いて作った味醂干しのことを桜干しとも言う。
Kanpuboshi (drying in a salt breeze) Fish dried in a salt breeze. Saketoba (the skin-on salmon fillets, thinly sliced lengthwise, rinsed in sea water and dried in a salt breeze).	寒風干し潮風に当てて干したもの。鮭とば。
Salted Dried Fish Fish salted and dried.	塩干し塩漬けにしたものを干したもの。
Yakiboshi (fish broiled over charcoal) Fish that is broiled over charcoal to reduce water content.	焼き干し焼いて水分を抜いたもの。
Koriboshi (freeze dry) Using a similar method when producing kanbutsu dry food, fish are repeatedly frozen a number of times until dry.	凍干し乾物と同じ方法で何度も凍結させて乾燥させたもの。
Niboshi (boiled and dried fish) Fish that have been boiled and subsequently dried. Shirasuboshi, boiled and dried young anchovies.	煮干し煮てから乾燥させたもの。しらす干し。
Sardines - Anchovies are mainly used.	イワシ - 主にカタクチイワシを使う。
Main Examples of Dried Fish	主な干物
Fushimi-ko was a port categorized as a river port that once existed in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture. Until around 1950 it was a flourishing port that linked Kyoto and Osaka through water transportation. (WGS 84).	伏見港（ふしみこう）は京都府京都市伏見区にかつて存在した港湾分類。 1950年代頃まで京都と大阪を結ぶ水運の拠点として栄えた。（WGS 84）。
Hanafubuki is the state in which flower petals are falling like a snowstorm.	花吹雪（はなふぶき）とは、花びらが、あたかも雪がふぶいているかのごとく舞い散るさまのことである。
The Kasuga family was one of Japan's noble families.	春日家（かすがけ）は、公家の家名である。
The famine of Yowa was a devastating famine that occurred in 1181. The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).	養和の飢饉（ようわのききん）とは、1181年に発生した大飢饉。源氏・平氏による争乱期（治承・寿永の乱）の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
Summary The rainfall in 1180 was well below normal, and crop yields decreased significantly due to drought, and the entire western Japan including Kyoto was plagued by famine the following year. Not only did many people starve to death, but also a large number of farmers fled from their homes. The local communities collapsed and chaos spread across the country.	概要前年の1180年が極端に降水量が少ない年であり、干魃により農産物の収穫量が激減、翌年には京都を含め西日本一帯が飢饉に陥った。大量の餓死者は発生もちろんのこと、土地を捨てて逃亡する農民が多数発生。地域社会が崩壊し、混乱は全国的に波及した。
Kaneto SHINDO (April 22, 1912 -) is a Japanese movie director and screenwriter. He is a pioneer of independent film in Japan. Chairman of Kindai Eiga Kyokai. Honorary citizen of Hiroshima Prefecture. His grandsons Kaze SHINDO and Rikiya SHINDO are a film director and a ring announcer for DDT Pro-Wrestling respectively.	新藤兼人（しんどうかねと、本名：新藤兼登（読み方同じ）、1912年4月22日 -）は日本の映画監督、脚本家である。日本のインディペンデント映画の先駆者である。近代映画協会会長。広島県名誉県民。孫の新藤風は映画監督、新藤力也はDDTプロレスリングのリング・アナウンサー。
Ie seido was abolished as a major revision was made to the Old Civil Codes according to establishment of the Constitution of Japan in1947 and sections of relatives and Inheritance were completely changed.	日本国憲法の制定に合わせて年に民法の大改正が行われ、親族編・相続編が根本的に改められたことにより、家制度は終了した。
The concept of 'Ie (household)'. Members of a Ie are classified as a family head and other family members. Therefore, a family head is a leader of Ie (household), and family members are those who consist of Ie and are not a family head.	「家」の概念家は、戸主と家族から構成される。戸主は家の統率者であり、家族は家を構成する者のうち戸主でない者をいう。
Head of a family Head of a family is considered as a leader of a Ie and his/her name was put at head of a koseki. Therefore identification of a koseki is conducted by a name of head of a family and his/her registered address.	戸主戸主は、家の統率者としての身分を持つ者であり戸籍上は筆頭に記載された。このため、戸籍の特定は戸主の氏名と本籍で行われることになる。
The rights and obligations of a family head A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.	戸主権・戸主の義務戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う（ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先）ほか、主に以下のような権能（戸主権）を有していた。
Consent right regarding marriage of family members and adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 750)	家族の婚姻・養子縁組に対する同意権（旧民法750条）
Consent right regarding registration and deregistration of family members on household registers (except situations in which registration and deregistration is needed from a legal standpoint) (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735, 737 and 738).	家族の入籍又は去家に対する同意権（ただし、法律上当然に入籍・除籍が生じる場合を除く）（旧民法735条・737条・738条）
Right to determine residence of family member (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)	家族の居所指定権（旧民法749条）
Right to remove family member from household register	家籍から排除する権利
Female head of a family In principle, a head of a family must be a male, but female head of a family existed in case of creation of a new household register by illegitimate children or succession to a family. However, there were some differences compared to male head of a family.	女戸主戸主は男性であることが原則であるが、女性であっても家督相続や庶子・私生児などによる一家創立など、女戸主もあり得た。しかし男戸主に比べ、いくつかの差があった。
Those examples are based on thoughts that a male head of a family is more appropriate than a female head of a family and a head of a family should be a male in principle.	これらの扱いは、女性は家の管理者には適さず、男戸主を原則としたいという考えによるものである。
The foundation and abolition of a Ie As forms of foundation of an Ie, there are 3 cases which are a branch family, restoration of an abolished family and creation of a family, and as forms of abolition of an Ie there are two cases which are abolished families (廃家) and ended families (絶家).	家の設立・消滅新たに家が設立される形態として分家、廃絶家再興、一家創立が、家が消滅する形態として廃家、絶家がある。
Restoration of an abolished Ie. This means someone who has a relationship with an abolished Ie or/and an ended Ie(廃家・絶家) will be a head of the family to revive the Ie. Followings are requirements regarding restoration of abolished Ie.	廃絶家再興廃家・絶家した家を、縁故者が戸主となり再興すること。廃絶家再興の主な要件は次のとおりである。
Creation of a family Unlike succession of a family or creation of a branch family, this is a case that a household will be created by laws, regardless of will of a new family head.	一家創立家督相続や分家とは異なり、新たに戸主になる者の意思とは無関係に、法律の規定により当然に家が設立される場合をいう。
Zekke (Extinct families) It indicates a household which is abolished because there is no successor after former head of the family died even though the process of succession of the family head position has began (the Old Civil Codes, Article 764). An abolished family is a case that depends on determination of the head of a family but an extinct family is based on unavoidable occurrence.	絶家戸主が死亡したことなどにより家督相続が開始されたにもかかわらず、家督相続人となる者がいないために、家が消滅することをいう（旧民法764条）。廃家が戸主の意志を元に行うのに対し、絶家は不可抗力により生じる。
Hina arare is a kind of Japanese confectionery that is offered at the Dolls' Festival (March 3rd).	雛霰（ひなあられ）とは、桃の節句（3月3日）に供えられる節句菓子であり、和菓子の一種。

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.