Split (3)

train · 28.1k rows

english large_stringlengths 0 467	japanese large_stringlengths 0 212
In Europe etc, the vernal equinox marks the opening of spring. The day is a public holiday in a number of countries.	ヨーロッパなどでは、春分をもって春の開始とする。いくつかの国では休日とされる。
Summary	概論
In principle, deerskin is used as a leather. This is because the deerskin is the most appropriate in flexibility, moisture absorbency, durability and fine texture which feels soft. In rare cases, other leather is used for decorative purposes, but the leather originating from deerskin such as inden (tanned deerskin or sheepskin) and so on are used in many decorations.	皮革には原則としてシカ革が使用される。これは柔軟性、吸湿性、耐久性、肌理が細かく肌触りが良い、という点から、鹿革が最も適している為である。稀に装飾目的で別の皮革が使用される場合もあるが、装飾に於いても多くは印伝等の鹿革由来のものが使われる。
Yawaraka boshi, also referred to as Wa boshi (a soft glove [without a hardened thumb]) The boshi (thumb) has no tsuno inside to be reinforced, and there is just more than two sheets of leather on it. That is why a thumb can move freely and is said to be advantageous in "Kyudo-shaho hassetsu" (eight arts of shooting an arrow) because there is no extra resistance against a thumb.	柔帽子・和帽子（やわらかぼうし・わぼうし）帽子（親指）に固めの為の角が入っておらず、皮革が２枚以上重ねてあるのみである。このため親指の自由が効き“弓道射法八節”の際に余分な抵抗が無いため有利であるとされる。
Mitsugake without yawaraka boshi and hikae is sometimes used when a beginner starts to draw a bow or when an amateur experimentally does so because the feel of setting a string is easy and the wrist can move freely. It has the oldest history in the yugake for kyudo and is structurally similar to the yugake used by samurais.	柔帽子・控え無しの三ツガケは、弦を掛ける感触が掴み易く且つ手首が自由な事から、初心者が弓を引き始める頃、または未経験者が体験的に弓を引く際に使わせる事もある。弓道用のユガケの中では最も歴史が古く、武士が使っていたユガケに近い作りをしている。
Fushinuki (yugake shooting glove) It is the structure where the backside part of thumb of boshi's tsuno is hollowed out. It does not reinforce around the thumb and is easy to adjust for the size of thumb. It is a kind of kataboshi yugake and chikuringake shooting glove and so on are fushinuki.	節抜き（ふしぬき）帽子の角の親指背にあたる部分が刳り貫かれ開いている造り。親指全周を固めないため、親指の太さに合わせ易い。堅帽子のユガケの作りの一種で、竹林ガケ等が節抜き。
Chikuringake A unique yugake of Heki-ryu Chikurin-ha school (of Kyudo). It is a mitsugake and kataboshi of fushinuki. The tip of a thumb and ball of a middle finger which a string touches are patched with a leather, and it is a unique making overall.	竹林弽（ちくりんがけ）日置流竹林派（ちくりんは）独自のユガケ。三ツガケ、節抜きの堅帽子。親指先、中指の腹の取り掛けの際に接触する部分に当て皮革がされており、全体的に独特な作りとなっている。
As it is made soft, 'kohimo' (a thin strap) is put around a thumb and the strap is tightened to assist the movement of a boshi in "Kyudo-shaho hassetsu."	柔らかく作られている為、“弓道射法八節”に於ける帽子の働きを助ける為に「小紐」を一回り親指に絡めてカケ紐を締める。
Since hikae is not reinforced, 'kohimo' is twined around thumb once and tighten kake himo (a leather strap for securing a yugake) to assist the movement of boshi in "Kyudo-shaho hassetsu."	控えが固められていない為、“弓道射法八節”に於ける帽子の働きを助ける為に「小紐」を一回り親指に絡めてカケ紐を締める。
Oshitegake (a yugake glove for the left hand) Yugake for left hand. There are various types such as the one covering only a thumb, the one covering a forefinger and a thumb, the one covering a whole hand and a wrist and so on. The main purpose of this is to protect the left hand, It is not necessary to wear it if the feeling is not right for the user, so the number of the user is not big.	押し手弽（おしてがけ）左手に挿すユガケ。親指のみ覆うもの、人差し指・親指を覆うもの、手首まで覆うもの、形状は様々ある。主に左手を保護する為のもの。感覚に合わなければ使用する必要もなく使用者は多く無い。
Names of parts Boshi It is the part from the tip to the base of the thumb, which is about 5cm long. It is an important part because it sets a string and receives pressure from the string, and affects the good or ill of shooting such as the angle at which the boshi is set, the thickness, the form and so on.	各部名称帽子（ぼうし）親指先から親指根にあたる5cm前後の部分。弦を掛け、弦の圧力を受ける部分で、帽子の取り付け角度、太さ、形状等、行射の善し悪しに関わる重要な部位である。
Hikae, ichinokoshi The part which surrounds koshi and covers the base of the thumb to the wrist and covers the lower end of yugake, which is the radius side. For the yugake with hikae, a piece of cowhide is inserted to reinforce in this part. Also, the figure or hardness of a hikae differently influence the Kyudo-shaho hassetsu.	控え・一の腰（ひかえ・いちのこし）腰を囲うように親指根から手首、ユガケの下端まで橈骨側を覆う部分。控え付きはここに牛革が入れられ固められている。やはり控えの形状や硬さ如何によって弓道射法八節への影響のが変わる。
Tsurumizo (a groove of a yugake glove to set a string) It is a part which is inside of tsurumakura, under a bump and the part where a string is set.	弦溝（つるみぞ）弦枕の内、段差の下、弦が乗る部分。
Do The part which is from the wrist to the top of hand. It consists of a sheet of deerskin and the wrist part has a margin for wrapping the wrist. For mitsugake and yotsugake, one sheet of deerskin covers from the forefinger to the middle finger.	胴（どう）手首から手の甲まで繋がる部分。鹿革一枚からなり、手首部分は手首に巻けるよう巻きしろが取られている。三ツガケ、四ツガケは人差し指、中指まで一枚に繋がった裁断がされている。
Kohimo It is a thin belt-like strap made from a deerskin, which is attached to hikae and tied to himo. Chikuringake, morogake and so on are made longer for kohimo to twine the thumb.	小紐（こひも）控え部分から付けられ紐を結び付ける鹿革製の細い帯状の紐。竹林ガケや諸ガケ等は小紐を親指に絡めるため長目に造られている。
Himo, o It is a belt-like thing which ties a yugake at the wrist part. The himo is wound in the order of do, kohimo and himo, and tied up at the top of hand or inside of hand. Among the parts of a yugake, it is the only one which is interchangeable. Generally a himo is dyed in the same color as a yugake or purple.	紐・緒（ひも・お）ユガケを手首部分で巻き止める帯状のもの。胴、小紐、紐の順で巻かれ、手の甲側、或は内側で結び止める。ユガケの中で唯一交換可能な部分。ユガケと同色か紫に染められた紐が一般的。
Shoju (followers) was a category of slave that existed in Medieval Japan.	所従（しょじゅう）とは中世の日本に存在した隷属身分の一。
In 1181 he was assigned to zoji chokan (a head in the construction of temple) of the Todai-ji Temple which had been destroyed in an attack to Nanto (southern capital - Nara) of the Taira family, and he made an effort to revive it. He worked cooperating with Chogen SHUNJYOBO who was in charge of Zotodaiji daikanjinshiki, but died before the project was completed.	養和元年(1181年)には、平家の南都攻めによって消失していた東大寺の造寺長官に任ぜられ、その復興に当たった。造東大寺大勧進職に就いた俊乗坊重源と協力し任務に当たったが、事業の完成を見ることなく死去している。
Hisamoto NIJO (1471 - November 13, 1497) was a Kugyo (the top court officials) who lived in the Muromachi period. His father was Masatsugu NIJO. His mother was Kenshi (also pronounced as Kaneko), who was an adopted child of Kanesato HIROHASHI. His child was Tadafusa NIJO. His go (byname) was Gonyohojuin. He was granted the rank of Shonii (Senior Second Rank).	二条尚基（にじょうひさもと、文明 (日本)3年（1471年） - 明応6年10月10日 (旧暦)（1497年11月4日））は室町時代の公卿。二条政嗣の子。母は広橋兼郷の猶子、兼子。子は二条尹房。号は後如法寿院。正二位。
So-okite was a statute defined independently by peasants within a soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) in medieval Japan. It is also known as muraokite (village rules) and jige okite (lower class nobles' rules).	惣掟（そうおきて）は、中世日本において、百姓らが自主的に定めた惣村内部の法令。村掟（むらおきて）、地下掟（じげおきて）ということもある。
Summary So-okite was usually resolved in an assembly with all members of a soson. Therefore, so-okite was strongly effective to the members of soson. The penal regulations were very severe; in particular the crimes that disturbed the order of community (such as theft, arson and homicide) resulted in the death penalty in almost all cases.	概説惣掟は、惣村の全構成員による寄合で決議されることが多かった。そのため、惣村構成員に対する惣掟の効力は非常に強く作用した。特に、共同体秩序を崩壊させるような行為（窃盗、放火、殺人など）に対する罰則は、ほとんどの場合で死刑とされており、大変厳しいものであった。
On the other hand, although penal regulations for other violations were banishment from a soson or confiscation of property, they were usually pardoned after a fixed period (several months to several years) by the public discussion of the soson.	その反面、その他の規定に対する違反については、惣村からの追放や財産の没収という罰則を伴っていたが、一定年限（数ヶ月～数年）が経過した後は、惣村の衆議によって解除されるケースがほとんどであった。
Examples of so-okite	惣掟の例
Morimichi MOTONO (September 25, 1836 - December 10, 1909) was a government official and businessman in Japan. Real surname is Hatta.	本野盛亨（もとのもりみち、1836年9月25日（天保7年8月15日 (旧暦)） - 1909年（明治42年）12月10日）は、日本の官僚、実業家。本姓は八田。
Maejima Wharf is located in Maizuru Port in Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture. Since 埠 in 埠頭 is not included in the Chinese characters designated for everyday use, the characters 前島ふ頭 instead of 前島埠頭 are sometimes used, for example, on signboards.	前島埠頭（まえじまふとう）は、京都府舞鶴市にある舞鶴港の埠頭。埠頭の埠の字が常用漢字に含まれないため、看板などには「前島ふ頭」と記されている事もある。
Kayain was one of the Satodairi (temporary imperial residence) in Heian-kyo. It was a huge residence located west of Nishinotoin Oji street and north of Oinomikado Oji street, the size was approx. 218m from north to south (later it was enlarged to approx. 436m).	高陽院（かやいん・賀陽院）は、平安京にあった里内裏の一つ。西洞院大路の西・大炊御門大路の北にあった南北2町（後4町）の大規模な邸宅であった。
A zabuton (Japanese cushion) is an item of furnishing for placing under the legs or bottom when sitting on the floor or tatami. A zabuton is a square shape with each side being approximately tens of centimeters long and several centimeters thick and they are similar in form to futon mattresses only smaller.	座布団（ざぶとん）とは、床や畳の上に座る際に、臀部、膝、脚の下に宛がう調度品。厚さが数センチ程、一辺が数十センチ程の、ほぼ正方形をしており、寝具の布団を小さくしたような形状である。
"Shinju Tenno Amishima" refers to Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU. The first performance was given at Osaka Takemotoza (the puppet theater in Osaka) on January 3, 1721. This consists of three acts in total, and is categorized as Sewa-mono (play dealing with the lives of ordinary people).	『心中天網島』（しんじゅうてんのあみしま）は、近松門左衛門作の浄瑠璃。享保5年12月6日（1721年1月3日）、大坂竹本座で初演。全三段の世話物。
Jihe who lost his hopes went to Shinchi with a blank mind. He came to see Koharu. Jihe told a reason to Koharu who was suspicious of his visit because she thought he gave her up, and made a promise again to commit suicide with Koharu so as to go to a world together where they would not be bound by anything.	望みを失った治兵衛は虚ろな心のままに新地へ赴く。小春に会いに来たのだ。別れた筈なのにと訝しがる小春に訳を話し、もう何にも縛られぬ世界へ二人で行こうと治兵衛は再び小春と心中する事を約束した。
Jihe who made an arrangement with Koharu in advance crossed many bridges from the Shijimi-gawa River, and headed to Daicho-ji Temple in Amishima. Then, at around dawn on October 14, after Jihe and Koharu cut their hair to disconnect with the secular world, Jihe knifed Koharu in the throat, and hung himself to loyal to Osan, to commit love suicide.	小春と予め示し合わせておいた治兵衛は、蜆川から多くの橋を渡って網島の大長寺に向かう。そして10月14日の夜明け頃、二人は俗世との縁を絶つ為に髪を切った後、治兵衛は小春の喉首を刺し、自らはおさんへの義理立てのため、首を吊って心中した。
Sukemura NASU (1190? - 1268?) was a person who lived during the Kamakura period. He was the sixth head of the Nasu clan in Shimotsuke Province. He was the son of the fifth family head, Mitsusuke NASU. He was the father of Sukeie NASU, the seventh family head, and Sukemasa SAWAMURA. He was the Governor of Hizen Province. He was also called Taro.	那須資村（なすすけむら、建久元年（1190年）？　-　文永五年（1268年）？）は鎌倉時代の人物。下野国那須氏六代当主。五代当主那須光資の子。七代当主那須資家、沢村資祗の父。肥前守。太郎。
When he was a devoted believer of Nenbutsu sect and became a disciple of the holy priest Shinran, he was given the name Shinganbo kyonen as his go (byname) and founded Jigan-ji Temple in 1223. It is said that he lived to a great age of 78.	念仏宗に帰依し、親鸞上人の弟子となり信願房教念と号し、貞応2年（1223年）に慈願寺を創設した。 78歳の長寿を保ったという。
Mizuame is a mucoid sweetener made by saccharifying acid and diastatic enzymes with starch. It is a mixture of glucose, maltose, and dextrin, and the main component is malt sugar. It is almost transparent in a normal state, but it becomes silver gray when it is aerated by kneading.	水飴（みずあめ）は、デンプンを酸や糖化酵素で糖化して作られた粘液状の甘味料。グルコース、マルトース、デキストリンなどの混合物で、主成分は麦芽糖である。常態ではほぼ透明だが、混練して空気を含ませると銀白色を呈する。
Hikozaburo SHIBATA (1840 - August 3, 1866), was a lowly member of the Shinsengumi (a special force that guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).	柴田彦三郎（しばたひこさぶろう、天保11年（1840年） - 慶応2年6月23日 (旧暦)（1866年8月3日））は新選組平隊士。
His grave is in Koen-ji Temple.	墓は光縁寺にある。
Jogan gishiki is a book of ceremonies that is believed to have been compiled during the Jogan era (Japan) during the early Heian period (book) (book of ceremony). Provided, however, that the title of all existent books is "Gishiki" and some people assert that this is the correct book title. The book consists of ten volumes.	貞観儀式（じょうがんぎしき）は、平安時代前期の貞観 (日本)年間に編纂されたとされる儀式 (書物)（儀式書）。ただし、現存書の書名は全て『儀式』（ぎしき）となっており、これを正しい書名とする見解もある。全10巻。
Kazuo MORI (January 15, 1911-June 29, 1989) was a film director in the Showa period. He was also commonly called 'Issei MORI.'	森一生（もりかずお、1911年1月15日 - 1989年6月29日）は、昭和期の映画監督。通り名で「もりいっせい」とも呼ばれる。
He was born in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, and entered Nikkatsu Uzumasa movie studio in 1933 after graduation from Faculty of Letters, Kyoto Imperial University.	愛媛県松山市に生まれ、京都帝国大学文学部を卒業後、1933年日活太秦撮影所に入社する。
After that, he transferred to Shinko Cinema and debuted as a director with "Adauchi hizakurige" in 1936 after serving as an assistant director of Daisuke ITO (a film director). Then, he transferred to Daiei, which absorbed Shinko Cinema and made "Osaka shonin" (Osaka merchant) and others, but was soon called up for military service.	その後、新興キネマに移り、伊藤大輔 (映画監督)の助監督を経て、1936年、『仇討膝栗毛』で監督デビューする。その後新興キネマを吸収した大映に移籍し、『大阪商人』などを制作するが、程なく応召される。
After the bankruptcy of Daiei in 1971, he produced many TV dramas including "Monjiro KOGARASHI," "Zatoichi monogatari" (Zatoichi Story) and "Seishi YOKOMIZO series." He died on June 29, 1989. He died in his 79th year (at the age of 78).	1971年の大映倒産後は、テレビドラマの演出を手がけ、『木枯し紋次郎』、『座頭市物語』、『横溝正史シリーズ』など多くの作品を手がけた。 1989年6月29日死去。享年79（78歳没）
He rendered distinguished service in the golden age of Daiei period dramas and had many fans thanks to his unique way of speaking.	大映時代劇の黄金期を支えた功労者であり、その独特の語り口はファンも多い。
The Rokkaku-dori Street is a street running east-west through Kyoto City. It runs from Nishi Kiyamachi-dori Street in the east to Nishi-iru, Sainishi-dori Street in the west. The street is brroken up by the JR Sanin Main Line and five other forked roads which intersect with Bojo-dori Street and Koin-dori Street until the street reaches the northern edge of Suzaku Junior High School.	六角通（ろっかくどおり）は京都市内の東西の通りの一つ。東は西木屋町通から西は佐井西通西入ルまで。途中で坊城通・後院通との五叉路から朱雀中学校の北まではJR山陰本線などにより分断されている。
It corresponds to Rokkakukoji of Heiankyo.	平安京の六角小路にあたる。
The name of the street comes from Rokkakudo of Choho-ji Temple located between Higashinotoin-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street.	通りの名前は東洞院通と烏丸通の間にある頂法寺の六角堂に由来する。
The street between Kawaramachi-dori Street and Teramachi-dori Street is a public nonsmoking area.	河原町通から寺町通までが路上喫煙等禁止区域である。
Main Facilities along the Street	沿道の主な施設
Seigan-ji Temple	誓願寺
Choho-ji Temple (Rokkakudo)	頂法寺（六角堂）
The "haneri" is a detachable neckpieces for kimonos that is sewed on a juban, underwear for wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes).	半衿（はんえり）とは、和服用の下着である襦袢に縫い付ける替え衿のこと。
This names derives from the fact that its length is about half of the actual collar.	名前は、その長さが実際の襟の半分程度であることから。
Although its main purpose is to shield juban from dusts, sebum and/or hairdressings (when it gets dirty, you can take it off, wash it out and use it over and over), it is regarded as an important point in dressing since it is put on at the site near the face. Some products with embroidery decorations cost hundreds of thousands yen (several thousand dollars).	本来の目的は襦袢を埃、皮脂や整髪料から保護するもの（汚れたらはずして洗濯し、何度も使用する）であるが、顔に近い部位に身につけるものであることから着こなしのポイントとして重要視される。刺繍などによる豪華な装飾を施した数十万円近い価格帯の半襟も存在する。
Taking it as a part of underwear, haneri is an exceptional one among various ethnic costumes in the world, because a part of haneri falls into someone's eye when it is formally dressed.	半襟をも下着の一部と考えれば、その一部を見せるのが正式の着用法である点で、世界の民族衣装のなかでも例外的である。
Jutaro CHIBA (1824-May 7, 1885) was a swordsman of the Hokushin Itto-ryu Style in the Edo Period.	千葉重太郎（ちばじゅうたろう、文政7年（1824年） - 明治18年（1885年）5月7日）は、江戸時代の北辰一刀流の剣客。
He was a feudal retainer of the Tottori clan. He was a son of Sadakichi CHIBA who was the founder of Okemachi Chiba-dojo (a training hall, commonly called Kochiba). Ryoma SAKAMOTO was a student of dojo as well as Jutaro's friend. And his sister, Sanako, was Ryoma's fiance (or rumored to be his wife).	鳥取藩士。桶町千葉道場（小千葉）の創始者千葉定吉の息子。坂本龍馬は門人にして友人。また妹の千葉さな子は坂本龍馬の婚約者（妻とも）である。
He was known posthumously as Kazutane. He eventually brought Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Kaishu KATSU together.	諱は一胤（かずたね）。坂本龍馬と勝海舟を結果的に引き合わせることになった人物である。
In 1853, Jutaro became in charge of Chiba-dojo after his father, Sadakichi, was appointed as a swordplay instructor for Tottori clan at Edo residence of Tottori Domain.	嘉永6年（1853年）に父・定吉が鳥取藩の剣術師範に就任し、鳥取藩江戸屋敷詰となったため道場は重太郎に任されることとなる。
Around that time, Ryoma SAKAMOTO who came to Edo from Tosa Province became a student at Chiba-dojo, therefore, it is believed that Jutaro was the principal instructor who taught swordplay to Ryoma.	このころ、土佐から江戸に出てきた坂本龍馬が千葉道場に入門しているので、龍馬に剣術指南をしたのは主に重太郎であったと考えられる。
Furthermore, Jutaro himself joined the Tottori clan in 1860. While being involved in the politics of Edo as one of the Tottori clan members, he began to feel opposed to Kaishu KATSU's idea of opening Japan to foreign countries.	さらに万延元年（1860年）には重太郎自身も鳥取藩に仕官。重太郎は鳥取藩士として江戸政界に関わる中で勝海舟の開国論に反感を抱くようになる。
Jutaro widely appears in many fiction works including 'Ryoma ga yuku' (a novel) by Ryotaro SHIBA and 'Ryoma ni omakase !' (a TV drama) scripted by Koki MITANI. Jutaro was described as a cheerful, active, and likable young man in many works.	創作作品では、司馬遼太郎作「竜馬がゆく」から三谷幸喜の「竜馬におまかせ!」まで幅広いところで出現している。多くの作品において明朗快活な好青年として描かれる。
Moreover, from the aspect of 'a successor of Chiba-dojo', it is not often mentioned that he and his father were both members of the Tottori clan. (Note that he had already served for Tottori Domain when he attempted to assassinate Kaishu.).	また、「千葉道場の跡取り」というイメージからか、父共々鳥取藩士であったことは描かれないことが多い。（海舟暗殺未遂事件の時には既に鳥取藩に仕官していることに注意）。
Kiyonari YOSHIDA (March 21, 1845 - August 3, 1891) was a feudal retainer of Satsuma Domain during the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate. He was a bureaucrat during the Meiji period. His original name was Minoji. His common name was Taro. While studying abroad, he changed name and identified as Momosuke NAGAI.	吉田清成（よしだきよなり、1845年3月21日（弘化2年2月14日_(旧暦)）- 1891年（明治24年）8月3日）は、幕末の薩摩藩。明治期の官僚。元の名は巳之次。通称は太郎。留学中の変名は永井五百助。
Shinobi-monomi is a way of patrolling during the Sengoku period where a person hides in fields and mountains and searches for the enemy's situation in the battle field.	忍び物見（しのびものみ）は、戦国時代 (日本)、戦場で、山野に隠れて敵情をさぐる斥候。
It was also called as shibami or kamari.	しばみ、かまり、ともいった。
Outline In Shinobi-monomi, a person conceals himself unnoticed in the mountains and fields, hides behind a bush and searches the state of the territory and the movement of the enemy. Shinobi-monomi was classified lower than the usual monomi (which is equal to the later shoko-sekko (officer patrol)) and tosotsu (foot soldier) and ashigaru (common foot soldier) were assigned to perform this task.	概略だれにも見つからないように山野に伏し、草むらにかくれ、敵地の形勢、敵兵の動静などを視察する。ふつうの物見（のちの将校斥候くらいに相当する）よりは地位は低く、徒卒、足軽などがあてられた。
There is a description in 'Kenbunzatsuroku' on Nobunaga ODA making a monomi search for the enemy's state. In 'Ouu Eikei Gunki' (a war chronicle), Masamune DATE used a shibami to guard against a night attack by the enemy.	「見聞雑録」には、織田信長が忍び物見を出して敵情をさぐらせたことがある。「奥羽永慶軍記」には、伊達政宗が芝見（しばみ）をつかって敵の夜討を警戒したことがある。
Haiku is Japanese poetry structured in the set form of 5-7-5 syllables. It is the shortest form of poetry in the world. A person who composes haiku poems is called a "haijin" (a haiku poet).	俳句（はいく）とは五・七・五の音節から成る日本語の定型詩である。世界最短の詩である。俳句を詠む（作る）人を俳人と呼ぶ。
Haiku includes muki haiku (haiku without seasonal reference) and haiku without any fixed patterns; however, there are arguments against having these included in haiku poetry.	無季俳句、自由律俳句も含まれるがそれを俳句と認めない立場も存在する。
Additionally, three-line poems in non-Japanese languages, such as English, are also called 'Haiku.' In these haiku poems, there is no 5-7-5 syllable constraint, and in many cases there are no kigo (seasonal references).	また、英語などの非日本語による3行詩も「Haiku」と称される。日本語以外の俳句では五・七・五のシラブルの制約がなく、季語もない場合が多い。
Recently, the non-Japanese have even begun to create haiku poems in Japanese. Currently, such non-Japanese haiku poets include Seigan MABUSON (Laurent MABESOON), ドウ-グル and Arthur BINARD.	現在では外国人が日本語で俳句を作ることも始まった。そうした外国人の俳人には現在マブソン青眼、ドウーグル、アーサー・ビナードなどがいる。
Established on the tradition of the Japanese shika, haiku poetry, though short in length, has the characteristic features of expressing images and emotions through the use of rhythm based on the 5-7-5 syllabic sounds, 'kigo' (seasonal references), and 'kire' (cut).	日本の詩歌の伝統をひきついで成立した俳句は、五・七・五の音数による言葉の調べ（韻律 (韻文)）と「季語」と「切れ」によって短い詩でありながら心のなかの場景（心象）を大きくひろげることができる特徴を持っている。
"Manyodaishoki" is a commentary on "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of tanka) by Keichu, who was a scholar of Japanese classical literature during the Edo Period.	『万葉代匠記』（まんようだいしょうき）は、江戸時代の国学者・契沖が著した『万葉集』の注釈・研究書。
The Tsutsui clan was Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) of Yamato Province in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).	筒井氏（つついし）は、大和国の戦国大名である。
The Yoshino pact was concluded by Emperor Tenmu and his empress who was later known as Empress Jito promising their son, Prince Kusakabe, to be the next emperor. The Yoshino pact was also known as 'the Oath in Yoshino.'	吉野の盟約とは天武天皇と皇后の持統天皇がその間にもうけた草壁皇子を次期天皇であると宣言した盟約。「吉野の誓い」とも言われる。
Shigekatsu ONOGI was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. He was a Toyotomi clan retainer, and he was the lord of the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle in Tanba Province.	小野木重勝（おのぎしげかつ）は、安土桃山時代の武将。豊臣氏の家臣で、丹波国福知山城主である。
He was born in 1563.	永禄6年（1563年）に生まれる。
In 1589, he and Mitsunari ISHIDA made an inspection tour of Mino. In 1590, he also participated in the conquest and siege of Odawara, participated in the Bunroku War in 1592, and took a ship to attack Jinju Castle. In 1595, he was awarded Tanba Fukuchiyama-jo Castle and 40,000 koku of land.	天正17年（1589年）、石田三成らと共に美濃の検地を務めている。天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐にも参加し、天正20年（1592年）からの文禄の役にも参加して渡海し、晋州城攻撃に参加した。文禄3年（1595年）、丹波福知山4万石の城主に封じられる。
His head was displayed in public in Sanjogawara, Kyoto City. He is buried at Jusenin Temple in Kameyama City where he committed suicide.	首は京都市三条河原に曝された。墓は自刃した亀山市の寿仙院にある。
Although it is historically called Hino Castle, it may be called Nakano Castle based on the geographical name in Hino Town, in order to distinguish it from Otowa Castle, which was built by the Gamo clan in the same town during the Middle Ages.	歴史的には日野城というが、日野町には中世蒲生氏が築いた音羽城と区別する必要もあり、日野の地域名をとって中野城とも呼ばれる。
"Kanjin-Noh" refers to Noh performances which charged admission fees in order to raise subscriptions for the construction or the reconstruction of shrines or temples. The original purpose of kanjin-Noh gradually became weakened, and kanjin-Noh were held in order that Noh performers could make a profit afterward.	勧進能（かんじんのう）は、社寺の建立、改築などの際に寄付を募るために、入場料を取って公開された能である。後には本来の目的が薄れ、能役者の収益のため行われるようになった。
The following are major kanjin-Noh performances held during the Edo period.	江戸における大勧進能を挙げれば、次の通り。
The Bunkyu Reform was a series of policy changes covering personnel affairs, office organization and various rules and regulations carried out by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862.	文久の改革（ぶんきゅうのかいかく）は、文久2年（1862年）に江戸幕府で行われた一連の人事・職制・諸制度の改革を指す。
Sonjun Hosshinno (December 1, 1591 - June 21, 1653) was a Buddhist monk of Tendai Sect in the early Edo period. His father was Oin Hosshinno. His mother was Fukushoin.	尊純法親王（そんじゅんほっしんのう、天正19年10月16日 (旧暦)（1591年12月1日）－承応2年5月26日 (旧暦)（1653年6月21日））は、江戸時代前期の天台宗の僧。父は応胤法親王。母は福正院。
Record of Office and Rank In 911, he became monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).	官歴 911年（延喜11）、文章生と就る。
On May 7, 916, he became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and appointed Tanba no jo (Secretary of Tanba Province).	916年（延喜16）3月28日、文章得業生と就り、丹波掾に任官。
On March 2, 918, he was transferred to Shinano gon no jo (Provisional Secretary of Shinano Province) from Kyoto.	918年（延喜18）1月12日、信濃権掾に遷任。
On February 5, 923, he was transferred to Gyobu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Justice) in Kyoto.	923年（延喜23）1月12日、刑部少丞に遷任。
On March 13, 924, he was transferred to Minbu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) in Kyoto.	924年（延長 (日本)2）2月1日、民部少丞に遷任。
On March 2, 925, he was transferred to Minbu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Popular Affairs).	925年（延長3）1月30日、民部大丞に転任。
On January 7, 928, he was conferred Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade). On February 28, he was transferred to Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) in Kyoto.	928年（延長6）1月7日、従五位下に叙位。 1月29日、大内記に遷任。
On March 7, 930, he served concurrently as Mikawa no Gon no suke (provisional vice governor of Mikawa Province). On January 13, 931, he served concurrently as Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs).	930年（延長8）1月29日、三河権介を兼任。 12月17日、民部少輔を兼任。
On November 19, 933, he was transferred to Sashoben (third-ranked officer of the left). He retained his positions as Minbu shoyu and Mikawa no Gon no suke.	933年（承平 (日本)3）10月24日、左少弁に転任。民部少輔と三河権介如元。
On January 29, 934, he was promoted to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade). He retained his positions as Sashoben, Minbu shoyu, and Mikawa no Gon no suke. On February 2, 935, he served concurrently as Monjo hakase (professor of literature).	934年（承平4）1月7日、従五位上に昇叙。左少弁・民部少輔・三河権介如元。 12月21日、文章博士を兼任。
On June 18, 936, he served concurrently as Echizen no suke (assistant governor of Echizen Province). He left Mikawa no Gon no suke. On September 8, 936, he served concurrently as Iyo no suke (assistant governor of Iyo Province). He left Echizen no suke.	936年（承平6）5月22日、越前介を兼任。三河権介を去る。 8月15日、伊予介を兼任。越前介を去る。
On February 13, 938, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Sashoben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.	938年（承平8）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、左少弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
On January 11, 941, he was transferred to Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right). He retained his positions as Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.	940年（天慶3）12月６日、右中弁に転任。民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
On February in 941, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Uchuben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke. On May 2, 941, he served concurrently as Minbu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs). He left Uchuben and Minbu shoyu.	941年（天慶4）1月、従四位下に昇叙し、右中弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。 3月28日、民部大輔を兼任。右中弁と民部少輔を去る。
On May 25, 944, he was transferred to Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right) in Kyoto. He retained his positions as Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.	944年（天慶7）4月25日、右中弁に遷任。民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
On November 26, 945, he was transferred to Sachuben (Middle Controller of the Left) in Kyoto. He retained his positions as Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.	945年（天慶8）10月14日、左中弁に遷任。民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
On May 29, 946, he was allowed to access the imperial court. On December 20, 946, he was promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and retained his positions as Sachuben, Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.	946年（天慶9）4月21日、昇殿を許される。 11月19日、従四位上に昇叙し、左中弁・民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
On March 1, 949, he served concurrently as Iyo no Gon no kami (Provisional governor of Iyo Province). He left Iyo no suke.	949年（天暦3）1月24日、伊予権守を兼任。伊予介を去る。

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