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3826862253571581938	who plays brad pitt's daughter in moneyball	[ "Kerris Lilla Dorsey", "Kerris Lilla Dorsey", "Kerris Lilla Dorsey", "Kerris Lilla Dorsey", "Kerris Lilla Dorsey" ]	{ "0": "Kerris Dorsey - wikipedia Kerris Dorsey Jump to : navigation , search Kerris Dorsey Kerris Lilla Dorsey ( 1998 - 01 - 09 ) January 9 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 2005 -- present Website kerrisdorsey.com Kerris Lilla Dorsey ( born January 9 , 1998 ) is an American actress and singer . She is known for her roles as Paige Whedon in the television series Brothers & Sisters , Casey Beane , Billy Beane 's ( Brad Pitt ) daughter , in the 2011 film Moneyball , and as Emily Cooper in the 2014 film Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day . Dorsey plays Bridget Donovan , the daughter of the title character , in the television series Ray Donovan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) In Moneyball she performs a cover of Lenka 's song `` The Show '' , which is included on the soundtrack to the film . In 2012 , Dorsey guest starred on the Disney Channel series Shake it Up as Kat , a girl who elaborates a plan to get on Shake It Up Chicago by befriending Cece Jones . Kat pressures them to tell Gary to hire her as an intern on the show . Kat is successful in getting on the show but at the end of the episode , she moves to New York to join Shake It Up New York , although the email she had received was a fake email sent by CeCe in the episode `` Copy Kat It Up ! '' Dorsey has also appeared in the films Walk the Line and Just Like Heaven . She played a supporting role in the American Girl film McKenna Shoots For the Stars as McKenna Brooks 's reading tutor , Josie . Dorsey guest starred as Molly in one episode in Do n't Trust the B -- -- in Apartment 23 , and had a small role in Sons of Anarchy as Ellie Winston . In 2012 , she gained a supporting role as Sadie in the Disney Channel Original Movie Girl vs. Monster .", "1": "Dorsey stars as Bridget Donovan on the Showtime crime drama series Ray Donovan . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Walk the Line Kathy Cash 2005 Just Like Heaven Zoe Brody 2009 Fuel Young Sandy 2011 Moneyball Casey Beane 2011 JumpRopeSprint Alex Ruggle 2012 American Girl : McKenna Shoots for the Stars , An An American Girl : McKenna Shoots for the Stars Josie Myers 2014 Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Emily Cooper 2016 Do n't Tell Kim Alex Ruggle 2017 Totem Kellie Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 Scrubs Kid # 3 Episode : `` My Day at the Races '' 2006 Monk Little Girl Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Captain 's Marriage '' 2006 So Notorious Little Drew Barrymore Episode : `` Charitable '' 2006 Vanished Becky Javit 2 episodes 2006 -- 2011 Brothers & Sisters Paige Whedon 52 episodes 2007 Medium Young Jennie Heffernan Episode : `` No One to Watch Over Me '' 2008 Carpoolers Phone Girl 2 episodes 2009 Flower Girl Flower Girl Television film 2011 Sons of Anarchy Ellie Winston Episode : `` Out '' 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Lisa Episode : `` Dreamcatcher '' 2012 Shake It Up Kat Episode : `` Copy Kat It Up '' 2012 Do n't Trust the B -- -- in Apartment 23 Molly Episode : `` Parent Trap ... '' 2012 Girl vs.", "2": "Monster Sadie Television film 2013 Mad Men Sandy Episode : `` The Doorway , Part 1 '' 2013 -- present Ray Donovan Bridget Donovan Main cast Personal life ( edit ) Since 2014 , Dorsey has been in a relationship with Dylan Minnette , after meeting on the set of Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brothers & Sisters , Light the lights '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Laura ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Lyrics bring pix to life '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Starcasm Staff ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` Curious about the song the girl sings in Moneyball ? '' . Starcasm . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Family Ties , Boston Style , in Los Angeles '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hacker , Caitlin. `` 19 Photos of Dylan Minnette and His Girlfriend That Will Make You Say , `` Ah , Young Love '' `` .", "3": "External links ( edit ) Kerris Dorsey on IMDb VIAF : 220706411 LCCN : no2011189085 MusicBrainz : 05e274be - 7146 - 4872 - bf0d - 0ed2473cdc8c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerris_Dorsey&oldid=817169147 '' Categories : 1998 births 21st - century American actresses American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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254065856937943955	who won season 2 of real chance of love	[ "Doll", "Hot Wings", "Jackie DaFonseca", "Kamille Leai", "Doll", "Hot Wings", "Jackie DaFonseca", "Kamille Leai" ]	{ "0": "Real Chance of Love ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Real Chance of Love ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Real Chance of Love 2 : Back in the Saddle The Cast of Real Chance of Love 2 : Back in the Saddle Created by Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Starring Kamal Givens Ahmad Givens Composer ( s ) The Stallionaires Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Production Executive producer ( s ) Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Ben Samek Jeff Olde ( VH1 ) Jill Holmes ( VH1 ) Kristen Kelly ( VH1 ) Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) 51 Minds Entertainment Release Original network VH1 Original release August 3 ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) -- October 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) Chronology Preceded by Real Chance of Love Followed by I Love Money 4 External links Website Real Chance of Love 2 : Back in the Saddle is the second season of the VH1 reality television dating series Real Chance of Love . Ahmad Givens ( Real ) and Kamal Givens ( Chance ) , former contestants on I Love New York are the central figures . The show premiered August 3 , 2009 . The show features twenty female contestants taking part in various challenges . Real and Chance appeared on Chelsea Lately on May 25 , 2009 to talk about the second season of Real Chance of Love , which was in production at the time . Ultimately , Ahmad ( Real ) selected Doll , while Kamal ( Chance ) selected Hot Wings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Elimination Order 3 Episodes 3.1 Back in the Saddle Bros 3.2 Love is in the Stallionaire 3.3 Girls Gone Viral 3.4 Yeti Set Go 3.5 Take A Chance Or Get Real 3.6 Pushin Product 3.7 Animals Are Awesome 3.8 Stallionaire Court 3.9 Whine 's and Cheese 3.", "1": "10 Poca Face 3.11 Clip Show 3.12 Welcome in Miami , Beeotch 4 Aftermath 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Nickname Real name Age Eliminated Doll Jackie DaFonseca 23 Winner ( Real 's choice ) Hot Wings Kamille Leai 21 Winner ( Chance 's choice ) Mamacita Michelle Cervantes 27 Episode 12 Sassy Gabrielle Carey 22 Episode 12 Pocahontas Nancy Rodriguez 29 Episode 12 Baker Tamara Moore 24 Episode 10 Flirty Amparo Rosa 23 Episode 9 Classy Kaylana Reese 24 Episode 9 Blonde Baller Kip Force 23 Episode 8 Spanish Fly Shirley Alvarez 23 Episode 7 PS Tricia Higgins 27 Episode 6 ( Quit ) Junk Myrline Richards 25 Episode 5 Lady Dolly Gray 21 Episode 5 Apple Diana Hughes 23 Episode 4 Aloha Raschelle Rawlins 23 Episode 3 Wiggly Kayla Baker 21 Episode 2 Freckles Jennifer Antoinette 25 Episode 1 Ribbon Olympia Norris 21 Episode 1 Vegas Tina Ulman 27 Episode 1 Show Me Amber Mountjoy 22 Episode 1 Elimination order ( edit ) Real & Chance", "2": "'s Call - out Order # Contestants Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 Aloha Hot Wings Sassy Baker PS PS Blonde Baller Hot Wings Sassy Pocahontas Mamacita Mamacita Doll Apple Aloha Spanish Fly Doll Baker Hot Wings Mamacita Doll Hot Wings Mamacita Hot Wings Hot Wings Hot Wings Baker Spanish Fly Doll Hot Wings Doll Sassy Baker Mamacita Doll Doll Doll Sassy Mamacita Blonde Baller Classy Blonde Baller Lady Hot Wings Blonde Baller Classy Classy Baker Hot Wings Pocahontas Doll Sassy 5 Classy Flirty Baker Spanish Fly Classy Doll Doll Baker Pocahontas Sassy Sassy Pocahontas 6 Doll Sassy Hot Wings Pocahontas Flirty Baker Flirty Pocahontas Mamacita Baker Baker 7 Flirty Blonde Baller Pocahontas Flirty Lady Pocahontas Hot Wings Flirty Classy Flirty 8 Freckles Pocahontas PS PS Spanish Fly Flirty Pocahontas Sassy Flirty Classy", "3": "9 Hot Wings Doll Aloha Mamacita Pocahontas Classy Sassy Blonde Baller Blonde Baller 10 Junk PS Junk Classy Mamacita Spanish Fly Spanish Fly Spanish Fly 11 Lady Mamacita Classy Junk Sassy Mamacita PS 12 Mamacita Lady Flirty Sassy Blonde Baller Junk 13 Pocahontas Junk Apple Blonde Baller Junk Lady 14 PS Apple Lady Apple Apple 15 Ribbon Baker Mamacita Aloha 16 Sassy Wiggly Wiggly 17 Show Me Freckles 18 Spanish Fly Ribbon 19 Vegas Vegas 20 Wiggly Show Me The contestant won the competition as Real 's selection . The contestant won the competition as Chance 's selection . The contestant got a `` R '' chain from Real . The contestant got a `` C '' chain from Chance . The contestant got a Stallionaire `` R / C '' chain from Real & Chance . The contestant did not receive a chain , but was allowed to stay . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant quit the competition . The contestant was eliminated due to physical violence . The contestant was eliminated before the elimination ceremony . The contestant won a date with Real . The contestant won a date with Chance . In Episode Four , Chance was going to decide to eliminate Blonde Baller or Junk , but he decided to let them stay for another night .", "4": "In Episode Six , PS said she wanted to quit so the boys did not give out anymore chains , therefore the names are in alphabetical order after Blonde Baller and Mamacita , both of whom were given Chance chains at the ceremony . Also in Episode 6 , there was a challenge between Real 's Girls and Chance 's Girls , having Tony Little select the winners . In Episode Ten , Real was going to decide to eliminate Pocahontas or Sassy , but he decided to let them stay for the season finale . Episodes ( edit ) Back in the Saddle bros ( edit ) First aired on August 3 , 2009 Chance and Real have returned for a second season , after both failed to making a lasting connection in season one ; Chance selected no one , and Real 's romantic relationship with Corn Fed ended soon after the show . In season two , the Stallionaires have twenty new women looking for love , and it will be up to Real and Chance to find their `` Stallionettes '' . The season features new twists such as no `` Real girls '' or `` Chance girls '' yet , leading to `` double the competition for their men . '' This twist leads to `` calculated game - play '' for some of the women . After eliminations , only sixteen women will remain in the competition . Bottom 3 : Freckles , Ribbon , Wiggly Disqualified : Show Me Eliminated : Freckles , Ribbon , Vegas Reasons for Elimination Show Me : For physically assaulting Vegas after Vegas insulted the other girls . Vegas : For provoking Show Me to hit her and instigating . Freckles : Neither Real or Chance felt much of a connection . Ribbon : She came off too hard to both Real and Chance and behaved childish when she was n't chosen . Episode Notes Ribbon wanted to get Chance 's attention , but she moved on to get Real 's attention after Chance thought that she looked like a man . Real and Chance originally wanted to name Freckles Sasquatch or Yeti because she looked like one . Later , Chance became irritated by her advances towards him that he moved somewhere in the backyard .", "5": "Love is in the Stallionaire ( edit ) First aired August 10 , 2009 Real and Chance ask the sixteen remaining women to give a `` door - to - door sales pitch '' outlining their qualities . The contestant with the best pitch will win a date . Blonde Baller , Junk , Pocahontas , Sassy , and Spanish Fly ( which Hot Wings thought was unfair ) were chosen as winners . All the girls get to go to prom , but the winners were given nice dresses while the rest were given sloppy ones . The winners also went with Real and Chance to a place where a real prom was held , while the others were stuck in the house . Later , before Real and Chance were ready to go to bed , Wiggly came into the room to impress Real , but she `` came off a little too strong '' . The next day , Lady talk to Real and confessed that she used to date women , but it 's all in the past . Both Real and Chance had a conservation with Mamacita , questioning if she is there for the boys or for TV . She jokingly said `` all the above '' . During elimination , Mamacita and Wiggly were in the bottom 2 . Mamacita confirmed she was there for the boys , not for TV , eliminating Wiggly . Challenge : Ding Dong Challenge Challenge Winners : Blonde Baller , Junk , Pocahontas , Sassy , Spanish Fly Bottom 3 : Lady , Mamacita , Wiggly Eliminated : Wiggly Reasons for Elimination Wiggly : Real had no connection with her and felt like she was coming off too strong , and yet was too shy . Girls gone viral ( edit ) First aired August 17 , 2009 The fifteen remaining girls have their booty shaking skills put to the test when they audition for the Stallionaire 's viral music video . Gloria Velez made a guest appearance , getting them into `` booty camp '' . Then Pocahontas , Baker , and Lady were chosen as team captains and they chose teams . Apple was not confident doing the challenge , while Lady 's team had many ideas that they can not come to the conclusion of .", "6": "Real and Chance came to judge all the teams ' performances , and Real and Chance made the decision that Baker 's team wins the challenge . Both of the boys took Aloha , Baker , Flirty , Mamacita , and PS to the Hollywood Park Race Track . PS , who was undecided about who she like , decides she likes Real better than Chance . Meanwhile at the house , Junk eavesdropped on Blonde Baller talking to her `` best friend '' , which Junk believes it is her boyfriend . The next day , PS called out Blonde Baller for having a boyfriend and Chance does n't know what to believe . Aloha had become emotional ; even more crazy after Real told her to `` domesticate '' herself , after Real was disgusted that Aloha was eating raw fish . At elimination , Real and Chance gave out Real chains and Chance chains . It came down to Aloha and Apple . Aloha was cracking up and Chance confirmed that Aloha is indeed crazy , leading Real to eliminate her . Special Guest : Gloria Velez Challenge : Stallionaire 's Viral Music Video Challenge Pool Video Performers : Apple , Junk , Pocahontas , Sassy , Spanish Fly Bar Video Performers : Blonde Baller , Hot Wings , Lady , Classy , Doll Mansion Video Performers : Aloha , Baker , Flirty , Mamacita , PS Challenge Winners : Aloha , Baker , Flirty , Mamacita , PS Note : Real and Chance decided to give out R Chains and C Chains due to the fact that they have an idea which girl is here for one of them . Chance 's Girls : Baker , Hot Wings , Spanish Fly , Flirty , Mamacita , Junk , Blonde Baller Real 's Girls : Doll , Lady , Pocahontas , PS , Classy , Sassy , Apple Bottom 3 : Aloha , Apple , Blonde Baller Eliminated : Aloha Reasons for Elimination Aloha : Real felt she was too unstable and too crazy . Yeti set go ( edit ) First aired August 24 , 2009 After elimination , Blonde Baller gets a call from one of her friend that her best friend died in Michigan , which Junk found very suspicious .", "7": "The girls ' next challenge is to find Big Foot and bring him back , with the winners getting a date with the boys . But little do the girls know that Big Foot is actually the boys ' brother Micah . The Pink Team won the challenge with Blonde Baller tackling the Yeti . Baker and Doll had a date up in Real and Chance 's bedroom , having a foot psychic reading . Both girls were able to open up to the boys about their insecurities . The next morning , Apple made Real breakfast , but he still has some concern about Apple fitting into his lifestyle . That day , Real and Chance took PS , Blonde Baller , and Junk to the zoo . Both Junk and Blonde Baller got into an argument . When Real asked if Sassy is a good fit for him as a question to Junk 's peeping , PS mocks her . Blonde Baller tells Sassy , but starts another argument with Junk right after . During elimination , it was down to Apple and Sassy for Real and Junk and Blonde Baller for Chance. Real eliminated Apple , but Chance does n't eliminate either girl . Challenge : Search for Bigfoot Special Guest : Micah Givens as The Yeti Purple Team : Pocahontas , Sassy , Apple , Flirty , Mamacita Blue Team : Hot Wings , Lady , Spanish Fly , Classy Pink Team : PS , Blonde Baller , Doll , Junk , Baker Challenge Winner 's : Pink Team Real Girls : P.S. , Doll , Classy , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Baker , Hot Wings , Lady , Spanish Fly , Mamacita Bottom 4 : Apple , Blonde Baller , Junk , Sassy Eliminated : Apple Reasons for Elimination Apple : Real felt no connection with Apple and she was too quiet and reserved ; he felt that she would n't fit into his lifestyle . Take a Chance or get Real ( edit ) First aired August 31 , 2009 After elimination , Blonde Baller tells Chance that she is real and she does n't have a boyfriend at home . The next day , Real and Chance are reviving a tradition of wrestling as a challenge . Whichever team puts on a great show wins dates with the boys .", "8": "The first match was produced by the black team , with Hot Wings ( as Handspring ) & Doll ( as Dollface ) vs. PS ( as Port Mortem ) & Baker ( as Backbreaker ) . The second match was produced by the pink team , with Blonde Baller ( as Blonde Mauler ) & Classy ( as Classy Daze ) vs. Spanish Fly ( as Flapper ) & Lady and Junk ( as Lady Cyborg and Junk ) . The third match was produced by the purple team , with Pocahontas ( as Poca the Warrior ) and Flirty ( as Dirty Flirty ) vs. Mamacita ( as Senorita Mamacita ) and Sassy ( as Sassy Sphynx ) . Because of collective chemistry , it ended up that the purple team won the challenge , leaving Hot Wings upset without another date . Sassy and Mamacita get to go on romantic dates that night . On the way there , Chance drank too much tequila , causing him to act obnoxious towards Mamacita during their date . Chance passed out that night while Real bring both Mamacita and Sassy back to the house . Meanwhile , Hot Wings was so frustrated about not getting a date that she decided to pack and leave , but Sassy encouraged her to stay . The next day , Real and Chance took Flirty and Pocahontas to the studio where the TV show Chelsea Lately was filmed , where the girls get to see the boys on TV . Mamacita was jealous that Flirty had a better date than her , causing her to break down to tears . So Real comforted her and tells her she does n't have to be there for Chance . Junk had one - on - one with Chance and Lady had one - on - one with Real . Junk talks more about Blonde Baller and Lady does n't know what to tell Real . During elimination , it was down to Mamacita , Lady , and Junk . Both Real and Chance wanted to give their chains to Mamacita . She was confused who to pick , but in the end , she chose Real because she wanted to teach Chance a lesson . Lady was eliminated , and shortly after , Junk , who thought she would survive another elimination , was also eliminated .", "9": "Challenge : Stallionaire Slam Association Wrestling II ( SSAW II ) Purple Team ( first place ) : Pocahontas , Sassy , Flirty , Mamacita ; ( Trainer : Christie Ricci ) Black Team ( second place ) : PS , Baker , Hot Wings , Doll ; ( Trainer : Assassin Hollywood ) Pink Team ( third place ) : Spanish Fly , Junk , Blonde Baller , Lady , Classy ; ( Trainer : The Great Onyx ) Challenge Winner 's : Purple Team `` Culture Clash 09 '' Real Girls : Classy , Doll , Mamacita , Pocahontas , PS , Sassy Chance Girls : Baker , Blonde Baller , Flirty , Hot Wings , Spanish Fly Bottom 3 : Junk , Lady , Mamacita Eliminated : Junk , Lady Reason for elimination Lady : Real felt that he has no chemistry with her . Junk : Chance felt that Junk was letting him know more about Blonde Baller rather than letting Chance getting to know her . Episode notes Both Lady and Junk explained that the reason why both of them were eliminated is that Real and Chance prefer light - skinned girls . A bonus clip shows Hot Wings finally getting her date with Chance after elimination . PS stated that she had to go to hospital because Hot Wings hit her really hard during their wrestling performance . Pushin product ( edit ) First aired September 14 , 2009 After elimination , Mamacita felt strange being a Real girl , but Real told her to give him a shot to getting to know her . Meanwhile , Sassy saw PS flirting with Chance and tells her if he likes Chance , she should stay by Chance instead . Angry , PS went outside and demanded Sassy what was that about . Sassy yelled at her that she should n't switch from brother to brother . The challenge the next day was to present an infomercial based on Real and Chance 's products , having the Real and Chance girls competing against each other . It ended that Chance 's girls won because of their outstanding energy in their presentation . Shortly after , PS called them `` ghetto '' , surprising Real , Chance , and the girls . Real , Chance , and the winning girls went to a club that night .", "10": "Meanwhile , Mamacita is still having feelings for Chance , but might be afraid that she might get eliminated by both of them . The next day , Chance invited his tattoo parlor to the house and he and some of the girls are getting tattoos . Real was upset that Mamacita is flirting with Chance . Hot Wings also felt upset about Mamacita flirting with Chance , trying hard to get his attention , but ended up yelling at him when she took his sense of humor seriously . Meanwhile , Blonde Baller told Classy about the joke Chance made at her , which Baker believe Blonde Baller to be shady and a manipulator . During elimination , PS went up to Real and said she does n't want to be in the house anymore . Real said she was going to go home anyway because of her offensive `` ghetto '' comments towards him , Chance , and the girls , including Sassy . Real called down Mamacita and said that she should accept his brother 's chain because she was feeling Chance more . The brothers decided to not to give out the chains to the rest of the girls that night . Special Guest : Tony Little Challenge : Infomercial Presentation Real Girls -- Classy , Doll , Mamacita , Pocahontas , PS , Sassy ; ( Product : Real Silk Hair Care ) Chance Girls -- Baker , Blonde Baller , Flirty , Hot Wings , Spanish Fly ; ( Product : Pure Chance Moisturizer ) Challenge Winner 's : Baker , Blonde Baller , Flirty , Hot Wings , Spanish Fly Quit : PS Real Girls : Classy , Doll , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Blonde Baller , Baker , Flirty , Hot Wings , Mamacita , Spanish Fly Reason for Withdrew PS : PS quit because she thought that Sassy was going to tell Real that she came here for Chance but wanted to date him . Real told her that he was going to eliminate her anyway because of her offensive comments towards Real , Chance , and the girls . Episode Notes In a bonus clip , Chance said to the girls the reason why he did n't choose a girl during Season 1 is because Risky is too much of a friend and Cali `` smashed the homies '' , in reference to For the Love of Ray J .", "11": "Animals are Awesome ( edit ) First aired September 21 , 2009 Flirty wanted more connection from Chance , but Blonde Baller wants her to switch to Real for less competition . The next day , their challenge is to write and perform a song called `` Animals are Awesome '' , with each girl writing and singing a verse about an endangered animal and all girls from each team to sing the chorus . It ended that Team 2 named EES ( Exotic Endangered Species ) won . That night , Real and Chance took Classy and Hot Wings went to a fancy restaurant for their double date . The next day , Real and Chance took Blonde Baller , Flirty , and Doll to a local tennis court to play tennis . On the way there , Flirty opened up to Chance about her troubled past . The group played tennis with Blonde Baller disgusted about Chance giving Flirty more attention than her . During one - on - one , Blonde Baller gave Chance the scoop about the rest of Chance 's girls , including Flirty . Flirty denied what Blonde Baller said about her on her one - on - one with Chance . After the date , Flirty told the rest of the girls about Blonde Baller , which causes most of the girls to turned on Blonde Baller . Chance had one - on - ones with Spanish Fly and Mamacita ( finding Spanish Fly boring , but Mamacita fun and interesting ) , while Real had a one - on - one with Pocahontas , which she opens up about her past . At elimination , it was down to Blonde Baller and Spanish Fly . In the end , Chance chose Blonde Baller to stay another night , shocking the Chance 's girls .", "12": "Special Guest : Micah Givens Challenge : Write and perform the song , `` Animals Are Awesome '' Team 1 : Baker , Mamacita , Pocahontas , Sassy , Spanish Fly Team 2 : Blonde Baller , Classy , Doll , Flirty , Hot Wings Winner : Team 2 Real Girls : Classy , Doll , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Baker , Blonde Baller , Flirty , Hot Wings , Mamacita Bottom 2 : Blonde Baller , Spanish Fly Eliminated : Spanish Fly Reason for Elimination Spanish Fly : Chance felt that the strong connection that they had in the beginning of the competition had faded away after not spending much time together , and stated that Spanish Fly was now floating under the radar . Stallionaire court ( edit ) First aired September 28 , 2009 After elimination , Blonde Baller realize that she needs more romantic towards Chance so she went up to his room to chill . The next day , the next challenge is to present a case against another girl of an opposing team in Stallionaire Court , because Real and Chance are tired of the drama in the house . The Contemptresses ( Baker , Hot Wings , Pocashontas ) automatically targets Blonde Baller for being a liar and a snitch . The Pleading Hearts ( Doll , Flirty , Mamacita ) decided to go for Hot Wings for threatening to leave the house . The Impeaches ( Blonde Baller , Classy , Sassy ) went for Flirty because of her legal issues , which Blonde Baller is the only girl on the team that has knowledge . It was time for go to court and the Pleading Hearts were first to go up . Hot Wings told Real and Chance that she wanted to leave because she was frustrated that she did n't get a date with Chance . Mamacita suddenly said that Hot Wings is indeed there for Chance , causing the judges to find Hot Wings innocent and the Pleading Hearts to lose their case . The Impeaches presented that charges about Flirty not being the true definition of a Stallionette . Even though Flirty was honest about her legal issues , the evidence the Impeaches presented was overwhelming that she was found guilty .", "13": "The Contemptresses opened their case with Pocahontas asking if BB 's father knows where she is , with Blonde Baller saying that she did n't tell her father where she is , but she told him that she 's on a TV show , exposing herself as a liar . Baker asked Classy to come to the stand as a witness , asking her what Blonde Baller said to her the other day about Chance . Classy relayed what Blonde Baller said to her , exposing her as a snitch . Ultimately , Blonde Baller was found guilty . The Impeaches won the challenge , winning dates . Chance also announced that there will be elimination that night . Back at the house , Blonde Baller overheard Flirty threatening to beat her up . Her solo date with Chance went well until Blonde Baller told him about Flirty , disappointing Chance . Meanwhile , Flirty was breaking down because Blonde Baller had blown her legal trouble out of proportion and Chance started to worry about that . During elimination , it was down to Flirty and Blonde Baller . Blonde Baller repeatedly said she was here for Chance , but Chance felt betrayed that he has been lied to the whole time , giving his chain to Flirty , eliminating Blonde Baller . Special Guest : Micah Givens as The Bailiff Challenge : Present the best case against one girl from another team in Stallonaire Court The Contemptresses : Baker , Hot Wings , Pocahontas ( vs. Blonde Baller ) The Impeaches : Classy , Blonde Baller , Sassy ( vs. Flirty ) The Pleading Hearts : Doll , Flirty , Mamacita ( vs. Hot Wings ) Challenge Winners : Blonde Baller , Classy , Sassy Real Girls : Classy , Doll , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Baker , Flirty , Hot Wings , Mamacita Bottom 2 : Blonde Baller , Flirty Eliminated : Blonde Baller Reason for Elimination Blonde Baller : Chance has lost all trust in her after she was exposed as a liar and a snitch in Stallionaire Court . She also gave the scoop on Flirty on their solo date even when Chance warns her not to mention any of the other girls .", "14": "Episode Notes The boys ' brother Micah made his third appearance on the show in this episode . According to Blonde Baller , she said in the exit interview that Chance invited her over to his room after elimination and Chance demanded her to tell her about Flirty on their solo date . Whine 's and cheese ( edit ) First aired October 5 , 2009 After elimination , the girls celebrated the departure of Blonde Baller . The next day , the girls were invited by the boys to the Robert Hall winery at Paso Robles , CA . Real and Chance wanted take wine - tasting , but also announced that each of them will take two girls out on a date . Chance had a one - on - one with Flirty , who told him that all her troubles are all in the past and it will not affect their relationship . Real had a one - on - one with Pocahontas , wanting more time with her . On the way the hotel , Sassy was so drunk that the limo had to pull over for her to puke . After they arrive at the Madonna Inn and Sassy sobering up , it was announced that Flirty , Mamacita , Classy , and Pocashontas get to go on dates with Real and Chance . As soon as the girls sat down , Chance had to use the bathroom , having Flirty and Mamacita wait for him . Classy attempted to crack some jokes to Real , but it made Real uncomfortable . Pocahontas then gave him an embarrassing dance that made Real laugh . Once Chance came back , Flirty open up more about her life , which Chance found strange and perceived her as a liar . Real chose Pocahontas and Chance chose Mamacita for night caps . The next day , the girls got back to the house and that night was elimination . Chance spend some one - on - one with Hot Wings . After that , he went to the kitchen and found a cake made from Baker , which was supposed to be a surprise and made Baker upset after Chance autographed it with cream . Real also spend some one - on - one with Doll , but then Sassy surprised Real , draped in lingerie . Then she told him she 's unsure if she 's the right woman for him , which concerns him .", "15": "During elimination , it was down to Classy and Sassy for Real and Baker and Flirty for Chance . Classy and Flirty were eliminated Challenge : Who can grab attention from Real and Chance Challenge Winners : Classy , Flirty , Mamacita , Pocahontas Real Girls : Doll , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Baker , Hot Wings , Mamacita Bottom 4 : ( C ) Baker & Flirty , ( R ) Classy & Sassy Eliminated : Classy , Flirty Reason for Elimination Classy : Real felt that Classy is only telling how she can be funny , instead of showing it . Flirty : Chance still felt that Flirty has a lot going on in her life . Episode Notes Even though Classy did n't grab Real 's attention at the winery , Real picked her because he wants to know if Classy give him her funny side . Poca face ( edit ) First aired October 12 , 2009 Sassy is wondering how Pocahontas to be `` a perfect person '' , but she is unable get any dirt out of her . It was announced that Real and Chance 's parents Claudia and Robert are coming to visit . All the girls get to meet the parents during the barbecue . Real announced that he and his girls will have a date that night with the parents while Chance and his girls will have a date tomorrow with the parents . Real took Doll , Pocahontas , and Sassy to the baseball park for their date that night for three of the girls to meet their parents . Each girl have one - on - one time with the parents . When asked if Sassy would be a good fit for Real , Pocahontas stressed that she does n't have a spark with Real and she needs to be humble . Sassy said to their parents that Pocahontas might be `` a perfect person '' , but she might also be hiding something . The next day , Chance took Hot Wings , Mamacita , and Baker to a cooking class to meet the parents . Again , each girl has one - on - one with them . Hot Wings said that Baker `` is too much alike . '' Baker stated that Hot Wings is immature .", "16": "When all of them sat down for lunch with Chance and the parents , Baker and Hot Wings started arguing about their feelings , leading Chance having to end their date . Real and Chance had a conversation with their parents about the girls . He had some one - on - one with Sassy , letting her know that she needs to be more loose , having her take out her contact lenses . Chance had some one - on - one with Baker and Hot Wings because of the argument during lunch . During elimination , Real and Chance announced that they would be going to Miami , but they have room for four girls . Chance begins by giving Mamacita his first chain , leaving Baker and Hot Wings for his bottom two . Chance is concerned about Baker 's attitude and Hot Wings 's immaturity . But Hot Wings pleaded that age does n't matter when you 're in love with somebody , moving Chance and eliminating Baker . Real gave his first chain to Doll , leaving Pocahontas and Sassy at the bottom two . He has developed feelings for both of them , but also has some questions about both of them , Pocahontas not being completely honest and Sassy still being high maintenance . It was decided that Real will take both girls along with Doll to Miami . Real Girls : Doll , Pocahontas , Sassy Chance Girls : Mamacita , Hot Wings Bottom 4 : ( C ) Baker and Hot Wings ( R ) Pocahontas and Sassy Eliminated : Baker Reason for Elimination Baker : Chance felt like she was n't showing enough love and affection like the other two girls . Episode Notes Real was supposed to eliminate either Pocahontas or Sassy , but ended up keeping them both . In a bonus clip , Real 's dad said to Sassy and Pocahontas how Real got his long hair , inferring that he inherited that from relatives from India . Clip show ( edit ) First aired October 19 , 2009 Real and Chance shared some of the best and worst moments of the show .", "17": "Includes : Spanish Fly and her boobs Junk and her large butt Lady eating toilet paper Aloha being insane Blonde Baller being the enemy in the house Doll not being able to play baseball and tennis , but can wrestle Hot Wings whining Pocahontas being a maid and a spiritual person Mamacita as a wild person Sassy referring herself in the third person Welcome in Miami , beeotch ( edit ) First aired October 26 , 2009 After elimination , Pocahontas and Sassy still despise each other . The next day , Real , Chance , and the girls depart to Miami and settle into a hotel . That night , Real had dinner with his three girls and said that one girl will be eliminated that next day . Real then took out applications and the audition tapes of each girl to see what they were like before coming to the show . He first saw Sassy 's tape and found she was the same person who came to the show . Then he checked Doll 's tape and found she was attracted to bad boys like Chance . The next day , Pocahontas felt nervous about what happen last night . Later , both Real and Chance met the girls on the dock . Chance tells Mamacita that she would go on a yacht with him , while Hot Wings will have her date later , going back to the limo. Real then became his early elimination , choosing Sassy to stay and have her date later with Real , leaving Doll and Pocahontas as his bottom two . He ultimately eliminated Pocahontas . This shocks her dearly , letting Doll on the yacht and waterskiing with Mamacita and Chance . That night , Real and Chance had dates with Doll and Mamacita , shortly after bring them back to their rooms for their night caps . The next day , Real and Chance took Sassy and Hot Wings to Gator Park to see some crocodiles and alligators . Hot Wings decides to step in the water to prove to Chance that she is adventurous also . That night , Sassy and Hot Wings have dates with Real and Chance . During Real 's date , Sassy pulls out a notebook full of questions to ask Real , which surprised him but felt that she is interested in him . Hot Wings accidentally said that she loved him .", "18": "Real and Chance took the girls back to their rooms for their night caps . The next day would be the day Real and Chance would their girls each to be with . During their final elimination , Real picked Doll to be with . Chance had a difficult decision , but Hot Wings said she felt in love in with him and Chance decides to take Hot Wing over Mamacita . Final 3 Real 's Girls : Pocahontas , Doll , Sassy Eliminated : Pocahontas Final 2 Real 's Girls : Doll , Sassy Doll 's Date : A ride on a yacht and waterskiing , a romantic date , and an overnight stay in Real 's room . Sassy 's Date : A Gator Park boat ride , a romantic date , an overnight stay in Real 's room . Hot Wings ' Date : A Gator Park boat ride , a romantic date , an overnight stay in Chance 's room . Mamacita 's Date : A ride on a yacht and waterskiing , a romantic date , and an overnight stay in Chance 's room . Real Girl : Doll Chance Girl : Hot Wings Reason for Elimination Pocahontas : Real found out that Pocahontas lied to him . Sassy : Real felt that Sassy can be a jealous and possessive person . Mamacita : Chance still felt he 's not ready for a relationship with her . Episode Notes On his date with his final three girls , Real stated the reason why he and Corn Fed broke up because he found out that she broke up her engagement to another man a month before coming to the first season of the show . Aftermath ( edit ) In another interview published the same day , Doll also said that she had not heard from Real , that they had no `` relationship established '' and that she was `` moving on '' , although she was giving him the `` benefit of the doubt '' because the show 's contract may have prohibited him from contacting her until after the reunion episode .", "19": "While Hot Wings said she felt that `` really , we did n't win '' and `` it 's almost like we got eliminated too , because we never hear from them , '' Doll stated that , for her , winning was `` like a trophy '' and `` because Real was a real nice guy '' she feels `` really great about winning somebody over like that . '' There was no reunion show for Real Chance of Love 2 . Hot Wings ( Kamille ) , Mamacita ( Michelle ) , Sassy ( Gabrielle ) , and Blonde Baller ( Kip Force ) appeared on the fourth season of I Love Money . Ahmed Givens ( Real ) died on February 20 , 2015 after a long battle of colon cancer . He was 33 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stallionaires `` Real '' and `` Chance '' Return for Another Try at Finding Love in the Second Season of `` Real Chance of Love '' '' ( Press release ) . VH1. 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ http://blog.vh1.com/2009-05-27/real-and-chance-talk-real-chance-2/ Jump up ^ http://blog.vh1.com/2009-06-25/real-chance-of-love-2-back-in-the-saddle-peep-the-cast Jump up ^ Black , Janaya . `` One - On - One : Real Chance 's Sassy '' . The Michigan Frontpage . ^ Jump up to : Snew , Kymberly ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Grad tells all about her time on VH1 reality show '' . Daily Titan . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show Me '' . Jump up ^ `` Real Chance of Love 2 : Episode Summaries '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ `` Real Chance of Love 2 : Episode Summaries '' . VH1 . ^ Jump up to : The Celebreality Interview - Doll , VH1 Blog ( October 26 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ The Celebreality Interview - Hot Wings , VH1 Blog ( October 26 , 2009 ) .", "20": "Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ahmad-givens-star-vh1s-real-775899 External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ? ( 2005 ) Celebracadabra ( 2008 ) Celebrity Fit Club ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Celebrity Paranormal Project ( 2006 -- 07 ) Celebrity Rehab with Dr.", "21": "Drew ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Charm School ( 2007 -- 09 ) The Cho Show ( 2008 ) Confessions of a Teen Idol ( 2009 ) Daisy of Love ( 2009 ) Dice : Undisputed ( 2007 ) Eddie Griffin : Going For Broke ( 2009 ) Flavor of Love ( 2006 -- 08 ) For the Love of Ray J ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Free Radio ( 2008 -- 09 ) Glam God with Vivica A. 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Show ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tool Academy ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tough Love ( 2009 -- 2013 ) ¡ Viva Hollywood !", "22": "( 2008 ) Ego Trip 's The ( White ) Rapper Show ( 2007 ) 2010s debuts The Amber Rose Show ( 2016 ) Atlanta Exes ( 2014 ) Barely Famous ( 2015 -- 16 ) Basketball Wives LA ( 2011 -- 16 ) Brandy & Ray J : A Family Business ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Breaks ( 2017 ) Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It ( 2010 ) Candidly Nicole ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chrissy & Mr. Jones ( 2012 -- 13 ) Couples Therapy ( 2012 -- 15 ) Dad Camp ( 2010 ) Daytime Divas ( 2017 ) Fantasia for Real ( 2010 ) Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair ( 2010 ) The Gossip Game ( 2013 ) Hit the Floor ( 2013 -- 16 ) Hollywood Exes ( 2012 -- 14 ) K. Michelle : My Life ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mario Lopez : Saved by the Baby ( 2010 -- 11 ) Miami Monkey ( 2013 ) My Big Friggin ' Wedding ( 2010 ) Mob Wives ( 2011 -- 16 ) Mob Wives Chicago ( 2012 ) Money Hungry ( 2010 ) Ochocinco : The Ultimate Catch ( 2010 ) The OCD Project ( 2010 ) Real and Chance : The Legend Hunters ( 2010 ) Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ( 2016 ) This Is Hot 97 ( 2014 ) T.I. & Tiny : The Family Hustle ( 2011 -- 17 ) Ton of Cash ( 2011 ) What Chilli Wants ( 2010 -- 11 ) The X-Life ( 2011 ) You 're Cut Off !", "23": "( 2010 -- 11 ) Current America 's Next Top Model ( since 2016 ) Baller Wives ( since 2017 ) Basketball Wives ( since 2010 -- 13 ; 2017 ) Black Ink Crew ( since 2013 ) Black Ink Crew : Chicago ( since 2015 ) Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn ( since 2016 ) Hip Hop Squares ( since 2017 ) Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( since 2012 ) Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ( since 2014 ) Love & Hip Hop : Miami ( since 2018 ) Love & Hip Hop : New York ( since 2011 ) Leave It To Stevie ( since 2016 ) Martha & Snoop 's Potluck Dinner Party ( since 2016 ) Ricky Martin : Behind the Vegas Residency ( since 2017 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( since 2016 ) Scared Famous ( since 2017 ) Signed ( since 2017 ) VH1 Live ! ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Teyana & Iman ( 2018 ) Wild Safaree ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Chance_of_Love_(season_2)&oldid=815272723 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons VH1 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 21 : 21 . 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-953849400724466906	where did huntington's disease get its name	[ "the physician George Huntington", "the physician George Huntington" ]	{ "0": "Huntington 's disease - Wikipedia Huntington 's disease Jump to : navigation , search Huntington 's disease Synonyms Huntington 's chorea An edited microscopic image of medium spiny neurons ( yellow ) with nuclear inclusions ( orange ) , which occur as part of the disease process , image width 360 μm Specialty Neurology Symptoms Problems with mood , mental abilities , coordination , jerky body movements Complications Pneumonia , heart disease , physical injury from falls , suicide Usual onset 30 -- 50 years old Duration Long term Causes Genetic ( inherited or new mutation ) Diagnostic method Genetic testing Similar conditions Sydenham 's chorea , benign hereditary chorea , lupus , paraneoplastic syndrome , Wilson 's disease Treatment Supportive care Medication Tetrabenazine Prognosis 15 -- 20 years from diagnosis Frequency 4 -- 15 in 100,000 ( European descent ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Huntington 's disease ( HD ) , also known as Huntington 's chorea , is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells . The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities . A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow . As the disease advances , uncoordinated , jerky body movements become more apparent . Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk . Mental abilities generally decline into dementia . The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people . Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age , but can start at any age . The disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation . About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years and typically present with symptoms more similar to Parkinson 's disease . People with HD often underestimate the degree of their problems . HD is typically inherited from a person 's parents , although up to 10 % of cases are due to a new mutation . The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either of an individual 's two copies of a gene called Huntingtin . This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50 % chance of inheriting the disease .", "1": "The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called `` huntingtin '' . Expansion of CAG ( cytosine - adenine - guanine ) triplet repeats in the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein results in an abnormal protein , which gradually damages cells in the brain , through mechanisms that are not fully understood . Diagnosis is by genetic testing , which can be carried out at any time , regardless of whether or not symptoms are present . This fact raises several ethical debates : the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing ; whether parents have the right to have their children tested ; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results . There is no cure for HD . Full - time care is required in the later stages of the disease . Treatments can relieve some symptoms and in some improve quality of life . The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine . HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent . It is rare among Japanese , while the occurrence rate in Africa is unknown . The disease affects men and women equally . Complications such as pneumonia , heart disease , and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy . Suicide is the cause of death in about 9 % of cases . Death typically occurs fifteen to twenty years from when the disease was first detected . The first likely description of the disease was in 1841 by Charles Oscar Waters . The condition was described in further detail in 1872 by the physician George Huntington , after whom it is named . The genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the Hereditary Disease Foundation . Research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960s to increase public awareness , to provide support for individuals and their families , and to promote research . Current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease , improving animal models to aid with research , testing of medications to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease , and studying procedures such as stem cell therapy with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease .", "2": "Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Genetics 2.1 Genetic mutation 2.2 Inheritance 3 Mechanism 3.1 Huntingtin function 3.2 Cellular changes 3.3 Macroscopic changes 3.4 Transcriptional dysregulation 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Clinical 4.2 Predictive genetic testing 4.3 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4.4 Prenatal testing 4.5 Differential diagnosis 5 Management 5.1 Therapy 5.2 Medications 5.3 Education 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Ethics 9.2 Support organizations 10 Research directions 10.1 Reducing huntingtin production 10.2 Improving cell survival 10.3 Neuronal replacement 10.4 Clinical trials 11 References 12 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Reported rates of behavioral symptoms in Huntington 's disease Irritability 38 -- 73 % Apathy 34 -- 76 % Anxiety 34 -- 61 % Depressed mood 33 -- 69 % Obsessive and compulsive 10 -- 52 % Psychotic 3 -- 11 % Symptoms of Huntington 's disease most commonly become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years , but they can begin at any age from infancy to old age . In the early stages , there are subtle changes in personality , cognition , and physical skills . The physical symptoms are usually the first to be noticed , as cognitive and behavioral symptoms are generally not severe enough to be recognized on their own at the earlier stages . Almost everyone with Huntington 's disease eventually exhibits similar physical symptoms , but the onset , progression and extent of cognitive and behavioral symptoms vary significantly between individuals . The most characteristic initial physical symptoms are jerky , random , and uncontrollable movements called chorea . Chorea may be initially exhibited as general restlessness , small unintentionally initiated or uncompleted motions , lack of coordination , or slowed saccadic eye movements .", "3": "These minor motor abnormalities usually precede more obvious signs of motor dysfunction by at least three years . The clear appearance of symptoms such as rigidity , writhing motions or abnormal posturing appear as the disorder progresses . These are signs that the system in the brain that is responsible for movement has been affected . Psychomotor functions become increasingly impaired , such that any action that requires muscle control is affected . Common consequences are physical instability , abnormal facial expression , and difficulties chewing , swallowing , and speaking . Eating difficulties commonly cause weight loss and may lead to malnutrition . Sleep disturbances are also associated symptoms . Juvenile HD differs from these symptoms in that it generally progresses faster and chorea is exhibited briefly , if at all , with rigidity being the dominant symptom . Seizures are also a common symptom of this form of HD . Cognitive abilities are progressively impaired . Especially affected are executive functions , which include planning , cognitive flexibility , abstract thinking , rule acquisition , initiation of appropriate actions , and inhibition of inappropriate actions . As the disease progresses , memory deficits tend to appear . Reported impairments range from short - term memory deficits to long - term memory difficulties , including deficits in episodic ( memory of one 's life ) , procedural ( memory of the body of how to perform an activity ) and working memory . Cognitive problems tend to worsen over time , ultimately leading to dementia . This pattern of deficits has been called a subcortical dementia syndrome to distinguish it from the typical effects of cortical dementias e.g. Alzheimer 's disease . Reported neuropsychiatric manifestations are anxiety , depression , a reduced display of emotions ( blunted affect ) , egocentrism , aggression , and compulsive behavior , the latter of which can cause or worsen addictions , including alcoholism , gambling , and hypersexuality . Difficulties in recognizing other people 's negative expressions have also been observed . The prevalence of these symptoms is highly variable between studies , with estimated rates for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders between 33 % and 76 % . For many sufferers and their families , these symptoms are among the most distressing aspects of the disease , often affecting daily functioning and constituting reason for institutionalization . Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are more common than in the general population .", "4": "Often individuals have reduced awareness of chorea , cognitive and emotional impairments . Mutant Huntingtin is expressed throughout the body and associated with abnormalities in peripheral tissues that are directly caused by such expression outside the brain . These abnormalities include muscle atrophy , cardiac failure , impaired glucose tolerance , weight loss , osteoporosis , and testicular atrophy . Genetics ( edit ) All humans have two copies of the Huntingtin gene ( HTT ) , which codes for the protein Huntingtin ( HTT ) . The gene is also called HD and IT15 , which stands for ' interesting transcript 15 ' . Part of this gene is a repeated section called a trinucleotide repeat , which varies in length between individuals and may change length between generations . If the repeat is present in a healthy gene , a dynamic mutation may increase the repeat count and result in a defective gene . When the length of this repeated section reaches a certain threshold , it produces an altered form of the protein , called mutant Huntingtin protein ( mHTT ) . The differing functions of these proteins are the cause of pathological changes which in turn cause the disease symptoms . The Huntington 's disease mutation is genetically dominant and almost fully penetrant : mutation of either of a person 's HTT alleles causes the disease . It is not inherited according to sex , but the length of the repeated section of the gene and hence its severity can be influenced by the sex of the affected parent . Genetic mutation ( edit ) HD is one of several trinucleotide repeat disorders which are caused by the length of a repeated section of a gene exceeding a normal range . The HTT gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 at 4p16. 3 . HTT contains a sequence of three DNA bases -- cytosine - adenine - guanine ( CAG ) -- repeated multiple times ( i.e. ... CAGCAGCAG ... ) , known as a trinucleotide repeat . CAG is the 3 - letter genetic code ( codon ) for the amino acid glutamine , so a series of them results in the production of a chain of glutamine known as a polyglutamine tract ( or polyQ tract ) , and the repeated part of the gene , the PolyQ region .", "5": "Classification of the trinucleotide repeat , and resulting disease status , depends on the number of CAG repeats Repeat count Classification Disease status Risk to offspring < 26 Normal Will not be affected None 27 -- 35 Intermediate Will not be affected Elevated but < < 50 % 36 -- 39 Reduced Penetrance May or may not be affected 50 % 40 + Full Penetrance Will be affected 50 % Generally , people have fewer than 36 repeated glutamines in the polyQ region which results in production of the cytoplasmic protein Huntingtin . However , a sequence of 36 or more glutamines results in the production of a protein which has different characteristics . This altered form , called mutant huntingtin ( mHTT ) , increases the decay rate of certain types of neurons . Regions of the brain have differing amounts and reliance on these types of neurons , and are affected accordingly . Generally , the number of CAG repeats is related to how much this process is affected , and accounts for about 60 % of the variation of the age of the onset of symptoms . The remaining variation is attributed to environment and other genes that modify the mechanism of HD . 36 -- 39 repeats result in a reduced - penetrance form of the disease , with a much later onset and slower progression of symptoms . In some cases the onset may be so late that symptoms are never noticed . With very large repeat counts , HD has full penetrance and can occur under the age of 20 , when it is then referred to as juvenile HD , akinetic - rigid , or Westphal variant HD . This accounts for about 7 % of HD carriers . Inheritance ( edit ) Huntington 's disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion . The probability of each offspring inheriting an affected gene is 50 % . Inheritance is independent of gender , and the phenotype does not skip generations . Huntington 's disease has autosomal dominant inheritance , meaning that an affected individual typically inherits one copy of the gene with an expanded trinucleotide repeat ( the mutant allele ) from an affected parent . Since penetrance of the mutation is very high , those who have a mutated copy of the gene will have the disease .", "6": "In this type of inheritance pattern , each offspring of an affected individual has a 50 % risk of inheriting the mutant allele and therefore being affected with the disorder ( see figure ) . This probability is sex - independent . Trinucleotide CAG repeats over 28 are unstable during replication , and this instability increases with the number of repeats present . This usually leads to new expansions as generations pass ( dynamic mutations ) instead of reproducing an exact copy of the trinucleotide repeat . This causes the number of repeats to change in successive generations , such that an unaffected parent with an `` intermediate '' number of repeats ( 28 -- 35 ) , or `` reduced penetrance '' ( 36 -- 40 ) , may pass on a copy of the gene with an increase in the number of repeats that produces fully penetrant HD . Such increases in the number of repeats ( and hence earlier age of onset and severity of disease ) in successive generations is known as genetic anticipation . Instability is greater in spermatogenesis than oogenesis ; maternally inherited alleles are usually of a similar repeat length , whereas paternally inherited ones have a higher chance of increasing in length . It is rare for Huntington 's disease to be caused by a new mutation , where neither parent has over 36 CAG repeats . In the rare situations where both parents have an expanded HD gene , the risk increases to 75 % , and when either parent has two expanded copies , the risk is 100 % ( all children will be affected ) . Individuals with both genes affected are rare . For some time HD was thought to be the only disease for which possession of a second mutated gene did not affect symptoms and progression , but it has since been found that it can affect the phenotype and the rate of progression . Mechanism ( edit ) The huntingtin protein interacts with over 100 other proteins , and appears to have multiple biological functions . The behavior of this mutated protein is not completely understood , but it is toxic to certain cell types , particularly in the brain . Early damage is most evident in the striatum , but as the disease progresses , other areas of the brain are also more conspicuously affected . Early symptoms are attributable to functions of the striatum and its cortical connections -- namely control over movement , mood and higher cognitive function . DNA methylation also appears to be changed in HD .", "7": "Huntingtin function ( edit ) See also : Huntingtin HTT is expressed in all mammalian cells . The highest concentrations are found in the brain and testes , with moderate amounts in the liver , heart , and lungs . The function of HTT in humans is unclear . It interacts with proteins which are involved in transcription , cell signaling , and intracellular transporting . In animals genetically modified to exhibit HD , several functions of HTT have been found . In these animals , HTT is important for embryonic development , as its absence is related to embryonic death . Caspase , an enzyme which plays a role in catalyzing apoptosis , is thought to be activated by the mutated gene through damaging the ubiquitin - protease system . It also acts as an anti-apoptotic agent preventing programmed cell death and controls the production of brain - derived neurotrophic factor , a protein which protects neurons and regulates their creation during neurogenesis . HTT also facilitates vesicular transport and synaptic transmission and controls neuronal gene transcription . If the expression of HTT is increased and more HTT produced , brain cell survival is improved and the effects of mHTT are reduced , whereas when the expression of HTT is reduced , the resulting characteristics are more typical of the presence of mHTT . In humans the disruption of the normal gene does not cause the disease . It is thought that the disease is not caused by inadequate production of HTT , but by an increase in the toxic function of mHTT in the body . Cellular changes ( edit ) A microscope image of a neuron with inclusion ( stained orange ) caused by HD , image width 250 μm There are multiple cellular changes through which the toxic function of mHTT may manifest and produce the HD pathology . In its mutant ( i.e. polyglutamine expanded ) form , the protein is more prone to cleavage that creates shorter fragments containing the polyglutamine expansion . These protein fragments have a propensity to undergo misfolding and aggregation , yielding fibrillar aggregates in which non-native polyglutamine β - strands from multiple proteins are bonded together via hydrogen bonds . These aggregates share the same fundamental cross-β amyloid architecture seen in other protein deposition diseases . Over time , the aggregates accumulate to form inclusion bodies within cells , ultimately interfering with neuron function . Neuronal inclusions run indirect interference .", "8": "Inclusion bodies have been found in both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm . Inclusion bodies in cells of the brain are one of the earliest pathological changes , and some experiments have found that they can be toxic for the cell , but other experiments have shown that they may form as part of the body 's defense mechanism and help protect cells . Several pathways by which mHTT may cause cell death have been identified . These include : effects on chaperone proteins , which help fold proteins and remove misfolded ones ; interactions with caspases , which play a role in the process of removing cells ; the toxic effects of glutamine on nerve cells ; impairment of energy production within cells ; and effects on the expression of genes . An additional theory that explains another way cell function may be disrupted by HD proposes that damage to mitochondria in striatal cells ( numerous accounts of mitochondrial metabolism deficiency have been found ) and the interactions of the altered huntingtin protein with numerous proteins in neurons leads to an increased vulnerability of glutamine , which , in large amounts , has been found to be an excitotoxin . Excitotoxins may cause damage to numerous cellular structures . Although glutamine is not found in excessively high amounts , it has been postulated that because of the increased vulnerability , even normal amounts glutamine can cause excitotoxins to be expressed . Macroscopic changes ( edit ) Area of the brain most damaged in early Huntington 's disease -- striatum ( shown in purple ) HD affects the whole brain , but certain areas are more vulnerable than others . The most prominent early effects are in a part of the basal ganglia called the neostriatum , which is composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen . Other areas affected include the substantia nigra , layers 3 , 5 and 6 of the cerebral cortex , the hippocampus , purkinje cells in the cerebellum , lateral tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus and parts of the thalamus . These areas are affected according to their structure and the types of neurons they contain , reducing in size as they lose cells . Striatal spiny neurons are the most vulnerable , particularly ones with projections towards the external globus pallidus , with interneurons and spiny cells projecting to the internal pallidum being less affected .", "9": "HD also causes an abnormal increase in astrocytes and activation of the brain 's immune cells , microglia . The basal ganglia -- the part of the brain most prominently affected in early HD -- play a key role in movement and behavior control . Their functions are not fully understood , but current theories propose that they are part of the cognitive executive system and the motor circuit . The basal ganglia ordinarily inhibit a large number of circuits that generate specific movements . To initiate a particular movement , the cerebral cortex sends a signal to the basal ganglia that causes the inhibition to be released . Damage to the basal ganglia can cause the release or reinstatement of the inhibitions to be erratic and uncontrolled , which results in an awkward start to motion or motions to be unintentionally initiated , or a motion to be halted before , or beyond , its intended completion . The accumulating damage to this area causes the characteristic erratic movements associated with HD . The spontaneous and erratic physical movements associated with HD are classified as a type of hyperkinetic dysarthria . Because of the basal ganglia 's inability to inhibit movements , individuals affected by it will inevitably experience a reduced ability to produce speech and swallow foods and liquids ( dysphagia ) . Transcriptional dysregulation ( edit ) CREB - binding protein ( CBP ) , a transcriptional coregulator , is essential for cell function because as a coactivator at a significant number of promoters , it activates the transcription of genes for survival pathways . Furthermore , the amino acids that form CBP include a strip of 18 glutamines . Thus , the glutamines on CBP interact directly with the increased numbers of glutamine on the HTT chain and CBP gets pulled away from its typical location next to the nucleus . Specifically , CBP contains an acetyltransferase domain to which HTT binds through its polyglutamine - containing domain . Autopsied brains of those who had Huntington 's disease also have been found to have incredibly reduced amounts of CBP . In addition , when CBP is overexpressed , polyglutamine - induced death is diminished , further demonstrating that CBP plays an important role in Huntington 's disease and neurons in general . Diagnosis ( edit ) Medical diagnosis of the onset of HD can be made following the appearance of physical symptoms specific to the disease .", "10": "Genetic testing can be used to confirm a physical diagnosis if there is no family history of HD . Even before the onset of symptoms , genetic testing can confirm if an individual or embryo carries an expanded copy of the trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene that causes the disease . Genetic counseling is available to provide advice and guidance throughout the testing procedure , and on the implications of a confirmed diagnosis . These implications include the impact on an individual 's psychology , career , family planning decisions , relatives and relationships . Despite the availability of pre-symptomatic testing , only 5 % of those at risk of inheriting HD choose to do so . Clinical ( edit ) Coronal section from an MR brain scan of a patient with HD , showing atrophy of the heads of the caudate nuclei , enlargement of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles ( hydrocephalus ex vacuo ) , and generalized cortical atrophy A physical examination , sometimes combined with a psychological examination , can determine whether the onset of the disease has begun . Excessive unintentional movements of any part of the body are often the reason for seeking medical consultation . If these are abrupt and have random timing and distribution , they suggest a diagnosis of HD . Cognitive or behavioral symptoms are rarely the first symptoms diagnosed ; they are usually only recognized in hindsight or when they develop further . How far the disease has progressed can be measured using the unified Huntington 's disease rating scale , which provides an overall rating system based on motor , behavioral , cognitive , and functional assessments . Medical imaging , such as computerized tomography ( CT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , can show atrophy of the caudate nuclei early in the disease , as seen in the illustration to the right , but these changes are not , by themselves , diagnostic of HD . Cerebral atrophy can be seen in the advanced stages of the disease . Functional neuroimaging techniques , such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) and positron emission tomography ( PET ) , can show changes in brain activity before the onset of physical symptoms , but they are experimental tools , and are not used clinically . Predictive genetic testing ( edit ) Because HD follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance , there is a strong motivation for individuals who are at risk of inheriting it to seek a diagnosis .", "11": "The genetic test for HD consists of a blood test which counts the numbers of CAG repeats in each of the HTT alleles . Cutoffs are given as follows : 40 or more CAG repeats : full penetrance allele ( FPA ) . A `` positive test '' or `` positive result '' generally refers to this case . A positive result is not considered a diagnosis , since it may be obtained decades before the symptoms begin . However , a negative test means that the individual does not carry the expanded copy of the gene and will not develop HD . The test will tell a person who originally had a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disease if their risk goes up to 100 percent or is eliminated . A person who tests positive for the disease will develop HD sometime within their lifetime , provided he or she lives long enough for the disease to appear . 36 to 39 repeats : incomplete or reduced penetrance allele ( RPA ) . It may cause symptoms , usually later in the adult life . There is a maximum risk of 60 % that a person with an RPA will be symptomatic at the age of 65 years , and a 70 % risk of being symptomatic at the age of 75 years . 27 to 35 repeats : intermediate allele ( IA ) , or large normal allele . It is not associated with symptomatic disease in the tested individual , but may expand upon further inheritance to give symptoms in offspring . 26 or fewer repeats : Not associated with HD . Testing before the onset of symptoms is a life - changing event and a very personal decision . The main reason given for choosing testing for HD is to aid in career and family decisions . Before 1993 there was not an available test for individuals to learn if they carried the Huntington 's gene . At that time surveys indicated that 50 -- 70 % of at - risk individuals would have been interested in receiving testing , but since predictive testing has been offered far fewer choose to be tested . Over 95 % of individuals at risk of inheriting HD do not proceed with testing , mostly because there is no treatment . A key issue is the anxiety an individual experiences about not knowing whether they will eventually develop HD , compared to the impact of a positive result .", "12": "Irrespective of the result , stress levels have been found to be lower two years after being tested , but the risk of suicide is increased after a positive test result . Individuals found to have not inherited the disorder may experience survivor guilt with regard to family members who are affected . Other factors taken into account when considering testing include the possibility of discrimination and the implications of a positive result , which usually means a parent has an affected gene and that the individual 's siblings will be at risk of inheriting it . In one study genetic discrimination was found in 46 % of individuals at risk for Huntington 's disease . It occurred at higher rates within personal relationships than health insurance or employment relations . Genetic counseling in HD can provide information , advice and support for initial decision - making , and then , if chosen , throughout all stages of the testing process . Because of the implications of this test , patients who wish to undergo testing must complete three counseling sessions which provide information about Huntington 's . Counseling and guidelines on the use of genetic testing for HD have become models for other genetic disorders , such as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias . Presymptomatic testing for HD has also influenced testing for other illnesses with genetic variants such as polycystic kidney disease , familial Alzheimer 's disease and breast cancer . The European Molecular Genetics Quality Network have published yearly external quality assessment scheme for molecular genetic testing for this disease and have developed best practice guidelines for genetic testing for HD to assist in testing and reporting of results . Preimplantation genetic diagnosis ( edit ) Embryos produced using in vitro fertilization may be genetically tested for HD using preimplantation genetic diagnosis ( PGD ) . This technique , where one or two cells are extracted from a typically 4 - to 8 - cell embryo and then tested for the genetic abnormality , can then be used to ensure embryos affected with HD genes are not implanted , and therefore any offspring will not inherit the disease . Some forms of preimplantation genetic diagnosis -- non-disclosure or exclusion testing -- allow at - risk people to have HD - free offspring without revealing their own parental genotype , giving no information about whether they themselves are destined to develop HD . In exclusion testing , the embryos ' DNA is compared with that of the parents and grandparents to avoid inheritance of the chromosomal region containing the HD gene from the affected grandparent .", "13": "In non-disclosure testing , only disease - free embryos are replaced in the uterus while the parental genotype and hence parental risk for HD are never disclosed . Prenatal testing ( edit ) It is also possible to obtain a prenatal diagnosis for an embryo or fetus in the womb , using fetal genetic material acquired through chorionic villus sampling . An amniocentesis can be performed if the pregnancy is further along , within 14 -- 18 weeks . This procedure looks at the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby for indicators of the HD mutation . This , too , can be paired with exclusion testing to avoid disclosure of parental genotype . Prenatal testing can be done when a parent has been diagnosed with HD , when they have had genetic testing showing the expansion of the HTT gene , or when they have a 50 % chance of inheriting the disease . The parents can be counseled on their options , which include termination of pregnancy , and on the difficulties of a child with the identified gene . In addition , in at - risk pregnancies due to an affected male partner , non-invasive prenatal diagnosis can be performed by analyzing cell - free fetal DNA in a blood sample taken from the mother ( via venipuncture ) between six and twelve weeks of pregnancy . It has no procedure - related risk of miscarriage ( excepting via needle contamination ) . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) About 99 % of HD diagnoses based on the typical symptoms and a family history of the disease are confirmed by genetic testing to have the expanded trinucleotide repeat that causes HD . Most of the remaining are called HD - like ( HDL ) syndromes . The cause of most HDL diseases is unknown , but those with known causes are due to mutations in the prion protein gene ( HDL1 ) , the junctophilin 3 gene ( HDL2 ) , a recessively inherited unknown gene ( HDL3 -- only found in two families and poorly understood ) , and the gene encoding the TATA box - binding protein ( SCA17 , sometimes called HDL4 ) . Other autosomal dominant diseases that can be misdiagnosed as HD are dentatorubral - pallidoluysian atrophy and neuroferritinopathy . There are also autosomal recessive disorders that resemble sporadic cases of HD .", "14": "These include chorea acanthocytosis and pantothenate kinase - associated neurodegeneration . One X-linked disorder of this type is McLeod syndrome . Management ( edit ) Chemical structure of tetrabenazine , an approved compound for the management of chorea in HD There is no cure for HD , but there are treatments available to reduce the severity of some of its symptoms . For many of these treatments , evidence to confirm their effectiveness in treating symptoms of HD specifically are incomplete . As the disease progresses the ability to care for oneself declines , and carefully managed multidisciplinary caregiving becomes increasingly necessary . Although there have been relatively few studies of exercises and therapies that help rehabilitate cognitive symptoms of HD , there is some evidence for the usefulness of physical therapy , occupational therapy , and speech therapy . An association between caffeine intake and earlier age of onset in Huntington 's disease has been found but , since this finding was based on retrospective questionnaire data rather than a blinded , randomized trial or case - control study , this work is a poor basis for guiding lifestyle decisions . Therapy ( edit ) Weight loss and eating difficulties due to dysphagia and other muscle discoordination are common , making nutrition management increasingly important as the disease advances . Thickening agents can be added to liquids as thicker fluids are easier and safer to swallow . Reminding the affected person to eat slowly and to take smaller pieces of food into the mouth may also be of use to prevent choking . If eating becomes too hazardous or uncomfortable , the option of using a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is available . This is a feeding tube , permanently attached through the abdomen into the stomach , which reduces the risk of aspirating food and provides better nutritional management . Assessment and management by speech - language pathologists with experience in Huntington 's disease is recommended . People with Huntington 's disease may see a physical therapist for non-invasive and non-medication - based ways of managing the physical symptoms . Physical therapists may implement fall risk assessment and prevention , as well as strengthening , stretching , and cardiovascular exercises . Walking aids may be prescribed as appropriate . Physical therapists also prescribe breathing exercises and airway clearance techniques with the development of respiratory problems . Consensus guidelines on physiotherapy in Huntington 's disease have been produced by the European HD Network . Goals of early rehabilitation interventions are prevention of loss of function .", "15": "Participation in rehabilitation programs during early to middle stage of the disease may be beneficial as it translates into long term maintenance of motor and functional performance . Rehabilitation during the late stage aims to compensate for motor and functional losses . For long - term independent management , the therapist may develop home exercise programs for appropriate people . Additionally , an increasing number of people with Huntington 's disease are turning to palliative care , which aims to improve quality of life through the treatment of the symptoms and stress of serious illness , in addition to their other treatments . Medications ( edit ) Tetrabenazine was approved in 2008 for treatment of chorea in Huntington 's disease in the US . Other drugs that help to reduce chorea include neuroleptics and benzodiazepines . Compounds such as amantadine or remacemide are still under investigation but have shown preliminary positive results . Hypokinesia and rigidity , especially in juvenile cases , can be treated with antiparkinsonian drugs , and myoclonic hyperkinesia can be treated with valproic acid . Psychiatric symptoms can be treated with medications similar to those used in the general population . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and mirtazapine have been recommended for depression , while atypical antipsychotic drugs are recommended for psychosis and behavioral problems . Specialist neuropsychiatric input is recommended as people may require long - term treatment with multiple medications in combination . Education ( edit ) The families of individuals who have inherited or are at risk of inheriting HD have generations of experience of HD , but may be unaware of recent breakthroughs in understanding the disease , and of the availability of genetic testing . Genetic counseling benefits these individuals by updating their knowledge , seeking to dispel any unfounded beliefs that they may have , and helping them consider their future options and plans . Also covered is information concerning family planning choices , care management , and other considerations . Prognosis ( edit ) The length of the trinucleotide repeat accounts for 60 % of the variation in the age symptoms appear and the rate they progress . A longer repeat results in an earlier age of onset and a faster progression of symptoms . Individuals with more than sixty repeats often develop the disease before age 20 , while those with fewer than 40 repeats may not ever develop noticeable symptoms .", "16": "The remaining variation is due to environmental factors and other genes that influence the mechanism of the disease . Life expectancy in HD is generally around 20 years following the onset of visible symptoms . Most life - threatening complications result from muscle coordination and , to a lesser extent , behavioral changes induced by declining cognitive function . The largest risk is pneumonia , which causes death in one third of those with HD . As the ability to synchronize movements deteriorates , difficulty clearing the lungs and an increased risk of aspirating food or drink both increase the risk of contracting pneumonia . The second greatest risk is heart disease , which causes almost a quarter of fatalities of those with HD . Suicide is the third greatest cause of fatalities , with 7.3 % of those with HD taking their own lives and up to 27 % attempting to do so . It is unclear to what extent suicidal thoughts are influenced by behavioral symptoms , as they signify sufferers ' desires to avoid the later stages of the disease . Other associated risks include choking , physical injury from falls , and malnutrition . Epidemiology ( edit ) The late onset of Huntington 's disease means it does not usually affect reproduction . The worldwide prevalence of HD is 5 -- 10 cases per 100,000 persons , but varies greatly geographically as a result of ethnicity , local migration and past immigration patterns . Prevalence is similar for men and women . The rate of occurrence is highest in peoples of Western European descent , averaging around 7 per 100,000 people , and is lower in the rest of the world ; e.g. , one per million people of Asian and African descent . A 2013 epidemiological study of the prevalence of Huntington 's disease in the UK between 1990 and 2010 found that the average prevalence for the UK was 12.3 per 100,000 . Additionally , some localized areas have a much higher prevalence than their regional average . One of the highest incidences is in the isolated populations of the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela , where HD affects up to 700 per 100,000 persons . Other areas of high localization have been found in Tasmania and specific regions of Scotland , Wales and Sweden . Increased prevalence in some cases occurs due to a local founder effect , a historical migration of carriers into an area of geographic isolation .", "17": "Some of these carriers have been traced back hundreds of years using genealogical studies . Genetic haplotypes can also give clues for the geographic variations of prevalence . Iceland , on the contrary , has a rather low prevalence of 1 per 100,000 , despite the fact that Icelanders as a people are descended of the early Germanic tribes of Scandinavia which also gave rise to the Swedes ; all cases with the exception of one going back nearly two centuries having derived from the offspring of a couple living early in the 19th century . Finland , as well , has a low incidence of only 2.2 per 100,000 people . Until the discovery of a genetic test , statistics could only include clinical diagnosis based on physical symptoms and a family history of HD , excluding those who died of other causes before diagnosis . These cases can now be included in statistics ; and , as the test becomes more widely available , estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the disorder are likely to increase . History ( edit ) In 1872 George Huntington described the disorder in his first paper `` On Chorea '' at the age of 22 . Although Huntington 's has been recognized as a disorder since at least the Middle Ages , the cause has been unknown until fairly recently . Huntington 's was given different names throughout this history as understanding of the disease changed . Originally called simply ' chorea ' for the jerky dancelike movements associated with the disease , HD has also been called `` hereditary chorea '' and `` chronic progressive chorea '' . The first definite mention of HD was in a letter by Charles Oscar Waters , published in the first edition of Robley Dunglison 's Practice of Medicine in 1842 . Waters described `` a form of chorea , vulgarly called magrums '' , including accurate descriptions of the chorea , its progression , and the strong heredity of the disease . In 1846 Charles Gorman observed how higher prevalence seemed to occur in localized regions . Independently of Gorman and Waters , both students of Dunglison at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia , Johan Christian Lund also produced an early description in 1860 . He specifically noted that in Setesdalen , a secluded mountain valley in Norway , there was a high prevalence of dementia associated with a pattern of jerking movement disorders that ran in families .", "18": "The first thorough description of the disease was by George Huntington in 1872 . Examining the combined medical history of several generations of a family exhibiting similar symptoms , he realized their conditions must be linked ; he presented his detailed and accurate definition of the disease as his first paper . Huntington described the exact pattern of inheritance of autosomal dominant disease years before the rediscovery by scientists of Mendelian inheritance . `` Of its hereditary nature . When either or both the parents have shown manifestations of the disease ... , one or more of the offspring almost invariably suffer from the disease ... But if by any chance these children go through life without it , the thread is broken and the grandchildren and great - grandchildren of the original shakers may rest assured that they are free from the disease . '' . Sir William Osler was interested in the disorder and chorea in general , and was impressed with Huntington 's paper , stating that `` In the history of medicine , there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately , more graphically or more briefly described . '' Osler 's continued interest in HD , combined with his influence in the field of medicine , helped to rapidly spread awareness and knowledge of the disorder throughout the medical community . Great interest was shown by scientists in Europe , including Louis Théophile Joseph Landouzy , Désiré - Magloire Bourneville , Camillo Golgi , and Joseph Jules Dejerine , and until the end of the century , much of the research into HD was European in origin . By the end of the 19th century , research and reports on HD had been published in many countries and the disease was recognized as a worldwide condition . During the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance at the turn of the 20th century , HD was used tentatively as an example of autosomal dominant inheritance . The English biologist William Bateson used the pedigrees of affected families to establish that HD had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern . The strong inheritance pattern prompted several researchers , including Smith Ely Jelliffe , to attempt to trace and connect family members of previous studies . Jelliffe collected information from across New York and published several articles regarding the genealogy of HD in New England .", "19": "Jelliffe 's research roused the interest of his college friend , Charles Davenport , who commissioned Elizabeth Muncey to produce the first field study on the East Coast of the United States of families with HD and to construct their pedigrees . Davenport used this information to document the variable age of onset and range of symptoms of HD ; he claimed that most cases of HD in the USA could be traced back to a handful of individuals . This research was further embellished in 1932 by P.R. Vessie , who popularized the idea that three brothers who left England in 1630 bound for Boston were the progenitors of HD in the USA . The claim that the earliest progenitors had been established and eugenic bias of Muncey 's , Davenport 's , and Vessie 's work contributed to misunderstandings and prejudice about HD . Muncey and Davenport also popularized the idea that in the past some HD sufferers may have been thought to be possessed by spirits or victims of witchcraft , and were sometimes shunned or exiled by society . This idea has not been proven . Researchers have found contrary evidence ; for instance , the community of the family studied by George Huntington openly accommodated those who exhibited symptoms of HD . The search for the cause of this condition was enhanced considerably in 1968 , when the Hereditary Disease Foundation ( HDF ) was created by Milton Wexler , a psychoanalyst based in Los Angeles , California , whose wife Leonore Sabin had been diagnosed earlier that year with Huntington 's disease . The three brothers of Wexler 's wife also suffered from this disease . The foundation was involved in the recruitment of over 100 scientists in the Huntington 's Disease Collaborative Research Project who over a 10 - year period worked to locate the responsible gene . Thanks to the HDF , the ongoing US - Venezuela Huntington 's Disease Collaborative Research Project was started in 1979 , and reported a major breakthrough in 1983 with the discovery of the approximate location of a causal gene . This was the result of an extensive study focusing on the populations of two isolated Venezuelan villages , Barranquitas and Lagunetas , where there was an unusually high prevalence of the disease . It involved over 18,000 people -- mostly from a single extended family .", "20": "Among other innovations , the project developed DNA - marking methods which were an important step in making the Human Genome Project possible . In 1993 , the research group isolated the precise causal gene at 4p16. 3 , making this the first autosomal disease locus found using genetic linkage analysis . In the same time frame , key discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the disorder were being made , including the findings by Anita Harding 's research group on the effects of the gene 's length . Modelling the disease in various types of animals , such as the transgenic mouse developed in 1996 , enabled larger scale experiments . As these animals have faster metabolisms and much shorter lifespans than humans , results from experiments are received sooner , speeding research . The 1997 discovery that mHTT fragments misfold led to the discovery of the nuclear inclusions they cause . These advances have led to increasingly extensive research into the proteins involved with the disease , potential drug treatments , care methods , and the gene itself . The condition was formerly called ' Huntington 's chorea ' but this term has been replaced by ' Huntington 's disease ' because not all patients develop chorea and due to the importance of cognitive and behavioral problems . Society and culture ( edit ) See also : List of Huntington 's disease media depictions Ethics ( edit ) See also : In vitro fertilisation § Ethics , and Stem cell controversy Huntington 's disease , particularly the application of the genetic test for the disease , has raised several ethical issues . The issues for genetic testing include defining how mature an individual should be before being considered eligible for testing , ensuring the confidentiality of results , and whether companies should be allowed to use test results for decisions on employment , life insurance or other financial matters . There was controversy when Charles Davenport proposed in 1910 that compulsory sterilization and immigration control be used for people with certain diseases , including HD , as part of the eugenics movement . In vitro fertilization has some issues regarding its use of embryos . Some HD research has ethical issues due to its use of animal testing and embryonic stem cells . The development of an accurate diagnostic test for Huntington 's disease has caused social , legal , and ethical concerns over access to and use of a person 's results .", "21": "Many guidelines and testing procedures have strict procedures for disclosure and confidentiality to allow individuals to decide when and how to receive their results and also to whom the results are made available . Financial institutions and businesses are faced with the question of whether to use genetic test results when assessing an individual , such as for life insurance or employment . The United Kingdom 's insurance companies have agreed that until 2017 they will not use genetic information when writing insurance policies under GB £ 500,000 , but Huntington 's is explicitly excluded from this agreement . As with other untreatable genetic conditions with a later onset , it is ethically questionable to perform pre-symptomatic testing on a child or adolescent , as there would be no medical benefit for that individual . There is consensus for testing only individuals who are considered cognitively mature , although there is a counter-argument that parents have a right to make the decision on their child 's behalf . With the lack of an effective treatment , testing a person under legal age who is not judged to be competent is considered unethical in most cases . There are ethical concerns related to prenatal genetic testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis to ensure a child is not born with a given disease . For example , prenatal testing raises the issue of selective abortion , a choice considered unacceptable by some . As it is a dominant disease , there are difficulties in situations in which a parent does not want to know his or her own diagnosis . This would require parts of the process to be kept secret from the parent . Support organizations ( edit ) The death of Woody Guthrie led to the foundation of the Committee to Combat Huntington 's Disease In 1968 , after experiencing HD in his wife 's family , Dr. Milton Wexler was inspired to start the Hereditary Disease Foundation ( HDF ) , with the aim of curing genetic illnesses by coordinating and supporting research . The foundation and Wexler 's daughter , Nancy Wexler , were key parts of the research team in Venezuela which discovered the HD gene . At roughly the same time as the HDF formed , Marjorie Guthrie helped to found the Committee to Combat Huntington 's Disease ( now the Huntington 's Disease Society of America ) , after her husband Woody Guthrie died from complications of HD . Since then , support and research organizations have formed in many countries around the world and have helped to increase public awareness of HD .", "22": "A number of these collaborate in umbrella organizations , like the International Huntington Association and the European HD network . Many support organizations hold an annual HD awareness event , some of which have been endorsed by their respective governments . For example , 6 June is designated `` National Huntington 's Disease Awareness Day '' by the US Senate . The largest funder of Huntington 's disease research globally , in terms of financial expenditure , is the CHDI Foundation , a US non-profit biomedical foundation that aims to `` rapidly discover and develop drugs that delay or slow Huntington 's disease '' . CHDI was formerly known as the High Q Foundation . In 2006 , it spent $50 million on Huntington 's disease research . CHDI collaborates with many academic and commercial laboratories globally and engages in oversight and management of research projects as well as funding . Many organizations exist to support and inform those affected by HD . Research directions ( edit ) Research into the mechanism of HD has focused on identifying the functioning of HTT , how mHTT differs or interferes with it , and the brain pathology that the disease produces . Research is conducted using in vitro methods , animal models and human volunteers . Animal models are critical for understanding the fundamental mechanisms causing the disease and for supporting the early stages of drug development . Animals with chemically induced brain injury exhibit HD - like symptoms and were initially used , but they did not mimic the progressive features of the disease . The identification of the causative gene has enabled the development of many transgenic animal models including nematode worms , Drosophila fruit flies , mice , rats , sheep , pigs and monkeys that express mutant huntingtin and develop progressive neurodegeneration and HD - like symptoms . Research is being conducted on many different approaches to prevent Huntington 's disease or slow its progression . Disease - modifying strategies can be broadly grouped into three categories : reducing the level of the mutant huntingtin protein ( including gene splicing and gene silencing ) ; approaches aimed at improving neuronal survival by reducing the harm caused by the protein to specific cellular pathways and mechanisms ( including protein homeostasis and histone deacetylase inhibition ) ; and strategies to replace lost neurons . In addition , novel therapies to improve brain functioning are under development ; these seek to produce symptomatic rather than disease - modifying therapies , and include phosphodiesterase inhibitors .", "23": "Reducing huntingtin production ( edit ) Gene silencing aims to reduce the production of the mutant protein , since HD is caused by a single dominant gene encoding a toxic protein . Gene silencing experiments in mouse models have shown that when the expression of mHTT is reduced , symptoms improve . Safety of non-allele specific RNAi and ASO gene silencing has now been demonstrated in mice and the large , human - like brains of primates . Allele - specific silencing attempts to silence mutant HTT while leaving wild - type HTT untouched . One way of accomplishing this is to identify polymorphisms present on only one allele and produce gene silencing drugs that target polymorphisms in only the mutant allele . The first ' gene silencing ' trial involving human HD patients began in 2015 , testing the safety of IONIS - HTTRx , produced by Ionis Pharmaceuticals and led by UCL Institute of Neurology . Mutant huntingtin was detected and quantified for the first time in cerebrospinal fluid from Huntington 's disease mutation - carriers in 2015 using a novel ' single - molecule counting ' immunoassay , providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin - lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect . Similarly , gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD , using tools such as CRISPR / Cas9 . Improving cell survival ( edit ) Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors , modulating aggregation of huntingtin , improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses . Neuronal replacement ( edit ) Stem cell therapy is the replacement of damaged neurons by transplantation of stem cells into affected regions of the brain . Experiments have yielded mixed results using this technique in animal models and preliminary human clinical trials . Whatever their future therapeutic potential , stem cells are already a valuable tool for studying Huntington 's disease in the laboratory . Clinical trials ( edit ) Several clinical trials of new experimental treatments are underway and planned in Huntington 's disease .", "24": "Compounds that have failed to prevent or slow progression of Huntington 's disease in human trials include remacemide , coenzyme Q10 , riluzole , creatine , minocycline , ethyl - EPA , phenylbutyrate and dimebon . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dayalu , P ; Albin , RL ( February 2015 ) . `` Huntington disease : pathogenesis and treatment '' . Neurologic Clinics . 33 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ncl. 2014.09. 003 . 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( 1992 ) . `` Meiotic stability and genotype - phenotype correlation of the trinucleotide repeat in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy '' . Nat . Genet. 2 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1292 - 301 . PMID 1303283 . ^ Jump up to : Ross CA , Tabrizi SJ ( January 2011 ) . `` Huntington 's disease : from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment '' . Lancet Neurology . 10 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 98 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 10 ) 70245 - 3 . PMID 21163446 . Jump up ^ `` What is HD ? '' . Huntington 's disease association . Archived from the original on 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Davenport CB ( 1915 ) .", "44": "`` Huntington 's Chorea in Relation to Heredity and Eugenics '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1 ( 5 ) : 283 -- 5 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1.5. 283 . PMC 1090803 . PMID 16575999 . Jump up ^ Rollin BE ( 2006 ) . `` The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics : A Conceptual History '' . Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 27 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 304 . doi : 10.1007 / s11017 - 006 - 9007 - 8 . PMID 16937023 . Jump up ^ Doerflinger RM ( 2008 ) . `` The problem of deception in embryonic stem cell research '' . Cell Prolif. 41 Suppl 1 : 65 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2184.2008. 00492. x . PMID 18181947 . Jump up ^ Chapman MA ( 1990 ) . `` Predictive testing for adult - onset genetic disease : ethical and legal implications of the use of linkage analysis for Huntington disease '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet. 47 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 3 . PMC 1683745 . PMID 2140926 . Jump up ^ Huggins M , Bloch M , Kanani S , et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult - onset disease : the experience of Huntington disease '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet. 47 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 12 . PMC 1683755 . PMID 1971997 . Jump up ^ `` Insurance Genetics Moratorium extended to 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Association of British Insurers . 5 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Expert backs gene test disclosure '' .", "45": "BBC article . 7 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Binedell J , Soldan JR , Scourfield J , Harper PS ( 1996 ) . `` Huntington 's disease predictive testing : the case for an assessment approach to requests from adolescents '' . J. Med . Genet. 33 ( 11 ) : 912 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 33.11. 912 . PMC 1050784 . PMID 8950670 . Jump up ^ Borry P , Goffin T , Nys H , Dierickx K ( 2008 ) . `` Predictive genetic testing in minors for adult - onset genetic diseases '' . Mt . Sinai J. Med. 75 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 96 . doi : 10.1002 / msj. 20038 . PMID 18704981 . ^ Jump up to : Braude PR , De Wert GM , Evers - Kiebooms G , Pettigrew RA , Geraedts JP ( 1998 ) . `` Non-disclosure preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington 's disease : practical and ethical dilemmas '' . Prenat . Diagn. 18 ( 13 ) : 1422 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0223 ( 199812 ) 18 : 13 < 1422 : : AID - PD499 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - R. PMID 9949442 . Jump up ^ `` The International Huntington Association '' . International Huntington Association . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate s. resolution 531 '' . S. Res. 531 . US Senate . 6 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Odling - Smee L ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` Biomedical philanthropy : The money tree '' .", "46": "Nature . 447 ( 7142 ) : 251 -- 251 . doi : 10.1038 / 447251a . Jump up ^ `` CHDI Foundation , Inc '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Check E ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` Biomedical philanthropy : Love or money '' . Nature . 447 ( 7142 ) : 252 -- 253 . doi : 10.1038 / 447252a . PMID 17507955 . Jump up ^ Turner C , Schapira AH ( 2010 ) . `` Mitochondrial matters of the brain : the role in Huntington 's disease '' . Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes. 42 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s10863 - 010 - 9290 - y . PMID 20480217 . Jump up ^ Wild , EJ ; Tabrizi , SJ ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Targets for future clinical trials in Huntington 's disease : what 's in the pipeline ? '' . Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society . 29 ( 11 ) : 1434 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / mds. 26007 . PMC 4265300 . PMID 25155142 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Shoshanna ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Taube to fund $3 m Huntington 's disease research in US '' . The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Munoz - Sanjuan , I ; Bates , GP ( 2011 ) . `` The importance of integrating basic and clinical research toward the development of new therapies for Huntington disease '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 121 ( 2 ) : 476 -- 483 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI45364 . PMC 3026740 . PMID 21285520 .", "47": "Jump up ^ McBride , Jodi L ; Pitzer , Mark R ; Boudreau , Ryan L ; Dufour , Brett ; Hobbs , Theodore ; Ojeda , Sergio R ; Davidson , Beverly L ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Preclinical Safety of RNAi - Mediated HTT Suppression in the Rhesus Macaque as a Potential Therapy for Huntington 's Disease '' . Molecular Therapy . 19 ( 12 ) : 2152 -- 2162 . doi : 10.1038 / mt. 2011.219 . PMC 3242667 . PMID 22031240 . Jump up ^ Kordasiewicz , Holly B. ; Stanek , Lisa M. ; Wancewicz , Edward V. ; Mazur , Curt ; McAlonis , Melissa M. ; Pytel , Kimberly A. ; Artates , Jonathan W. ; Weiss , Andreas ; Seng H. Cheng ; Shihabuddin , Lamya S. ; Hung , Gene ; Bennett , C. Frank ; Cleveland , Don W. ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` Sustained Therapeutic Reversal of Huntington 's Disease by Transient Repression of Huntingtin Synthesis '' . Neuron. 74 ( 6 ) : 1031 -- 1044 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2012.05. 009 . PMC 3383626 . PMID 22726834 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , DW ; Whitley , RJ ( Feb 1987 ) . `` Antiviral therapy and pulmonary disease '' . Chest. 91 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 51 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI45130 . PMID 3026739 . Jump up ^ `` Landmark Huntington 's trial starts '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Safety , Tolerability , Pharmacokinetics , and Pharmacodynamics of IONIS - HTTRx in Patients With Early Manifest Huntington 's Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov '' . clinicaltrials.gov .", "48": "Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wild , EJ ; Boggio , R ; Langbehn , D ; Robertson , N ; Haider , S ; Miller , JR ; Zetterberg , H ; Leavitt , BR ; Kuhn , R ; Tabrizi , SJ ; Macdonald , D ; Weiss , A ( May 2015 ) . `` Quantification of mutant huntingtin protein in cerebrospinal fluid from Huntington 's disease patients '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 125 ( 5 ) : 1979 -- 86 . doi : 10.1172 / jci80743 . PMC 4463213 . PMID 25844897 . Jump up ^ Chase , Alex ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Huntington disease : Cerebrospinal fluid and MRI biomarkers for prodromal HD '' . Nature Reviews Neurology . 11 ( 5 ) : 245 -- 245 . doi : 10.1038 / nrneurol. 2015.63 . Jump up ^ Keiser , Megan S. ; Kordasiewicz , Holly B. ; McBride , Jodi L. ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Gene suppression strategies for dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases : lessons from Huntington 's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 25 ( R1 ) : R53 -- R64 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / ddv442 . PMC 4802374 . PMID 26503961 . Jump up ^ Clelland CD , Barker RA , Watts C ( 2008 ) . `` Cell therapy in Huntington disease '' . Neurosurg Focus. 24 ( 3 -- 4 ) : E9 . doi : 10.3171 / FOC / 2008 / 24 / 3 - 4 / E8 . PMID 18341412 . Jump up ^ Cundiff PE , Anderson SA ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` Impact of induced pluripotent stem cells on the study of central nervous system disease '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development .", "49": "21 ( 3 ) : 354 -- 361 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gde. 2011.01. 008 . PMC 3932563 . PMID 21277194 . Jump up ^ Wild , EJ ; Tabrizi , SJ ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Targets for future clinical trials in Huntington 's disease : what 's in the pipeline ? '' . Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society . 29 ( 11 ) : 1434 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / mds. 26007 . PMC 4265300 . PMID 25155142 . Jump up ^ `` Completed Clinical Trials '' . Huntington Study Group . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : G10 , F02. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 333.4 , 294.", "50": "1 OMIM : 143100 MeSH : D006816 DiseasesDB : 6060 External resources MedlinePlus : 000770 eMedicine : article / 1150165 article / 792600 article / 289706 Patient UK : Huntington 's disease GeneReviews : Huntington Disease Orphanet : 399 ( hide ) Find more aboutHuntington 's diseaseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Huntington 's disease at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Works related to On Chorea at Wikisource HOPES project -- Stanford University 's HD information project HDBuzz -- HD research news written by scientists in plain language HD Drug Works -- news about current treatments and planned trials Medicine portal Mental and behavioral disorders ( F00 -- F99 & 290 -- 319 ) ( hide ) Neurological / symptomatic Dementia Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer 's disease Vascular dementia Pick 's disease Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease Huntington 's disease Parkinson 's disease AIDS dementia complex Frontotemporal dementia Sundowning Wandering Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome Savant syndrome PDD - NOS High - functioning autism Other Delirium Post-concussion syndrome Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substances , substance abuse , drug abuse and substance - related disorders Intoxication / Drug overdose Physical dependence Substance dependence Rebound effect Double rebound Withdrawal Stimulant psychosis Schizophrenia ,", "51": "schizotypal and delusional Psychosis and schizophrenia - like disorders Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Brief reactive psychosis Schizophrenia Disorganized ( hebephrenic ) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Simple - type schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Delusional disorders Delusional disorder Folie à deux Mood ( affective ) Mania Bipolar disorder ( Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS ) Depression ( Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression ) Neurotic , stress - related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia ( Anthropophobia ) Specific phobia ( Claustrophobia ) Specific social phobia Other Panic disorder Panic attack Generalized anxiety disorder OCD stress ( Acute stress reaction PTSD ) Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Somatic symptom disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis Nosophobia Da Costa 's syndrome Psychalgia Conversion disorder ( Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis ) Neurasthenia Mass psychogenic illness Dissociative disorder Dissociative identity disorder Psychogenic amnesia Fugue state Depersonalization disorder Physiological / physical behavioral Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome NOS Nonorganic sleep disorders ( Nonorganic hypersomnia Nonorganic insomnia ) Parasomnia ( REM sleep behavior disorder Night terror Nightmare ) Sexual dysfunction sexual", "52": "desire ( Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypersexuality ) sexual arousal ( Female sexual arousal disorder ) Erectile dysfunction orgasm ( Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia ) pain ( Vaginismus Dyspareunia ) Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Sexual maturation disorder Ego - dystonic sexual orientation Sexual relationship disorder Paraphilia ( Voyeurism Fetishism ) Other Personality disorder Impulse control disorder ( Kleptomania Trichotillomania Pyromania Dermatillomania ) Factitious disorder ( Munchausen syndrome ) Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability ( Lujan -- Fryns syndrome ) Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Specific Pervasive Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ( ODD ) Emotional / behavioral disorder ( Separation anxiety disorder ) social functioning ( Selective mutism RAD DAD ) Tic disorder ( Tourette syndrome ) Speech ( Stuttering Cluttering ) Movement disorders ( Stereotypic ) Symptoms and uncategorized Catatonia False pregnancy Intermittent explosive disorder Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures Klüver -- Bucy syndrome Diseases of the nervous system ,", "53": "primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease", "54": "Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy", "55": "Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Non-Mendelian inheritance : anticipation Trinucleotide Polyglutamine ( PolyQ ) , CAG Dentatorubral - pallidoluysian atrophy Huntington 's disease Kennedy disease Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 ,", "56": "17 ( Machado - Joseph disease ) Non-polyglutamine CGG ( Fragile X syndrome ) GAA ( Friedreich 's ataxia ) CTG ( Myotonic dystrophy type 1 ) CTG ( Spinocerebellar ataxia 8 ) CAG ( Spinocerebellar ataxia 12 ) Tetranucleotide CCTG ( Myotonic dystrophy type 2 ) Pentanucleotide ATTCT ( Spinocerebellar ataxia 10 ) GND : 4026223 - 6 NKC : ph195819 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "57": "php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&oldid=820090457 '' Categories : Huntington 's disease Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Genetic diseases and disorders Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system Autosomal dominant disorders Trinucleotide repeat disorders Disorders causing seizures Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with DMOZ links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "58": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2306115380794161867	the house of rules committee is an important part of the legislative process because it	[ "is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor", "in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor", "in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor", "is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor" ]	{ "0": "United States House Committee on Rules - Wikipedia United States House Committee on Rules Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Committee on Rules 114th United States Congress Committee Logo History Founded April 2 , 1789 ( 1789 - 04 - 02 ) New session started January 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Chairman Pete Sessions ( R ) Since 2013 Ranking Member Jim McGovern ( D ) Structure Seats 15 members Political groups Majority ( 11 ) Republican ( 11 ) Minority ( 4 ) Democratic ( 4 ) Website rules.house.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Committee on Rules , or ( more commonly ) Rules Committee , is a committee of the United States House of Representatives . Rather than being responsible for a specific area of policy , as most other committees are , it is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor . As such , it is one of the most powerful committees and is often described as `` an arm of the leadership '' and as the `` traffic cop of Congress . ''", "1": "A rule is a simple resolution of the House of Representatives , usually reported by the Committee on Rules , to permit the immediate consideration of a legislative measure , notwithstanding the usual order of business , and to prescribe conditions for its debate and amendment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jurisdiction 2 History 3 Members , 115th Congress 4 Subcommittees 5 Chairs , 1849 -- 1853 and 1880 -- present 6 Historical members and subcommittees 6.1 Members , 114th Congress 6.2 Subcommittees 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Jurisdiction ( edit ) When a bill is reported out of one of the other committees , it does not go straight to the House floor , because the House , unlike the United States Senate , does not have unlimited debate and discussion on a bill . Instead , what may be said and done to a bill is strictly limited . This limitation is performed by the Rules Committee . When a bill is reported out of another committee with legislative jurisdiction , it is placed on the appropriate House Calendar for debate . Common practice , though , is for bills reported from committees to be considered in the Rules Committee , which will decide for how long and under what rules the full body will debate the proposition . Consideration by the full body can be in one of two forums : the Committee of the Whole , or on the floor of the full House of Representatives itself . Different traditions govern whether the Committee of the Whole or the House itself will debate a given resolution , and the Rules Committee generally sets the forum under which a proposition will be debated and the amendment / time limitations for every measure , too . For instance , there might be a limit on the number or types of amendments ( proposed changes to the bill ) . Amendments might only be allowed to specific sections of the bill , or no amendments might be allowed at all . Besides control over amendments , the rule issued by the Rules Committee also determines the amount of speaking time assigned on each bill or resolution . If the leadership wants a bill pushed forward quietly , for instance , there might be no debate time scheduled ; if they want attention , they might allow time for lengthy speeches in support of the bill .", "2": "Between control over amendments , debate , and when measures will be considered , the Rules Committee exerts vast power in the House . As such , the majority party will usually be very keen on controlling it tightly . While most House committees maintain membership in a rough proportion to the full chamber ( If the majority party controls 55 % of the House , it will tend to have 55 % of committee seats ) , membership on the Rules Committee is disproportionately in favor of the majority party . History ( edit ) The Rules Committee was formed on April 2 , 1789 , during the first Congress . However , it had nowhere near the powerful role it has today . Instead , it merely proposed general rules for the House to follow when debating bills ( rather than passing a special rule for each bill ) , and was dissolved after proposing these general rules . These general rules still have a great impact on the tone of the House floor today . The Rules Committee , for a long time , lay dormant . For the first fifty years of its existence , it accomplished little beyond simply reaffirming these rules , and its role was very noncontroversial . On June 16 , 1841 , it made a major policy change , reducing from 2 / 3 to 1 / 2 the fraction of votes needed in the House to close debate and vote on a bill . In 1880 , the modern Rules Committee began to emerge from the reorganization of the House Committees . When the Republican party took over the House in the election of 1880 , they quickly realized the power that the Rules Committee possessed . One member , Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - Maine ) , used a seat on the Rules Committee to vault himself to the Speakership , and gained so much power that he was referred to as `` Czar Reed '' . In the 1890s and 1900s , Reed and his successor , Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - Illinois ) used the Rules Committee to centralize the power of the Speakership . Although their power to place members in committees and perform other functions was limited by a forced rule change in 1910 , the Rules Committee retained its power . However , it ceased to function as the personal project of the Speaker , as it had originally ; instead , as the seniority system took root , it was captured by a coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans .", "3": "This state of affairs would continue until the 1960s . In 1961 , Speaker Sam Rayburn ( D - Texas ) , acting on the wishes of the new President John F. Kennedy and the Democratic Study Group , introduced a bill to enlarge the committee from 12 members to 15 , to decrease the power of the arch - conservative chairman , Howard W. Smith ( D - Virginia ) . The bill passed , 217 votes to 212 . However , it was only partially successful ; the Rules Committee continued to block legislation including civil rights and education bills . In the 1970s , however , the Rules Committee was firmly under the command of the Speaker once again . As before , its primary role is to come up with special rules , to help or obstruct the chances of legislation reported to it . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Majority Party Minority Party Republican Democratic Pete Sessions , Texas 's 32nd , Chair Tom Cole , Oklahoma 's 4th , Vice Chair Rob Woodall , Georgia 's 7th Michael C. Burgess , Texas 's 26th Doug Collins , Georgia 's 9th Bradley Byrne , Alabama 's 1st Dan Newhouse , Washington 's 4th Ken Buck , Colorado 's 4th Liz Cheney , Wyoming 's at - large Jim McGovern , Massachusetts 's 2nd , Ranking Member Alcee Hastings , Florida 's 20th Jared Polis , Colorado 's 2nd , Vice Ranking Member Norma Torres , California 's 35th Sources : H. Res. 6 ( R ) , H. Res. 7 ( D ) . Subcommittees ( edit ) The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees , one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House .", "4": "Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall ( R - GA ) Alcee Hastings ( D - FL ) Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent ( R - FL ) Jim McGovern ( D - MA ) Source : House Committee on Rules Subcommittees Chairs , 1849 -- 1853 and 1880 -- present ( edit ) The Committee on Rules was first a standing committee of the House , during the 31st and 32nd Congresses ( 1849 -- 1853 ) . From 1853 until 1880 , the panel reverted to being a select committee ( as it had been before 1849 ) . Between 1880 and the revolt against Speaker Cannon , in March 1910 , the Speaker of the House also served as Chairman of the Rules Committee .", "5": "Chair Party State Years Note David S. Kaufman Democratic Texas 1849 -- 1851 Died in office January 31 , 1851 George W. Jones Democratic Tennessee 1851 -- 1853 Samuel J. Randall Democratic Pennsylvania 1880 -- 1881 J. Warren Keifer Republican Ohio 1881 -- 1883 John G. Carlisle Democratic Kentucky 1883 -- 1889 Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1889 -- 1891 1st term Charles F. Crisp Democratic Georgia 1891 -- 1895 Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1895 -- 1899 2nd term David B. Henderson Republican Iowa 1899 -- 1903 Joseph G. Cannon Republican Illinois 1903 -- 1910 John Dalzell Republican Pennsylvania 1910 -- 1911 Robert L. Henry Democratic Texas 1911 -- 1917 Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1917 -- 1919 1st term Philip P. Campbell Republican Kansas 1919 -- 1923 Bertrand H. Snell Republican New York 1923 -- 1931 Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1931 -- 1934 2nd term . Died in office April 1 , 1934 . William B. Bankhead Democratic Alabama 1934 -- 1935 John J. O'Connor Democratic New York 1935 -- 1939 Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1935 -- 1947 1st term Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1947 -- 1949 1st term Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1949 -- 1952 2nd term . Died in office November 6 , 1952 .", "6": "Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1953 -- 1955 2nd term Howard W. Smith Democratic Virginia 1955 -- 1967 William M. Colmer Democratic Mississippi 1967 -- 1973 Ray J. Madden Democratic Indiana 1973 -- 1977 James J. Delaney Democratic New York 1977 -- 1979 Richard W. Bolling Democratic Missouri 1979 -- 1983 Claude D. Pepper Democratic Florida 1983 -- 1989 Died in office May 30 , 1989 Joe Moakley Democratic Massachusetts 1989 -- 1995 Gerald B.H. Solomon Republican New York 1995 -- 1999 David T. Dreier Republican California 1999 -- 2007 1st term Louise M. Slaughter Democratic New York 2007 -- 2011 David T. Dreier Republican California 2011 -- 2013 2nd term Pete Sessions Republican Texas 2013 -- present Historical members and subcommittees ( edit ) Members , 114th Congress ( edit ) Majority Party Minority Party Republican Democratic Pete Sessions , Texas 's 32nd , Chairman Virginia Foxx , North Carolina 's 5th , Vice Chair Tom Cole , Oklahoma 's 4th Rob Woodall , Georgia 's 7th Michael C. Burgess , Texas 's 26th Steve Stivers , Ohio 's 15th Doug Collins , Georgia 's 9th Bradley Byrne , Alabama 's 1st Dan Newhouse , Washington 's 4th Louise Slaughter , New York 's 25th , Ranking Member James P. McGovern , Massachusetts 's 2nd Alcee Hastings , Florida 's 20th Jared Polis , Colorado 's 2nd Sources : H. Res. 6 ( Chairs ) , H. Res. 7 ( D ) , H. Res. 17 ( R ) and H. Res. 22 ( D ) .", "7": "Subcommittees ( edit ) The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees , one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House . Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall ( R - GA ) Alcee Hastings ( D - FL ) Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent ( R - FL ) Jim McGovern ( D - MA ) See also ( edit ) List of current United States House of Representatives committees United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration ( hide ) Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) Taxation ( Conference ) Standing committees , Defunct committees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives , Committee on Rules . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ A Pre-Twentieth Century look at the House Committee on Rules , by Walter J. Olezek ( House of Representatives , Rules Committee Democrats website ; accessed January 16 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Kaufman , David Spangler ( id : K000021 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress .", "8": "Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Jones , George Washington ( id : J000222 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Randall , Samuel Jackson ( id : R000039 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Committee on Rules -- A History ( House of Representatives , Rules Committee Democrats website ; accessed January 16 , 2011 ( confirms Randall was Chairman ) Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Keifer , Joseph Warren ( id : K000048 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Carlisle , John Griffin ( id : C000152 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Reed , Thomas Brackett ( id : R000128 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Crisp , Charles Frederick ( id : C000908 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Henderson , David Bremner ( id : H000478 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Cannon , Joseph Gurney ( id : C000121 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Dalzell , John ( id : D000016 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Henry , Robert Lee ( id : H000516 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 .", "9": "Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Pou , Edward William ( id : P000474 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Campbell , Philip Pitt ( id : C000097 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Snell , Bertrand Hollis ( id : S000652 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Bankhead , William Brockman ( id : B000113 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` O'Connor , John Joseph ( id : O000030 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Sabath , Adolph Joachim ( id : S000001 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Allen , Leo Elwood ( id : A000138 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Smith , Howard Worth ( id : S000554 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Colmer , William Meyers ( id : C000645 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Madden , Ray John ( id : M000039 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Delaney , James Joseph ( id : D000211 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 .", "10": "Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Bolling , Richard Walker ( id : B000605 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Pepper , Claude Denson ( id : P000218 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Moakley , John Joseph ( id : M000834 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Solomon , Gerald Brooks Hunt ( id : S000675 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Dreier , David Timothy ( id : D000492 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Slaughter , Louise McIntosh ( id : S000480 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Sessions , Pete ( id : S000250 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Brauer , Carl M. `` Women Activists , Southern Conservatives , and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act '' , 49 Journal of Southern History , February 1983 online via JSTOR Dierenfield , Bruce J. Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia ( 1987 ) Dion , Douglas , and John D. Huber . `` Procedural choice and the house committee on rules . '' Journal of Politics ( 1996 ) 58 # 1 pp : 25 - 53 . online Jenkins , Jeffery A. , and Nathan W. Monroe . `` Buying negative agenda control in the us house . '' American Journal of Political Science ( 2012 ) 56 # 4 pp : 897 - 912 .", "11": "online Jones , Charles O. `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : an Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives '' Journal of Politics 1968 30 ( 3 ) : 617 - 646 . Moffett , Kenneth W. `` Parties and Procedural Choice in the House Rules Committee . '' Congress & the Presidency ( 2012 ) 39 # 1 Race , A. `` House Rules and Procedure . '' in New Directions in Congressional Politics ( 2012 ) : 111 + Robinson , James Arthur . The House rules committee ( 1963 ) Schickler , Eric ; Pearson , Kathryn . `` Agenda Control , Majority Party Power , and the House Committee on Rules , 1937 - 52 , '' Legislative Studies Quarterly ( 2009 ) 34 # 4 pp 455 - 491 Woods , Clinton Jacob , `` Strange Bedfellows : Congressman Howard W. Smith and the Inclusion of Sex Discrimination in the 1964 Civil Rights Act , '' Southern Studies , 16 ( Spring -- Summer 2009 ) , 1 -- 32 . External links ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Official website of the committee ( Archive ) House Rules Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . House Rules Committee Hearings and Meetings Video . Congress.gov . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules&oldid=837154725 '' Categories : Committees of the United States House of Representatives 1789 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1789 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use mdy dates from March 2017 Infobox legislature with background color Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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664126784032076855	which nfl coach has the most superbowl rings	[ "Bill Belichick", "Bill Belichick", "Bill Belichick" ]	{ "0": "List of Super Bowl head coaches - wikipedia List of Super Bowl head coaches Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Super Bowl head coaches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl head coaches 2 Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances 3 See also 4 References Super Bowl head coaches ( edit ) Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach ( Win number in parenthesis ) . ( Loss number in brackets ) . Click on heading arrows to sort table . Date Super Bowl Winning coach Team Opponent Losing coach Score Site January 15 , 1967 Lombardi , Vince Vince Lombardi Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers Kansas City Chiefs Stram , Hank Hank Stram 35 -- 10 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles January 14 , 1968 II Lombardi , Vince Vince Lombardi ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders Rauch , John John Rauch 33 -- 14 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida January 12 , 1969 III Ewbank , Weeb Weeb Ewbank New York Jets Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore Colts Shula , Don Don Shula 16 -- 07 ! 16 -- 7 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida January 11 , 1970 IV Stram , Hank Hank Stram Kansas City Chiefs Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings Grant , Bud Bud Grant 23 -- 07 ! 23 -- 7 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana January 17 , 1971 V McCafferty , Don Don McCafferty Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore Colts Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys Landry , Tom Tom Landry 16 -- 13 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida January 16 , 1972 VI Landry , Tom Tom Landry Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins Shula , Don Don Shula ( 2 ) 24 -- 03 !", "1": "24 -- 3 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana January 14 , 1973 VII Shula , Don Don Shula Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins Allen , George George Allen 14 -- 07 ! 14 -- 7 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles January 13 , 1974 VIII Shula , Don Don Shula ( 2 ) Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings B ! Minnesota Vikings Grant , Bud Bud Grant ( 2 ) 24 -- 07 ! 24 -- 7 Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas January 12 , 1975 IX Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings C ! Minnesota Vikings Grant , Bud Bud Grant ( 3 ) 16 -- 06 ! 16 -- 6 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana January 18 , 1976 X Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys Landry , Tom Tom Landry ( 2 ) 21 -- 17 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida January 9 , 1977 XI Madden , John John Madden Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders Minnesota Vikings D ! Minnesota Vikings Grant , Bud Bud Grant ( 4 ) 32 -- 14 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California January 15 , 1978 XII Landry , Tom Tom Landry ( 2 ) Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos Miller , Red Red Miller 27 -- 10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 21 , 1979 XIII Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll ( 3 ) Pittsburgh Steelers C ! Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys C ! Dallas Cowboys Landry , Tom Tom Landry ( 3 ) 35 -- 31 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida January 20 , 1980 XIV Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll ( 4 ) Pittsburgh Steelers D ! Pittsburgh Steelers St. Louis Rams A !", "2": "Los Angeles Rams Malavasi , Ray Ray Malavasi 31 -- 19 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California January 25 , 1981 XV Flores , Tom Tom Flores Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles Vermeil , Dick Dick Vermeil 27 -- 10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 24 , 1982 XVI Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg 26 -- 21 Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac , Michigan January 30 , 1983 XVII Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins Shula , Don Don Shula ( 3 ) 27 -- 17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California January 22 , 1984 XVIII Flores , Tom Tom Flores ( 2 ) Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles Raiders Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs 38 -- 09 ! 38 -- 9 Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida January 20 , 1985 XIX Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers Miami Dolphins C ! Miami Dolphins Shula , Don Don Shula ( 4 ) 38 -- 16 Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , California January 26 , 1986 XX Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka Chicago Bears New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots Berry , Raymond Raymond Berry 46 -- 10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 25 , 1987 XXI Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells New York Giants A ! New York Giants Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos Reeves , Dan Dan Reeves 39 -- 20 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California January 31 , 1988 XXII Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs ( 2 ) Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins Denver Broncos C !", "3": "Denver Broncos Reeves , Dan Dan Reeves ( 2 ) 42 -- 10 Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego , California January 22 , 1989 XXIII Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh ( 3 ) San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals Wyche , Sam Sam Wyche 20 -- 16 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida January 28 , 1990 XXIV Seifert , George George Seifert San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers Denver Broncos D ! Denver Broncos Reeves , Dan Dan Reeves ( 3 ) 55 -- 10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 27 , 1991 XXV Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells ( 2 ) New York Giants B ! New York Giants Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills Levy , Marv Marv Levy 20 -- 19 Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida January 26 , 1992 XXVI Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs ( 3 ) Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills Levy , Marv Marv Levy ( 2 ) 37 -- 24 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota January 31 , 1993 XXVII Johnson , Jimmy Jimmy Johnson Dallas Cowboys C ! Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills Levy , Marv Marv Levy ( 3 ) 52 -- 17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena , California January 30 , 1994 XXVIII Johnson , Jimmy Jimmy Johnson ( 2 ) Dallas Cowboys D ! Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills Levy , Marv Marv Levy ( 4 ) 30 -- 13 Georgia Dome in Atlanta January 29 , 1995 XXIX Seifert , George George Seifert ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers E !", "4": "San Francisco 49ers San Diego Chargers Ross , Bobby Bobby Ross 49 -- 26 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida January 28 , 1996 XXX Switzer , Barry Barry Switzer Dallas Cowboys E ! Dallas Cowboys Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers Cowher , Bill Bill Cowher 27 -- 17 Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona January 26 , 1997 XXXI Holmgren , Mike Mike Holmgren Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers New England Patriots B ! New England Patriots Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells 35 -- 21 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 25 , 1998 XXXII Shanahan , Mike Mike Shanahan Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers Holmgren , Mike Mike Holmgren 31 -- 24 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California January 31 , 1999 XXXIII Shanahan , Mike Mike Shanahan ( 2 ) Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos Atlanta Falcons Reeves , Dan Dan Reeves ( 4 ) 34 -- 19 Pro Player Stadium in Miami , Florida January 30 , 2000 XXXIV Vermeil , Dick Dick Vermeil St. Louis Rams A ! St. Louis Rams Tennessee Titans Fisher , Jeff Jeff Fisher 23 -- 16 Georgia Dome in Atlanta January 28 , 2001 XXXV Billick , Brian Brian Billick Baltimore Ravens New York Giants A ! New York Giants Fassel , Jim Jim Fassel 34 -- 07 ! 34 -- 7 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida February 3 , 2002 XXXVI Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots St. Louis Rams B ! St. Louis Rams Martz , Mike Mike Martz 20 -- 17 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana January 26 , 2003 XXXVII Gruden , Jon Jon Gruden Tampa Bay Buccaneers Oakland Raiders B !", "5": "Oakland Raiders Callahan , Bill Bill Callahan 48 -- 21 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California February 1 , 2004 XXXVIII Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick ( 2 ) New England Patriots B ! New England Patriots Carolina Panthers Fox , John John Fox 32 -- 29 Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas February 6 , 2005 XXXIX Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick ( 3 ) New England Patriots C ! New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles Reid , Andy Andy Reid 24 -- 21 Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida February 5 , 2006 XL Cowher , Bill Bill Cowher Pittsburgh Steelers E ! Pittsburgh Steelers Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks Holmgren , Mike Mike Holmgren ( 2 ) 21 -- 10 Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan February 4 , 2007 XLI Dungy , Tony Tony Dungy Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts Chicago Bears Smith , Lovie Lovie Smith 29 -- 17 Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida February 3 , 2008 XLII Coughlin , Tom Tom Coughlin New York Giants C ! New York Giants New England Patriots C ! New England Patriots Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick 17 -- 14 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona February 1 , 2009 XLIII Tomlin , Mike Mike Tomlin Pittsburgh Steelers F ! Pittsburgh Steelers Arizona Cardinals Whisenhunt , Ken Ken Whisenhunt 27 -- 23 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida February 7 , 2010 XLIV Payton , Sean Sean Payton New Orleans Saints Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts Caldwell , Jim Jim Caldwell 31 -- 17 Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida February 6 , 2011 XLV McCarthy , Mike Mike McCarthy Green Bay Packers D ! Green Bay Packers Pittsburgh Steelers B !", "6": "Pittsburgh Steelers Tomlin , Mike Mike Tomlin 31 -- 25 Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas February 5 , 2012 XLVI Coughlin , Tom Tom Coughlin ( 2 ) New York Giants D ! New York Giants New England Patriots D ! New England Patriots Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick ( 2 ) 21 -- 17 Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana February 3 , 2013 XLVII Harbaugh , John John Harbaugh Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers Harbaugh , Jim Jim Harbaugh 34 -- 31 Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana February 2 , 2014 XLVIII Carroll , Pete Pete Carroll Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks Denver Broncos E ! Denver Broncos Fox , John John Fox ( 2 ) 43 -- 8 MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey February 1 , 2015 XLIX Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick ( 4 ) New England Patriots H ! New England Patriots Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks Carroll , Pete Pete Carroll 28 -- 24 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona February 7 , 2016 50 Kubiak , Gary Gary Kubiak Denver Broncos C ! Denver Broncos Carolina Panthers B ! Carolina Panthers Rivera , Ron Ron Rivera 24 -- 10 Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California February 5 , 2017 LI Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick ( 5 ) New England Patriots H ! New England Patriots Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons Quinn , Dan Dan Quinn 34 -- 28 ( OT ) NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas February 4 , 2018 LII U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances ( edit ) Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach The following NFL head coaches have coached in two or more Super Bowls . Sort chart by clicking arrows by heading .", "7": "In descending order , the tiebreakers are -- 1 ) Better win percentage 2 ) Earliest Super Bowl Coaches listed by Games 1st , Wins 2nd , then Super Bowl number Games Coach Wins Losses Percent Super Bowls Team ( s ) 7 Belichick , Bill Bill Belichick 5 2.9 ! 2 . 714 s ! XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI New England Patriots 6 Shula , Don Don Shula 2.1 ! 2 4.9 ! 4 . 340 ! . 333 c ! III , VI , VII , VIII , XVII , XIX Baltimore Colts , Miami Dolphins 5 Landry , Tom Tom Landry 2.2 ! 2 3.9 ! 3 . 400 e ! V , VI , X , XII , XIII Dallas Cowboys Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll 0.9 ! 0 1.410 ! 1.000 f ! IX , X , XIII , XIV Pittsburgh Steelers Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs 3.8 ! 3 1.9 ! 1 . 750 j ! XVII , XVIII , XXII , XXVI Washington Redskins Grant , Bud Bud Grant . 9 ! 0 4.8 ! 4 - 7 ! . 000 d ! IV , VIII , IX , XI Minnesota Vikings Levy , Marv Marv Levy . 8 ! 0 4.7 ! 4.8 ! 4 - 6 ! . 000 n ! XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Buffalo Bills Reeves , Dan Dan Reeves . 7 ! 0 4.6 ! 4 - 2 ! . 000 l ! XXI , XXII , XXIV , XXXIII Denver Broncos , Atlanta Falcons Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh 3.9 ! 3 0.8 ! 0 1.400 ! 1.000 i !", "8": "XVI , XIX , XXIII San Francisco 49ers Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells 2.3 ! 2 1.8 ! 1 . 667 k ! XXI , XXV , XXXI New York Giants , New England Patriots Holmgren , Mike Mike Holmgren 1.5 ! 1 2.8 ! 2 . 339 ! . 333 q ! XXXI , XXXII , XL Green Bay Packers , Seattle Seahawks Lombardi , Vince Vince Lombardi 2.9 ! 2 0.7 ! 0 1.310 ! 1.000 a ! I , II Green Bay Packers Flores , Tom Tom Flores 2.8 ! 2 0.6 ! 0 1.309 ! 1.000 g ! XV , XVIII Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders Johnson , Jimmy Jimmy Johnson 2.7 ! 2 0.5 ! 0 1.308 ! 1.000 o ! XXVII , XXVIII Dallas Cowboys Seifert , George George Seifert 2.6 ! 2 0.4 ! 0 1.307 ! 1.000 m ! XXIV , XXIX San Francisco 49ers Shanahan , Mike Mike Shanahan 2.5 ! 2 0.3 ! 0 1.306 ! 1.000 r ! XXXII , XXXIII Denver Broncos Coughlin , Tom Tom Coughlin 2.4 ! 2 0.2 ! 0 1.305 ! 1.000 t ! XLII , XLVI New York Giants Stram , Hank Hank Stram 1.9 ! 1 1.7 ! 1 . 510 ! . 500 b ! I , IV Kansas City Chiefs Vermeil , Dick Dick Vermeil 1.8 ! 1 1.6 ! 1 . 509 ! . 500 h ! XV , XXXIV Philadelphia Eagles , St.", "9": "Louis Rams Cowher , Bill Bill Cowher 1.7 ! 1 1.5 ! 1 . 508 ! . 500 p ! XXX , XL Pittsburgh Steelers Tomlin , Mike Mike Tomlin 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 . 507 ! . 500 u ! XLIII , XLV Pittsburgh Steelers Carroll , Pete Pete Carroll 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 . 507 ! . 500 v ! XLVIII , XLIX Seattle Seahawks Fox , John John Fox 0.3 ! 0 1.5 ! 2 - 3 ! . 000 v ! XXXVIII , XLVIII Carolina Panthers , Denver Broncos See also ( edit ) American football portal National Football League portal NFL head coach playoff records Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history History of NFL Championships List of NFL champions List of Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts List of Super Bowl appearances NFL lore List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/ Pro Football Reference ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 )", "10": "XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies ,", "11": "records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_head_coaches&oldid=772492243 '' Categories : National Football League head coaches Super Bowl lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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-5407234157766859145	turkey stuffed with a duck stuffed with a chicken	[ "Turducken", "Turducken" ]	{ "0": "Turducken - wikipedia Turducken Jump to : navigation , search 30 lb . roasted turducken Sausage - stuffed turducken cut into quarters to show the internal layers Turducken is a dish consisting of a deboned chicken stuffed into a deboned duck , further stuffed into a deboned turkey . Outside of the United States and Canada , it is known as a three bird roast . Gooducken is a traditional English variant , replacing turkey with goose . The word turducken is a portmanteau of turkey , duck , and chicken . The dish is a form of engastration , which is a recipe method in which one animal is stuffed inside the gastric passage of another . The thoracic cavity of the chicken / game hen and the rest of the gaps are stuffed , sometimes with a highly seasoned breadcrumb mixture or sausage meat , although some versions have a different stuffing for each bird . The result is a fairly solid layered poultry dish , suitable for cooking by braising , roasting , grilling , or barbecuing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Variations ( edit ) Credit for the creation of the turducken is uncertain , though it is generally agreed to have been popularized by Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme . The most common claimant is Hebert 's Specialty Meats in Maurice , Louisiana , whose owners Junior and Sammy Hebert say they created it in 1985 `` when a local man brought his own birds to their shop and asked the brothers to create the medley '' . A New Orleans surgeon , Dr. Gerald R. LaNasa , was locally known for his use of a scalpel in deboning his three birds of choice , sometimes adding pork or veal roasts in the final hen 's cavity , thus preserving the turducken tradition as a regional holiday favorite of the southern United States . Andouille sausage and Foie Gras were always key ingredients of the LaNasa creations . The results of Dr. LaNasa 's work can be found in the modern day mass - produced turducken or turduckhen ( another variation adding or substituting a cornish game hen ) . His turkey , duck , and chicken ballotine is now widely commercially available under multiple trademark names .", "1": "Dr. LaNasa 's innovation and success with ballotine , Three Bird Roast and turducken began mid century , expanding in the 1960s and seventies long before many of the popular commercial Cajun / Creole chefs of today took the stage . In the United Kingdom , a turducken is a type of ballotine called a `` three - bird roast '' or a `` royal roast '' . The Pure Meat Company offered a five - bird roast ( a goose , a turkey , a chicken , a pheasant , and a pigeon , stuffed with sausage ) , described as a modern revival of the traditional Yorkshire Christmas pie , in 1989 ; and a three - bird roast ( a duck stuffed with chicken stuffed with a pigeon , with sage and apple stuffing ) in 1990 . Multi-bird roasts are widely available . In his 1807 Almanach des Gourmands , gastronomist Grimod de La Reynière presents his rôti sans pareil ( `` roast without equal '' ) -- a bustard stuffed with a turkey , a goose , a pheasant , a chicken , a duck , a guinea fowl , a teal , a woodcock , a partridge , a plover , a lapwing , a quail , a thrush , a lark , an ortolan bunting and a garden warbler -- although he states that , since similar roasts were produced by ancient Romans , the rôti sans pareil was not entirely novel . The final bird is very small but large enough to just hold an olive ; it also suggests that , unlike modern multi-bird roasts , there was no stuffing or other packing placed in between the birds . Gooducken is a goose stuffed with a duck , which is in turn stuffed with a chicken . An early form of the recipe was Pandora 's cushion , a goose stuffed with a chicken stuffed with a quail . Another version of the dish is credited to French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord . The 1891 newspaper article French Legends Of The Table offers Quail a la Talleyrand : The following for instance , is Talleyrand 's fanciful and somewhat roundabout way of roasting a quail .", "2": "On a day of `` inspiration gourmande '' at his hotel in the Rue Saint - Florentin , he composed the following recipe : Take a plump quail , seasoned with truffles , and made tender by having been put into champagne . You put it carefully inside a young Bresse chicken ; then sew up the opening , and put dabs of butter all over the chicken . Again , you put the chicken inside a fine Berri turkey , and roast the turkey very carefully before a bright fire . What will be the result ? All the juice of the turkey is absorbed by the fowl , and all the juice of the fowl in its turn by the quail . After two hours roasting the fowl , which in reality it composed of three fowls , is ready , and you place the steaming trinity upon a dish of fine porcelain or chiseled silver . Then you pull the chicken out of the turkey , and the quail out of the chicken . The quail ? Is it correct to talk of the quail , when this delicious , perfumed dish is indeed too good for any name ? You take the quail as you would some sacred relic , and serve it hot , steaming , with its aroma of truffles , after having roasted it to a golden yellow by basting it diligently with the best Gournay butter . The book Passion India : The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthula ( p. 295 ) features a section that recounts a similar dish in India in the late 1800s : `` Invited by Maharajah Ganga Singh to the most extraordinary of dinners , in the palace at Bikaner , when Anita asks her host for the recipe of such a succulent dish , he answers her seriously , `` Prepare a whole camel , skinned and cleaned , put a goat inside it , and inside the goat a turkey and inside the turkey a chicken . Stuff the chicken with a grouse and inside that put a quail and finally inside that a sparrow . Then season it all well , place the camel in a hole in the ground and roast it . ''", "3": "See also ( edit ) List of duck dishes List of meat dishes Whole stuffed camel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article92743.ece Jump up ^ `` Engastration '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Finds Its Inner Duck ( and Chicken ) '' , The New York Times , November 20 , 2002 . Accessed November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Trillin , Calvin ( November 2005 ) . `` Turducken Town '' . National Geographic . Washington . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 ... Retrieved on October 13 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Walker , Harlan ( ed . ) . Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery , 1990 : feasting and fasting : proceedings . p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Anne . `` Send a friend a meal on wheels '' , The Sunday Times ( London ) , December 2 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : Iredale , Will ( November 21 , 2004 ) . `` TimesOnline.co.uk Three - in - one bird is big this Christmas '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . TimesOnline.co.uk . Retrieved on June 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Pandoras Cushion '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` French Legends Of The Table '' . The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) . Melbourne , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 5 November 1891 . p. 6 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Moro , Javier ( 2006 ) . Passion India : The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthala . Translated by Peter J. Hearn , , First Circle Publishing , New Delhi , ISBN 8176211788 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turducken . Food portal `` Farm creates £ 665 multibird roast '' . BBC News .", "4": "December 30 , 2007 Turducken at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` John Madden Arrested For Possession Of Turhumanheaducken '' . The Onion . November 24 , 2005 Cajun cuisine Ingredients Andouille Crawfish Filé Holy trinity Louisiana Hot Sauce Rice Roux Steen 's syrup Tasso ham Tabasco sauce Trappey 's Hot Sauce Methods Baking Blackening Brochette Deep frying Fricassée Grilling Seafood boil Smoked meat Smothering Dishes Boudin Chaudin Couche Couche Cracklins Crawfish pie Dirty rice Cochon de Lait Étouffée Gumbo Gumbo des Herbes Hog 's Head Cheese Jambalaya Maque choux Pecan praline Pistolette Red beans and rice Rice and gravy Sauce Piquante Shrimp Creole Stuffed Mirliton Turducken Cajun or Cajun - influenced chefs John Besh Tony Chachere John Folse Emeril Lagasse Kay Prudhomme Paul Prudhomme Justin Wilson See also Cuisine of New Orleans English cuisine Roman times Dishes Sausages Middle Ages Exemplars The Forme of Cury ( c. 1390 ) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th century Exemplars Thomas Dawson ( The Good Huswifes Jewell , 1585 ) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle ( without jelly ) 17th century Exemplars Elinor Fettiplace ( Receipt Book , 1604 ) Gervase Markham ( The English Huswife , 1615 ) Robert May ( The Accomplisht Cook ,", "5": "1660 ) Hannah Woolley ( The Queen - like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670 ) Kenelm Digby ( The Closet Opened 1699 ) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th century Exemplars Mary Kettilby ( A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714 ) John Nott ( The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary ,", "6": "1723 ) Eliza Smith ( The Compleat Housewife 1727 ) Hannah Glasse ( The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747 ) Elizabeth Raffald ( The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769 ) Richard Briggs ( The English Art of Cookery 1788 ) William Augustus Henderson ( The Housekeeper 's Instructor 1791 ) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Cottage or Shepherd 's pie Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle ( with jelly ) Welsh rabbit Yorkshire pudding 19th century Exemplars Mrs Rundell ( A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806 ) Eliza Acton ( Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845 ) Charles Elmé Francatelli ( The Modern Cook 1846 ) Isabella Beeton ( Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management 1861 ) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve 's pudding Jam roly - poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Worcestershire sauce 20th century Exemplars Elizabeth David ( A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950 ) Constance Spry Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Fergus Henderson Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman 's lunch Salad cream 21st century Exemplars Michel Roux Jr .", "7": "( Le Gavroche ) Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( River Cottage ) Antony Worrall Thompson Heston Blumenthal ( The Fat Duck ) Mary Berry Clarissa Dickson Wright ( A History of English Food 2011 ) Related Food in England ( 1954 ) List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turducken&oldid=814095949 '' Categories : American cuisine Louisiana cuisine Poultry dishes Stuffed dishes Meat dishes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Magyar 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 21 : 40 . 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2884966474182044344	who won the first season of america's got talent	[ "Bianca Ryan", "Bianca Ryan", "Bianca Ryan", "Bianca Ryan" ]	{ "0": "America 's got Talent ( season 1 ) - wikipedia America 's got Talent ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 1 Broadcast from June 21 -- August 17 , 2006 Judges David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood Host ( s ) Regis Philbin Broadcaster NBC Winner Bianca Ryan Bianca Ryan Origin Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre ( s ) Gospel , pop , R&B Runner - up All That & The Millers Chronology 2006 ▶ The first season of America 's Got Talent premiered on June 21 , 2006 and concluded on August 17 , 2006 . The audition tour took place in April 2006 , stopping at Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Regis Philbin was the host for this season . David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan were the judges . This season 's winner was Bianca Ryan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection process 2 Auditions 2.1 Los Angeles auditions 2.2 New York auditions 2.3 Chicago auditions 3 Semifinals 3.1 Semifinals summary 3.2 Semifinals , Part 1 3.3 Semifinals , Part 2 3.4 Semifinals , Part 3 3.5 Semifinals , Part 4 3.6 Wildcard summary 4 Wild Card 5 Finals 5.1 Finals summary 6 Crazy Caliber Talent 7 Performers on results shows 8 Contestants who appeared on other shows 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 10 References 11 External links Selection process For the audition round , each of the three judges has a red button in front of them that they can press when they do not want the act to continue ; the button rings an electronic bell and a large red X with the judge 's name lights up over the stage . A louder buzzer indicates the third judge 's button was pressed , and the contestant 's performance is terminated .", "1": "Then , the judges deliberate over the act and decide if it gets through to the live semi-finals . In the semi-finals , the judges have X 's ( red buttons ) and check marks ( white buttons ) . Acts are divided into four groups of either 14 or 15 , and only 10 of those acts in the group perform . They do not have the power to terminate an act in the middle of his / her performance . At the end of the performance , the judges give the act a check for approval , and an X if they did not like the act . At the end of the episode , the judges would pick an act and automatically move them through to the live finale . Then , the viewers at home would vote another act through to the finale . The act with the most votes from the viewers would move on to the finals and that act would be announced in a live results show the next day . There was also a fifth wild card episode , where the judges picked ten acts who were previously eliminated and give them one more chance to perform . In the finale , there is no judges ' choice , and the voting is entirely handed over to the viewers . Auditions Los Angeles auditions Aired June 21 , 2006 , 2 hours Acts that advanced to the second round include : Bobby Badfingers , a `` professional finger snappist '' from San Francisco , California . He danced to classic 1950s rock , as well . Dave the Horn Guy , a man with a plethora of horns attached to his body . He moved different parts of his body to honk the horns , making humorous music . At Last , a hip - hop a cappella quartet . Kenny Shelton , a juggler from Alpine , California , who was given three Xs for dropping his props , and pleaded for another chance . He survived the first round by successfully juggling three swords on top of a Rola Bola for one minute . Bernie Barker , a 65 - year - old male stripper from San Diego . Morgan did not like the act , but Brandy and Hasselhoff voted him through , with Brandy saying she could use him as a backup dancer for her next music video . Alexis Jordan , a 14 - year - old R&B singer .", "2": "All three judges had agreed that she had a ' perfect voice ' . She performed the Whitney Houston song `` I Have Nothing '' . Kevin Johnson , a ventriloquist who threw his voice and the voices of his two puppets out of synchronization with lip movements , à la the English - language dub of Godzilla . Morgan buzzed the performance because he thought it was not funny . His buzz was later withdrawn . Vladimir Malachikhin , a hand balancing acrobat . Team AcroDunk , a group of acrobats from Houston , Texas , who shot basketballs while doing somersaults , backflips , and other tricks on a trampoline . Morgan did not feel they were right for the competition , though he did agree that they could be the next Harlem Globetrotters . Brandy and Hasselhoff gave their total praise for them though . Ivan Pecel , a juggler . He did some technical juggling , which did not impress Hasselhoff or Morgan , though Brandy supported him . Morgan reluctantly voted yes on the condition that Ivan step up his performance in the semifinals . Nathan Burton , a magician who performed the Bowl - A-Rama magic trick , making a bowling ball appear from a drawing in a large sketchpad . Then , he did a disappearing act involving the `` Microwave of Death '' . Morgan voted `` no , '' but was passed through to the next round . Vladik Miagkostoupov , a juggler . All three critics agreed that he was the only good juggler that performed on that day . Michael Speaks , a gospel music singer . The judges unanimously sent him through for his great energy and his pop - gospel vibe . J.R. Johns and His Best Friends , a dog trainer who did some acrobatic and fast - paced dog tricks . Rappin ' Granny , a 73 - year - old rapping grandmother from Castaic , California . Sydney `` Syd the Kid '' Park , a young stand - up comedian , Michael Speaks advanced to the second round from the L.A. auditions , but did not compete in any of the semifinal episodes , for reasons not disclosed .", "3": "Eighteen additional acts from Los Angeles that also made it to the second round were briefly shown at the end of the show , since there were too many performers to fit into a two - hour episode . They include : Celtic Spring , Sugar n ' Spice , Jessica Sanchez , N'Versity , Rabbi Baptiste , George Kelly , Andy Chitanga , Conrad Wright , Shawn Ryan , Sean and John , Natasha Le , Realis , Caitlyn Taylor Love , Marla and Michelle , Hell If I Know , Jesschelle , Trey Knight 's Stilt World , Hoopalicious , and Desperation Squad . Acts that were eliminated include : Blue Velvet , a singing trio , was voted out as soon as they sang their name . They mentioned that they were missing out on their music . Shadow Dancers , a troupe of performers who used costumed actors and a donkey to tell some sort of allegorical tale . Neither the judges nor the audience could understand it . The judges refused to vote ; the audience was allowed to vote in their place . Eddie Haskell , who played a saw as a musical instrument . He was voted off very quickly , and was visibly angry with the judges as a result . Kathy Kavanaugh , a singing harpist . Morgan commented that he would like her to sing at his funeral , as the music was deep and touching , but said it was not the right kind of talent for the show . Eric `` Harry Carrey '' Mol , who tried to impersonate the voices of Arnold Schwarzenegger , Yoda and Shaggy Rogers from Scooby - Doo , but appeared to have failed on all accounts . Jay Myl , a man in a pirate costume playing `` Tiptoe Through the Tulips '' on a nose flute . After being eliminated , he started insulting the judges . Betty Victor , a 76 - year - old woman singing `` God Bless America '' . Morgan single - handedly stopped the act by pushing all three X buttons . The Boofont Sisters , a singing duo featuring a woman and a cross-dressing man in matching outfits , singing `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Both Morgan and Brandy buzzed them right before they started singing . Hasselhoff said if they got together with Bernie the Stripper , they would have a great act .", "4": "Holy Cow , a man breakdancing in a cow suit that shot milk at the judges . Morgan said he would be popular with children , but not with adults . Wildlife Wendy , a zookeeper with an African grey parrot named Wazoo , that was trained to make various sound effects . The judges were not impressed with the performance . S. Frank Stringham , a performer who blew up balloons to make parts of a face , then put the parts on while singing Frank Sinatra 's `` All of Me '' . He presented Philbin with a mini replica of him made out of balloons . New York auditions Aired June 28 , 2006 , 1 hour Acts that advanced to the second round include : All That ! A clog dancing group ; the five men from Myrtle Beach , South Carolina ( who had auditioned in New York ) danced with incredible rhythm and had the audience on their feet in no time . Brandy described the men as worthy of their title and Hasselhoff thought they were `` up front '' , Morgan joked that he did not like them , adding after the audience expressed , `` because all the women in America will love you '' . Leonid the Magnificent from Russia ; a tall , flamboyant Adonis with angel 's wings , who balanced a sword tip to tip on a sword held in his mouth . He was noticeably nervous , dropped the sword during his first try , and was rejected . Later in the show , Brandy asked him to be brought back . Elliot Zimet , a magician that made doves and a parrot appear in a more exciting and cool fashion . Piers said that he usually finds dove acts excruciatingly boring , but that Zimet had managed to make it interesting , and all the judges agreed to put him through . Corina Brouder , a young Irish woman who played a harp while singing ; the judges said that she and her voice were beautiful , and agreed to put her through . Dave Smith , a contortionist and musician who sang and played the song `` Bend Me , Shape Me '' on his guitar while his legs were wrapped behind his head . Hasslehoff was not fond of the act and voted `` no '' . He amused Morgan and he wanted to see what other crazy stuff Dave could do .", "5": "PBM , A rock band from Detroit , came on stage with hopes of dazzling the judges and the audience . Their music was a combination of rock and reggae , also known as ska or ska - punk . Morgan liked the band 's energy but was not a big fan of the lead singer . Both Hasselhoff and Brandy wanted the band to come back . Brandy challenged PBM to prove Morgan wrong the next time they hit the stage . Michelle L'amour , dressed as Snow White , performed a burlesque striptease for the judges . This infuriated Brandy , who vigorously pushed Hasselhoff and Morgan 's buzzers . The two male judges enthusiastically gave their approvals for her to go on to the next round . Bianca Ryan , an 11 - year - old from Philadelphia , belted out the song `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from the musical Dreamgirls . Brandy gave Bianca a standing ovation and called her `` my favorite contestant in this competition . '' Morgan told Ryan to change her hair , dress and shoes , `` and you will win this tournament ... You came on this stage , and you blew us away ! '' Hasselhoff called her `` a star '' and called for the audience to `` get on your feet for this girl ! '' Side Swipe , a karate team who performed karate moves to music , also advanced to the second round from the New York auditions , but did not compete in any of the semifinal episodes . In their audition for the season two in 2007 , it was disclosed that the group had to withdraw from the competition in this season because one of the members had injured his foot shortly after their first round performance . Seven additional acts from New York that also made it to the second round were briefly shown at the end of the show , since there were too many performers to fit into a one - hour episode . They include : The Hemphill Kids , Clarence Donaldson , Ten13 Concept , Billy Januario , The King Charles Unicycle Troupe , Aaron Burr , and Daniel Colin . Acts that were eliminated include : William J. McGowan , an opera singer that sang `` Cara Mia '' . Morgan called him the worst singer he had ever heard , but William claimed in his defense that a lot of people thought he was magnificent .", "6": "Frank Simon , a man who balanced a motorbike and then a stove on his lower jaw . Though extremely popular with the crowd , the judges felt that was not a level of talent . Matthew Fuhrman , a navy reserve soldier from Miami Beach , Florida who attempted to beatbox . Though taking off his shirt won him some female audience support , the judges did not like his audition . Marlon Reynolds , a man that sang `` I Left My Heart In San Francisco '' off - key ; did not get a chance to sing the chorus . He was buzzed by all three judges immediately when he started . Chicago auditions Jon and Owen -- The Passing Zone , juggling for the audience and judges Aired July 5 , 2006 , 1 hour Acts that advanced to the second round include : The Passing Zone , two comedians / jugglers who juggled lit torches while on the ' Rola Bola of Death ' as they make one - liners . Brandy and Morgan both said yes , however Hasselhoff did not like them , because he thought they should have shown their act immediately . The Millers , Cole on guitar and vocals , and L.D. on harmonica and backing vocals . They played Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Morgan said that L.D. was a terrible singer , but in contrast , was the best harmonica player he had ever seen . Lilia Stepanova , a 19 - year - old contortionist who shot a bow and arrow with her feet while executing a handstand to Ecstasy by ATB . The judges were really impressed with her act and all voted yes . Mark Faje ( aka Mark `` The Knife '' ) , the `` world 's most dangerous comic '' , kicked a burning bowling ball with two steak knives protruding from it to the side of his head after placing a live black emperor scorpion in his pants . The judges were amazed with the danger he showed and they all voted yes . Taylor Ware , a singer and yodeler who learned all her yodeling from a tape and instruction booklet . The judges were blown away by her performance ( `` You learned that from a tape , '' asked Hasselhoff , `` and an instruction booklet ? ! You are a good student ! '' ) .", "7": "The Players Club , a group of people who were `` Step dancers '' , which involves using only your body as musical instruments . Morgan did not see that they had an audience for their talent , while Hasselhoff and Brandy liked the act , though Brandy wanted them to be tighter . Quick Change Artists , a magic duo who rapidly changed outfits , with no visible way of determining how they did it . Three additional acts from Chicago that also made it to the second round were briefly shown at the end of the show , since there were too many performers to fit into a one - hour episode . They include : K Turbo , Sonia Lee , and Chadwick . Acts that were eliminated include : The Chicago Matadors , a group of overweight Chicago Bulls fans who danced to `` U Ca n't Touch This '' . Shawn Crump , a singer who had only been singing for nine months . When asked by Brandy how good he was , he said he was awesome , to which she and everyone else disagreed . Soon after starting `` Suspicious Minds '' , he was quickly voted off . Sharon Kissane , a bird caller . She called birds that were not there and made bird noises . Brandy wondered where the birds were that she was calling , Hasselhoff said she should be on medication , and Morgan asked if she got off the wrong bus and came to the studio by mistake . Buster Balloon , a man who put himself inside a giant balloon . The balloon popped the first time , so he got another and did his act again . All of the judges thought he was not entertaining and eliminated him . Flippy the Magnificent , a man wearing only a loincloth who imitated a hand - to - hand balancing act with an inflatable doll that looked like himself . When asked what was the `` magnificent '' part of the act , Flippy said that the judges did not give him a chance to bring out the magnificent part . Morgan said it was a ridiculous act and it wasted their time . The Laughing Yogi ( Yogi Ramesh ) , a man who did yoga that tried to make people laugh . However , nobody laughed at his performance and he was eliminated by the judges .", "8": "Semifinals At this point , 58 of the 61 acts ( 29 with televised auditions and 29 without ) that made it to the semifinals were divided into four groups . The 14 or 15 acts in each group had to perform a second audition in front of only the judges . Brandy , David , and Piers then pick ten of these performers to continue onto the telecast . The contestants chosen to perform on stage were announced one at a time by the host . Those acts that were not chosen did not find out until the last act was called , ending their chances to move on to the semifinals , unless a judge selected a non-performer for the Wild Card show later in the season . Three semifinalists : Sydney Park , Sideswipe , and Michael Speaks ( all of which had televised auditions ) , did not perform in the semifinals at all . No reason was given for their absence , but in 2007 , it was revealed that Sideswipe had to withdraw because of a member 's foot injury . Sydney Park was believed to be absent because of her career in acting . All semifinal performance shows were two hours long . The results shows , airing the next day , were one hour long , except for the first results show which was 30 minutes long . Semifinals summary Buzz Check Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote Wildcard Semifinals , part 1 Semifinals , July 12 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Act description Piers Brandy David Result ( July 13 , 2006 ) 1 . Taylor Ware Yodeller Won the public vote 2 . All That Cloggers crew Public Wildcard 3. Kevin Johnson Ventriloquist Eliminated 4 . Alexis Jordan Singer Brandy 's Wildcard 5 . Vladik ( Vladik Miagkostoupov ) Acrobatic juggler Eliminated 6 . Shawn Ryan Cabaret singer Eliminated 7 . J.R. Johns and His Best Friends Dancing dog act Eliminated 8 . Hoopalicious Hula hoop dancer Eliminated 9 .", "9": "Corina Brouder Singer , harp player David 's Wildcard 10 . The Millers Singer , guitar and harmonica player Judges ' choice Jessica Sanchez ( not televised ) would appear in the Wild Card as the choice of Brandy . ^ 1 Hasselhoff meant to hit his X , but accidentally hit his check . ^ 2 Morgan meant to hit his X , but accidentally hit his check . Semifinals , Part 2 Semifinals , July 19 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Act description Piers Brandy David Result ( July 20 , 2006 ) 1 . Dave the Horn Guy Horn performer Eliminated 2 . Realis Acrobatic dancing duo Judges ' choice 3 . At Last Vocal group Won the public vote 4 . Natasha Le Pianist Public Wildcard 5 . Vladimir ( Vladimir Malachkin ) Hand balancer Eliminated 6 . Bobby Badfingers Finger snapper Piers 's Wildcard 7 . Sugar n ' Spice Vocal dancing group Eliminated 8 . N'Versity A Cappella singing group Piers 's Wildcard 9 . Mark Faje ( Mark `` The Knife '' Faje ) Danger Comedian Eliminated 10 . Leonid the Magnificent Contortionist / Dancer / Spinning act David 's Wildcard Semifinals , Part 3 Semifinals , July 26 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Act description Piers Brandy David Result ( July 27 , 2006 ) 1 . Team Acrodunk Acrobatic basketball dunkers Eliminated 2 . Caitlyn Taylor Love Singer Eliminated 3 . Sonia Lee Electric violinist Eliminated 4 . Elliot Zimet Hip - hop magician Eliminated 5 . Ten13 Concept Punk band Eliminated 6 . Rappin ' Granny Rapper Judges ' choice 7 .", "10": "Nathan Burton Magician / Comedian Public Wildcard 8 . Bianca Ryan Singer Won the public vote 9 . Kenny Shelton Juggler / Comedian Eliminated 10 . Trey Knight 's Stilt World Stilt performers Eliminated Semifinals , part 4 Semifinals , August 2 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Act description Piers Brandy David Result ( August 3 , 2006 ) 1 . Jon & Owen -- The Passing Zone Comedian / Juggling duo Judges ' choice 2 . Celtic Spring Irish fiddle / dance act Won the public vote 3 . Sean and John Tap dancers Eliminated 4 . Lilia Stepanova Contortionist archery act Eliminated 5 . Dave Smith One Man Sideshow Singer / Side - show performer Eliminated 6 . David & Dania -- Quick Change Magicians / Changes clothes quickly Public Wildcard 7 . George Komsky Singer Eliminated 8 . Michelle L'amour Burlesque dancer / stripper Eliminated 9 . King Charles Unicycle Troupe Unicyclists / stunt basketball performers Eliminated 10 . Desperation Squad Punk rock band Eliminated ^ 1 During their performance , one of the members had pressed the judges buzzers . They pressed `` X '' on Morgan 's buzzer , `` ✔ '' on Norwood 's buzzer , and `` X '' on Hasselhoff 's buzzer . The buzzers were removed before the judges gave their comments . Wildcard summary Buzz Check Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote Wild Card Wild Card , August 9 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Chosen by Act description Piers Brandy David Result ( August 10 , 2006 ) 1 . Nathan Burton Viewers ( Semifinals , part 3 ) Magician Eliminated 2 . Bobby Badfingers Piers Show snapper Eliminated 3 .", "11": "Jessica Sanchez Brandy Singer Eliminated 4 . All That Viewers ( Semifinals , part 1 ) Male Clogging Group Judges ' choice 5 . Corina Brouder David Singing harpist Eliminated 6 . David & Dania -- Quick Change Viewers ( Semifinals , part 4 ) Quick - change illusionists Won public vote 7 . N'Versity Piers Vocal group Eliminated 8 . Natasha Le Viewers ( Semifinals , part 2 ) 8 - Year - Old pianist Eliminated 9 . Alexis Jordan Brandy Teen singer Eliminated 10 . Leonid the Magnificent David Random variety act Eliminated Finals In the final round , the judges were still allowed to judge , but only the audience can decide the winners . In addition , each finalist had a celebrity coach to guide them . Finals summary Buzz Check Winner Runner - up ( 2nd -- 3rd place ) Finals , August 16 , 2006 Buzzes and checks Results Contestant Act Celebrity coach Piers Brandy David Result ( August 17 , 2006 ) 1 . At Last A Cappella singing group Chaka Khan Bottom 5 2 . David & Dania -- Quick Change Quick change illusionists Steve Valentine Bottom 5 3 . Rappin ' Granny Rapper Master P Bottom 5 4 . Bianca Ryan Singer Yolanda Adams Winner 5 . All That Male clogging group Dave Scott ( R&B choreographer ) Runner - up ( 2nd - 3rd place ) 6 . Taylor Ware Yodeler Tom McBryde ( country music arranger ) Top 5 7 . Jon & Owen -- The Passing Zone Comedic / Juggling duo Penn & Teller Bottom 5 8 . Celtic Spring Irish fiddle / dance act Tara Barry ( Riverdance lead dancer ) Top 5 9 .", "12": "Realis Acrobatic dancing duo Gene Lubas ( Cirque du Soleil choreographer ) Bottom 5 10 . The Millers Singer / guitar player and harmonica player John Popper Runner - up ( 2nd - 3rd place ) The winner of the one - million - dollar grand prize was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan . The ten finalists were first split into two groups . Group A consisted of Realis , At Last , Rappin ' Granny , The Passing Zone and Quick Change . Out of the ten finalists , they received the lowest number of votes . The five finalists that received the most votes were The Millers , Taylor Ware , Bianca Ryan , Celtic Spring and All That . Regis asked All That and The Millers to step forward , and announced that they did not win the grand prize but were both runners - up , and were ranked in either 2nd or 3rd place . These acts each won a 2007 Dodge Caliber RT . The remaining three acts in the top 5 were Taylor Ware , Bianca Ryan and Celtic Spring . Philbin announced that Ryan won the grand prize . Crazy Caliber Talent Rudi Macaggi , Mike Lloyd , Kelvin Gordon , James Thompson Winner : Rudi Macaggi The Douglas Lee , Nicolas Abramowitz , Larry Clark , Gery Deer and Scout , Camille Trout Winner : The Douglas Lee Duane Flatmo , Mayling Garcia , Bandaloni , Zach Freeman , Arthur the One Man Band Winner : Duane Flatmo Skylar Aud , Sammi Pryor , Alexis and Alysha , The Great Stamen Show Winner : The Great Stamen Show Dave Nakfoor , The Rubberband Kid , Jim McDonald , Nikolo Ashford , Sizzle Twins Winner : Dave Nakfoor On the Finals Results Show ( August 17 ) , acrobat Rudi Macaggi won the Weird and Wacky Talent Finale ( aka Crazy Caliber Talent ) when the 5 finalists competed for a 2007 Dodge Caliber RT ( Note : Rudi Macaggi became a contestant on the fifth season but never made it past the quarterfinals as he was eliminated in the quart finals and returned later as Sharon 's wildcard ) .", "13": "He tap danced and dribbled a basketball while in a handstand , and did a standing backflip and caught a trapeze with his feet . The other finalists were Duane Flatmo ( who played the guitar with an egg beater and a weed whacker ) , The Great Stamen Show ( who played music by tapping his teeth ) , The Douglas Lee ( who played water - filled drinking glasses ) , and Dave Nakfoor ( who caught hard - boiled eggs in his mouth ) . Performers on results shows July 13 -- Teddy Geiger July 20 -- Jurassic 5 July 27 -- Cirque du Soleil August 3 -- Tom Green August 10 -- Penn & Teller August 17 -- Aly & AJ , Blue Man Group Contestants who appeared on other shows Jessica Sanchez finished as the runner - up to Phillip Phillips on the season eleven of American Idol . David and Dania made a cameo on Big Brother 19 . Contestants who appeared on other seasons Leonid the Magnificent competed in seasons two and six Sideswipe withdrew from the competition as one of their members had an ankle injury , but came back and competed in season two , finishing in the final eight Nicholas Marks and Ari Marks competed in season two , as solo acts , but both got cut Nathan Burton competed in season four , but was eliminated during the first round of Las Vegas Week Team Acrodunk ( Acrodunk ) competed in season four , finishing as a semifinalist Rudi Macaggi competed in season five , finishing as a quarterfinalist All That ! competed in season seven , finishing as a semifinalist Arthur Davis , one of the members of Realis , made it to the finals in season nine , as a member / choreographer with AcroArmy The Passing Zone competed in season 11 finishing in the quarterfinals , but brought back by the judges as a wild card for the semifinals . References Jump up ^ Episode recap for the first Episode June 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ Kenny Shelton TV credits Jump up ^ Sydney `` Sid the Kid '' Park TV credits Jump up ^ Philly 11 - Year - Old Wows Judges On ' America 's Got Talent ' Archived 2006 - 07 - 17 at the Wayback Machine .", "14": "Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent season 1 episode 15 . NBC / Syco . Event occurs at 37 : 54 -- 38 : 57 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links Official website America 's Got Talent ( Season 1 ) on IMDb America 's Got Talent ( Season 1 ) at TV.com Preceded by None America 's Got Talent Season 1 ( 2006 ) Succeeded by Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr .", "15": "Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_1)&oldid=821072852 '' Categories : 2006 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia semi-protected pages Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 06 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4485639916525374363	how many books are in the one piece series	[ "83", "more than 80" ]	{ "0": "List of One Piece manga volumes - wikipedia List of One Piece manga volumes Jump to : navigation , search First volume of One Piece , released in Japan by Shueisha on December 24 , 1997 One Piece is a shōnen manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda that has been translated into various languages and spawned a substantial media franchise . It follows the adventures of the seventeen - year - old boy Monkey D. Luffy , whose body gains the properties of rubber from accidentally eating a supernatural fruit , as he travels the oceans in search of the series ' titular treasure and gathers himself a diverse crew of pirates , named the Straw Hats . In Japan , the series is published by Shueisha -- chapterwise in the manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 22 , 1997 , and in tankōbon format since December 24 , 1997 . The series spans over 800 chapters and more than 80 tankōbon volumes . In the United States and Canada , Viz Media publishes its English language adaptation of the series -- chapterwise in the manga anthology Shonen Jump since the magazine 's launch in November 2002 and in tankōbon format since June 2003 . In the United Kingdom , the tankōbon were published by Gollancz Manga , starting in March 2006 , until Viz Media replaced it after the fourteenth volume . In Australia and New Zealand , the English volumes have been distributed by Madman Entertainment since November 10 , 2008 . By October 6 , 2009 , only 22 volumes had been released in English . However , as announced in July 2009 , Viz Media increased that number to 53 by June 2010 , using an accelerated publishing schedule of five volumes per month during the first half of 2010 . By August 2017 , a total of 83 volumes of the English versions have been officially released by Viz Media .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Volume list 1.1 Volumes 1 -- 20 1.2 Volumes 21 -- 40 1.3 Volumes 41 -- 60 1.4 Volumes 61 -- 80 1.5 Volumes 81 -- current 2 References 3 External links Volume list ( edit ) Volumes 1 -- 20 ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece chapters ( 1 -- 186 ) No . Title Japanese release English release Romance Dawn Romance Dawn : Bōken no Yoake ( Romance Dawn -- 冒険の夜明け -- ) December 24 , 1997 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872509 - 3 June 30 , 2003 ISBN 1 - 56931 - 901 - 4 Buggy the Clown Versus ! ! Bagī Kaizoku - Dan ( Versus ! ! バギー海賊団 ) April 3 , 1998 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872544 - 1 November 19 , 2003 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 057 - X Do n't Get Fooled Again Itsuwarenu Mono ( 偽れぬもの ) June 4 , 1998 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872569 - 7 March 17 , 2004 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 184 - 3 The Black Cat Pirates Mikazuki ( 三日月 ) August 4 , 1998 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872594 - 8 July 14 , 2004 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 337 - 4 5 For Whom the Bell Tolls Tagatameni Kane wa Naru ( 誰が為に鐘は鳴る ) October 2 , 1998 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872619 - 7 November 17 , 2004 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 615 - 2 6 The Oath Chikai ( 誓い ) December 3 ,", "2": "1998 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872642 - 1 March 1 , 2005 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 723 - X 7 The Crap - Geezer Kuso Jijī ( クソジジイ ) March 4 , 1999 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872683 - 9 July 5 , 2005 ISBN 1 - 59116 - 852 - X 8 I Wo n't Die Shinanē yo ( 死なねェよ ) April 30 , 1999 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872712 - 6 October 10 , 2005 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0075 - 2 9 Tears Namida ( 涙 ) July 2 , 1999 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872735 - 5 January 3 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0191 - 0 10 OK , Let 's Stand Up ! October 4 , 1999 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872773 - 8 April 4 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0406 - 5 11 The Meanest Man in the East Higashi Ichiban no Waru ( 東一番の悪 ) December 2 , 1999 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872797 - 5 July 5 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0663 - 7 12 The Legend Begins Densetsu wa Hajimatta ( 伝説は始まった ) February 2 , 2000 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872822 - X October 3 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0664 - 5 13 It 's All Right ! ! ! Daijōbu ! ! ! ( 大丈夫 ! ! ! )", "3": "April 28 , 2000 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872863 - 7 January 2 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0665 - 3 14 Instinct Honnō ( 本能 ) July 4 , 2000 ISBN 4 - 08 - 872888 - 2 April 3 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1091 - X 15 Straight Ahead ! ! ! Massugu ! ! ! ( まっすぐ ! ! ! )", "4": "September 4 , 2000 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873009 - 7 August 7 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1092 - 8 16 Carrying on His Will Uketsugareru Ishi ( 受け継がれる意志 ) December 4 , 2000 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873045 - 3 November 6 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1093 - 6 17 Hiruluk 's Cherry Blossoms Hiruruku no Sakura ( ヒルルクの桜 ) February 2 , 2001 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873073 - 9 March 4 , 2008 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1511 - 3 18 Ace Arrives Ēsu Tōjō ( エース登場 ) April 4 , 2001 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873100 - X June 3 , 2008 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1512 - 1 19 Rebellion Uneri ( 反乱 ) July 4 , 2001 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873133 - 6 October 7 , 2008 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1513 - X 20 Showdown at Alubarna Kessen wa Arubāna ( 決戦はアルバーナ ) September 4 , 2001 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873158 - 1 February 3 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1514 - 8 Volumes 21 -- 40 ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece chapters ( 187 -- 388 ) No . Title Japanese release English release 21 Utopia Risōkyō ( 理想郷 ) December 4 , 2001 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873194 - 8 June 2 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2429 - 0 22 Hope ! ! February 4 ,", "5": "2002 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873222 - 7 October 6 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 2430 - 9 23 Vivi 's Adventure Bibi no Bōken ( ビビの冒険 ) April 4 , 2002 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873252 - 9 December 1 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2844 - 1 24 People 's Dreams Hito no Yume ( 人の夢 ) July 4 , 2002 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873282 - 0 January 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 2845 - 2 25 The 100 Million Berry Man Ichioku no Otoko ( 一億の男 ) September 4 , 2002 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873313 - 4 January 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 2846 - 0 26 Adventure on Kami 's Island Kami no Shima no Bōken ( 神の島の冒険 ) December 4 , 2002 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873336 - 3 January 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3442 - 8 27 Overture Ōbāchua ( 序曲 ) February 4 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873379 - 7 January 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3443 - 6 28 Wyper the Berserker `` Senki '' Waipā ( 「戦鬼」ワイパー ) May 1 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873418 - 1 January 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3444 - 4 29 Oratorio 聖譚曲 July 4 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873480 - 7 February 2 ,", "6": "2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3445 - 2 30 Capriccio Kapuritchio ( 狂想曲 ) October 3 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873502 - 1 February 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3446 - 0 31 We 'll Be Here Koko ni Iru ( ここにいる ) December 19 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873551 - X February 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3447 - 9 32 Love Song Rabu Songu ( 島の歌声 ) March 4 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873571 - 4 February 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3448 - 7 33 Davy Back Fight Davy Back Fight ! !", "7": "June 4 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873593 - 5 February 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3449 - 5 34 The City of Water , Water Seven `` Mizu no Miyako '' Wōtā Sebun ( 「水の都」ウォーターセブン ) August 4 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873638 - 9 March 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3450 - 9 35 Captain Kyaputen ( 船長 ) November 4 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873667 - 2 March 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3451 - 7 36 The Ninth Justice Kyūbanme no Seigi ( 9 番目の正義 ) February 4 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873768 - 7 March 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3452 - 5 37 Tom Tomu - san ( トムさん ) April 28 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873802 - 0 March 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3453 - 3 38 Rocketman ! ! Rokettoman ! ! ( ロケットマン ! ! )", "8": "July 4 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873839 - X March 2 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3454 - 1 39 Scramble Sōdatsusen ( 争奪戦 ) November 4 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 08 - 873872 - 1 April 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3455 - X 40 Gear Gia ( ギア ) December 26 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 08 - 874003 - 3 April 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3456 - 8 Volumes 41 -- 60 ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece chapters ( 389 -- 594 ) No . Title Japanese release English release 41 Declaration of War Sensen Fukoku ( 宣戦布告 ) April 4 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 08 - 874047 - 5 April 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3457 - 6 42 Pirates vs. CP9 Kaizoku vs CP9 ( 海賊 VS CP9 ) July 4 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 08 - 874127 - 7 April 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3458 - 4 43 Legend of a Hero Eiyū Densetsu ( 英雄伝説 ) September 4 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 08 - 874149 - 8 April 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3459 - 2 44 Let 's Go Back Kaerou ( 帰ろう ) December 4 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 08 - 874287 - 7 May 4 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3460 - 6 45 You Have My Sympathies Shinchū Osasshisuru ( 心中お察しする ) March 2 ,", "9": "2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874314 - 1 May 4 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3461 - 4 46 Adventure on Ghost Island Gōsuto Airando no Bōken ( ゴースト島の冒険 ) July 4 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874382 - 0 May 4 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3462 - 2 47 Cloudy , Partly Bony Kumori Tokidoki Hone ( くもり時々ホネ ) September 4 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874411 - 7 May 4 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3463 - 0 48 Adventures of Oars Ōzu no Bōken ( オーズの冒険 ) December 4 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874442 - 1 May 4 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3464 - 9 49 Nightmare Luffy Naitomea Rufi ( ナイトメア・ルフィ ) March 4 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874485 - 8 June 1 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3465 - 7 50 Arriving Again Futatabi Tadoritsuku ( 再び辿りつく ) June 4 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874521 - 3 June 1 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3466 - 5 51 The 11 Supernovas Jūichinin no Chōshinsei ( 11 人の超新星 ) September 4 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874563 - 3 June 1 ,", "10": "2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3467 - 3 52 Roger and Rayleigh Rojā to Reirī ( ロジャーとレイリー ) December 4 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874602 - 9 June 1 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3468 - 1 53 Natural Born King Ō no Shishitsu ( 王の資質 ) March 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874640 - 1 June 1 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3469 - X 54 Unstoppable Mō Dare ni mo Tomerarenai ( もう誰にも止められない ) June 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874662 - 3 July 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3470 - 3 55 A Ray of Hope Jigoku ni Okama ( 地獄に仏 ) September 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874727 - 9 October 5 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3471 - 1 56 Thank You Arigatō ( ありがとう ) December 4 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874761 - 3 February 1 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3850 - 1 57 Summit Battle Chōjō Kessen ( 頂上決戦 ) March 4 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870010 - 6 June 7 ,", "11": "2011 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3851 - 2 58 The Name of This Era is `` Whitebeard '' Kono Jidai no Na o `` Shirohige '' to Yobu ( この時代の名を `` 白ひげ '' と呼ぶ ) June 4 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870045 - 8 September 13 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 3926 - 8 59 The Death of Portgaz D. Ace Pōtogasu Dī Ēsu Shisu ( ポートガス・ D ・エース死す ) August 4 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870083 - 0 December 6 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3959 - 1 60 My Brother Otōto yo ( 弟よ ) November 4 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870125 - 7 January 3 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4085 - 6 Volumes 61 -- 80 ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece chapters ( 595 -- 806 ) No .", "12": "Title Japanese release English release 61 Romance Dawn : For the New World February 4 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870175 - 2 March 6 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 4144 - 0 62 Adventure on Fish - Man Island Gyojintō no Bōken ( 魚人島の冒険 ) May 2 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870217 - 9 May 1 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4196 - 9 63 Otohime and Tiger Otohime to Taigā ( オトヒメとタイガー ) August 4 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870270 - 4 July 3 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 154307 - 9 64 100,000 vs. 10 Jūman Bāsasu Jū ( 10 万 vs.", "13": "10 ) November 4 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870301 - 5 September 4 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 154329 - 1 65 To Zero Zero ni ( ゼロに ) February 3 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870367 - 1 November 6 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 154979 - 8 66 The Road Towards the Sun Taiyō e to Tsuzuku Michi ( タイヨウへと続く道 ) May 2 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870416 - 6 March 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 155237 - 8 67 Cool Fight August 3 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870476 - 0 June 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 155371 - 9 68 Pirate Alliance Kaizoku Dōmei ( 海賊同盟 ) November 2 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870531 - 6 September 3 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 155881 - 3 69 S.A.D.", "14": "SAD March 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870614 - 6 December 3 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 156143 - 1 70 Doflamingo Appears Dofuramingo Arawaru ( ドフラミンゴ現る ) June 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870660 - 3 March 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 6460 - 9 71 Coliseum of Scoundrels Kusemono - tachi no Koroshiamu ( 曲者達のコロシアム ) August 2 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870781 - 5 June 3 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1421569451 72 Dressrosa 's Forgotten Doresurōza no Wasuremono ( ドレスローザの忘れ物 ) November 1 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870833 - 1 September 2 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1421573441 73 Operation Dressrosa S.O.P.", "15": "Doresurōza Esu Ō Pī Sakusen ( ドレスローザ SOP 作戦 ) March 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880022 - 6 January 6 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1421576831 74 Ever At Your Side Itsudemo Kimi no Soba ni Iru ( いつでもキミのそばにいる ) June 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880069 - 1 April 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1421578675 75 Repaying the Debt Ore no Ongaeshi ( おれの恩返し ) September 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880171 - 1 August 4 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1421580296 76 Just Keep Going Kamawazu Susume ( 構わず進め ) December 27 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880219 - 0 November 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1421582603 77 Smile Sumairu ( スマイル ) April 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880326 - 5 February 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1421585147 78 Champion of Evil Aku no Karisuma ( 悪のカリスマ ) July 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880422 - 4 May 3 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1421585840 79 LUCY ! !", "16": "October 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880496 - 5 August 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 158815 - 5 80 Opening Speech Kaimaku Sengen ( 開幕宣言 ) December 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880578 - 8 November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159024 - 0 Volumes 81 -- current ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece chapters ( 807 -- current ) No . Title Japanese release English release 81 Let 's Go See The Cat Viper Nekomamushi no Danna ni Ai ni Yukou ( ネコマムシの旦那に会いに行こう ) April 4 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880648 - 8 February 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159159 - 9 82 The World is Restless Zawatsuku Sekai ( ざわつく世界 ) July 4 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880726 - 3 May 2 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159269 - 5 83 Emperor of the Sea , Charlotte Linlin Kaizoku `` Yonkō '' Shārotto Rinrin ( 海賊「四皇」シャーロット・リンリン ) November 4 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880801 - 7 August 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159433 - 0 84 Luffy vs.", "17": "Sanji Rufi Bāsasu Sanji ( ルフィ VS サンジ ) February 3 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 881002 - 7 November 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159700 - 3 85 Liar Usotsuki ( ウソつき ) May 2 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 881070 - 6 February 6 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1421598208 86 Emperor Assassination Plan Yonkō Ansatsu Sakusen ( 四皇暗殺作戦 ) August 4 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 881198 - 7 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` One Piece '' ( in Danish ) . Carlsen Comics . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Band 1 '' ( in German ) . Carlsen Comics . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece 1 : Äventyret börjar '' ( in Swedish ) . Bonnier Carlsen . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Piece / 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Piece / 82 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump Line - up Tied to Cartoon Network '' . ICv2 . August 7 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump # 1 in Third Printing '' .", "18": "ICv2 . December 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . 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Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 43 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 43 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 44 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 44 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 45 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 45 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 46 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 46 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 47 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 47 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 48 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 48 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 49 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 49 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 50 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 50 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 51 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 .", "28": "Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 51 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 52 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 52 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 53 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 54 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 54 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 55 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 55 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 56 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 56 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 57 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha .", "29": "Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 57 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 58 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 58 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 59 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 59 '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 60 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 60 '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 61 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 61 '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 62 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 62 '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 63 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 63 '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 64 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 64 '' . Simon and Schuster .", "30": "Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 65 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 65 '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 66 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 67 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 68 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 69 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 70 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 71 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 71 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 72 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 72 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 73 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 73 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 74 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 74 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 75 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 75 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 76 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 76 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 77 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 77 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 78 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 78 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 79 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 79 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 80 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece , Vol. 80 '' . VIZ Media LLC . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 81 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 81 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 82 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 83 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 83 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 84 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 84 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 85 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 85 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece / 86 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website of Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) Official website of Viz Media One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First list Season 1 5 6 7 8 Second list Season 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list Season 15 16 17 18 19 Films One Piece : The Movie One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken One Piece : The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece Movie : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta One Piece Film : Strong World One Piece Film : Z One Piece Film : Gold Music Discography Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle !", "33": "Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Burning Blood Treasure Cruise Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Super Kabuki II : One Piece Category Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_manga_volumes&oldid=798758068 '' Categories : One Piece One Piece chapter lists Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Basa Sunda Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 18 . 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-5315423524940108616	where are the winter olympic games being held this year	[ "Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea", "Pyeongchang County, South Korea", "Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea", "Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea", "Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea" ]	{ "0": "2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정.", "1": "( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yun - a Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平昌冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第二十三回冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit .", "2": "Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both in Japan . It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing . The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state - sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won ; both won fourteen golds . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics , five of which were gold .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 2 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.3 National Hockey League 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) .", "4": "2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile .", "5": "Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley ( Alpensia ) Ski Resort Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , while the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . It was home to the Olympic Stadium , the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues .", "6": "Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , skeleton Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Additionally , a stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang : Phoenix Snow Park -- freestyle skiing , snowboarding Another stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon : Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues , all in close proximity to one another . Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- long track speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating , figure skating Additionally , a stand - alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University . Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games .", "7": "As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games .", "8": "The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 )", "9": "China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host nation ) Spain (", "10": "13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 122 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia", "11": "50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro", "12": "NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves .", "13": "Conversely , and somewhat controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling", "14": "Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9", "15": "7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6", "16": "15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0", "17": "0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko . American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 in ice dance . French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 . Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating .", "18": "Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian . She also became the first speed skater ( male or female ) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men 's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal , becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first to achieve this at `` sea level '' . Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games ; she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals . Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event , only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . Norway won a total of 39 medals , setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event . The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 .", "19": "Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract . As U.S.", "20": "Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang , morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours ( 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 pm ) . This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones , rather than showing `` plausibly live '' delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics . As per previous Games , the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only , but NBC did , for the first time , offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online . Notably , figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network 's live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left - hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right - hand symbol represents a crystal of ice .", "21": "In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Soohorang ( left ) and Bandabi ( right ) , respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . The Olympic mascot , Soohorang ( Korean : 수 호랑 ) , is a white tiger . The mascot 's name is a portmanteau of `` Sooho '' , a Korean word for `` protection '' , and `` Rang '' which is derived both from the Korean word for `` tiger '' and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province . Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognised that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament .", "22": "Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program , to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics : Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights in relation to VR ; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights ; and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations , 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis , and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game 's pro-North Korean measures The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the Games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate .", "23": "In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier ( father of Otto Warmbier , who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea ) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . At the closing ceremony , North Korea sent general Kim Yong - chol as its delegate . His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives , as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks . The Ministry of Unification stated that `` there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident . '' Although he is subject to sanctions , they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games .", "24": "Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Russia 's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017 , although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR ( Olympic Athletes from Russia ) designation . The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included : the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games ; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem ; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms . By early January 2018 , the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games ( as part of the Oswald Commission ) . Of those athletes , 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) and 28 of the appeals were successful , but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them . The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games . Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings . The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168 . These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and , in order to receive an invitation to the Games , they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping . Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation .", "25": "Despite this public show of co-operation , there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians , including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . 86 % of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag , and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . The IOC 's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated . He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated . The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised , by Olympic officials , IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer . National hockey League ( edit ) For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Other leagues , such as the Swedish Hockey League , did not close during the games , but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league .", "26": "See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes Soohorang and Bandabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . 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Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating ( 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse ) : Ladies ' 3,000 m ( 여자 3,000 m / 3 000 m femmes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 10 February 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Cross-Country Skiing ( 크로스 컨트리 스키 / Ski de fond ) : Men 's 15km + 15km Skiathlon ( 남자 15km + 15km 스키 애슬론 / Skiathlon 15 km + 15 km hommes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 11 February 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined ( 노르딕 복합 / Combiné nordique ) : Individual Gundersen LH / 10km ( 라지 힐 개인 10 km / Individuel LH hommes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 20 February 2018 . 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NBC Chicago . 11 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch speed skating GOAT makes Michael Phelpsian Winter Olympics history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 12 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short track : China 's Wu wins 500m in world record time '' . Reuters. 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ter Mors medals in 2 different sports at same Winter Games '' . The China Post . 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Falkingham , Katie ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : History - maker Ester Ledecka wins gold in two sports '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marit Bjorgen wins gold as Norway top the medal table '' . BBC Sport. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Germany tie in thrilling 2 - man bobsled '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) .", "38": "`` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong Un highlights his ' nuclear button , ' offers Olympic talks '' . NBC News . 2 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . 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BBC News . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Former Spymaster to Lead North Korea 's Olympic Ceremony Delegation '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Statement on CAS Decision '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHL Fixtures '' . Swedish Hockey League . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ( shows that SHL games were played during the Olympic games 9 -- 25 February ) External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St.", "42": "Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang ,", "43": "South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=838278991 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports", "44": "competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית", "45": "ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 01 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5061370765188535062	how many quarterbacks have a receiving touchdown in the superbowl	[ "1", "1" ]	{ "0": "List of Super Bowl records - wikipedia List of Super Bowl records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Super Bowl records , which includes performances of the highest and lowest caliber throughout the history of the Super Bowl . The list of records is separated by individual players and teams . Players and teams , along with their records , are noted with the Super Bowl game played . All records can be referenced at the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official website , NFL.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual player records 1.1 Service 1.2 Scoring 1.3 Touchdowns 1.4 Passing 1.5 Rushing 1.6 Receiving 1.7 Combined yardage 1.8 Fumbles 1.9 Defense 1.10 Special teams 1.10. 1 Kickoff returns 1.10. 2 Kickoffs 1.10. 3 Punting 1.10. 4 Punt returns 1.10. 5 Field goals 1.10. 6 Points after touchdown 2 Team records 2.1 Scoring 2.1. 1 Points 2.1. 1.1 Single team 2.1. 1.2 Both teams 2.1. 2 Touchdowns 2.1. 2.1 Single team 2.1. 2.2 Both teams 2.1. 3 Points after touchdown 2.1. 3.1 Single team 2.1. 3.2 Both teams 2.1. 4 Field goals 2.1. 4.1 Single team 2.1. 4.2 Both teams 2.1. 5 Safeties 2.2 Offense 2.2. 1 Net yards gained 2.2. 1.1 Single team 2.2. 1.2 Both teams 2.2. 2 Rushing 2.2. 2.1 Single team 2.2. 2.2 Both teams 2.2. 3 Passing 2.2.", "1": "3.1 Single team 2.2. 3.2 Both teams 2.2. 4 First downs 2.2. 4.1 Single team 2.2. 4.2 Both teams 2.3 Defense 2.3. 1 Single team 2.3. 2 Both teams 2.4 Fumbles 2.4. 1 Single team 2.4. 2 Both teams 2.5 Turnovers 2.5. 1 Single team 2.5. 2 Both teams 2.6 Kickoff returns 2.6. 1 Single team 2.6. 2 Both teams 2.7 Punting 2.7. 1 Single team 2.7. 2 Both teams 2.8 Punt returns 2.8. 1 Single team 2.8. 2 Both teams 2.9 Penalties 2.9. 1 Single team 2.9. 2 Both teams 3 Time 4 Coaching 5 Popularity 6 Non-occurrences 7 References 8 External links Individual player records ( edit ) A complete list of Super Bowl records can be found in the 2017 Official NFL Record & Fact Book beginning at page 654 . Records can also be found at Pro Football Reference.com . Service ( edit ) Most Super Bowl MVP awards , career , 4 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI Most games , winning team , 5 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Charles Haley -- defensive end / linebacker , San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most games , losing team , 5 Glenn Parker -- offensive line , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , N.Y.", "2": "Giants XXXV Cornelius Bennett -- linebacker , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , Atlanta XXXIII Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most consecutive championships as a player , 3 Ken Norton Jr . -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Back to back championships with different teams Ken Norton Jr. Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , San Francisco XXIX Deion Sanders , XXIX with the 49ers and XXX with the Cowboys Chris Long , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI with the Patriots and LII with the Eagles Win a Super Bowl with one team and then defeat that same team in the Super Bowl the following season Chris Long , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles LeGarrette Blount , LI , Patriots and LII , Eagles Longest time span between Super Bowl championships as a player , 12 seasons Ray Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens XXXV , Baltimore Ravens XLVII Most appearances as either a player or coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games played , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most games started , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive appearances , 5 Gale Gilbert -- quarterback , Buffalo XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII , San Diego XXIX Most starts at quarterback , 8 Tom Brady -- quarterback , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as starting quarterback , 5 Tom Brady -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI Wins as starting quarterback for two different teams Peyton Manning -- Indianapolis XLI , Denver 50 Most games as a kicker ,", "3": "5 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Stephen Gostkowski -- New England XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most wins as a kicker , 4 Adam Vinatieri -- New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Oldest player , 42 years and 11 days Matt Stover , kicker -- Indianapolis XLIV Youngest player to start , 21 years and 322 days Bryan Bulaga , offensive lineman -- Green Bay XLV Quarterbacks to both throw and catch a touchdown pass Nick Foles - Philadelphia LII Oldest quarterback to win , 39 years and 320 days Peyton Manning -- Denver 50 Oldest quarterback to start , 40 years and 185 days Tom Brady - New England LII Youngest quarterback to start and to win , 23 years and 340 days Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh XL Scoring ( edit ) Most points scored , career , 48 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII Most points scored , single game , 20 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI - 3 TD , 1 ( 2 - point ) conversion Longest scoring play , 108 yard kickoff return Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most Touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Touchdowns ( edit ) 00 In this category R = rushing touchdown ( TD ) ; P = pass reception TD ; KR = kickoff return TD Most touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX , and Oakland XXXVII ( 8 - P ) Most touchdowns , single game , 3 ( accomplished six times by five players ) Roger Craig -- San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV ( 3 - P ) Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs.", "4": "San Diego , XXIX ( 3 - P ) Ricky Watters -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX ( 1 - R , 2 - P ) Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII ( 3 - R ) James White - New England vs. Atlanta , LI ( 2 - R , 1 - P ) Most touchdowns , plays of 50 - or - more yards , game , 2 Ricky Sanders -- Washington , XXII ( 2 - P ) Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens , XLVII ( 1 - P , 1 - KR ) Touchdowns scored for two different teams , 3 players Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , Oakland XXXVII Ricky Proehl -- St. Louis Rams XXXVI , Carolina XXXVIII Muhsin Muhammad -- Carolina XXXVIII , Chicago XLI Longest play , 108 yards Jacoby Jones -- KR , Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Passing ( edit ) Highest passer rating , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 127.83 Joe Montana -- 4 games , San Francisco XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Highest passer rating , game , 150.92 Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Lowest passer rating to win game , 22.6 Ben Roethlisberger -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most attempts , career , 357 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most attempts , game , 62 Tom Brady -- New England vs Atlanta , LI Fewest attempts by winning QB , game , 7 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most completions , career , 235 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most completions to start a game , 9 Eli Manning -- New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Most consecutive completions , game , 16 Tom Brady -- New England vs.", "5": "New York Giants , XLVI Most completions , game , 43 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most completions , both quarterbacks , 63 Drew Brees -- New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Peyton Manning Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest completions by winning QB , game , 6 Bob Griese -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Highest completion percentage , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 70 % Troy Aikman -- Dallas , 3 games ( 80 -- 56 ) XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Highest completion percentage , game , ( 20 attempts ) , 88 % Phil Simms -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI ( 25 -- 22 ) Highest completion percentage , both teams , 75 % ( 84 -- 63 ) Drew Brees , New Orleans vs. Peyton Manning , Indianapolis XLIV Most passing yards , career , 2,576 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most passing yards , game , 505 Tom Brady -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most passing yards , quarter , 228 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest pass , 85 yards ( TD ) Jake Delhomme ( to Muhsin Muhammad ) -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Fewest passing yards by a Super Bowl MVP , 119 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Miami , VI Highest average gain , career ( 40 attempts ) , 11.10 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 84 -- 932 ) , IX , X , XIII , XIV Highest average gain , game ( 20 attempts ) , 14.71 yards Terry Bradshaw -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 21 -- 309 ) Most touchdown passes , career , 18 Tom Brady -- 8 games , New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most touchdown passes , half , 4 Doug Williams , first half -- Washington vs.", "6": "Denver , XXII Steve Young , first half -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most touchdown passes , quarter , 4 ( second ) Doug Williams -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most touchdown passes , game , 6 Steve Young - San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Lowest percentage , passes had intercepted , career , ( 40 attempts ) , 0.00 % Jim Plunkett , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders , 2 games ( 46 -- 0 ) , XV , XVIII Joe Montana , San Francisco , 4 games ( 122 -- 0 ) , XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV Most attempts , without interception , game , 48 Tom Brady -- New England vs. New York Giants , XLII , New England vs. Philadelphia Eagles , LII Most interceptions thrown , career , 8 John Elway -- Denver 5 games XXI , XXII , XXIV , XXXII , XXXIII Most interceptions thrown , game , 5 Rich Gannon -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Rushing ( edit ) Most attempts , career , 101 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most attempts , game , 38 John Riggins -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Most rushing yards , career , 354 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , and XIV Most rushing yards , game , 204 Timmy Smith -- Washington vs. Denver , XXII Longest run from scrimmage , 75 yards ( TD ) Willie Parker -- Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Most rushing touchdowns , career , 5 Emmitt Smith -- Dallas XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 3 Terrell Davis -- Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Highest average gain , career ( 20 attempts ) , 9.6 yards Marcus Allen -- Los Angeles Raiders , 1 game ( 20 -- 191 ) XVIII Highest average gain , game ( 10 attempts ) , 10.5 yards Tom Matte -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III ( 11 -- 116 ) Longest Touchdown Run , Quarterback , 15 yards Colin Kaepernick -- San Francisco vs.", "7": "Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Most rushing yards , game , Quarterback , 64 yards Steve McNair -- Tennessee vs. St. Louis , XXXIV Receiving ( edit ) Most receptions , career , 33 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receptions , game , 14 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most receiving yards , career , 589 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving yards , game , 215 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Most receiving yards , game , tight end , 116 Rob Gronkowski -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Most receiving yards , game , running back , 110 James White -- New England vs. Atlanta , LI Longest reception , 85 yards ( TD ) Muhsin Muhammad -- ( from Delhomme ) , Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII ( TD ) Highest average gain , career ( 8 receptions ) , 24.4 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 11 -- 268 ) Highest average gain , game ( 3 receptions ) , 40.33 yards John Stallworth -- Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV ( 3 -- 121 ) Most receiving touchdowns , career , 8 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most receiving touchdowns , game , 3 Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Jerry Rice -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Most receiving touchdowns , game , Quarterback , 1 Nick Foles -- New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Combined yardage ( edit ) This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . Most Attempts , career , 108 Franco Harris -- Pittsburgh 4 games IX , X , XIII , XIV Most Attempts , game , 39 John Riggins -- Washington vs.", "8": "Miami , XVII Most yards gained , career , 604 Jerry Rice -- 4 games San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX ; Oakland XXXVII Most yards gained , game , 290 Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career , 5 Roger Staubach -- Dallas 4 games VI , X , XII , XIII Most fumbles , game , 3 Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Jim Kelly -- Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Frank Reich -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , career , 2 Jake Scott , Miami , 3 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Fran Tarkenton , Minnesota , 3 games ( 2 own ) Franco Harris , Pittsburgh , 4 games ( 2 own ) Roger Staubach , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Bobby Walden , Pittsburgh , 2 games ( 2 own ) John Fitzgerald , Dallas , 4 games ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes , Dallas , 3 games ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary , Chicago , 1 game ( 2 opponent ) John Elway , Denver , 5 games ( 2 own ) Jimmie Jones , Dallas , 2 games ( 2 opponent ) Kenneth Davis , Buffalo , 4 games ( 2 own ) Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams -- Arizona , 3 games ( 2 own ) Danny Trevathan , Denver , 2 games ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumbles recovered , game , 2 Jake Scott -- Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Roger Staubach -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X ( 2 own ) Randy Hughes -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 opponent ) Butch Johnson -- Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 2 own ) Mike Singletary -- Chicago vs. New England , XX ( 2 opponent ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs.", "9": "Buffalo , XXVII ( 2 opponent ) Danny Trevathan -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( 1 own , 1 opponent ) Most fumble return yards , game , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return , 64 yards Leon Lett -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Longest fumble return for touchdown , 49 yards Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII Most fumble returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Mike Bass -- Washington vs. Miami , VII ( opponent 49 yards ) Mike Hegman -- Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII ( opponent 37 yards ) Jimmie Jones -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 2 yards ) Ken Norton , Jr . -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII ( opponent 9 yards ) James Washington -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII ( opponent 46 yards ) Malik Jackson -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 ( opponent end zone ) Defense ( edit ) Most interceptions , career , 3 Chuck Howley -- Dallas 2 games , V , VI Rod Martin -- Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 2 games XV , XVIII Larry Brown -- Dallas 3 games XXVII , XXVIII , XXX Most interceptions , game , 3 Rod Martin -- Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Most interception yards gained , career , 108 Darrien Gordon -- 4 games San Diego XXIX , Denver XXXII , XXXIII , Oakland XXXVII Most interception yards gained , game , 108 Darrien Gordon -- Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Longest interception return , 100 yards , TD James Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game , 2 Dwight Smith -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most tackles , game , 13 Gary Brackett -- Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Keanu Neal -- Atlanta vs.", "10": "New England Most tackles , career , 22 Bobby Wagner -- Linebacker Seattle 2 games XLVIII , XLIX Most tackles plus assists , game , 18 ( 11 tackles , 7 assists ) Dan Morgan -- Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Most sacks , career , 5 ( Sacks an official statistic since XVII by the NFL , sacks for all games shown by Pro Football Reference.com ) L.C. Greenwood -- 4 games Pittsburgh IX , X , XIII , XIV Most sacks , game , 4 L.C. Greenwood -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Most safeties , game , 1 Defensive , tackle in end zone Dwight White -- Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX ( Was first score of game ) Henry Waechter -- Chicago vs. New England , XX George Martin -- New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Bruce Smith -- Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Cliff Avril -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII ( Was first score of game ) Special teams Blocked punts Reggie Harrison -- Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Punter ran out of end zone Chris Culliver credited for safety -- San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Offensive penalties in end zone Justin Hartwig ( holding penalty ) -- center , Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII Tom Brady ( intentional grounding penalty ) -- quarterback , New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI ( Was first score of game ) Special teams ( edit ) Kickoff returns ( edit ) Longest kickoff return , 108 yards , TD Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Most kickoff returns , career , 10 Ken Bell -- Denver 3 games XXI , XXII , XXIV Most kickoff returns , game , 8 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Marcus Knight -- Oakland vs. Tampa Bay XXXVII Most kickoff return yards , career , 283 Fulton Walker -- Miami 2 games XVII , XIX Most kickoff return yards , game , 244 Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs.", "11": "San Francisco , XXIX Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) , 42.0 yards Tim Dwight , Atlanta , 1 game ( 5 -- 210 ) XXXIII Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) , 47.5 yards Fulton Walker , Miami vs. Washington , ( 4 -- 190 ) XVII Opening kickoff returned for touchdown , 1 time Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Most kickoff returns for touchdowns , game , 1 Fulton Walker -- Miami vs. Washington , XVII Stanford Jennings -- Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Andre Coleman -- San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Tim Dwight -- Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Ron Dixon -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants XXXV Devin Hester -- Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Jacoby Jones -- Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Percy Harvin -- Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Kickoffs ( edit ) Most kickoffs for touchback , 5 Lin Elliott -- 9 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- Dallas vs. Buffalo XXVII Stephen Gostkowski -- 5 kickoffs , 5 touchbacks -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Punting ( edit ) Longest punt , 64 yards Ryan Allen -- New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most punts inside 10 yard line , game , 3 Steve Weatherford -- New York Giants vs. New England XLVI Most punts , game , 11 Brad Maynard -- New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens XXXV Most punts , career , 17 Mike Eischeid -- 3 games Oakland II , Minnesota VIII , IX Mike Horan -- 4 games Denver XXI , XXII , XXIV , St.", "12": "Louis Rams XXXIV Highest punting average , career ( 10 punts ) , 46.5 yards Jerrel Wilson , Kansas City 2 games ( 11 -- 511 ) -- I , IV Highest punting average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.2 yards Tom Rouen , Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) -- XL Punt returns ( edit ) Most punt returns , career , 8 Troy Brown -- New England 3 games XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX Most punt returns , game , 6 Mike Nelms -- Washington vs. Miami , XVII Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Most fair catches , game , 4 Jermaine Lewis -- Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV Karl Williams -- Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most punt return yards gained , career , 94 John Taylor -- San Francisco 3 games XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most punt return yards gained , game , 90 Desmond Howard -- Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Longest punt return , 61 yards Jordan Norwood -- Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Highest average , punt return yardage , career ( 4 returns ) , 15.7 yards John Taylor , 3 games ( 6 -- 94 ) San Francisco XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Highest average , punt return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards John Taylor , San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) XXIII Most punt returns for touchdowns , game , 0 none Field goals ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , career , 10 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most field goals attempted , game , 5 Jim Turner -- New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Efren Herrera -- Dallas vs.", "13": "Denver , XII Most field goals , career , 7 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Game winning field goals Jim O'Brien 0 : 05 time left -- Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Adam Vinatieri 0 : 00 time left -- New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Adam Vinatieri 0 : 04 time left -- New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Most field goals , game , 4 Don Chandler -- Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Ray Wersching -- San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most 40 - plus yard field goals , game , 3 Garrett Hartley -- New Orleans Saints vs. Indianapolis XLIV Longest field goal , 54 yards Steve Christie -- Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Shortest field goal , 9 yards Jim Turner -- Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets III Mike Clark -- Dallas vs. Miami VI Note : The goal posts were moved to the back of the end zone in 1974 . As such , this record can not be broken without another change to the layout of the field . Standard field goal protocol does not currently allow a kick 17 yards or shorter . Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , career , 13 Adam Vinatieri -- 5 games New England XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , Indianapolis XLI Most ( one point ) extra points , game , 7 Mike Cofer -- San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Lin Elliot -- Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII Doug Brien -- San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most 2 point conversions , game , 1 Mark Seay -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Alfred Pupunu -- San Diego vs. San Francisco XXIX Mark Chmura -- Green Bay vs. New England XXXI Kevin Faulk -- New England vs. Carolina XXXVIII Lance Moore -- New Orleans vs.", "14": "Indianapolis XLIV Antwaan Randle El -- Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Wes Welker -- Denver vs. Seattle XLVIII Bennie Fowler -- Denver vs. Carolina 50 James White - New England vs. Atlanta LI Danny Amendola - New England vs. Atlanta LI Team records ( edit ) All records can be referenced at NFL.com . Most Super Bowl appearances , 10 New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl appearances , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most Super Bowl victories , 6 Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X , XIII , XIV , XL , XLIII Most consecutive Super Bowl victories , 2 ( occurred 8 times ) Green Bay Packers I , II Miami Dolphins VII , VIII Pittsburgh Steelers IX , X Pittsburgh Steelers XIII , XIV San Francisco 49ers XXIII , XXIV Dallas Cowboys XXVII , XXVIII Denver Broncos XXXII , XXXIII New England Patriots XXXVIII , XXXIX Most Super Bowl losses , 5 Denver Broncos XII , XXI , XXII , XXIV , XLVIII New England Patriots XX , XXXI , XLII , XLVI , LII Most consecutive Super Bowl losses , 4 Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Super Bowl win with no home playoff games Green Bay Packers I -- 2 playoff games Kansas City Chiefs IV -- 3 playoff games Pittsburgh Steelers XL -- 4 playoff games New York Giants XLII -- 4 playoff games Green Bay Packers XLV -- 4 playoff games Most Super Bowl wins without a loss , 2 Baltimore Ravens -- XXXV , XLVII Longest Super Bowl win streak , 5 games San Francisco 49ers -- XVI , XIX , XXIII , XXIV , XXIX Most Super Bowl appearances without a win , 4 Minnesota Vikings IV , VIII , IX , XI Buffalo Bills XXV , XXVI , XXVII , XXVIII Most common matchup , 3 Pittsburgh Steelers vs.", "15": "Dallas Cowboys X , XIII , XXX Scoring ( edit ) Points ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most points , game , 55 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most consecutive points , game , 42 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points by a losing team , game , 33 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest points , game , 3 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Fewest points by winning team , game , 14 Miami vs. Washington , VII Largest margin of victory , 45 points San Francisco 49ers vs. Denver , ( 55 -- 10 ) XXIV Smallest margin of victory , 1 point New York Giants vs. Buffalo , ( 20 -- 19 ) , XXV Most points scored , first half of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , second half of play , 30 New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Most points scored in any quarter of play , 35 Washington vs. Denver , ( second quarter ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 14 ( by 7 teams ) Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX New England vs. Green Bay , XXXI Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Most points , third quarter , 21 Chicago vs. New England , XX Most points , fourth quarter , 21 Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVII Most points , overtime , 6 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Largest lead , end of first quarter , 14 points Miami vs. Minnesota , ( 14 -- 0 ) , VIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , ( 14 -- 0 ) , XLV Largest halftime margin , 25 points Washington vs.", "16": "Denver , ( 35 -- 10 ) , XXII Largest halftime lead with a shutout , 22 points Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Largest lead , end of 3rd quarter , 41 points Chicago vs. New England , ( 44 -- 3 ) , XX Largest comeback , 25 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest 4th quarter comeback , 19 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 28 -- 9 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Largest halftime comeback , 18 points New England vs. Atlanta , LI Patriots behind 21 -- 3 . Won 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Fewest points , first half , 0 ( 12 times ) Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota 4 times - vs. Kansas City , IV , vs. Miami , VIII , vs. Pittsburgh , IX , vs. Oakland , XI Washington vs. Miami , VII Denver 2 times - vs. Dallas , XII , vs. Seattle , XLVIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Washington , XXVI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest points , second half , 0 ( 8 times ) Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Miami 4 times -- vs. Dallas , VI , vs. Washington , VII , vs. Washington , XVII , vs. San Francisco , XIX Super Bowl VII was the only time that a team failed to score in the second half and won . Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most points , game , 75 San Francisco ( 49 ) vs. San Diego ( 26 ) , XXIX Fewest points , game , 21 Miami ( 14 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Most points , first half , 45 Washington ( 35 ) vs.", "17": "Denver ( 10 ) , XXII Most points , second half , 46 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 28 ) vs. Oakland Raiders ( 18 ) , XXXVII Fewest points , first half , 2 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 0 ) , IX Fewest points , second half , 7 Miami Dolphins ( 0 ) vs. Washington ( 7 ) , VII Washington ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , first quarter , 24 Green Bay ( 10 ) vs. New England ( 14 ) , XXXI Most points , second quarter , 35 Washington ( 35 ) vs. Denver ( 0 ) , XXII Most points , third quarter , 24 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Buffalo ( 10 ) , XXVI Baltimore Ravens ( 7 ) vs. San Francisco ( 17 ) , XLVII Most points , fourth quarter , 37 New England ( 18 ) vs. Carolina ( 19 ) , XXXVIII Most points , overtime , 6 New England ( 6 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most lead changes , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Most lead changes in the fourth quarter , 3 New England vs. New York Giants , XLII Both teams scoring over 30 points , 3 Pittsburgh ( 35 ) vs. Dallas ( 31 ) , XIII Baltimore Ravens ( 34 ) vs. San Francisco ( 31 ) , XLVII Philadelphia ( 41 ) vs. New England ( 33 ) , LII Touchdowns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most touchdowns , game , 8 San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Most touchdowns , losing team , game , 4 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XIII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Atlanta vs. New England , LI New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest touchdowns , winning team , game , 1 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Fewest touchdowns , game , 0 Miami vs.", "18": "Dallas , VI Longest touchdown scoring drive , 96 yards Chicago vs. New England , XX Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most touchdowns , game , 10 San Francisco ( 7 ) vs. San Diego ( 3 ) , XXIX Fewest touchdowns , game , 2 New York Jets ( 1 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) , III Points after touchdown ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 7 San Francisco vs. Denver , ( 8 attempts ) XXIV Dallas vs. Buffalo , ( 7 attempts ) XXVII San Francisco vs. San Diego , ( 7 attempts ) XXIX Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX New England vs. Atlanta , LI Most missed PATs , game , 3 Oakland ( 3 2pt tries ) vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most ( one point ) PATs , game , 9 Pittsburgh ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XIII Dallas ( 7 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) ( XXVII ) Fewest ( one point ) PATs , game , 2 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. New York Jets ( 1 ) , III Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) vs. Dallas ( 1 ) , V Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 2 ) , IX Denver ( 1 ) vs. Carolina ( 1 ) , 50 Most two point conversions , game , 2 San Diego ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 0 ) , XXIX New England ( 2 ) vs. Atlanta ( 0 ) , LI Most total PATs , game , 10 San Diego ( 2 2 pt , 1 k ) vs.", "19": "San Francisco ( 7 k ) , XXIX Most missed PATs , game , 4 New England ( 1 K ) vs. Philadelphia ( 1 K , 2 2pt tries ) , LII Field goals ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most field goals attempted , game , 5 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Dallas vs. Denver , XII Most field goals , game , 4 Green Bay vs. Oakland , II San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XVI Most fake field goals attempted , game , 1 Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco 49ers , XLVII Both teams ( edit ) Most field goals attempted , game , 7 New York Jets ( 5 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 2 ) , III San Francisco ( 4 ) vs. Cincinnati ( 3 ) , XXIII St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 3 ) , XXXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Atlanta ( 3 ) , XXXIII Fewest field goals attempted , game , 1 Minnesota ( 0 ) vs. Miami ( 1 ) , VIII San Francisco ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , XXXIX New England ( 0 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XLII New England ( 0 ) vs. Seattle ( 1 ) , XLIX Most field goals , game , 5 Cincinnati ( 3 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XXIII Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII New England ( 2 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 3 ) , LII Most field goals without miss , game , 5 Dallas ( 3 ) vs. Buffalo ( 2 ) , XXVIII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) vs. San Francisco ( 3 ) , XLVII Fewest field goals , game , 0 Miami vs.", "20": "Washington , VII Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Safeties ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most safeties , game , 1 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI San Francisco vs. Baltimore Ravens , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Offense ( edit ) Net yards gained ( edit ) Combined rushing and passing Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 613 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 119 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Fewest Total Yards , Winning Team , game , 194 Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Most offensive plays , game , 93 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most net yards , rushing and passing , game , 1,151 New England ( 613 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 538 ) , LII -- all - time NFL record for any game , whether regular - season or postseason Fewest net yards , rushing and passing , game , 396 New York Giants ( 152 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 244 ) , XXXV Rushing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most rushing attempts , game , 57 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Fewest rushing attempts , winning team , game , 13 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh XLV Fewest rushing attempts , game , 9 Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Most yards rushing , game , 280 Washington vs. Denver , XXII Fewest rushing yards , winning team , game , 29 St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Fewest yards rushing , game , 7 New England vs.", "21": "Chicago , XX Highest average gain per rush attempt , game , 7.00 yards Los Angeles Raiders vs. Washington , ( 33 -- 231 ) , XVIII Washington vs. Denver , ( 40 -- 280 ) , XXII Lowest average gain per rush attempt , game , 0.64 yards New England vs. Chicago , ( 11 -- 7 ) XX Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 34 teams ) 2 times -- Minnesota , Denver , Green Bay , New York Giants 3 times -- Oakland , Dallas , Miami 4 times -- New England Kansas City vs. Green Bay , I Oakland vs. Green Bay , II Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts V Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Minnesota vs. Oakland , XI Dallas vs. Steelers , XIII Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Miami vs. Washington , XVII Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX New England vs. Chicago , XX Denver vs. Washington XXII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , XXIII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , XL Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI New York Giants vs. New England , XLII Arizona vs. Pittsburgh , XLIII New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Denver vs. Seattle , XLVIII New England vs.", "22": "Seattle , XLIX Both teams ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , game , 81 Washington ( 52 ) vs. Miami ( 29 ) , XVII Fewest rushing attempts , game , 36 Green Bay ( 13 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 23 ) , XLV Most yards rushing , game , 377 Washington ( 280 ) vs. Denver ( 97 ) , XXII Fewest yards rushing , game , 91 Arizona ( 33 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 58 ) , XLIII Most rushing touchdowns , game , 4 Miami ( 3 ) vs. Minnesota ( 1 ) , VIII Chicago ( 4 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , XX San Francisco ( 3 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XXIV Denver ( 4 ) vs. Green Bay ( 0 ) , XXXII Fewest rushing touchdowns , game , 0 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Philadelphia , XV Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Passing ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most passing attempts , game , 63 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest passing attempts , game , 7 Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Most passes completed , game , 43 New England vs. Atlanta LI Fewest passes completed , game , 4 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Highest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 88.0 % New York Giants vs. Denver , ( 25 -- 22 ) , XXI Lowest completion percentage , game ( 20 attempts ) , 32.0 % Denver vs. Dallas , ( 25 -- 8 ) , XII Most yards passing , game , 500 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 35 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Highest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 14.7 yards Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams ( 309 -- 21 ) , XIV Lowest average yards gained per pass attempt , game , 1.4 yards Denver vs.", "23": "Dallas ( 35 -- 25 ) , XII Most times intercepted , game , 5 Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Most times sacked , game , 7 Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X New England vs. Chicago , XX Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 0 ( 13 teams ) 2 times -- Denver , Philadelphia 3 times -- Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles Rams , XIV Philadelphia vs. Oakland , XV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII New England vs. Carolina , XXXVIII Indianapolis vs. New Orleans , XLIV Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 6 San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 ( 21 teams ) 2 times -- Miami , Washington , Buffalo 3 times -- Minnesota 4 times -- Denver New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets , III Minnesota vs. Kansas City IV Miami vs. Dallas VI Washington vs. Miami VII Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Denver vs. Dallas , XII Washington vs. Los Angeles Raiders , XVIII Chicago vs. New England , XX Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVIII Dallas vs. Buffalo , XXVIII Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Carolina vs. Denver , 50 Denver vs.", "24": "Carolina , 50 Most players , 100 - or - more receiving yards , game , 3 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII ( Danny Amendola 152 , Chris Hogan 128 , Rob Gronkowski 116 ) Both teams ( edit ) Most passes attempted , game , 93 San Diego ( 55 ) vs. San Francisco ( 38 ) , XXIX New England ( 49 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 44 ) , LII Fewest passes attempted , game , 35 Miami ( 7 ) vs. Minnesota ( 28 ) , VIII Most passes completed , game , 63 New Orleans ( 32 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 31 ) , XLIV Fewest passes completed , game , 19 Miami ( 4 ) vs. Washington ( 15 ) , XVII Highest completion percentage , game , 75.0 % New Orleans ( 82.1 % ) vs. Indianapolis ( 68.9 % ) , XLIV Most yards passing , game , 874 New England ( 500 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 374 ) , LII Fewest yards passing , game , 156 Miami ( 69 ) vs. Washington ( 87 ) , VII Most times sacked , game , 12 Carolina ( 7 ) vs. Denver ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest times sacked , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XV Denver ( 0 ) vs. Green Bay ( 1 ) , XXXII New Orleans ( 1 ) vs. Indianapolis ( 0 ) , XLIV Seattle ( 0 ) vs. Denver ( 1 ) , XLVIII Philadelphia ( 0 ) vs. New England ( 1 ) , LII Most passing touchdowns , game , 7 Pittsburgh ( 4 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , XIII San Francisco ( 6 ) vs. San Diego ( 1 ) , XXIX New England ( 3 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 4 ) , LII Fewest passing touchdowns , game , 0 New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts , III Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Buffalo vs.", "25": "Dallas , XXVIII Carolina vs. Denver , 50 First downs ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most first downs , game , 37 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , game , 9 Minnesota vs. Pittsburgh , IX Miami vs. Washington , XVII Most first downs rushing , game , 16 San Francisco vs. Miami , XIX Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 1 New England vs. Chicago , XX St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most first downs , passing , game , 26 New England vs. Atlanta , LI Fewest first downs , passing , game , 1 Denver vs. Dallas , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 4 Baltimore Colts vs. Dallas , V Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XVI Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII St. Louis vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Pittsburgh vs. Arizona , XLIII New England vs. Atlanta , LI Both teams ( edit ) Most first downs , game , 54 New England ( 37 ) vs. Atlanta ( 17 ) , LI New England ( 29 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 25 ) , LII Fewest first downs , game , 24 Dallas ( 10 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 14 ) , V New York Giants ( 11 ) vs. Baltimore Ravens ( 13 ) , XXXV Most first downs , rushing , game , 21 Washington ( 14 ) vs. Miami ( 7 ) , XVII Fewest first downs , rushing , game , 6 Arizona ( 2 ) vs. Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , XLIII Most first downs , passing , game , 42 New England ( 23 ) vs. Philadelphia ( 19 ) , LII Fewest first downs , passing , game , 9 Denver ( 1 ) vs.", "26": "Dallas ( 8 ) , XII Most first downs , penalty , game , 6 Cincinnati ( 4 ) vs. San Francisco ( 2 ) , XVI St. Louis ( 4 ) vs. Tennessee ( 2 ) , XXXIV Fewest first downs , penalty , game , 0 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Miami vs. Washington , VII Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Miami vs. San Francisco , XIX Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL Pittsburgh vs. Green Bay XLV Lowest 3rd down conversion rate , game , 13.8 % Denver ( 1 -- 14 ) vs. Carolina ( 3 -- 15 ) , 50 Defense ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most Interceptions by , game , 5 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 172 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most touchdowns scored by interception return , game , 3 Tampa Bay vs. Oakland , XXXVII Most sacks , game , 7 Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Chicago vs. New England , XX Denver vs. Carolina , 50 Fewest yards allowed , 119 Pittsburgh vs. Minnesota , IX Most yards allowed , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards allowed in a win , 613 Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Both teams ( edit ) Most Interceptions by , game , 6 Baltimore Colts ( 3 ) vs. Dallas ( 3 ) , V Tampa Bay ( 5 ) vs. Oakland ( 1 ) , XXXVII Fewest Interceptions by , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee XXXIV Fewest yards allowed , 396 Baltimore Ravens ( 152 ) vs. New York Giants ( 244 ) , XXXV Most yards allowed , 1151 Philadelphia ( 613 ) vs. New England ( 538 ) , LII Most yards gained by interception return , game , 184 Tampa Bay ( 172 ) vs.", "27": "Oakland Raiders ( 12 ) , XXXVII Most sacks by , game , 12 Denver ( 7 ) vs. Carolina ( 5 ) , 50 Fewest sacks by , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Fumbles ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most fumbles , game , 8 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles lost , game , 5 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Most fumbles recovered , game , 8 Dallas vs. Denver , XII ( 4 own , 4 opponent ) Both teams ( edit ) Most fumbles , both teams , game , 12 Buffalo ( 8 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles , both teams , game , 0 Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New England vs. Seattle XLIX Most fumbles lost , both teams , game , 7 Buffalo ( 5 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest fumbles lost , both teams , game , 0 ( 15 times ) 2 times -- Green Bay , Dallas , Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , Denver , Seattle 3 times -- New York Giants , New England 4 times -- Pittsburgh Green Bay vs. Kansas City , I Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , X Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh , XIV Denver vs. New York Giants , XXI Denver vs. Washington , XXII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Pittsburgh vs. Seattle , XL New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI New England vs.", "28": "Seattle XLIX Turnovers ( edit ) Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most turnovers , game , 9 Buffalo vs. Dallas , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 ( 20 teams ) 2 times -- Oakland , San Francisco 3 times -- Green Bay , New York Giants Green Bay vs. Oakland , II Miami vs. Minnesota , VIII Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Oakland vs. Minnesota , XI Oakland vs. Philadelphia XV New York Giants vs. Denver , XXI San Francisco vs. Denver , XXIV Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV New York Giants vs. Buffalo , XXV San Francisco vs. San Diego , XXIX Dallas vs. Pittsburgh , XXX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New England vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXVI New Orleans vs. Indianapolis , XLIV Green Bay vs. Pittsburgh , XLV New York Giants vs. New England , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most turnovers , game , 11 Baltimore Colts ( 7 ) vs. Dallas ( 4 ) , V Buffalo ( 9 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , XXVII Fewest turnovers , game , 0 Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV St. Louis Rams vs. Tennessee , XXXIV Kickoff returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most kickoff returns , game , 9 Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Oakland vs. Tampa Bay , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 0 Seattle vs. New England XLIX Most yards gained , game , 244 San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Seattle vs.", "29": "New England XLIX Highest average gain , game ( 3 returns ) , 44.0 yards Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII ( 3 -- 132 ) Most touchdowns , game , 1 Miami vs. Washington , XVII Cincinnati vs. San Francisco , XXIII San Diego vs. San Francisco , XXIX Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Baltimore Ravens vs. New York Giants , XXXV New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Chicago vs. Indianapolis , XLI Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco , XLVII Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII Both teams ( edit ) Most kickoff returns , game , 13 Oakland ( 9 ) vs. Tampa Bay ( 4 ) , XXXVII Fewest kickoff returns , game , 3 New England ( 3 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most yards gained , game , 312 Baltimore Ravens ( 206 ) vs. San Francisco ( 106 ) , XLVII Fewest yards gained , game , 49 New England ( 49 ) vs. Seattle ( 0 ) , XLIX Most touchdowns , game , 2 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) vs. New York Giants ( 1 ) , XXXV Punting ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punts , game , 11 New York Giants vs. Baltimore Ravens , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 0 New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Highest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 50.17 yards Seattle vs. Pittsburgh , ( 6 -- 301 ) , XL Lowest average , game ( 4 punts ) , 31.00 yards Tampa Bay vs. Oakland ( 4 -- 124 ) , XXXVII Most punts inside the 10 yard line , 3 NY Giants vs. New England , XLVI Both teams ( edit ) Most punts , game , 21 New York Giants ( 11 ) vs.", "30": "Baltimore Ravens ( 10 ) , XXXV Fewest punts , game , 1 Philadelphia ( 1 ) vs. New England ( 0 ) , LII Punt returns ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most punt returns , game , 6 Washington vs. Miami , XVII Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Minnesota vs. Miami , VIII Buffalo vs. New York Giants , XXV Washington vs. Buffalo , XXVI Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Green Bay vs. Denver , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Denver vs. Atlanta , XXXIII New England vs. New York Giants , XLVI Seattle vs. Denver , XLVIII New England vs. Philadelphia , LII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 90 Green Bay vs. New England , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , -- 1 Dallas vs. Miami , VI Tennessee vs. St. Louis Rams , XXXIV Highest average return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) , 18.7 yards San Francisco vs. Cincinnati , ( 3 -- 56 ) , XXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most punt returns , game , 10 Green Bay ( 6 ) vs. New England ( 4 ) , XXXI Fewest punt returns , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Most yards gained , game , 120 Green Bay ( 90 ) vs. New England ( 30 ) , XXXI Fewest yards gained , game , 0 Denver vs. Green Bay , XXXII Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Philadelphia vs. New England , LII Penalties ( edit ) Single team ( edit ) Record holder team listed first . Most penalties , game , 12 Dallas vs. Denver , XII Carolina vs. New England , XXXVIII Carolina vs.", "31": "Denver , 50 Fewest penalties , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Most yards penalized , game , 133 yards Dallas vs. Baltimore Colts , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 0 Miami vs. Dallas , VI Pittsburgh vs. Dallas , X Denver vs. San Francisco , XXIV Atlanta vs. Denver , XXXIII Both teams ( edit ) Most penalties , game , 20 Dallas ( 12 ) vs. Denver ( 8 ) , XII Carolina ( 12 ) vs. New England ( 8 ) , XXXVIII Fewest penalties , game , 2 Pittsburgh ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 2 ) , X Most yards penalized , game , 164 yards Dallas ( 133 ) vs. Baltimore Colts ( 31 ) , V Fewest yards penalized , game , 15 yards Miami ( 0 ) vs. Dallas ( 15 ) , VI Time ( edit ) Fastest score from start of game , ( 12 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks , safety ( XLVIII ) Least Playing Time In The Lead by winning team , ( 0 minutes , 0 seconds ) New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead by losing team , ( 41 minutes , 18 seconds ) Atlanta Falcons vs. New England Patriots ( LI ) Most Playing Time In The Lead , ( 59 minutes , 48 seconds ) Seattle Seahawks ( XLVIII ) Longest time before first score , team , ( 57 minutes , 53 seconds ) Washington Redskins ( VII ) Longest time before either team scores , ( 26 minutes , 55 seconds ) Carolina Panthers vs.", "32": "New England Patriots ( XXXVIII ) Time of Possession , ( 40 minutes , 33 seconds ) New York Giants ( XXV ) Longest drive , ( 9 minutes , 59 seconds ) New York Giants ( XLII ) Longest Super Bowl , elapsed time between kickoff and end of game , 4 hours , 14 minutes ( includes 34 minute power outage in the 3rd quarter ) Baltimore Ravens vs. San Francisco ( XLVII ) Longest Super Bowl , amount of playing time , 63 minutes , 58 seconds ( overtime game ) New England Patriots vs.", "33": "Atlanta Falcons ( LI ) Longest drought without repeat World Champions 13 years ( the 2004 New England Patriots remain the last repeat World Champions ) Coaching ( edit ) Most games as head coach , 8 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , and LII ) Most Super Bowl wins as head coach , 5 Bill Belichick : New England Patriots ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX and LI ) Most appearances as a coach , 11 Bill Belichick -- assistant coach New York Giants XXI , XXV , New England XXXI , head coach New England XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLII , XLVI , XLIX , LI , LII Most Super Bowl losses , 4 Bud Grant : Minnesota ( IV , VIII , IX , and XI ) Don Shula : Baltimore Colts ( III ) , Miami Dolphins ( VI , XVII , and XIX ) Marv Levy : Buffalo Bills ( XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos ( XXI , XXII and XXIV ) , Atlanta Falcons ( XXXIII ) Won as a Player and a Coach Tom Flores : Kansas City ( IV ) , Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders ( XV , XVIII ) Mike Ditka : Dallas ( VI ) , Chicago ( XX ) Tony Dungy : Pittsburgh ( XIII ) , Indianapolis ( XLI ) Doug Pederson : Green Bay ( XXXI ) , Philadelphia ( LII ) Played and Coached for the same team in a Super Bowl Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos ( player XXI , XXII , XXIV , coach 50 ) Most teams as head coach , 2 Don Shula : Baltimore Colts , Miami Dolphins Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St.", "34": "Louis Rams Dan Reeves : Denver Broncos , Atlanta Falcons Bill Parcells : New York Giants , New England Patriots Mike Holmgren : Green Bay Packers , Seattle Seahawks John Fox : Carolina Panthers , Denver Broncos Youngest to win , 36 years , 341 days Mike Tomlin : Pittsburgh Steelers ( XLIII ) Oldest to win , 65 years , 158 days Tom Coughlin : New York Giants ( XLVI ) Most seasons between appearances , 19 Dick Vermeil : Philadelphia Eagles , St. Louis Rams ( XV and XXXIV ) Most Super Bowl wins with a different starting quarterback , 3 Joe Gibbs : Washington Redskins XVII ( Joe Theismann ) , XXII , ( Doug Williams ) , XXVI ( Mark Rypien ) Teams winning with 3 different head coaches Dallas Cowboys : Tom Landry ( VI , XII ) , Jimmy Johnson ( XXVII , XXVIII ) , Barry Switzer ( XXX ) Pittsburgh Steelers : Chuck Noll ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) , Bill Cowher ( XL ) , Mike Tomlin ( XLIII ) Green Bay Packers : Vince Lombardi ( I , II ) , Mike Holmgren ( XXXI ) , Mike McCarthy ( XLV ) Popularity ( edit ) Most - Watched Television Broadcast , 114.5 million viewers XLIX Seattle vs. New England - Highest rated broadcast of all time . Highest stadium audience attendance , 103,985 XIV Los Angeles Rams vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Non-occurrences ( edit ) In the history of the Super Bowl , the following firsts have yet to occur : An all - wild card matchup ( teams who failed to win their divisions ) -- Ten wild card teams have won conference titles since the AFL -- NFL merger , but never two in the same season . The closest the NFL has come to having an all - wild card Super Bowl occurred during the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs when the New York Jets , a wild card team , reached the AFC Championship Game where they played the Pittsburgh Steelers . The Pittsburgh Steelers beat the New York Jets 24 -- 19 . In the subsequent Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers faced another wild card team , the Green Bay Packers , who beat them 31 -- 25 . Every Super Bowl has had a first or second seeded team .", "35": "A shutout -- Every Super Bowl participant to date has scored . In five cases , the offenses have failed to score a touchdown . In four of those cases , the special teams scored the only touchdown : Super Bowl VI : The Miami Dolphins finished with 3 points , the fewest by a single team in a Super Bowl to date ( and the only team to date to fail to score a touchdown ) . Super Bowl VII : The Washington Redskins , after blocking a field goal attempt , returned a fumble on an attempted pass by the Dolphins kicker , Garo Yepremian , for a touchdown and converted the extra point with 2 : 07 remaining in the game . Super Bowl IX : The Minnesota Vikings recovered a blocked punt in the end zone but did not convert the extra point with 10 : 33 left in the game . Super Bowl XXIII : The Cincinnati Bengals scored on a 93 - yard kickoff return with extra point in the third quarter and kicked 3 field goals throughout the game . Super Bowl XXXV : The New York Giants scored on a 97 - yard kickoff return and converted the extra point in the third quarter . A punt return for a touchdown . There have been 3 blocked punts returned for touchdowns , however . Home field advantage ( playing in one 's own home stadium ) -- No team has ever played in a Super Bowl hosted in its home stadium . On two occasions a team has played in a Super Bowl hosted in its metropolitan area but in a different stadium : The Los Angeles Rams played in Super Bowl XIV at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , which is about 30 miles from their then - home stadium , the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , and the San Francisco 49ers played in Super Bowl XIX at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , which is about 25 miles south of the former site of their then - home stadium , Candlestick Park , in San Francisco . The Minnesota Vikings are currently the only team to have come within one win of playing in a Super Bowl in their home stadium , as they lost in the NFC Championship Game in 2017 when their home field , U.S. Bank Stadium , was scheduled to host Super Bowl LII . The Vikings , however , would have remained designated as the `` road team '' had they advanced to the Super Bowl , in keeping with the NFC team being scheduled to be so designated .", "36": "Two teams from the same metropolitan area : Two cities currently have two franchises : New York hosts both the Giants and the Jets . Beginning with the 2017 NFL season , Los Angeles hosts both the Chargers and the Rams . Also two pairs of teams share a common metropolitan area , although they are based in different cities : the Baltimore Ravens and the Washington Redskins ; as well as the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders . All of the teams mentioned above except for the Chargers have won a Super Bowl , but never against their neighbor . Super Bowl XLI between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears represents the geographically closest teams , separated by only 164 miles . One game involved teams from the same state : Super Bowl XXIX involved the San Francisco 49ers and the San Diego Chargers . Super Bowl XXV involved the Buffalo Bills of New York and the New York Giants , who also historically and nominally represented the state but were by this point based in New Jersey . An appearance by every team -- Four teams have yet to reach their first Super Bowl : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars . The Lions and Browns both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era , most recently in 1957 and 1964 , respectively . The Jaguars and Texans are post-merger expansion teams that began play in 1995 and 2002 , respectively . Every team winning -- 12 teams have yet to win their first Super Bowl : the Arizona Cardinals , Atlanta Falcons , Buffalo Bills , Carolina Panthers , Cincinnati Bengals , Los Angeles Chargers , Minnesota Vikings , and Tennessee Titans , along with the four that have not appeared in a Super Bowl . The Chargers , the Titans ( known as the Houston Oilers in the 1960s ) , and the Bills all won American Football League ( AFL ) championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Cardinals both won NFL championships in the pre-Super Bowl era . The Vikings won the 1969 NFL Championship Game , the last NFL Championship Game before the AFL -- NFL merger , but lost Super Bowl IV to the AFL champs , the Kansas City Chiefs . Since the merger , the Vikings have appeared in the Super Bowl three more times ( Super Bowl VIII , Super Bowl IX , and most recently in Super Bowl XI ) but lost all three of them . Thus the Jaguars , Texans , Bengals , Falcons , and Panthers have yet to win their first league championship .", "37": "Every team losing -- The Baltimore Ravens , New Orleans Saints , New York Jets , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and the four teams that have never reached a Super Bowl have yet to lose a Super Bowl . No touchdowns scored -- In every Super Bowl to date , there have been at least two touchdowns scored ( Fewest combined -- 2 , in Super Bowl III ) . A three - peat . Two teams ( the New England Patriots and the Dallas Cowboys ) won three Super Bowl titles in four years and the Pittsburgh Steelers won 4 Super Bowl titles in 6 years , which included back to back championships twice . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls from 1971 -- 1973 , winning the final two , making them the team having come closest to a three - peat . The Green Bay Packers were the 1965 NFL Champions and won the first two Super Bowls following their victories in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship Games . The Buffalo Bills appeared in four consecutive Super Bowls , but lost every time . Fair catch kick -- A fair catch kick has never been attempted in the Super Bowl . The only scenario in which a fair catch kick was seriously considered was at the end of regulation in Super Bowl LI , when Patriots head coach Bill Belichick considered a 75 - yard fair catch kick attempt . Belichick decided against it , however , since the kick would not have had a realistic chance of success and could have been returned by the Atlanta Falcons for a game - winning touchdown . A head coach leading two different teams to Super Bowl victories . Four Super Bowl - winning coaches also coached another team but lost : Don Shula , Bill Parcells , Mike Holmgren and Dick Vermeil . References ( edit ) General `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Records '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Cards broadcaster lost 5 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` best - of - super-bowl - lii '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicky ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 : Records , stats from Broncos ' victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foles caught TD on same trick play Brady once used against Philly '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : SI Wire ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl record set or tied in Super Bowl 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198801310den.htm Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- Records Set and Tied '' . National Football League . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set in Super Bowl XLIV '' . The Times - Picayune . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : - All 17 records broken in Eagles - Patriots - CBSSports.com ^ Jump up to : Bergman , Jeremy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` At least 30 records set or tied in Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/combined ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Leaders '' .", "39": "Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIII statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl X statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/safeties Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/kickreturns Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVIII '' . Fox Sports . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Offenses set records for futility in Super Bowl 50 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Yahoo ! Sports : Super Bowl XLIX was the most - watched television program in history '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeCosta - Klipa , Nick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Belichick passed up an opportunity to end Super Bowl 51 in the weirdest possible way '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Super Bowl Records Pro Football Reference Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games", "40": "1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50", "41": "( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,", "42": "000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.", "43": "Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_records&oldid=837314479 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists National Football League records and achievements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-346866783760651662	when did ga state get a football team	[ "2010", "2010", "2010", "2010" ]	{ "0": "Georgia State Panthers football - wikipedia Georgia State Panthers football Jump to : navigation , search Georgia State Panthers football 2017 Georgia State Panthers football team First season Athletic director Charlie Cobb Head coach Shawn Elliott 1st season , 7 -- 5 (. 583 ) Stadium Georgia State Stadium ( Capacity : 23,000 ) Location Atlanta Conference Sun Belt Conference All - time record 26 -- 66 (. 283 ) Bowl record 1 -- 1 (. 500 ) Rivalries Georgia Southern Eagles South Alabama Jaguars Colors Blue and White Fight song Fight Panthers , Panther Pride Mascot Pounce Website GeorgiaStateSports.com The Georgia State Panthers football team is the college football program for Georgia State University in Atlanta , Georgia . The Panthers football team was founded in 2010 and currently competes at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The team is a member of the Sun Belt Conference . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Bill Curry era ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 1.2 Trent Miles era ( 2013 -- 2016 ) 1.3 Shawn Elliott era ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Rivalries 2.1 Georgia Southern Eagles 3 Year - by - year results 4 Bowl games 5 All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams 6 Records 6.1 Single - Game Highs 6.2 Team Records 6.2. 1 Offense 6.2. 2 Defense 6.3 Longest Plays 6.4 Career Leaders 7 Head coaches 7.1 Bill Curry 7.2 Trent Miles 7.3 Shawn Elliott 8 NFL Players 9 Facilities 9.1 Stadium 9.1. 1 Georgia Dome 9.1.", "1": "2 Georgia State Stadium 9.2 Practice facility 10 Future non-conference opponents 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Bill Curry era ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) The crowd of 30,237 during the inaugural game against the Shorter University Hawks In November 2006 , a study commissioned by Georgia State was completed and submitted back to the school . It found Georgia State to be in a good position to begin a competitive football team , and based its remarks on the location and resources of the university . It estimated that total annual expenses by 2012 would be $3.1 million . On April 15 , 2007 , former Atlanta Falcons head coach Dan Reeves was hired by Georgia State as a consultant . On November 1 , 2007 , the university began discussing the possibility of adding football . It found that total costs would cost between $6.2 million and $33.8 million depending on several different factors , including whether a stadium would be built or a preexisting stadium would be used . On April 17 , 2008 , Georgia State launched its football program . On June 12 , 2008 , former Georgia Tech , Alabama , and Kentucky head coach Bill Curry was named as the Georgia State head coach , working on a 5 - year contract . This was followed by the hiring of John Bond as offensive coordinator , John Thompson as defensive coordinator , and George Pugh as assistant head coach , as well as Chris Ward and Anthony Midget . On November 20 , 2008 , ground was broken for a downtown practice facility at 188 Martin Luther King Drive . The facility would eventually be expanded to include a 100 - yard artificial turf field and a 50 - yard natural turf field . The existing buildings were converted into facilities and offices for the football team . On January 4 , 2009 , Mark Hogan , son of former Georgia Tech player Mark Hogan , Sr. , enrolled to play as wide receiver on scholarship , making him the first football player to receive a scholarship from Georgia State . The following month , the program signed its first recruiting class of 27 players , including the three - star running back Parris Lee . On February 25 , 2009 , Georgia State named Cheryl Levick as athletic director .", "2": "Levick left leaving Maryland , where she had served as the school 's executive senior athletic director . By June 11 , the CAA announced that they Georgia State was joining the conference and would officially begin CAA play during the 2012 season . The Panthers would n't play football until the 2010 season , and so the 2009 season was spent practicing at an NFL facility in downtown Atlanta . 71 players reported on August 14 . Athletic director Cheryl Levick trades helmets with Sun Belt commissioner Karl Benson at the Georgia Dome on April 9 , 2012 Georgia State 's second recruiting class was signed on February 3 , 2010 . The team would go on to hold spring practice beginning on March 23 , and would begin working out at the new practice facility by March 27 . On September 2 , Georgia State played its first football game and home opener against the Shorter Hawks , winning the game 41 -- 7 . The first touchdown was recorded by Parris Lee . A crowd of 30,237 was present at the Georgia Dome including then Georgia governor Sonny Perdue , former mayor Andrew Young , amongst other dignitaries . Later during the last game of the season on November 18 , Georgia State would play FBS defending national champion and number 10 ranked Alabama in Tuscaloosa , Alabama , losing 63 -- 7 . The single touchdown was earned during a kick return by Albert Wilson . Georgia State would finish its inaugural year with a 6 -- 5 record . During its second year of play , the Panthers would record a 3 -- 8 record . The season would be marked by a constant shuffle of quarterbacks after the 2009 starter Drew Little was suspended for the first four games and the second - string quarterback Kelton Hill was arrested prior to the season opener , leaving the punter , Bo Schlecter as starting quarterback . The 2012 season marked the last with Bill Curry as head coach as he had stated that he would retire after the end of the season . Throughout the season , the Panthers were plagued with inconsistencies on both the offense and defense , made worse by injuries on either side and inexperienced quarterbacks . Curry would end his final season ( and only year in the CAA ) with a 1 -- 10 record .", "3": "The Panthers were not eligible for a post season berth ( through neither the conference 's automatic bid nor an at large bid ) due to their reclassifying status as the team prepared to move up to FBS football in the Sun Belt Conference . This reclassifying status did allow for the Panthers to use more scholarships than the allowed 63 scholarships at the FCS level . On opening day Matt Hubbard surpassed the NCAA record for highest punting average in a single game , but it would end up not counting in the record books due to the reclassification . Georgia State officially announced that it would join the Sun Belt Conference on April 9 , 2012 , during a press conference at the Georgia Dome . The school began full membership on July 1 , 2013 . Georgia State was a founding member of the Sun Belt Conference in 1976 . The Sun Belt participates in Division I FBS , as opposed to FCS . The Panthers were not eligible for postseason play until the 2014 season . Trent Miles era ( 2013 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) After Coach Bill Curry announced his retirement in August , the administration hired Parker Executive Search to help find potential candidates . On November 30 , the Atlanta Journal - Constitution reported that the university had hired Trent Miles , head coach of Indiana State University . With Trent Miles ' arrival as new head coach came the Panthers first complete change in uniform since the programs inception . The original uniform consisted solely of 2 different outfits ; a blue home jersey with Panthers written across the chest above the player number and two white stripes on each arm ; and a white away jersey with similar stylings , but with Georgia State written across the chest . Only a single helmet existed , blue and with the secondary GSU emblem on it . Both uniforms used the same white pants with panther heads on them . Initially , an anthracite colored helmet with `` Panthers '' written in stylized script across the sides was unveiled in April 2013 , drawing criticism from fans due to its use of a non-school color and lack of GSU emblem . However , after a two - day - long social media event that had fans unravelling parts of a `` puzzle '' , Miles ' altered uniforms were unveiled , showing up to 12 possible variations .", "4": "Two different jerseys were shown , a blue home jersey with white numbers and lettering and a white away jersey with blue numbers and lettering . Both uniforms included numbering on the sleeves and player names on the back . The uniforms also included three sets of pants , one pair copying the original whites , a blue pair , and an anthracite pair . Along with these changes , it was announced that the original blue helmet with the GSU insignia on it would still be available as a part of the uniform and would be worn at homecoming . Before each game , the seniors and captains decided which combination will be worn that week . The uniforms drew praise from Atlanta area fashion professionals , who cited it as `` a modern take on a classic style . '' During his tenure as head coach , Miles would oversee the transition of football from the FCS to the FBS , the highest level of football in the NCAA as members of the Sun Belt conference . With this move came a significant increase in opposition quality , as well as an increase in the number of scholarships available for the team . During the transition year from FCS to FBS , and the first year in which Miles coached , the Panthers would achieve zero wins , accruing a final record of 0 - 12 , 0 - 7 in conference . While the following year would mark only a single win against the lone FCS opponent , the 2015 season would end with a 6 - 7 record , 5 - 3 in the Sun Belt and a loss at the Panthers ' first bowl game , the Cure Bowl . The 2016 season would see only three wins , and after the 10th game , Miles was relieved from duty as head coach , leaving Lappano as interim head coach for the final two games . Shawn Elliott era ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On December 8 , 2016 , it was announced that South Carolina offensive line coach Shawn Elliott had accepted the head coaching position at Georgia State , causing the Panthers to start the 2017 season with a new head coach and in the newly acquired Georgia State Stadium . Elliott had coached under Steve Spurrier and Will Muschamp in Columbia and had served as the Gamecocks interim head coach between Spurrier 's resignation and Muschamp 's hiring .", "5": "Elliott signed a five - year contract with Georgia State that paid him a base salary of $515,000 annually . The Panthers finished 7 -- 5 in 2017 . They began the season on a sour note ; dropping a 17 - 10 game to FCS opponent Tennessee State and a 56 - 0 shutout to # 5 Penn State . Elliott 's team won its first game of the season in their third contest , defeating Charlotte by a shutout score of 28 - 0 . Georgia State was scheduled to play Memphis on September 30 , but due to the Tigers having to reschedule American Athletic Conference opponent UCF for September 30 due to Hurricane Irma , the game between the Tigers and Panthers was canceled . On October 7 , Georgia State defeated Coastal Carolina by a margin of 27 - 21 . They earned their third straight win on October 14 with a 47 - 37 victory over Louisiana - Monroe , a game in which the offense set a school record with 670 total yards . After a 34 - 10 loss to Troy , the Panthers won their next three ; defeating South Alabama by a margin of 21 - 13 , archrival Georgia Southern by a score of 21 - 17 and Texas State by a margin of 33 - 30 . Georgia State closed the regular season with a 31 - 10 loss to Appalachian State and a 24 - 10 loss to Idaho . The Panthers accepted a berth in the 2017 Cure Bowl , a game they won over Western Kentucky by a score of 27 - 17 . Rivalries ( edit ) Georgia Southern Eagles ( edit ) Georgia Southern and Georgia State have only competed against each other in football since 2014 . They played annually in basketball from the 1971 -- 72 to 1980 -- 81 seasons , 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 , and 2009 -- 10 to 2013 -- 14 out - of - conference and as conference mates from the 1985 -- 86 to 1991 -- 92 seasons ( in the Trans America Athletic Conference , which is now the Atlantic Sun Conference ) and since the 2014 -- 15 season in the Sun Belt Conference .", "6": "As of 2017 , Georgia Southern has a 35 -- 18 lead in the all - time series . Since both schools can be abbreviated GSU , a point of conflict between the two schools is that both fan - bases claim that their university is , in fact , the real GSU . Georgia State lays claim to the initials as it became a university ( and therefore GSU ) long before Georgia Southern did in 1990 ( Georgia State became a university in 1969 ) . Also , Georgia State 's URL and official logo both contain the abbreviation . Georgia Southern officially uses GS in all of its branding . Georgia Southern , on the other hand , has a more extensive history of football than Georgia State , restarting its program in 1981 and winning six national championships at the FCS level . The football rivalry began after the hire of former Appalachian State ( a major rival of Georgia Southern ) athletic director Charlie Cobb to the same position at GSU . During Georgia State 's press release introducing Cobb , he revealed that Georgia Southern 's athletic director Tom Kleinlein told him `` welcome , now the war is on . '' The two teams met on the gridiron during the 2014 football season at the Georgia Dome . During the run up to the game , fans from both teams expressed their dislike for the other over social media outlets such as Twitter , at times trending with tags of `` SouthernNotState '' and `` StateNotSouthern , '' both of which were used as slogans for shirts given out by both universities . During the period before the game , fans dubbed the matchup as `` Modern Day Hate , '' a play on the rivalry between Georgia Tech and UGA , Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate . Georgia Southern beat Georgia State by a final score of 69 -- 31 , while drawing the second largest crowd of 28,427 for any Georgia State game . In 2015 , Georgia State beat Georgia Southern 34 -- 7 to give the worst home defeat for Georgia Southern in school history . Currently , Georgia State leads Georgia Southern , 3 - 1 . While GSU already had a history with Georgia Southern before the emergence of football , the schools entry into the Sun Belt Conference would start an intense football rivalry .", "7": "After the first season of play between the two teams in 2014 with Georgia Southern beating Georgia State 69 - 31 , it was agreed by both universities athletic departments to introduce a rivalry series , with points allocated for each sport played between the two schools . Georgia State would win the first and second years of the rivalry series , with the Panthers beating the Eagles on the gridiron in 2015 34 - 7 , the win granting bowl eligibility , and again in 2016 , 30 - 24 . Year - by - year results ( edit ) Statistics correct as of the end of the 2015 -- 16 college football season NCAA Division I champions NCAA Division I FCS champions Conference Champions Division Champions Bowl Eligible Undefeated Season Year NCAA Division Conference Conference Division Overall Conference Coach Final Ranking Games Win Loss Pct . Games Win Loss Pct . Standing AP Coaches ' FCS FCS Independent N / A 11 6 5 . 545 0 0 0 . 000 N / A Bill Curry -- -- 2011 FCS FCS Independent N / A 11 8 . 273 0 0 0 . 000 N / A Bill Curry -- -- 2012 FCS CAA N / A 11 10 . 091 8 7 . 125 N / A Bill Curry -- -- 2013 FBS Sun Belt N / A 12 0 12 . 000 7 0 7 . 000 8th Trent Miles -- -- 2014 FBS Sun Belt N / A 12 11 . 083 8 0 8 . 000 11th Trent Miles -- -- 2015 FBS Sun Belt N / A 13 6 7 . 462 8 5 .", "8": "625 4th Trent Miles -- -- 2016 FBS Sun Belt N / A 12 9 . 333 8 6 . 333 9th Trent Miles -- -- 2017 FBS Sun Belt N / A 12 7 5 . 600 7 5 . 714 4th Shawn Elliott -- -- Totals 90 25 65 . 217 44 12 32 . 214 Bowl games ( edit ) The Panthers have played in two bowl games . They have a 1 -- 1 record . Date Coach Bowl Opponent Result December 19 , 2015 Trent Miles Cure Bowl San Jose State L 16 -- 27 December 16 , 2017 Shawn Elliott Cure Bowl Western Kentucky W 27 -- 17 All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams ( edit ) Official record ( including any NCAA imposed vacates and forfeits ) against all current Sun Belt opponents : Opponent Won Lost Percentage Streak First Last Appalachian State 0 . 000 Lost 4 2014 2017 Arkansas State 0 . 000 Lost 4 2013 2016 Coastal Carolina 0 1.000 Won 1 2017 2017 Georgia Southern . 750 Won 3 2014 2017 Louisiana -- Lafayette 0 . 000 Lost 3 2013 2015 Louisiana -- Monroe . 333 Won 1 2013 2017 South Alabama . 429 Won 1 2017 Texas State . 600 Won 3 2013 2017 Troy . 200 Lost 2 2013 2017 Totals 12 24 . 333 Records ( edit ) Single - game highs ( edit ) Rushing Yards -- 201 by Donald Russell vs.", "9": "Rhode Island , 2012 Rushing Attempts -- 27 by Marcus Caffey vs. Louisiana , 2012 Rushing Touchdowns -- 3 by Marcus Caffey vs. Louisiana , 2014 Receiving Yards -- 190 by Penny Hart vs. ULM , 2017 Receptions -- 11 , tied thrice , all by Penny Hart , vs. ULM , 2017 , vs. New Mexico State , 2015 , and vs. Charlotte , 2017 Receiving Touchdowns -- 4 by Donovan Harden vs. Georgia Southern , 2014 Passing Yards -- 471 by Nick Arbuckle vs. Texas State , 2015 Pass Attempts -- 53 by Drew Little vs. Old Dominion , 2010 Pass Completions -- 32 by Nick Arbuckle vs. Texas State , 2014 Completion Percentage -- . 800 , going 12 - 15 , by Kelton Hill vs. South Alabama , 2011 Touchdown Passes -- 4 , tied nine ways , once by Conner Manning vs. ULM , 2017 , four times by Nick Arbuckle vs. Texas State , 2015 , vs. Abilene Christian , 2014 , vs. Georgia Southern , 2014 , vs. Texas State , 2014 , once by Ronnie Bell , vs. Troy , 2013 , once by Kelton Hill , vs. Campbell , 2011 , and twice by Drew Little , vs. Morehead State , 2010 , and vs. Savannah State , 2010 . Total Offensive Yards -- 496 , by Nick Arbuckle vs. Texas State , 2015 Touchdowns Scored -- 4 , by Donovan Harden vs. Georgia Southern , 2014 Points by Kicking -- 13 , by Ian Vance vs. Savannah State , 2010 Field Goals -- 4 , by Brandon Wright vs. Texas State , 2017 PAT -- 7 , by Ian Vance vs Savannah State , 2010 Punts -- 10 , tied four ways , all by Matt Hubbard , vs. Old Dominion , 2011 , vs.", "10": "Houston , 2011 , vs. Troy , 2013 , vs. West Virginia , 2013 Punting Yards -- 406 , by Matt Hubbard vs. Old Dominion , 2011 Punting Yards Average ( of at least 3 punts ) -- 62.2 on five , by Matt Hubbard , vs. South Carolina State , 2012 Kickoff Returns -- 7 , by Avery Sweeting vs. Abilene Christian , 2014 Kickoff Returning Yards -- 176 , by Albert Wilson vs. Villanova , 2012 Punt Returns -- 7 , by Albert Wilson vs. Old Dominion , 2011 Punt Return Yards -- 85 , by Albert Wilson vs. Old Dominion , 2011 All - Purpose Yards -- 296 , by Albert Wilson vs. Old Dominion , 2012 Tackles -- 17 , by Tarris Batiste vs. Liberty , 2015 Tackles for Loss -- 4 , tied four ways , by Michael Shaw vs. ULM , 2016 , by Alonzo McGee vs. Charlotte , 2015 , by Jake Muasau vs. UTSA , 2011 , by Jarrell Robinson vs. Abilene Christian , 2014 Sacks -- 3 , by Jake Muasau vs. Lambuth , 2010 Interceptions -- 2 , tied seven ways , by B.J. Clay vs. UT Martin , 2016 , by Jerome Smith vs. Ball State , 2016 , by Tarris Batiste vs. Georgia Southern , 2015 , by Bobby Baker vs. Charlotte , 2015 , by D'Mario Gunn vs. Murray State , 2011 , by Demazio Skelton vs. Old Dominion , 2012 , and by Bryan Williams vs. Charlotte , 2017 . Interception Return Yards -- 73 by D'Mario Gunn vs. Old Dominion , 2012 Team Records ( edit ) Offense ( edit ) Points Scored -- 55 vs. Savannah State , 2010 Points Scored in a Half -- 34 in the first half vs.", "11": "Savannah State , 2010 Points Scored in a Quarter -- 24 in the second quarter vs. Texas State , 2016 Margin of Victory -- 34 , tied four ways , vs. Shorter , 2010 , vs. Savannah State , 2010 , vs. Clark Atlanta , 2011 , vs. Rhode Island , 2012 Total Offensive Yards -- 670 vs. ULM , 2017 Total Rushing Yards -- 301 vs. Campbell , 2011 Total Passing Yards -- 471 vs. Texas State , 2015 Defense ( edit ) Fewest Points Allowed -- 0 vs. Charlotte , 2017 Fewest Yards Allowed -- 203 vs. Georgia Southern , 2015 Fewest Rushing Yards Allowed -- 50 vs. Morehead State , 2010 Fewest Passing Yards Allowed -- 47 vs. Georgia Southern , 2014 Longest Plays ( edit ) Longest Play from Scrimmage -- 93 yard pass to Albert Wilson from Ben McLane vs. Old Dominion for a touchdown , 2012 Longest Pass Play -- 93 yards to Albert Wilson from Ben McLane vs. Old Dominion for a touchdown , 2012 Longest Run -- 80 yards by Albert Wilson for a touchdown vs. Arkansas State , 2013 Longest Punt Return -- 62 yards by Albert Wilson vs. South Alabama , 2013 Longest Kickoff Return -- 100 yards , tied twice , by Marquan Greene vs. Arkansas State , 2015 , and by Albert Wilson vs Old Dominion , 2012 , both for touchdowns Longest Interception Return -- 73 yards by D'Mario Gunn vs. Old Dominion , 2012 Longest Fumble Return -- 93 yards by Demazio Skelton vs. Old Dominion , 2011 Longest Field Goal -- 53 yards by Wil Lutz vs. Alabama , 2013 Longest Punt -- 80 yards , tied twice by Matt Hubbard , vs. Jacksonville State , 2013 , and vs. South Carolina State , 2012 Longest Drive -- 97 yards , tied twice , vs.", "12": "UTSA over 8 plays in 2011 , and vs. New Mexico State , over 6 plays , 2015 Career Leaders ( edit ) Rushing Yards -- Travis Evans , 1,500 Rushing Touchdowns -- Donald Russell , 12 Passing Yards -- Nick Arbuckle , 7,651 Pass Attempts -- Nick Arbuckle , 915 Pass Completions -- Nick Arbuckle , 566 Touchdown Passes -- Nick Arbuckle , 51 Total Offense -- Nick Arbuckle , 7,566 Receiving Yards -- Robert Davis , 3,391 Receptions -- Robert Davis , 222 Touchdown Receptions -- Albert Wilson , 23 Kickoff Return Yards -- Albert Wilson , 2,338 Punt Return Yards -- Albert Wilson , 376 All Purpose Yards -- Albert Wilson , 6,235 Touchdowns -- Albert Wilson , 26 Points -- Wil Lutz , 213 Filed Goals -- Wil Lutz , 31 PAT -- Wil Lutz , 120 Punts -- Matt Hubbard , 214 Punting Average -- Wil Lutz , 42.84 Tackles -- Joseph Peterson , 381 Interceptions -- Chandon Sullivan , 6 Interception Return Yards -- D'Mario Gunn , 77 Sacks -- Christo Bilukidi , 9 Tackles for Loss -- Joseph Peterson , 22 Fumbles Forced -- Tied three ways at 4 , by Jake Muasau , Brent McClendon , and Mackendy Cheridor Fumbles Recovered -- Bobby Baker , 5 Games Played -- Tied two ways at 49 , by Robert Davis and Jalen Lawrence Head coaches ( edit ) Former head coach Trent Miles Head football coaches at Georgia State have included : Bill Curry ( edit ) Georgia State 's first head coach Bill Curry was the initial architect for the program . His tenure ended with a record of 10 -- 23 . Initially hired by the former athletics director Mary McElroy , after her termination by previous Georgia State president Carl Patton , Curry was named interim athletic director while the school searched for a new AD . During his tenure as head coach , Curry saw the program grow from an idea into a fully fledged division 1 -- FCS team .", "13": "He also was present for the beginning of the transition from the football championship subdivision ( FCS ) to the football bowl subdivision ( FBS ) as the school changed athletics conferences from the Colonial Athletic Association to the Sun Belt Conference . While Georgia State built the foundations for its football program with him at its helm , including new practice facilities and offices , Curry 's teams experienced little success on the field . After a 6 -- 5 record in its first season , the Panthers followed with a 3 -- 8 record in its second season , and finally closing with a 1 -- 10 record in his final year . However , the university honored its founding head coach by naming the locker rooms at the new football practice facility after Curry . Trent Miles ( edit ) On November 30 , 2012 , former Indiana State head coach Trent Miles was announced as the new Georgia State head coach . Miles had previously coached his alma mater Indiana State , taking a team that had won one game in its previous three years to being ranked # 18 at the end of his final season as head coach there . Miles took over a similar situation at Georgia State , which had won only four of its own games in the previous two seasons and was moving to the FBS after only three seasons of existing as a program . During his first season at GSU , the Panthers won no games , and only one in his second season . However , during his third season as head coach , after accruing a record of 2 -- 6 , the Panthers would win their final four games , including a 34 -- 7 defeat of in - state rivals Georgia Southern to a record of 6 -- 6 and their first bowl game . The Panthers would fall at the Cure Bowl to San Jose State , 16 -- 27 . With a final record of 6 -- 7 , Miles would mirror almost exactly the turn - around that he had achieved at Indiana State , with both teams winning no games in their first season , one game in their second , and six games in their third . On November 12 , 2016 after losing to conference foe ULM , it was reported that Trent Miles was fired , leaving with a career record of 9 -- 38 at Georgia State .", "14": "Shawn Elliott ( edit ) On December 9 , 2016 , Georgia State announced that it had hired former South Carolina co-offensive coordinator ( 2012 -- 15 ) , interim head coach ( 2015 ) , and offensive line coach Shawn Elliott to lead the Panthers as head coach . His first recruiting class , shortened due to his late arrival at Georgia State , would be the highest ranked in school history according to rankings by ESPN and 247Sports . NFL Players ( edit ) As of 4 / 29 / 2017 Albert Wilson -- Kansas City Chiefs Ulrick John -- Green Bay Packers Wil Lutz -- New Orleans Saints Robert Davis -- Washington Redskins Facilities ( edit ) Stadium ( edit ) Georgia Dome ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Dome From the program 's inception in 2010 until the 2016 season , the Georgia State Panthers played home games in the Georgia Dome , located just north of the Georgia State main campus in Downtown Atlanta . It was the largest cable - supported domed stadium in the world and had a football capacity of 71,228 . The regular capacity for GSU football games was 28,155 ( the capacity of the lower bowl ) , however , the middle and upper bowls could be filled as overflow when necessary as has occurred twice since the program 's inception . The Georgia Dome was closed on March 5 , 2017 and demolished on November 20 , 2017 ; the Dome 's replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium , officially opened on August 26 , 2017 . Georgia State stadium ( edit ) Main article : Georgia State Stadium Georgia State began hosting its home games at Georgia State Stadium during the 2017 season . Originally built for the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games as Centennial Olympic Stadium , the stadium was converted from Turner Field , a baseball stadium for the Atlanta Braves , to a college football stadium . The initial phase of conversion took place between March and August 2017 , and saw the removal of several sections of the lower bowl stands from right field and a new east side grandstand built to enclose the new football field . On August 8 , it was announced that the field would be named Parker H. Petit Field after a major donor with the donation of $10 million .", "15": "Several more stages of construction will follow after the 2017 season , including removing more lower bowl seating from the remaining right field , and additional facilities added to the upper bowl , including bathroom renovations and concessions . Georgia State Stadium boasts the 8th - largest video board in college football , with a 71 x 79 foot span and an area of 5,600 square feet . The current capacity of the stadium as of the 2017 season is 25,000 , although this is due to change with future phases of renovation . The field uses synthetic FieldTurf rather than field grass . Practice facility ( edit ) Groundbreaking of a new on - campus practice facility occurred on November 20 , 2008 , approximately 2 years before the Panthers would play their first official game . The building ( located at 188 Martin Luther King Drive , Atlanta ) was originally used as a warehouse for the Confederate Army during the civil war . The first practice was held on March 29 , 2010 . The facility is composed of a 120 - yard artificial - turf field , a 60 - yard natural - turf field , and a 22 , 00 - square - foot practice building . The building contains a 1,507 square - foot meeting room , a 450 square - foot conference room , a 2,544 square foot locker room ( named for the Panthers first football coach , Bill Curry ) a 1,570 square - foot equipment room , a 2,144 square foot training room , and a 365 square foot hydro therapy room . Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) As of Sept 2015 the Panthers ' future non-conference opponents include : 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vs Tennessee State vs Kennesaw State vs Furman at Alabama vs Army vs North Carolina at Charlotte vs Vanderbilt at Vanderbilt at Charlotte at NC State at Western Michigan vs Savannah State at North Carolina vs Charlotte vs Memphis at Penn State at Memphis at Tennessee at Charlotte vs Charlotte at Army vs Memphis ( Cancelled ) vs Western Michigan at Auburn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GSU Type & Color Use '' .", "16": "Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Charlie . `` Dan Reeves Hired as Football Consultant '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Feasibility Study Received '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Curry Named Head Football Coach '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curry completes Georgia State staff '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Groundbreaking '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` # 23 Mark Hogan '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heckert , Justin . `` Behind the Story : Georgia State Football 's First Recruiting Class '' . ESPN The Magazine . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manasso , John . `` Cheryl Levick hired as the new GSU athletic director '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Myerberg , Paul . `` A Timeline of Georgia State Football '' . Pre-Snap Read . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sugiura , Ken . `` Ga . State has first - ever football practice '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sugiura , Ken . `` Georgia State wins first - ever game '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No. 10 Alabama Beat Georgia State , 63 -- 7 '' . Alabama Crimson Tide . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football -- 2011 Schedule '' . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Curry unfazed by GSU 's quarterback issues '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug .", "17": "`` Wrapping up Georgia State 's football season and looking ahead to 2013 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Curry increases scholarships ; Hill in the wildcat ? '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State to join Sun Belt Conference in 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State ready for bright future in the Sun Belt '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Retiring Bill Curry : `` I want to finish this contract and finish it well '' `` . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Levick gives details of Georgia State 's coaching search '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Louisiana Tech outraces Georgia State ; Trent Miles hired to coach football '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State FB Unveils New Uniforms '' . Lost Lettermen . Lost Lettermen . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` GSU will unveil uniforms soon '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Georgia State unveils new uniforms '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSU Football Uniforms Unveiled Today '' . GeorgiaStateSports.com . Georgia State University . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( July 12 , 2013 ) .", "18": "`` Local fashionistas rate new GSU uniforms '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/report-georgia-state-fires-coach-trent-miles-after-2-8-start/ Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/sunbelt/2016/12/08/georgia-state-to-hire-south-carolina-assistant-shawn-elliott/95146570/ Jump up ^ http://www.georgiastatesports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=12700&ATCLID=211348705 Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/shawn-elliott-contract-details-released/ Jump up ^ https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/georgia-state/2017-schedule.html Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944826 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400935356 Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2017/09/23/hart-defense-lead-way-for-georgia-st-over-charlotte-28-0/105945244/ Jump up ^ http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/college/memphis-tigers/football/2017/09/14/memphis-football-ucf-working-reschedule-game-postponed-hurricane-irma/646023001/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944847 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944856 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944860 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944861 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944868 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.", "19": "com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944873 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944879 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400944887 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400953409 Jump up ^ `` Sounds like Georgia State and Georgia Southern have a rivalry ? '' . Atlanta Journal and Constitution . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Georgia State 2015 -- 16 Men 's Basketball , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Becoming a University '' . Making History . Georgia State University . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilver , Paul . `` Georgia Southern University Fack Book 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Southern University . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillyard , Chris . `` GSU Set to Host Georgia Southern ( GaSo ) '' . Panthersville.com . Scout . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern University Identification Standards Guide '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Southern University . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barlament , James . `` Georgia Southern Football '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Q&A with new Georgia State AD Charlie Cobb '' . Cox Media Group . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sounds like Georgia State and Georgia Southern have a rivalry '' . Cox Media Group . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Georgia Southern destroys Georgia State '' . Cox Media Group . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern vs Georgia State ( Oct 25 , 2014 ) '' . Georgia State Sports . Georgia State Athletics . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mike ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Georgia State rolls to victory in Statesboro '' . The Telegraph ( Macon ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State dominates Georgia Southern '' . AJC . Cox Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Manasso , John . `` Why Georgia State fired McElroy '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erick ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Georgia State coach Bill Curry will retire after season '' . Campus Rivalry . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` GSU naming locker room after Curry '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleason , Mary . `` GSU names Trent Miles as new head coach '' . CBS Atlanta . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State hires Trent Miles as its football coach '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Schedule / Results '' . Indiana State Athletics . Indiana State . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Schedule '' . GeorgiaStateSports.com . Georgia State University . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Joins Sun Belt Conference '' . GSU News . Georgia State University . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State headed to Cure Bowl '' . AJC.com . Cox Communications . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` 5 observations from Georgia State 's Cure Bowl loss '' . AJC.com . Atlanta Journal Constitution .", "21": "Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State fires Trent Miles '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Communications . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug . `` Georgia State agrees to hire Shawn Elliott as football coach '' . AJC.com . Cox Communications . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RecruitingNation Class Rankings '' . ESPN.com . Disney . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football Recruiting Composite Team Rankings '' . 247Sports . CBS . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . 2010 Georgia State Football Media Guide . Georgia State University . p. 4 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Dome '' . Georgia State University Athletics . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Dome Seating Chart '' ( PDF ) . Georgia State University Athletics . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Pounds Shorter '' . CVN Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Atlanta / Georgia State Box Score '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Andrea . `` Georgia State Names Football Field For Business Leader Parker H. `` Pete '' Petit `` . Georgia State University News Hub . Georgia State University . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ AJC Sports . `` Georgia State 's video board will be eighth largest in college football '' . AJC.com . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Stadium Information '' . GeorgiaStateSports.com . Georgia State University . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGIA STATE STADIUM SET FOR FIELDTURF SURFACE '' . GeorgiaStateSports.com . Georgia State University . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football Practice Facility '' . GeorgiaStateSports.com .", "22": "Georgia State University . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Mark ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` A boffo opening night for Georgia State football and its fans '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bednarowski , John ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Georgia State could be path for KSU to eye '' . The Marietta Dailly Journal . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` GSU naming locker room arter Curry '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Athletics Football Training Facility Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Georgia State University . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Panthers Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official website Georgia State Panthers football Venues Georgia Dome ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Georgia State Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries 2015 Cure Bowl 2017 Cure Bowl Georgia Southern Culture & lore Pounce Fight Panthers People Head coaches NFL players Statistical leaders Seasons 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Georgia State University Located in : Atlanta , Georgia Academics Andrew Young School of Policy Studies College of Arts & Sciences College of Education Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions Georgia State University College of Law J.", "23": "Mack Robinson College of Business University Library Honors College School of Public Health Perimeter College Institute for Biomedical Sciences Athletics Sun Belt Conference Fight Song Football Season Men 's Basketball Season Women 's Basketball Season Beach Volleyball Season Softball Season Baseball Season Georgia State Panthers Georgia State Stadium GSU Sports Arena Pounce Georgia Southern -- Georgia State rivalry Campus Campus expansion Dixie Coca - Cola Bottling Company Plant Municipal Auditorium Images Rialto Center for the Arts J. Mack Robinson College of Business Administration Building Student life Greek life GSTV New South Rampway Online The Signal WRAS / Album 88 People Alumni Faculty Founded : 1913 Students : 53,000 Endowment : 186.0 million Sun Belt Conference football Current teams Appalachian State Mountaineers Arkansas State Red Wolves Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Georgia Southern Eagles Georgia State Panthers Idaho Vandals ( leaving in 2018 ) Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks New Mexico State Aggies ( leaving in 2018 ) South Alabama Jaguars Texas State Bobcats Troy Trojans Championships & awards Sun Belt Conference Football Championship Game List of Sun Belt Conference football champions All - time standings Seasons 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Panthers_football&oldid=817837208 '' Categories : Georgia State Panthers football Sports clubs established in 2010 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3458449699490959181	when does shawn tell juliet he loves her	[ "\"Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark\"" ]	{ "0": "Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Jump to : navigation , search Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick .", "1": "She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs.", "2": "the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm .", "3": "Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers .", "4": "She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices .", "5": "`` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other .", "6": "When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda .", "7": "`` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail .", "8": "At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself .", "9": "After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset .", "10": "At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand .", "11": "He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease .", "12": "`` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet .", "13": "Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying .", "14": "`` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again .", "15": "`` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr.", "16": "Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=821118398 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 20 . 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1627235089487061878	when does the first nba basketball game start	[ "October 17, 2017", "October 17, 2017", "October 17, 2017" ]	{ "0": "2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosted a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3.", "1": "2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Awards 4.1 Players of the Week 4.2 Players of the Month 4.3 Rookies of the Month 4.4 Coaches of the Month 5 Arenas 6 Media 7 Uniforms 7.1 Uniform sponsorships 8 Notable occurrences 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 Ron Artest was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers D - Affiltate ending his 18 year player career of NBA winning 1 NBA Championship with the Los Angeles Lakers . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended .", "2": "Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there will be no coaching changes entering training camp . In fact , the 536 days had from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 . Christmas Day games will be played on December 25 , 2017 . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics . 600 0.0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 Brooklyn Nets . 600 0.0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Toronto Raptors . 500 0.5 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 Philadelphia 76ers . 200 2.0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 5 New York Knicks 0 .", "3": "000 2.0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Cleveland Cavaliers . 600 0.0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 Detroit Pistons . 600 0.0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 5 Milwaukee Bucks . 600 0.0 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 Indiana Pacers . 400 1.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Chicago Bulls . 250 1.5 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Orlando Magic . 750 0.0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Washington Wizards . 750 0.0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Charlotte Hornets . 500 1.0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 Miami Heat . 500 1.0 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Atlanta Hawks . 200 2.5 0 -- 0 1 -- 4 0 -- 2 5 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Portland Trail Blazers . 600 0.0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 5 Oklahoma City Thunder . 500 0.5 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 Minnesota Timberwolves . 400 1.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 5 Utah Jazz .", "4": "400 1.0 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 5 Denver Nuggets . 250 1.5 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Los Angeles Clippers 0 1.000 0.0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Golden State Warriors . 600 1.5 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 5 Los Angeles Lakers . 500 2.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Phoenix Suns . 400 2.5 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 5 Sacramento Kings . 200 3.5 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 5 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP San Antonio Spurs 0 1.000 0.0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 Houston Rockets . 800 0.5 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 5 Memphis Grizzlies . 800 0.5 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 New Orleans Pelicans . 400 2.5 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 5 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 167 4.0 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 6 By conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Orlando Magic * . 750 -- Washington Wizards . 750 0.0 Boston Celtics * . 600 0.5 5 Brooklyn Nets .", "5": "600 0.5 5 5 Cleveland Cavaliers * . 600 0.5 5 6 Detroit Pistons . 600 0.5 5 7 Milwaukee Bucks . 600 0.5 5 8 Charlotte Hornets . 500 1.0 9 Miami Heat . 500 1.0 10 Toronto Raptors . 500 1.0 11 Indiana Pacers . 400 1.5 5 12 Chicago Bulls . 250 2.0 13 Atlanta Hawks . 200 2.5 5 14 Philadelphia 76ers . 200 2.5 5 15 New York Knicks 0 . 000 2.5 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Los Angeles Clippers * 0 1.000 -- San Antonio Spurs * 0 1.000 0.0 Houston Rockets . 800 0.5 5 Memphis Grizzlies . 800 0.5 5 5 Golden State Warriors . 600 1.5 5 6 Portland Trail Blazers * . 600 1.5 5 7 Los Angeles Lakers . 500 2.0 8 Oklahoma City Thunder . 500 2.0 9 Minnesota Timberwolves . 400 2.5 5 10 New Orleans Pelicans . 400 2.5 5 11 Phoenix Suns . 400 2.5 5 12 Utah Jazz . 400 2.5 5 13 Denver Nuggets . 250 3.0 14 Sacramento Kings . 200 3.5 5 15 Dallas Mavericks 5 .", "6": "167 4.0 6 Notes * -- division leader International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they would match up against the Miami Heat . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Arenas ( edit ) This will be the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team will play their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This will also mark the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This will be the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic .", "7": "The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team will also play a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or ' MECCA ' Arena , their home from 1969 until 1989 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed to Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This will be the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike will be the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the Athlete 's Mindset ) , and `` Community Edition '' jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 .", "8": "The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . As of October 25 , 2017 , eighteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals : Atlanta Hawks -- Sharecare Boston Celtics -- General Electric Brooklyn Nets -- Infor Cleveland Cavaliers -- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Denver Nuggets -- Western Union Detroit Pistons -- Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors -- Rakuten Los Angeles Lakers -- Wish Miami Heat -- Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks -- Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves -- Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans -- Zatarain 's New York Knicks -- Squarespace Orlando Magic -- The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers -- StubHub Sacramento Kings -- Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors -- Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz -- Qualtrics Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season will start eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA have decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a game from eighteen to fourteen . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game was also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also introduces the addition of two - way contract players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul .", "9": "Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact . Informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with the exceptions of the Oklahoma City Thunder being the only team to vote against and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee .", "10": "On October 19 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 80th career triple - double . On October 25 , 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers point guard LeBron James recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st triple - double career as starting point guard . On October 25 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 81st career triple - double . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben . `` Warriors , tech company reach NBA 's richest jersey advertising deal -- by far '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers sign jersey - patch deal with Wish '' . theScore.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira . `` Weston - based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com .", "15": "Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' .", "16": "NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . 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-8421690753817748624	where is the heart in the human body	[ "between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest", "between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest", "between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest", "between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest", "between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest" ]	{ "0": "Heart - wikipedia Heart Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the internal organ . For other uses , see Heart ( disambiguation ) . `` Cardiac '' redirects here . For the comics character , see Cardiac ( comics ) . Heart The human heart Details System Circulatory Artery Aorta , pulmonary trunk and right and left pulmonary arteries Right coronary artery , left main coronary artery Vein Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , right and left pulmonary veins , great cardiac vein , middle cardiac vein , small cardiac vein , anterior cardiac veins . Nerve Accelerans nerve , vagus nerve Identifiers Latin cor Greek kardía ( καρδία ) MeSH A07. 541 TA A12. 1.00. 001 FMA 7088 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Normal heart sounds Normal heart sounds as heard with a stethoscope Problems playing this file ? See media help . The heart is a muscular organ in most animals , which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system . Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients , as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes . In humans , the heart is located between the lungs , in the middle compartment of the chest . In humans , other mammals , and birds , the heart is divided into four chambers : upper left and right atria ; and lower left and right ventricles . Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart . Fish , in contrast , have two chambers , an atrium and a ventricle , while reptiles have three chambers . In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves , which prevent backflow . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac , the pericardium , which also contains a small amount of fluid . The wall of the heart is made up of three layers : epicardium , myocardium , and endocardium . The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node .", "1": "These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart , traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart . The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation , which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle . From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation , through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide . Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium , passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation − where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide . The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute . Exercise temporarily increases the rate , but lowers resting heart rate in the long term , and is good for heart health . Cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008 , accounting for 30 % of deaths . Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke . Risk factors include : smoking , being overweight , little exercise , high cholesterol , high blood pressure , and poorly controlled diabetes , among others . Cardiovascular diseases frequently do not have symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath . Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history , listening to the heart - sounds with a stethoscope , ECG , and ultrasound . Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists , although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Location and shape 1.2 Chambers 1.2. 1 Valves 1.2. 2 Right heart 1.2. 3 Left heart 1.3 Heart wall 1.4 Pericardium 1.5 Coronary circulation 1.6 Nerve supply 2 Development 3 Physiology 3.1 Blood flow 3.1. 1 Cardiac cycle 3.1. 2 Cardiac output 3.2 Electrical conduction 3.3 Heart rate 3.3. 1 Influences 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Diseases 4.1.", "2": "1 Ischaemic heart disease 4.1. 2 Heart failure 4.1. 3 Cardiomyopathies 4.1. 4 Valvular heart disease 4.1. 5 Cardiac arrhythmias 4.1. 6 Pericardial disease 4.1. 7 Congenital heart disease 4.2 Diagnosis 4.2. 1 Examination 4.2. 1.1 Heart sounds 4.2. 2 Blood tests 4.2. 3 Electrocardiogram 4.2. 4 Imaging 4.3 Treatment 4.3. 1 Ischaemic heart disease 4.3. 1.1 Valvular heart disease 4.3. 1.2 Cardiac arrhythmias 4.3. 2 Heart failure 5 History 5.1 Ancient 5.2 Pre-modern 5.3 Modern 6 Society and culture 6.1 Symbolism 6.2 Food 7 Other animals 7.1 Other vertebrates 7.2 Double circulatory systems 7.3 The fully divided heart 7.4 Fish 7.5 Invertebrates 8 Additional images 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Structure Photograph of a human heart Computer generated animation of a beating human heart Location and shape Play media Real - time MRI of the human heart The human heart is in the middle of the thorax , with its apex pointing to the left . The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum , at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5 - T8 . A double - membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum . The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column , and the front surface sits behind the sternum and rib cartilages . The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels -- the venae cavae , aorta and pulmonary trunk . The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage .", "3": "The lower tip of the heart , the apex , lies to the left of the sternum ( 8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line ) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages . The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest ( though occasionally it may be offset to the right ) and is felt to be on the left because the left heart is stronger and larger , since it pumps to all body parts . Because the heart is between the lungs , the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart . The heart is cone - shaped , with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex . An adult heart has a mass of 250 -- 350 grams ( 9 -- 12 oz ) . The heart is typically the size of a fist : 12 cm ( 5 in ) in length , 8 cm ( 3.5 in ) wide , and 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) in thickness . Well - trained athletes can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle , similar to the response of skeletal muscle . Chambers Heart being dissected showing right and left ventricles , from above The heart has four chambers , two upper atria , the receiving chambers , and two lower ventricles , the discharging chambers . The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves , present in the atrioventricular septum . This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus . There is an ear - shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage , or auricle , and another in the upper left atrium , the left atrial appendage . The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart . Similarly , the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart . The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum , visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus . The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart .", "4": "It forms the atrioventricular septum which separates the atria from the ventricles , and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves . The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart 's electrical conduction system since collagen can not conduct electricity . The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles . The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum , since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract . Valves Main article : Heart valves With the atria and major vessels removed , all four valves are clearly visible . The heart , showing valves , arteries and veins . The white arrows show the normal direction of blood flow . Frontal section showing papillary muscles attached to the tricuspid valve on the right and to the mitral valve on the left via chordae tendineae . The heart has four valves , which separate its chambers . One valve lies between each atrium and ventricle , and one valve rests at the exit of each ventricle . The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves . Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve . The tricuspid valve has three cusps , which connect to chordae tendinae and three papillary muscles named the anterior , posterior , and septal muscles , after their relative positions . The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle . It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two cusps , an anterior and a posterior cusp . These cusps are also attached via chordae tendinae to two papillary muscles projecting from the ventricular wall . The papillary muscles extend from the walls of the heart to valves by cartilaginous connections called chordae tendinae . These muscles prevent the valves from falling too far back when they close . During the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle , the papillary muscles are also relaxed and the tension on the chordae tendineae is slight . As the heart chambers contract , so do the papillary muscles .", "5": "This creates tension on the chordae tendineae , helping to hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place and preventing them from being blown back into the atria . Two additional semilunar valves sit at the exit of each of the ventricles . The pulmonary valve is located at the base of the pulmonary artery . This has three cusps which are not attached to any papillary muscles . When the ventricle relaxes blood flows back into the ventricle from the artery and this flow of blood fills the pocket - like valve , pressing against the cusps which close to seal the valve . The semilunar aortic valve is at the base of the aorta and also is not attached to papillary muscles . This too has three cusps which close with the pressure of the blood flowing back from the aorta . Right heart The right heart consists of two chambers , the right atrium and the right ventricle , separated by a valve , the tricuspid valve . The right atrium receives blood almost continuously from the body 's two major veins , the superior and inferior venae cavae . A small amount of blood from the coronary circulation also drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus , which is immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava . In the wall of the right atrium is an oval - shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis , which is a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale . Most of the internal surface of the right atrium is smooth , the depression of the fossa ovalis is medial , and the anterior surface has prominent ridges of pectinate muscles , which are also present in the right atrial appendage . The right atrium is connected to the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve . The walls of the right ventricle are lined with trabeculae carneae , ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium . In addition to these muscular ridges , a band of cardiac muscle , also covered by endocardium , known as the moderator band reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction .", "6": "It arises from the lower part of the interventricular septum and crosses the interior space of the right ventricle to connect with the inferior papillary muscle . The right ventricle tapers into the pulmonary trunk , into which it ejects blood when contracting . The pulmonary trunk branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry the blood to each lung . The pulmonary valve lies between the right heart and the pulmonary trunk . Left heart The left heart has two chambers : the left atrium , and the left ventricle , separated by the mitral valve . The left atrium receives oxygenated blood back from the lungs via one of the four pulmonary veins . The left atrium has an outpouching called the left atrial appendage . Like the right atrium , the left atrium is lined by pectinate muscles . The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle by the mitral valve . The left ventricle is much thicker as compared with the right , due to the greater force needed to pump blood to the entire body . Like the right ventricle , the left also has trabeculae carneae , but there is no moderator band . The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aortic valve and into the aorta . Two small openings above the aortic valve carry blood to the heart itself , the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery . Heart wall Further information : Cardiac muscle Layers of the heart wall , including visceral and parietal pericardium . The heart wall is made up of three layers : the inner endocardium , middle myocardium and outer epicardium . These are surrounded by a double - membraned sac called the pericardium . The innermost layer of the heart is called the endocardium . It is made up of a lining of simple squamous epithelium , and covers heart chambers and valves . It is continuous with the endothelium of the veins and arteries of the heart , and is joined to the myocardium with a thin layer of connective tissue . The endocardium , by secreting endothelins , may also play a role in regulating the contraction of the myocardium .", "7": "The swirling pattern of myocardium helps the heart pump effectively The middle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium , which is the cardiac muscle -- a layer of involuntary striated muscle tissue surrounded by a framework of collagen . The cardiac muscle pattern is elegant and complex , as the muscle cells swirl and spiral around the chambers of the heart , with the outer muscles forming a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the great vessels and the inner muscles forming a figure 8 around the two ventricles and proceeding toward the apex . This complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more effectively . There are two types of cells in cardiac muscle : muscle cells which have the ability to contract easily , and pacemaker cells of the conducting system . The muscle cells make up the bulk ( 99 % ) of cells in the atria and ventricles . These contractile cells are connected by intercalated discs which allow a rapid response to impulses of action potential from the pacemaker cells . The intercalated discs allow the cells to act as a syncytium and enable the contractions that pump blood through the heart and into the major arteries . The pacemaker cells make up 1 % of cells and form the conduction system of the heart . They are generally much smaller than the contractile cells and have few myofibrils which gives them limited contractibility . Their function is similar in many respects to neurons . Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity , the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate -- spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart . There are specific proteins expressed in cardiac muscle cells . These are mostly associated with muscle contraction , and bind with actin , myosin , tropomyosin , and troponin . They include MYH6 , ACTC1 , TNNI3 , CDH2 and PKP2 . Other proteins expressed are MYH7 and LDB3 that are also expressed in skeletal muscle . Pericardium The pericardium is the sack that surrounds the heart . The tough outer surface of the pericardium is called the fibrous membrane . This is lined by a double inner membrane called the serous membrane that produces pericardial fluid to lubricate the surface of the heart .", "8": "The part of the serous membrane attached to the fibrous membrane is called the parietal pericardium , while the part of the serous membrane attached to the heart is known as the visceral pericardium . The pericardium is present in order to lubricate its movement against other structures within the chest , to keep the heart 's position stabilised within the chest , and to protect the heart from infection . Coronary circulation Arterial supply to the heart ( red ) , with other areas labelled ( blue ) . Main article : Coronary circulation Heart tissue , like all cells in the body , needs to be supplied with oxygen , nutrients and a way of removing metabolic wastes . This is achieved by the coronary circulation , which includes arteries , veins , and lymphatic vessels . Blood flow through the coronary vessels occurs in peaks and troughs relating to the heart muscle 's relaxation or contraction . Heart tissue receives blood from two arteries which arise just above the aortic valve . These are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery . The left main coronary artery splits shortly after leaving the aorta into two vessels , the left anterior descending and the left circumflex artery . The left anterior descending artery supplies heart tissue and the front , outer side , and the septum of the left ventricle . It does this by branching into smaller arteries -- diagonal and septal branches . The left circumflex supplies the back and underneath of the left ventricle . The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium , right ventricle , and lower posterior sections of the left ventricle . The right coronary artery also supplies blood to the atrioventricular node ( in about 90 % of people ) and the sinoatrial node ( in about 60 % of people ) . The right coronary artery runs in a groove at the back of the heart and the left anterior descending artery runs in a groove at the front . There is significant variation between people in the anatomy of the arteries that supply the heart The arteries divide at their furtherst reaches into smaller branches that join together at the edges of each arterial distribution . The coronary sinus is a large vein that drains into the right atrium , and receives most of the venous drainage of the heart .", "9": "It receives blood from the great cardiac vein ( receiving the left atrium and both ventricles ) , the posterior cardiac vein ( draining the back of the left ventricle ) , the middle cardiac vein ( draining the bottom of the left and right ventricles ) , and small cardiac veins . The anterior cardiac veins drain the front of the right ventricle and drain directly into the right atrium . Small lymphatic networks called plexuses exist beneath each of the three layers of the heart . These networks collect into a main left and a main right trunk , which travel up the groove between the ventricles that exists on the heart 's surface , receiving smaller vessels as they travel up . These vessels then travel into the atrioventricular groove , and receive a third vessel which drains the section of the left ventricle sitting on the diaphragm . The left vessel joins with this third vessel , and travels along the pulmonary artery and left atrium , ending in the inferior tracheobronchial node . The right vessel travels along the right atrium and the part of the right ventricle sitting on the diaphragm . It usually then travels in front of the ascending aorta and then ends in a brachiocephalic node . Nerve supply Autonomic innervation of the heart The heart receives nerve signals from the vagus nerve and from nerves arising from the sympathetic trunk . These nerves act to influence , but not control , the heart rate . Sympathetic nerves also influence the force of heart contraction . Signals that travel along these nerves arise from two paired cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata . The vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system acts to decrease the heart rate , and nerves from the sympathetic trunk act to increase the heart rate . These nerves form a network of nerves that lies over the heart called the cardiac plexus . The vagus nerve is a long , wandering nerve that emerges from the brainstem and provides parasympathetic stimulation to a large number of organs in the thorax and abdomen , including the heart . The nerves from the sympathetic trunk emerge through the T1 - T4 thoracic ganglia and travel to both the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes , as well as to the atria and ventricles .", "10": "The ventricles are more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers . Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ( also known as noradrenaline ) at the neuromuscular junction of the cardiac nerves . This shortens the repolarization period , thus speeding the rate of depolarization and contraction , which results in an increased heart rate . It opens chemical or ligand - gated sodium and calcium ion channels , allowing an influx of positively charged ions . Norepinephrine binds to the beta -- 1 receptor . Development Main articles : Heart development and Human embryogenesis Development of the human heart during the first eight weeks ( top ) and the formation of the heart chambers ( bottom ) . In this figure , the blue and red colors represent blood inflow and outflow ( not venous and arterial blood ) . Initially , all venous blood flows from the tail / atria to the ventricles / head , a very different pattern from that of an adult . The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at about three weeks into embryogenesis . This early start is crucial for subsequent embryonic and prenatal development . The heart derives from splanchnopleuric mesenchyme in the neural plate which forms the cardiogenic region . Two endocardial tubes form here that fuse to form a primitive heart tube known as the tubular heart . Between the third and fourth week , the heart tube lengthens , and begins to fold to form an S - shape within the pericardium . This places the chambers and major vessels into the correct alignment for the developed heart . Further development will include the septa and valves formation and remodelling of the heart chambers . By the end of the fifth week the septa are complete and the heart valves are completed by the ninth week . Before the fifth week , there is an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale . The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium , allowing some blood to bypass the lungs . Within seconds after birth , a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern .", "11": "A depression in the surface of the right atrium remains where the foramen ovale once walls , called the fossa ovalis . The embryonic heart begins beating at around 22 days after conception ( 5 weeks after the last normal menstrual period , LMP ) . It starts to beat at a rate near to the mother 's which is about 75 -- 80 beats per minute ( bpm ) . The embryonic heart rate then accelerates and reaches a peak rate of 165 -- 185 bpm early in the early 7th week ( early 9th week after the LMP ) . After 9 weeks ( start of the fetal stage ) it starts to decelerate , slowing to around 145 ( ± 25 ) bpm at birth . There is no difference in female and male heart rates before birth . Physiology Main article : Cardiac physiology Blood flow Blood flow through the valves Play media Blood flow through the heart from the Khan academy The heart functions as a pump in the circulatory system to provide a continuous flow of blood throughout the body . This circulation consists of the systemic circulation to and from the body and the pulmonary circulation to and from the lungs . Blood in the pulmonary circulation exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs through the process of respiration . The systemic circulation then transports oxygen to the body and returns carbon dioxide and relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart for transfer to the lungs . The right heart collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins , the superior and inferior venae cavae . Blood collects in the right and left atrium continuously . The superior vena cava drains blood from above the diaphragm and empties into the upper back part of the right atrium . The inferior vena cava drains the blood from below the diaphragm and empties into the back part of the atrium below the opening for the superior vena cava . Immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava is the opening of the thin - walled coronary sinus . Additionally , the coronary sinus returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium . The blood collects in the right atrium . When the right atrium contracts , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle .", "12": "As the right ventricle contracts , the tricuspid valve closes and the blood is pumped into the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary valve . The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and progressively smaller arteries throughout the lungs , until it reaches capillaries . As these pass by alveoli carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen . This happens through the passive process of diffusion . In the left heart , oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins . It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the mitral valve and into the aorta through the aortic valve for systemic circulation . The aorta is a large artery that branches into many smaller arteries , arterioles , and ultimately capillaries . In the capillaries , oxygen and nutrients from blood are supplied to body cells for metabolism , and exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products . Capillary blood , now deoxygenated , travels into venules and veins that ultimately collect in the superior and inferior vena cavae , and into the right heart . Cardiac cycle Main articles : Cardiac cycle , Systole , and Diastole The cardiac cycle as correlated to the ECG The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events in which the heart contracts and relaxes with every heartbeat . The period of time during which the ventricles contract , forcing blood out into the aorta and main pulmonary artery , is known as systole , while the period during which the ventricles relax and refill with blood is known as diastole . The atria and ventricles work in concert , so in systole when the ventricles are contracting , the atria are relaxed and collecting blood . When the ventricles are relaxed in diastole , the atria contract to pump blood to the ventricles . This coordination ensures blood is pumped efficiently to the body . At the beginning of the cardiac cycle , the ventricles are relaxing . As they do so , they are filled by blood passing through the open mitral and tricuspid valves . After the ventricles have completed most of their filling , the atria contract , forcing further blood into the ventricles and priming the pump . Next , the ventricles start to contract .", "13": "As the pressure rises within the cavities of the ventricles , the mitral and tricuspid valves are forced shut . As the pressure within the ventricles rises further , exceeding the pressure with the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves open . Blood is ejected from the heart , causing the pressure within the ventricles to fall . Simultaneously , the atria refill as blood flows into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae , and into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins . Finally , when the pressure within the ventricles falls below the pressure within the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves close . The ventricles start to relax , the mitral and tricuspid valves open , and the cycle begins again . Cardiac output Main article : Cardiac output The x-axis reflects time with a recording of the heart sounds . The y - axis represents pressure . Cardiac output ( CO ) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle ( stroke volume ) in one minute . This is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume ( SV ) by the beats per minute of the heart rate ( HR ) . So that : CO = SV x HR . The cardiac output is normalized to body size through body surface area and is called the cardiac index . The average cardiac output , using an average stroke volume of about 70mL , is 5.25 L / min , with a normal range of 4.0 -- 8.0 L / min . The stroke volume is normally measured using an echocardiogram and can be influenced by the size of the heart , physical and mental condition of the individual , sex , contractility , duration of contraction , preload and afterload . Preload refers to the filling pressure of the atria at the end of diastole , when they are at their fullest . A main factor is how long it takes the ventricles to fill -- if the ventricles contract faster , then there is less time to fill and the preload will be less . Preload can also be affected by a person 's blood volume . The force of each contraction of the heart muscle is proportional to the preload , described as the Frank - Starling mechanism .", "14": "This states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of muscle fiber , meaning a ventricle will contract more forcefully , the more it is stretched . Afterload , or how much pressure the heart must generate to eject blood at systole , is influenced by vascular resistance . It can be influenced by narrowing of the heart valves ( stenosis ) or contraction or relaxation of the peripheral blood vessels . The strength of heart muscle contractions controls the stroke volume . This can be influenced positively or negatively by agents termed inotropes . These agents can be a result of changes within the body , or be given as drugs as part of treatment for a medical disorder , or as a form of life support , particularly in intensive care units . Inotropes that increase the force of contraction are `` positive '' inotropes , and include sympathetic agents such as adrenaline , noradrenaline and dopamine . `` Negative '' inotropes decrease the force of contraction and include calcium channel blockers . Electrical conduction Main articles : Electrical conduction system of the heart and Heart rate Transmission of a cardiac action potential through the heart 's conduction system The normal rhythmical heart beat , called sinus rhythm , is established by the sinoatrial node , the heart 's pacemaker . Here an electrical signal is created that travels through the heart , causing the heart muscle to contract . The sinoatrial node is found in the upper part of the right atrium near to the junction with the superior vena cava . The electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium in a radial way that is not completely understood . It travels to the left atrium via Bachmann 's bundle , such that the muscles of the left and right atria contract together . The signal then travels to the atrioventricular node . This is found at the bottom of the right atrium in the atrioventricular septum -- the boundary between the right atrium and the left ventricle . The septum is part of the cardiac skeleton , tissue within the heart that the electrical signal can not pass through , which forces the signal to pass through the atrioventricular node only . The signal then travels along the bundle of His to left and right bundle branches through to the ventricles of the heart .", "15": "In the ventricles the signal is carried by specialized tissue called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the electric charge to the heart muscle . Conduction system of the heart Heart rate Main article : Heart rate The prepotential is due to a slow influx of sodium ions until the threshold is reached followed by a rapid depolarization and repolarization . The prepotential accounts for the membrane reaching threshold and initiates the spontaneous depolarization and contraction of the cell ; there is no resting potential . The normal resting heart rate is called the sinus rhythm , created and sustained by the sinoatrial node , a group of pacemaking cells found in the wall of the right atrium . Cells in the sinoatrial node do this by creating an action potential . The cardiac action potential is created by the movement of specific electrolytes into and out of the pacemaker cells . The action potential then spreads to nearby cells . When the sinoatrial cells are resting , they have a negative charge on their membranes . However a rapid influx of sodium ions causes the membrane 's charge to become positive . This is called depolarisation and occurs spontaneously . Once the cell has a sufficiently high charge , the sodium channels close and calcium ions then begin to enter the cell , shortly after which potassium begins to leave it . All the ions travel through ion channels in the membrane of the sinoatrial cells . The potassium and calcium only start to move out of and into the cell once it has a sufficiently high charge , and so are called voltage - gated . Shortly after this , the calcium channels close and potassium channels open , allowing potassium to leave the cell . This causes the cell to have a negative resting charge and is called repolarization . When the membrane potential reaches approximately − 60 mV , the potassium channels close and the process may begin again . The ions move from areas where they are concentrated to where they are not . For this reason sodium moves into the cell from outside , and potassium moves from within the cell to outside the cell . Calcium also plays a critical role . Their influx through slow channels means that the sinoatrial cells have a prolonged `` plateau '' phase when they have a positive charge . A part of this is called the absolute refractory period .", "16": "Calcium ions also combine with the regulatory protein troponin C in the troponin complex to enable contraction of the cardiac muscle , and separate from the protein to allow relaxation . The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 bpm . The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 129 beats per minute ( bpm ) and this gradually decreases until maturity . An athlete 's heart rate can be lower than 60 bpm . During exercise the rate can be 150 bpm with maximum rates reaching from 200 to 220 bpm . Influences The normal sinus rhythm of the heart , giving the resting heart rate , is influenced a number of factors . The cardiovascular centres in the brainstem that control the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences to the heart through the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk . These cardiovascular centres receive input from a series of receptors including baroreceptors , sensing stretch the stretching of blood vessels and chemoreceptors , sensing the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and its pH . Through a series of reflexes these help regulate and sustain blood flow . Baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the aortic sinus , carotid bodies , the venae cavae , and other locations , including pulmonary vessels and the right side of the heart itself . Baroreceptors fire at a rate determined by how much they are stretched , which is influenced by blood pressure , level of physical activity , and the relative distribution of blood . With increased pressure and stretch , the rate of baroreceptor firing increases , and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation . As pressure and stretch decrease , the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases , and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation . There is a similar reflex , called the atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflex , associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria . Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located . However , as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure , the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase heart rate . The opposite is also true .", "17": "Chemoreceptors present in the carotid body or adjacent to the aorta in an aortic body respond to the blood 's oxygen , carbon dioxide levels . Low oxygen or high carbon dioxide will stimulate firing of the receptors . Exercise and fitness levels , age , body temperature , basal metabolic rate , and even a person 's emotional state can all affect the heart rate . High levels of the hormones epinephrine , norepinephrine , and thyroid hormones can increase the heart rate . The levels of electrolytes including calcium , potassium , and sodium can also influence the speed and regularity of the heart rate ; low blood oxygen , low blood pressure and dehydration may increase it . Clinical significance Diseases The stethoscope is used for auscultation of the heart , and is one of the most iconic symbols for medicine . A number of diseases can be detected primarily by listening for heart murmurs . Atherosclerosis is a condition affecting the circulatory system . If the coronary arteries are affected , angina pectoris may result or at worse a heart attack . Cardiovascular diseases , which include diseases of the heart , are the leading cause of death worldwide . The majority of cardiovascular disease is noncommunicable and related to lifestyle and other factors , becoming more prevalent with ageing . Heart disease is a major cause of death , accounting for an average of 30 % of all deaths in 2008 , globally . This rate varies from a lower 28 % to a high 40 % in high - income countries . Doctors that specialise in the heart are called cardiologists . Many other medical professionals are involved in treating diseases of the heart , including doctors such as general practitioners , cardiothoracic surgeons and intensivists , and allied health practitioners including physiotherapists and dieticians . Ischaemic heart disease Main article : Coronary artery disease Coronary artery disease , also known as ischemic heart disease , is caused by atherosclerosis -- a build - up of fatty material along the inner walls of the arteries . These fatty deposits known as atherosclerotic plaques narrow the coronary arteries , and if severe may reduce blood flow to the heart . If a narrowing ( or stenosis ) is relatively minor then the patient may not experience any symptoms .", "18": "Severe narrowings may cause chest pain ( angina ) or breathlessness during exercise or even at rest . The thin covering of an atherosclerotic plaque can rupture , exposing the fatty centre to the circulating blood . In this case a clot or thrombus can form , blocking the artery , and restricting blood flow to an area of heart muscle causing a myocardial infarction ( a heart attack ) or unstable angina . In the worst case this may cause cardiac arrest , a sudden and utter loss of output from the heart . Obesity , high blood pressure , uncontrolled diabetes , smoking and high cholesterol can all increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease . Heart failure Main article : heart failure Heart failure is defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body . Patients with heart failure may experience breathlessness especially when lying flat , as well as ankle swelling , known as peripheral oedema . Heart failure is the end result of many diseases affecting the heart , but is most commonly associated with ischaemic heart disease , valvular heart disease , or high blood pressure . Less common causes include various cardiomyopathies . Heart failure is frequently associated with weakness of the heart muscle in the ventricles ( systolic heart failure ) , but can also be seen in patients with heart muscle that is strong but stiff ( diastolic heart failure ) . The condition may affect the left ventricle ( causing predominantly breathlessness ) , the right ventricle ( causing predominantly swelling of the legs and an elevated jugular venous pressure ) , or both ventricles . Patients with heart failure are at higher risk of developing dangerous heart rhythm disturbances or arrhythmias . Cardiomyopathies Main article : Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathies are diseases affecting the muscle of the heart . Some cause abnormal thickening of the heart muscle ( hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ) , some cause the heart to abnormally expand and weaken ( dilated cardiomyopathy ) , some cause the heart muscle to become stiff and unable to fully relax between contractions ( restrictive cardiomyopathy ) and some make the heart prone to abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy ) . These conditions are often genetic and can be inherited , but some such as dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by damage from toxins such as alcohol .", "19": "Some cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomopathy are linked to a higher risk of sudden cardiac death , particularly in athletes . Many cardiomyopathies can lead to heart failure in the later stages of the disease . Valvular heart disease Main article : Valvular heart disease Healthy heart valves allow blood to flow easily in one direction , but prevent it from flowing in the other direction . Diseased heart valves may have a narrow opening and therefore restrict the flow of blood in the forward direction ( referred to as a stenotic valve ) , or may allow blood to leak in the reverse direction ( referred to as valvular regurgitation ) . Valvular heart disease may cause breathlessness , blackouts , or chest pain , but may be asymptomatic and only detected on a routine examination by hearing abnormal heart sounds or a heart murmur . In the developed world , valvular heart disease is most commonly caused by degeneration secondary to old age , but may also be caused by infection of the heart valves ( endocarditis ) . In some parts of the world rheumatic heart disease is a major cause of valvular heart disease , typically leading to mitral or aortic stenosis and caused by the body 's immune system reacting to a streptococcal throat infection . Cardiac arrhythmias Main article : Heart arrhythmia While in the healthy heart , waves of electrical impulses originate in the sinus node before spreading to the rest of the atria , the atrioventricular node , and finally the ventricles ( referred to as a normal sinus rhythm ) , this normal rhythm can be disrupted . Abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias may be asymptomatic or may cause palpitations , blackouts , or breathlessness . Some types of arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation increase the long term risk of stroke . Some arrhythmias cause the heart to beat abnormally slowly , referred to as a bradycardia or bradyarrhythmia . This may be caused by an abnormally slow sinus node or damage within the cardiac conduction system ( heart block ) . In other arrhythmias the heart may beat abnormally rapidly , referred to as a tachycardia or tachyarrhythmia .", "20": "These arrhythmias can take many forms and can originate from different structures within the heart -- some arise from the atria ( e.g. atrial flutter ) , some from the atrioventricular node ( e.g. AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia ) whilst others arise from the ventricles ( e.g. ventricular tachycardia ) . Some tachyarrhythmias are caused by scarring within the heart ( e.g. some forms of ventricular tachycardia ) , others by an irritable focus ( e.g. focal atrial tachycardia ) , while others are caused by additional abnormal conduction tissue that has been present since birth ( e.g. Wolff - Parkinson - White syndrome ) . The most dangerous form of heart racing is ventricular fibrillation , in which the ventricles quiver rather than contract , and which if untreated is rapidly fatal . Pericardial disease The sack which surrounds the heart , called the pericardium , can become inflamed in a condition known as pericarditis . This condition typically causes chest pain that may spread to the back , and is often caused by a viral infection ( glandular fever , cytomegalovirus , or coxsackievirus ) . Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack , referred to as a pericardial effusion . Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis , kidney failure , or tumours , and frequently do not cause any symptoms . However , large effusions or effusions which accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade , causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure . Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis . Congenital heart disease Main article : Congenital heart defect Some people are born with hearts that are abnormal and these abnormalities are known as congenital heart defects . They may range from the relatively minor ( e.g. patent foramen ovale , arguably a variant of normal ) to serious life - threatening abnormalities ( e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome ) .", "21": "Common abnormalities include those that affect the heart muscle that separates the two side of the heart ( a ' hole in the heart ' e.g. ventricular septal defect ) . Other defects include those affecting the heart valves ( e.g. congenital aortic stenosis ) , or the main blood vessels that lead from the heart ( e.g. coarctation of the aorta ) . More complex syndromes are seen that affect more than one part of the heart ( e.g. Tetralogy of Fallot ) . Some congenital heart defects allow blood that is low in oxygen that would normally be returned to the lungs to instead be pumped back to the rest of the body . These are known as cyanotic congenital heart defects and are often more serious . Major congenital heart defects are often picked up in childhood , shortly after birth , or even before a child is born ( e.g. transposition of the great arteries ) , causing breathlessness and a lower rate of growth . More minor forms of congenital heart disease may remain undetected for many years and only reveal themselves in adult life ( e.g. atrial septal defect ) . Diagnosis Heart disease is diagnosed by the taking of a medical history , a cardiac examination , and further investigations , including blood tests , echocardiograms , ECGs and imaging . Other invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterisation can also play a role . Examination Main articles : Cardiac examination and Heart sounds The cardiac examination includes inspection , feeling the chest with the hands ( palpation ) and listening with a stethoscope ( auscultation ) . It involves assessment of signs that may be visible on a person 's hands ( such as splinter haemorrhages ) , joints and other areas . A person 's pulse is taken , usually at the radial artery near the wrist , in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse . The blood pressure is taken , using either a manual or automatic sphygmomanometer or using a more invasive measurement from within the artery . Any elevation of the jugular venous pulse is noted . A person 's chest is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart , and then listened to with a stethoscope .", "22": "Heart sounds 3D echocardiogram showing the mitral valve ( right ) , tricuspid and mitral valves ( top left ) and aortic valve ( top right ) . The closure of the heart valves causes the heart sounds . Typically , healthy hearts have only two audible heart sounds , called S1 and S2 . The first heart sound S1 , is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as `` lub '' . The second heart sound , S2 , is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as `` dub '' . Each sound consists of two components , reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close . S2 may split into two distinct sounds , either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems . Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms . A third heart sound , S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume . A fourth heart sound S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle . The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop . Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign , and there are several kinds . There are normally two heart sounds , and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds , or `` murmurs '' related to the flow of blood between the sounds . Murmurs are graded by volume , from 1 ( the quietest ) , to 6 ( the loudest ) , and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds , position in the cardiac cycle , and additional features such as their radiation to other sites , changes with a person 's position , the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the stethoscope by which they are heard , and site at which they are heard loudest . Murmurs may be caused by damaged heart valves , congenital heart disease such as ventricular septal defects , or may be heard in normal hearts . A different type of sound , a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together .", "23": "Blood tests Blood tests play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many cardiovascular conditions . Troponin is a sensitive biomarker for a heart with insufficient blood supply . It is released 4 -- 6 hours after injury , and usually peaks at about 12 -- 24 hours . Two tests of troponin are often taken -- one at the time of initial presentation , and another within 3 -- 6 hours , with either a high level or a significant rise being diagnostic . A test for brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) can be used to evaluate for the presence of heart failure , and rises when there is increased demand on the left ventricle . These tests are considered biomarkers because they are highly specific for cardiac disease . Testing for the MB form of creatine kinase provides information about the heart 's blood supply , but is used less frequently because it is less specific and sensitive . Other blood tests are often taken to help understand a person 's general health and risk factors that may contribute to heart disease . These often include a full blood count investigating for anaemia , and basic metabolic panel that may reveal any disturbances in electrolytes . A coagulation screen is often required to ensure that the right level of anticoagulation is given . Fasting lipids and fasting blood glucose ( or an HbA1c level ) are often ordered to evaluate a person 's cholesterol and diabetes status , respectively . Electrocardiogram Main article : Electrocardiography Cardiac cycle shown against ECG Using surface electrodes on the body , it is possible to record the electrical activity of the heart . This tracing of the electrical signal is the electrocardiogram ( ECG ) or ( EKG ) . An ECG is a bedside test and involves the placement of ten leads on the body . This produces a `` 12 lead '' ECG ( three extra leads are calculated mathematically , and one lead is a ground ) . There are five prominent features on the ECG : the P wave ( atrial depolarisation ) , the QRS complex ( ventricular depolarisation ) and the T wave ( ventricular repolarisation ) . As the heart cells contract , they create a current that travels through the heart .", "24": "A downward deflection on the ECG implies cells are becoming more positive in charge ( `` depolarising '' ) in the direction of that lead , whereas an upward inflection implies cells are becoming more negative ( `` repolarising '' ) in the direction of the lead . This depends on the position of the lead , so if a wave of depolarising moved from left to right , a lead on the left would show a negative deflection , and a lead on the right would show a positive deflection . The ECG is a useful tool in detecting rhythm disturbances and in detecting insufficient blood supply to the heart . Sometimes abnormalities are suspected , but not immediately visible on the ECG . Testing when exercising can be used to provoke an abnormality , or an ECG can be worn for a longer period such as a 24 - hour Holter monitor if a suspected rhythm abnormality is not present at the time of assessment . Imaging Main article : Cardiac imaging Several imaging methods can be used to assess the anatomy and function of the heart , including ultrasound ( echocardiography ) , angiography , CT scans , MRI and PET . An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart used to measure the heart 's function , assess for valve disease , and look for any abnormalities . Echocardiography can be conducted by a probe on the chest ( `` transthoracic '' ) or by a probe in the esophagus ( `` transoesophageal '' ) . A typical echocardiography report will include information about the width of the valves noting any stenosis , whether there is any backflow of blood ( regurgitation ) and information about the blood volumes at the end of systole and diastole , including an ejection fraction , which describes how much blood is ejected from the left and right ventricles after systole . Ejection fraction can then be obtained by dividing the volume ejected by the heart ( stroke volume ) by the volume of the filled heart ( end - diastolic volume ) . Echocardiograms can also be conducted under circumstances when the body is more stressed , in order to examine for signs of lack of blood supply . This cardiac stress test involves either direct exercise , or where this is not possible , injection of a drug such as dobutamine .", "25": "CT scans , chest X-rays and other forms of imaging can help evaluate the heart 's size , evaluate for signs of pulmonary oedema , and indicate whether there is fluid around the heart . They are also useful for evaluating the aorta , the major blood vessel which leaves the heart . Treatment Diseases affecting the heart can be treated by a variety of methods including lifestyle modification , drug treatment , and surgery . Ischaemic heart disease Main articles : Coronary artery disease , Coronary artery bypass surgery , and Coronary stent Narrowings of the coronary arteries ( ischaemic heart disease ) are treated to relieve symptoms of chest pain caused by a partially narrowed artery ( angina pectoris ) , to minimise heart muscle damage when an artery is completely occluded ( myocardial infarction ) , or to prevent a myocardial infarction from occurring . Medications to improve angina symptoms include nitroglycerin , beta blockers , and calcium channel blockers , while preventative treatments include antiplatelets such as aspirin and statins , lifestyle measures such as stopping smoking and weight loss , and treatment of risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes . In addition to using medications , narrowed heart arteries can be treated by expanding the narrowings or redirecting the flow of blood to bypass an obstruction . This may be performed using a percutaneous coronary intervention , during which narrowings can be expanded by passing small balloon - tipped wires into the coronary arteries , inflating the balloon to expand the narrowing , and sometimes leaving behind a metal scaffold known as a stent to keep the artery open . If the narrowings in coronary arteries are unsuitable for treatment with a percutaneous coronary intervention , open surgery may be required . A coronary artery bypass graft can be performed , whereby a blood vessel from another part of the body ( the saphenous vein , radial artery , or internal mammary artery ) is used to redirect blood from a point before the narrowing ( typically the aorta ) to a point beyond the obstruction . Valvular heart disease Main article : Artificial heart valve Diseased heart valves that have become abnormally narrow or abnormally leaky may require surgery . This is traditionally performed as an open surgical procedure to replace the damaged heart valve with a tissue or metallic prosthetic valve . In some circumstances , the tricuspid or mitral valves can be repaired surgically , avoiding the need for a valve replacement .", "26": "Heart valves can also be treated percutaneously , using techniques that share many similarities with percutaneous coronary intervention . Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is increasingly used for patients consider very high risk for open valve replacement . Cardiac arrhythmias Main articles : Heart arrhythmia , Radiofrequency ablation , and Artificial cardiac pacemaker Abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmias ) can be treated using antiarrhythmic drugs . These may work by manipulating the flow of electrolytes across the cell membrane ( such as calcium channel blockers , sodium channel blockers , amiodarone , or digoxin ) , or modify the autonomic nervous system 's effect on the heart ( beta blockers and atropine ) . In some arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation which increase the risk of stroke , this risk can be reduced using anticoagulants such as warfarin or novel oral anticoagualants . If medications fail to control an arrhythmia , another treatment option may be catheter ablation . In these procedures , wires are passed from a vein or artery in the leg to the heart to find the abnormal area of tissue that is causing the arrhythmia . The abnormal tissue can be intentionally damaged , or ablated , by heating or freezing to prevent further heart rhythm disturbances . Whilst the majority of arrhythmias can be treated using minimally invasive catheter techniques , some arrhythmias ( particularly atrial fibrillation ) can also be treated using open or thoracoscopic surgery , either at the time of other cardiac surgery or as a standalone procedure . A cardioversion , whereby an electric shock is used to stun the heart out of an abnormal rhythm , may also be used . Cardiac devices in the form of pacemakers or implantable defibrillators may also be required to treat arrhythmias . Pacemakers , comprising a small battery powered generator implanted under the skin and one or more leads that extend to the heart , are most commonly used to treat abnormally slow heart rhythms . Implantable defibrillators are used to treat serious life - threatening rapid heart rhythms . These devices monitor the heart , and if dangerous heart racing is detected can automatically deliver a shock to restore the heart to a normal rhythm .", "27": "Implantable defibrillators are most commonly used in patients with heart failure , cardiomyopathies , or inherited arrhythmia syndromes . Heart failure Main article : Heart failure As well as addressing the underlying cause for a patient 's heart failure ( most commonly ischaemic heart disease or hypertension ) , the mainstay of heart failure treatment is with medication . These include drugs to prevent fluid from accumulating in the lungs by increasing the amount of urine a patient produces ( diuretics ) , and drugs that attempt to preserve the pumping function of the heart ( beta blockers , ACE inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists ) . In some patients with heart failure , a specialised pacemaker known as cardiac resynchronisation therapy can be used to improve the heart 's pumping efficiency . These devices are frequently combined with a defibrillator . In very severe cases of heart failure , a small pump called a ventricular assist device may be implanted which supplements the heart 's own pumping ability . In the most severe cases , a cardiac transplant may be considered . History Ancient Heart and its blood vessels , by Leonardo da Vinci , 15th century Humans have known about the heart since ancient times , although its precise function and anatomy were not clearly understood . From the primarily religious views of earlier societies towards the heart , ancient Greeks are considered to have been the primary seat of scientific understanding of the heart in the ancient world . Aristotle considered the heart to be organ responsible for creating blood ; Plato considered the heart as the source of circulating blood and Hippocrates noted blood circulating cyclically from the body through the heart to the lungs . Erasistratos ( 304 -- 250 BCE ) noted the heart as a pump , causing dilation of blood vessels , and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart , becoming progressively smaller with distance , although he believed they were filled with air and not blood . He also discovered the heart valves . The Greek physician Galen ( 2nd century CE ) knew blood vessels carried blood and identified venous ( dark red ) and arterial ( brighter and thinner ) blood , each with distinct and separate functions . Galen , noting the heart as the hottest organ in the body , concluded that it provided heat to the body .", "28": "The heart did not pump blood around , the heart 's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves . Galen believed the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right through ' pores ' between the ventricles . Air from the lungs passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart and created arterial blood . These ideas went unchallenged for almost a thousand years . Pre-modern The earliest descriptions of the coronary and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon , published in 1242 by Ibn al - Nafis . In his manuscript , al - Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen . His work was later translated into Latin by Andrea Alpago . In Europe , the teachings of Galen continued to dominate the academic community and his doctrines were adopted as the official canon of the Church . Andreas Vesalius questioned some of Galen 's beliefs of the heart in De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) , but his magnum opus was interpreted as a challenge to the authorities and he was subjected to a number of attacks . Michael Servetus wrote in Christianismi Restitutio ( 1553 ) that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs . Modern Animated heart A breakthrough in understanding the flow of blood through the heart and body came with the publication of De Motu Cordis ( 1628 ) by the English physician William Harvey . Harvey 's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart , leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines . Otto Frank ( 1865 -- 1944 ) was a German physiologist ; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship . Ernest Starling ( 1866 -- 1927 ) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart . Although they worked largely independently , their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name `` Frank -- Starling mechanism '' .", "29": "Although Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His were discovered as early as the 19th century , their specific role in the electrical conduction system of the heart remained unknown until Sunao Tawara published his monograph , titled Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens , in 1906 . Tawara 's discovery of the atrioventricular node prompted Arthur Keith and Martin Flack to look for similar structures in the heart , leading to their discovery of the sinoatrial node several months later . These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram , whose inventor , Willem Einthoven , was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924 . The first successful heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town . This marked an important milestone in cardiac surgery , capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large . However , long - term survival rates of patients were initially very low . Louis Washkansky , the first recipient of a donated heart , died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks . The American surgeon Norman Shumway has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques , along with pioneers Richard Lower , Vladimir Demikhov and Adrian Kantrowitz . As of March 2000 , more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide . By the middle of the 20th century , heart disease had surpassed infectious disease as the leading cause of death in the United States , and it is currently the leading cause of deaths worldwide . Since 1948 , the ongoing Framingham Heart Study has shed light on the effects of various influences on the heart , including diet , exercise , and common medications such as aspirin . Although the introduction of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers has improved the management of chronic heart failure , the disease continues to be an enormous medical and societal burden , with 30 to 40 % of patients dying within a year of receiving the diagnosis . Society and culture Further information : Sacred Heart , Heart symbol , and Blood § Cultural and religious beliefs jb ( F34 ) `` heart '' in hieroglyphs Symbolism Common heart symbol Letter ღ of the Georgian script is often used as a `` heart '' symbol .", "30": "The seal script glyph for `` heart '' ( Middle Chinese sim ) As one of the vital organs , the heart was long identified as the center of the entire body , the seat of life , or emotion , or reason , will , intellect , purpose or the mind . The heart is an emblematic symbol in many religions , signifying `` truth , conscience or moral courage in many religions -- the temple or throne of God in Islamic and Judeo - Christian thought ; the divine centre , or atman , and the third eye of transcendent wisdom in Hinduism ; the diamond of purity and essence of the Buddha ; the Taoist centre of understanding . '' In the Hebrew Bible , the word for heart , lev , is used in these meanings , as the seat of emotion , the mind , and referring to the anatomical organ . It is also connected in function and symbolism to the stomach . An important part of the concept of the soul in Ancient Egyptian religion was thought to be the heart , or ib . The ib or metaphysical heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the child 's mother 's heart , taken at conception . To ancient Egyptians , the heart was the seat of emotion , thought , will , and intention . This is evidenced by Egyptian expressions which incorporate the word ib , such as Awi - ib for `` happy '' ( literally , `` long of heart '' ) , Xak - ib for `` estranged '' ( literally , `` truncated of heart '' ) . In Egyptian religion , the heart was the key to the afterlife . It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world , where it gave evidence for , or against , its possessor . It was thought that the heart was examined by Anubis and a variety of deities during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony . If the heart weighed more than the feather of Maat , which symbolized the ideal standard of behavior . If the scales balanced , it meant the heart 's possessor had lived a just life and could enter the afterlife ; if the heart was heavier , it would be devoured by the monster Ammit . The Chinese character for `` heart '' , 心 , derives from a comparatively realistic depiction of a heart ( indicating the heart chambers ) in seal script .", "31": "The Chinese word xīn also takes the metaphorical meanings of `` mind '' , `` intention '' , or `` core '' . In Chinese medicine , the heart is seen as the center of 神 shén `` spirit , consciousness '' . The heart is associated with the small intestine , tongue , governs the six organs and five viscera , and belongs to fire in the five elements . The Sanskrit word for heart is hṛd or hṛdaya , found in the oldest surviving Sanskrit text , the Rigveda . In Sanskrit , it may mean both the anatomical object and `` mind '' or `` soul '' , representing the seat of emotion . Hrd may be a cognate of the word for heart in Greek , Latin , and English . Many classical philosophers and scientists , including Aristotle , considered the heart the seat of thought , reason , or emotion , often disregarding the brain as contributing to those functions . The identification of the heart as the seat of emotions in particular is due to the Roman physician Galen , who also located the seat of the passions in the liver , and the seat of reason in the brain . The heart also played a role in the Aztec system of belief . The most common form of human sacrifice practiced by the Aztecs was heart - extraction . The Aztec believed that the heart ( tona ) was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Sun 's heat ( istli ) . To this day , the Nahua consider the Sun to be a heart - soul ( tona - tiuh ) : `` round , hot , pulsating '' . In Catholicism , there has been a long tradition of veneration of the heart , stemming from worship of the wounds of Jesus Christ which gained prominence from the mid sixteenth century . This tradition influenced the development of the medieval Christian devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the parallel worship of Immaculate Heart of Mary , made popular by John Eudes . The expression of a broken heart is a cross-cultural reference to grief for a lost one or to unfulfilled romantic love . The notion of `` Cupid 's arrows '' is ancient , due to Ovid , but while Ovid describes Cupid as wounding his victims with his arrows , it is not made explicit that it is the heart that is wounded .", "32": "The familiar iconography of Cupid shooting little heart symbols is a Renaissance theme that became tied to Valentine 's day . Food Animal hearts are widely consumed as food . As they are almost entirely muscle , they are high in protein . They are often included in dishes with other offal , for example in the pan-Ottoman kokoretsi . Chicken hearts are considered to be giblets , and are often grilled on skewers : Japanese hāto yakitori , Brazilian churrasco de coração , Indonesian chicken heart satay . They can also be pan-fried , as in Jerusalem mixed grill . In Egyptian cuisine , they can be used , finely chopped , as part of stuffing for chicken . Many recipes combined them with other giblets , such as the Mexican pollo en menudencias and the Russian ragu iz kurinyikh potrokhov . The hearts of beef , pork , and mutton can generally be interchanged in recipes . As heart is a hard - working muscle , it makes for `` firm and rather dry '' meat , so is generally slow - cooked . Another way of dealing with toughness is to julienne the meat , as in Chinese stir - fried heart . Beef heart may be grilled or braised . In the Peruvian anticuchos de corazón , barbecued beef hearts are grilled after being tenderized through long marination in a spice and vinegar mixture . An Australian recipe for `` mock goose '' is actually braised stuffed beef heart . Pig heart is stewed , poached , braised , or made into sausage . The Balinese oret is a sort of blood sausage made with pig heart and blood . A French recipe for cœur de porc à l'orange is made of braised heart with an orange sauce . Other animals See also : Circulatory system Other vertebrates The size of the heart varies among the different animal groups , with hearts in vertebrates ranging from those of the smallest mice ( 12 mg ) to the blue whale ( 600 kg ) . In vertebrates , the heart lies in the middle of the ventral part of the body , surrounded by a pericardium . which in some fish may be connected to the peritoneum . The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates .", "33": "In these animals , the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous , and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat , which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers . Indeed , since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes , it is likely homologous with the SA node . In teleosts , with their vestigial sinus venosus , the main centre of coordination is , instead , in the atrium . The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species , ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds and up to 1200 bpm in the ruby - throated hummingbird . Double circulatory systems A cross section of a three chambered adult amphibian heart , note the single ventricle . The purple regions represent areas where mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood occurs . Pulmonary vein Left atrium Right atrium Ventricle Conus arteriosus Sinus venosus Adult amphibians and most reptiles have a double circulatory system , meaning a circulatory system divided into arterial and venous parts . However , the heart itself is not completely separated into two sides . Instead , it is separated into three chambers -- two atria and one ventricle . Blood returning from both the systemic circulation and the lungs is returned , and blood is pumped simultaneously into the systemic circulation and the lungs . The double system allows blood to circulate to and from lungs which deliver oxygenated blood directly to the heart . In reptiles , the heart is usually situated around the middle of the thorax , and in snakes , usually between the junction of the upper first and second third . There is a heart with three chambers : two atria and one ventricle . The ventricle is incompletely separated into two halves by a wall ( septum ) , with a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aortic openings . In most reptilian species , there appears to be little , if any , mixing between the bloodstreams , so the aorta receives , essentially , only oxygenated blood . The exception to this rule is crocodiles , which have a four - chambered heart . In the heart of lungfish , the septum extends part - way into the ventricle .", "34": "This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body . The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin ; thus , the blood returned to the heart through the venae cavae is already partially oxygenated . As a result , there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other tetrapods . Nonetheless , in at least some species of amphibian , the spongy nature of the ventricle does seem to maintain more of a separation between the bloodstreams . Also , the original valves of the conus arteriosus have been replaced by a spiral valve that divides it into two parallel parts , thereby helping to keep the two bloodstreams separate . The fully divided heart Archosaurs ( crocodilians and birds ) and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps for a total of four heart chambers ; it is thought that the four - chambered heart of archosaurs evolved independently from that of mammals . In crocodilians , there is a small opening , the foramen of Panizza , at the base of the arterial trunks and there is some degree of mixing between the blood in each side of the heart , during a dive underwater ; thus , only in birds and mammals are the two streams of blood -- those to the pulmonary and systemic circulations -- permanently kept entirely separate by a physical barrier . Fish Main article : Fish anatomy § Heart Blood flow through the fish heart : sinus venosus , atrium , ventricle , and outflow tract Fish have what is often described as a two - chambered heart , consisting of one atrium to receive blood and one ventricle to pump it . However , the fish heart has entry and exit compartments that may be called chambers , so it is also sometimes described as three - chambered or four - chambered , depending on what is counted as a chamber . The atrium and ventricle are sometimes considered `` true chambers '' , while the others are considered `` accessory chambers '' . Primitive fish have a four - chambered heart , but the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four - chambered hearts of mammals and birds .", "35": "The first chamber is the sinus venosus , which collects deoxygenated blood from the body through the hepatic and cardinal veins . From here , blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action will take place . The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus , which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta . The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows , through the dorsal aorta , into the rest of the body . ( In tetrapods , the ventral aorta has divided in two ; one half forms the ascending aorta , while the other forms the pulmonary artery ) . In the adult fish , the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but instead form an S - shape , with the latter two chambers lying above the former two . This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the ray - finned fish . In teleosts , the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper . The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes , presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution . Similarly , while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds , it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable . Invertebrates The tube - like heart ( green ) of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae extends horizontally across the body , interlinked with the diamond - shaped wing muscles ( also green ) and surrounded by pericardial cells ( red ) . Blue depicts cell nuclei . Basic arthropod body structure -- heart shown in red Arthropods and most mollusks have an open circulatory system . In this system , deoxygenated blood collects around the heart in cavities ( sinuses ) . This blood slowly permeates the heart through many small one - way channels . The heart then pumps the blood into the hemocoel , a cavity between the organs . The heart in arthropods is typically a muscular tube that runs the length of the body , under the back and from the base of the head .", "36": "Instead of blood the circulatory fluid is haemolymph which carries the most commonly used respiratory pigment , copper - based haemocyanin as the oxygen transporter ; iron - based haemoglobin is used by only a few arthropods . In some other invertebrates such as earthworms , the circulatory system is not used to transport oxygen and so is much reduced , having no veins or arteries and consisting of two connected tubes . Oxygen travels by diffusion and there are five small muscular vessels that connect these vessels that contract at the front of the animals that can be thought of as `` hearts '' . Squids and other cephalopods have two `` gill hearts '' also known as branchial hearts , and one `` systemic heart '' . The brachial hearts have two atria and one ventricle each , and pump to the gills , whereas the systemic heart pumps to the body . Additional images The human heart viewed from the front The human heart viewed from behind The coronary circulation The human heart viewed from the front and from behind Frontal section of the human heart An anatomical specimen of the heart Heart illustration with circulatory system Notes Jump up ^ From the heart to the body Jump up ^ Arteries that contain deoxygenated blood , from the heart to the lungs Jump up ^ Supplying blood to the heart itself Jump up ^ From the body to the heart Jump up ^ Veins containing oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Jump up ^ Veins that drain blood from the cardiac tissue itself Jump up ^ Note the muscles do not cause the valves to open . The pressure difference between the blood in the atria and the ventricles does this . Jump up ^ Depolarisation of the ventricles occurs concurrently , but is not significant enough to be detected on an ECG . 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Cengage Learning . p. 939 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 17032 - 3 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet our animals '' . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ladd , Prosser C ( 18 March 1991 ) .", "55": "Comparative Animal Physiology , Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 537 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 85767 - 9 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 . Bibliography Hall , John ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Longo , Dan ; Fauci , Anthony ; Kasper , Dennis ; Hauser , Stephen ; Jameson , J. ; Loscalzo , Joseph ( August 11 , 2011 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 174889 - 6 . Susan Standring ; Neil R. Borley ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . Nicki R. Colledge ; Brian R. Walker ; Stuart H. Ralston , eds. ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . External links Find more aboutHeartat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity What Is the Heart ? -- NIH Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy Dissection review of the anatomy of the Human Heart including vessels , internal and external features Prenatal human heart development Animal hearts : fish ,", "56": "squid ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula ) → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke", "57": "volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation", "58": "Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell GND : 4024632 - 2 NDL : 00571194 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart&oldid=819788213 '' Categories : Heart Cardiac anatomy Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips RTT Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan", "59": "Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart", "60": "Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ", "61": "Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6217752837777787594	who plays heather in beauty and the beast	[ "Nicole Gale Anderson", "Nicole Gale Anderson", "Nicole Gale Anderson", "Nicole Gale Anderson", "Nicole Gale Anderson" ]	{ "0": "Nicole Gale Anderson - wikipedia Nicole Gale Anderson Jump to : navigation , search Nicole Gale Anderson Anderson in June 2010 ( 1990 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Rochester , Indiana , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2005 -- present Nicole Gale Anderson ( born August 29 , 1990 ) is a Filipino - American actress . She is best known for her role as Heather Chandler on The CW series Beauty & the Beast . She is also known for her roles as Macy Misa in the Disney Channel Original Series Jonas , and as Kelly Parker and Miranda Collins respectively on the ABC Family series Make It or Break It and Ravenswood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Philanthropy 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Anderson was born in Rochester , Indiana . Her father is an American who served as a Commander in the United States Navy , and her mother is of Filipino ethnicity . As a child , she won national gymnastics competitions , but retired due to injuries . Anderson was awarded a scholarship to Georgia 's Barbizon Modeling and Acting School at age 13 . She then began to study acting and attending auditions . She landed several print ads and television commercials , including Mary - Kate & Ashley Online Clothing , Every Girl , Stand Up , and Bratz Pretty ' n ' Punk & Treasures . She currently lives in Canada . Career ( edit ) She auditioned for the role of Stella in the television series Jonas , but actress Chelsea Kane ended up winning the role . After the series plot changed , producers decided to create a best friend for Stella and offered Anderson , the role of Macy . Anderson was added to the cast of the television series Beauty & the Beast in March 2012 , playing the recurring role of Heather Chandler , Catherine 's ( Kristin Kreuk ) younger sister . In May 2013 , it was announced that Anderson had joined Ravenswood , a Pretty Little Liars spin - off , as Miranda Collins , a foster kid , who relies on her wits to cover her emotional scars .", "1": "Prior to appearing in Ravenswood , Anderson appeared in the Pretty Little Liars episode `` Grave New World '' , introducing her character , Miranda Collins . After the cancellation of Ravenswood , Anderson returned for the third season of Beauty & the Beast as a regular cast member . Philanthropy ( edit ) Gale served as the first international spokesperson for Underwriters Laboratories Youth Safety Smart program and has participated in Disney 's Friends for Change . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Unfabulous Cheerleader # 3 Episode : `` The Grey Area '' 2007 Nobody Leila Unsold ABC Family pilot 2007 Zoey 101 Maria Episode : `` Quarantine '' ; credited as Nicole Anderson 2007 Hannah Montana Marissa Hughes Episode : `` Achy Jakey Heart Part 1 '' 2008 Sunday ! Sunday ! Sunday ! Dana Unsold Jetix pilot 2008 Princess Jitterbug / Princess Calliope Television film 2009 -- 2010 Jonas Macy Misa Main role , 29 episodes ; credited as Nicole Anderson 2009 -- 2012 Make It or Break It Kelly Parker Recurring role ; 17 episodes 2009 Imagination Movers Cinderella Episode : `` A Fairy Tale Ending '' Accused at 17 Bianca Miller Television film 2011 Mean Girls 2 Hope Plotkin Television film 2011 Happy Endings Madison 1 Episode : `` Baby Steps '' 2011 Ringer Monica Reynolds Episode : `` Oh Gawd , There 's Two of Them ? ''", "2": "2012 -- 2016 Beauty & the Beast Heather Chandler Recurring role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ; main role ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) 2013 Pretty Little Liars Miranda Collins Episode : `` Grave New World '' 2013 -- 2014 Ravenswood Miranda Collins / Original Miranda Main role ( season 1 ) 2018 The Wedding Do Over Abby Anderson Television film Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Mulawin : The Movie Langay 2012 Lukewarm Jessie 2013 Red Line Tori 2014 Never Meghan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Nicole Anderson Website Biography '' . Nicoleandersononline.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` MediaNetBio '' . Disney Channel MediaNet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Anderson Quit Gymnastics after Winning Nationals '' . Starlitnews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Barbizon Modeling and Acting School Alumni '' . Barbizonmodeling.com . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Anderson on her verified Twitter - Account : And that 's a wrap on Heather ! Back to LA I go '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lee , Michael J. ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Chelsea Staub on ' J.O.N.A.S ! ' ( 1 ) '' . Radiofree.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lee , Michael J. ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Chelsea Staub on ' J.O.N.A.S ! ' ( 2 ) '' . Radiofree.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Sprinklepoponline.com Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` TV pilot casting eyes finish line '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Friday , February 24 '' . The Futon Critic . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gonzaelz , Sandra ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ravenswood ' : ' Beauty and the Beast sis nabbed as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Nick . `` Pretty Little Liars `` Grave New World '' Review : Things to Do in Ravenswood When You 're Dead `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Dascha Polanco Promoted To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Nicole Gale Anderson On ' Beauty & The Beast ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Collins , played by Nicole Gale Anderson '' . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Pilot Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Viewers nice to ' Mean Girls 2 , ' making it top 2010 - 11 movie in 12 - 34 demo '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Happy Endings ' : ABC Family 's Megan Park and Nicole Gale Anderson to Guest Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Nicole Gale Anderson on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Gale_Anderson&oldid=837508211 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Indiana Female models from Indiana American film actresses American television actresses American actresses of Filipino descent People from Rochester , Indiana Gymnasts from Indiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو डोटेली 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7368254478874801356	who is the head of the department of homeland security 2017	[ "Kirstjen Nielsen", "Kirstjen Nielsen", "Kirstjen Nielsen", "Kirstjen Nielsen", "Kirstjen Nielsen" ]	{ "0": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security - wikipedia United States Secretary of Homeland Security Jump to : navigation , search Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States Seal of the Department of Homeland Security Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security Incumbent Kirstjen Nielsen since December 6 , 2017 United States Department of Homeland Security Style Madam Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 6 U.S.C. § 112 Formation January 24 , 2003 ( 14 years ago ) ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ) First holder Tom Ridge Succession Eighteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Salary Executive Schedule , level 1 Website www.dhs.gov The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security , the body concerned with protecting the U.S. and the safety of U.S. citizens . The secretary is a member of the President 's Cabinet . The position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The new department consisted primarily of components transferred from other cabinet departments because of their role in homeland security , such as the Coast Guard , the Federal Protective Service , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( which includes the Border Patrol ) , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( which includes Homeland Security Investigations ) , the Secret Service , and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . It did not , however , include the FBI or the CIA . On January 20 , 2009 , the Senate confirmed Barack Obama 's appointment of Janet Napolitano to be the third Secretary of Homeland Security , effective January 21 , 2009 . Napolitano resigned effective August 2013 to head the University of California . On October 17 , President Obama announced his intention to nominate former General Counsel of the Department of Defense Jeh Johnson , and on December 16 , the US Senate confirmed the nomination . The current Secretary of Homeland Security is Kirstjen Nielsen following the appointment of the then - incumbent secretary , John F. Kelly , to the post of White House Chief of Staff by President Donald Trump .", "1": "It was announced on October 12 , 2017 , that Kirstjen Nielsen was nominated as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security by President Donald Trump . She was confirmed by the Senate on December 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inclusion in the presidential line of succession 2 List of Secretaries of Homeland Security 3 Living former Secretaries of Homeland Security 4 Order of succession 5 Administration - cited potential nominees 5.1 Bernard Kerik 5.2 Raymond Kelly 6 References 7 External links Inclusion in the presidential line of succession ( edit ) Traditionally , the order of the presidential line of succession is determined ( after the Vice President , Speaker of the House , and President pro tempore of the Senate ) by the order of the creation of the cabinet positions , and the list as mandated under 3 U.S.C. § 19 follows this tradition . On March 7th , 2006 , 43rd President George W. Bush signed H.R. 3199 as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , which renewed the still controversial Patriot Act of 2001 and amended the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 to include the newly created Presidential Cabinet position of Secretary of Homeland Security in the line of succession after the previously authorized Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( § 503 ) ( which are listed and designated in the order that their departments were created ) . In the 109th Congress , legislation was introduced to place the Secretary of Homeland Security into the line of succession after the Attorney General but that bill expired at the end of the 109th Congress and was not re-introduced . List of Secretaries of Homeland Security ( edit ) Prior to the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security , there existed an Assistant to the President for the Office of Homeland Security , which was created following the September 11 attacks in 2001 . Parties Republican ( 2 ) Democratic ( 2 ) Independent ( 2 ) Status Denotes acting Homeland Security Secretary No .", "2": "Portrait Name State of residence Took office Left office President ( s ) Tom Ridge Pennsylvania January 24 , 2003 February 1 , 2005 George W. Bush -- James Loy Pennsylvania February 1 , 2005 February 15 , 2005 Michael Chertoff New Jersey February 15 , 2005 January 21 , 2009 Janet Napolitano Arizona January 21 , 2009 September 6 , 2013 Barack Obama -- Rand Beers District of Columbia September 6 , 2013 December 16 , 2013 Jeh Johnson New Jersey December 23 , 2013 January 20 , 2017 5 John F. Kelly Massachusetts January 20 , 2017 July 31 , 2017 Donald Trump -- Elaine Duke Ohio July 31 , 2017 December 6 , 2017 6 Kirstjen Nielsen Florida December 6 , 2017 Incumbent James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from February 1 , 2005 , to February 15 , 2005 . Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security ; Beers was the highest ranking Senate - approved presidential appointee at the Department of Homeland Security from September 6 , 2013 , to December 23 , 2013 . Elaine Duke served as acting secretary in her capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from July 31 , 2017 , to December 2017 . Living former Secretaries of Homeland Security ( edit ) See also : List of living former members of the United States Cabinet As of January 2018 , there are 5 living former Secretaries of Homeland Security , and 3 living former Acting Secretaries of Homeland Security the oldest being James Loy ( served February 1 , 2005 -- February 15 , 2005 , born 1942 ) Name Term Date of birth ( and age ) James Loy February 1 , 2005 -- February 15 ,", "3": "2005 ( 1942 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Rand Beers September 6 , 2013 -- December 16 , 2013 ( 1942 - 11 - 30 ) November 30 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Tom Ridge January 24 , 2003 -- February 1 , 2005 ( 1945 - 08 - 26 ) August 26 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Michael Chertoff February 15 , 2005 -- January 21 , 2009 ( 1953 - 11 - 28 ) November 28 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Janet Napolitano January 21 , 2009 -- September 6 , 2013 ( 1957 - 11 - 29 ) November 29 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Jeh Johnson December 23 , 2013 -- January 20 , 2017 ( 1957 - 09 - 11 ) September 11 , 1957 ( age 60 ) John F. Kelly January 20 , 2017 -- July 31 , 2017 ( 1950 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Elaine Duke July 31 , 2017 -- July 31 , 2017 ( 1958 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1958 ( age 59 ) Order of succession ( edit ) The order of succession for the Secretary of Homeland Security is as follows : Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Under Secretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Policy ( acting as Under Secretary - equivalent ) Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Science and Technology General Counsel of the Department of Homeland Security Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection Director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director of U.S.", "4": "Citizenship and Immigration Services Chief Financial Officer Regional Administrator , Region V , Federal Emergency Management Agency Regional Administrator , Region VI , Federal Emergency Management Agency Regional Administrator , Region VII , Federal Emergency Management Agency Regional Administrator , Region IX , Federal Emergency Management Agency Regional Administrator , Region I , Federal Emergency Management Agency Administration - cited potential nominees ( edit ) Bernard Kerik ( edit ) George W. Bush nominated Bernard Kerik for the position in 2004 . However a week later , Kerik withdrew his nomination , explaining that he had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny . Raymond Kelly ( edit ) By July 2013 , Raymond Kelly had served as Commissioner of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) for nearly 12 straight years . Within days of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano 's announcement that she was resigning , Kelly was soon cited as an obvious potential successor by New York Senator Charles Schumer and others . During a July 16 , 2013 , interview , President Obama referred generally to the `` bunch of strong candidates '' for nomination to head the Department of Homeland Security , but singled out Kelly as `` one of the best there is '' and `` very well qualified for the job '' . Later in July 2013 , the online internet news website / magazine Huffington Post detailed `` a growing campaign to quash the potential nomination of New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly as the next secretary of the Department of Homeland Security '' amid claims of `` divisive , harmful , and ineffective policing that promotes stereotypes and profiling '' . Days after that article , Kelly penned a statistics - heavy Wall Street Journal opinion article defending the NYPD 's programs , stating `` the average number of stops we conduct is less than one per officer per week '' and that this and other practices have led to `` 7,383 lives saved -- and ... they are largely the lives of young men of color . '' Kelly was also featured because of his NYPD retirement and unusually long tenure there in a long segment on the CBS News program Sunday Morning in December 2013 , especially raising the question of the controversial `` stop and frisk '' policy in New York City and the long decline and drop of various types of crimes committed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' .", "5": "LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ Homeland Security Act , Pub. L. 107 -- 296 Jump up ^ Murray , Shailagh ; Kane , Paul ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Picks Confirmed , But Clinton Is on Hold '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chertoff : Inauguration security forces ' ready ' - CNN.com Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms new homeland security secretary '' . bostonherald.com . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Jesse ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the woman set to lead Homeland Security '' . TheHill . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security '' . CBS News . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13442 : Amending the Order of Succession in the Department of Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Nina . `` Mystery Woman in Kerik Case : Nanny '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Names already popping as possible Janet Napolitano replacements '' , by Kevin Robillard and Scott Wong , Politico , July 12 , 2013 , retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama would consider Ray Kelly to replace Janet Napolitano '' , by Jennifer Epstein , Politico , July 16 , 2013 , retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims Oppose Raymond Kelly Bid For Homeland Security Secretary '' , by Omar Sacirbey , Huffington Post , August 1 , 2013 , retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Kelly : The NYPD : Guilty of Saving 7,383 Lives '' , by Ray Kelly , Opinion : The Wall Street Journal , July 22 , 2013 , retrieved August 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Current U.S.", "6": "order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by David Shulkin as Secretary of Veterans Affairs Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of Homeland Security Succeeded by John F. Kelly as White House Chief of Staff Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin 18th in line Last Current leadership of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Secretary : Elaine Duke ( Acting ) Deputy Secretary : Elaine Duke Chief of Staff for Operations : Jan Lesher Chief of Staff for Policy : Noah Kroloff Executive Secretary / Executive Director for Operations and Administration : Phil McNamara General Counsel : Ivan Fong Senior Military Advisor : Rear Admiral Charles Michel Under Secretary , Management Directorate : Claire Grady Deputy Under Secretary , Management Directorate : Shari Barbeau Chief Administrative Services Officer : Donald G. Bathurst Acting Chief Financial Officer : Peggy Sherry Chief Human Capital Officer : Jeff Neal Chief Information Officer : Richard Spires Acting Chief Procurement Officer : Thomas Essig Chief Security Officer : Jerry Williams Under Secretary , National Protection & Programs Directorate ( NPPD ) : Rand Beers Acting Assistant Secretary , Cyber Security and Communications : Rear Admiral Mike Brown Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Infrastructure Protection : James Snyder Under Secretary , Science & Technology Directorate ( S&T ) : Tara O'Toole Deputy Under Secretary , Science & Technology Directorate ( S&T ) : Bradley Buswell Acting Under Secretary , Office of Intelligence & Analysis ( I&A ) : Bart Johnson Assistant Secretary , Intergovernmental Affairs : Philip A. McNamara Assistant Secretary ( acting as Under Secretary - equivalent ) , Office of Policy ( PLCY ) : David Heyman Chairman , Homeland Security Advisory Council : William H. Webster Assistant Secretary , International Affairs : Alan Bersin Assistant Secretary , Policy Development : Arif Alikhan Assistant Secretary , Private Sector : Douglas A. Smith Deputy Assistant Secretary , Strategic Plans : Alan Cohn Assistant Secretary , State and Local Law Enforcement : Vacant Director , United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) : Lee Cissna Commandant , United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) : Admiral Robert J. Papp , Jr .", "7": "Commissioner , United States Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) : W. Ralph Basham Acting Assistant Secretary , United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) : John P. Torres Administrator , Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) : W. Craig Fugate Director , United States Secret Service : Mark J. Sullivan Assistant Secretary / Administrator , Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) : John Pistole Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman : Prakash I. Khatri Officer for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties : Daniel W. Sutherland Acting Director of the Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement : John Leech Acting Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : Chuck Galloway Director , Federal Law Enforcement Training Center ( FLTEC ) : Connie L. Patrick Acting Federal Coordinator , Recovery and Rebuilding of Gulf Coast Region : Paul Conway Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Health Affairs / Chief Medical Officer : Dr. Jon R. Kromher Inspector General : Richard L. Skinner Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Legislative Affairs : James Howe Director , Operations Coordination : Roger T. Rufe , Jr . ( USCG Ret ) Acting Chief Privacy Officer : John Kropf Assistant Secretary , Office of Public Affairs : William R. Knoche United States Secretaries of Homeland Security Ridge Chertoff Napolitano Johnson Kelly Nielsen Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Elaine Duke , Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke , Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Office of Health Affairs Office of Policy Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological", "8": "Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special", "9": "Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer :", "10": "A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security", "11": "Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency .", "12": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security&oldid=818783312 '' Categories : Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States Ministers of Internal Affairs by country Cabinet of the United States United States Secretaries of Homeland Security Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 15 : 26 . 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5009255319596563516	who has the most gold gloves at shortstop	[ "Ozzie Smith, known as \"the Wizard of Oz\"", "Ozzie Smith", "Ozzie Smith", "Ozzie Smith", "Ozzie Smith" ]	{ "0": "List of Gold Glove Award winners at shortstop - wikipedia List of Gold Glove Award winners at shortstop Jump to : navigation , search Ozzie Smith has won 13 Gold Glove Awards at shortstop , tying him for the third - highest total among winners at all positions . The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 and 2007 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé - tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Ozzie Smith , known as `` the Wizard of Oz '' , has won the most Gold Glove Awards at shortstop ; he captured 13 awards in his 19 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals . Omar Vizquel is second among shortstops with 11 wins ; he won two with the San Francisco Giants in the National League after winning nine with the Seattle Mariners and the Cleveland Indians in the American League . Luis Aparicio won nine times at shortstop for the third - highest total , followed by Mark Belanger with eight wins . Dave Concepción and Derek Jeter have won five awards ; four - time winners at shortstop include Tony Fernández and Alan Trammell . Hall of Famers who have won Gold Glove Awards at shortstop include Smith , Aparicio , Ernie Banks , Robin Yount , Barry Larkin and Cal Ripken , Jr. , whose 2,632 consecutive games played earned him his `` Iron Man '' nickname .", "1": "Vizquel made the fewest errors during a shortstop 's winning season , with three in 2000 ; his . 995 fielding percentage that season leads American League and major league shortstops , and his 2006 total of four errors is tied for the National League lead with Rey Ordóñez ( 1999 ) . Ordóñez ' . 994 fielding percentage in 1999 leads National Leaguers in that category . Aparicio leads winners in putouts , with 305 in 1960 ; Concepción ( 1976 ) and Smith ( 1983 ) are tied for the National League lead with 304 . Smith 's 621 assists are best among all shortstops , and Belanger ( 552 assists in 1974 ) is the American League leader . Gene Alley turned 128 double plays in 1966 to lead winners in that category ; Ripken leads American Leaguers , with 119 turned in 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 American League winners 3 National League winners 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Key ( edit ) Year Links to the corresponding Major League Baseball season PO Putout Assist Error DP Double play FPct Fielding percentage * or * * Winner of the most Gold Glove Awards at his position ( * * indicates tie ) † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum American League winners ( edit ) Omar Vizquel 1993 -- 2001 AL Gold Glove winner ( 2005 -- 2006 NL Gold Glove winner ) Derek Jeter ( 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 AL Gold Glove winner ) Michael Young ( 2008 AL Gold Glove winner ) Year Player Team PO DP FPct Ref 1957 McMillan , Roy Roy McMillan Cincinnati Redlegs ( NL ) 253 418 16 86 . 977 1958 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 289 463 21 90 .", "2": "973 1959 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 282 460 23 87 . 970 1960 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 305 551 18 117 . 979 1961 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 264 487 30 86 . 962 1962 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 280 452 20 102 . 973 1963 Versalles , Zoilo Zoilo Versalles Minnesota Twins 301 448 30 87 . 961 1964 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Baltimore Orioles 260 437 15 98 . 979 1965 Versalles , Zoilo Zoilo Versalles Minnesota Twins 248 487 39 105 . 950 1966 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Baltimore Orioles 303 441 17 104 . 978 1967 Fregosi , Jim Jim Fregosi California Angels 258 435 25 73 . 965 1968 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 269 535 19 92 . 977 1969 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 251 449 23 79 . 968 1970 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox 251 483 18 99 . 976 1971 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 280 443 16 77 . 978 1972 Brinkman , Ed Ed Brinkman Detroit Tigers 233 495 7 81 . 990 1973 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 241 530 23 100 .", "3": "971 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 243 552 13 100 . 984 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 259 508 17 105 . 978 1976 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 239 545 14 97 . 982 1977 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 244 417 10 82 . 985 1978 Belanger , Mark Mark Belanger Baltimore Orioles 184 409 9 76 . 985 1979 Burleson , Rick Rick Burleson Boston Red Sox 272 523 16 109 . 980 1980 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers 225 412 13 89 . 980 1981 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers 181 347 9 65 . 983 1982 Yount , Robin Robin Yount Milwaukee Brewers 253 489 24 95 . 969 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers 236 367 13 71 . 979 1984 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers 180 314 10 71 . 980 1985 Griffin , Alfredo Alfredo Griffin Oakland Athletics 278 440 30 87 . 960 1986 Fernandez , Tony Tony Fernández Toronto Blue Jays 294 445 13 103 . 983 Fernandez , Tony Tony Fernández Toronto Blue Jays 270 396 14 88 . 979 1988 Fernandez , Tony Tony Fernández Toronto Blue Jays 247 470 14 106 . 981 1989 Fernandez , Tony Tony Fernández Toronto Blue Jays 260 475 6 93 .", "4": "992 1990 Guillen , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén Chicago White Sox 252 474 17 100 . 977 1991 Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles 267 528 11 114 . 986 1992 Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles 287 445 12 119 . 984 1993 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Seattle Mariners 245 475 15 108 . 980 1994 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 113 204 6 54 . 981 1995 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 210 405 9 84 . 986 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 226 447 20 91 . 971 1997 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 245 429 10 98 . 985 1998 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 273 442 5 94 . 993 1999 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 221 396 15 88 . 976 2000 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 231 416 99 . 995 2001 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel Cleveland Indians 219 414 7 88 . 989 2002 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 259 472 10 108 . 987 2003 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 227 464 8 111 . 989 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees 273 392 13 96 .", "5": "981 2005 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees 262 454 15 96 . 979 2006 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees 214 381 15 81 . 975 2007 Cabrera , Orlando Orlando Cabrera Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 239 415 11 104 . 983 2008 Young , Michael Michael Young Texas Rangers 193 465 11 113 . 984 2009 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees 206 340 8 75 . 986 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees 182 365 6 94 . 989 2011 Aybar , Erick Erick Aybar Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 240 406 13 102 . 980 2012 Hardy , J.J. J.J. Hardy Baltimore Orioles 244 529 6 113 . 992 2013 Hardy , J.J. J.J. Hardy Baltimore Orioles 230 403 12 108 . 981 2014 Hardy , J.J. J.J. Hardy Baltimore Orioles 187 394 13 99 . 978 2015 Escobar , Alcides Alcides Escobar Kansas City Royals 217 417 13 80 . 980 2016 Lindor , Francisco Francisco Lindor Cleveland Indians 215 447 12 83 . 982 2017 Simmons , Andrelton Andrelton Simmons Los Angeles Angels 235 436 14 99 .", "6": "980 National League winners ( edit ) Troy Tulowitzki ( 2010 - 2011 NL Gold Glove winner ) Jimmy Rollins ( 2007 -- 2009 , 2012 NL Gold Glove winner ) Year Player Team PO DP FPct Ref 1957 McMillan , Roy Roy McMillan Cincinnati Redlegs 253 418 16 86 . 977 1958 McMillan , Roy Roy McMillan Cincinnati Redlegs 278 394 14 81 . 980 1959 McMillan , Roy Roy McMillan Cincinnati Redlegs 163 205 10 50 . 974 1960 Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks Chicago Cubs 283 488 18 94 . 977 1961 Wills , Maury Maury Wills Los Angeles Dodgers 253 428 29 104 . 959 1962 Wills , Maury Maury Wills Los Angeles Dodgers 295 493 36 86 . 956 1963 Wine , Bobby Bobby Wine Philadelphia Phillies 220 359 17 73 . 971 1964 Amaro , Ruben Rubén Amaro , Sr . Philadelphia Phillies 141 191 10 44 . 971 1965 Cardenas , Leo Leo Cárdenas Cincinnati Reds 292 440 19 92 . 975 1966 Alley , Gene Gene Alley Pittsburgh Pirates 235 472 15 128 . 979 1967 Alley , Gene Gene Alley Pittsburgh Pirates 257 500 26 105 . 967 1968 Maxvill , Dal Dal Maxvill St. Louis Cardinals 232 458 22 81 . 969 1969 Kessinger , Don Don Kessinger Chicago Cubs 266 542 20 101 .", "7": "976 1970 Kessinger , Don Don Kessinger Chicago Cubs 257 501 22 86 . 972 1971 Harrelson , Bud Bud Harrelson New York Mets 257 441 16 86 . 978 1972 Bowa , Larry Larry Bowa Philadelphia Phillies 212 494 9 88 . 987 1973 Metzger , Roger Roger Metzger Houston Astros 231 429 12 83 . 982 Concepcion , Dave Dave Concepción Cincinnati Reds 239 536 30 99 . 963 Concepcion , Dave Dave Concepción Cincinnati Reds 238 445 16 102 . 977 1976 Concepcion , Dave Dave Concepción Cincinnati Reds 304 506 27 93 . 968 1977 Concepcion , Dave Dave Concepción Cincinnati Reds 280 490 11 101 . 986 1978 Bowa , Larry Larry Bowa Philadelphia Phillies 224 502 10 87 . 986 1979 Concepcion , Dave Dave Concepción Cincinnati Reds 284 495 27 102 . 967 1980 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * San Diego Padres 288 621 24 113 . 974 1981 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * San Diego Padres 220 422 16 72 . 976 1982 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 279 535 13 101 . 984 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 304 519 21 100 . 975 1984 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 233 437 12 94 .", "8": "982 1985 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 264 549 14 111 . 983 1986 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 229 453 15 96 . 978 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 245 516 10 111 . 987 1988 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 234 519 22 79 . 972 1989 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 209 483 17 73 . 976 1990 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 212 378 12 66 . 980 1991 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 244 387 8 79 . 987 1992 Smith , Ozzie Ozzie Smith * St. Louis Cardinals 232 420 10 82 . 985 1993 Bell , Jay Jay Bell Pittsburgh Pirates 256 527 11 100 . 986 1994 Larkin , Barry Barry Larkin Cincinnati Reds 178 312 10 62 . 980 1995 Larkin , Barry Barry Larkin Cincinnati Reds 192 341 11 72 . 980 Larkin , Barry Barry Larkin Cincinnati Reds 230 426 17 80 . 975 1997 Ordonez , Rey Rey Ordóñez New York Mets 171 355 9 71 . 983 1998 Ordonez , Rey Rey Ordóñez New York Mets 265 401 17 82 .", "9": "975 1999 Ordonez , Rey Rey Ordóñez New York Mets 220 416 91 . 994 2000 Perez , Neifi Neifi Pérez Colorado Rockies 288 524 18 120 . 978 2001 Cabrera , Orlando Orlando Cabrera Montréal Expos 246 515 11 106 . 986 2002 Renteria , Edgar Edgar Rentería St. Louis Cardinals 202 410 19 72 . 970 2003 Renteria , Edgar Edgar Rentería St. Louis Cardinals 191 439 16 83 . 975 Izturis , Cesar César Izturis Los Angeles Dodgers 234 430 10 96 . 985 2005 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel San Francisco Giants 234 426 8 80 . 988 2006 Vizquel , Omar Omar Vizquel San Francisco Giants 205 389 86 . 993 2007 Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies 227 479 11 110 . 985 2008 Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies 193 393 7 71 . 988 2009 Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies 212 389 6 72 . 990 Tulowitzki , Troy Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies 211 388 10 103 . 984 2011 Tulowitzki , Troy Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies 261 417 6 98 . 991 2012 Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies 204 377 13 74 . 978 2013 Simmons , Andrelton Andrelton Simmons Atlanta Braves 240 499 14 94 .", "10": "981 2014 Simmons , Andrelton Andrelton Simmons Atlanta Braves 217 411 14 99 . 978 2015 Crawford , Brandon Brandon Crawford San Francisco Giants 191 427 13 89 . 979 2016 Crawford , Brandon Brandon Crawford San Francisco Giants 209 413 11 90 . 983 2017 Crawford , Brandon Brandon Crawford San Francisco Giants 221 374 11 85 . 982 Footnotes ( edit ) In 1957 , Gold Gloves were given to the top fielders in Major League Baseball , instead of separate awards for the National and American Leagues ; therefore , the winners are the same in each table . See also ( edit ) Gold Glove middle infield duos References ( edit ) General `` MLB Awards ( Gold Glove Winners ) '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Inline citations ^ Jump up to : `` A-Rod breaks Vizquel 's streak ; AL West earns eight of nine '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . November 13 , 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rawlings to Unveil Ballot '' . Rawlings . February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Members of the original 1957 Rawlings Gold Glove Team : Willie Mays , CF ( New York Giants ) ; Al Kaline , RF ( Detroit Tigers ) ; Minnie Minoso , LF ( Chicago White Sox ) ; Frank Malzone , 3B ( Boston Red Sox ) ; Nellie Fox , 2B ( Chicago White Sox ) ; Gil Hodges , 1B ( Dodgers ) ; Roy McMillan , SS ( Cincinnati Reds ) ; Sherm Lollar C ( Chicago White Sox ) ; and Bobby Shantz , P ( New York Yankees ) . Jump up ^ `` About the Award '' . Rawlings . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National League Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC .", "11": "Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American League Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozzie Smith Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omar Vizquel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Aparicio Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Belanger Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Concepcion Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Fernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Trammell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ernie Banks Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Yount Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cal Ripken Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rey Ordonez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Alley Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 .", "12": "^ Jump up to : `` 1957 Cincinnati Redlegs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 California Angels Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "13": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "14": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Boston Red Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Milwaukee Brewers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Oakland Athletics Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Toronto Blue Jays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Toronto Blue Jays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Toronto Blue Jays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Toronto Blue Jays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "15": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Seattle Mariners Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "16": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Texas Rangers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Texas Rangers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Texas Rangers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' .", "17": "Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Kansas City Royals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Angels Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Cincinnati Redlegs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Cincinnati Redlegs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Pittsburgh Pirates Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Pittsburgh Pirates Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 New York Mets Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` 1973 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 San Diego Padres Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 San Diego Padres Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "20": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Pittsburgh Pirates Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` 1994 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 New York Mets Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 New York Mets Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 New York Mets Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Colorado Rockies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Montreal Expos Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com .", "22": "Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Colorado Rockies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Colorado Rockies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Philadelphia Phillies Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Atlanta Braves Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Atlanta Braves Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 San Francisco Giants Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` 2016 San Francisco Giants Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Francisco Giants Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Rawlings Gold Glove Award Website ( hide ) Rawlings Gold Glove Award First basemen Second basemen Third basemen Shortstops Outfielders Catchers Pitchers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_shortstop&oldid=814796324 '' Categories : Gold Glove Award Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7785057168624776860	who wore number 7 for the green bay packers	[ "Don Majkowski", "Don Majkowski", "Quarterback Don Majkowski", "Quarterback Don Majkowski", "Don Majkowski" ]	{ "0": "List of Green Bay Packers retired Numbers - wikipedia List of Green Bay Packers retired Numbers Jump to : navigation , search Lambeau Field 's north end zone with the five retired numbers in 2008 The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in the National Football League . Since their founding 99 years ago in 1919 , six players have had their uniform numbers officially retired . All six are also members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Retired numbers 2 Possible additions 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Retired numbers ( edit ) No . Player Name Position Seasons with franchise Year number retired References Canadeo , Tony Tony Canadeo Halfback 1941 -- 44 1946 -- 52 1952 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Quarterback 1992 -- 2007 2015 Hutson , Don Don Hutson Wide receiver 1935 -- 45 1951 Starr , Bart Bart Starr Quarterback 1956 -- 71 1973 Nitschke , Ray Ray Nitschke Linebacker 1958 -- 72 White , Reggie Reggie White Defensive end 1993 -- 98 2007 Tony Canadeo Brett Favre Don Hutson Bart Starr Ray Nitschke Reggie White ( right foreground ) Possible additions ( edit ) Curly Lambeau in 1940 as coach of the Packers Curly Lambeau 's No. 1 Founder , coach and player Curly Lambeau is the only Packer credited with wearing jersey number 1 . It has yet to be retired . Paul Hornung 's No. 5 was unofficially retired at the Packers ' annual press party on July 10 , 1967 , although there has not been a ceremony to put his number on the wall of retired numbers at Lambeau Field . In the 2013 training camp pre-season games , jersey No. 1 has been worn by rookie wide receiver Alex Gillett , and No. 5 by rookie wide receiver Omarius Hines . Quarterback Don Majkowski wore No.", "1": "5 his rookie season ( 1987 ) before switching to No. 7 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1961 , kicker Ben Agajanian , who played only three games for the Packers , wore Canadeo 's No. 3 after being assigned it by mistake . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Team Page - NFL.com '' . NFL . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers - Packers.com '' . Green Bay Packers . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Famers by Team '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Canadeo - Class of 1974 '' . packers.com . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Jason . `` Retired Numbers Added To Lambeau Field '' . Packers.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christl , Cliff . `` No. 5 should hang on Lambeau wall '' . jsonline.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 2003 ) . Packers by the Numbers : Jersey Numbers and the Players who Wore Them ( illustrated ed . ) . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1879483904 . External links ( edit ) Johnson , Chuck ( November 16 , 1973 ) . Packers Play Confusing Numbers Game The Milwaukee Journal . p. 14 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc .", "2": "Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 )", "3": "1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961", "4": "1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers retired numbers 3 Tony Canadeo 4 Brett Favre 14 Don Hutson 15 Bart Starr 66 Ray Nitschke 92 Reggie White Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_retired_numbers&oldid=799156539 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers players Green Bay Packers lists Lists of National Football League retired numbers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 00 : 21 . About Wikipedia", "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 3, 0, 1, 4 ]	[ 0, 2, 3, 1, 4 ]
-908463397631188227	how long did the democrats control the house and senate	[ "57 yrs", "57 yrs", "57 yrs", "35 yrs" ]	{ "0": "Political Power in the United States over time - Wikipedia Political Power in the United States over time Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 Control of United States Congress 2 Dominant Party 3 Party Control of Congress 3.1 Senate Control by Party Past 100 Years 3.2 House Control by Party Past 100 Years 3.3 Senate and House Control by Party Past 100 Years 3.4 Full Congress and White House Control by Party Past 100 Years 4 Party Control of White House 5 See also 6 References Control of United States Congress ( edit ) Since 1855 the United States Congress has been dominated by a two party system comprised on one side by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party on the other . While other political parties over time have and may still exist , no other parties have possessed the support , organization and historical legacy these two parties do . Parts of this article ( those related to article ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2016 ) Senate House of Representatives Control of the U.S. Senate : 1855 - 2010 Control of the U.S. House : 1855 - 2010 Dominant Party ( edit ) Over the past 100 years the Democratic party has held power nearly twice as long as the Republicans in both the Senate and the House . And the Democratic party has had control of the White House and the two Houses of Congress for 35 years , compared to 16 years for the Republican party over the last 100 years Party control of Congress ( edit ) Note : The following statistics consider 2001 as a year in which the Democrats controlled the Senate , although they did not control it for the entire year . Senate control by party past 100 years ( edit ) The following statistics reflect the years each political party has controlled a majority in the Senate over the past 100 years ( 1916 -- 2015 ) .", "1": "Party Years in Control Democrats : 66 yrs Republicans : 34 House control by party past 100 years ( edit ) The following statistics reflect the years each political party has controlled a majority in the House of Representatives over the past 100 years ( 1916 -- 2015 ) . Party Years in Control Democrats : 65 yrs Republicans : 35 yrs Senate and House control by party past 100 years ( edit ) The following statistics reflect the years each political party has control a majority in both the Senate and House of Representatives concurrently over the past 100 years ( 1916 -- 2015 ) . Party Years in Control Democrats : 57 yrs Republicans : 27 yrs Neither Party : 16 yrs Full Congress and White House control by party past 100 years ( edit ) The following statistics reflect the years each political party has controlled a majority across both the Senate and House of Representatives and White House concurrently over the past 100 years ( 1916 -- 2015 ) . Party Years in Control Democrats : 35 yrs Republicans : 16 yrs Neither Party : 0 yrs Party Control of White House ( edit ) Party Years in Control Democrats : 52 yrs Republicans : 48 yrs See also ( edit ) List of political parties in the United States Divided government in the United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Political party strength in U.S. states References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 -- '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 .", "2": "Jump up ^ oireachtas.ie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_power_in_the_United_States_over_time&oldid=832714757 '' Categories : Politics of the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 16 : 13 . 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-7344570058818349307	who can be called a man of god	[ "prophets", "beloved religious leaders", "prophets", "beloved religious leaders", "prophets", "beloved religious leaders" ]	{ "0": "Man of God - wikipedia Man of God Jump to : navigation , search For the 2005 film , see Man of God ( film ) . Elisha watches Elijah ascend to heaven ( by Gustave Doré ) Man of God is a biblical title of respect applied to prophets and beloved religious leaders . The term appears 78 times in 72 verses of the Bible , in application to up to 13 individuals : Moses ( Deuteronomy 33 : 1 ; Josh . 14 : 6 ; Ps. 90 : 1 ; Ezra 3 : 2 ; 1 Chron. 23 : 14 ; 2 Chron. 30 : 16 ) Moses is the only person called `` man of God '' in the Torah . The angel of the Lord who appeared to Samson 's mother ( Judges 13 : 6 , 8 ) whom she may have taken to be a prophet ( Leviticus Rabbah 1 : 1 ) The man who chastised the Priest Eli ( 1 Sam . 2 : 27 ) whom Sifre identifies as Samuel 's father Elkanah ( Sifre to Deut. 342 : 4 ) Samuel ( 1 Sam . 9 : 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 ) David ( Neh. 12 : 24 , 36 ; 2 Chron. 8 : 14 ) Shemaiah ( 1 Kings 12 : 22 ; 2 Chron.", "1": "11 : 2 ) The man from Judah who cried out against King Jeroboam of Israel ( 1 Kings 13 : 1 ( twice ) , 4 , 5 , 6 ( twice ) , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 ( twice ) , 21 , 26 , 29 , 31 ) , whose tomb King Josiah protected and preserved when he destroyed the idolatrous tombs in Bethel ( 2 Kings 23 : 16 , 17 ) and whom some rabbis identify as Iddo ( Sifre to Deuteronomy 342 : 4 ; Pesikta de-Rav Kahana 2 : 85 ; Zohar 2 : 64a ) Elijah ( 1 Kings 17 : 18 , 24 ; 2 Kings 1 : 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) The man who told King Ahab of Israel that Israel could defeat the Arameans ( 1 Kings 20 : 28 ) whom Sifre identifies as Micah ( Sifre to Deut. 342 : 4 ) , but who from context might also be Elijah Elisha ( 2 Kings 4 : 7 , 9 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 27 ( twice ) , 40 , 42 ; 5 : 8 , 14 , 15 , 20 ; 6 : 6 , 9 , 10 , 15 ; 7 : 2 , 17 , 18 , 19 ; 8 : 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 19 ) Hanan son of Igdaliah ( Jer. 35 : 4 ) The man who warned King Amaziah of Judah not to go to war ( 2 Chronicles 25 : 7 , 9 ( twice ) ) , whom some rabbis identify as Amoz ( Sifre to Deut.", "2": "342 : 4 ; Seder Olam Rabbah 20 ) Saint Timothy ( 1 Timothy 6 : 11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_God&oldid=825254901 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible words and phrases New Testament words and phrases Talk About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 10 : 04 . About Wikipedia", "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 2 ]	[ 0, 1, 2 ]
-5255735265739582707	a system of fortifications along france's border	[ "Maginot Line", "The Maginot Line", "The Maginot Line" ]	{ "0": "Maginot line - wikipedia Maginot line Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maginot Line Ligne Maginot Eastern France The entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg along the Maginot Line in Alsace Type Defensive line Site information Controlled by France Open to the public Yes Condition Mostly intact , through the preservation of the French Government Site history Built 1929 -- 1938 Built by Paul Painlevé , Colonel Tricaud Named after André Maginot ( French Minister of War , 1915 -- 1920s ) In use 1935 -- 1969 Materials Concrete , steel , iron Battles / wars World War II Battle of France ( 1940 ) Operation Nordwind ( 1945 ) The Maginot Line ( French : Ligne Maginot , IPA : ( liɲ maʒino ) ) , named after the French Minister of War André Maginot , was a line of concrete fortifications , obstacles , and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications . Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy , Switzerland , Germany , and Luxembourg , the line did not extend to the English Channel due to French strategy that envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault . Based on France 's experience with trench warfare during World War I , the massive Maginot Line was built in the run - up to World War II , after the Locarno Conference gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic `` Locarno spirit '' . French military experts extolled the Line as a work of genius that would deter German aggression , because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack .", "1": "The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack , including aerial bombings and tank fire , and had underground railways as a backup ; it also had state - of - the - art living conditions for garrisoned troops , supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort . Instead of attacking directly , the Germans invaded through the Low Countries , bypassing the Line to the north . French and British officers had anticipated this : when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium , they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line . However , the French line was weak near the Ardennes forest , a region whose rough terrain they considered unlikely for the Germans to traverse . The German Army took advantage of this weak point to split the French -- British defensive front . The Allied forces to the north were forced to evacuate at Dunkirk , leaving the forces to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France . The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purposes 2 Planning and construction 2.1 1927 : Allied Control Commission abolished 2.2 German economic superiority 2.3 War of long duration 3 Manning 4 Organization 5 Inventory 5.1 Ouvrages 5.2 Armoured cloches 5.3 Retractable turrets 5.4 Artillery 5.5 Anti-tank guns 6 Features 6.1 Czechoslovak connection 7 German invasion in World War II 8 After World War II 9 Post-war assessment 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Purposes ( edit ) The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes : To prevent a surprise German attack , and to deter a cross-border assault .", "2": "To protect Alsace and Lorraine ( returned to France in 1918 ) and their industrial basin To save manpower ( France counted 39 million inhabitants , Germany 70 million ) To cover the mobilisation of the French Army ( which took between two and three weeks ) To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium , and allow France to fight the next war off of French soil to avoid a repeat of 1914 - 18 . To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive Planning and construction ( edit ) The Maginot Line The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joffre . He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle , who favoured investment in armour and aircraft . Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain , and there were a number of reports and commissions organised by the government . It was André Maginot who finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme . Maginot was another veteran of World War I ; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War ( 1928 -- 1932 ) . In January 1923 , after Germany defaulted on reparations , the French Premier Raymond Poincaré responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany 's Ruhr region . During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ( `` Ruhr struggle '' ) between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923 , Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr , and a period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain , with Poincaré being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands . The British -- who openly championed the German position on reparations -- applied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany . At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco - German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf , the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier Édouard Herriot to make concessions to Germany .", "3": "The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps who attended the conference commented afterwards that : The London Conference was for the French ' man in the street ' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission , the right of sanctions in the event of German default , the economic occupation of the Ruhr , the French - Belgian railroad Régie , and finally , the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year . The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic . Beyond that , the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its Dominions to the victory of 1918 , and French decision - makers believed that they needed Britain 's help to win another war ; the French could only go so far with alienating the British . From 1871 onwards , French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own , and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich . 1927 : Allied Control Commission abolished ( edit ) In 1927 , the Allied Control Commission , which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles , was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the `` Spirit of Locarno '' . When the Control Commission was dissolved , the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement , stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s . Under the Treaty of Versailles France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935 , but in fact the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan .", "4": "As long as the Rhineland was occupied by the French , the Rhineland served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty , such as rearming in violation of Part V ; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V. French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich , the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr . A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincaré in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic , as Versailles had forbidden Germany conscription , and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men . Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930 , this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris , which from then on had to depend on Berlin 's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties , which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarized forever . Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 ( a fact that become public knowledge in 1926 ) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles , claiming it was based upon the so - called Kriegsschuldlüge ( `` War guilt lie '' ) that Germany started the war in 1914 , the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland 's demilitarized status to continue forever , and believed that at some time in the future Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles , reintroduce conscription and remilitarize the Rhineland . The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral Germany was soon going to rearm , and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan .", "5": "German economic superiority ( edit ) After 1918 , the German economy was three times as large as that of France ; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France 's 40 million and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I , while German territory had seen little fighting . French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own , especially an offensive war . French decision - makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own . With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the `` continental commitment '' to defend France on the same scale as in World War I , the prospects of Anglo - American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best . Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of Germany remilitarizing the Rhineland or breaking Part V ; while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a `` flagrant violation '' of the Rhineland 's demilitarized status , without defining what a `` flagrant violation '' would be . The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define `` flagrant violation '' , which led the French to place little hope in Anglo - Italian help if Germany should remilitarize the Rhineland . Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s , the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst - case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany , without the help of Britain or the United States . France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire , as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known . Although the alliances with Belgium , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris , it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States . The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of maneuver and swift advances suicidal as there would always be far more German divisions ; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany .", "6": "The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription , which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich 's numerical superiority . Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine river , French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it . The power of properly dug - in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I , when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower . The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends , the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid , building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930 . Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War , and their effect on the French population . The drop in the birth rate during and after the war , resulting in a national shortage of young men , created an `` echo '' effect in the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s . Faced with a manpower shortage , French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists , who would take longer to mobilize and would diminish French industry because they would leave their jobs . Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces . In 1940 , France deployed about twice as many men , 36 divisions ( roughly one third of its force ) , for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine , whereas the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions , fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France . Reflecting memories of World War I , the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ( `` the power of fire '' ) , the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel , to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force .", "7": "War of long duration ( edit ) Map of the principal fortified section of the Maginot Line French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue durée ( the war of the long duration ) , in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down . The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg ( Lightning War ) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knock - out blow , was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue durée . Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy ( making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade ) and the ability to feed its population . The guerre de longue durée strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory ; afterwards , there would be an attrition struggle ; once the Germans were exhausted France would begin an offensive to win the war . The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come in eastern France and to divert the main blow through Belgium , where French forces would meet and stop the Germans . The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives , whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich , while the French waged a total war with the resources of France , its empire and allies mobilized for the war . Besides the demographic reasons , a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain . The French imported a third of their coal from Britain and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships . Of French trade , 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin , rubber , jute , wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire . About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais , Le Havre , Cherbourg , Boulogne , Dieppe , Saint - Malo and Dunkirk . Germany had to import most of its iron , rubber , oil , bauxite , copper and nickel , making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy .", "8": "For economic reasons , the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue durée would at very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality , preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers . A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only to go to war in the event of German aggression , a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France 's side . The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Génie ( STG ) overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées ( CORF ) . The main construction was largely completed by 1939 , at a cost of around 3 billion French francs . The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934 . The original construction did not cover the area chosen by the Germans for their first challenge , which was through the Ardennes in 1940 , a plan known as Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) , due to the neutrality of Belgium . The location of this attack , because of the Maginot Line , was through the Belgian Ardennes forest ( sector 4 ) , which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 ( as marked ) . Manning ( edit ) Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry , artillery and engineers . The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses , and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary . Artillery troops operated the heavy guns and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment , including all communications systems . All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army . During peacetime , fortresses were only partly manned by full - time troops . They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area , and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency . Full - time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close by the fortresses .", "9": "They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortresses , which were more comfortable than living inside , but which were not expected to survive wartime bombardment . Training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche , built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises . This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas . Organization ( edit ) Block 14 at Ouvrage Hochwald in 1940 Side view diagram of the operation of a retractable turret : 75 mm gun of block 3 in Ouvrage Schoenenbourg Casemate of Dambach Nord , Fortified Sector of the Vosges , Sub-sector of Philippsbourg Layout of Ouvrage Hackenberg , one of the largest fortress complexes Although the name `` Maginot Line '' suggests a rather thin linear fortification , it was quite deep , varying ( from the German border to the rear area ) from 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 miles ) . It was composed of an intricate system of strong points , fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts , communications centres , infantry shelters , barricades , artillery , machine gun and anti-tank gun emplacements , supply depots , infrastructure facilities and observation posts . These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages , which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works . From front to rear , ( east to west ) the line was composed of : 1 . Border Post line : This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses , which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes , built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops so as to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades . 2 . Outpost and Support Point line : Approximately 5 km ( 3 mi ) behind the border , a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault , sufficient to delay the enemy so as to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations . These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line . 3 . Principal line of resistance : This line began 10 km ( 6 mi ) behind the border .", "10": "It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows , with heights varying from 0.70 -- 1.40 metres ( 2 ft 4 in -- 4 ft 7 in ) and buried to a depth of 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works , over hundreds of kilometers , interrupted only by extremely dense forests , rivers , or other nearly impassable terrain . The anti-tank obstacle system was followed by an anti-personnel obstacle system made primarily of dense barbed wire . Anti-tank road barriers also made it possible to block roads at necessary points of passage through the tank obstacles . 4 . Infantry Casemates : These bunkers were armed with twin machine - guns ( abbreviated as JM -- Jumelage de mitrailleuses -- in French ) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47 mm ( 1.5 or 1.9 in ) . They could be single ( with a firing room in one direction ) or double ( two firing rooms , in opposite directions ) . These generally had two floors , with a firing level and a support / infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services ( power generating units , reserves of water , fuel , food , ventilation equipment , etc . ) . The infantry casemates often had one or two `` cloches '' or turrets located on top of them . These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes . They were manned by 20 to 30 men . 5 . Petits ouvrages : These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers . The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers , connected by an underground tunnel network with attached underground facilities , such as barracks , electric generators , ventilation systems , mess halls , infirmaries and supply caches . Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men . 6 . Gros Ouvrages : These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line , having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery .", "11": "These were composed of at least six `` forward bunker systems '' or `` combat blocks '' , as well as two entrances , and were connected via a network of underground tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems . The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations , independent ventilating systems , barracks and mess halls , kitchens , water storage and distribution systems , hoists , ammunition stores , workshops and stores of spare parts and food . Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men . Blockhouse MOM ( Main d'Oeuvre Militaire ) de Richtolsheim -- Secteur Fortifié de Colmar -- Sous secteur de Hilsenheim 7 . Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area . Their purpose was to locate the enemy and direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery as well as to report on the progress and position of key enemy units . These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers , equipped with armoured turrets containing high - precision optics , connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters ( known in French by the acronym T.S.F. , Télégraphie Sans Fils ) . 8 . Telephone Network : This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line , including bunkers , infantry and artillery fortresses , observation posts and shelters . Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications , providing redundancy in the event of a wire getting cut . There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network . 9 . Infantry Reserve Shelters : These were found from 500 -- 1,000 m ( 1,600 -- 3,300 ft ) behind the principal line of resistance . These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry ( 200 to 250 men ) and had such features as electric generators , ventilation systems , water supplies , kitchens and heating , which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack . They could also be used as a local headquarters and as a base for counter-attacks . Anti-tank rails around casemate 9 of the Hochwald ditch 10 . Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive . 11 .", "12": "Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress ( ouvrage ) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime . 12 . Supply depots . 13 . Ammunition dumps . 14 . Narrow Gauge Railway System : A network of 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 ⁄ in ) narrow gauge railways was built so as to rearm and resupply the main fortresses ( ouvrages ) from supply depots up to 50 km ( 31 mi ) away . Petrol - engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow - gauge lines . ( A similar system was developed with armored steam engines back in 1914 -- 1918 . ) 15 . High - voltage Transmission Lines , initially above - ground but then buried , and connected to the civil power grid , provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses . 16 . Heavy rail artillery was hauled in by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery located in the fortresses , which was intentionally limited in range to 10 -- 12 km ( 6 -- 7 mi ) . Inventory ( edit ) Ouvrages ( edit ) There are 142 ouvrages , 352 casemates , 78 shelters , 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line . Armoured cloches ( edit ) There are several kinds of armoured cloches . The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape . All cloches were made in an alloy steel . Cloches are non-retractable turrets . The most widespread are the GFM cloches , where GFM means Guetteur fusil - mitrailleur ( machine - gun sentry ) . They are composed of three to four openings , called crenels or embrasures . These crenels may be equipped as follows : Rifle machine - gun , direct vision block , binoculars block or 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) mortar . Sometimes , the cloche is topped by a periscope . There are 1,118 GFM cloches on the line .", "13": "Almost every block , casemate and shelter is topped by one or two GFM cloches . The JM cloches ( jumelage de mitrailleuses or `` twin machine - guns '' ) are the same as the GFM cloches except that they have one opening equipped with a pair of machine - guns . There are 174 JM cloches on the line . There are 72 AM cloches ( armes mixtes or `` mixed weapons '' ) on the line , equipped with a pair of machine guns and a 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) anti-tank gun . Some GFM cloches were transformed into AM cloches in 1934 . ( The aforementioned total does not include these modified cloches . ) There are 75 LG cloches ( lance - grenade or `` grenade launcher '' ) on the line . Those cloches are almost completely covered by concrete , with only a small hole to launch grenades through for local defence . There are 20 VP cloches ( vision périscopique or `` periscopic vision '' ) on the line . These cloches could be equipped with several different periscopes . Like the LG cloches , they were almost completely covered by concrete . The VDP cloches ( vision directe et périscopique or `` direct and periscopic vision '' ) are similar to the VP cloches , but have two or three openings to provide a direct view . Consequently , they were not covered by concrete . GFM cloche JM cloche AM cloche LG cloche VP cloche VDP cloche Retractable turrets ( edit ) The line included the following retractable turrets .", "14": "21 turrets of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1933 12 turrets of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1932 1 turret of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1905 17 turrets of 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) 21 turrets of 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) 12 turrets for mixed weapons ( AM ) 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) 61 turrets of machine - guns 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) Turret model 1932 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) Turret 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) Turret Machine - gun Turret AM ( Mixed - Weapons ) Turret Artillery ( edit ) Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line . Régiments d ' artillerie de position ( RAP ) consisted of static artillery units . Régiments d ' artillerie mobile de forteresse ( RAMF ) consisted of mobile artillery . Anti-tank guns ( edit ) Canon de 25mm SA Mle1934 SA - L Mle1937 ( Puteaux ) L / 72 Features ( edit ) 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) mortar The specification of the defenses was very high , with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men ; there were 45 main forts ( grands ouvrages ) at intervals of 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) , 97 smaller forts ( petits ouvrages ) and 352 casemates between , with over 100 km ( 62 mi ) of tunnels . Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm . The largest guns were therefore 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) fortress guns ; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines .", "15": "The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest ( which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander - in - Chief Maurice Gamelin ) or along France 's border with Belgium , because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920 , by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded . However , after France had failed to counter Germany 's remilitarisation of the Rhineland , Belgium -- thinking that France was not a reliable ally -- abrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality . France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco - Belgian border , but not to the standard of the rest of the line . As the water table in this region is high , there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded , which the designers of the line knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome . In 1939 US Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector , where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium . In discussion with General Brousseau the commander of the Metz sector and other officers , the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian - German border required the agreement of Belgium , but putting the line along the French - Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans . Another complication was Holland , and the various governments never resolved their problems . Corridor inside the Fort Saint - Gobain near Modane in the Alps . The Decauville When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939 , they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 -- 1940 accompanied by general improvements all along the line . The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz , Lauter and Alsace , while other areas were in comparison only weakly guarded . In contrast , the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was ; illustrations showed multiple stories of interwoven passages and even underground railyards and cinemas . This reassured Allied civilians . Czechoslovak connection ( edit ) Czechoslovakia was also in fear of Hitler and began building its own defenses .", "16": "As an ally of France , they were able to get advice on the Maginot design and apply it to Czechoslovak border fortifications . The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts . Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications ( the Belgian Fort Eben - Emael is the best known example ) . German invasion in World war II ( edit ) Battle of France Battle of France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Saumur Maginot Line Weygand Plan Montcornet Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Wormhoudt Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula Alps Fall Rot Cycle Ariel Fall Braun Battle of the Netherlands Maastricht The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Battle of Belgium Fort Eben - Emael KW Line Dyle Plan Hannut Gembloux Canal Lys Invasion of Luxembourg Schuster Line Combat block 1 at the fortress Limeiln ( ouvrage Four - à - Chaux , Alsace ) , showing signs of German testing of explosives inside some fortresses between 1942 and 1944 The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 ( Sichelschnitt ) was designed to deal with the line . A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands , as well as through the Ardennes Forest , which lay north of the main French defences . Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Attacking on 10 May , German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May , when they stopped near Dunkirk .", "17": "During the advance to the English Channel , the Germans overran France 's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area , whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it . On 19 May , the German 16th Army successfully captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Ferté ( southeast of Sedan ) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery . The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action . On 14 June 1940 , the day Paris fell , the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in `` Operation Tiger '' and attacked the Maginot Line between St. Avold and Saarbrücken . The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward . In the following days , infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration ; successfully capturing four petits ouvrages . The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace . One attack successfully broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains , but a second attack was stopped by the French defenders near Wissembourg . On 15 June , infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation `` Small Bear '' , penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg . By early June the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France and the French government was making overtures for an armistice , which was signed on 22 June in Compiègne . As the line was surrounded , the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear , but were unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications . The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact , a number of commanders were prepared to hold out , and the Italian advance had been successfully contained . Nevertheless , Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications , to be taken to POW camps . When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944 , the line , now held by German defenders , was again largely bypassed ; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944 .", "18": "During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945 , Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilized by Allied forces , especially in the region of Hatten - Rittershoffen , and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility . Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945 `` a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was . '' Here the Line ran east - west , around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten , south of Wissembourg . After World war II ( edit ) The view from a battery at Ouvrage Schoenenbourg in Alsace . A retractable turret is in the left foreground . After the war the line was re-manned by the French and underwent some modifications . With the rise of the French independent nuclear weapons by 1960 the line became an expensive anachronism . Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres . When France withdrew from NATO 's military component ( in 1966 ) much of the line was abandoned , with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned - off to the public or left to decay . A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars , a mushroom farm and even a disco . Besides that , a few private houses are built atop some of the blockhouses . The view of the village of Lembach in Alsace ( north - east ) , taken from the combat unit number 5 of the fortress ouvrage Four - à - Chaux Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s , but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat . Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service , as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Air Base . In 1968 when scouting locations for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film .", "19": "Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex , but Cain said that not only would the location be difficult to light and film inside , but that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost . The idea was shelved . Postwar assessment ( edit ) Historians J.E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann note that prior to construction , in October 1927 , the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the Maginot Line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force thus allowing `` the army time to mobilize . '' They note that André Maginot 's efforts to `` focus the public 's attention on the work being done , emphasizing the role and nature of the line '' resulted in `` the media exaggerat ( ing ) his descriptions , turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier , thus creating a false sense of security that later contributed to the development of the `` Maginot mentality '' `` . Starting in 1931 , the French military drew up plans that foresaw the deployment of the French military into Belgium to counter German attacks , which were anticipated to be a repeat Schlieffen Plan ( the German the First World War offensive through Belgium ) . Rather than the Maginot Line contributing to the French defeat , they argue that the dispersion of French forces , faulty doctrine , the loss of command , control , and communications , coupled with faulty intelligence of grossly exaggerated German tank and troop numbers all contributed to the French military defeat . They conclude `` When all is said and done , the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission , neither on the Northeast nor the Southeast Front . It provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilize . In the case of the Northeast , the fortifications allowed the French army to concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy . When the army failed in its encounter with the Germans , the Maginot Line covered the retreat before the advancing German armies . '' They further highlight that `` The victory on the Alpine front ... demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications of the Maginot Line when properly employed . ''", "20": "Historian Julian Jackson commented `` It has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France 's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence - minded . Such accusations are unfounded . '' He continues `` Its purpose was to free manpower for offensive operations elsewhere ... and to protect the forces of manoeuvre . '' The latter included a more mechanized and modernized military , with a strategy `` based on the idea of forward defence in Belgium '' , as the French believed the Germans would launch a repeat of their First World War battleplan . `` Having set up positions in Belgium , the army would prepare for the offensive which would ultimately win the war . '' Jackson indicates `` the French military 's slowness to read the direction of the German attack '' and `` their incapacity to grasp the nature and speed of warfare as practiced by the Germans '' as the reasons for their defeat . Ariel Ilan Roth commented `` The purpose of the Maginot line was not , as popular myth would later have it , to make France invulnerable . '' Instead , it was constructed `` to make the appeal of flanking them far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on . '' Roth noted that French strategy was to rush its army into Belgium were one of two possibilities would take place : `` either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win , or , more likely , a front would develop and stabilize '' . The latter meant the next war 's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil . Roth noted that `` The Germans did not accommodate French plans '' of meeting for the decisive battle in Belgium , which resulted in their defeat . Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp argue that the `` employment of the Maginot Line was a series of poor decisions and missed opportunities . '' They highlight that , despite its purpose of conserving manpower , that `` about 20 per cent of ( France 's ) field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line '' while Belgium was overran and the British and portions of French troops evacuated at Dunkirk . They argue , had the reserves held behind the line , been moved north `` it is possible that Heeresgruppe A 's advance could have been blunted , giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganize '' .", "21": "On the other hand , they note that other than the loss of insignificant fortifications due to insufficient defending troops , the fortifications and `` fortress troops withstood the test of battle '' , repulsed numerous attacks , and `` withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment . '' Clayton Donnell commented `` If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France , most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money ... in reality , the line was not built to be the ultimate savior of France , although too many Frenchmen at the time believed it to be so , thus giving them a very false sense of security ... Rather , it was assigned a series of minor yet crucial roles , all of which were fulfilled . '' Highlighting these roles , Donnell commented `` The primary role of the line was to prevent a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilization of troops . This mission was fulfilled . Second , in case of an enemy invasion it would allow the French to fight on favorable terrain and to force the enemy to skirt the line and move through Belgium ... '' Donnell notes that the French played into the Germans ' hand , rather than using the line as the basis for an offensive . Due to its enormous cost , and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France , postwar journalists and political commentators remain divided on whether the Maginot line was worthwhile . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Atlantic Wall Czechoslovak border fortifications List of Alpine Line ouvrages ( works ) List of Maginot Line ouvrages ( works ) Metaxas Line Siegfried Line Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions ( CORF ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gravett , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The History of Castles : Fortifications Around the World . Globe Pequot ( via Google Books ) . p. 187 . ISBN 1599211106 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Winston , Churchill . The Second World War . 2 . HoughtonMifflin . ISBN 0395410568 . Jump up ^ Chelminski , Rudolph ( June 1997 ) .", "22": "`` The Maginot Line '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian : 90 -- 100 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Higham , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roth , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p . Introduction Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Roth , p. 6 Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp , p. 8 Jump up ^ Sally Marks , `` The Myths of Reparations '' pages 231 - 255 from Central European History , Volume 11 , Issue # 3 1978 page 249 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Leonard ; Audoin - Rouzeau , Steéphane , & Becker , Annette France and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 page 11 Jump up ^ Keylor , William The Twentieth - Century World , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 page 121 ^ Jump up to : Keylor , William The Twentieth - Century World , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 pages 121 - 122 ^ Jump up to : Keylor , William The Twentieth - Century World , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 page 122 ^ Jump up to : Keylor , William The Twentieth - Century World , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 page 123 ^ Jump up to : Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 13 . Jump up ^ Frieser , Karl - Heinz ( 2005 ) . The Blitzkrieg Legend . Naval Institute Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 294 - 2 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 36 .", "23": "^ Jump up to : Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 35 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 37 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 40 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 page 33 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert An Uncertain Idea of France , New York : Peter Lang , 2005 pages 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Allcorn ( 2003 ) , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Allcorn ( 2003 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ There are 58 ouvrages , 311 casemates , 78 shelters , 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North - West and 84 ouvrages , 41 casemates , three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South - West . Jump up ^ Romanych , Rupp , Marc , Martin ( 2010 ) . Maginot Line 1940 : Battles on the French Frontier . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1846034992 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Kenneth D. ( 1987 ) . The Road to Trinity : A Personal Account of How America 's Nuclear Policies Were Made . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06910 - X . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J. ( June 2010 ) . Operation Nordwind 1945 : Hitler 's Last Offensive in the West . Osprey Publishing . 96 pages ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 683 - 5 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen Citizen Soldiers : The US Army from the Normandy Beaches to the ( Bulge to the ) Surrender of Germany , New York : Simon & Schuster ( 1997 ) p386 ISBN 0 - 684 - 81525 - 7 ( hb ) & 978 - 1 - 4711 - 5833 - 9 ( pb ) Jump up ^ Seramour , Michaël . `` Histoire de la Ligne Maginot de 1945 à nos jours '' ( in French ) . Revue Historique des Armées . pp. 86 -- 97 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chelminski , Rudolph ( June 1997 , abstract ) . `` The Maginot Line -- It Is Known as a Great Military Blunder , But in Fact This Stout Network of Ingenious Bunkers Did What It Was Designed to Do '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cain , Syd ( 2005 ) . Not Forgetting James Bond . Richmond : Reynolds and Hearn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905 - 28703 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , pp. 4 , 85 - 86 , 88 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , pp. 153 , 157 , 160 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 182 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann ( 2006 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 27 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 26 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 27 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 221 Jump up ^ Roth , p. 6 Jump up ^ Roth , p. 7 Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp , p. 91 Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp , pp. 91 - 92 Jump up ^ Donnell , p.", "25": "4 Jump up ^ Donnell , p. 45 Jump up ^ Haynes , Gavin ( 25 October 2017 ) . `` What 's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done ? '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion - The difficult truths behind ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . References ( edit ) Allcorn , William . The Maginot Line 1928 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 646 - 1 . Donnell , Clayton ( 2017 ) . Maginot Line Gun Turrets : And French Gun Turret Development 1880 -- 1940 . New Vanguard . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47282 - 029 - 7 . Jackson , Julian ( 2003 ) . The Fall of France : The Nazi Invasion of 1940 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 80550 - 8 . Kaufmann , J.E. and Kaufmann , H.W. Fortress France : The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II , Stackpole Books , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98345 - 5 . Kaufmann , J.E. , Kaufmann , H.W. , Jancovič - Potočnik , A. and Lang , P . The Maginot Line : History and Guide , Pen and Sword , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 068 - 3 . Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 1 . ( Men and Works of the Maginot Line ) . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2001 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 88 - 2 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques .", "26": "Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 2 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2003 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 97 - 1 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 3 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2003 . ISBN 2 - 913903 - 88 - 6 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 4 -- La fortification alpine . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 915239 - 46 - 1 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 5 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35250 - 127 - 5 . ( in French ) Romanych , Marc ; Rupp , Martin . Maginot Line 1940 : Battles on the French Frontier . Oxford : Osprey , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1846034992 . Roth , Ariel Ilan ( 2010 ) . Leadership in International Relations : The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10690 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Rowe , V. ( 1959 ) . The Great Wall of France : The Triumph of the Maginot Line ( 1st ed . ) . London : Putnam . OCLC 773604722 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maginot Line .", "27": "( in French ) The Maginot Line ( French / English / German / Italian ) ( in French ) Fortress of Schoenenbourg , ( French / English / German / Italian ) The U.S. Army vs. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson Maginot Line today ( in Czech ) Armament of Maginot Line ( Czech only ) Maginot Line Ouvrages Fortified Sector of the Escaut Eth Fortified Sector of Maubeuge Les Sarts Bersillies La Salmagne Boussois Fortified Sector of Montmédy La Ferté Chesnois Thonnelle Vélosnes Fortified Sector of the Crusnes Ferme Chappy Fermont Latiremont Mauvais - Bois Bois - du - Four Bréhain Aumetz Fortified Sector of Thionville Rochonvillers Molvange Immerhof Soetrich Bois - Karre Kobenbusch Oberheid Galgenberg Sentzich Métrich Billig Fortified Sector of Boulay Hackenberg Coucou Mont des Welches Michelsberg Hobling Bousse Anzeling Berenbach Bovenberg Denting Village Coume Coume Annexe Nord Coume Coume Annexe Sud Mottenberg Fortified Sector of Faulquemont Kerfent Bambesch Einseling Laudrefang Ouvrage Téting Fortified Sector of the Sarre Haut - Poirier Fortified Sector of Rohrbach Welschhof Rohrbach Simserhof Schiesseck Otterbiel Fortified Sector of the Vosges Grand - Hohékirkel Lembach Four - à - Chaux Fortified Sector of Haguenau Hochwald Schoenenbourg Petit Maginot Line Alpine Line Corsica Defensive Organization of Corsica ' VIAF : 244107292 GND : 4099996 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "28": "php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=807217907 '' Categories : Maginot Line World War II defensive lines Historic defensive lines Tunnel warfare Separation barriers 20th - century fortifications Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from March 2013 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011 Articles with French - language external links Articles with Czech - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu", "29": "Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9066531131415757476	what is meant by the term social roles	[ "a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation", "a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation", "an expected or free or continuously changing behaviour and may have a given individual social status or social position", "a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation" ]	{ "0": "Role - wikipedia Role Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sociology term . For the performing arts term , see Character ( arts ) . For other uses , see Role ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A role ( also rôle or social role ) is a set of connected behaviors , rights , obligations , beliefs , and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation . It is an expected or free or continuously changing behaviour and may have a given individual social status or social position . It is vital to both functionalist and interactionist understandings of society . Social role posits the following about social behaviour : The division of labour in society takes the form of the interaction among heterogeneous specialised positions , we call roles . Social roles included appropriate and permitted forms of behaviour , guided by social norms , which are commonly known and hence determine the expectations for appropriate behaviour in these roles . Roles are occupied by individuals , who are called actors . When individuals approve of a social role ( i.e. , they consider the role legitimate and constructive ) , they will incur costs to conform to role norms , and will also incur costs to punish those who violate role norms . Changed conditions can render a social role outdated or illegitimate , in which case social pressures are likely to lead to role change . The anticipation of rewards and punishments , as well as the satisfaction of behaving prosocially , account for why agents conform to role requirements . The notion of the role is examined in the social sciences , more specifically economics , sociology and organisation theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Determinants and characteristics 2 Role theory 2.1 Role in functionalist and consensus theory 2.2 Role in interactionist or social action theory 2.3 Social norms theory 2.3. 1 The theory of planned behaviour 2.3.", "1": "2 Team role theory 3 Role conflict and role confusion 4 Role enhancement 5 Documenting roles 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Determinants and characteristics ( edit ) Roles may be achieved or ascribed or they can be accidental in different situations . An achieved role is a position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills , abilities , and effort . An ascribed role is a position assigned to individuals or groups without regard for merit but because of certain traits beyond their control , ( Stark 2007 ) , and is usually forced upon a person . Roles can be semi-permanent ( `` doctor '' , `` mother '' , `` child '' ) , or they can be transitory . A well - known example is the sick role as formulated by Talcott Parsons in the late 1940s . In the transitory `` sick role '' , a person is exempted from their usual roles , but is expected to conform to transitory behavioural standards , such as following doctors ' orders and trying to recover . For many roles , individuals must meet certain conditions , biological or sociological . For instance , a boy can not ordinarily take the biological role of mother . Other roles require training or experience . For instance , in many cultures doctors must be educated and certified before practising medicine . Role development can be influenced by a number of additional factors , including social , genetic predisposition , cultural or situational . Societal influence : The structure of society often forms individuals into certain roles based on the social situations they choose to experience . Parents enrolling their children in certain programs at a young age increases the chance that the child will follow that role . Genetic predisposition : People take on roles that come naturally to them . Those with athletic ability generally take on roles of athletes . Those with mental genius often take on roles devoted to education and knowledge . This does not mean that people must choose only one path , each individual can reprise multiple roles ( i.e. Evelyn can be the point guard on the basketball team and the editor of her school newspaper ) . Cultural influence : Different cultures place different values on certain roles based on their lifestyle . For instance , soccer players are regarded higher in European countries than in the United States , where soccer is less popular .", "2": "Situational influence : Roles can be created or altered based on the situation a person is put in outside their own influence . Roles are also frequently interconnected in a role set , that complement of role - relationships in which persons are involved by virtue of occupying a particular social status ( Merton 1957 ) . For example , a high school football player carries the roles of student , athlete , classmate , etc . Role theory ( edit ) Main article : Role theory Role theory is the sociological study of role development , concerned with explaining what forces cause people to develop the expectations of their own and others ' behaviours . According to sociologist Bruce Biddle ( 1986 ) , the five major models of role theory include : Functional Role Theory , which examines role development as shared social norms for a given social position , Symbolic Interactionist Role Theory , which examines role development as the outcome of individual interpretation of responses to behaviour , Structural Role Theory , which emphasises the influence of society rather than the individual in roles and utilises mathematical models , Organizational Role Theory , which examines role development in organisations , and Cognitive Role Theory , which is summarised by Flynn and Lemay as `` the relationship between expectations and behaviours '' Role in functionalist and consensus theory ( edit ) The functionalist approach to role theory , which is largely borrowed from anthropology , sees a `` role '' as the set of expectations that society places on an individual . By unspoken consensus , certain behaviours are deemed `` appropriate '' and others `` inappropriate '' . For example , an appropriate doctor dresses fairly conservatively , asks a series of personal questions about one 's health , touches one in ways that would normally be forbidden , writes prescriptions , and shows more concern for the personal wellbeing of his or her clients than is expected of , say , an electrician or a shopkeeper . `` Role '' is what the doctor does ( or , at least , is expected to do ) while status is what the doctor is ; in other words , `` status '' is the position an actor occupies , while `` role '' is the expected behaviour attached to that position . Roles are not limited to occupational status , of course , nor does the fact that one is cast in the role of `` doctor '' during working hours prevent one from taking on other roles at other times : husband / wife , friend , father / mother , and so on .", "3": "Role in interactionist or social action theory ( edit ) In interactionist social theory , the concept of role is crucial . The interactionist definition of `` role '' pre-dates the functionalist one . A role , in this conception , is not fixed or prescribed but something that is constantly negotiated between individuals in a tentative , creative way . Philosopher George Herbert Mead explored roles in his seminal 1934 work , Mind , self and society . Mead 's main interest was the way in which children learn how to become a part of society by imaginative role - taking , observing and mimicking others . This is always done in an interactive way : it 's not meaningful to think of a role for one person alone , only for that person as an individual who is both co-operating and competing with others . Adults behave similarly : taking roles from those that they see around them , adapting them in creative ways , and ( by the process of social interaction ) testing them and either confirming them or modifying them . This can be most easily seen in encounters where there is considerable ambiguity , but is nevertheless something that is part of all social interactions : each individual actively tries to `` define the situation '' ( understand their role within it ) ; choose a role that is advantageous or appealing ; play that role ; and persuade others to support the role . Social norms theory ( edit ) Social norms theory states that much of people 's behaviour is influenced by their perception of how other members of their social group behave . When individuals are in a state of deindividuation , they see themselves only in terms of group identity , and their behaviour is likely to be guided by group norms alone . But while group norms have a powerful effect on behaviour , they can only guide behaviour when they are activated by obvious reminders or by subtle cues . People adhere to social norms through enforcement , internalisation , the sharing of norms by other group members , and frequent activation ( Smith 2007 ) . Norms can be enforced through punishment or reward . Individuals are rewarded for living up to their roles ( i.e. students getting an `` A '' on their exam ) or punished for not completing the duties of their role ( i.e. a salesman is fired for not selling enough product ) . Social norm theory has been applied as an environmental approach , with an aim of influencing individuals by manipulating their social and cultural environments .", "4": "It has been widely applied using social marketing techniques . Normative messages are designed for delivery using various media and promotional strategies in order to effectively reach a target population . Social norms theory has also been successfully applied through strategies such as curriculum infusion , creating press coverage , policy development , and small group inventions. ( Main Frame 2002 ) The theory of planned behaviour ( edit ) People display reactance by fighting against threats to their freedom of action when they find norms inappropriate . Attitudes and norms typically work together to influence behaviour ( directly or indirectly ) . The theory of planned behaviour intentions are a function of three factors : attitudes about the behaviour , social norms relevant to the behaviour , and perceptions of control over the behaviour . When attitudes and norms disagree , their influence on behaviour will depend on their relative accessibility . Team role theory ( edit ) As described in Working in Groups by Engleberg and Wynn , team role theory is when `` members assume roles that are compatible with their personal characteristics and skills '' . Meredith Belbin , a psychologist , first explored the concept of team - role theory in the 1970s when he and his research team went about observing teams and wanted to find out what made teams work and what did not . According to Belbin and his research team `` the research revealed that the difference between success and failure for a team was not dependent on factors such as intellect , but more on behavior '' ( Belbin ) . They began to identify separate clusters of behaviors and found that behavior was more influential on a team than anything else . These separate clusters of behaviors are known as the `` Team Roles '' . The nine `` team roles '' are as follows : coordinator / chairperson , shaper , innovator , resource investigator , monitor / evaluator , implementer , teamworker , completer / finisher , and specialist . Role conflict and role confusion ( edit ) See also : Role conflict There are situations where the prescribed sets of behaviour that characterise roles may lead to cognitive dissonance in individuals . Role conflict is a special form of social conflict that takes place when one is forced to take on two different and incompatible roles at the same time . For example , a person may find conflict between her role as a mother and her role as an employee of a company when her child 's demands for time and attention distract her from the needs of her employer .", "5": "Similarly , role confusion occurs in a situation where an individual has trouble determining which role he or she should play , but where the roles are not necessarily incompatible . For example , if a college student attending a social function encounters his teacher as a fellow guest , he will have to determine whether to relate to the teacher as a student or a peer . Role enhancement ( edit ) Role enhancement or role enrichment refers to a situation in which roles which are held by a person are compatible and moreover enacting one role has beneficial spillover effects on the enactment of the other role . An example which has been studied in depth is the enhancement among roles of breadwinner and caretaker ( work -- family enrichment ) . Some evidence indicates that role conflict and role enhancement can occur simultaneously , and further evidence suggests that mental health correlates with low role conflict and high role enhancement . Also certain personality traits , in particular traits linked to perceiving and seeking greater levels of support , are associated with lower inter-role conflict and increase inter-role enrichment . Documenting roles ( edit ) In business , documenting roles on process models , such as BPMN diagrams as swim lanes , is becoming common practice in large companies ( 50 % of European and North American companies reported a `` significant '' or `` strategic '' commitment ) . This documentation helps organisations undertaking change projects to formally define the current or envisioned ( future ) roles expected to be responsible for a business process . See also ( edit ) Look up role in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Role Character mask Conflict theory Gender role Purpose in life Role - playing Role engulfment Role model Role suction Social position Social status Stereotypes Transactional analysis The Fundamentals of Social Roles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Biddle , B.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Recent Developments in Role Theory '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 12 : 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. so. 12.080186. 000435 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Robert John ; Raymond A. Lemay ( 1999 ) . A Quarter - Century of Normalization and Social Role Valorization : Evolution and Impact . University of Ottawa Press . p. 224 .", "6": "ISBN 0 - 7766 - 0485 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mead , George H. ( 1934 ) . Mind , Self , and Society . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Hammer , Leslie and Cynthia Thompson . ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) Work - Family role conflict Encyclopedia . Sloan Family Work and Research Network , Boston College . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Greenhaus , Gary N. Powell , When Work and Family are Allies : A Theory of Work - Family Enrichment Archived 2012 - 07 - 26 at Archive.is , The Academy of Management Review , Vol. 31 , No. 1 , January 2006 Jump up ^ Beth Tiedje , Linda ; Wortman , Camille B. ; Downey , Geraldine ; Emmons , Carol ; Biernat , Monica ; Lang , Eric ( 1990 ) . `` Women with Multiple Roles : Role - Compatibility Perceptions , Satisfaction , and Mental Health '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 52 ( 1 ) : 63 . doi : 10.2307 / 352838 . JSTOR 352838 . Jump up ^ Grzywacz , Joseph G. ; Bass , Brenda L. ( 2003 ) . `` Work , Family , and Mental Health : Testing Different Models of Work -- Family Fit '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marriage and Family . 65 ( 1 ) : 248 -- 261 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3737.2003. 00248. x . Jump up ^ Work - Family Role Conflict , 2003 , Sloan Work and Family Research Network Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Friede Westring , Alyssa ; Marie Ryan , Ann ( 2010 ) . `` Personality and inter-role conflict and enrichment : Investigating the mediating role of support '' . Human Relations . 63 ( 12 ) : 1815 -- 1834 . doi : 10.1177 / 0018726710371236 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Harmon , Paul and Wolf , Celia The State of Business Process Management : 2008 , Business Process Trends , February 2008 Bibliography ( edit ) Biddle , BJ. ( 1986 ) . `` Recent Developments in Role Theory '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 12 : 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. so. 12.080186. 000435 . Chandler , Daniel . `` Television and Gender Roles '' . ( 1 ) Goldhagen , Daniel Jonah . Hitler 's Willing Executioners : Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . Vintage Books , New York . 1996 . Macionis , John J. ( 2006 ) . Society - The Basics ( Eighth ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . Main Frame : Strategies for Generating Social Norms News . 2002 . ( 2 ) Merton , Robert K. ( 1957 ) . `` The Role Set Problems In Sociological Theory '' . British Journal of Sociology. 8 ( 2 ) : 106 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 587363 . JSTOR 587363 . Nagle , Brendan D. ( 2006 ) . The Ancient World : A Social and Cultural History ( Sixth ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . Smith , Eliot ( 2007 ) . Social Psychology , Third Edition . New York : Psychology Press . Stark , Rodney ( 2007 ) . Sociology , Tenth Edition . Baylor University . Thomson Wadsworth , California . Time Life . The Twisted Dream . Time Life , Alexandria , Virginia . 1990 .", "8": "GND : 4178413 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role&oldid=816943642 '' Categories : Sociological terminology Role theory Identity Role status Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use British English from September 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-521349963474269802	who wrote ain't living long like this	[ "Rodney Crowell", "American country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell" ]	{ "0": "Ai n't Living Long Like this - wikipedia Ai n't Living Long Like this Jump to : navigation , search Ai n't Living Long Like This Studio album by Rodney Crowell Released August 1978 Genre Country Length 38 : 50 Label Warner Bros . Producer Brian Ahern Dave Nives ( re-issue ) Rodney Crowell chronology Ai n't Living Long Like This ( 1978 ) But What Will the Neighbors Think ( 1980 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic - Ai n't Living Long Like This is the debut studio album by American country music singer - songwriter Rodney Crowell , released in 1978 by Warner Bros. Records . It failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart . The songs , `` Elvira '' , `` Baby Better Start Turnin ' ' Em Down '' and `` ( Now and Then , There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' were released as singles but they all failed to chart within the top 40 . Despite this , Ai n't Living Long Like This is considered one Crowell 's best and most influential albums . Brett Hartenbach of Allmusic says it `` not only showcases his songwriting prowess , but also his ability to deliver a song , whether it 's one of his own or the work of another writer '' . Most of the songs on this album were later covered by other artists including The Oak Ridge Boys and Alan Jackson . When the album was re-released in 2002 the font on the cover was enlarged to make it more legible .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 3.1 Additional musicians 4 Singles 5 Sources Content ( edit ) Three of the tracks are cover songs : `` Elvira '' -- Dallas Frazier , Elvira ( 1966 ) `` ( Now and Then , There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' -- Eddy Arnold , American Institution ( 1954 ) ( Covered by many other artists such as Elvis Presley , Hank Snow , Jim Reeves and Lou Rawls ) `` I Thought I Heard You Callin ' My Name '' -- Norma Jean , Let 's Go All the Way ( 1965 ) Many Crowell - penned songs have since been covered by other artists . `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' was covered by Emmylou Harris in 1978 and , a year later , by The Oak Ridge Boys from The Oak Ridge Boys Have Arrived . They released it as a single that reached Number One . `` Voila , An American Dream '' was covered ( as `` An American Dream '' ) by The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and was the title track to their 1979 album . Released as a single , the record hit # 13 on the U.S. pop charts and # 3 in Canada . `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' was recorded in 1978 by Emmylou Harris for her album , Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town and in 1979 by Waylon Jennings for his album What Goes Around Comes Around . Brooks & Dunn recorded a version in 2003 as a tribute to Waylon . Gary Stewart and Jerry Jeff Walker also covered the song in the 1970s . Andy Griggs recorded a version for his 1999 first album , You Wo n't Ever Be Lonely . `` Baby , Better Start Turnin ' ' Em Down '' was covered by Emmylou Harris on her 1983 album White Shoes and by Rosanne Cash on her 1979 album Right or Wrong . `` Song for the Life '' was first covered in 1980 by John Denver and in 1982 by Waylon Jennings . Alan Jackson released his version as a single from his album Who I Am in 1994 where it became a top ten hit .", "2": "Willie Nelson , Ricky Skaggs , Emmylou Harris and Nicolette Larson sang background vocals on several of the tracks . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks composed by Rodney Crowell ; except where indicated Side 1 `` Elvira '' ( Dallas Frazier ) -- 4 : 26 `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' ( Bill Trader ) -- 3 : 14 `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' ( Donivan Cowart , Rodney Crowell ) -- 3 : 26 `` Voilá , An American Dream '' -- 3 : 53 `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' -- 5 : 04 Side 2 `` Baby , Better Start Turnin ' ' Em Down '' -- 4 : 31 `` Song for the Life '' -- 4 : 43 `` I Thought I Heard You Callin ' My Name '' ( Lee Emerson ) -- 3 : 13 `` California Earthquake ( A Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On ) '' -- 6 : 20 Personnel ( edit ) Rodney Crowell -- vocals , acoustic guitar Additional musicians ( edit ) Brian Ahern -- acoustic guitar , percussion Byron Berline -- fiddle , violin Hal Blaine -- drums James Burton -- dobro , electric guitar , acoustic guitar Ry Cooder -- acoustic and slide guitar Donivan Cowart -- background vocals Hank DeVito -- steel guitar Dr. John -- keyboards Amos Garrett -- acoustic and electric guitar John Goldthwaite -- electric guitar Emory Gordy , Jr. -- bass guitar Richard Greene -- strings Glen D. Hardin -- piano Emmylou Harris -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar , background vocals Jerry Jumonville -- horns , saxophone Jim Keltner -- drums Nicolette Larson -- background vocals Albert Lee -- electric guitar , mandolin , piano , acoustic guitar , background vocals Willie Nelson -- background vocals Mickey Raphael -- harmonica Tom Sauber -- banjo Ricky Skaggs -- fiddle , violin , background vocals John Ware -- percussion , drums Larry Willoughby -- background vocals Singles ( edit ) Year Single US Country 1978 `` Elvira '' 95 `` Baby ,", "3": "Better Start Turnin ' ' Em Down '' 38 1979 `` ( Now and Then , There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' 90 Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic - review Jump up ^ Allmusic review for `` Ai n't Livin ' Long Like This '' ( see infobox ) CMT Allmusic AOL Music ( hide ) Rodney Crowell Studio albums Ai n't Living Long Like This But What Will the Neighbors Think Rodney Crowell Street Language Diamonds & Dirt Keys to the Highway Life Is Messy Let the Picture Paint Itself Jewel of the South The Houston Kid Fate 's Right Hand The Outsider Sex & Gasoline Old Yellow Moon Tarpaper Sky The Traveling Kind Close Ties Compilation albums The Rodney Crowell Collection Greatest Hits Singles `` Elvira '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` Ashes by Now '' `` Ai n't No Money '' `` It 's Such a Small World '' `` I Could n't Leave You If I Tried '' `` She 's Crazy for Leavin ' '' `` After All This Time '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Many a Long and Lonesome Highway '' `` If Looks Could Kill '' `` My Past Is Present '' `` Now That We 're Alone '' `` Lovin ' All Night '' `` What Kind of Love '' `` Please Remember Me '' `` I Walk the Line Revisited '' Other songs `` The Answer Is Yes '' `` Heartbroke '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' `` Making Memories of Us '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` Song for the Life '' `` Voilá , An American Dream '' Related articles Discography The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Living_Long_Like_This&oldid=835431345 '' Categories : 1978 debut albums Rodney Crowell albums Warner Bros.", "4": "Records albums Albums produced by Brian Ahern ( producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7607504458781868831	what is the name of the skin between your nostrils	[ "the nasal septum", "septum", "septum" ]	{ "0": "Anatomy of the human nose - wikipedia Anatomy of the human nose Jump to : navigation , search Human nose Human nose in profile Internal anatomy of the nose Details Artery Sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery Vein Facial vein Nerve External nasal nerve Identifiers Latin Nasus Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A human nose from the front The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils . The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum , which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils . On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female . The nasal root is the top of the nose , forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone . The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline on the lower nasal margin , holding the cartilaginous center of the nose . Adult humans have nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Bone anatomy 1.1. 1 Soft tissue 1.1. 1.1 Nasal subunits and nasal segments 1.1. 2 Blood supply and drainage 1.1. 3 Lymphatic drainage 1.1. 4 Innervation 1.2 Internal nasal anatomy 2 Development 3 See also 4 References Structure ( edit ) Squamous epithelium is one of several types of epithelia . The procerus muscle ( musculus procerus , pyramidalis nasi , depressor glabellae ) Bone anatomy ( edit ) In the upper portion of the nose , the paired nasal bones attach to the frontal bone . Above and to the side ( superolaterally ) , the paired nasal bones connect to the lacrimal bones , and below and to the side ( inferolaterally ) , they attach to the ascending processes of the maxilla ( upper jaw ) . Above and to the back ( posterosuperiorly ) , the bony nasal septum is composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone .", "1": "The vomer bone lies below and to the back ( posteroinferiorly ) , and partially forms the choanal opening into the nasopharynx , ( the upper portion of the pharynx that is continuous with the nasal passages ) . The floor of the nose comprises the premaxilla bone and the palatine bone , the roof of the mouth . The nasal septum is composed of the quadrangular cartilage , the vomer bone ( the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone ) , aspects of the premaxilla , and the palatine bones . Each lateral nasal wall contains three pairs of turbinates ( nasal conchae ) , which are small , thin , shell - form bones : ( i ) the superior concha , ( ii ) the middle concha , and ( iii ) the inferior concha , which are the bony framework of the turbinates . Lateral to the turbinates is the medial wall of the maxillary sinus . Inferior to the nasal conchae ( turbinates ) is the meatus space , with names that correspond to the turbinates , e.g. superior turbinate , superior meatus , et alii . The internal roof of the nose is composed by the horizontal , perforated cribriform plate ( of the ethmoid bone ) through which pass sensory filaments of the olfactory nerve ( Cranial nerve I ) ; finally , below and behind ( posteroinferior ) the cribriform plate , sloping down at an angle , is the bony face of the sphenoid sinus . Cartilaginous pyramid of the nose The cartilaginous septum ( septum nasi ) extends from the nasal bones in the midline ( above ) to the bony septum in the midline ( posteriorly ) , then down along the bony floor . The septum is quadrangular ; the upper half is flanked by two ( 2 ) triangular - to - trapezoidal cartilages : the upper lateral - cartilages , which are fused to the dorsal septum in the midline , and laterally attached , with loose ligaments , to the bony margin of the pyriform ( pear - shaped ) aperture , while the inferior ends of the upper lateral - cartilages are free ( unattached ) .", "2": "The internal area ( angle ) , formed by the septum and upper lateral - cartilage , constitutes the internal valve of the nose ; the sesamoid cartilages are adjacent to the upper lateral - cartilages in the fibroareolar connective tissue . The respective external valve of each nose is variably dependent upon the size , shape , and strength of the lower lateral cartilage . Beneath the upper lateral - cartilages lay the lower lateral - cartilages ; the paired lower lateral - cartilages swing outwards , from medial attachments , to the caudal septum in the midline ( the medial crura ) to an intermediate crus ( shank ) area . Finally , the lower lateral - cartilages flare outwards , above and to the side ( superolaterally ) , as the lateral crura ; these cartilages are mobile , unlike the upper lateral cartilages . Furthermore , some persons present anatomical evidence of nasal scrolling -- i.e. an outward curving of the lower borders of the upper lateral - cartilages , and an inward curving of the cephalic borders of the alar cartilages . Soft tissue ( edit ) Nasal skin -- Like the underlying bone - and - cartilage ( osseo - cartilaginous ) support framework of the nose , the external skin is divided into vertical thirds ( anatomic sections ) ; from the glabella ( the space between the eyebrows ) , to the bridge , to the tip , for corrective plastic surgery , the nasal skin is anatomically considered , as the : Upper third section -- the skin of the upper nose is thick , and relatively distensible ( flexible and mobile ) , but then tapers , adhering tightly to the osseo - cartilaginous framework , and becomes the thinner skin of the dorsal section , the bridge of the nose . Middle third section -- the skin overlying the bridge of the nose ( mid-dorsal section ) is the thinnest , least distensible , nasal skin , because it most adheres to the support framework . Lower third section -- the skin of the lower nose is as thick as the skin of the upper nose , because it has more sebaceous glands , especially at the nasal tip .", "3": "Nasal lining -- At the vestibule , the human nose is lined with a mucous membrane of squamous epithelium , which tissue then transitions to become columnar respiratory epithelium , a pseudo-stratified , ciliated ( lash - like ) tissue with abundant seromucinous glands , which maintains the nasal moisture and protects the respiratory tract from bacteriologic infection and foreign objects . Nasal muscles -- The movements of the human nose are controlled by groups of facial and neck muscles that are set deep to the skin ; they are in four ( 4 ) functional groups that are interconnected by the nasal superficial aponeurosis -- the superficial musculoaponeurotic system ( SMAS ) -- which is a sheet of dense , fibrous , collagenous connective tissue that covers , invests , and forms the terminations of the muscles . the elevator muscle group includes the procerus muscle and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle . the depressor muscle group includes the alar nasalis muscle and the depressor septi nasi muscle . the compressor muscle group includes the transverse nasalis muscle . the dilator muscle group includes the dilator naris muscle that expands the nostrils ; it is in two parts : ( i ) the dilator nasi anterior muscle , and ( ii ) the dilator nasi posterior muscle . The surgical nose as aesthetic nasal segments Nasal subunits and nasal segments ( edit ) To plan , map , and execute the surgical correction of a nasal defect or deformity , the structure of the external nose is divided into nine ( 9 ) aesthetic nasal subunits , and six ( 6 ) aesthetic nasal segments , which provide the plastic surgeon with the measures for determining the size , extent , and topographic locale of the nasal defect or deformity . The surgical nose as nine ( 9 ) aesthetic nasal subunits tip subunit columellar subunit right alar base subunit right alar wall subunit left alar wall subunit left alar base subunit dorsal subunit right dorsal wall subunit left dorsal wall subunit In turn , the nine ( 9 ) aesthetic nasal subunits are configured as six ( 6 ) aesthetic nasal segments ; each segment comprehends a nasal area greater than that comprehended by a nasal subunit .", "4": "The surgical nose as six ( 6 ) aesthetic nasal segments the dorsal nasal segment the lateral nasal - wall segments the hemi - lobule segment the soft - tissue triangle segments the alar segments the columellar segment The Common carotid artery Using the co-ordinates of the subunits and segments to determine the topographic location of the defect on the nose , the plastic surgeon plans , maps , and executes a rhinoplasty procedure . The unitary division of the nasal topography permits minimal , but precise , cutting , and maximal corrective - tissue coverage , to produce a functional nose of proportionate size , contour , and appearance for the patient . Hence , if more than 50 per cent of an aesthetic subunit is lost ( damaged , defective , destroyed ) the surgeon replaces the entire aesthetic segment , usually with a regional tissue graft , harvested from either the face or the head , or with a tissue graft harvested from elsewhere on the patient 's body . Blood supply and drainage ( edit ) Like the face , the human nose is well vascularized with arteries and veins , and thus supplied with abundant blood . The principal arterial blood - vessel supply to the nose is two-fold : ( i ) branches from the internal carotid artery , the branch of the anterior ethmoid artery , the branch of the posterior ethmoid artery , which derive from the ophthalmic artery ; ( ii ) branches from the external carotid artery , the sphenopalatine artery , the greater palatine artery , the superior labial artery , and the angular artery . The external nose is supplied with blood by the facial artery , which becomes the angular artery that courses over the superomedial aspect of the nose . The sellar region ( sella turcica , `` Turkish chair '' ) and the dorsal region of the nose are supplied with blood by branches of the internal maxillary artery ( infraorbital ) and the ophthalmic arteries that derive from the internal common carotid artery system . Internally , the lateral nasal wall is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery ( from behind and below ) and by the anterior ethmoid artery and the posterior ethmoid artery ( from above and behind ) .", "5": "The nasal septum also is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery , and by the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries , with the additional circulatory contributions of the superior labial artery and of the greater palatine artery . These three ( 3 ) vascular supplies to the internal nose converge in the Kiesselbach plexus ( the Little area ) , which is a region in the anteroinferior - third of the nasal septum , ( in front and below ) . Furthermore , the nasal vein vascularisation of the nose generally follows the arterial pattern of nasal vascularisation . The nasal veins are biologically significant , because they have no vessel - valves , and because of their direct , circulatory communication to the sinus caverns , which makes possible the potential intracranial spreading of a bacterial infection of the nose . Hence , because of such an abundant nasal blood supply , tobacco smoking does therapeutically compromise post-operative healing . Lymphatic drainage ( edit ) The pertinent nasal lymphatic system arises from the superficial mucosa , and drains posteriorly to the retropharyngeal nodes ( in back ) , and anteriorly ( in front ) , either to the upper deep cervical nodes ( in the neck ) , or to the submandibular glands ( in the lower jaw ) , or into both the nodes and the glands of the neck and the jaw . Innervation ( edit ) Cranial nerve V , the trigeminal nerve ( nervus trigeminis ) gives sensation to the nose , the face , and the upper jaw ( maxilla ) . The sensations registered by the human nose derive from the first two ( 2 ) branches of cranial nerve V , the trigeminal nerve ( nervus trigeminis ) . The nerve listings indicate the respective innervation ( sensory distribution ) of the trigeminal nerve branches within the nose , the face , and the upper jaw ( maxilla ) . Cranial nerve VII ( nervus facialis ) is the facial nerve that gives motor innervation to the muscles of the face , including those which move the nose . The indicated nerve serves the named anatomic facial and nasal regions Ophthalmic division innervation Lacrimal nerve -- conveys sensation to the skin areas of the lateral orbital ( eye socket ) region , except for the lacrimal gland .", "6": "Frontal nerve -- conveys sensation to the skin areas of the forehead and the scalp . Supraorbital nerve -- conveys sensation to the skin areas of the eyelids , the forehead , and the scalp . Supratrochlear nerve -- conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelid skin area , and the medial region of the forehead skin . Nasociliary nerve -- conveys sensation to the skin area of the nose , and the mucous membrane of the anterior ( front ) nasal cavity . Anterior ethmoid nerve -- conveys sensation in the anterior ( front ) half of the nasal cavity : ( a ) the internal areas of the ethmoid sinus and the frontal sinus ; and ( b ) the external areas , from the nasal tip to the rhinion : the anterior tip of the terminal end of the nasal - bone suture . Posterior ethmoid nerve -- serves the superior ( upper ) half of the nasal cavity , the sphenoids , and the ethmoids . Intratrochlear nerve -- conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelids , the palpebral conjunctiva , the nasion ( nasolabial junction ) , and the bony dorsum . The maxillary division innervation Maxillary nerve -- conveys sensation to the upper jaw and the face . Infraorbital nerve -- conveys sensation to the area from below the eye socket to the external nares ( nostrils ) . Zygomatic nerve -- through the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch , conveys sensation to the cheekbone areas . Superior posterior dental nerve -- sensation in the teeth and the gums . Superior anterior dental nerve -- mediates the sneeze reflex . Sphenopalatine nerve -- divides into the lateral branch and the septal branch , and conveys sensation from the rear and the central regions of the nasal cavity . The shell - form turbinates ( conchae nasales ) The septum nasi bones and cartilages The supply of parasympathetic nerves to the face and the upper jaw ( maxilla ) derives from the greater superficial petrosal ( GSP ) branch of cranial nerve VII , the facial nerve .", "7": "The GSP nerve joins the deep petrosal nerve ( of the sympathetic nervous system ) , derived from the carotid plexus , to form the vidian nerve ( in the vidian canal ) that traverses the pterygopalatine ganglion ( an autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve ) , wherein only the parasympathetic nerves form synapses , which serve the lacrimal gland and the glands of the nose and of the palate , via the ( upper jaw ) maxillary division of cranial nerve V , the trigeminal nerve . Internal nasal anatomy ( edit ) In the midline of the nose , the septum is a composite ( osseo - cartilaginous ) structure that divides the nose into two ( 2 ) similar halves . The lateral nasal wall and the paranasal sinuses , the superior concha , the middle concha , and the inferior concha , form the corresponding passages , the superior meatus , the middle meatus , and the inferior meatus , on the lateral nasal wall . The superior meatus is the drainage area for the posterior ethmoid bone cells and the sphenoid sinus ; the middle meatus provides drainage for the anterior ethmoid sinuses and for the maxillary and frontal sinuses ; and the inferior meatus provides drainage for the nasolacrimal duct . The internal nasal valve comprises the area bounded by the upper lateral - cartilage , the septum , the nasal floor , and the anterior head of the inferior turbinate . In the narrow ( leptorrhine ) nose , this is the narrowest portion of the nasal airway . Generally , this area requires an angle greater than 15 degrees for unobstructed breathing ; for the correction of such narrowness , the width of the nasal valve can be increased with spreader grafts and flaring sutures . Development ( edit ) The embryonic human head , c. 30 days of gestation At four ( 4 ) weeks of gestational development , the neural crest cells ( the precursors of the nose ) begin their caudad migration ( from the posterior ) towards the midface . Two symmetrical nasal placodes ( the future olfactory epithelium ) develop inferiorly , which the nasal pits then divide into the medial and the lateral nasal processes ( the future upper lip and nose ) .", "8": "The medial processes then form the septum , the philtrum , and the premaxilla of the nose ; the lateral processes form the sides of the nose ; and the mouth forms from the stomodeum ( the anterior ectodermal portion of the alimentary tract ) , which is inferior to the nasal complex . A nasobuccal membrane separates the mouth from the nose ; respectively , the inferior oral cavity ( the mouth ) and the superior nasal cavity ( the nose ) . As the olfactory pits deepen , said development forms the choanae , the two openings that connect the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx ( upper part of the pharynx that is continuous with the nasal passages ) . Initially , primitive - form choanae develop , which then further develop into the secondary , permanent choanae . At ten ( 10 ) weeks of gestation , the cells differentiate into muscle , cartilage , and bone . If this important , early facial embryogenesis fails , it might result in anomalies such as choanal atresia ( absent or closed passage ) , medial nasal clefts ( fissures ) , or lateral nasal clefts , nasal aplasia ( faulty or incomplete development ) , and polyrrhinia ( double nose ) . This normal , human embryologic development is exceptionally important -- because the newborn infant breathes through his or her nose during the first 6 weeks of life -- thus , when a child is afflicted with bilateral choanal atresia , the blockage of the posterior nasal passage , either by abnormal bony tissue or by abnormal soft tissue , emergency remedial action is required to ensure that the child can breathe . See also ( edit ) Human nose Aquiline nose Jewish nose Rhinoplasty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Baptiste de Panafieu , P. ( 2007 ) . Evolution . Seven Stories Press , USA . Jump up ^ archaeologyinfo.com > glossary Retrieved on August 2010 Jump up ^ Heidari Z , Mahmoudzadeh - Sagheb H , Khammar T , Khammar M ( May 2009 ) . `` Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18 -- 25 - year - old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran '' . Folia Morphol .", "9": "( Warsz ) . 68 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 92 . PMID 19449295 . Jump up ^ Fattahi TT ( October 2003 ) . `` An overview of facial aesthetic units '' . J. Oral Maxillofac . Surg. 61 ( 10 ) : 1207 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / S0278 - 2391 ( 03 ) 00684 - 0 . PMID 14586859 . Jump up ^ Hengerer AS , Oas RE ( 1987 ) . Congenital Anomalies of the Nose : Their Embryology , Diagnosis , and Management ( SIPAC ) . Alexandria VA : American Academy of Otolaryngology . Jump up ^ Nasal Anatomy at eMedicine Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints", "10": "Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle", "11": "Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=Anatomy_of_the_human_nose&oldid=834442337 '' Categories : Nose Sensory organs Human anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 0, 7, 2, 5, 8, 3, 4, 11, 6, 9, 12, 10 ]	[ 1, 0, 7, 2, 5 ]
-1142715461435497032	what is the biggest town in west virginia	[ "Charleston", "Charleston", "Charleston", "Charleston" ]	{ "0": "List of cities in West Virginia - wikipedia List of cities in West Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United States with West Virginia highlighted Charleston , Capital of West Virginia West Virginia State Capitol Huntington Morgantown Wheeling Fairmont Weston West Virginia is a state located in the Southern United States . The following is a list of cities in West Virginia , arranged by population . List by population ( edit ) County seat State capital and county seat 2014 Rank City 2014 Estimate 2010 Census Change County 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Charleston † † 50,404 51,400 2999806225680933850 ♠ − 1.94 % Kanawha 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Huntington 48,807 49,138 3000326386910334160 ♠ − 0.67 % Cabell 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Morgantown 31,073 29,660 7000476399190829400 ♠ + 4.76 % Monongalia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Parkersburg 30,981 31,492 2999837736568017270 ♠ − 1.62 % Wood 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Wheeling 27,790 28,486 2999755669451660459 ♠ − 2.44 % Ohio 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Weirton 19,362 19,746 2999805530233971440 ♠ − 1.94 % Hancock 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Fairmont 18,740 18,704 6999192472198460210 ♠ + 0.19 % Marion 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Martinsburg 17,743 17,227 7000299529807859760 ♠ + 3.", "1": "00 % Berkeley 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Beckley 17,238 17,614 2999786533439309640 ♠ − 2.13 % Raleigh 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Clarksburg 16,242 16,578 2999797321751719150 ♠ − 2.03 % Harrison 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 South Charleston 13,214 13,450 2999824535315985130 ♠ − 1.75 % Kanawha 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 St. Albans 10,835 11,044 2999810756972111550 ♠ − 1.89 % Kanawha 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Vienna 10,562 10,749 2999826030328402639 ♠ − 1.74 % Wood 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Bluefield 10,448 10,447 6997957212596917060 ♠ + 0.01 % Mercer 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Moundsville 8,891 9,318 2999541747156042070 ♠ − 4.58 % Marshall 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Bridgeport 8,358 8,149 7000256473186894100 ♠ + 2.56 % Harrison 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Oak Hill 8,175 7,730 7000575679172056920 ♠ + 5.76 % Fayette 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Dunbar 7,749 7,907 2999800177058302770 ♠ − 2.00 % Kanawha 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Elkins 7,286 7,", "2": "094 7000270651254581339 ♠ + 2.71 % Randolph 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Nitro 6,837 7,178 2999524937308442460 ♠ − 4.75 % Kanawha 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Hurricane 6,396 6,284 7000178230426479950 ♠ + 1.78 % Putnam 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Princeton 6,359 6,432 2999886504975124380 ♠ − 1.13 % Mercer 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Charles Town 5,706 5,259 7000849971477467200 ♠ + 8.50 % Jefferson 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Buckhannon 5,679 5,639 6999709345628657570 ♠ + 0.71 % Upshur 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Keyser 5,264 5,439 2999678249678249680 ♠ − 3.22 % Mineral 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 New Martinsville 5,254 5,366 2999791278419679460 ♠ − 2.09 % Wetzel 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Grafton 5,199 5,164 6999677769171185140 ♠ + 0.68 % Taylor 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Ranson 4,830 4,440 7000878378378378380 ♠ + 8.78 % Jefferson 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Point Pleasant 4,284 4,350 2999848275862068970 ♠ − 1.52 % Mason 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Westover 4,", "3": "173 3,983 7000477027366306800 ♠ + 4.77 % Monongalia 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Weston 4,079 4,110 3000245742092457419 ♠ − 0.75 % Lewis 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Lewisburg 3,939 3,830 7000284595300261100 ♠ + 2.85 % Greenbrier 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Ravenswood 3,834 3,876 2999891640866873060 ♠ − 1.08 % Jackson 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Summersville 3,513 3,572 2999834826427771560 ♠ − 1.65 % Nicholas 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Ripley 3,242 3,252 3000692496924969250 ♠ − 0.31 % Jackson 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Philippi 3,233 2,966 7000900202292650030 ♠ + 9.00 % Barbour 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Pleasant Valley 3,185 3,149 7000114322006986340 ♠ + 1.14 % Marion 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Kenova 3,096 3,216 2999626865671641790 ♠ − 3.73 % Wayne 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Williamson 3,051 3,191 2999561266060795990 ♠ − 4.39 % Mingo 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Madison 2,968 3,076 2999648894668400520 ♠ − 3.51 % Boone 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Kingwood 2,", "4": "956 2,939 6999578428036747190 ♠ + 0.58 % Preston 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Williamstown 2,936 2,908 6999962861072902330 ♠ + 0.96 % Wood 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Follansbee 2,911 2,986 2999748827863362360 ♠ − 2.51 % Brooke 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Wellsburg 2,725 2,805 2999714795008912660 ♠ − 2.85 % Brooke 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Hinton 2,556 2,676 2999551569506726460 ♠ − 4.48 % Summers 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Paden City 2,540 2,633 2999646790733004180 ♠ − 3.53 % Wetzel 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Granville 2,529 781 7002223815620998720 ♠ + 223.82 % Monongalia 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Chester 2,527 2,585 2999775628626692460 ♠ − 2.24 % Hancock 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Petersburg 2,451 2,467 3000351438994730450 ♠ − 0.65 % Grant 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 White Sulphur Springs 2,441 2,444 3000877250409165310 ♠ − 0.12 % Greenbrier 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Spencer 2,234 2,322 2999621016365202410 ♠ − 3.", "5": "79 % Roane 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Shinnston 2,178 2,201 2999895502044525220 ♠ − 1.04 % Harrison 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Welch 2,154 2,406 2998895261845386530 ♠ − 10.47 % McDowell 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Mannington 2,072 2,063 6999436257876878330 ♠ + 0.44 % Marion 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Richwood 2,001 2,051 2999756216479765970 ♠ − 2.44 % Nicholas 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 McMechen 1,866 1,926 2999688473520249220 ♠ − 3.12 % Marshall 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 St. Marys 1,860 1,860 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % Pleasants 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Romney 1,788 1,848 2999675324675324680 ♠ − 3.25 % Hampshire 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Stonewood 1,772 1,806 2999811738648947950 ♠ − 1.88 % Harrison 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Ronceverte 1,753 1,765 3000320113314447589 ♠ − 0.68 % Greenbrier 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Logan 1,682 1,779 2999454749859471610 ♠ − 5.45 % Logan 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Montgomery 1,607 1,", "6": "638 2999810744810744810 ♠ − 1.89 % Fayette 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Salem 1,557 1,586 2999817150063051700 ♠ − 1.83 % Harrison 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Mullens 1,494 1,559 2999583066067992300 ♠ − 4.17 % Wyoming 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Glen Dale 1,483 1,526 2999718217562254260 ♠ − 2.82 % Marshall 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Marmet 1,469 1,503 2999773785761809710 ♠ − 2.26 % Kanawha 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Parsons 1,427 1,485 2999609427609427610 ♠ − 3.91 % Tucker 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 Ansted 1,398 1,404 3000572649572649570 ♠ − 0.43 % Fayette 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Ceredo 1,395 1,450 2999620689655172410 ♠ − 3.79 % Wayne 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Mabscott 1,388 1,408 2999857954545454550 ♠ − 1.42 % Raleigh 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Wayne 1,385 1,413 2999801840056617130 ♠ − 1.98 % Wayne 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Benwood 1,378 1,420 2999704225352112680 ♠ − 2.96 % Marshall 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Sistersville 1,375 1,", "7": "396 2999849570200573069 ♠ − 1.50 % Tyler 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Mount Hope 1,370 1,414 2999688826025459690 ♠ − 3.11 % Fayette 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Pennsboro 1,085 1,171 2999265584970111020 ♠ − 7.34 % Ritchie 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 New Cumberland 1,076 1,103 2999755213055303720 ♠ − 2.45 % Hancock 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Cameron 915 946 2999672304439746300 ♠ − 3.28 % Marshall 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Thomas 564 586 2999624573378839590 ♠ − 3.75 % Tucker 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Belmont 903 903 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % Pleasants 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 War 793 862 2999199535962877030 ♠ − 8.00 % McDowell See also ( edit ) West Virginia List of towns in West Virginia List of villages in West Virginia List of census - designated places in West Virginia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . American FactFinder2 . U.S. Census Bureau , 2010 Census . Retrieved 23 August 2014 .", "8": "State of West Virginia Charleston ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Villages Census - designated places History Environment People Government Governors Delegations Colleges and universities Tourist attractions Seal of West Virginia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Media Newspapers Radio TV Insignia Coat of arms Flag Motto Seal Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Plateau Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Blue Ridge Charleston Metropolitan Area Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Mountains Eastern Panhandle Huntington Metropolitan Area North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley Southern West Virginia Western West Virginia Metro areas Charleston Huntington Morgantown Martinsburg Parkersburg - Vienna Wheeling Winchester Weirton Largest cities Beckley Charleston Fairmont Huntington Martinsburg Morgantown Parkersburg Wheeling Weirton Counties Barbour Berkeley Boone Braxton Brooke Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier Hampshire Hancock Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson Kanawha Lewis Lincoln Logan Marion Marshall Mason McDowell Mercer Mineral Mingo Monongalia Monroe Morgan Nicholas Ohio Pendleton Pleasants Pocahontas Preston Putnam Raleigh Randolph Ritchie Roane Summers Taylor Tucker Tyler Upshur Wayne Webster Wetzel Wirt Wood Wyoming Lists of cities in the United States by state Index Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming D.C.", "9": "neighborhoods American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By population California Connecticut Illinois Iowa Michigan New Hampshire New Mexico Oklahoma Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Wisconsin By area California Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_West_Virginia&oldid=820174770 '' Categories : Cities in West Virginia Lists of cities in the United States by state Lists of places in West Virginia Talk About Wikipedia Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português Română Русский Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3617986561170614700	when does monday night raw come on hulu	[ "30 days after the original air date", "the following day", "the following day", "the following day" ]	{ "0": "WWE Raw - wikipedia WWE Raw Jump to : navigation , search For the WWE brand , see Raw ( WWE brand ) . For the video game , see WWE Raw ( video game ) . For other uses , see WWE Raw ( disambiguation ) . WWE Raw Genre Professional wrestling Sports entertainment Created by Vince McMahon Starring Raw roster Opening theme `` Born for Greatness '' by Papa Roach `` Charge Up the Power '' by Goodbye June ( Bumper ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 25 No. of episodes 1,300 ( as of April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ) Production Camera setup Multicamera setup Running time 185 minutes ( scheduled ) Production company ( s ) WWE Release Original network USA Network ( January 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) -- September 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 18 ) ; October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) -- present ) TNN / Spike TV ( September 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 25 ) -- September 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Prime Time Wrestling ( 1985 -- 93 ) Related shows WWE SmackDown WWE NXT WWE 205 Live WWE Main Event External links Website WWE Raw , also known as Monday Night Raw or simply Raw , is a professional wrestling television program that currently airs live on Monday evenings at 8 pm EST on the USA Network in the United States . The show 's name is also used to refer to the Raw brand , in which WWE employees are assigned to work and perform on that program ; the other programs and brands currently being SmackDown and NXT .", "1": "The show debuted on January 11 , 1993 and has since been considered as the flagship program of WWE . Raw moved from the USA Network to TNN in September 2000 , which was rebranded to Spike TV in August 2003 . On October 3 , 2005 , Raw returned to the USA Network , where it remains today . As of December 9 , 2016 , all episodes of the show , older than 30 days , are now available on demand on the WWE Network . Since its first episode , Raw has broadcast live from 208 different arenas in 171 cities and towns in eleven different nations ( the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Afghanistan in 2005 , Iraq in 2006 and 2007 , South Africa , Germany , Japan , Italy , and Mexico ) . Following the 1000th episode on July 23 , 2012 , Raw became a three - hour broadcast from two hours , a format that had previously been reserved for special episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Theme music 3 Naming controversy 4 Special episodes 5 On - air personalities 6 Broadcast 6.1 Online streaming 6.2 Canada 6.3 The Middle East 6.4 Europe 6.5 Asia and Pacific 6.6 Latin America 6.7 South Africa 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of WWE Raw Monday Night Raw logo used upon Raw 's premiere Beginning as WWF 's Monday Night Raw , the program first aired on January 11 , 1993 on the USA Network as a replacement for Prime Time Wrestling , which aired on the network for eight years . The original Raw was sixty minutes in length and broke new ground in televised professional wrestling . Traditionally , wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small audiences or at large arena shows . The Raw formula was considerably different from the taped weekend shows that aired at the time such as Superstars and Wrestling Challenge . Instead of matches taped weeks in advance with studio voice overs and taped discussion , Raw was a show shot and aired to a live audience , with angles playing out as they happened .", "2": "Raw originated from the Grand Ballroom at the Manhattan Center , a small New York City theater , and aired live each week . The combination of an intimate venue and live action proved to be a successful improvement . However , the weekly live schedule proved to be a financial drain on the WWF . From Spring 1993 up until Spring 1997 , Raw would tape several week 's worth of episodes after a live episode had aired . The WWF taped several weeks worth of Raw from the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie , New York in April 1993 , and again in June and October ( from 1984 -- 1986 , the Civic Center was the home of another WWF TV show , Championship Wrestling ) . The first episode produced outside of New York was taped in Bushkill , Pennsylvania in November 1993 and Raw left the Manhattan Center permanently as the show would be taken on the road throughout the United States and had in smaller venues . On September 4 , 1995 , the WWF 's chief competitor World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) began airing its new wrestling show , Monday Nitro , live each week on TNT , which marked the start of the Monday Night Wars . Raw and Nitro went head - to - head for the first time on September 11 , 1995 . At the start of the ratings war in 1995 through to mid-1996 , Raw and Nitro exchanged victories over each other in a closely contested rivalry . Beginning in mid-1996 , however , due to the nWo angle , Nitro started a ratings win - streak that lasted for 84 consecutive weeks , ending on April 13 , 1998 . On February 3 , 1997 , Raw went to a two - hour format , to compete with the extra hour on Nitro , and by March 10 , it was renamed to Raw Is War . After WrestleMania XIV in March 1998 , the WWF regained the lead in the Monday Night Wars with its new `` WWF Attitude '' brand . The April 13 , 1998 episode of Raw Is War , which was headlined by a match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and Vince McMahon , marked the first time that WCW had lost the head - to - head Monday night ratings battle in the 84 weeks since 1996 .", "3": "Raw was known as Raw is War during the Monday Night Wars On January 4 , 1999 , Mick Foley , who had wrestled for WCW during the early 1990s as Cactus Jack , won the WWF Championship as Mankind on Raw Is War . On orders from Bischoff , Nitro announcer Tony Schiavone gave away this previously taped result on a live Nitro and then sarcastically added , `` That 's gon na put some butts in the seats '' , consequently resulting in over 600,000 viewers switching channels to Raw Is War to see the underdog capture the WWF Championship . This was also the night that Nitro aired a WCW World Heavyweight Championship match in which Kevin Nash lay down for Hollywood Hogan after Hogan poked him in the chest . On September 25 , 2000 , Raw Is War moved from the USA Network to TNN ( which later became Spike TV ) . The new television contract with Viacom , TNN / Spike TV 's parent company , and the subsequent purchase of competitor WCW led to many changes in WWF 's programming content . WCW 's sharp decline in revenue and ratings led to Time Warner selling selected assets such as the WCW name , tapes , and contracts to the WWF in March 2001 for $3 million . The final episode of Nitro , which aired on March 26 , 2001 , began with Vince McMahon making a short statement about his recent purchase of WCW and ended with a simulcast with Raw on TNN and Nitro on TNT including an appearance by Vince 's son Shane . The younger McMahon interrupted his father 's gloating over the WCW purchase to explain that Shane was the one who actually owned WCW , setting up what became the WWF 's `` Invasion '' storyline . Following the purchase of WCW and the September 11 attacks , the program was retitled as Raw on October 1 , 2001 , permanently retiring the Raw Is War moniker . In March 2002 , as a result of the overabundance of talent left over from the Invasion storyline , WWF instituted a process known as the `` brand extension '' , under which Raw and SmackDown would be treated as two distinct divisions , each with their own rosters and championships .", "4": "Shortly thereafter , the WWF was legally required to change the name of the company to World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . On March 10 , 2005 , Viacom and WWE decided not to go on with the agreement with Spike TV , effectively ending Raw and other WWE programs 's tenure on the network when their deal expired in September 2005 . On April 4 , 2005 , WWE announced a three - year deal with NBCUniversal to bring Raw back to its former home , the USA Network , with two yearly specials on NBC and a Spanish Raw on Telemundo . On the same week as Raw 's return to the USA Network , Spike TV scheduled Ultimate Fighting Championship 's live Ultimate Fight Night in Raw 's old timeslot in an attempt to go head - to - head with Raw . On the August 29 , 2011 episode of Raw , it was announced that performers from Raw and SmackDown were no longer exclusive to their respective brand , thus effectively dissolving the brand extension . On July 23 , 2012 , Raw aired its 1000th episode , which also began its permanent three - hour format . On January 14 , 2013 , Raw celebrated its 20th year on the air . On May 25 , 2016 , WWE reintroduced the brand split , and a new set with red ring ropes , a brand new stage , used at SummerSlam . Furthermore , the broadcast table was moved to the entrance ramp similar to how it was in 2002 -- 2005 . On January 22 , 2018 , WWE celebrated the 25th anniversary of Raw with a simulcast show at the Barclay 's Center in Brooklyn and the home of the first Monday Night Raw , the Manhattan Center . On the February 20 episode of Raw , six days before Elimination Chamber , seven participants of the men 's Elimination Chamber match , Braun Strowman , Elias , Finn Bálor , John Cena , Roman Reigns , Seth Rollins and The Miz , were involved in a Gauntlet match that began with Reigns and Rollins . Strowman won the Gauntlet match by pinning The Miz in what was the longest match in WWE history , lasting nearly two hours .", "5": "Production ( edit ) The USA Network version of the Raw modern titantron set that was used from October 3 , 2005 -- January 14 , 2008 Raw 's original set featured red , white , and blue ring - ropes , a blue ring - apron , blue steps , and a small stage made of neon tubes . Since March 10 , 1997 , broadcasts of Raw were split into two hours and given hourly names for television ratings purposes , with the first hour being referred to as Raw Is War and the second as War Zone in television listings , and by the show 's on - screen graphics beginning with the June 9 , 1997 episode . In 1995 , the entrance way was changed to feature `` Raw '' in giant letters . In 1997 , WWF changed to red ring - ropes for Raw as well as Raw Is War being written along the ring due to their rivalry with WCW . They also updated the stage to feature a large screen known as the TitanTron . Beginning October 1 , 2001 , in direct response to the September 11 attacks , the first hour was referred to as Raw instead of Raw Is War and the second hour changed from the War Zone to the Raw Zone by the show 's on - screen graphics ; however , announcers would generally refer to the entire two - hour block as Raw on - air . Raw updated to a new TitanTron in 2002 . When the War ended , they began advertising their website on the ring aprons instead . They occasionally used black ropes . From November 16 , 2009 -- July 23 , 2012 , the theme song for the Raw brand was `` Burn It to the Ground '' by Nickelback . Prior to this , the theme song for Raw was `` ... To Be Loved '' by Papa Roach , which had been used since October 9 , 2006 and `` Across The Nation '' by The Union Underground which was used from April 1 , 2002 -- October 2 , 2006 . The rap outro of `` Thorn In Your Eye '' featuring Scott Ian of Anthrax was the theme song from March 10 , 1997 -- March 25 , 2002 .", "6": "On May 17 , 2012 , WWE and USA Network announced that Raw would switch to a permanent three - hour format beginning with the 1,000 th episode on July 23 , 2012 . Since then , all three hours of the broadcast have been known solely as Raw , though they are still considered three separate programs for Nielsen ratings purposes ( as indicated by the on - screen copyright notice shown near the end of each hour ) . In 2008 , Raw went HD debuting a new stage . In 2010 , WWE retired the red ropes for Raw after thirteen years for an all white scheme , and in 2012 became standard for all WWE programming . In 2012 , Raw updated their HD set . Starting in mid 2014 , this set would also be featured in pay - per - views . From late September through the end of October 2012 , the middle rope at all WWE programming was changed to pink due to WWE 's alliance with the Susan G. Komen organization for Breast Cancer Awareness Month . This was repeated in 2013 , from late September to early November , and it was repeated in 2014 from 29 September . WWE is one of many organizations who provide financial contributions as well as getting customers and employees to support the cause . On August 18 , 2014 , Raw switched to a full 16 : 9 letterbox widescreen presentation , with a down - scaled version of the native HD feed on a 4 : 3 SD feed . In conjunction with this , Raw updated its graphics package , with the new WWE logo ( first used with the WWE Network 's launch in February ) now on the lower - right corner of the screen , right next to the word , `` Live '' . Also , the new WWE logo is seen on the ring 's turnbuckle covers . The USA Network logo has also been moved to the lower - left hand corner of the screen . Also , Raw 's theme song ( `` The Night '' ) was modified . On re-runs on the WWE Network and on delayed broadcasts for most international markets , Raw is edited without the word `` LIVE '' and the hashtag . On March 23 , 2015 , WWE added a small LED board to the left side of the ring on Raw . This LED board was also used at WrestleMania 31 .", "7": "The LED board since is now on an on / off basis , featuring in some weeks and not others . On the 1,000 th episode of Raw , `` The Night '' by Kromestatik debuted as the theme for Raw while `` Energy '' by Shinedown served as the secondary theme - song until August 18 , 2014 , when it was replaced with `` Denial '' by We Are Harlot . On the September 14 , 2015 season premiere of Raw , the middle rope was colored gold . Throughout the month of October 2015 , the WWE announcer table , entrance ramp and ring skirts were co-branded with Susan G. Komen for the Cure of Breast cancer . Also the middle ring rope was pink to promote the fight against breast cancer . On the November 16 , 2015 , episode of Raw , WWE had a moment of silence for the victims of the terrorist attack in Paris , France on November 13 , 2015 . Another moment of silence was held months later in June for the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting . On July 25 , 2016 , the ropes returned to red , the announce table moved back to the top of the stage for the first time since 2005 , and a new HD set and graphics were debuted . The new set was almost identical to the set used for SummerSlam 2012 and 2013 . It received some negativity after the newly dubbed `` New Era '' was using an older set . The set was revamped just four weeks later with a more elaborate and distinctive design . The new set features the absence of a traditional TitanTron which had been custom since 1997 . In its place is a curved LED banner with several rows of rectangle LED lights behind it . The new set also introduced LED floor panels on the entrance ramp along with LED ring posts . On the January 29 , 2018 episode of Raw , new graphics and an updated logo were introduced .", "8": "Theme music ( edit ) Song title Written and / or performed by Dates used Ref `` Monday Night Raw '' Jim Johnston January 11 , 1993 -- March 3 , 1997 `` Raw '' Jim Johnston 1993 -- 1995 `` I Like it Raw '' Jim Johnston 1995 `` The Beautiful People '' Marilyn Manson March 10 , 1997 -- March 24 , 1997 `` Thorn In Your Eye '' WWE Superstars & Slam Jam March 31 , 1997 -- March 25 , 2002 `` We 're All Together Now '' WWE Superstars & Slam Jam March 31 , 1997 -- March 25 , 2002 `` Across the Nation '' The Union Underground April 1 , 2002 -- October 2 , 2006 `` ... To Be Loved '' Papa Roach October 9 , 2006 -- November 9 , 2009 `` Burn It to the Ground '' Nickelback November 16 , 2009 -- July 16 , 2012 `` Tonight Is the Night '' Outasight July 23 , 2012 ( only used for Raw 1000 ) `` The Night '' Kromestatik July 23 , 2012 -- August 11 , 2014 `` The Night '' ( 2014 Remix ) CFO $ August 18 , 2014 -- July 18 , 2016 `` Enemies '' Shinedown July 25 , 2016 -- January 22 , 2018 `` Born for Greatness '' Papa Roach January 29 , 2018 -- present Notes ^ Bold song titles denotes that the song is currently being used as the show 's theme . Naming controversy ( edit ) The name for Raw was disputed in June 2009 when Muscle Flex Inc. , a Los Angeles - based fitness company , had taken legal action against the WWE after a court ruled that some of WWE 's trademarks related to Raw were similar enough to the In the Raw trademark that they caused confusion among Canadians . On June 18 , 2008 , the Canadian Intellectual Property Office then issued a final decision that found certain wares listed in the trademark application from WWE ( No.", "9": "1,153,018 ) were confusingly similar and thus lacked distinctiveness from the Muscle Flex trademark , which Muscle Flex is in the process of acquiring . The WWE appealed the CIPO 's ruling to the Federal Court of Canada , but failed to file the required documents by the deadline . In August 2009 , the court ruled in favor of Muscle Flex , Inc. that it was successful in defending its In the Raw trademark against the WWE . In a press release date issued on July 20 , 2009 , Muscle Flex Inc. disclosed that it was in possession of WWE Raw - labeled items that it believes directly infringe on its In the Raw trademark such as various CDs , VHS tapes , and a number of apparel items . According to the WWE 's most recent reported financial quarter in 2009 , combined sales of WWE 's consumer products and digital media business segments produced $40 million in global revenues . In previous quarters , these numbers were even higher . Special episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of WWE Raw special episodes Throughout its broadcast history , the show has aired episodes that have different themes . Some of them are yearly events such as the Slammy Awards . Others include tributes to various professional wrestlers who have recently died or retired from actively performing , as well as episodes commemorating various show milestones or anniversaries . On - air personalities ( edit ) Main article : List of WWE Raw on - air personalities The show features various on - air personalities including the wrestlers themselves ( both males and females ) , ring announcers , commentators , and on - screen authority figures . Raw also has had various recurring on - air segments hosted by members of the roster . Broadcast ( edit ) The show airs live on the USA Network . Raw and also airs Wednesdays on Universo in Spanish . Occasionally , Raw is aired on same - day tape delay when WWE is on an overseas tour . Raw is also shown live on Sky Sports Main Event and Sky Sports Arena , with replay shows airing on Sky Sports Arena in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Raw aires live in India at 5.30 am in Tuesdays on Sony Ten 1 . Since October 6 , 2014 , Raw has been airing live throughout Latin America on Fox Sports .", "10": "The show also airs live on Supersport in South Africa on Tuesdays at 02 : 00 am CAT . RAW had aired in Australia on Fox8 since 2003 , usually on a 27 - hour tape delay , but has started airing live as of February 4 , 2014. , Syfy in the United States started airing a 2 - hour replay of Raw on May 20 , 2016 . For the U.S. audience , Raw has been under a multi-year contract extension for the USA Network which currently is under a 10 - year stint ; the agreement does not get renewed until January 2023 . Online streaming ( edit ) On September 24 , 2012 , Hulu Plus signed a multi-year deal with WWE to stream all of the company 's TV shows and some of its web series which includes Raw . Episodes of Raw are available for viewing the following day and only a condensed 90 minute version is available , not the full version as shown the previous night on the USA Network . As of December 9 , 2016 , all episodes of Raw are available on demand on the WWE Network . Recent episodes are available for on - demand viewing 30 days after the original air date . After Wrestlemania 32 in 2016 , WWE began with airing the newest episodes of Raw and SmackDown on YouTube for countries that do n't have WWE programming on traditional TV for free in less than 24 hours after the original broadcast ( The links are blocked in countries where the shows are traditionally available ) . The 90 - minute Hulu Plus version gets put on YouTube for international audiences . Canada ( edit ) From 1996 to 2006 , Raw was shown on The Sports Network until it moved to rival sports broadcaster The Score ( now renamed Sportsnet 360 ) after it was announced that TSN would be carrying Monday Night Football for the 2006 season . This also meant that Canadian viewers would be watching via tape - delay , as The Score does not broadcast Raw live . Around that time , The Score aired Countdown to Raw until May 2013 when Raw is shown live to match the United States airtime . During its run on TSN , which aired live , occasionally had been censored live for extremely violent scenes , or when female wrestlers or characters were assaulted by male wrestlers .", "11": "These actions are supposed to be in order to meet Canadian broadcast standards , with repeat broadcasts often more heavily edited . This move had disappointed many wrestling fans over the years , and is unusual since the violence of wrestling scenes are not significantly different from other television programs aired on regular Canadian networks . The show currently airs live on Sportsnet 360 . The middle east ( edit ) Raw airs in the Arab world on OSN Sports and MBC Action , on FM1 in Iran and on Sport 1 and Sport 1 HD in Israel . Raw further began airing on D - Smart in Turkey . Europe ( edit ) Raw airs on AB3 in Belgium and is translated into Dutch , French , and German . The show airs on Nova Sport in the Czech Republic and on AB1 in France . Raw airs on ProSieben MAXX and ProSieben Fun in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Luxembourg , and Liechtenstein on Wednesdays at 10 PM . The show airs on Nova Sports 3 in Greece . Raw airs live on Sky Sport 2 , Sky Sport 2 HD , with international version shows airing on Cielo TV in Italy in Italian . The show airs on Extreme Sports Channel in Poland . It airs on SIC Radical and on SIC K on Friday nights in Portugal . Raw airs on Sport.ro in Romania . The show airs on Prva Srpska Televizija in Serbia . It airs on Neox in Spain in Spanish . Raw airs on Diema Sport in Bulgaria . The show airs on Televizija OBN in Bosnia and Herzegovina . It airs on BTV in Lithuania . Asia and pacific ( edit ) Raw airs on Sony Ten 1 and Sony Ten 1 HD in Nepal . It airs on MNC Sports 2 in Indonesia . Raw airs live on Sony Ten 1 HD and Sony Ten 1 in India . And airs exclusive in Pakistan and Sri Lanka . Raw airs live on SuperSport 2 HD in Singapore . The show airs on TrueVisions in Thailand . The show airs on 2 × 2 in Russia . Raw airs live on Fox8 and Thursday nights on 9Go ! as a one - hour version in Australia . The show airs live on J Sports 4 in Japan .", "12": "In New Zealand , Raw airs live on Sky 5 , Saturday nights on Maori Television as a one - hour version , and Monday nights on Te Reo as a one - hour version in the Maori language . Raw airs in China on various local networks within China and Videoland Television Network in Taiwan in both English and Thai . Raw airs in Hong Kong on ViuTVsix . Latin America ( edit ) Raw airs live on Fox Sports in Mexico and across Central and South America . It also airs on La Red in Chile , Unitel in Bolivia , Canal Uno in Colombia , Teleamazonas in Ecuador , Andina de Televisión in Peru , Repretel : Canal 11 in Costa Rica , Canal VTV in El Salvador , Canal 5 in Honduras , RPC Canal 4 in Panama . South Africa ( edit ) It airs live on SuperSport in South Africa . 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Jump up ^ `` WWE Singapore Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Corporate -- WWE Comes to Russia '' . Corporate.wwe.com . November 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw on Fox8 's official Website '' . Fox8 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Australia Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` エラー -- J SPORTS '' . jsports.co.jp . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE New Zealand Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE on the BOX Website '' . The Box . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE China Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WWE program schedules in TrueVisions '' ( in English and Thai ) . TrueVisions . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canal 5 Website '' . Canal 5 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Mexico Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 's Spanish Language website '' .", "22": "WWE . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWE launches in Brazil '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE 's Chile Schedule '' . WWE . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Red Schedule '' . La Red . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programacion '' ( in Spanish ) . redpat.tv . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE ® and Canal 1 Announce Agreement to Televise Raw ® and SmackDown ® in Colombia '' . Business Wireaccessdate = August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Ecuador Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Peru Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ATV Teleivision guide '' . ATV . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE El Savador Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Honduras Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Panama Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RPC Canal 4 Television guide '' ( in Spanish ) . WWE .", "23": "Archived from the original on July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE South Africa Scheduling '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About WWE Raw '' . E.tv . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to WWE Raw . 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-7768138227276540998	who become ceo of wipro company in 2016	[ "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala", "Abid Ali Neemuchwala" ]	{ "0": "Wipro - Wikipedia Wipro Jump to : navigation , search Wipro Ltd . Logo since 2017 Type Public Traded as BSE : 507685 NSE : WIPRO NYSE : WIT BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry IT services , IT consulting Founded 29 December 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 29 December 1945 ) ( Amalner , Maharashtra ) Founder Mohamed Azim Hashim Premji Headquarters Bengaluru , Karnataka , India Area served Worldwide Key people Azim Premji ( Chairman ) Abidali Neemuchwala ( CEO ) Services Digital Strategy , Business Consulting and IT Services Revenue US $ 8.48 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $1.70 billion ( 2017 ) Profit US $1.31 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $12.23 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $8.06 billion ( 2017 ) Owner Azim Premji ( 73.25 % ) Number of employees 166,790 ( Q1 2017 ) Website www.wipro.com Wipro Limited ( Western India Palm Refined Oils Limited or more recently , Western India Products Limited ) is an Indian Information Technology Services corporation headquartered in Bengaluru , India . In 2013 , Wipro demerged its non-IT businesses into separate companies to bring in more focus on independent businesses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early formative years 1.2 1966 -- 1992 1.3 1994 -- 2000 1.4 2001 -- present 2 Wipro Group of Companies 2.1 Western India Products Limited 2.1. 1 Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting 2.1. 2 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering 2.1.", "1": "3 Wipro GE Medical Systems 3 Sustainability at Wipro 4 Listing and shareholding 5 Employees 6 Awards and recognitions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Early formative years ( edit ) The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner , Maharashtra by Mohamed Premji as ' Western India Vegetable Products Limited ' , later abbreviated to ' Wipro ' . It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable and refined oils in Amalner , Maharashtra , India under the trade name s of Kisan , Sunflower , and Camel . In 1966 , after Mohamed Premji 's death , his son Azim Premji returned home from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21 . During the 1970s and 1980s , the company shifted its focus to new business opportunities in the IT and computing industry , which was at a nascent stage in India at the time . On 7 June 1977 , the name of the company changed from Western India Vegetable Products Limited , to Wipro Products Limited . The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain . In 1982 , the name was changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited . Meanwhile , Wipro continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of `` Ralak '' a Tulsi based family soap and `` Wipro Jasmine '' , a toilet soap . In 1988 Premji took a loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project . Later the entire loan amount was waived . 1966 -- 1992 ( edit ) In 1988 , Wipro diversified its product line into heavy - duty industrial cylinders and mobile hydraulic cylinders . A joint venture company with the United States ' General Electric in the name of Wipro GE Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd. was set up in 1989 for the manufacture , sales , and service of diagnostic and imaging products . Later , in 1991 , tipping systems and Eaton hydraulic products were launched . The Wipro Fluid Power division , in 1992 , developed expertise to offer standard hydraulic cylinders for construction equipment and truck tipping systems .", "2": "The market saw the launch of the `` Santoor '' talcum powder and `` Wipro Baby Soft '' range of baby toiletries in 1990 . 1994 -- 2000 ( edit ) In 1995 , Wipro set up an overseas design centre , Odyssey 21 , for undertaking projects and product developments in advanced technologies for overseas clients . Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems were amalgamated with Wipro in April that year . Five of Wipro 's manufacturing and development facilities secured the ISO 9001 certification during 1994 -- 95 . In 1999 , Wipro acquired Wipro Acer . Wipro became a more profitable , diversified corporation with new products such as the Wipro SuperGenius personal computers ( PCs ) . In 1999 , the product was the one Indian PC range to obtain US - based National Software Testing Laboratory ( NSTL ) certification for the Year 2000 ( Y2K ) compliance in hardware for all models . Wipro Limited joined hands with a global telecom major KPN ( Royal Dutch telecom ) to form a joint venture company `` Wipro Net Limited '' to provide internet services in India . The year 2000 was the year Wipro launched solutions for convergent networks targeted at Internet and telecom solution providers in the names of Wipro OSS Smart and Wipro WAP Smart . In the same year , Wipro got listed on New York Stock Exchange . In early 2000 Wipro Vice Chairman Vivek Paul and Azim Premji approached KPMG Consulting Vice Chairman Keyur Patel and CEO Rand Blazer to form a mega-outsourcing joint venture between the two organizations . 2001 -- present ( edit ) In February 2002 , Wipro became the first software technology and services company in India to be certified for ISO 14001 certification . Wipro also achieved ISO 9000 certification to become the first software company to get SEI People Capability Maturity Model ( PCMM ) Level 5 in 2002 . Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Group entered the market of compact fluorescent lamp s , with the launch of a range of CFL , under the brand name of Wipro Smartlite . As the company grew , a study revealed that Wipro was the fastest wealth creator for 5 years ( 1997 -- 2002 ) .", "3": "The same year witnessed the launch of Wipro 's own laptops with Intel 's Centrino mobile processor . Wipro also entered into an exclusive agreement with the owners of Chandrika for marketing of their soap in select states in India . It set up a wholly owned subsidiary company viz . Wipro Consumer Care Limited to manufacture consumer care and lighting products . In 2004 Wipro joined the billion dollar club . It also partnered with Intel for i - shiksha . The year 2006 saw Wipro acquire cMango Inc. , a US - based technology infrastructure Consulting firm Enabler , and a Europe - based retail solutions provider . In 2007 , Wipro signed a large deal with Lockheed Martin . It also entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Oki Techno Centre Singapore Pte Ltd ( OTCS ) and signed an R&D partnership contract with Nokia Siemens Networks in Germany . In 2008 Wipro 's entered the clean energy business with Wipro Eco Energy . In April 2011 , Wipro signed an agreement with Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) for the acquisition of their global oil and gas information technology practice of the commercial business services business unit . In 2012 Wipro acquired Australian Trade Promotions Management firm Promax Applications Group ( PAG ) for $35 million . In 2012 Wipro employed more than 70,000 H - 1B visa professional temporary workers in the United States . In 2012 Wipro Ltd. announced the demerger of its consumer care , lighting , furniture , infrastructure Engineering ( hydraulics and water and medical diagnostic business into a separate company to be named Wipro Enterprises Ltd . The merger became effective from 31 March 2013 . The demerged companies together contributed about 10 % of the revenues of Wipro Limited in previous financial year . In 2014 , Wipro signed a 10 - year $1.2 billion contract with ATCO , a Canadian Energy & Utilities corporation based out of Calgary , Alberta . This was the largest deal in Wipro 's history . In October 2016 , Wipro announced that it was buying Appirio , an Indianapolis - based cloud services company for $500 million .", "4": "Wipro Group of companies ( edit ) Western India products Limited ( edit ) Wipro Limited is a global provider of comprehensive IT solutions and services , including Systems Integration , Consulting , Information Systems outsourcing , IT - enabled services , R&D services . Wipro entered into the technology business in 1981 and has over 140,000 employees and clients across 54 countries . IT revenues were at $7.1 billion for the year ended 31 March 2015 , with a repeat business ratio of over 95 % . Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting ( edit ) Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting ( WCCLG ) , a business unit of Wipro Limited operates in the FMCG segment dealing in consumable commodities . Established in 1945 , its first product was vegetable oil , later sold under the brand name `` Sunflower Vanaspati '' . It sells personal care products , such as Wipro Baby Soft and Wipro Safewash , toilet soaps Santoor and Chandrika as well as Yardley . It sells lighting products , including Smartlite CFL , LED , and emergency lights . Through product sales and acquisitions , Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment . Wipro Infrastructure Engineering ( edit ) Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of Wipro Limited and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders , truck cylinders , and their components and solutions since 1976 . This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs and represents the Kawasaki , Sun Hydraulics and Teijin Seiki range of hydraulic products in India . It has entered into partnerships Kawasaki and aerospace giant EADS . In 2010 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering was the second largest independent manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders in the world . Wipro GE Medical Systems ( edit ) Wipro GE Medical Systems Limited is Wipro 's joint venture with GE Healthcare South Asia . It is engaged in the research and development of advanced solutions to cater to patient and customer needs in healthcare . This partnership , which began in 1990 , today includes gadgets and equipment for diagnostics , healthcare IT solutions and services to help healthcare professionals combat cancer , heart disease , and other ailments . There is complete adherence to Six Sigma quality standards in all products .", "5": "Sustainability at Wipro ( edit ) Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating ( ASR ) of Indian companies and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . In November 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics , Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1 / 10 . Listing and shareholding ( edit ) This section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( July 2017 ) Listing : Wipro 's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty . The American Depositary Shares of the company are listed at the NYSE since October 2000 . Shareholding : On 30 September 2013 , 73.51 % of the equity shares of the company were owned by the promoters : Azim Premji , his family members , partnership firms in which he is a partner and Trusts formed by him / his family . The remaining 26.49 % shares are owned by others . Shareholders ( as on 20 - January - 2016 ) Shareholding Promoter group led by Azim Premji 73.36 % Foreign Institutional Investors ( FII ) 10.68 % Indian Public 4.99 % Bodies Corporate 2.50 % Mutual Funds / UTI 1.90 % NRI 1.11 % Trusts / Others 0.77 % American Depositary Shares 2.30 % Total 100 % Employees ( edit ) At the end of December 31 , 2015 , its employee strength was 170,664 . Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro 's CEO after T.K. stepped down in early 2016 . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) In March 2017 , Wipro was recognized as one of the world 's most ethical companies by US - based Ethisphere Institute for the sixth consecutive year . In May 2016 , it was ranked 755th on the Forbes Global 2000 list .", "6": "Wipro won Gold Award for ' Integrated Security Assurance Service ( iSAS ) ' under the ' Vulnerability Assessment , Remediation and Management ' category of the 11th Annual 2015 Info Security PG 's Global Excellence Awards . Wipro won 7 awards , including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015 , India In 2014 , Wipro was ranked 52nd among India 's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report , a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory . Wipro was ranked 2nd in the Newsweek 2012 Global 500 Green companies . Wipro received the ' NASSCOM Corporate Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion , 2012 ' , in the category ' Most Effective Implementation of Practices & Technology for Persons with Disabilities ' . In 2012 , it was awarded the highest rating of Stakeholder Value and Corporate Rating 1 ( SVG 1 ) by ICRA Limited . It received National award for excellence in Corporate Governance from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the year 2004 . See also ( edit ) List of public listed software companies of India List of IT consulting firms List of IT companies in India List of companies of India Companies portal Information technology portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro : From a vegetable oil maker to an IT major '' . NDTV Profit . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro Financial Statements 2017 '' . Wipro Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Ltd . Share holding pattern '' . NDTV Profit . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's bagful of ideas '' . Business Today . 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Ltd . - Company Information '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro falls 12 % as stock adjusts to demerger '' . The Hindu . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History of Wipro '' . Money Control . Retrieved 15 November 2013 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` '' About Wipro `` '' . wipro.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Profile : Azim Premji '' . Mens XP . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro acquires 45 per cent of Wipro Net from KPN Telecom '' . The Financial Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company profile for Wipro '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History -- Wipro '' . The Economic Times . Economic Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Round - up '' . Capital Market . 2 May 1999 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In brief '' . The Financial Express . 16 February 1999 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro releases WAP solutions '' . The Hindu . 16 June 2000 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro lists on NYSE with marginal premium '' . 19 October 2000 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Tech gets ISO 14001 '' . Business Line . 9 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro world 's first to achieve level 5 in people 's assessment '' . Rediff . Jump up ^ `` Software Engineering Institute '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Lighting launches new range '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Is Fastest Wealth Creator For 5 Years : Study '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Wipro is biggest wealth creator during 1998 - 2003 : Study '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Acer , Wipro laptops have new wi - fi chips '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro To Market Chandrika Soap in Select States '' . The Financial Express .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys lease rights of Chandrika soap '' . Business Standards . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to set up consumer care unit in Himachal '' . Business Standards . Jump up ^ `` Wipro joins billion dollar club , announces 2 : 1 bonus shares '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Wipro and Intel launch ' I - Shiksha ' solution '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Intel Join Forces to Launch i - shiksha '' . Channel Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys US - based cMango for $20 M '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro bags US consulting co cMango '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's Wipro acquires Enabler '' . CNET News . Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Martin , Wipro To Light Ambar Jyoti in India '' . EFYTimes . ^ Jump up to : `` Wipro , Lockheed Martin start ops in Gurgaon '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to Acquire Oki 's Wireless Chip Design Arm '' . PC World . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to manage R&D for Nokia Siemens '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to buy Nokia Siemens R&D unit in Berlin '' . EE Times Asia . Jump up ^ `` The Inside Story of Azim Premji 's Next Billion Dollar Plan '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Rahul Sachitanand ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Stable , yet supple '' . Business Today . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys part of SAIC IT business for $150 mn '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's Wipro to buy SAIC energy tech biz for $150 mln '' . Reuter . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to acquire Australia 's Promax Applications Group for Rs 192 crore '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to buy analytics firm Promax for $36 mn '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Employers '' ( PDF ) . H - 1B Temporary Visa Program -- Selected Statistics , FY 2012 .", "9": "OFFICE OF FOREIGN LABOR CERTIFICATION . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro hives off non-IT business into separate company '' . The Economic Times . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's Scheme of Arrangement for Demerger Effective from March 31 , 2013 '' . Wipro. 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro demerger scheme comes into effect '' . The Times of India . 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to demerge non-IT businesses '' . Business Standard . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azim Premji says son Rishad will never be CEO of Wipro '' . Indian Express . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro buys Canadian firm Atco I - Tek for $195 million '' . The Times of India . 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro to acquire Appirio , A Global Cloud Services Company '' . www.wipro.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid . `` India 's Wipro buys cloud consultancy and work marketplace Appirio for $500 M '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ FORTUNE . `` Why IT Services Giant Wipro Is Snapping Up Appirio for $500 Million '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile for Wipro '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro launches iPhone app '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Results for the quarter and year ended March 31 , 2013 under IFRS '' ( PDF ) . Wipro . Jump up ^ `` Industry , Materials and Utilities '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting to launch Glucose tablets '' .", "10": "The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro sees high demand for CFL bulbs '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Ltd '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Jump up ^ `` Wipro 's Santoor is largest soap brand in South India '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro FMCG arm reports 26 % rise in revenues on strong demand '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Yardley 's proof of Wipro 's FMCG focus '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Company History -- Wipro Ltd '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Kawasaki in talks for hydraulic oil pumps '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro , Kawasaki enter into a joint venture '' . CIOL . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Infrastructure Engineering to set up Rs 50 cr plant in Bangalore '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Infrastructure Engineering ties up with EADS arm '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` Pumping up the world '' . Made in India . Jump up ^ `` Wipro GE to consolidate healthcare biz '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` About Wipro GE Healthcare '' . GE Healthcare . Jump up ^ `` Six Sigma has worked wonders for Wipro GE '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Six Sigma has worked wonders for Wipro GE '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Wipro continues to lead in sustainability disclosures '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Nasdaq - 100 includes Wipro in Global Sustainability Index '' . Business Line . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Named Among World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . EFYTimes . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Greener Electronics 18 WIPRO '' . Greenpeace . November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX '' . BSE India . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (. csv ) '' .", "11": "NSE India . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Form 20F '' . SEC.gov. 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top five takeaways from Wipro Q3 earnings '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro names Abid Ali Neemuchwala as CEO '' . The Hindu . 2016 - 01 - 04 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Voted World 's Most Ethical Firm '' . Jump up ^ `` Tata Steel , Wipro among world 's most ethical '' . Hindustan Times . 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro World 's Most Ethical company : Ethisphere Institute '' . indiainfoline.com. 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ethisphere Announces 2017 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Wipro on Forbes Global 2000 '' . Forbes . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro won Gold Award for ' Integrated Security Assurance Service ( iSAS ) ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Wipro won 7 awards , including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015 , India ' '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's Most Trusted Brands 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` 13 Indian firms in Newsweek 's global green ; Wipro no. 2 '' . Hindustan Times . 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways to ensure inclusivity and diversity at workplaces '' . Data Quest. 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro in highest category of stakeholder value creation : Icra '' . Economic Times .", "12": "10 February 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate governance award for Wipro '' . The Hindu . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wipro . Official website ( Mobile ) Business data for Wipro Limited : Reuters SEC filings `` The template below ( Major information technology companies ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Major information technology companies Largest IT companies Largest Internet companies Largest software companies Consulting and outsourcing Accenture Atos Booz Allen Hamilton BMC Software BT Global Services CACI Capgemini CGI Group Cognizant Deloitte Digital China DXC Technology Fujitsu HCL Technologies Hitachi Consulting IBM Global Services Indra Sistemas Infosys Infor KPMG Leidos NEC NTT DATA Orange Business Services T - Systems Tata Consultancy Services Tech Mahindra Unisys Wipro Imaging Canon Inc . HP Inc .", "13": "Eastman Kodak Fujifilm Hikvision Konica Minolta Kyocera Lexmark Nikon Olympus Corporation Panasonic Ricoh ( Pentax ) Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Sony Toshiba Xerox Information storage ADATA Dell Technologies ( Dell EMC ) Fujitsu Hitachi Data Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Kingston Technology LenovoEMC NetApp Oracle Corporation Plextor Samsung Electronics Seagate Technology Silicon Power Sony Toshiba Transcend Information Western Digital ( SanDisk ) Internet Baidu Facebook FMG / Fusion Media Group Google IAC / InterActiveCorp Microsoft Naver NetEase Netflix Oath Tencent Twitter Uber Vox Media Yandex Cloud computing Akamai Technologies Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Google IBM Microsoft Oracle Corporation Rackspace Salesforce.com E-commerce only Alibaba Group Amazon.com eBay Flipkart Groupon JD.com Shopify Rakuten Mainframes Fujitsu IBM Mobile devices Acer Inc . 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Lenovo LG Electronics Microsoft NEC Panasonic Positivo Razer Inc .", "14": "Samsung Electronics Toshiba Servers only Cisco Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Inspur Oracle Corporation Financial technology Euronet Worldwide FIS PayPal Fiserv Jack Henry SWIFT Square Point of sale Casio NCR Panasonic Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Star Micronics Toshiba Wincor Nixdorf Semiconductors ASE Group Fujitsu Infineon Technologies Integrated Micro-Electronics , Inc . Intel NXP Semiconductors ( Freescale ) ON Semiconductor Panasonic Renesas Electronics Samsung Electronics Sony STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Fabless Advanced Micro Devices Apple Inc . 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ZeniMax Methodology : FY2014 / 15 applicable revenues of over : groups 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 12 : US $3 billion ; group 4 : US $2 billion ; groups 5 , 13 , 16 : US $1 billion BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr.", "16": "Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd . ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wipro&oldid=822295571 '' Categories : BSE SENSEX Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Conglomerate companies established in 1945 Software companies of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Outsourcing companies Business process outsourcing companies of India Companies based in Bangalore International information technology consulting firms Information technology consulting firms of India Wipro CNX Nifty Business process outsourcing companies Outsourcing in India Computer companies of India Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award recipients Information technology companies of Bhubaneswar Indian brands 1945 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Indian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Self - contradictory articles from July 2017 All self - contradictory articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 Norsk Português Română Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 15 : 27 .", "17": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-145926233057232882	what is the breakdown product formed when one phosphate group is removed from atp	[ "adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi)", "adenosine diphosphate (ADP)", "an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi)", "adenosine diphosphate (ADP)", "an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi)" ]	{ "0": "ATP hydrolysis - wikipedia ATP hydrolysis Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Grammar and word choice seem confused in places , may need a careful look by someone who knows the subject . Please help improve this article if you can . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Structure of ATP Structure of ADP Four possible resonance structures for orthophosphate ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high - energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is released , for example in muscles , by producing work in the form of mechanical energy . The product is adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and an inorganic phosphate , orthophosphate ( P ) . ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy , adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) , and another orthophosphate ( P ) . ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction , the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes , and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life . The description and typical textbook labeling anhydridic bonds as `` high energy ... bonds '' can be very misleading to students . These bonds are in fact relatively weak . They do involve high energy electrons but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break . As noted below , energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken -- requiring a small input of energy , followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable . Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic , because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures , making the products ( ADP and P ) much lower in energy than the reactant ( ATP ) .", "1": "The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule , making it higher in energy . Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions , liberating useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure . In humans , approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place . Due to the acid - base properties of ATP , ADP , and inorganic phosphate , the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium . Under certain conditions , high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute to lactic acidosis . How much energy ATP hydrolysis produces ( edit ) Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process . The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell . Specifically , the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP , ADP and P . The further the concentrations are from equilibrium the greater the absolute value of Gibbs free energy change ( ΔG ) will be . In standard conditions ( ATP , ADP and P concentrations are equal to 1M , water concentration is equal to 55M ) the value of ΔG is between - 28 to - 34 kJ / mol . The variability of the ΔG value exists , because this reaction is also dependent on the concentration of Mg cations . The cation Mg plays a role in stabilizing the ATP molecule . But the conditions in a cell are far from the standard state . In fact the ΔG in standard conditions would mean that the concentrations are close to equilibrium . And if cells were actually at equilibrium the change in Gibbs free energy would be zero . That would mean , that no energy is acquired by ATP hydrolysis , and that would have fatal consequences for the organism . Because this reaction is often coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions , to give an overall negative ( spontaneous ) change in Gibbs free energy ( ΔG ) for the reaction sequence . The outcome of ATP hydrolysis is dependent not only on the studied organism , but also on the tissue or even the compartment within the cell . The current demand for energy must be taken into account as well .", "2": "Variability in the ΔG are therefore to be expected . It is important to realize how far away are the actual concentrations from the standard condition concentrations . They are lower by three orders of magnitude ( standard condition values are in M and in reality they are in mM ) . Because these concentrations are so low , the reaction will be energetically more favorable . To find out the ΔG in vivo in humans , the concentration of ATP , ADP and P are measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance . In a human body , in muscle , while in resting state the concentration of ATP is around 4 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 9 μmol / l . And thus the ATP hydrolysis yields the ΔG value of - 64 kJ / mol . After ischemia , when the muscle is recovering from exercise , the concentration of ATP is as low as 1 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 7 μmol / l . Therefore the absolute ΔG would be as high as - 69 kJ / mol . By comparing the standard value of ΔG and the real life value of ΔG , we can see that the worth of ATP , as measured in humans , is almost twice as much as the worth of ATP in standard conditions . See also ( edit ) Dephosphorylation References ( edit ) Syberg , F. Suveyzdis , Y. , Kotting , C. , Gerwert K. , & Hofmann , E. Time - Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleotide - binding Domain from the ATP - binding Cassette Transporter MsbA : ATP HYDROLYSIS ID THE RATE - LIMITING STEP IN THE CATALYTIC CYCLE . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 278 ( 28 ) , 23923 - 23931 doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M112. 359208 Zharova , T.V , & Vinogradov , Proton - Translocating ATP - synthase of Paracoccus denitrificans : ATP - Hydrolytic Activity . Biochemistry ( 00062979 : , 68 ( 10 ) , A.D. ( 2003 ) . 1101 - 1108 Kamerlin , S.C. , & Warshel , A.", "3": "( 2009 ) . On the energetics of ATP hydrolysis in solution . The Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 113 ( 47 ) , 15692 - 15698 . Bergman , C. , Kashiwaya , Y. , & Veech , R.L. ( 2010 ) The effect of pH and Free Mg2+ on ATP Linked Enzymes and the Calculation of Gibbs Free Energy of ATP Hydrolysis . Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 114 ( 49 ) , 16137 - 16146 . Berg , J.M. , Tymoczko , J.L. , Stryer , L. , Biochemistry , international edition . W.H. Freeman. ; New York , New York , 2011 ; p 287 Specific ^ Jump up to : Lodish , Harvey ( 2013 ) . Molecular cell biology ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 52 , 53 . ISBN 9781464109812 . OCLC 171110915 . Jump up ^ Berne & Levy physiology . Berne , Robert M. , 1918 - 2001. , Koeppen , Bruce M. , Stanton , Bruce A. ( 6th , updated ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Mosby / Elsevier . 2010 . ISBN 9780323073622 . OCLC 435728438 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis - Generic - BNID 101989 '' . bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Ron Milo & Ron . `` '' How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis ? `` . book.bionumbers.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wackerhage , H. ; Hoffmann , U. ; Essfeld , D. ; Leyk , D. ; Mueller , K. ; Zange , J. ( December 1998 ) .", "4": "`` Recovery of free ADP , Pi , and free energy of ATP hydrolysis in human skeletal muscle '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 85 ( 6 ) : 2140 -- 2145 . doi : 10.1152 / jappl. 1998.85. 6.2140 . ISSN 8750 - 7587 . PMID 9843537 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP_hydrolysis&oldid=831577050 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from February 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 08 : 12 . 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-2520765213268223500	ahana from dil sambhal ja zara real name	[ "Smriti Kalra", "Smriti Kalra", "Smriti Kalra", "Smriti Kalra" ]	{ "0": "Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara - Wikipedia Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Jump to : navigation , search Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Also known as Ishq Gunaah Genre Drama Romantic Based on Aşk - ı Memnu Starring Sanjay Kapoor Smriti Kalra Aashim Gulati Opening theme `` Jeene Bhi De ' '' by Yasser Deshai Ending theme `` Ae Dil Na Kar Tu Chahate '' by Soham Naik Composer ( s ) Harish Sagane Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi ( primary ) English ( minor ) No. of seasons No. of episodes 75 Production Producer ( s ) Vikram Bhatt Location ( s ) Mumbai Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Distributor Star India Release Original network Star Plus Picture format SDTV 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 23 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) -- 2 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) External links Hotstar Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara ( English : Be Careful My Heart ) is an Indian drama television series broadcast on Star Plus from 23 October 2017 to 2 February 2018 . The series was produced by Vikram Bhatt . The show was earlier titled as Ishq Gunaah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 References 5 External links Synopsis ( edit ) It 's a story about a married couple with an age gap of 20 years . Ahana was always loved by her father . Her mother Laila Raichand is a sly , ambitious , greedy woman who cheated on her husband . Ahana 's father dies of shock taking his wife 's betrayal too hard . Ahana witnesses their argument hereby developing an intense hatred for her mother . Ahana , frustrated at her life at home after her father 's death , finds solace in Anant Mathur , a friend of her dad .", "1": "Saloni , Ahana 's elder sister is about to be married to her sweetheart Tarun . Tarun 's father , Mr Gupta is not keen on letting them get married since he is aware of Laila 's gold - digging tendencies . He wants Saloni to sign a prenup . When Laila finds out she is infuriated and wants to cancel the wedding . The plot twist comes in the form of Saloni 's pregnancy . Laila agrees to the wedding on the condition that Tarun provides 3 crore rupees to her . Tarun and Saloni get married . Meanwhile , Laila sets her eyes on marrying Anant Mathur as he is a rich businessman in order to pay off her debts and increase her social status . But Anant proposes to Ahana and they decide to get married . Rehaan convinces Roshni , Anant 's daughter to give her blessings . Anant goes to Laila to ask for Ahana 's hand in marriage to him . Laila is furious . She agrees to the marriage and puts forward a condition to Anant . As the story continues Ahana and Anant face many obstacles in their marriage due to the age difference , society , rivalry and family . Rehaan begins to fall for Ahana , while simultaneously learning that she married Anant just to defy and insult her mother for revenge . As he loves Anant who is like a father - figure to him , he does n't want to see him cheated and tells Anant that Ahana did n't actually love him , not realizing that Ahana truly loves Anant and revenge against her mother was a bonus . On revealing her supposed intentions , it is not taken up well by Anant at first , which leads Rehaan to leave the house . Later being asked for answers , Ahana reveals the initial reason behind the marriage before Anant that shatters him . Misunderstandings brew up . Soon after , Ahana gets pregnant . Elated , she tries to reveal this to Anant . In a series of misunderstandings and the growing distance between them , she is forced to take up the decision of aborting her unborn child . Laila is left broke by Gupta , she has an accident . Rehaan realizes his mistakes .", "2": "After knowing the abortion bit , Anand again hates Ahana . Rehaan asks for ahana 's forgiveness . She forgives him soon after and is taken care of by him . He supports her through the hard times and they go for a Goa trip . Rehaan and Ahana grow closer during the trip . Meanwhile , Anant realizes his mistake and wants to give a second chance to their marriage . Laila gets discharged and is brought home by Anant . She notices Ahana behave weirdly and asks her about her closeness with Rehaan . Ahana struggles to get Rehaan off her mind . She realizes that she actually loves Rehaan and not Anant after getting taunted by Laila that she 's turning up to be just like her mother . A frustrated Ahana tries to keep a distance from Rehaan but ends up having more troubles . Rehaan breaks up with Vyoma , his girlfriend . A scorned Vyoma writes a letter to let Anant know about the supposed brewing closeness of Rehaan and Ahana . But Laila rewrites the letter describing Rehaan 's relationship with Vyoma . But Roshni misplaces the original letter in order to create trouble between the two . The show ends abruptly with Anant reading the letter and screaming at Rehaan and Ahana asking if what 's written is true . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Description Sanjay Kapoor Anant Mathur Ahana 's husband and her father 's friend . He loves Ahana but misunderstandings ruin their relationship . Smriti Kalra Ahana Mathur Laila Raichand 's daughter and Anant Mathur 's wife . Aashim Gulati Rehan Khanna Anant 's friend 's son and Saloni 's ex-boyfriend . He loves Ahaana . Niki Aneja Walia Laila Raichand Saloni and Ahana 's mother . A greedy woman who cheats her husband and earlier wanted to marry Anant for money . Cheshtha Bhagat Saloni Gupta ( Raichand ) Laila Raichand 's daughter and Tarun 's wife . She loved Rehaan earlier .", "3": "Puneet Sharma Tarun Gupta Saloni 's husband . Indraneel Bhattacharya Mahendra Gupta Tarun 's father and Laila Raichand 's business rival . Beena Banerjee Reema Anant 's elder sister Anandita Pagnis Roshni Mathur Anant 's daughter . She hates Ahana and creates trouble between Anant and Ahana . Kriish Wawa Aarav Mathur Anant 's son Bidisha Ghosh Sharma Yamini Roshni and Aarav 's nanny and Massi . She loves Anant secretly . Naveen Pandita Karan Driver at Anant 's house . He was orphaned at the age of six so when Anant found him , he brought him home and raised him along with Roshni . He is in love with Roshni and would go to any length to keep her happy . Geet Sharma Kavita Servant at Anant 's house Hiralal and Uma 's daughter . Loves Karan . A greedy girl who hates Roshni Nakuul Mehta Shivaay Singh Oberoi Ahana 's Friend . ( Cameo ) Surbhi Chandna Anika Shivaay Singh Oberoi Ahana 's Friend . ( Cameo ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Harish Sagane had composed the original songs and background score for the show . The tracks become an instant hit among viewers . Track list No . Title Vocalist Length 1 . `` Jeene Bhi De '' Yasser Desai 6 : 31 2 . `` Ae Dil Na Kar Tu Chahate '' Soham Naik 3 : 33 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara promo : Sanjay Kapoor romances Smriti Kalra and Niki Aneja Walia in this mature love story '' . Bollywoodlife. 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is what Vikram Bhatt 's TV show with Sanjay Kapoor is all about '' . Bollywood hungama . Retrieved 5 September 2017 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` Tum Bin 2 's Aashim Gulati to be seen on Vikram Bhatt 's bold TV show , Ishq Gunaah '' . Bollywoodlife. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOCKING ! Star Plus show Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara is going OFF - AIR ! '' . ABP Live . 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Written Updates , Latest News '' . dilsambhaljazara.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sanjay Kapoor 's Busy Birthday Schedule , Courtesy Dil Sambhal Ja Zara '' . ndtv.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Streaming on Hotstar ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Khichdi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dil_Sambhal_Jaa_Zara&oldid=837123872 '' Categories : Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Television shows set in Mumbai Star Plus television series 2017 Indian television series debuts Hidden categories : Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 21 : 26 . 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-7267574651947029426	to transplant a nucleus from one cell to another cell a scientist would use	[ "somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)", "somatic cell nuclear transfer", "somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)", "somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)" ]	{ "0": "Somatic cell nuclear transfer - wikipedia Somatic cell nuclear transfer Jump to : navigation , search Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic purposes . The diagram depicts the removal of the donor nucleus for schematic purposes ; in practice the whole donor cell is transferred . In genetics and developmental biology , somatic cell nuclear transfer ( SCNT ) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell . The technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte ( egg cell ) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic ( body ) cell . It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning . Dolly the Sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal . `` Therapeutic cloning '' refers to the potential use of SCNT in regenerative medicine ; this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells ( ESC ) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use , though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Applications 2.1 Stem cell research 2.2 Reproductive cloning 2.3 Interspecies nuclear transfer 3 Limitations 4 Controversy 5 Policies regarding human SCNT 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Process ( edit ) The process of somatic cell nuclear transplant involves two different cells . The first being a female gamete , known as the ovum ( egg / oocyte ) . In human SCNT ( Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ) experiments , these eggs are obtained through consenting donors , utilizing ovarian stimulation . The second being a somatic cell , referring to the cells of the human body . Skin cells , fat cells , and liver cells are only a few examples . The nucleus of the donor egg cell is removed and discarded , leaving it ' deprogrammed . ' What is left is a somatic cell and an unnucleated egg cell . These are then fused by inserting the somatic cell into the ' empty ' ovum . After being inserted into the egg , the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell .", "1": "The ovum , now containing the somatic cell 's nucleus , is stimulated with a shock and will begin to divide . The egg is now viable and capable of producing an adult organism containing all the necessary genetic information from just one parent . Development will ensue normally and after many mitotic divisions , this single cell forms a blastocyst ( an early stage embryo with about 100 cells ) with an identical genome to the original organism ( i.e. a clone ) . Stem cells can then be obtained by the destruction of this clone embryo for use in therapeutic cloning or in the case of reproductive cloning the clone embryo is implanted into a host mother for further development and brought to term . Applications ( edit ) Stem cell research ( edit ) Somatic cell nuclear transplantation has become a focus of study in stem cell research . The aim of carrying out this procedure is to obtain pluripotent cells from a cloned embryo . These cells genetically matched the donor organism from which they came. This gives them the ability to create patient specific pluripotent cells , which could then be used in therapies or disease research . Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells of an embryo . These cells are deemed to have a pluripotent potential because they have the ability to give rise to all of the tissues found in an adult organism . This ability allows stem cells to create any cell type , which could then be transplanted to replace damaged or destroyed cells . Controversy surrounds human ESC work due to the destruction of viable human embryos . Leading scientists to seek an alternative method of obtaining stem cells , SCNT is one such method . Human Embryonic Stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer . A potential use of stem cells genetically matched to a patient would be to create cell lines that have genes linked to a patient 's particular disease . By doing so , an in vitro model could be created , would be useful for studying that particular disease , potentially discovering its pathophysiology , and discovering therapies . For example , if a person with Parkinson 's disease donated his or her somatic cells , the stem cells resulting from SCNT would have genes that contribute to Parkinson 's disease . The disease specific stem cell lines could then be studied in order to better understand the condition .", "2": "Another application of SCNT stem cell research is using the patient specific stem cell lines to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient . The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor , thus avoiding any complications from immune system rejection . Only a handful of the labs in the world are currently using SCNT techniques in human stem cell research . In the United States , scientists at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute , the University of California San Francisco , the Oregon Health & Science University , Stemagen ( La Jolla , CA ) and possibly Advanced Cell Technology are currently researching a technique to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cells . In the United Kingdom , the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority has granted permission to research groups at the Roslin Institute and the Newcastle Centre for Life . SCNT may also be occurring in China . In 2005 , a South Korean research team led by Professor Hwang Woo - suk , published claims to have derived stem cell lines via SCNT , but supported those claims with fabricated data . Recent evidence has proved that he in fact created a stem cell line from a parthenote . Though there has been numerous successes with cloning animals , questions remain concerning the mechanisms of reprogramming in the ovum . Despite many attempts , success in creating human nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells has been limited . There lies a problem in the human cell 's ability to form a blastocyst ; the cells fail to progress past the eight cell stage of development . This is thought to be a result from the somatic cell nucleus being unable to turn on embryonic genes crucial for proper development . These earlier experiments used procedures developed in non-primate animals with little success . A research group from the Oregon Health & Science University demonstrated SCNT procedures developed for primates successfully reprogrammed skin cells into stem cells . The key to their success was utilizing oocytes in metaphase II ( MII ) of the cell cycle . Egg cells in MII contain special factors in the cytoplasm that have a special ability in reprogramming implanted somatic cell nuclei into cells with pluripotent states . When the ovum 's nucleus is removed , the cell loses its genetic information . This has been blamed for why enucleated eggs are hampered in their reprogramming ability .", "3": "It is theorized the critical embryonic genes are physically linked to oocyte chromosomes , enucleation negatively affects these factors . Another possibility is removing the egg nucleus or inserting the somatic nucleus causes damage to the cytoplast , affecting reprogramming ability . Taking this into account the research group applied their new technique in an attempt to produce human SCNT stem cells . In May 2013 , the Oregon group reported the successful derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines derived through SCNT , using fetal and infant donor cells . Using MII oocytes from volunteers and their improved SCNT procedure , human clone embryos were successfully produced . These embryos were of poor quality , lacking a substantial inner cell mass and poorly constructed trophectoderm . The imperfect embryos prevented the acquisition of human ESC . The addition of caffeine during the removal of the ovum 's nucleus and injection of the somatic nucleus improved blastocyst formation and ESC isolation . The ESC obtain were found to be capable of producing teratomas , expressed pluripotent transcription factors , and expressed a normal 46XX karyotype , indicating these SCNT were in fact ESC - like . This was the first instance of successfully using SCNT to reprogram human somatic cells . This study used fetal and infantile somatic cells to produce their ESC . In April 2014 , an international research team expanded on this break through . There remained the question of whether the same success could be accomplished using adult somatic cells . Epigenetic and age related changes were thought to possibly hinder an adult somatic cells ability to be reprogrammed . Implementing the procedure pioneered by the Oregon research group they indeed were able to grow stem cells generated by SCNT using adult cells from two donors , aged 35 and 75. Indicating age does not impede a cells ability to be reprogrammed Late April 2014 , the New York Stem Cell Foundation was successful in creating SCNT stem cells derived from adult somatic cells . One of these lines of stem cells was derived from the donor cells of a type 1 diabetic . The group was then able to successfully culture these stem cells and induce differentiation . When injected into mice , cells of all three of the germ layers successfully formed . The most significant of these cells , were those who expressed insulin and were capable of secreting the hormone .", "4": "These insulin producing cells could be used for replacement therapy in diabetics , demonstrating real SCNT stem cell therapeutic potential . The impetus for SCNT - based stem cell research has been decreased by the development and improvement of alternative methods of generating stem cells . Methods to reprogram normal body cells into pluripotent stem cells were developed in humans in 2007 . The following year , this method achieved a key goal of SCNT - based stem cell research : the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines that have all genes linked to various diseases . Some scientists working on SCNT - based stem cell research have recently moved to the new methods of induced pluripotent stem cells . Though recent studies have put in question how similar iPS cells are to embryonic stem cells . Epigenetic memory in iPS affects the cell lineage it can differentiate into . For instance , an iPS cell derived from a blood cell will be more efficient at differentiating into blood cells , while it will be less efficient at creating a neuron . This raises the question of how well iPS cells can mimic the gold standard ESC in experiments , as stem cells are defined as having the ability to differentiate into any cell type . SCNT stem cells do not pose such a problem and continue to remain relevant in stem cell studies . Reproductive cloning ( edit ) Main article : Cloning BTX ECM 2001 Electrofusion generator used for SCNT and Cloning applications This technique is currently the basis for cloning animals ( such as the famous Dolly the sheep ) , and has been theoretically proposed as a possible way to clone humans . Using SCNT in reproductive cloning has proven difficult with limited success . High fetal and neonatal death make the process very inefficient . Resulting cloned offspring are also plagued with development and imprinting disorders in non-human species . For these reasons , along with moral and ethical objections , reproductive cloning in humans is proscribed in more than 30 countries . Most researchers believe that in the foreseeable future it will not be possible to use the current cloning technique to produce a human clone that will develop to term . It remains a possibility , though critical adjustments will be required to overcome current limitations during early embryonic development in human SCNT . There is also the potential for treating diseases associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA .", "5": "Recent studies show SCNT of the nucleus of a body cell afflicted with one of these diseases into a healthy oocyte prevents the inheritance of the mitochondrial disease . This treatment does not involve cloning but would produce a child with three genetic parents . A father providing a sperm cell , one mother providing the egg nucleus and another mother providing the enucleated egg cell . Interspecies nuclear transfer ( edit ) Interspecies nuclear transfer ( iSCNT ) is a means of somatic cell nuclear transfer used to facilitate the rescue of endangered species , or even to restore species after their extinction . The technique is similar to SCNT cloning which typically is between domestic animals and rodents , or where there is a ready supply of oocytes and surrogate animals . However , the cloning of highly endangered or extinct species requires the use of an alternative method of cloning . Interspecies nuclear transfer utilizes a host and a donor of two different organisms that are closely related species and within the same genus . In 2000 , Robert Lanza was able to produce a cloned fetus of a gaur , Bos gaurus , combining it successfully with a domestic cow , Bos taurus . Interspecies nuclear transfer provides evidence of the universality of the triggering mechanism of the cell nucleus reprogramming . For example , Gupta et al. , explored the possibility of producing transgenic cloned embryos by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer ( iSCNT ) of cattle , mice , and chicken donor cells into enucleated pig oocytes . Moreover , NCSU23 medium , which was designed for in vitro culture of pig embryos , was able to support the in vitro development of cattle , mice , and chicken iSCNT embryos up to the blastocyst stage . Furthermore , ovine oocyte cytoplast may be used for remodeling and reprogramming of human somatic cells back to the embryonic stage . Limitations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SCNT can be inefficient . Stresses placed on both the egg cell and the introduced nucleus in early research were enormous , resulting in a low percentage of successfully reprogrammed cells .", "6": "For example , in 1996 Dolly the sheep was born after 277 eggs were used for SCNT , which created 29 viable embryos . Only three of these embryos survived until birth , and only one survived to adulthood . As the procedure was not automated , but had to be performed manually under a microscope , SCNT was very resource intensive . The biochemistry involved in reprogramming the differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from understood . However , by 2014 , researchers were reporting success rates of 70 - 80 % with cloning pigs and in 2016 a Korean company , Sooam Biotech , was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos a day . In SCNT , not all of the donor cell 's genetic information is transferred , as the donor cell 's mitochondria that contain their own mitochondrial DNA are left behind . The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to the egg . As a consequence , clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus . This fact may also hamper the potential benefits of SCNT derived tissues / organs for therapy , as there may be an immunoresponse to the non-self mtDNA after transplant . Controversy ( edit ) Further information : stem cell controversy Human Blastocyst , showing the inner cell mass ( top , right ) . Proposals to use nucleus transfer techniques in human stem cell research raise a set of concerns beyond the moral status of any created embryo . These have led to some individuals and organizations who are not opposed to human embryonic stem cell research to be concerned about , or opposed to , SCNT research . One concern is that blastula creation in SCNT - based human stem cell research will lead to the reproductive cloning of humans . Both processes use the same first step : the creation of a nuclear transferred embryo , most likely via SCNT . Those who hold this concern often advocate for strong regulation of SCNT to preclude implantation of any derived products for the intention of human reproduction , or its prohibition . A second important concern is the appropriate source of the eggs that are needed . SCNT requires human eggs , which can only be obtained from women . The most common source of these eggs today are eggs that are produced and in excess of the clinical need during IVF treatment .", "7": "This is a minimally invasive procedure , but it does carry some health risks , such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome . One vision for successful stem cell therapies is to create custom stem cell lines for patients . Each custom stem cell line would consist of a collection of identical stem cells each carrying the patient 's own DNA , thus reducing or eliminating any problems with rejection when the stem cells were transplanted for treatment . For example , to treat a man with Parkinson 's disease , a cell nucleus from one of his cells would be transplanted by SCNT into an egg cell from an egg donor , creating a unique lineage of stem cells almost identical to the patient 's own cells . ( There would be differences . For example , the mitochondrial DNA would be the same as that of the egg donor . In comparison , his own cells would carry the mitochondrial DNA of his mother . ) Potentially millions of patients could benefit from stem cell therapy , and each patient would require a large number of donated eggs in order to successfully create a single custom therapeutic stem cell line . Such large numbers of donated eggs would exceed the number of eggs currently left over and available from couples trying to have children through assisted reproductive technology . Therefore , healthy young women would need to be induced to sell eggs to be used in the creation of custom stem cell lines that could then be purchased by the medical industry and sold to patients . It is so far unclear where all these eggs would come from . Stem cell experts consider it unlikely that such large numbers of human egg donations would occur in a developed country because of the unknown long - term public health effects of treating large numbers of healthy young women with heavy doses of hormones in order to induce hyperovulation ( ovulating several eggs at once ) . Although such treatments have been performed for several decades now , the long - term effects have not been studied or declared safe to use on a large scale on otherwise healthy women . Longer - term treatments with much lower doses of hormones are known to increase the rate of cancer decades later . Whether hormone treatments to induce hyperovulation could have similar effects is unknown . There are also ethical questions surrounding paying for eggs . In general , marketing body parts is considered unethical and is banned in most countries . Human eggs have been a notable exception to this rule for some time .", "8": "To address the problem of creating a human egg market , some stem cell researchers are investigating the possibility of creating artificial eggs . If successful , human egg donations would not be needed to create custom stem cell lines . However , this technology may be a long way off . Policies regarding human SCNT ( edit ) SCNT involving human cells is currently legal for research purposes in the United Kingdom , having been incorporated into the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 . Permission must be obtained from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority in order to perform or attempt SCNT . In the United States , the practice remains legal , as it has not been addressed by federal law . However , in 2002 , a moratorium on United States federal funding for SCNT prohibits funding the practice for the purposes of research . Thus , though legal , SCNT can not be federally funded . American scholars have recently argued that because the product of SCNT is a clone embryo , rather than a human embryo , these policies are morally wrong and should be revised . In 2003 , the United Nations adopted a proposal submitted by Costa Rica , calling on member states to `` prohibit all forms of human cloning in as much as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life . '' This phrase may include SCNT , depending on interpretation . The Council of Europe 's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and its Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine , on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Being appear to ban SCNT of human beings . Of the Council 's 45 member states , the Convention has been signed by 31 and ratified by 18 . The Additional Protocol has been signed by 29 member nations and ratified by 14 . See also ( edit ) Induced stem cells Stem cell research Stem cell controversy Embryogenesis In vitro fertilisation Cloning New Jersey legislation S1909 / A2840 Rejuvenation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Li , J ; Liu , X ; Wang , H ; Zhang , S ; Liu , F ; Wang , X ; Wang , Y ( 2009 ) . `` Human embryos derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer using an alternative enucleation approach '' .", "9": "Cloning and Stem Cells. 11 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 50 . PMID 19196043 . doi : 10.1089 / clo. 2008.0041 . Jump up ^ Pattinson , Shaun D. ; Kind , Vanessa ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Using a moot to develop students ' understanding of human cloning and statutory interpretation '' . Medical Law International . doi : 10.1177 / 0968533217726350 . Jump up ^ Wilmut , I. ; Schnieke , A.E. ; McWhir , J. ; Kind , A.J. ; Campbell , K.H.S. ( 1997 ) . `` Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells '' . Nature . 385 ( 6619 ) : 810 -- 813 . PMID 9039911 . doi : 10.1038 / 385810a0 . Jump up ^ Lomax , G.P. ; Dewitt , N.D. ( 2013 ) . `` Somatic cell nuclear transfer in Oregon : Expanding the pluripotent space and informing research ethics '' . Stem Cells and Development . 22 Suppl 1 : 25 -- 8 . PMID 24304071 . doi : 10.1089 / scd. 2013.0402 . Jump up ^ Lo , B ; Parham , L ( 2009 ) . `` Ethical issues in stem cell research '' . Endocrine Reviews . 30 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 13 . PMC 2726839 . PMID 19366754 . doi : 10.1210 / er. 2008 - 0031 . ^ Jump up to : Semb H ( 2005 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cells : origin , properties and applications '' . APMIS. 113 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 743 -- 50 . PMID 16480446 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0463.2005. apm_312. x .", "10": "^ Jump up to : Pera , M ; Trounson , A ( 2013 ) . `` Cloning debate : Stem - cell researchers must stay engaged '' . Nature . 498 ( 7453 ) : 159 -- 61 . PMID 23765475 . doi : 10.1038 / 498159a . Jump up ^ Hadjantonakis AK , Papaioannou VE ( July 2002 ) . `` Can mammalian cloning combined with embryonic stem cell technologies be used to treat human diseases ? '' . Genome Biol. 3 ( 8 ) : REVIEWS1023 . PMC 139399 . PMID 12186652 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2002 - 3 - 8 - reviews1023 . ^ Jump up to : Tachibana M ( 2013 ) . `` Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer '' . Cell. 153 : 1228 -- 38 . PMC 3772789 . PMID 23683578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2013.05. 006 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weise , `` Cloning race is on again '' , USA Today ( January 17 , 2006 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Dolly scientists ' human clone bid '' , BBC News ( September 28 , 2004 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Charles C. Mann , `` The First Cloning Superpower '' , Wired ( January 2003 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Hwang WS , Roh SI , Lee BC , et al. ( June 2005 ) . `` Patient - specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts '' . Science . 308 ( 5729 ) : 1777 -- 83 . PMID 15905366 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112286 . ( Retracted ) Jump up ^ Kennedy D ( January 2006 ) . `` Editorial retraction '' . Science . 311 ( 5759 ) : 335 . PMID 16410485 .", "11": "doi : 10.1126 / science. 1124926 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Nature Stem Cell Blog . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , The Scientist 19 June 2007 Jump up ^ Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Adult Cells Cell Stem Cell . Retrieved 18 April 2014 Jump up ^ Ariana Eunjung Cha ( 18 April 2014 ) Cloning advance using stem cells from human adult reopens ethical questions Washington Post . Retrieved 18 April 2014 Jump up ^ Yamada , M ; Johannesson , B ; Sagi , I ; Burnett , L.C. ; Kort , D.H. ; Prosser , R.W. ; Paull , D ; Nestor , M.W. ; Freeby , M ; Greenberg , E ; Goland , R.S. ; Leibel , R.L. ; Solomon , S.L. ; Benvenisty , N ; Sauer , M.V. ; Egli , D ( 2014 ) . `` Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells '' . Nature . 510 ( 7506 ) : 533 -- 6 . PMID 24776804 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13287 . Jump up ^ Gretchen Vogel ( December 2008 ) . `` Breakthrough of the year : Reprogramming Cells '' . Science . 322 ( 5909 ) : 1766 -- 1767 . PMID 19095902 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5909. 1766 . Jump up ^ Kim , K. ; Doi , A. ; Wen , B. ; Ng , K. ; Zhao , R. ; Cahan , P. ; Kim , J. ; Aryee , M.J. ; Ji , H. ; Ehrlich , L.I.R. ; Yabuuchi , A. ; Takeuchi , A. ; Cunniff , K.C. ; Hongguang , H. ; McKinney - Freeman , S. ; Naveiras , O. ; Yoon , T.J. ; Irizarry , R.A.", "12": "; Jung , N. ; Seita , J. ; Hanna , J. ; Murakami , P. ; Jaenisch , R. ; Weissleder , R. ; Orkin , S.H. ; Weissman , I.L. ; Feinberg , A.P. ; Daley , G.Q. ( 2010 ) . `` Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells '' . Nature . 467 ( 7313 ) : 285 -- 90 . PMC 3150836 . PMID 20644535 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09342 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell KH , McWhir J , Ritchie WA , Wilmut I ( March 1996 ) . `` Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line '' . Nature . 380 ( 6569 ) : 64 -- 6 . PMID 8598906 . doi : 10.1038 / 380064a0 . Jump up ^ Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine ( 2012 ) . `` Human somatic cell nuclear transfer and cloning '' . Fertility and Sterility. 98 ( 4 ) : 804 -- 7 . PMID 22795681 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2012.06. 045 . Jump up ^ Revel M ( 2000 ) . `` Research on animal cloning technologies and their implications in medical ethics : an update '' . Med Law . 19 ( 3 ) : 527 -- 43 . PMID 11143888 . Jump up ^ Rhind SM , Taylor JE , De Sousa PA , King TJ , McGarry M , Wilmut I ( November 2003 ) . `` Human cloning : can it be made safe ? '' . Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 ( 11 ) : 855 -- 64 . PMID 14634633 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1205 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Lanza , Robert P. ; Jose B. Cibelli ; Francisca A. Diaz ; Carlos T. Moraes ; Peter W. Farin ; Charlotte E. Farin ; Carolyn J. Hammer ; Michael D. West ; Philip Damiani ( 2000 ) . `` Cloning of an endangered species ( Bos gaurus ) using interspecies nuclear transfer '' ( PDF ) . Cloning. 2 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 90 . doi : 10.1089 / 152045500436104 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , M.K. ; Das , Z.C. ; Heo , Y.T. ; Uhm , S.J. ( 2013 ) . `` Transgenic Chicken , Mice , Cattle , and Pig Embryos by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer into Pig Oocytes '' . Cellular Reprogramming. 15 ( 4 ) : 322 -- 328 . doi : 10.1089 / cell. 2012.0074 . Jump up ^ Hosseini , S. Morteza ; Hajian , Mehdi ; Forouzanfar , Mohsen ; Nasr - Esfahani , Mohammad H. ( April 2012 ) . `` Enucleated Ovine Oocyte Supports Human Somatic Cells Reprogramming Back to the Embryonic Stage '' . Cellular Reprogramming. 14 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 163 . PMID 22384929 . doi : 10.1089 / cell. 2011.0061 . Jump up ^ Shukman , David ( 14 January 2014 ) China cloning on an ' industrial scale ' BBC News Science and Environment , Retrieved 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Zastrow , Mark ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Rifkin . ( February 18 , 2002 ) . `` Fusion Biopolitics '' . The Nation . Retrieved on August 7 , 2006 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg , `` Some for Abortion Rights Lean Right in Cloning Fight '' , New York Times ( January 24 , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Lori B. Andrews , et al. , Open Letter to US Senate on Human Cloning , ( March 19 , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Lori B. Andrews et al. ( March 19 , 2002 ). `` Open Letter to US Senators on Human Cloning and Eugenic Engineering '' . Retrieved on August 7 , 2006 Jump up ^ Andy Coghlan , `` Cloning opponents fear loopholes in new UK law '' , New Scientist ( November 23 , 2001 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Pattinson , Shaun D. ; Kind , Vanessa ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Using a moot to develop students ' understanding of human cloning and statutory interpretation '' . Medical Law International . doi : 10.1177 / 0968533217726350 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 : Legal and Policy Considerations . Cloning Human Beings '' Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission , June 1997 . Accessed 21 Oct 06 Jump up ^ Robertson , John A ( 2010 ) . `` Embryo Stem Cell Research : Ten Years of Controversy '' . The Journal of Law , Medicine , & Ethics. 38 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 203 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 720x. 2010.00479. x . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Thomas V ( 2013 ) . `` What justifies the United States ban on federal funding for nonreproductive cloning ? '' . Medicine , Health Care and Philosophy. 16 ( 4 ) : 825 -- 841 . doi : 10.1007 / s11019 - 013 - 9465 - 5 .", "15": "Jump up ^ United Nations , `` General Assembly Adopts United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning By Vote of 84 - 34 - 37 '' , press release ( August 3 , 2005 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Council of Europe , Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine : Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine ( April 4 , 1997 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) ; Council of Europe , Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine , on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Being ( January 12 , 1998 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Further reading ( edit ) Wilmut I , Beaujean N , de Sousa PA , et al. ( October 2002 ) . `` Somatic cell nuclear transfer '' . Nature . 419 ( 6907 ) : 583 -- 6 . PMID 12374931 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01079 . Kikyo N , Wolffe AP ( January 2000 ) . `` Reprogramming nuclei : insights from cloning , nuclear transfer and heterokaryons '' . J. Cell. Sci. 113 . ( Pt 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . PMID 10591621 . Tian XC , Kubota C , Enright B , Yang X ( November 2003 ) . `` Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer -- biological factors '' . Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1 ( 1 ) : 98 . PMC 521203 . PMID 14614770 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 7827 - 1 - 98 . Gurdon JB , Byrne JA , Simonsson S ( September 2003 ) . `` Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 . Suppl 1 ( 90001 ) : 11819 -- 22 . PMC 304092 .", "16": "PMID 12920185 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1834207100 . External links ( edit ) Research Cloning : Medical and scientific , legal and ethical aspects The Basics : Stem Cells and Public Policy The Century Foundation , June 2005 `` Research Cloning Basic Science '' , Center for Genetics and Society , ( Last modified October 4 , 2004 , retrieved October 6 , 2006 ) Cloning : present uses and promises National Institutes of Health , Paper giving background information on cloning in general and SCNT from The Office of Science Policy Analysis . Nuclear Transfer -- Stem Cells or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ( SCNT ) The International Society for Stem Cell Research The Hinxton Group : An International Consortium on Stem Cells , Ethics & Law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer&oldid=806184232 '' Categories : Cloning Genetics Stem cell research Induced stem cells Life extension Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3840901317699168424	what does a bull shark tooth look like	[ "needle-like", "needle-like teeth", "needle-like" ]	{ "0": "Shark tooth - wikipedia Shark tooth Jump to : navigation , search Fossil shark teeth ( Cretaceous ) from southern Israel . Elementorum myologiae specimen , 1669 A shark tooth is one of the numerous teeth of a shark . A shark tooth contains resistant calcium phosphate materials . Sharks continually shed their teeth ; some Carcharhiniformes shed approximately 35,000 teeth in a lifetime , replacing those that fall out . There are four basic types of shark teeth : dense flattened , needle - like , pointed lower with triangular upper , and non-functional . The type of tooth that a shark has depends on its diet and feeding habits . In some formations , shark 's teeth are a common fossil . These fossils can be analyzed for information on shark evolution and biology ; they are often the only part of the shark to be fossilized . Fossil teeth comprise much of the fossil record of the Elasmobranchii , extending back to hundreds of millions of years . Shark teeth are also useful in conducting research about the structure of teeth , shark migration patterns , and identifying shark species . The most ancient types of sharks date back to 450 million years ago , during the Late Ordovician period , and are mostly known by their fossilised teeth . However , the most commonly found fossil shark teeth are from the Cenozoic era ( the last 66 million years ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types and Functions 1.1 Dense Flattened Teeth 1.2 Needle - like Teeth 1.3 Pointed Lower Teeth and Triangular Upper Teeth 1.4 Non-Functional Teeth 1.5 Transitional teeth 1.6 Special mention : Megalodon teeth 1.7 Deposits 2 Counting 3 Shark Teeth Research and Identification 4 History of discovery 5 Tool use by humans 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Types and functions ( edit ) Though sharks often are highly specialized , as a category they have ranged widely in their adaptations . Their teeth reflect this , ranging widely in form and function . There are a number of common types of shark teeth , that vary according to the diet of the shark .", "1": "Examples include dense flattened teeth for crushing ; long needle - like teeth for gripping ; pointed lower teeth for gripping combined with serrated , triangular upper teeth cutting , and teeth that are tiny , greatly reduced , and non-functional . Eastman1901 - web Dense flattened teeth ( edit ) Dense flattened teeth are used to crush prey like bivalves and crustaceans . These Sharks include nurse sharks and angel sharks . They are typically found at the bottom of the ocean floor because this is the habitat in which their prey live . Their teeth are flat in order to easily crack open the shells their prey uses for protection . Needle - like teeth ( edit ) This was the first common style of shark tooth , present in the plentiful cladodont teeth of the devonian , four hundred million years ago . Sharks with needle - like teeth commonly feed on small to medium - sized fish , sometimes including small sharks . These teeth are especially effective for such prey because they can easily grip their slippery and narrow bodies . Modern examples include the blue shark and bull sharks . These sharks specifically use their teeth to feed on small prey like squid , flounder , stingrays , and even hammerhead sharks . Pointed lower teeth and triangular upper teeth ( edit ) This combination of pointed lower teeth with triangular upper teeth are especially useful for cutting prey that consist of large mammals and fish . The combination of teeth entails serrated edges to cut the larger prey into smaller portions in order to easily swallow the pieces . The most famously known shark with these teeth is the Great White shark , which feeds on animals such as sea lions , dolphins , other sharks , and even small whales . Non-functional teeth ( edit ) The teeth of plankton - feeders , such as the basking shark and whale shark , are greatly reduced and non-functional. ( 1 ) These sharks filter feed on prey by opening their mouths to let tiny organisms get sucked into their mouths to feed without using their teeth at all , instead filtering the food when passing water through their gills . Transitional teeth ( edit ) As one species evolves into another , its teeth may become difficult to classify , exhibiting characteristics of both species . For example , teeth from Carcharocles auriculatus as it evolved into C. angustidens , are difficult to definitively identify as coming from either species .", "2": "A commonly referred to transition is the evolution of Isurus hastalis , the Extinct Giant Mako , into the Great White shark , Carcharodon carcharias . There exist teeth that are believed to represent the transition between the two species . These teeth , from Carcharodon sp . are characterised by the wider , flatter crowns of the Extinct Giant Mako . However , they also exhibit partial , fading serrations , which are more pronounced near the root , and disappear towards the tip of the tooth - serrations being found in Great Whites but not Extinct Giant Makos . Special mention : megalodon teeth ( edit ) A C. megalodon tooth excavated from Lee Creek Mine , Aurora , North Carolina , United States . C. megalodon teeth are the largest of any shark , extinct or living , and are among the most sought after types of shark teeth in the world . This shark lived during the late Oligocene epoch and Neogene period , about 28 to 1.5 million years ago , and ranged to a maximum length of 60 ft . The smallest teeth are only 1.2 cm ( 0.5 in ) in height , while the largest teeth are in excess of 17.7 cm ( 7.0 in ) . The smaller teeth ranging from 31⁄2 '' and 41⁄2 '' are more common finds , while teeth over 5 '' , 6 '' , and 7 '' are more rare . These teeth are in extremely high demand by collectors and private investors , and they can fetch steep prices according to their size and deterioration . The larger teeth can cost as much as 3,000 dollars . Deposits ( edit ) Shark teeth can not be collected from just any type of rock . Any fossils , including fossil shark teeth , are preserved in sedimentary rocks after falling from their mouth . The sediment that the teeth were found in is used to help determine the age of the shark tooth due to the fossilization process . Shark teeth are most commonly found between the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary periods . Only after about 10,000 years will a shark tooth fossilize . The teeth commonly found are not white because they are covered with sediment from fossilization . The sediment prevents oxygen and bacteria from attacking and decaying the tooth .", "3": "Fossilized shark teeth can often be found in or near river bed banks , sand pits , and beaches . These teeth are typically worn , because they were frequently moved and redeposited in different areas repeatedly before settling down . Other locations , however , yield perfect teeth that were hardly moved during the ages . These teeth are typically fragile , and great care should be taken while excavating them . Phosphate pits , containing mostly fossil bones and teeth , or kaolin pits , are ideal places to look for fossil shark teeth . One of the most notable phosphate mines is in Central Florida , Polk County , and is known as Bone Valley . Most of the teeth found here range from 3 to 10 million years old . Near New Caledonia , up until the practice was banned , fishermen and commercial vessels used to dredge the sea floor for megalodon teeth . In the state of Georgia , shark teeth are found so often that they decided to make shark teeth the official state fossil in 1976 . Counting ( edit ) Megalodon lower jaw with 4 tooth rows and 4 tooth series labeled . `` Series 1 '' contains the functional teeth at the front of the jaw . In taxonomy , shark teeth are counted as follows : rows of teeth are counted along the line of the jaw , while series of teeth are counted from the front of the jaw inward . A single tooth row includes one or more functional teeth at the front of the jaw , and multiple replacement teeth behind this . For example , the jaws of a bull shark can have 50 rows of teeth in 7 series , with the outermost series functional , but most sharks have five series with the average shark having about 15 rows of teeth in each jaw . The small teeth at the symphysis , where the two halves of the jaw meet , are usually counted separately from the main teeth on either side . Sharks are also known to lose at least one tooth per week . Due to their specific arrangement of rows and series however , lost teeth can be replaced within a day . Shark teeth research and identification ( edit ) Identification of most sharks are found through a combination of tooth counts and tooth shapes . Teeth can even lead to the identification of shark species like the requiem shark .", "4": "The fossilized records of teeth helps illustrate evolutionary history , and isolated teeth are used to study and analyze specific linear measurements of the species . In order to identify teeth and specific information about the teeth , research can be done on a shark tooth . This research may uncover many different aspects about the tooth itself , and the shark species . This proves complicated , however , due to the fact that most fossilized teeth are found mixed and scattered . To collect information on basic - life history and get dispersal estimates of a shark tooth , molecular - based technology is very efficient . To further shark population studies , collection of mtDNA can be extracted from shark jaws and teeth . To study the caries - reducing effect in sharks , studies are done on the fluorine atoms that are bound covalently to calcium atoms in the teeth . Each tooth has a complex fluorapatite structure enameloid . In order to reduce effects of deterioration in the teeth , it is useful to sample only the surface of the enameloid of the tooth for this specific research . Studying and researching shark teeth betters our understandings of shark feeding behaviors , evolutionary changes , and mechanisms . This helps us to identify the teeth , and even the species . History of discovery ( edit ) Scapanorhynchus texanus , Menuha Formation ( Upper Cretaceous ) , southern Palestine . The oldest known records of fossilized shark teeth are by Pliny the Elder , who believed that these triangular objects fell from the sky during lunar eclipses . According to Renaissance accounts , large , triangular fossil teeth often found embedded in rocky formations were believed to be petrified tongues of dragons and snakes and so were referred to as `` tongue stones '' or `` glossopetrae '' . Glossopetrae were commonly thought to be a remedy or cure for various poisons and toxins ; they were used in the treatment of snake bites . Due to this ingrained belief , many noblemen and royalty wore these `` tongue stones '' as pendants or kept them in their pockets as good - luck charms . This interpretation was corrected in 1611 by the Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna , who recognized them as ancient shark teeth , and , in 1667 , by the Danish naturalist Nicolaus Steno , who discussed their composition and famously produced a depiction of a shark 's head bearing such teeth .", "5": "He mentioned his findings in a book , The Head of a Shark Dissected , which also contained an illustration of a C. megalodon tooth , previously considered to be a tongue stone . Tool use by humans ( edit ) Gilbertese weapons edged with shark teeth . In Oceania and America , shark teeth were commonly used for tools , especially on weapons such as clubs and daggers , but also as blades to carve wood and as tools for food preparation . For example , various weapons edged with shark teeth were used by the Native Hawaiians ( see example here ) , who called them leiomano . Some types were reserved for royalty . The Guaitaca ( Weittaka ) of coastal Brazil tipped their arrows with shark teeth . The remains of shark tooth - edged weapons , as well as chert replicas of shark teeth , have been found in the Cahokia mounds of the upper Mississippi River valley , more than 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) from the ocean . It is reported that the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island were first shaped and then inscribed using a hafted shark tooth . See also ( edit ) Elasmobranch Fish jaw List of sharks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fossil folklore '' . Jump up ^ `` Shark teeth '' . Jump up ^ `` Shark Savers : : Shark Teeth '' . ^ Jump up to : `` What Do Sharks Eat -- The Shark Diet '' . Types of Sharks . ^ Jump up to : The Zen Cart ® Team ; et al . `` About Fossil Shark Teeth '' . Jump up ^ `` 6 plus inch Megalodon Sharks Teeth '' . ^ Jump up to : `` FLMNH Ichthyology Department : Fossil Sharks '' . ^ Jump up to : Hennemann RM . Sharks & Rays : El i love shark teethasmobranch Guide of the World . IKAN - Unterwasserarchiv , Frankfurt , Germany 2001 : 266 - 269 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sink your teeth into this : 20 facts about shark teeth '' . Beach Chair Scientist . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Fossil - Shark Tooth '' . Jump up ^ Case , Gerard ( 1967 ) . `` Fossil Shark and Fish Remains of North American '' . p.", "6": "2 . Jump up ^ Heemstra , P.C. ; Heemstra , E. ( 2004 ) . Coastal fishes of Southern Africa . NISC / SAIAB . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 920033 - 01 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naylor , G.J.P. ; Marcus , L.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Identifying isolated shark teeth of the genus carcharhinus to species ; relevance for tracking phyletic change through the fossil record '' . American Museum Novitates. 3109 : 53 . Jump up ^ Ahonen , H. ; Stow , A.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Shark jaws and teeth : An unexploited resource for population genetic studies '' . Journal of Fish Biology . 73 ( 2 ) : 450 -- 455 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2008. 01896. x . Jump up ^ Chen , C. ; Wang , Z. ; Saito , M. ; Tohei , T. ; Takano , Y. ; Ikuhara , Y. ( 2014 ) . `` Fluorine in shark teeth : Its direct atomic - resolution imaging and strengthening function '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 126 ( 6 ) : 1569 -- 1573 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 201307689 . Jump up ^ Becker , M.A. ; Seidemann , D.E. ; Chamberlain , J.A. ; Buhl , D. ; Slattery , W. ( 2008 ) . `` Strontium isotopic signatures in the enameloid and dentine of upper cretaceous shark teeth from western alabama : Paleoecologic and geochronologic implications '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 264 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 188 -- 194 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.04. 006 . Jump up ^ Whitenack , L.B. ( 2008 ) .", "7": "The biomechanics and evolution of shark teeth . ( Order No. 3376233 , University of South Florida ) . http://search.proquest.com/docview/304460308 Jump up ^ `` Sharks ' teeth are falling ! - Dharma Beach Bum '' . Dharma Beach Bum . Jump up ^ Haven , Kendall ( 1997 ) . 100 Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time . Libraries Unlimited . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 265 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruner , John ( 1997 ) . `` The Megatooth shark '' . FLMNH . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Hawai'i : Shark Tooth Weapon '' . Bishopmuseum.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Leighton R. ( 1993 ) . Sharks of Hawaii : Their Biology and Cultural Significance . University of Hawaii Press . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anthony Meyer ( 1995 ) Oceanic Art , v. 2 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Métraux , Alfred ( 1946 ) Handbook of South American Indians , v. 1 , p. 522 , `` The Guaitaca '' Jump up ^ Greg Perino , c. 1950 , Cahokia Brought to Life , pp. 66 - 67 Jump up ^ Métraux , Alfred ( 1940 ) , `` Ethnology of Easter Island '' . Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin ( Honolulu : Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press ) 160 : 404 Campbell , Sid ( 2006 ) . `` Shark - Tooth Weapons '' . Warrior Arts and Weapons of Ancient Hawaii . Berkeley , Calif : Blue Snake Books . ISBN 1 - 58394 - 160 - 6 . OCLC 65400291 .", "8": "Castro , Jose ( 1983 ) . The Sharks of North American Waters . College Station : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 143 - 3 . Hennemann RM . Sharks & Rays : Elasmobranch Guide of the World . IKAN - Unterwasserarchiv , Frankfurt , Germany 2001 : 266 - 269 . Stevens , John D. ( 1987 ) . Sharks . New York : NY Facts on File Publications . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1800 - 6 . External links ( edit ) A weapon of tiger - shark teeth on carved koa wood , at the Bishop Museum . www.shark-references.com : Database of bibliography of living / fossil sharks and rays ( Chondrichtyes : Selachii ) with more than 15.000 listed papers and a lot of downloadlinks Real Great White Shark Teeth for Sale Online in USA Sharks Topics Outline of sharks Shark anatomy Shark teeth Egg case ( Chondrichthyes ) Threat display Threatened sharks Taxonomy Carcharhiniformes ( Ground sharks ) Heterodontiformes ( Bullhead sharks ) Hexanchiformes Lamniformes ( Mackerel sharks ) Orectolobiformes ( Carpet sharks ) Pristiophoriformes ( Sawsharks ) Squaliformes Squatiniformes ( Angel sharks ) † Cladoselachiformes † Hybodontiformes † Symmoriida † Xenacanthida ( Xenacantiformes ) List of sharks Human interaction Shark attack Shark attack prevention Shark net Shark proof cage Shark tourism Drum lines Category Portal WikiProject Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution", "9": "Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Estimating age Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish", "10": "Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists . Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.", "11": "wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark_tooth&oldid=835754920 '' Categories : Sharks Fish anatomy Symbols of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Teeth Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 15 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1163524811252371834	who played the girl in my two dads	[ "Staci Keanan", "Staci Keanan", "Staci Keanan (born Anastasia Love Sagorsky" ]	{ "0": "Staci Keanan - wikipedia Staci Keanan Jump to : navigation , search Staci Keanan Anastasia Love Sagorsky ( 1975 - 06 - 06 ) June 6 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Devon , Pennsylvania , US Other names Stacy Keanan Staci Love Alma mater UCLA Southwestern Law School Occupation Actress ( 1987 -- 2012 ) Attorney ( 2013 -- present ) Years active 1987 -- Spouse ( s ) Guy Birtwhistle ( m . 2017 ) Staci Keanan ( born Anastasia Love Sagorsky on June 6 , 1975 ) is a former American actress and attorney . Keanan is best known for her roles in the television series My Two Dads ( 1987 -- 1990 ) and Step by Step ( 1991 -- 1998 ) . She has also been credited as Stacy Keenan and Staci Love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Law 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Theatre 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Keanan was born in Devon , Pennsylvania ( near Philadelphia ) , the daughter of Jacqueline ( née Love ) and Irv Sagorsky , a car salesman . She has a sister , Pilar . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) At age five , she began modeling and appeared in print , radio , and television advertisements , including the voice of My Little Pony and television commercials for Burger King and Hershey 's Kisses . As a youth , Keanan moved with her mother and sister to New York City , where she changed her name to `` Staci Love '' and began appearing in summer stock . She made her credited television debut in the 1987 miniseries I 'll Take Manhattan . At the age of 12 , shortly after she moved with her family to Los Angeles , California , she was cast as Nicole Bradford in the TV series My Two Dads . The series ran from 1987 to 1990 .", "1": "During the 1990 - 91 season , she co-starred in the short - lived series Going Places with Alan Ruck , Heather Locklear , and Hallie Todd . The following year , Keanan was cast as Dana Foster in the TV series Step by Step which aired from 1991 to 1998 . By 1997 Keanan had changed her name from Staci to Stacy . Keanan had roles in the short Stolen Poem ( 2004 ) and the films Hidden Secrets ( 2006 ) , and Death and Cremation ( 2010 ) with Brad Dourif , Jeremy Sumpter , and Daniel Baldwin . In 2009 Keanan appeared in Holyman Undercover , starring David A.R. White , and in 2010 she appeared in a cameo in You Again with Step By Step castmates Christine Lakin and Patrick Duffy . She also co-starred in the film Sarah 's Choice . Law ( edit ) Keanan received her ungraduate degree from UCLA . She then attended Southwestern Law School and was admitted to the State Bar of California in 2013 . She currently practices law under her given name , Anastasia Sagorsky , in the Los Angeles area . Personal life ( edit ) On February 11 , 2017 , Keanan married actor / producer Guy Birtwhistle . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 1990 Lisa Lisa Alternative title : Candlelight Killer Skooled Short film 1995 Ski Hard Annie Meyers Alternative titles : Downhill Willie , Ski Nuts 1995 The Red Coat Mary Short film 1997 Nowhere Ever Credited as Stacy Keanan Stolen Poem Jamie Short film 2006 Hidden Secrets Rachel Wilson Credited as Stacy Keanan 2009 Sarah 's Choice Denise Credited as Stacy Keanan Holyman Undercover Carmen You Again Dana Credited as Stacy Keanan Death and Cremation Becky Weaver Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1985 How To Be A Man N / A Television special ;", "2": "uncredited 1985 Many Happy Returns Uncredited Television short produced for PBS ; uncredited I 'll Take Manhattan Angelica Cipriani Television miniseries ; credited as Staci Love 1987 -- 1990 My Two Dads Nicole Bradford Lead role ; 60 episodes 1990 Casey 's Gift : For Love of a Child Kathy Stilwell Television movie 1990 -- 1991 Going Places Lindsay Bowen Main role ; 22 episodes 1991 -- 1998 Step by Step Dana Foster Main role ; 159 episodes ; credited as Stacy Keanan for Season 7 Boy Meets World Dana Episode : `` The Happiest Show on Earth '' 1997 Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Becky Samms Episode : `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ; credited as Stacy Keanan 1998 Cybill Lacy Episode : `` Fine Is Not a Feeling '' 1998 Diagnosis : Murder Cindy Garrett Episode : `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Theatre ( edit ) As a child musical theatre performer : Miss Lulu Bett , Berkshire Theater Festival , Stockbridge , Massachusetts Annie , Theatre at Stagedoor Manor , Loch Sheldrake , New York Georgia Avenue , Goodspeed Opera House , East Haddam , Connecticut The King and I , Norma Terris Theatre , Chester , Connecticut Gypsy , Norma Terris Theatre , Chester , Connecticut As an adult stage performer : Old Glories , two one - act plays by Elliot Shoenman , directed by Mark L. Taylor , Zephyr Theatre , Hollywood , California Above the Fold ( Diane ) , Zephyr Theatre , Hollywood , California Red Flags ( Janet ) , Zephyr Theatre , Hollywood , California Moment in the Sun ( Diane Bellini ) , by Elliot Shoenman , Matrix Theatre , Hollywood , California Last Call at Moby Dick 's ( Caroline ) , by Ed Marill , directed by Mark L. Taylor , McCadden Place Theatre , Hollywood , California Sunset Park ( Young Evelyn ) second run , by Marley Sims and Elliot Shoenman , directed by Mark L. Taylor , Zephyr Theatre , Hollywood ,", "3": "California Awards ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Refs Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Comedy Series My Two Dads Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Staci Keanan Biography ( 1975 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The State Bar of California : Attorney Search '' . calbar.ca.gov . The State Bar of California . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jae - Ha . `` Actress likes having ' 2 Dads ' '' , Chicago Sun - Times , November 17 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Obituary for Jacqueline Love Sagorsky , Philadelphia Inquirer , July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blessing , Angela ; Holmstrom , Rick ( November 23 , 1987 ) . `` For Staci Keanan of TV 's My Two Dads , Hollywood Can Be a Two - Faced Town '' . People . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Podcast : ' Keanan , Stacy . Interview with Brian Castro . ' from ( 4 : 24 `` ) , IMDB listing misspelled . WTF ? the Podcast . FX Show , Orlando . January 2008 . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' My Two Dads ' Star Staci Keanan : Where Is She Now ? '' . Extra . Extra ( TV program ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Film clip : ' FILM `` NOWHERE '' CAST ( 1997 ) ' onscreen credits ( 1.43 `` - 1.47 '' ) as `` Stacy Keanan '' . Jump up ^ Nowhere ( 1997 ) Cast and Crew at FLF.com ( circa 1997 via Wayback Machine . ) Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sarah 's Choice DVD cover DVD cover image Wikipedia.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 .", "4": "Jump up ^ You Again production credits New York Times Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Staci Keanan on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staci_Keanan&oldid=818059167 '' Categories : 1975 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American lawyers Actresses from Pennsylvania American child actresses American child models American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American women lawyers California lawyers Female models from Pennsylvania Living people People from Chester County , Pennsylvania Southwestern Law School alumni University of California , Los Angeles alumni Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 07 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8152430794227425375	what type of planet is neptune known as	[ "ice giants", "giant" ]	{ "0": "Neptune - wikipedia Neptune Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the planet . For other uses , see Neptune ( disambiguation ) . Neptune Neptune 's Great Dark Spot and its companion bright smudge ; on the west limb the fast moving bright feature called Scooter and the little dark spot are visible . Discovery Discovered by Johann Galle Urbain Le Verrier Discovery date 23 September 1846 Designations Pronunciation / ˈnɛptuːn / ( listen ) / ˈnɛptjuːn / Adjectives Neptunian Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 30.33 AU ( 4.54 billion km ) Perihelion 29.81 AU ( 4.46 billion km ) Semi-major axis 30.110387 AU ( 4.50 billion km ) Eccentricity 6997945600000000000 ♠ 0.009 456 Orbital period 164.8 yr 60,182 days 89,666 Neptunian solar days Synodic period 367.49 days Average orbital speed 7003543000000000000 ♠ 5.43 km / s Mean anomaly 7000447202223580004 ♠ 256.228 ° Inclination 6998308569848429468 ♠ 1.767 975 ° to ecliptic 6.43 ° to Sun 's equator 0.72 ° to invariable plane Longitude of ascending node 7000230006470144821 ♠ 131.784 ° Argument of perihelion 7000482297304179106 ♠ 276.336 ° Known satellites 14 Physical characteristics Mean radius 7007246220000000000 ♠ 24,622 ± 19 km Equatorial radius 7007247640000000000 ♠ 24,764 ± 15 km 3.883 Earths Polar radius 7007243410000000000 ♠ 24,341 ± 30 km 3.", "1": "829 Earths Flattening 6998171000000000000 ♠ 0.0171 ± 0.0013 Surface area 7015761830000000000 ♠ 7.6183 × 10 km 14.98 Earths Volume 7022625399999999999 ♠ 6.254 × 10 km 57.74 Earths Mass 7026102430000000000 ♠ 1.0243 × 10 kg 17.147 Earths 5.15 × 10 Suns Mean density 7003163800000000000 ♠ 1.638 g / cm Surface gravity 11.15 m / s 1.14 g Moment of inertia factor 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 ( estimate ) Escape velocity 23.5 km / s Sidereal rotation period 0.6713 day 16 h 6 min 36 s Equatorial rotation velocity 2.68 km / s ( 9,650 km / h ) Axial tilt 28.32 ° ( to orbit ) North pole right ascension 19 57 20 299.3 ° North pole declination 42.950 ° Albedo 0.290 ( bond ) 0.41 ( geom . ) Surface temp .", "2": "min mean max 1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C ) 0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C ) Apparent magnitude 8.02 to 7.78 Angular diameter 2.2 -- 2.4 '' Atmosphere Scale height 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19.7 ± 0.6 km Composition by volume Gases : 6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 ) 6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He ) 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 ) ~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD ) ~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 ) Ices : ammonia ( NH 3 ) water ( H 2O ) ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH ) methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O ) Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth - largest planet by diameter , the third-most - massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near - twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU ( 4.5 billion km ) . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident . Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet .", "3": "Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier . Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 13 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century . The planet 's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size , making it challenging to study with Earth - based telescopes . Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 . The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar . Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but it contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane . However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction . Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance . In contrast to the hazy , relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus , Neptune 's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns . For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour ( 580 m / s ; 1,300 mph ) . Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K ( − 218 ° C ; − 361 ° F ) . Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5,400 K ( 5,100 ° C ; 9,300 ° F ) . Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system ( labelled `` arcs '' ) , which was discovered in 1982 , then later confirmed by Voyager 2 .", "4": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Naming 1.3 Status 2 Physical characteristics 2.1 Internal structure 2.2 Atmosphere 2.3 Magnetosphere 3 Climate 3.1 Storms 3.2 Internal heating 4 Orbit and rotation 4.1 Orbital resonances 5 Formation and migration 6 Moons 6.1 Planetary rings 7 Observation 8 Exploration 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History Discovery Main article : Discovery of Neptune Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope , Galileo 's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613 contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune . On both occasions , Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close -- in conjunction -- to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery . At his first observation in December 1612 , Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day . This apparent backward motion is created when Earth 's orbit takes it past an outer planet . Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle , the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo 's small telescope . In July 2009 , University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the `` star '' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune 's neighbour Uranus . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction . In 1843 , John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had . Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis , he requested extra data from Sir George Airy , the Astronomer Royal , who supplied it in February 1844 .", "5": "Adams continued to work in 1845 -- 46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet . Urbain Le Verrier In 1845 -- 46 , Urbain Le Verrier , independently of Adams , developed his own calculations but aroused no enthusiasm in his compatriots . In June 1846 , upon seeing Le Verrier 's first published estimate of the planet 's longitude and its similarity to Adams 's estimate , Airy persuaded Challis to search for the planet . Challis vainly scoured the sky throughout August and September . Meanwhile , Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory 's refractor . Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star . On the evening of 23 September 1846 , the day Galle received the letter , he discovered Neptune within 1 ° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , about 12 ° from Adams ' prediction . Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice , on 4 and 12 August , but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up - to - date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations . In the wake of the discovery , there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery . Eventually , an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit . Since 1966 , Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams 's claim to co-discovery , and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the `` Neptune papers '' ( historical documents ) to the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune . That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet 's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it . '' Naming Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was referred to simply as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' .", "6": "The first suggestion for a name came from Galle , who proposed the name Janus . In England , Challis put forward the name Oceanus . Claiming the right to name his discovery , Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet , though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes . In October , he sought to name the planet Le Verrier , after himself , and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director , François Arago . This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France . French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet . Struve came out in favour of the name Neptune on 29 December 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . Soon , Neptune became the internationally accepted name . In Roman mythology , Neptune was the god of the sea , identified with the Greek Poseidon . The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets , all of which , except for Earth , were named for deities in Greek and Roman mythology . Most languages today , even in countries that have no direct link to Greco - Roman culture , use some variant of the name `` Neptune '' for the planet . However , in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , the planet 's name was translated as `` sea king star '' ( 海王星 ) , because Neptune was the god of the sea . In Mongolian , Neptune is called Dalain Van ( Далайн ван ) , reflecting its namesake god 's role as the ruler of the sea . In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon ( Ποσειδώνας , Poseidonas ) , the Greek counterpart of Neptune . In Hebrew , `` Rahab '' ( רהב ) , from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms , was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet , even though the existing Latin term `` Neptun '' ( נפטון ) is commonly used .", "7": "In Māori , the planet is called Tangaroa , named after the Māori god of the sea . In Nahuatl , the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli , named after the rain god Tlāloc . In Thai , Neptune is referred both by its Westernised name Dao Nepjun ( ดาว เนปจูน ) , and is also named Dao Ketu ( ดาว เกตุ , `` Star of Ketu '' ) , after the descending lunar node Ketu ( केतु ) who plays a role in Hindu astrology . Status From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930 , Neptune was the farthest known planet . When Pluto was discovered , it was considered a planet , and Neptune thus became the second - farthest known planet , except for a 20 - year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto 's elliptical orbit brought it closer than Neptune to the Sun . The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union defined the word `` planet '' for the first time , reclassifying Pluto as a `` dwarf planet '' and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System . Physical characteristics A size comparison of Neptune and Earth Neptune 's mass of 1.0243 × 10 kg is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants : it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1 / 19th that of Jupiter . Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m / s , 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth , and surpassed only by Jupiter . Neptune 's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth . Neptune , like Uranus , is an ice giant , a subclass of giant planet , because they are smaller and have higher concentrations of volatiles than Jupiter and Saturn . In the search for extrasolar planets , Neptune has been used as a metonym : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as `` Neptunes '' , just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as `` Jupiters '' .", "8": "Internal structure See also : Extraterrestrial diamonds Neptune 's internal structure resembles that of Uranus . Its atmosphere forms about 5 % to 10 % of its mass and extends perhaps 10 % to 20 % of the way towards the core , where it reaches pressures of about 10 GPa , or about 100,000 times that of Earth 's atmosphere . Increasing concentrations of methane , ammonia and water are found in the lower regions of the atmosphere . The internal structure of Neptune : Upper atmosphere , top clouds Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen , helium and methane gas Mantle consisting of water , ammonia and methane ices Core consisting of rock ( silicates and nickel -- iron ) The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water , ammonia and methane . As is customary in planetary science , this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot , dense fluid . This fluid , which has a high electrical conductivity , is sometimes called a water -- ammonia ocean . The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions , and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice . At a depth of 7,000 km , the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones . Very - high - pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may be an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid ' diamonds ' . The core of Neptune is likely composed of iron , nickel and silicates , with an interior model giving a mass about 1.2 times that of Earth . The pressure at the centre is 7 Mbar ( 700 GPa ) , about twice as high as that at the centre of Earth , and the temperature may be 5,400 K . Atmosphere Combined colour and near - infrared image of Neptune , showing bands of methane in its atmosphere , and four of its moons , Proteus , Larissa , Galatea , and Despina Play media A time - lapse video of Neptune and its moons At high altitudes , Neptune 's atmosphere is 80 % hydrogen and 19 % helium . A trace amount of methane is also present .", "9": "Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum . As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan . Because Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune 's colour . Neptune 's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions : the lower troposphere , where temperature decreases with altitude , and the stratosphere , where temperature increases with altitude . The boundary between the two , the tropopause , lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars ( 10 kPa ) . The stratosphere then gives way to the thermosphere at a pressure lower than 10 to 10 bars ( 1 to 10 Pa ) . The thermosphere gradually transitions to the exosphere . Bands of high - altitude clouds cast shadows on Neptune 's lower cloud deck Models suggest that Neptune 's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude . The upper - level clouds lie at pressures below one bar , where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense . For pressures between one and five bars ( 100 and 500 kPa ) , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form . Above a pressure of five bars , the clouds may consist of ammonia , ammonium sulfide , hydrogen sulfide and water . Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars ( 5.0 MPa ) , where the temperature reaches 273 K ( 0 ° C ) . Underneath , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found . High - altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below . There are also high - altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude . These circumferential bands have widths of 50 -- 150 km and lie about 50 -- 110 km above the cloud deck . These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs , the troposphere . Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere . Unlike Uranus , Neptune 's composition has a higher volume of ocean , whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle .", "10": "Neptune 's spectra suggest that its lower stratosphere is hazy due to condensation of products of ultraviolet photolysis of methane , such as ethane and ethyne . The stratosphere is also home to trace amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons . For reasons that remain obscure , the planet 's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K . The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation . One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet 's magnetic field . Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere . The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water , which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust . Magnetosphere Neptune resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 ° and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13,500 km from the planet 's physical centre . Before Voyager 2 's arrival at Neptune , it was hypothesised that Uranus 's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation . In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors . This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids ( probably a combination of ammonia , methane and water ) resulting in a dynamo action . The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas ( 0.14 G ) . The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 10 T m ( 14 μT R , where R is the radius of Neptune ) . Neptune 's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components , including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength . By contrast , Earth , Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments , and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis .", "11": "The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet 's centre and geometrical constraints of the field 's dynamo generator . Neptune 's bow shock , where the magnetosphere begins to slow the solar wind , occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet . The magnetopause , where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind , lies at a distance of 23 -- 26.5 times the radius of Neptune . The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune , and likely much farther . Climate The Great Dark Spot ( top ) , Scooter ( middle white cloud ) , and the Small Dark Spot ( bottom ) , with contrast exaggerated . Neptune 's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems , with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m / s ( 2,200 km / h ; 1,300 mph ) -- nearly reaching supersonic flow . More typically , by tracking the motion of persistent clouds , wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m / s in the easterly direction to 325 m / s westward . At the cloud tops , the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m / s along the equator to 250 m / s at the poles . Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet 's rotation . The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes . The difference in flow direction is thought to be a `` skin effect '' and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes . At 70 ° S latitude , a high - speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m / s . Neptune differs from Uranus in its typical level of meteorological activity . Voyager 2 observed weather phenomena on Neptune during its 1989 flyby , but no comparable phenomena on Uranus during its 1986 fly - by . The abundance of methane , ethane and acetylene at Neptune 's equator is 10 -- 100 times greater than at the poles . This is interpreted as evidence for upwelling at the equator and subsidence near the poles .", "12": "In 2007 , it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune 's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere , which averages approximately 73 K ( − 200 ° C ) . The temperature differential is enough to let methane , which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere , escape into the stratosphere near the pole . The relative `` hot spot '' is due to Neptune 's axial tilt , which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune 's year , or roughly 40 Earth years . As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun , the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated , causing the methane release to shift to the north pole . Because of seasonal changes , the cloud bands in the southern hemisphere of Neptune have been observed to increase in size and albedo . This trend was first seen in 1980 and is expected to last until about 2020 . The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years . Storms The Great Dark Spot , as imaged by Voyager 2 In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm system spanning 13,000 × 6,600 km , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft . The storm resembled the Great Red Spot of Jupiter . Some five years later , on 2 November 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet . Instead , a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in Neptune 's northern hemisphere . The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot . This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989 , when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot ( and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2 ) . The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm , the second-most - intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter . It was initially completely dark , but as Voyager 2 approached the planet , a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest - resolution images . Neptune 's shrinking vortex .", "13": "Neptune 's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features , so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks . As they are stable features that can persist for several months , they are thought to be vortex structures . Often associated with dark spots are brighter , persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer . The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature . Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism . Internal heating Four images taken a few hours apart with the NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope 's Wide Field Camera 3 Neptune 's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating . Although Neptune lies over 50 % farther from the Sun than Uranus , and receives only 40 % its amount of sunlight , the two planets ' surface temperatures are roughly equal . The upper regions of Neptune 's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K ( − 221.3 ° C ) . At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) , the temperature is 72.00 K ( − 201.15 ° C ) . Deeper inside the layers of gas , the temperature rises steadily . As with Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the discrepancy is larger : Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun ; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun . Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System . Depending on the thermal properties of its interior , the heat left over from Neptune 's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow , though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus 's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets . Orbit and rotation Neptune ( red arc ) completes one orbit around the Sun ( centre ) for every 164.79 orbits of Earth . The light blue object represents Uranus .", "14": "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.50 billion km ( about 30.1 astronomical units ( AU ) ) , and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years , subject to a variability of around ± 0.1 years . The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU ; the aphelion distance is 30.33 AU . On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26 - day orbit . Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System , on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun ; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used , the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011 . The elliptical orbit of Neptune is inclined 1.77 ° compared to that of Earth . The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32 ° , which is similar to the tilts of Earth ( 23 ° ) and Mars ( 25 ° ) . As a result , Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth . The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years . Its sidereal rotation period ( day ) is roughly 16.11 hours . Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth 's , the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme . Because Neptune is not a solid body , its atmosphere undergoes differential rotation . The wide equatorial zone rotates with a period of about 18 hours , which is slower than the 16.1 - hour rotation of the planet 's magnetic field . By contrast , the reverse is true for the polar regions where the rotation period is 12 hours . This differential rotation is the most pronounced of any planet in the Solar System , and it results in strong latitudinal wind shear .", "15": "Orbital resonances Main articles : Kuiper belt , resonant trans - Neptunian object , and Neptune trojan A diagram showing the major orbital resonances in the Kuiper belt caused by Neptune : the highlighted regions are the 2 : 3 resonance ( plutinos ) , the nonresonant `` classical belt '' ( cubewanos ) , and the 1 : 2 resonance ( twotinos ) . Neptune 's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it , known as the Kuiper belt . The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds , similar to the asteroid belt but far larger , extending from Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun . Much in the same way that Jupiter 's gravity dominates the asteroid belt , shaping its structure , so Neptune 's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt . Over the age of the Solar System , certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune 's gravity , creating gaps in the Kuiper belt 's structure . The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example . There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System . These resonances occur when Neptune 's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object , such as 1 : 2 , or 3 : 4 . If , say , an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits , it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position . The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt , with over 200 known objects , is the 2 : 3 resonance . Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune , and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects , Pluto , is among them . Although Pluto crosses Neptune 's orbit regularly , the 2 : 3 resonance ensures they can never collide . The 3 : 4 , 3 : 5 , 4 : 7 and 2 : 5 resonances are less populated . Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun -- Neptune L and L Lagrangian points -- gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit , respectively .", "16": "Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1 : 1 resonance with Neptune . Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits , and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured . The first object identified as associated with Neptune 's trailing L Lagrangian point was 2008 LC 18 . Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite , ( 309239 ) 2007 RW 10 . The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years . Formation and migration Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Nice model A simulation showing the outer planets and Kuiper belt : a ) before Jupiter and Saturn reached a 2 : 1 resonance ; b ) after inward scattering of Kuiper belt objects following the orbital shift of Neptune ; c ) after ejection of scattered Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter The formation of the ice giants , Neptune and Uranus , has proven difficult to model precisely . Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion , and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation . One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star . An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun , where the matter density was higher , and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc . This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured , due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans - Neptunian region . The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model , which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt . Moons Main article : Moons of Neptune For a timeline of discovery dates , see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons .", "17": "Natural - colour view of Neptune with Proteus ( top ) , Larissa ( lower right ) , and Despina ( left ) , from the Hubble Space Telescope Neptune has 14 known moons . Triton is the largest Neptunian moon , comprising more than 99.5 % of the mass in orbit around Neptune , and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal . Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself . Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt . It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation , and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration . It will eventually be torn apart , in about 3.6 billion years , when it reaches the Roche limit . In 1989 , Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System , with estimated temperatures of 38 K ( − 235 ° C ) . Neptune 's second known satellite ( by order of discovery ) , the irregular moon Nereid , has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System . The eccentricity of 0.7512 gives it an apoapsis that is seven times its periapsis distance from Neptune . Neptune 's moon Proteus From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune . Of these , the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity . Although the second-most - massive Neptunian moon , it is only 0.25 % the mass of Triton . Neptune 's innermost four moons -- Naiad , Thalassa , Despina and Galatea -- orbit close enough to be within Neptune 's rings . The next - farthest out , Larissa , was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star . This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs , but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 , Larissa was found to have caused it .", "18": "Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 . A new moon and the smallest yet , S / 2004 N 1 , was found in 2013 . Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea , Neptune 's moons have been named after lesser sea gods . Planetary rings Main article : Rings of Neptune Neptune 's rings Neptune has a planetary ring system , though one much less substantial than that of Saturn . The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon - based material , which most likely gives them a reddish hue . The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53,000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42,000 km . A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km . The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan . In the early 1980s , analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete . Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar occultation in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion . Images from Voyager 2 in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings . The outermost ring , Adams , contains five prominent arcs now named Courage , Liberté , Egalité 1 , Egalité 2 and Fraternité ( Courage , Liberty , Equality and Fraternity ) . The existence of arcs was difficult to explain because the laws of motion would predict that arcs would spread out into a uniform ring over short timescales . Astronomers now estimate that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring . Earth - based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune 's rings are much more unstable than previously thought . Images taken from the W.M. Keck Observatory in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2 .", "19": "In particular , it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century . Observation With an apparent magnitude between + 7.7 and + 8.0 , Neptune is never visible to the naked eye and can be outshone by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno , and 6 Hebe . A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk , similar in appearance to Uranus . Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth , its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds , the smallest of the Solar System planets . Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually . Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics ( AO ) . The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground - based telescopes using adaptive optics , was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii . Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up , with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence . Combined with technological advancements , ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it . Both Hubble and the adaptive - optics telescopes on Earth have made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s , with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet , among others . In 2004 and 2005 , five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered . From Earth , Neptune goes through apparent retrograde motion every 367 days , resulting in a looping motion against the background stars during each opposition . These loops carried it close to the 1846 discovery coordinates in April and July 2010 and again in October and November 2011 . Observation of Neptune in the radio - frequency band shows that it is a source of both continuous emission and irregular bursts . Both sources are thought to originate from its rotating magnetic field . In the infrared part of the spectrum , Neptune 's storms appear bright against the cooler background , allowing the size and shape of these features to be readily tracked .", "20": "Exploration Main article : Exploration of Neptune A Voyager 2 mosaic of Triton Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune . The spacecraft 's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989 . Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1 's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan . The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all - night program , Neptune All Night . During the encounter , signals from the spacecraft required 246 minutes to reach Earth . Hence , for the most part , Voyager 2 's mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter . The spacecraft performed a near - encounter with the moon Nereid before it came within 4,400 km of Neptune 's atmosphere on 25 August , then passed close to the planet 's largest moon Triton later the same day . The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus . Neptune 's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and Voyager 2 also showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system . Six new moons were discovered , and the planet was shown to have more than one ring . The flyby also provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune 's mass which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated . The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered Planet X acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus . After the Voyager 2 flyby mission , the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system , is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission . Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible in the late 2020s or early 2030s . However , there have been discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner . In 2003 , there was a proposal in NASA 's `` Vision Missions Studies '' for a `` Neptune Orbiter with Probes '' mission that does Cassini - level science .", "21": "Another , more recent proposal was for Argo , a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019 , that would visit Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and a Kuiper belt object . The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029 . The proposed New Horizons 2 mission ( which was later scrapped ) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system . See also Solar System portal Book : Neptune Book : Solar System Outline of Neptune Hot Neptune Neptune in astrology Neptunium Neptune , the Mystic -- one of the seven movements in Gustav Holst 's Planets suite Timeline of the far future Notes Jump up ^ Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre . These are the instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch . Barycentre quantities are given because , in contrast to the planetary centre , they do not experience appreciable changes on a day - to - day basis from the motion of the moons . ^ Jump up to : Refers to the level of 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) atmospheric pressure Jump up ^ Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure Jump up ^ Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because Neptune 's greater mass gravitationally compresses the atmosphere more . Jump up ^ The mass of Earth is 5.9736 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Neptune M Earth = 1.02 × 10 26 5.97 × 10 24 = 17.09 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( M_ ( \\ text ( Neptune ) ) ) ( M_ ( \\ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 1.02 \\ times 10 ^ ( 26 ) ) ( 5.97 \\ times 10 ^ ( 24 ) ) ) = 17.09 . ) The mass of Uranus is 8.6810 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Uranus M Earth = 8.68 × 10 25 5.97 × 10 24 = 14.54 .", "22": "( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( M_ ( \\ text ( Uranus ) ) ) ( M_ ( \\ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 8.68 \\ times 10 ^ ( 25 ) ) ( 5.97 \\ times 10 ^ ( 24 ) ) ) = 14.54 . ) The mass of Jupiter is 1.8986 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Jupiter M Neptune = 1.90 × 10 27 1.02 × 10 26 = 18.63 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( M_ ( \\ text ( Jupiter ) ) ) ( M_ ( \\ text ( Neptune ) ) ) ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 1.90 \\ times 10 ^ ( 27 ) ) ( 1.02 \\ times 10 ^ ( 26 ) ) ) = 18.63 . ) Mass values from Williams , David R. ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Planetary Fact Sheet -- Metric '' . NASA . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Mass of Triton : 2.14 × 10 kg . Combined mass of 12 other known moons of Neptune : 7.53 × 10 kg , or 0.35 % . The mass of the rings is negligible . Jump up ^ r a r p = 2 1 − e − 1 = 2 / 0.2488 − 1 ≈ 7.039 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( r_ ( a ) ) ( r_ ( p ) ) ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 1 - e ) ) - 1 = 2 / 0.2488 - 1 \\ approx 7.039 . ) References ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Calvin J. ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` Neptune '' . Views of the Solar System . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Walter , Elizabeth ( 21 April 2003 ) . Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press .", "23": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53106 - 1 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Courtney . `` Rotation Period and Day Length '' . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` Neptune Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . 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Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 192A . doi : 10.1038 / nature04792 . PMID 16688170 . Jump up ^ Chyba , Christopher F. ; Jankowski , D.G. ; Nicholson , P.D. ( 1989 ) . `` Tidal evolution in the Neptune - Triton system '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics . EDP Sciences . 219 ( 1 -- 2 ) : L23 -- L26 . Bibcode : 1989A&A ... 219L ... 23C . Jump up ^ Wilford , John N. ( 29 August 1989 ) . `` Triton May Be Coldest Spot in Solar System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Nelson , R.M. ; Smythe , W.D. ; Wallis , B.D. ; Horn , L.J. ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Temperature and Thermal Emissivity of the Surface of Neptune 's Satellite Triton '' . Science . 250 ( 4979 ) : 429 -- 431 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 250 ... 429N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 250.4979. 429 . PMID 17793020 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , E.C. ; Miner , E.D. ( 1989 ) . `` The Voyager 2 Encounter with the Neptunian System '' . Science . 246 ( 4936 ) : 1417 -- 1421 . Bibcode : 1989Sci ... 246.1417 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 246.4936. 1417 . PMID 17755996 .", "40": "Jump up ^ Brown , Michael E. `` The Dwarf Planets '' . California Institute of Technology , Department of Geological Sciences . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Holman , M.J. ; Kavelaars , J.J. ; Grav , T. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 430 ( 7002 ) : 865 -- 867 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 430 ... 865H . doi : 10.1038 / nature02832 . PMID 15318214 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five new moons for planet Neptune '' . BBC News . 18 August 2004 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , Dale P. ( 1996 ) . Neptune and Triton . University of Arizona Press . pp. 703 -- 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1525 - 7 . Jump up ^ Blue , Jennifer ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` Nomenclature Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Guinan , E.F. ; Harris , C.C. ; Maloney , F.P. ( 1982 ) . `` Evidence for a Ring System of Neptune '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 14 : 658 . Bibcode : 1982BAAS ... 14 ... 658G . Jump up ^ Goldreich , P. ; Tremaine , S. ; Borderies , N.E.F. ( 1986 ) . `` Towards a theory for Neptune 's arc rings '' . Astronomical Journal . 92 : 490 -- 494 . Bibcode : 1986AJ ... 92 ... 490G . doi : 10.1086 / 114178 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , P.D. ; et al. ( 1990 ) .", "41": "`` Five Stellar Occultations by Neptune : Further Observations of Ring Arcs '' . Icarus . 87 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 39 . Bibcode : 1990Icar ... 87 ... 1N . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 90 ) 90020 - A . Jump up ^ Cox , Arthur N. ( 2001 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ Munsell , Kirk ; Smith , Harman ; Harvey , Samantha ( 13 November 2007 ) . `` Planets : Neptune : Rings '' . Solar System Exploration . NASA . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Salo , Heikki ; Hänninen , Jyrki ( 1998 ) . `` Neptune 's Partial Rings : Action of Galatea on Self - Gravitating Arc Particles '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1102 -- 1104 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1102 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1102 . PMID 9804544 . Jump up ^ `` Neptune 's rings are fading away '' . New Scientist. 26 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ See the respective articles for magnitude data . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2000 ) : 207 . Jump up ^ In 1977 , for example , even the rotation period of Neptune remained uncertain . Cruikshank , D.P. ( 1 March 1978 ) . `` On the rotation period of Neptune '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters . University of Chicago Press . 220 : L57 -- L59 . Bibcode : 1978ApJ ... 220L ... 57C . doi : 10.1086 / 182636 . Jump up ^ Max , C. ; MacIntosh , B. ; Gibbard , S. ; Roe , H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) .", "42": "`` Adaptive Optics Imaging of Neptune and Titan with the W.M. Keck Telescope '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 31 : 1512 . Bibcode : 1999BAAS ... 31.1512 M . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 18 February 2000 ) . `` Neptune through Adaptive Optics '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Jump up ^ First Ground - Based Adaptive Optics Observations of Neptune and Proteus Planetary & Space Science Vol. 45 , No. 8 , pp. 1031 - 1036 , 1997 Jump up ^ Uranus and Neptune Reports on Astronomy 2003 - 2005 , p. 147 f . Jump up ^ Gibbard , S.G. ; Roe , H. ; de Pater , I. ; Macintosh , B. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` High - Resolution Infrared Imaging of Neptune from the Keck Telescope '' . Icarus . 156 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 156 ... 1G . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6766 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Cynthia ( 5 August 2003 ) . `` Fascination with Distant Worlds '' . SETI Institute . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess ( 1991 ) : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Tom Standage ( 2000 ) . The Neptune File : A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting . New York : Walker . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chris Gebhardt ; Jeff Goldader ( 20 August 2011 ) . `` Thirty - four years after launch , Voyager 2 continues to explore '' . NASASpaceflight . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Stephen ( 25 August 2015 ) .", "43": "`` Uranus , Neptune in NASA 's sights for new robotic mission '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Spilker , T.R. ; Ingersoll , A.P. ( 2004 ) . `` Outstanding Science in the Neptune System From an Aerocaptured Vision Mission '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 36 : 1094 . Bibcode : 2004DPS ... 36.1412 S . Jump up ^ Candice Hansen ; et al. `` Argo - A Voyage Through the Outer Solar System '' ( PDF ) . SpacePolicyOnline.com . Space and Technology Policy Group , LLC . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Bibliography Burgess , Eric ( 1991 ) . Far Encounter : The Neptune System . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07412 - 4 . Moore , Patrick ( 2000 ) . The Data Book of Astronomy . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0620 - 1 . Further reading Miner , Ellis D. ; Wessen , Randii R. ( 2002 ) . Neptune : The Planet , Rings , and Satellites . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 216 - 7 . Standage , Tom ( 2001 ) . The Neptune File . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1363 - 6 . External links Find more aboutNeptuneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity NASA 's Neptune fact sheet Neptune from Bill Arnett 's nineplanets.org Neptune Astronomy Cast episode No. 63 , includes full transcript . Neptune Profile at NASA 's Solar System Exploration site Planets -- Neptune A children 's guide to Neptune . Merrifield , Michael ; Bauer , Amanda ( 2010 ) . `` Neptune '' . Sixty Symbols .", "44": "Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . Neptune by amateur ( The Planetary Society ) Neptune Outline of Neptune Geography Great Dark Spot Small Dark Spot Rings Moons Despina Galatea Halimede Laomedeia Larissa Naiad Nereid Neso Proteus Psamathe Sao S / 2004 N 1 Thalassa Triton Astronomy Discovery Urbain Le Verrier Johann Gottfried Galle John Couch Adams Heinrich Louis d'Arrest William Lassell General Kuiper belt Neptune - crossing minor planets Trojans 2001 QR 2004 KV 2004 UP 2005 TN 2005 TO 2006 RJ 2007 VL 2008 LC 2011 HM Exploration Past Voyager 2 ( 1989 flyby ) Proposals ODINUS Triton Hopper Argo Cancelled Mariner Mark II Neptune Orbiter New Horizons 2 Related Fiction Mythology Book Portal The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars", "45": "Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas", "46": "Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - 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3 NDL : 00564610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neptune&oldid=837924319 '' Categories : Neptune Planets of the Solar System Gas giants Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2010 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ", "48": "Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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-5738106146117683016	when do love and hip hop new york come back on	[ "October 30, 2017", "November 13, 2017", "October 30, 2017", "October 30, 2017", "October 30, 2017" ]	{ "0": "Love & Hip Hop : New York - wikipedia Love & Hip Hop : New York Jump to : navigation , search For the upcoming season , see Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 8 ) . Love & Hip Hop : New York Genre Reality television Directed by David Wolfgang Josh Richards Starring Chrissy Lampkin Emily Bustamante Olivia Longott Somaya Reece Kimbella Vanderhee Yandy Smith - Harris Erica Mena Jen the Pen Raqi Thunda Winter Ramos Rashidah Ali Tahiry Jose Tara Wallace Erica Jean Amina Buddafly K. Michelle Cyn Santana Chrissy Monroe Cardi B Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy Mariahlynn Remy Ma Bianca Bonnie Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson Juju C . Anaís Lil ' Mo Opening theme `` This Is The Life '' Composer ( s ) Lofey Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 95 Production Executive producer ( s ) Mona Scott - Young Stefan Springman Stephanie Gayle David DiGangi Vivian Gomez Nina L. Diaz Josh Richards Toby Barraud Mala Chapple Producer ( s ) Vivian Gomez Running time 20 to 23 minutes ( 2011 ) 42 to 44 minutes ( 2011 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Monami Entertainment Eastern TV Release Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood Love & Hip Hop : Miami Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It To Stevie External links Website www.vh1.com/shows/love_and_hip_hop/ Love & Hip Hop : New York ( also known as Love & Hip Hop ) is the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise on VH1 .", "1": "The series premiered on March 6 , 2011 , and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City ( and nearby areas , including New Jersey , and Yonkers ) , involved with hip hop music . Its success has produced the spin - offs Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , Chrissy & Mr. Jones , Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , K. Michelle : My Life , Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood , Leave It To Stevie and Love & Hip Hop : Miami . On October 2 , 2017 , VH1 announced the show 's return for an eighth season , which will premiere on October 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.1. 1 Current 1.1. 2 Former 1.2 Supporting 1.2. 1 Current 1.2.", "2": "2 Former 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 Chrissy Lampkin Main Emily Bustamante Main Olivia Longott Main Supporting Somaya Reece Main Guest Kimbella Vanderhee Main Guest Guest Main Guest Yandy Smith - Harris Main Erica Mena Supporting Main Guest Jen the Pen Main Raqi Thunda Main Winter Ramos Guest Main Rashidah Ali Main Guest Supporting Tahiry Jose Main Guest Tara Wallace Main Supporting Erica Jean Main Amina Buddafly Main Supporting K. Michelle Main Guest Cyn Santana Supporting Main Chrissy Monroe Main Cardi B Main Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy Main Mariahlynn Main Remy Ma Main Bianca Bonnie Supporting Main Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson Main Juju C . Guest Supporting Main Anaís Main Lil ' Mo Main Note : ^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only . ^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding special only . ^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only . Current ( edit ) The cast of the eighth season , from left to right : Juju , Mariahlynn , Yandy , Bianca , Remy , Lil ' Mo , Anaís and Snoop . Yandy Smith - Harris ( Season 2 -- present ) A entertainment manager and entrepreneur .", "3": "Smith , full name Yandielle Unique Smith , is the wife of Mendeecees Harris , who she marries live on VH1 in the special Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding . She is the mother of Omere and Skylar , and the stepmother of Lil Mendeecees and Aasim ( from her husband 's previous relationships ) . The second season documents her dramatic falling out with rapper Jim Jones , who she managed for seven years . Subsequent seasons focus on her family struggles , including Mendeecees ' legal dramas and her difficulties co-parenting with his baby mamas Samantha and Erika . In the seventh season , she reveals that her wedding ceremony was `` symbolic '' and she and Mendeeces have never been legally married . Mariahlynn ( Season 6 -- present ) An aspiring rapper . Mariahlynn , full name Mariahlynn Jacoby - Araujo , was born and raised in Jersey City and endured a rough childhood within the foster case system . She is of Puerto Rican and Italian ethnicity . The series chronicles her love life , including her flings with Cisco Rosado , Rich Dollaz and James R. , along with her struggles with her mother , who suffers from substance abuse issues . She reveals her bisexuality at the seventh season reunion . Remy Ma ( Season 6 -- present ) A Grammy Award - nominated rapper . Ma , real name Reminisce Smith Mackie , is the wife of Papoose , who she married in 2008 while incarcerated . They renew their vows in an official ceremony in the sixth season 's finale . She has a son , Jace , from a previous relationship . The series chronicles her return to the music industry after a six - year stint in jail . The seventh and eighth seasons focus on her struggles to have another child . Bianca Bonnie ( Season 7 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in season 6 ) An aspiring rapper under Yandy 's management . Bonnie , birth name Bianca Dupree and also known as Young B , Bonnie Banks and BiBi , was born and raised in Harlem . She is best known for the hit single `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' , which was released when she was just 15 years old .", "4": "The series documents her return to the music industry after some personal struggles , along with her rivalries within the music scene , including BBOD and Brittney Taylor . She pursues a romance with DJ Drewski in season seven , igniting a feud with his girlfriend Sky . Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson ( Season 7 -- present ) An actress , rapper and aspiring manager , best known for her role in TV series The Wire . Pearson was born a crack baby in Baltimore , Maryland and before discovering acting , endured a rough life in the foster care system , including working as a drug dealer and being convicted of second - degree murder by the age of 15 . She is openly lesbian . The series chronicles her attempts to kickstart her management career and building her label Gorgeous Gangster Records . The seventh season focus her romantic struggles with girlfriend J. Adrienne . Juju C. ( Season 8 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in season 7 ) ( cameo appearance in season 6 ) The fiancé of Cam'ron . Juju , full name Juliet Casteneda , is an aspiring author and entrepreneur . She acts as a friend and confidante to Kimbella , Yandy and Remy in the seventh and eighth seasons . Anaís ( Season 8 -- present ) A singer . Anaís , full name Anaís Martínez , rose to fame after winning the Puerto - Rican singing competition show Objetivo Fama . She moved from the Dominican Republic to New York to kickstart her international career . She is married to used car salesman Ruben Brito and they have two children together . In the eighth season , she has an affair with Rich . Lil ' Mo ( Season 8 -- present ) A Grammy Award - nominated singer , songwriter and radio personality . Mo , real name Cynthia Karen Loving , previously appeared on the TV One reality series R&B Divas : Los Angeles . She is married to the boxer Karl Dargan , with whom she shares eight children . The eighth season chronicles her struggles juggling her career with her marriage and family life . Former ( edit ) Chrissy Lampkin ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) The long time girlfriend of rapper Jim Jones , who she became engaged to during the course of the show .", "5": "Lampkin , full name Christine Lampkin , is of African - American and Cuban ethnicity and was born and raised in Harlem . The first season chronicled her struggles with Jim 's commitment issues and her clashes with his mother Nancy . Her dramatic falling out with Jim 's manager Yandy was the focus of season two . Chrissy and Jim left the show to star in their own spin - off Chrissy & Mr. Jones . Emily Bustamante ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) The mother of Fabolous ' sons , Johan and Jonas . She also has a daughter Taina from a previous relationship . Bustamante , also known as Emily B , is a stylist and fashion designer of Puerto Rican and Dominican descent . The first two seasons chronicled her struggles with Fabolous ' infidelity and his refusal to claim her in public . She later appeared in a supporting role in the spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . Olivia Longott ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( supporting cast member in season 3 ) A R&B singer and songwriter . Longott , full name Olivia Theresa Longott , is of Indian , Cuban , Native American and Jamaican descent . She is known as the `` First Lady '' of G - Unit , as she was the first female signed to G - Unit Records . The series chronicled her comeback in the music industry after a series of career misfires . Somaya `` Boss '' Reece ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( guest star in season 8 ) An aspiring rapper , singer and performer . Reece , birth name Ginie Castro , is of Salvadoran and Latin descent , born and raised in South Central , Los Angeles . She endured a rough childhood , including an abusive relationship with a teenage boyfriend , and a stint in a gang where she was stabbed and shot two times . The series documents her move to New York City and her struggles to build her music career . Although never mentioned on the show , she is openly bisexual and went on to appear in E ! 's Famously Single and Bravo 's First Family of Hip Hop with her girlfriend Lady Luck .", "6": "Kimbella Vanderhee ( Seasons 2 , 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 3 , 5 , 8 ) The mother of Juelz Santana 's children , Juelz Jr. and Bella . She also has a son , Leandro , from a previous relationship . Vanderhee , real name Kimberly Vanderhee , is a biracial urban model and video vixen from Miami . In the second season , she admits to having sex with Fabolous while Emily was pregnant with his child , igniting a violent altercation with Emily 's friend Chrissy . After getting into an ugly brawl with Erica Mena and becoming pregnant with Juelz ' second child , she left the show . She returned as Yandy 's close friend and confidant in guest appearances during the third and fifth seasons and again as a main cast member alongside Juelz in the seventh season . Erica Mena ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) ( supporting cast member in season 2 ) ( guest star in season 8 ) An urban model , video vixen and aspiring singer . Mena is a Latina of Puerto Rican and Dominican ethnicity , born and raised in The Bronx . She has a son , King . She previously appeared as a troublemaking Dash employee on the first season of the E ! reality show Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami . She is introduced as a rival of Kimbella 's , who she gets into a violent altercation with in her first episode . She is promoted to the main cast for the third season , which focuses on her turbulent relationship with manager Rich Dollaz and his struggles to kickstart her music career . She identifies as bisexual and enters a relationship with a woman , Cyn Santana , in the show 's fourth season . She left the show after the fifth season due to her engagement to rapper Bow Wow . However , they separated months later . Jen `` The Pen '' Bayer ( Season 3 ) A blogger and radio personality . Bayer is the long - term girlfriend of the rapper Consequence and is the mother of their child , Caiden . She is from Staten Island . The third season chronicles her struggles with Cons ' Muslim faith as a Christian .", "7": "She sparked controversy and criticism when she stated `` I 'm white , honey , it will get done '' during an argument with fellow cast member Raqi . Raqi Thunda ( Season 3 ) A radio personality and DJ . Thunda , birth name Raquel Nadia Ameena , is of Algerian - Puerto Rican ethnicity and is Muslim . She was introduced as Joe Budden 's best friend , however they have a dramatic falling out during the course of the third season . She later sparks conflict with Tahiry , Jen and Rashidah . Winter Ramos ( Season 3 ) ( guest star in season 2 ) An author , known for her hip - hop exposé , Game Over : My Love for Hip - Hop . She has a guest appearance in the second season as Fabolous ' former assistant . Although she is credited as a main cast member in the third season , she appears infrequently and makes a brief appearance at the third season reunion , where she reveals she is pregnant . Rashidah `` Rah '' Ali ( Season 3 ) ( guest star in season 4 ) ( supporting cast member in seasons 5 -- 6 ) An entertainment and events manager and self - professed `` stiletto expert to the stars '' . Ali was a main cast member in the third season , before being demoted to a guest star and then a supporting cast member for the rest of the series . She is Muslim . She appears as a rival of Yandy 's , having previously dated her husband Mendeecees . The third season documents her legal issues , including being charged for slashing a bouncer 's face with a razor blade . She reveals her engagement to her long term boyfriend at the third season reunion . The sixth season reveals her close friendship with Remy Ma and her struggles as the manager of rivals BBOD and Mariahlynn . She has also made guest appearances on Keeping Up with the Kardashians , The Real Housewives of Atlanta , Basketball Wives and Black Ink Crew . Tahiry Jose ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) ( guest star in season 8 ) An urban model and video vixen . Jose was born and raised in Harlem and is of Dominican descent . The third and fourth seasons chronicle her on - again - off - again relationship with Joe Budden .", "8": "During the course of the third season , she embarks on a music career , releasing a single , `` Devil '' . Tara Wallace ( Seasons 4 -- 6 ) ( supporting cast member in season 7 ) The mother of Peter Gunz 's three sons , Jamison , Kaz and Gunner . Wallace , full name Taranasha Wallace , is an aspiring actress and etiquette coach from Mississippi . She has been in an on - again , off - again relationship with Peter for 13 years . The series chronicles the dramas between her , Peter and his wife Amina , including the women 's dueling pregnancies in the sixth season . Erica Jean ( Season 4 ) The mother of Saigon 's son , Brian Steven . The fourth season documented their struggles with raising their child , who is revealed to have developmental disabilities . Jean , full name Erica Jean Newman , later appeared with Saigon on an episode of Iyanla : Fix My Life . Amina Buddafly ( Seasons 4 -- 6 ) ( supporting cast member in season 7 ) A R&B singer and songwriter . She is a former member of the girl group Black Buddafly with her sisters Jazz and Sophie . Buddafly , real name Aminata Schmahl and also known as Amina Pankey , was born in Germany and is of mixed Senegalese and German ethnicity . She is the wife of Peter Gunz and has two daughters by him , Cori and Bronx . The series chronicles the bitter feud between her and Peter 's on - again , off - again girlfriend Tara , including their dueling pregnancies in the sixth season . In the seventh season , she attempts to escape the love triangle by moving to Los Angeles . K. Michelle ( Season 4 ) ( guest star in season 5 ) A R&B / soul singer and songwriter . Michelle , real name Kimberly Michelle Pate , originated as a main cast member on Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta . The fourth season documented her move to New York , setting up her own spin - off K. Michelle : My Life . She is notably absent during the fourth season reunion . Cyn Santana ( Season 5 ) ( supporting cast member in season 4 ) Erica 's girlfriend .", "9": "Santana is a model of Dominican and Salvadorian descent and her romantic relationship with Erica is her first with a woman . The two have a dramatic break - up in season five and at the fifth season reunion , she introduces her boyfriend , Ray . During the course of the season , she kickstarts a music career with the single `` How Can You Leave ? '' , in tribute to her late brother who committed suicide the year before . After the show , she entered a relationship with fellow cast member Joe Budden , although the two never interacted together on the show . Chrissy Monroe ( Season 5 ) A model manager and socialite , originally from Baltimore . Monroe , also known as Chrissy Crastanda , is a former pimp . She ignites a feud with Erica Mena when she claims Erica used to work as an escort for her . The fifth season chronicles her struggles with boyfriend Chink Santana and her desire to have a family . Cardi B ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) A rapper and social media personality . Cardi , birth name Belcalis Almanzar , was born and raised in The Bronx and is a Latina of Dominican and Trinidadian descent . She is a former stripper who gained Internet fame for her video posts on Instagram and Vine . She is considered the breakout star of the show 's sixth season . The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to the top and her turbulent relationship with incarcerated fiancé Tommy . On December 30 2016 , she announced she was leaving the show to focus on her rap career . Cardi catapulted to stardom shortly after her stint on the show , signing a solo record deal with Atlantic Records and releasing the single `` Bodak Yellow '' , which reached # 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the highest charting solo release by a Love & Hip Hop cast member . Miss Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy ( Season 6 ) Members of the rap duo BBOD ( Bad Bitches on Deck ) . Moe and Lexxy , real names Monisha Brown and Alexis Smith Walker , were born and raised in Harlem . They are credited together in the opening credits .", "10": "The sixth season chronicles their internal struggles as a duo as well as their rivalries with their ( then ) manager Rashidah Ali and fellow rappers Young B and Mariahlynn . The two went on to make guest appearances on Bravo 's First Family of Hip Hop . Supporting ( edit ) The series has a large ensemble cast . The lead cast members appear in the opening credits , while other cast members are credited as `` additional cast '' or `` featured '' in the show 's credits . These cast members appear in green screen confessional segments and ( for the most part ) have the same amount of screen time and storyline focus as the show 's main cast members . Several major supporting cast members have been eventually upgraded to main cast members .", "11": "Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 Jim Jones Supporting Mashonda Tifrere Supporting Maurice Aguilar Supporting Nancy `` Mama '' Jones Supporting Guest Rich Dollaz Supporting Teairra Marí Supporting Joe Budden Supporting Mendeecees Harris Supporting Guest Supporting Guest Consequence Supporting Lore'l Supporting Kaylin Garcia Supporting Peter Gunz Guest Supporting Guest Nya Lee Supporting Saigon Supporting Diamond Strawberry Supporting Cisco Rosado Guest Supporting Guest Chink Santana Supporting Precious Paris Supporting Jhonni Blaze Supporting Guest Papoose Supporting DJ Self Guest Supporting Yorma Hernandez Supporting Rose Supporting Hennessy Carolina Guest Supporting Samantha Wallace Guest Supporting Juelz Santana Guest Guest Supporting J. Adrienne Supporting Swift Star Supporting DJ Drewski Supporting Sofi Green Supporting Sky Landish Supporting Kim Wallace Guest Supporting Erika DeShazo Guest Supporting Judy Harris Guest Supporting Asia Cole Supporting Ashley Trowers Guest Supporting Jade Wifey Supporting Moniece Slaughter Guest Supporting Major Galore Supporting Safaree Samuels Supporting DreamDoll Supporting Karl Dargan Supporting Navarro Gray Supporting Ashley Diaz Supporting Jaquáe Supporting Sophia Body Supporting Brittney Taylor Supporting James R . Supporting Jonathan Fernandez Guest Supporting Trent Crews Supporting Ayisha Diaz Supporting Note : ^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding special only . ^ As Mendeecees was incarcerated during filming of these seasons , he only makes voice appearances during phone call conversations . ^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only . ^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only . Current ( edit ) Rich Dollaz An entertainment manager and record producer . Dollaz , real name Richard Trowers , is the CEO of Dollaz Unlimited .", "12": "He is a member of the self - professed `` creep squad '' , along with Peter and Cisco , and later , Self and Snoop . He was introduced to the show as Olivia 's long - term manager , although the show later focuses on his love life , including his turbulent relationship with Erica Mena and his flings with Jhonni Blaze , Diamond Strawberry , Mariahlynn , Jade Wifey and Anaís . Additionally , he appears as a supporting cast member in the second season of the spin - off series Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , which chronicles his relationship with Moniece Slaughter . He has a daughter , Ashley , with former girlfriend Miracle , along with several other children . Papoose ( Season 6 -- present ) The husband of Remy Ma . Papoose , real name Shamele Mackie , is a rapper with a daughter , Dejanae , from a previous relationship . He married Remy while she was incarcerated in 2008 and the two renewed their vows in an official ceremony in the sixth season finale . DJ Self ( Season 6 -- present ) ( guest star in season 2 ) A radio personality and DJ at Power 105.1 NYC radio station . Self is the self - professed `` Prince of NY '' and the CEO of Gwinin Entertainment , whose roster includes Mariahlynn , Major Galore and Dreamdoll . He has a daughter , Kayla . The sixth season chronicles his relationship struggles with girlfriend Yorma Hernandez and his flings with Cardi B and Rose . In the seventh season , he becomes more involved in the antics of the `` creep squad '' , igniting a rivalry with Cisco . Judy Harris ( Season 7 -- present ) ( guest star in seasons 5 -- 6 ) Mendeecees ' mother and grandmother to his children . The series chronicles her family struggles when her son is incarcerated , including her violent feud with fellow grandmother Kim . Safaree Samuels ( Season 8 -- present ) A rapper and record producer , best known as the ex-fiancé of rapper Nicki Minaj . Samuels is of Jamaican descent and was born and raised in Brooklyn , New York . He previously appeared on Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood .", "13": "The eighth season chronicles his return to New York to be closer to his family , as well as his romance with DreamDoll . DreamDoll ( Season 8 -- present ) Self 's artist . DreamDoll , real name Tabatha Robinson , is an aspiring rapper and social media personality born and raised in The Bronx . She is best known for her appearance on Oxygen 's Bad Girls Club . In the eighth season , she signs with DJ Self 's record label Gwinin Entertainment and begins dating Safaree . Karl Dargan ( Season 8 -- present ) Mo 's husband . Dargan is a gold medal winning boxer and Welterweight champ . He shares eight children with Mo . Navarro Gray ( Season 8 -- present ) Anaís 's attorney . Gray represents several hip hop artists , including Fetty Wap . Ashley Diaz ( Season 8 -- present ) Navarro 's girlfriend . She is a entertainment manager of Dominican descent . In the eigth season , she comes into conflict with Anaís when she believes she is trying to take her man . Jaquáe ( Season 8 -- present ) A rapper . Jaquáe , real name James Harris , was born in Harlem and raised in South Carolina . Sophia Body ( Season 8 -- present ) Jaquáe 's girlfriend . Body , real name Sophia Christina , is a video vixen , Instagram model and DJ from Toronto , Canada . She is of Hispanic , French and Greek ethnicity . The eighth season chronicles her rivalries with the other female cast members , specifically Mariahlynn after she has a fling with her boyfriend , James R . Brittney Taylor ( Season 8 -- present ) Bianca 's rival . Taylor , also known as Bre , Bri Beauty , Brittney T. and Brittney F. Taylor , is a rapper , best known as Trina 's protégé . The eighth season chronicles her violent rivalry with Bianca . James R. ( Season 8 -- present ) Mariahlynn 's boyfriend . R is a singer and songwriter from Brooklyn . In the eighth season , he clashes with Mariahlynn 's manager Self , leading him to start an affair with Sophia Body .", "14": "Jonathan Fernandez ( Season 8 -- present ) An image consultant and make - up artist . Fernandez previously appeared as a supporting cast member and K. Michelle 's best friend ( `` gay husband '' ) on all three seasons of the spin - off K. Michelle : My Life . The eighth season chronicles his romantic struggles with boyfriend Trent . Trent Crews ( Season 8 -- present ) Jonathan 's boyfriend . Crews is an up - and - coming R&B singer and songwriter . The eighth season chronicles his struggles with sex addiction . Ayisha Diaz ( Season 8 -- present ) Ashley 's sister . Diaz is a video vixen and Instagram model of Dominican descent . She is managed by her sister and Navarro . Former ( edit ) Jim Jones ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) The long time boyfriend of Chrissy Lampkin , who he became engaged to during the course of the show . Jones , full name Joseph Guillermo Jones II , is a rapper and an original member of the hip - hop collective The Diplomats . He is of Puerto Rican and Aruban ethnicity and was born and raised in The Bronx . The first two seasons chronicled his commitment issues and struggles with Chrissy , as well as his dramatic falling out with long - term manager Yandy . He and Chrissy left the show to appear in their own spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . Mashonda Tifrere ( Season 1 ) The ex-wife of Swizz Beatz , who famously left her for Alicia Keys . She has a son by him , Kaseem . She appears as a mentor to Emily , warning her about the dangers of dating men in the industry . Maurice Aguilar ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Somaya 's manager . The first two seasons document their tensions until he is dramatically fired early into the second season . Nancy `` Mama '' Jones ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( guest star in season 5 ) Jim Jones ' mother . Jones is of Aruban ethnicity . The first two seasons chronicled her clashes with her daughter - in - law , Chrissy . In the second season , she releases the single , `` Psychotic '' , a diss track aimed at Chrissy .", "15": "She later appears in a supporting role in the spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . Teairra Marí ( Season 2 ) A R&B / pop singer , previously signed to Def Jam Recordings under the mentorship of Jay Z . She appears as a friend and confidante to Emily and the other cast members . Mari went on to appear as a main cast member of Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood . Joe Budden ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) A Grammy Award - nominated rapper . The third and fourth season focused on his substance abuse issues and romantic troubles , including his turbulent relationships with Tahiry and Kaylin . He later appeared with Kaylin on VH1 's Couples Therapy . After the show , he entered a relationship with fellow cast member Cyn Santana , although the two never interacted together on the show . Mendeecees Harris ( Seasons 3 , 5 -- 6 ) ( voice appearances in seasons 4 , 7 ) The long time boyfriend of Yandy , who he marries live on VH1 in the special Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding . Harris is an entertainment manager and entrepreneur with four children , Lil Mendeecees , Aasim , Omere and Skylar . The series chronicles his legal issues and custody battles with his baby mamas Samantha and Erika and Samantha 's mother Kim . In 2016 , he was sentenced to eight years in prison for drug trafficking and is currently incarcerated . Consequence ( Season 3 ) The long time boyfriend of Jen , with whom he has a son , Caiden . Cons , real name Dexter Raymond Mills , Jr. , is a record producer from Queens , best known for his collaborations with Kanye West . He is Muslim . He sparked controversy and criticism during filming when he wrote a song for Lore'l which included the lyrics `` light skin is the right skin '' . Lore'l ( Season 3 ) An aspiring rapper . Lore'l , real name Monica Torres , is of Puerto Rican and African American descent , born and raised in Brooklyn . The third season documents her attempts to kickstart her music career , amid ongoing feuds with Erica Mena and Winter . Kaylin Garcia ( Season 3 ) Joe Budden 's girlfriend .", "16": "They break up later in the season when Joe reunites with his ex , Tahiry . Kaylin later appears with Joe as a cast member of Couples Therapy . Peter Gunz ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 3 , 8 ) The father of Tara and Amina 's children . The series chronicled their intense love triangle and baby dramas . Gunz , real name Peter Pankey , is a Grammy Award - nominated rapper and member of the rap duo Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz . He has ten children , including rapper Cory Gunz and at least one grandchild . Nya Lee ( Season 4 ) An aspiring rapper , urban model and video vixen. Lee , real name Toley Ingram , is working as a stripper when she ignites a rivalry with Erica Mena . Saigon ( Season 4 ) The father of Erica Jean 's son , Brian Steven . The fourth season documented their struggles with raising their child , who is revealed to have developmental disabilities . Saigon , real name Brian Carenard , later appeared with Erica on an episode of Iyanla : Fix My Life . Diamond Strawberry ( Season 5 ) Cisco 's girlfriend . She is the daughter of baseball player Darryl Strawberry and has ambitions of being a model . In the fifth season , she moves to New York from Los Angeles to pursue her career and a serious relationship with Cisco . They break up when it is revealed she kept her daughter , Mylisa , secret from him . She later has a fling with Rich Dollaz , igniting a rivalry with Jhonni Blaze . Cisco Rosado ( Seasons 5 -- 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 3 , 8 ) A record producer . He is a member of the `` creep squad '' with Rich and Peter , and later , Self and Snoop . He has a daughter and a son . The series focuses on his love life , including his turbulent relationships with Diamond Strawberry and his baby mama Tasha , along with his flings with Moe Money and Mariahlynn . In the fifth season , he also develops an interest in Cyn , producing a single for her and kickstarting her music career .", "17": "Additionally , he appears as a supporting cast member in the fourth season of the spin - off series Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , which chronicles his relationship with Teairra Mari . Chink Santana ( Season 5 ) Chrissy Monroe 's boyfriend . Santana , real name Andre Parker , is a Grammy Award - winning rapper and record producer from Washington , D.C. . The fifth season chronicled their relationship issues . Precious Paris ( Season 5 ) An aspiring rapper , singer and performer under Rich 's management . Paris feuds with Jhonni Blaze throughout the fifth season . Jhonni Blaze ( Season 5 ) An urban model , video vixen , aspiring singer and performer . Blaze , real name Jzapal Jackson , is from Houston , Texas , where she worked as a stripper . She claims to be able to play 6 different instruments , sing and rap . She rose to fame in 2014 for filing a police report against the rapper Drake for claiming his entourage threatened her life . She also had a brief stint in pornography . The fifth season chronicled her turbulent relationship with Rich Dollaz and her feuds with Diamond Strawberry and Precious Paris . She was to appear as a main cast member in the spin - off Love & Hip Hop : Houston , however the series was put on hold indefinitely due to fears for the filming crew 's safety . Yorma Hernandez ( Season 6 ) DJ Self 's girlfriend . They break up later in the sixth season , due to his infidelity with Cardi B and Rose . Rose ( Season 6 ) A stylist who works at the Beauty Bar salon and boutique . She has a fling with DJ Self , igniting a feud with Yorma . Hennessy Carolina ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in season 6 ) Cardi 's younger sister . Hennessy , real name Hennessy Almanzar , was born and raised in The Bronx and is a Latina of Dominican and Trinidadian descent . She acts as her sister 's friend and confidante during the seventh season . Samantha Wallace ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 5 -- 6 ) The mother of Mendeecees ' son , Lil Mendeecees .", "18": "After appearing in guest spots in the fifth and sixth seasons , Wallace takes on a larger role in the seventh season , defending herself against accusations of being a `` deadbeat '' mother . Juelz Santana ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 1 -- 2 , 5 ) The father of Kimbella 's children , Juelz Jr. and Bella . He also has a son , LaRon Jr. , from a previous relationship . Santana , real name LaRon Louis James , is a Grammy Award - nominated rapper and member of the East Coast rap group The Diplomats , alongside Jim Jones and Cam'ron . He is of African - American and Dominican Ethnicity . After minor guest appearances in the first two seasons , he returns as a supporting cast member to document his comeback to the music industry . J. Adrienne ( Season 7 ) Snoop 's girlfriend . Adrienne , also known as Judith Scullark , was born and raised in the south side of Chicago . She has a son , Wesley . She previously appeared as `` So Hood '' in the VH1 reality shows Real Chance of Love and Charm School . The seventh season chronicles her turbulent relationship with Snoop and her violent jealously . Swift Star ( Season 7 ) Cardi 's record producer and collaborator . Swift , real name Delroy Ford and also known as SwiftOnDemand , was born and raised in Flatbush , Brooklyn . He is best known for the viral single `` Lyve Bounce '' . The seventh season chronicles his life on tour with Cardi while promoting her mixtape . Their relationship turns sexual , igniting a feud between Cardi and his girlfriend Asia . DJ Drewski ( Season 7 ) A radio personality and DJ at Hot 97 . Drewski , real name Andrew Loffa , is from New Jersey . He is pursued romantically by Bianca , igniting a feud between her and his girlfriend Sky . At the seventh season reunion , he proposes to Sky and she accepts . Sofi Green ( Season 7 ) An aspiring singer and songwriter . Green previously worked as a host and VJ for MTV2 .", "19": "While looking for a manager to kickstart her music career , she engages in some flirty banter with Snoop , igniting a feud with Snoop 's girlfriend J. Adrienne . Sky Landish ( Season 7 ) DJ Drewski 's girlfriend , who he becomes engaged to during the course of the show . Landish , real name Sky Anessa , is a fitness model and wellbeing guru of mixed Jamaican and German descent . Kim Wallace ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in seasons 5 -- 6 ) Samantha 's mother and grandmother to Lil Mendeecees . Wallace grew up in the Marcy Projects in Brooklyn and gave birth to Samantha as a teenager . She had memorable guest appearances in the fifth and sixth seasons , most notably in a scene where Judy threw a drink at her during an argument , ruining her expensive suit . The seventh season chronicles her struggles with Yandy and Judy , as well as a dramatic health scare . Erika DeShazo ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in season 6 ) The mother of Mendeecees ' son , Aasin . After appearing in a guest spot in the sixth season , DeShazo takes on a larger role in the seventh season , exposing the truth about Yandy 's involvement in the demise of her relationship with Mendeecees . Asia Cole ( Season 7 ) Swift 's girlfriend . She is from London and was in a long distance relationship with Swift for two and a half years before the seventh season . They break up after she questions his friendship with Cardi , leading to a violent showdown between the two girls . Ashley Trowers ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in season 6 ) Rich 's teenage daughter . Her mother is Miracle Kaye Hall , who also appears on the show . She is from Memphis , Tennessee . She disapproves of her father 's relationships and wants him to settle down . Jade Wifey ( Season 7 ) Rich 's girlfriend . She is a paralegal and aspiring model from Los Angeles and started dating Rich six months before the seventh season . They break up after she clashes with his daughter Ashley and ex-girlfriend Moniece Slaughter . Moniece Slaughter ( Season 7 ) ( guest star in season 5 ) Rich 's ex-girlfriend .", "20": "Slaughter is a singer and songwriter from Los Angeles who appears as a main cast member on Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood . In the seventh season , she comes to New York to confront Rich and Jade about their relationship . Major Galore ( Season 7 ) Self 's artist . She comes into conflict with Mariahlynn in the seventh season over who should be the `` first lady '' of Gwinin , Self 's record label . At the seventh season reunion , it is revealed she also has beef with Cardi , which stems from their stripping days together . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Extra episodes First aired Last aired Reunion Specials 9 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) May 16 , 2011 N / A 11 November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) February 6 , 2012 N / A 14 January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) April 8 , 2013 April 15 , 2013 N / A 14 October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) February 3 , 2014 February 10 , 2014 October 24 , 2013 5 17 December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) April 6 , 2015 April 13 , 2015 May 25 , 2015 6 14 December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) March 21 ,", "21": "2016 March 28 , 2016 N / A 7 16 November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) February 20 , 2017 February 27 , 2017 N / A 8 N / A October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) N / A N / A October 18 , 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S.", "22": "viewers ( millions ) `` Love & Hip Hop '' March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 1.93 `` Birthday '' March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 0.81 `` The Yacht '' March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 0.68 `` Aftermath '' April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) 0.73 5 5 `` A Voice '' April 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) 0.89 6 6 `` Proposal '' April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 0.69 7 7 `` Hold You Down '' April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.18 8 8 `` Me Against the Joneses '' May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 0.80 9 9 `` Reunion '' May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.26 Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S.", "23": "viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Still Look Pretty '' November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) 2.56 11 `` Bitch , I 'm Fuego '' November 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) 2.78 12 `` A Toast To Kimbella '' November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) 2.92 13 `` Fizzy - chotic '' December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) 2.38 14 5 `` Emily 's ' Fabolous ' Life '' December 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) 2.28 15 6 `` Bottle Service '' December 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 26 ) 2.70 16 7 `` These Are The Breaks '' January 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) 2.81 17 8 `` Miami Vice '' January 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) 3.41 18 9 `` Back To Reality '' January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 3.03 19 10 `` At The End of the Day '' January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 3.14 20 11 `` Reality Check '' February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 2.30 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S.", "24": "viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Whole Truth and Nothing But The Truth ... '' January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) 2.59 22 `` Raq and a Hard Place '' January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 2.20 23 `` Family Matters '' January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 1.93 24 `` Life Support '' January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 2.19 25 5 `` Ca n't Take the Heat '' February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 1.92 26 6 `` Ai n't Always About the Dollaz '' February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 1.88 27 7 `` Burn After Reading '' February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 1.81 28 8 `` Closing the Book '' March 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) 1.81 29 9 `` Redemption Song '' March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 1.62 30 10 `` Do the Right Thing '' March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 1.51 31 11 `` With or Without You ? ''", "25": "March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 1.75 32 12 `` One Day at a Time '' April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) 1.78 33 13 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 1.80 34 14 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 2.35 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Everybody Plays The Fool '' October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) 2.99 36 `` Stray Bullet '' November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 2.94 37 `` Lez B Honest '' November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 3.36 38 `` Picture This '' November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 3.05 39 5 `` Off the Record '' November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 3.18 40 6 `` Wife Swap '' December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 2.95 41 7 `` Messy All Over the World '' December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 2.95 42 8 `` Girls With Gunz '' December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 2.38 43 9 `` Love Is a Battlefield '' January 6 ,", "26": "2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 2.88 44 10 `` Red Alert '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 3.11 45 11 `` Put a Ring on It '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 3.44 46 12 `` All Good Things . '' January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 3.05 47 13 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 3.15 48 14 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 3.51 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Bride and Prejudice '' December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 2.48 50 `` You 're Cancelled '' December 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) 2.17 51 `` A Lie for a Lie '' January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 2.66 52 `` A Woman Scorned '' January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 2.49 53 5 `` Oh Baby ! ''", "27": "January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 2.38 54 6 `` Exes and Ohs '' January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 2.82 55 7 `` Mama Drama '' February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 2.58 56 8 `` Worlds Collide '' February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 2.54 57 9 `` Call Your Bluff '' February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 2.63 58 10 `` Regrets Only '' February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 2.56 59 11 `` You Again ? '' March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 2.48 60 12 `` Mind Your Manners '' March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 2.49 61 13 `` All Heart '' March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 2.20 62 14 `` The Final Countdown '' March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 2.53 63 15 `` Surprise , Surprise '' March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 2.13 64 16 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 2.37 65 17 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 2.28 Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 6 ) No .", "28": "overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 66 `` The Crown '' December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 2.67 67 `` Secrets and Lies '' December 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) 2.28 68 `` What 's Poppin '' December 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 28 ) 2.68 69 `` The Bald and the Beautiful '' January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 2.72 70 5 `` Endings & Beginnings '' January 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) 2.60 71 6 `` Fallout '' January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 2.76 72 7 `` Ups & Downs '' January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 2.77 73 8 `` The Long Game '' February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 2.63 74 9 `` Love & War '' February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 2.59 75 10 `` Showcase Showdown '' February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 2.49 76 11 `` The Wait Is Over '' February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 2.48 77 12 `` Love Conquers All '' March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 2.26 78 13 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 2.", "29": "41 79 14 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 2.58 Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` All The Way Up '' November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 2.35 81 `` Strawberries '' November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) 2.48 82 `` Chest Pains '' December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) 2.17 83 `` Get It Poppin '' December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 2.28 84 5 `` Past and Present '' December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 2.54 85 6 `` Lock and Key '' December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 2.29 86 7 `` Secret 's Out '' December 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) 2.28 87 8 `` Firing Squad '' January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 2.61 88 9 `` Coo Coo for Koko '' January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 2.18 89 10 `` Do n't Mess with the Exes '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 2.49 90 11 `` Creepin ' Back '' January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 2.", "30": "71 91 12 `` Cancun -- Part 1 '' January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 2.38 92 13 `` Cancun -- Part 2 '' February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 2.33 93 14 `` The Sit - Down '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 2.27 94 15 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 2.51 95 16 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 2.63 Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Love & Hip Hop : New York ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S.", "31": "viewers ( millions ) 96 `` Unity '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) TBD 97 TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBD 98 TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBD 99 TBA November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) TBD 100 5 TBA November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) TBD 101 6 TBA December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) TBD 102 7 TBA December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) TBD 103 8 TBA December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/329197/love-hip-hop-new-york-season-eight/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/10/03/vh1s-hit-series-love-and-hip-hop-new-york-returns-monday-october-30-at-8pm-et-pt-712014/20171003vh101/ Jump up ^ `` Love and Hip Hop Wedding : Inside Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris ' Live Ceremony '' . Us Weekly . May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.latina.com/entertainment/tv/exclusive-emily-b-love-hip-hop-what-shes-thankful Jump up ^ `` Fabolous Reveals Why He Wo n't Marry `` Love & Hip Hop '' Star Anytime Soon ( Video ) -- SOHH.com `` . November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box : Mashonda Talks To Somaya Reece About Being In A Gang , Loving Women , & Her Rap Career '' . February 18 , 2011 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Erica Mena Chats About Bisexuality and Fiancé Shad Moss '' . Jump up ^ `` Jen the Pen Gives the Most Stupid & Accurate Quote Ever '' . Jump up ^ 2013 , Alvin Aqua BlancoFeb 5 ; This , 8 : 37am Share This Tweet This Email ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Jen The Pen Says `` I 'm White , Honey It Will Get Done '' On Love & Hip Hop New York ( VIDEO ) `` . Jump up ^ Hope , Clover . `` America Loves Cardi B , Love & Hip - Hop 's Best New Cast Member '' . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Announces Decision To Leave Cast Of Love & Hip Hop : New York '' . Hip - Hop Wired. 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Ties for Second - Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 With 14 Weeks on Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/29699/how-many-kids-does-he-have-vh1-fathers-by-the-numbers/ Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Light Skin ' And ' Dark Skin ' References In Rap Lyrics '' . June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Daniel Tosh : Happy Thoughts '' Leads Demos `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Returns on Top `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : Another Big Night for `` Pawn Stars '' `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars , '' `` WWE Raw '' Split Top Honors `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : Another Monday , Another `` Pawn Stars '' Win `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : Another Monday , Another `` Pawn Stars '' Win `` . the Futon Critic .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Overpowers NBA Playoffs `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Continue Rise for TNT '' . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw '' Snags the Top Spot `` . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Packers / Vikings Leads Night , ' ' WWE RAW ' Jumps , ' American Chopper , ' ' Housewives of Beverly Hills , ' ' Love And Hip Hop ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pats / Chiefs Down , Still Leads ; ' WWE RAW ' Settles , ' American Chopper , ' ' Housewives of Beverly Hills , ' ' Love And Hip Hop ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Giants / Saints + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Chargers / Jags Down , But Still Tops + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : 49ers / Steelers Powerful , Even With Outages + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' Ridiculousness , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : Saints , Brees Record Win for ESPN '' . the Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : Rose , Fiesta Bowls Dominate for ESPN '' . the Futon Critic .", "34": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : BCS Championship Down , But On Top + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Pretty Little Liars . ' ' T.I. and Tiny , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Back On Top + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules , ' Pretty Little Liars , ' Love & Hip Hop ' Rise + ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : BCS National Championship Dominates for ESPN '' . The Futon Critic . January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw '' Pulls in Front Among Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Viewers , `` Teen Mom 2 '' Leads Demos `` . The Futon Critic . January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' `` Pawn Stars '' Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Teen Mom 2 '' Tops Demos , `` WWE Raw '' Leads Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . February 6 , 2013 .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars , '' `` WWE Raw '' Nab Top Spots `` . the Futon Critic . February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars , '' `` WWE Raw '' Top Charts `` . the Futon Critic . February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Being Human ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Lizard Lick Towing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Being Human ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Being Human ' , ' Love and Hip Hop ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' MTV Movie Sneak Peek ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers .", "36": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Defiance ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Teen Mom 3 ' , ' WWE Raw ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Chrissy and Mr. Jones ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Fast N ' Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) .", "37": "`` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' BCS Championship ' Dominates Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Love and Hip - Hop ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' WIns Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' Sorority Sisters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Championship Dominates Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' & ' Monday Night RAW ' Top Night + ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & Love & Hip Hop ' Win Night , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' .", "39": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins NIght , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) .", "40": "`` Monday Cable Ratings : Comedy Central Roast Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Raw ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' The Returned ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' The Expanse ' premiere not that expansive , ' Monday Night Football ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' dips but remains on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' ends season on up note '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , plus ' Teen Mom , ' ' WWE Raw , ' ' Fast ' n ' Loud ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : CFP championship down but still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2016 ) .", "41": "`` Monday cable ratings : NBA soars , ' Love and Hip Hop ' remains high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ' lands strong premiere ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' stumbles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' leads , ' Fast N Loud ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads the night , `` Street Outlaws '' falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' reunion and ' WWE Raw ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 22 , 2016 ) .", "42": "`` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' and ' Love & Hip Hop ' rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' and ' Love & Hip Hop ' rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' falls , ' WWE Raw ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' scores high , ' Street Outlaws ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl soar high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : College Football National Championship lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' rises to the top '' . TV by the Numbers .", "43": "Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Monday Night Raw ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' holds steady , ' Vanderpump Rules ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' holds steady , ' Bates Motel ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop : New York on IMDb Love & Hip Hop franchise Domestic installments New York season 1 5 6 7 8 Atlanta season 1 5 6 Hollywood season 1 Miami Spin - offs Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It To Stevie Other Mona Scott - Young VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ?", "44": "( 2005 ) Celebracadabra ( 2008 ) Celebrity Fit Club ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Celebrity Paranormal Project ( 2006 -- 07 ) Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Charm School ( 2007 -- 09 ) The Cho Show ( 2008 ) Confessions of a Teen Idol ( 2009 ) Daisy of Love ( 2009 ) Dice : Undisputed ( 2007 ) Eddie Griffin : Going For Broke ( 2009 ) Flavor of Love ( 2006 -- 08 ) For the Love of Ray J ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Free Radio ( 2008 -- 09 ) Glam God with Vivica A. 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( since 2016 ) Upcoming Scared Famous ( 2017 ) Love & Hip Hop : Miami ( 2018 ) Black Ink Crew : Atlanta ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_New_York&oldid=807251576 '' Categories : Love & Hip Hop Hip hop television 2010s American television series 2011 American television series debuts African - American reality television series American LGBT - related television shows American reality television series Television shows set in New York City English - language television programs VH1 television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 20 : 57 .", "47": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3970079294139411862	how many gallons of water in the gulf of mexico	[ "2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km3 or 600,000 cu mi)", "660 quadrillion US gallons", "660 quadrillion US gallons", "660 quadrillion US gallons", "2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km3 or 600,000 cu mi)" ]	{ "0": "Gulf of Mexico - wikipedia Gulf of Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Gulf of Mexico Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico Location American Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ; - 90 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Coordinates : 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ; - 90 ( Gulf of Mexico ) River sources Rio Grande , Mississippi River Ocean / sea sources Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean Sea Basin countries United States Mexico Cuba Max . width 1,500 km ( 932.06 mi ) Surface area 1,550,000 km ( 600,000 sq mi ) Settlements Houston , New Orleans , Tampa , Havana , Campeche , Mobile , Gulfport , Tampico , Key West Galveston harbor by Verner Moore White Ship and oil rigs in the Gulf The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish : Golfo de México ) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean , largely surrounded by the North American continent . It is bounded on the northeast , north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States , on the southwest and south by Mexico , and on the southeast by Cuba . The U.S. states of Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama and Florida border the Gulf on the north , which are often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts , or sometimes the `` south coast '' , in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the `` north coast . '' The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics . The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles ( 1,500 km ; 930 mi ) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments . It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba , and with the Caribbean ( with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea ) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba . With the narrow connection to the Atlantic , the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges .", "1": "The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km ( 615,000 sq mi ) . Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters . The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters ( 550 quadrillion Imperial gallons , 660 quadrillion US gallons , 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 European exploration 4 Shipwrecks 5 Geography 5.1 2006 earthquake 5.2 Maritime boundary delimitation agreements 6 Biota 7 Pollution 7.1 Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill 7.2 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill 7.3 Minor oil spills 7.3. 1 Brutus oil spill 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows : A line leaving Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W / 21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba , through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ) , along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay , all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf . Geology ( edit ) Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico The consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico , is that before the Late Triassic , the Gulf of Mexico did not exist . Before the Late Triassic , the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land , which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán , within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea .", "2": "This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north - central Mexico , through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma , and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains . It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea . As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox , this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment . Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea . The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea , including sutures where the Laurentia , South American , and African plates collided to create it . First , there was a Late Triassic - Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds . Second , as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time , continental crust was stretched and thinned . This thinning created a broad zone of thick transitional crust , which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting , and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust , which is half the typical thickness , 35 kilometers , of normal continental crust . It was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . This flooded the subsiding basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico . While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin , the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites . Initially , during the Late Jurassic , continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea - floor spreading and formation of oceanic crust occurred . At this point , sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased . During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous , the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it . The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching , cooling , and loading .", "3": "Initially , the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5 -- 7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust . Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it , the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened . Later , loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10 -- 20 km below sea level . Particularly during the Cenozoic , thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico . To the east , the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time . The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous . After both platforms were submerged , the formation of carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas . Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms , and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode , the Laramide Orogeny , which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico . In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an impact origin for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the Permian , which could have caused the Permian -- Triassic extinction event . However , Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility . Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics , not an asteroid impact , as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others . This hypothesis is not to be confused with the Chicxulub Crater , a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula . Today , the Gulf of Mexico has the following 7 main areas : Gulf of Mexico basin , which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise , the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain , and the Mississippi Cone . Northeast Gulf of Mexico , which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay .", "4": "South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope , which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas . Campeche Bank , which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco -- Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran . Bay of Campeche , which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz . Western Gulf of Mexico , which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north . Northwest Gulf of Mexico , which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande . History ( edit ) European exploration ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fishing boats in Biloxi Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 ° C , they had rebounded by the time of Rita 's appearance . Although Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans , the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico . Instead , Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola . The first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 . He followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba . In his letters , Vespucci described this trip , and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain , a famous world map , depicting Cuba as an island , was produced . In 1506 , Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba , receiving a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his effort . In 1510 , he accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar , an aide of the governor of Hispaniola , in his expedition to conquer Cuba . In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization .", "5": "In 1517 , Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula . This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the Americas , with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World ; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold . All of this encouraged two further expeditions , the first in 1518 under the command of Juan de Grijalva , and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés , which led to the Spanish exploration , military invasion , and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the Conquest of Mexico . Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work : he died in 1517 , the year of his expedition , as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage , and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán . In 1523 , Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City , but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island , Texas , in 1554 . When word of the disaster reached Mexico City , the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure - laden vessels . Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site , which had already been visited from that community . He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado ( a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado ) , commander of the salvage operation , when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22 , 1554 . The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure . This loss , in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico , gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways . As a result , the expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano was sent and landed at Pensacola Bay on August 15 , 1559 .", "6": "On December 11 , 1526 , Charles V granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States , known as the Narváez expedition . The contract gave him one year to gather an army , leave Spain , be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each , and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast . On April 7 , 1528 , they spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay . They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of . Sometime during these two days , one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast , but nothing else is known of it . In 1697 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted . Iberville 's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24 , 1698 . On January 25 , 1699 , Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish ; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island , later renamed Dauphin Island . He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island ; and on February 13 , 1699 , he went to the mainland , Biloxi , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville . On May 1 , 1699 , he completed a fort on the north - east side of the Bay of Biloxi , a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs , Mississippi . This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi . A few days later , on May 4 , Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , as second in command to the French commandant . Shipwrecks ( edit ) The Mardi Gras shipwreck around the early - 19th century about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet ( 1220 meters ) of water . She is believed to have been a privateer or trader .", "7": "The shipwreck , whose real identity remains a mystery , lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company ( OGGC ) . In May 2007 , an expedition , led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service ( now BOEM ) , was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum . As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM , Texas A&M University , the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one - hour HD documentary about the project , short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition . Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary . On July 30 , 1942 the Robert E. Lee , captained by William C. Heath , was torpedoed by the German submarine U-166 . She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the # 3 hold , vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines , the radio compartment and the steering gear . After the attack she was under escort by the USS PC - 566 , captained by LCDR Herbert G. Claudius , en route to New Orleans . The USS PC - 566 began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact , sinking the U-166 . The badly damaged Robert E. Lee first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack . One officer , nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost . Ironically the passengers aboard the Robert E. Lee were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats . The wreck 's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the U-166 . The German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II .", "8": "The submarine was laid down on December 6 , 1940 at the Seebeckwerft ( part of Deutsche Schiff - und Maschinenbau AG , Deschimag ) at Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) as yard number 705 , launched on November 1 , 1941 and commissioned on March 23 , 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans - Günther Kuhlmann . After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla , U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front - line service on June 1 , 1942 . The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 gross register tons ( GRT ) . She was sunk on July 30 , 1942 in Gulf of Mexico . In 2001 the wreck of U-166 was found in 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , less than two miles from where it had attacked the Robert E. Lee . An archaeological survey of the seafloor before construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren . The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat . Geography ( edit ) Gulf beach near Sabine Pass The Mississippi River Watershed is the largest drainage basin of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed . Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico The shaded relief map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area . The Gulf of Mexico 's eastern , northern , and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , and Texas . The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) , receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states . The Gulf 's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Veracruz , Tabasco , Campeche , Yucatán , and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo . The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles ( 2,805 km ) . On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba .", "9": "It supports major American , Mexican and Cuban fishing industries . The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler , nutrient - enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling , which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone . This attracts fish , shrimp , and squid . River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone . The Gulf Stream , a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known , originates in the gulf , as a continuation of the Caribbean Current - Yucatán Current - Loop Current system . Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate , and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche . The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico . Additionally , the gulf 's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets . A number of rivers empty into the gulf , most notably the Mississippi River and Rio Grande in the northern gulf , and the Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers in the southern gulf . The land that forms the gulf 's coast , including many long , narrow barrier islands , is almost uniformly low - lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach . The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a passive margin . The continental shelf is quite wide at most points along the coast , most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas . The shelf is exploited for its oil by means of offshore drilling rigs , most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche . Another important commercial activity is fishing ; major catches include red snapper , amberjack , tilefish , swordfish , and various grouper , as well as shrimp and crabs . Oysters are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds . Other important industries along the coast include shipping , petrochemical processing and storage , military use , paper manufacture , and tourism . The gulf 's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .", "10": "In the Atlantic , a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake ( warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation ) . However , the Gulf is shallower ; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm . The Gulf is considered aseismic ; however , mild tremors have been recorded throughout history ( usually 5.0 or less on the Richter magnitude scale ) . Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust . 2006 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake On September 10 , 2006 , the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center reported that a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred about 250 miles ( 400 km ) west - southwest of Anna Maria , Florida , around 10 : 56 AM EDT . The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the Southeastern United States . There were no reports of damage or injuries . Items were knocked from shelves and seiches were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida . The earthquake was described by the USGS as an intraplate earthquake , the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region . According to the September 11 , 2006 issue of The Tampa Tribune , earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952 , recorded in Quincy , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Tallahassee Maritime boundary delimitation agreements ( edit ) Cuba and Mexico : Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas ( with map ) , of July 26 , 1976 . Cuba and United States of America : Maritime boundary agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba , of December 16 , 1977 .", "11": "Mexico and United States of America : Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary , of November 23 , 1970 ; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ) , of May 4 , 1978 , and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) , of June 9 , 2000 . On December 13 , 2007 , Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) regarding the extension of Mexico 's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles . Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law , UNCLOS , and bilateral treaties with the United States , in accordance with Mexico 's domestic legislation . On March 13 , 2009 , the CLCS accepted Mexico 's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 NM into the Western Polygon . Since this would extend Mexico 's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States , however , Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims . Places adjacent to Gulf of Mexico Texas United States Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Mexico Tamaulipas Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Ocean Veracruz Mexico Tabasco Campeche Yucatán Quintana Roo Cuba Caribbean Biota ( edit ) Various biota include chemosynthetic communities near cold seeps and nonchemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro -- benthos , meiofauna , macrofauna , and megafauna ( larger organisms such as crabs , sea pens , crinoids , and demersal fish and cetaceans including endangered ones ) are living in the Gulf of Mexico . Recently , resident Bryde 's whales within the gulf were classified as an endemic , unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world . The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish , shrimp , and shellfish annually than the south and mid-Atlantic , Chesapeake , and New England areas combined .", "12": "The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . In Congressional testimony , Dr. Jonathan Coddington , Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History , provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map . The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service ( renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement ) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil / gas explorations . Since 1979 , the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History . See also : List of invasive marine fish in the Gulf of Mexico Pollution ( edit ) Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico The major environmental threats to the Gulf are agricultural runoff and oil drilling . There are frequent `` red tide '' algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore . This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast , from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County , Florida . The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs east - west along the Texas - Louisiana coastline . In July 2008 , researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008 , the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston , Texas , to near Venice , Louisiana . It is now about 8,000 square miles ( 21,000 km ) , nearly the record . Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems , which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen . Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result . An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61 % males to 39 % females in hypoxic Gulf sites . This was compared with a 52 % to 48 % male - female ratio found in reference sites , showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones . There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf . These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems .", "13": "Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Ixtoc I and Ixtoc I oil spill In June 1979 , the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion , which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped . This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 . Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Deepwater Horizon explosion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill On April 20 , 2010 , the Deepwater Horizon oil platform , located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles ( 64 km ) off the Louisiana coast , suffered a catastrophic explosion ; it sank a day - and - a-half later . It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment , to avoid environmental problems . Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked , by April 24 , it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels ( 160 m ) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead , about 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) below the surface on the ocean floor . On April 29 , the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels ( 790 m ) per day , five times the original estimate , were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead . The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface , posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands , and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen . Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be `` employing booms , skimmers , chemical dispersants and controlled burns '' to combat the oil spill . By May 1 , 2010 , the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway , but hampered by rough seas and the `` tea like '' consistency of the oil . Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable .", "14": "On May 27 , 2010 , The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day ( 790 m / d ) to 12,000 -- 19,000 barrels per day ( 3,000 m / d ) an increase from earlier estimates . On July 15 , 2010 , BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days . In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7 bn settlement with the US government , the states of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas , as well as 400 local authorities . To date BP 's cost for the clean - up , environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 bn . Minor oil spills ( edit ) According to the National Response Center , the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year . Brutus oil spill ( edit ) On May 12 , 2016 , a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell 's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil . This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon , Louisiana , according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement . See also ( edit ) Cantarell Field Brine pool Charlotte Harbor Estuary , Florida Gulf Coast Gulf of Mexico Foundation Hypoxia Jack 2 ( a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico ) Orca Basin Outer Continental Shelf Territorial evolution of the Caribbean US Gulf of Mexico Protraction areas Atwater Valley East Cameron Eugene Island Garden Banks Green Canyon Keathley Canyon Mississippi Canyon Sigsbee Escarpment South Marsh Island Walker Ridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico - a sea in Atlantic Ocean '' . www.deepseawaters.com . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Geographic Names Information System . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Huerta , A.D. , and D.L.", "15": "Harry ( 2012 ) Wilson cycles , tectonic inheritance , and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin . Geosphere. 8 ( 1 ) : GES00725. 1 , first published on March 6 , 2012 , doi : 10.1130 / GES00725. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico '' . epa.gov . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , A. ( 1991 ) Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , p. 389 - 444 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : Stern , R.J. , and W.R. Dickinson ( 2010 ) The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin . Geosphere. 6 ( 6 ) : 739 -- 754 . Jump up ^ Van Arsdale , R.B. ( 2009 ) Adventures Through Deep Time : The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes . Special Paper no . 455 , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . 107 pp . Jump up ^ Cox , R.T. , and R.B. Van Arsdale ( 2002 ) The Mississippi Embayment , North America : a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event . Journal of Geodynamics. 34 : 163 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Zell , P. , Stinnesbeck , W. , Beckmann , S. , ( 2016 ) . `` Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 68 : 515 -- 536 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Buffler , R.T.", "16": ", 1991 , Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin , in D. Goldthwaite , ed. , pp. 1 -- 15 , Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology , New Orleans Geological Society , New Orleans , Louisiana . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , W.E. , 2008 , Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. in K.J. Hsu , ed. , pp. 505 -- 549 , The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada , Sedimentary Basins of the World . v. 5 , Elsevier , The Netherlands . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , D.S. , R.T. Buffler , and R.H. Pilger , Jr. , 1991 , The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , pp. 53 -- 72 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : `` gulfbase.org '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanton , M.S. , 2002 , Is the Gulf 's Origin Heaven Sent ? AAPG Explorer ( Dec. 2002 ) American Association of Petroleum Geologists . Tulsa Oklahoma . Jump up ^ Mickus , K. , R.J. Stern2 , G.R. Keller , and E.Y. Anthony ( 2009 ) Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast . Journal of Geology . v. 37 , p. 387 - 390 . Jump up ^ Kevin Knight ( 2009 ) . `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FPAN Home '' . Florida Public Archaeology . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck '' . Nautilus Productions . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary '' . MUA . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Robert E. Lee '' .", "17": "German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` U-166 '' . German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico '' . gomr.mms.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Warren , Robert A. Church . `` The Discovery of U -- 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology '' ( PDF ) . Offshore Technology Conference . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Watershed '' . EPA.gov . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : March 16 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amante , C. and B.W. Eakins , 2009 . ETOPO1 1 Arc - Minute Global Relief Model : Procedures , Data Sources and Analysis . NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC - 24 . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5C8276M ( access date : March 18 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Water Program Guidance : FY 2005 '' . epa.gov . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms '' . NASA Earth Observatory . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 .", "18": "Retrieved May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Central Florida Feels Quake '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 6.0 Magnitude Earthquake In Gulf Of Mexico Shakes Southeast '' . www.observernews.net . ^ Jump up to : United States Geological Survey , September 11 , 2006 Archived October 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community , Mexican Law Review , Volume V , Number 2 , Jan. -- June 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region ( November 2006 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales : 2007 -- 2012 . Western Planning Area Sales 204 , 207 , 210 , 215 , and 218 . Central Planning Area Sales 205 , 206 , 208 , 213 , 216 , and 222 . Draft Environmental Impact Statement . Volume I : Chapters 1 -- 8 and Appendices '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Minerals Management Service , Gulf of Mexico OCS Region , New Orleans. page 3 - 27 -- 3 - 34 PDF Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Rosel E.P. . Corkeron P ... Engleby L ... Epperson D ... Mullin D.K. . Soldevilla S.M. . Taylor L.B.. 2016 . STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE 'S WHALES ( BALAENOPTERA EDENI ) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 692 Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf '' . Associated Press .", "19": "Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coddington , Jonathan ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs , Oceans and Wildlife ; Committee on Natural Resources ; U.S. House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . ( Smithsonian Ocean Portal ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` A ' Dead Zone ' in The Gulf of Mexico : Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size '' , Washington Post , July 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ Thomas , Peter ; Md Saydur Rahman ( 2012 ) . `` Extensive Reproductive Disruption , Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 279 ( 1726 ) : 28 -- 38 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0529 . ^ Jump up to : Donn , Jeff ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells '' . Burlington , Vermont : Burlington Free Press . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Burning oil rig sinks , setting stage for spill ; 11 still missing '' , by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Well from sunken rig leaking oil '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ; Kaufman , Leslie ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Race to plug leaking oil well off La .", "20": "spurs new tactics '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History ; Drilling Postponed '' , by Marianne Lavelle , National Geographic , May 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ed Crooks , Christopher Adams , . `` BP : Into uncharted waters '' . ft.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chow , Lorraine . `` Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude Into Gulf '' . EcoWatch . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Mexico . Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida United States Geological Survey The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe written by Thomas Kitchin , 1778 , in which Kitchin discusses , in chapter 1 , why the Gulf should have been called the `` West Indian Sea . 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810772972080024175	anastomosis between the epididymis and the vas deferens	[ "Vasoepididymostomy", "Vasoepididymostomy" ]	{ "0": "Vasoepididymostomy - wikipedia Vasoepididymostomy Jump to : navigation , search Vasoepididymostomy ICD - 9 - CM 63.83 ( edit on Wikidata ) Vasoepididymostomy or epididymovasostomy is a surgery by which vasectomies are reversed . It involves connection of the severed vas deferens to the epididymis and is more technically demanding than the vasovasostomy . For a vasectomy reversal that involves a vasoepididymostomy , there are two microsurgical approaches . The procedure involves a similar surgical incision as vasovasostomy ; however , unlike with a vasovasostomy , the testis is usually delivered into the field for this more complex microsurgery . After the findings from the vasal fluid are reviewed showing epididymal obstruction , the epididymis is exposed by opening the outer testis covering ( tunica vaginalis ) . The epididymis is inspected and an individual tubule is selected to enter and connect to the vas deferens . From this point on , one of two epididymovasostomy techniques is taken . In the mucosa - to - mucosa , end to side method , an opened epididymal tubule is connected to the cut end of the vas deferens with 4 to 6 small ( 10 - 0 ) simple sutures placed around the circumference of each . This `` inner '' layer is supported with an `` outer '' layer of radially placed 9 - 0 sutures to strengthen the connection . Recently , an `` invagination '' vasoepididymostomy was described as an alternative to the mucosa - to - mucosa method . With this technique , one , two or three `` vest '' sutures of 10 - 0 suture should be placed near the opening of the epididymal tubule to allow the epididymal tubule to `` invaginate '' into the vas deferens , theoretically creating a connection , that , based on studies in animal models , has an improved watertight seal and possibly a higher chance for success .", "1": "Once the vas - deferens - epididymis connection is completed , the covering around the testis is replaced . Vasoepididymostomy is often considered one of the most technically challenging operations in the field of urology . The procedure requires anastomosis of a single epididymal tubule ( luminal diameter . 15 -. 25 mm ) to the lumen of the vas deferens ( diameter . 3 -. 4 mm ) , and is reserved for patients with congenital or acquired epididymal obstruction , or patients who have failed previous attempts at surgical reconstruction of the vas deferens . This surgery attaches the vas deferens directly to the epididymis , the coiled tube on the back of each testicle where sperm matures . A vasectomy can cause blockages or a break in the vas deferens or the epididymis . This surgery is used when a vasovasostomy wo n't work because sperm flow is blocked . The vas deferens is connected to the epididymis above the point of blockage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas AJ Jr . Vasoepididymostomy . Urol Clin North Am. 14 : 527 , 1987 Jump up ^ Berger RE . Triangulation end - to - side vasoepididymostomy . J. Urol.", "2": "159 : 1951 , 1998 External links ( edit ) Male genital surgical and other procedures : reproductive system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 60 -- 64 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0V ) Internal Prostate Transurethral incision of the prostate Prostate biopsy Transrectal biopsy Transurethral biopsy Prostatectomy Transurethral resection of the prostate Radical retropubic prostatectomy Transurethral microwave thermotherapy Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate Brachytherapy Prostate brachytherapy Prostate massage seminal vesicles : Spermatocelectomy Vas deferens Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal Vasovasostomy Vasoepididymostomy Testes Orchiectomy Castration Orchiopexy External Penis Circumcision Penectomy Penile prosthesis Preputioplasty Penile plethysmograph Postage stamp test Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis Tests Semen analysis Medical imaging Transscrotal ultrasound Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasoepididymostomy&oldid=705757281 '' Categories : Urologic surgery Male genital surgery Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2016 , at 11 : 17 . 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-4044344454441564632	who is given credit for inventing the aqua lung	[ "Émile Gagnan", "Jacques Cousteau", "engineer Émile Gagnan", "Naval Lieutenant (\"lieutenant de vaisseau\") Jacques Cousteau", "Émile Gagnan", "Jacques Cousteau" ]	{ "0": "Aqua - Lung - wikipedia Aqua - Lung Jump to : navigation , search original name for open circuit scuba For the firms named Aqua Lung , see Aqua Lung / La Spirotechnique and Aqua Lung America . For other uses , see Aqualung ( disambiguation ) . Further information : Scuba set This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aqua - Lung was the original English name of the first open - circuit , self - contained underwater breathing apparatus ( or `` SCUBA '' ) to reach worldwide popularity and commercial success . This class of equipment is now commonly referred to as a diving regulator or demand valve . The Aqua - Lung was invented in Paris during the winter of 1942 -- 1943 by two Frenchmen : the engineer Émile Gagnan and Naval Lieutenant ( `` lieutenant de vaisseau '' ) Jacques Cousteau . It allowed Cousteau and Gagnan to film and explore more easily underwater . Contents ( hide ) 1 Invention and patent 2 Open / closed circuit 3 `` Tadpoles '' 4 Trademark issues 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Invention and patent ( edit ) An earlier underwater breathing regulator , known as the régulateur , was invented in France in 1860 by Benoît Rouquayrol . He first conceived it as a device to help assist in escaping from flooded mines . The Rouquayrol regulator was adapted to diving in 1864 , when Rouquayrol met the lieutenant de vaisseau Auguste Denayrouze . The Rouquayrol - Denayrouze apparatus went into mass production and commercialization on 28 August 1865 , when the French Navy Minister ordered the first apparatuses . After 1884 , several companies and entrepreneurs bought or inherited the patent and produced it until 1965 . In 1942 , during the German occupation of France , the patent was held by the Bernard Piel Company ( Établissements Bernard Piel ) .", "1": "One of their apparatuses went to Émile Gagnan , an engineer employed by the Air Liquide company . Gagnan miniaturized and adapted it to gas generators in response to a fuel shortage , which was a consequence of German requisitioning . Gagnan 's boss , Henri Melchior , knew that his son - in - law Jacques - Yves Cousteau was looking for an automatic demand regulator to increase the useful period of the underwater breathing apparatus invented by Commander Yves le Prieur , so he introduced Cousteau to Gagnan in December 1942 . On Cousteau 's initiative , the Gagnan 's regulator was adapted to diving , and the new Cousteau - Gagnan patent was registered some weeks later in 1943 . After the war , in 1946 , both men founded La Spirotechnique ( as a division of Air Liquide ) in order to mass - produce and sell their invention , this time under a new 1945 patent , and known as CG45 ( `` C '' for Cousteau , `` G '' for Gagnan and `` 45 '' for 1945 ) . This same CG45 regulator , produced for more than ten years and commercialized in France as of 1946 , was the first to actually be called the `` Aqua - Lung '' . In France , the terms scaphandre autonome ( `` scuba set '' ) , scaphandre Cousteau - Gagnan ( `` Cousteau - Gagnan scuba set '' ) , or CG45 were meaningful enough for commercialization , but to sell his invention in English - speaking countries , Cousteau needed an appealing name following English language standards . He then coined the trade name Aqua - Lung . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , La Spirotechnique started exporting the Aqua - Lung and leasing its patent to foreign companies ( like the British Siebe Gorman ) . These operations found great success . The Rouquayrol - Denayrouze apparatus did n't achieve as much success because the compressed - air tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres , which allowed dives of only 30 minutes at no more than ten meters deep . Before 1945 , French divers preferred their then traditional diving helmets and diving dresses .", "2": "When the Aqua - Lung became available for commercial use , divers around the world found a scuba device smaller and easier to carry than its precursor , which in fact was almost completely unknown outside France . In addition , and most importantly , the Aqua - Lung could be mounted on stronger and reliable air tanks holding up to 200 atmospheres , allowing extension of diving duration to more than an hour at significant depths ( including the needed time for decompression stops ) . The first Cousteau - Gagnan Aqua - Lungs ( like the CG45 of 1945 or the Mistral of 1955 ) were mainly twin - hose open - circuit scuba . They have since been made by various manufacturers with varying design details and numbers of cylinders . Like modern open - circuit scuba with single - hose regulators , they consisted of one or more high pressure diving cylinders and a diving regulator ( the Aqua - Lung ) that supplied the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure via a demand valve . For more than ten years , seen in the films Épaves ( Shipwrecks , 1943 ) and Le Monde du silence ( The Silent World , 1956 ) the main scuba equipment used by Cousteau and his divers was an Aqua - Lung mounted on three diving cylinders , one being used as a safe air reserve . The Aqua - Lung allowed Cousteau 's team and other divers to spend more time underwater and , along with the invention of several underwater cameras , to film and explore more freely . Open / closed circuit ( edit ) Classic twin - hose Cousteau - type aqualung The original `` Aqua - Lung '' was an `` open - circuit '' design ( so - called because gas flows from the cylinder , to the diver , out into the water ) . Other scuba systems that were invented before the `` Aqua - Lung '' were `` closed circuit '' ( or `` rebreather '' ) . In these apparatuses , breathing gas flows from the cylinder to the diver , through a scrubber ( which removes carbon dioxide ) , back to a secondary bag or counter-lung , and then back to the diver again , in a closed loop . The Aqua - Lung was not the first breathing apparatus , but it was the most popular .", "3": "In 1934 , René Commeinhes developed a firefighter 's breathing apparatus which was adapted for diving by his son Georges in 1937 . It was used by the French Navy during the first few years of World War II . The twin - hose or double hose Aqua - Lung `` demand regulator '' forms the foundation of all modern scuba regulators . A diaphragm is used to deliver the breathing gas to the diver on demand , at ambient water pressure . The first modern two stage , single hose regulator was manufactured and distributed as the `` Sport Diver '' by Divers Supply in Wilmington California beginning in 1951 . This design , an offshoot of surface supplied commercial gear , uses a first stage regulator mounted at the tank valve delivering air to a mouthpiece - mounted second stage via a small - diameter intermediate - pressure ( about 140 psi ) hose . At about the same time as Divers Supply began selling the Sport Diver regulator , Australian Ted Eldred designed a similar single hose system which he marketed as the Porpoise . Today , virtually all modern open - circuit SCUBA gear uses this design , though Aqualung did market a `` modern '' double hose Mistral model in 2005 and 2006 . There is controversy over the invention of the first single hose regulator . The invention was motivated by an effort to bypass Aqua - Lung 's patent on the double hose regulator . This patent involved the return of exhaust gas to the regulator to reduce the differential pressure and therefore reduce work of breathing . The single hose regulator accomplishes this by relocating a portion of the regulator to the point of exhaust , rather than routing the exhaust back to the regulator . Divers Supply , which had been supplying commercial surface - supplied breathing systems , replaced the surface air supply with a tank - mounted first stage pressure regulator . Ted Eldred claims to have developed his nearly identical system contemporaneously in Australia . Since neither party chose to patent the invention , it is difficult now to know if either design was inspired by the other or if , in fact , they were truly spontaneous inventions . There seems to be some evidence that the Divers Supply unit hit the market just prior to the Eldred Porpoise , but there is no evidence that Eldred was aware of it .", "4": "`` Tadpoles '' ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Aqua - lung '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the early years of scuba diving in Britain , `` tadpole '' was a nickname for a type of diving gear that had two meanings : A type of ex-Royal Air Force pilot 's oxygen cylinder that had a tapering end , and was often used as an aqualung cylinder in the 1960s and earlier . An early make of Siebe Gorman aqualung with a twin - hose regulator and two air cylinders . Both ends were hemispherical , and were 13 inches long and 7 inches in diameter . Siebe Gorman 's trade catalog describing this set showed two sorts of diver wearing this set , both with weighted boots , and with no mention of free - swimming . A 1950s Royal Navy diving manual also said that the Aqua - Lung was only for bottom - walking diving . Siebe Gorman either had no idea about sport diving then , or else was against sport diving , and expected aqualungs to be used for light commercial diving . Later most recreational divers were free - swimming scuba divers , with bottom - walkers virtually restricted to those doing commercial work . Trademark issues ( edit ) Aqualung , Aqua - Lung , and Aqua Lung are registered trademarks for scuba diving breathing equipment . That trade name was originally owned in the United States by a company known as U.S. Divers ( now Aqua Lung America ) . The term was in use before the trademark was registered by René Bussoz , who owned a sporting goods store called René Sports in Los Angeles . He obtained a contract with the French firm Air Liquide , the parent company of Aqua Lung / La Spirotechnique , to import the new scuba equipment into the United States for sale on the Pacific coast ( SPACO had the contract for the Atlantic coast ) . Bussoz changed the name of his company to U.S.", "5": "Divers and registered the name Aqua - Lung . This turned out to be a wise move , because when the French company decided not to renew his five year contract , no one had even heard of their product , but everyone was familiar with the names he had registered . Bussoz sold the company and the trade names for a handsome profit , returning to France . The name US Divers sounded very official and very American , but it was owned by a Frenchman and sold to a French company . Air Liquide held the patent on the original `` Aqualung '' ( also written as `` Aqua - Lung '' or `` Aqua Lung '' ) until the patent expired sometime around 1960 to 1963 . The term `` Aqualung '' , as far as is known , first appeared in print on page 3 of Jacques - Yves Cousteau 's first book , The Silent World , in 1953 . Public use of the word `` aqualung '' , and public interest in Aqualungs and scuba diving , were started around 1953 in English - speaking counties by a National Geographical Society Magazine article about Cousteau 's underwater archaeological expedition to Grand Congloué . In France , aqualung diving was popularized by Cousteau 's movie Épaves , while his book The Silent World also helped significantly . As with some other registered trademarks , the term `` aqualung '' became a genericized trademark in English - speaking countries as a result of common use by the public and in publications , including the BSAC 's official diving manuals . Presumably , lawyers for Cousteau or Air Liquide could have slowed or stopped this genericization by taking prompt action , but this seems not to have been done in Britain , where Siebe Gorman held the British rights to both the trade name and the patent . In the United States , the term aqualung was popularized by the popular television series Sea Hunt ( 1958 ) . This series never said that an aqualung could be called anything else , or made by anyone else , but the company that supplied Mike Nelson , the lead character in the series . The Voit Rubber Corporation provided most of the diving equipment used in this series , but actual Aqua - Lungs appeared in early episodes .", "6": "The word `` aqualung '' was commonly used in speech and in publications as a term for an open - circuit , demand valve - controlled breathing apparatus ( even after Air Liquide 's patent expired and other manufacturers started making identical equipment ) , occasionally also for rebreathers , and in figurative uses ( such as `` the water spider 's aqualung of air bubbles '' ) . The word entered the Russian language as the generic noun акваланг ( `` akvalang '' ) . That word was taken into Lithuanian as the generic noun `` akvalangas '' ; `` langas '' happens to be Lithuanian for `` window '' , giving a literal meaning `` aqua - window '' . In the United States , U.S. Divers managed to keep `` Aqualung '' as a trademark . The acronym `` SCUBA '' , or `` Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus '' , originated in the United States Navy , where it meant a frogman 's rebreather . Scuba became the generic term for that type of open - circuit breathing set , and soon the acronym SCUBA became a noun -- `` scuba '' -- all in lower - case . `` Scuba '' was a trademark for a time -- used by Healthways , now known as Scubapro - one of the competitors of US Divers . In Britain , Siebe Gorman ( who held the rights to the tradename `` Aqualung '' ) made no serious attempt to control use of the word , and `` aqualung '' remained a common public generic word for that sort of apparatus - including in the British Sub-Aqua Club 's official publications -- for many years . Aqua Lung America , the current name of the U.S. Divers company , now makes rebreathers whose tradenames or catalog descriptions include the word `` Aqualung '' . The name U.S. Divers is now used as a trademark by Aqua Lung America for its line of snorkeling equipment .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Aqualung ( Jethro Tull album ) Timeline of underwater technology , The diving regulator reappears for details of the development of a similar regulator , not related to the Aqua - Lung Timeline of underwater technology , World War II for details of the development of the Aqua - Lung Scuba sets for description of modern breathing sets Frogman , Mistakes in fiction for common mistakes in depicting scuba gear References ( edit ) Jump up ^ After Cousteau himself , who had coined the word , the spelling was originally Aqua - Lung . See Jacques - Yves Cousteau & Frédéric Dumas , Le Monde du silence , Éditions de Paris , Paris , 1953 , Dépôt légal 1er Trimestre 1954 - Édition N ° 228 -- Impression N ° 741 ( in French ) Jump up ^ Both regulators -- the one from 1860 invented by Benoît Rouquayrol and the twin - hose Cousteau - type invented in 1943 by Gagnan and Cousteau -- received , among some others , the name of régulateur ( French for `` regulator '' ) . For the 1860 régulateur see the page of the Rouquayrol - Denayrouze apparatus in the Musée du Scaphandre website ( a diving museum in Espalion , south of France ) Archived June 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... For the word régulateur as used by Cousteau himself just check page 8 in the first French edition of Cousteau 's book The Silent World : Jacques - Yves Cousteau & Frédéric Dumas , Le Monde du silence , Éditions de Paris , Paris , 1953 , Dépôt légal 1er Trimestre 1954 -- Édition N ° 228 -- Impression N ° 741 ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` Jacques Cousteau Centennial : What He Did , Why He Matters '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahuet , Eric ( 19 October 2003 ) .", "8": "`` Plongee souterraine - avec ou sans bulle ? '' . FFESSM . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ List of French companies which produced the Rouquayrol and Denayroze patents ( Association les pieds lourds website , in French ) . Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jacques - Yves Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas , The Silent World ( London : Hamish Hamilton , 1953 ) . Jump up ^ The Musée du Scaphandre website ( a diving museum in Espalion , south of France ) mentions how Gagnan and Cousteau adapted a Rouquayrol - Denayrouze apparatus by means of the Air Liquide company ( in French ) . Archived 2012 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Description of the Rouquayrol - Denayrouze apparatus in the Musée du Scaphandre website ( a diving museum in Espalion , south of France ) Jump up ^ Cousteau quickly describes the two Aqua - Lung prototypes used to shoot the film Épaves in 1943 , when Cousteau mentions his cylinders ' highest pressure ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ , Plongées sans câble , Arthaud , Paris , January 1954 , Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 -- Édition N ° 605 -- Impression N ° 243 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Jacques Cousteau , French ocean explorer and engineer '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Bob ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Siebe - Gorman 's ' Tadpole ' set '' . Historical Diving Times ( 39 ) . Retrieved 3 August 2017 -- via Vintage double hose regs collector - Siebe Gorman - Heinke . External links ( edit ) Aqua Lung manufacturers site ( English , French , German , Italian , Czech , and Japanese language versions available ) Aqua Lung ( Also known as `` Mistral Regulator '' because of a particular model from 1955 .", "9": "The original Aqua - Lung was the CG45 model from 1945 ) ( hide ) Underwater breathing apparatus Surface - supplied Bailout bottle Diver 's umbilical Diving air compressor Snuba Standard diving dress Open - circuit scuba Alternative air source Aqua - lung Bailout bottle Diving regulator Porpoise regulator Scuba set Rebreathers Carleton CDBA CDLSE Cis - Lunar Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin FROGS Halcyon PVR - BASC IDA71 Interspiro DCSC KISS LAR - 5 LAR - 6 LAR - V LARU Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Siva Viper Helmets and masks Diving helmet Full - face mask Related Booster pump Breathing gas Breathing performance of regulators Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diving air compressor Diving bell Diving cylinder Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Hydrostatic test Nitrox production membrane method pressure - swing adsorption Oxygen compatibility Sustained load cracking Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Commons Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqua-lung&oldid=808966164 '' Categories : 1943 introductions Underwater breathing apparatus Diving equipment manufacturers Jacques Cousteau Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം مصرى 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 09 : 20 .", "10": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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950913319015411203	where did the name huey helicopter come from	[ "originally designated HU-1", "originally designated HU-1", "designation of HU-1, which came to be pronounced as \"Huey\"", "The Iroquois was originally designated HU-1", "originally designated HU-1" ]	{ "0": "Bell UH - 1 Iroquois - wikipedia Bell UH - 1 Iroquois Jump to : navigation , search UH - 1 Iroquois / HU - 1 `` Huey '' A Bell UH - 1H Iroquois Role Utility helicopter National origin United States Manufacturer Bell Helicopter First flight 20 October 1956 ( XH - 40 ) Introduction 1959 Status In service Primary users United States Army ( historical ) Japan Ground Self - Defense Force Australian Army ( historical ) See Operators section for others Produced 1956 -- 1987 Number built > 16,000 Variants Bell UH - 1N Twin Huey Bell 204 / 205 Bell 212 Developed into Bell AH - 1 Cobra Bell 214 The Bell UH - 1 Iroquois ( nicknamed `` Huey '' ) is a utility military helicopter powered by a single turboshaft engine , with two - blade main and tail rotors . The first member of the prolific Huey family , it was developed by Bell Helicopter to meet a United States Army 's 1952 requirement for a medical evacuation and utility helicopter , and first flew in 1956 . The UH - 1 was the first turbine - powered helicopter to enter production in 1960 for the United States military , and more than 16,000 have been built since . The Iroquois was originally designated HU - 1 , hence the Huey nickname , which has remained in common use , despite the official redesignation to UH - 1 in 1962 . The UH - 1 first saw service in combat operations during the Vietnam War , with around 7,000 helicopters deployed . The Bell 204 and 205 are Iroquois versions developed for the civil market . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Model 204 1.2 Model 205 1.3 Marine Corps 1.4 Air Force 1.5 Twin -- engine variants 2 Design 3 Operational history 3.1 U.S. Army 3.2 U.S. Air Force 3.3 U.S.", "1": "Navy 3.4 Operation Enduring Freedom ( 2001 -- present ) 3.5 Argentina 3.6 Australia 3.7 El Salvador 3.8 Germany 3.9 Israel 3.10 Japan 3.11 Lebanon 3.12 New Zealand 3.13 Philippines 3.14 Rhodesia 4 Variant overview 4.1 U.S. Military variants 4.2 Other military variants 5 Operators 6 Aircraft on display 7 Accidents 8 Specifications ( UH - 1D ) 9 Notable appearances in media 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Bibliography 12 External links Development ( edit ) A Bell XH - 40 , a prototype of the UH - 1 Main article : Bell UH - 1 Iroquois variants In 1952 , the U.S. Army identified a requirement for a new helicopter to serve as medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) , instrument trainer , and general utility aircraft . The Army determined that current helicopters were too large , underpowered , or too complex to maintain easily . In November 1953 , revised military requirements were submitted to the Department of the Army . Twenty companies submitted designs in their bid for the contract , including Bell Helicopter with the Model 204 and Kaman Aircraft with a turbine - powered version of the H - 43 . On 23 February 1955 , the Army announced its decision , selecting Bell to build three copies of the Model 204 for evaluation with the designation XH - 40 . Model 204 ( edit ) Main article : Bell 204 / 205 Powered by a prototype Lycoming YT53 - L - 1 ( LTC1B - 1 ) engine producing 700 shp ( 520 kW ) , the XH - 40 first flew on 20 October 1956 at Fort Worth , Texas , with Bell 's chief test pilot , Floyd Carlson , at the controls . Two more prototypes were built in 1957 , and the Army had previously ordered six YH - 40 service test aircraft , even before the first prototype had flown .", "2": "In March 1960 , the Army awarded Bell a production contract for 100 aircraft , which was designated as the HU - 1A and officially named Iroquois after the Native American nations . The helicopter quickly developed a nickname derived from its designation of HU - 1 , which came to be pronounced as `` Huey '' . The reference became so popular that Bell began casting the name on the helicopter 's anti-torque pedals . The official U.S. Army name was almost never used in practice . After September 1962 , the designation for all models was changed to UH - 1 under a unified Department of Defense ( DOD ) designation system , but the nickname remained . While glowing in praise for the helicopter 's advances over piston - engined helicopters , the Army reports from the service tests of the YH - 40 found it to be underpowered with the production T53 - L - 1A powerplant producing a maximum continuous 770 shaft horsepower ( 570 kilowatts ) . The Army indicated the need for improved follow - on models even as the first UH - 1As were being delivered . In response , Bell proposed the UH - 1B , equipped with the Lycoming T53 - L - 5 engine producing 960 shp ( 720 kW ) and a longer cabin that could accommodate either seven passengers or four stretchers and a medical attendant . Army testing of the UH - 1B started in November 1960 , with the first production aircraft delivered in March 1961 . Bell commenced development of the UH - 1C in 1960 in order to correct aerodynamic deficiencies of the armed UH - 1B . Bell fitted the UH - 1C with a 1,100 shp ( 820 kW ) T53 - L - 11 engine to provide the power needed to lift all weapons systems in use or under development . The Army would eventually refit all UH - 1B aircraft with the same engine . A new rotor system was developed for the UH - 1C to allow higher air speeds and reduce the incidence of retreating blade stall during diving engagements . The improved rotor resulted in better maneuverability and a slight speed increase .", "3": "The increased power and a larger diameter rotor required Bell 's engineers to design a new tail boom for the UH - 1C . The longer tail boom incorporated a wider chord vertical fin on the tail rotor pylon and larger synchronized elevators . Bell also introduced a dual hydraulic control system for redundancy as well as an improved inlet filter system for the dusty conditions found in southeast Asia . The UH - 1C fuel capacity was increased to 242 US gallons ( 920 liters ) , and gross weight was raised to 9,500 lb ( 4,309 kg ) , giving a nominal useful load of 4,673 lb ( 2,120 kg ) . UH - 1C production started in June 1966 with a total of 766 aircraft produced , including five for the Royal Australian Navy and five for Norway . Model 205 ( edit ) Main article : Bell 204 / 205 Ventura County Sheriff 's Department Air Unit Fire Support Bell HH - 1H While earlier `` short - body '' Hueys were a success , the Army wanted a version that could carry more troops . Bell 's solution was to stretch the HU - 1B fuselage by 41 in ( 104 cm ) and use the extra space to fit four seats next to the transmission , facing out . Seating capacity increased to 15 , including crew . The enlarged cabin could also accommodate six stretchers and a medic , two more than the earlier models . In place of the earlier model 's sliding side doors with a single window , larger doors were fitted which had two windows , plus a small hinged panel with an optional window , providing enhanced access to the cabin . The doors and hinged panels were quickly removable , allowing the Huey to be flown in a `` doors off '' configuration . The Model 205 prototype flew on 16 August 1961 . Seven pre-production / prototype aircraft had been delivered for testing at Edwards AFB starting in March 1961 . The 205 was initially equipped with a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) main rotor and a Lycoming T53 - L - 9 engine with 1,100 shp ( 820 kW ) . The rotor was lengthened to 48 feet ( 14.6 m ) with a chord of 21 in ( 53 cm ) .", "4": "The tailboom was also lengthened , in order to accommodate the longer rotor blades . Altogether , the modifications resulted in a gross weight capacity of 9,500 lb ( 4,309 kg ) . The Army ordered production of the 205 in 1963 , produced with a T53 - L - 11 engine for its multi-fuel capability . The prototypes were designated as YUH - 1D and the production aircraft was designated as the UH - 1D . In 1966 , Bell installed the 1,400 shp ( 1,000 kW ) Lycoming T53 - L - 13 engine to provide more power for the aircraft . The pitot tube was relocated from the nose to the roof of the cockpit , to prevent damage during landing . Production models in this configuration were designated as the UH - 1H . Marine Corps ( edit ) In 1962 , the United States Marine Corps held a competition to choose an assault support helicopter to replace the Cessna O - 1 fixed - wing aircraft and the Kaman OH - 43D helicopter . The winner was the UH - 1B , which was already in service with the Army . The helicopter was designated the UH - 1E and modified to meet Marine requirements . The major changes included the use of all - aluminum construction for corrosion resistance , radios compatible with Marine Corps ground frequencies , a rotor brake for shipboard use to stop the rotor quickly on shutdown and a roof - mounted rescue hoist . The UH - 1E was first flown on 7 October 1963 , and deliveries commenced 21 February 1964 , with 192 aircraft completed . Due to production line realities at Bell , the UH - 1E was produced in two different versions , both with the same UH - 1E designation . The first 34 built were essentially UH - 1B airframes with the Lycoming T53 - L - 11 engine producing 1,100 shp ( 820 kW ) . When Bell switched production to the UH - 1C , the UH - 1E production benefited from the same changes .", "5": "The Marine Corps later upgraded UH - 1E engines to the Lycoming T53 - L - 13 , which produced 1,400 shp ( 1,000 kW ) , after the Army introduced the UH - 1M and upgraded their UH - 1C helicopters to the same engine . Air Force ( edit ) The United States Air Force 's ( USAF ) competition for a helicopter to be used for support on missile bases included a specific requirement to mandate the use of the General Electric T58 turboshaft as a powerplant . The Air Force had a large inventory of these engines on hand for its fleet of HH - 3 Jolly Green Giant rescue helicopters and using the same engine for both helicopters would save costs . In response , Bell proposed an upgraded version of the 204B with the T58 engine . Because the T58 output shaft is at the rear , and was thus mounted in front of the transmission on the HH - 3 , it had to have a separate offset gearbox ( SDG or speed decreaser gearbox ) at the rear , and shafting to couple to the UH - 1 transmission . Twin -- engine variants ( edit ) The single -- engine UH - 1 variants were followed by the twin - engine UH - 1N Twin Huey and years later the UH - 1Y Venom . Bell began development of the UH - 1N for Canada in 1968 . It changed to the more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T twin - engine set . The U.S. also ordered the helicopter with the U.S. Air Force receiving it in 1970 . Canada 's military , the U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy first received the model in 1971 . In 1996 , the USMC began the H - 1 upgrade program by awarding a contract to Bell Helicopter for developing the improved UH - 1Y and AH - 1Zs variants . The UH - 1Y includes a lengthened cabin , four - blade rotor , and two more powerful GE T700 engines . The UH - 1Y entered service with the USMC in 2008 .", "6": "Design ( edit ) The UH - 1 has a metal fuselage of semi-monocoque construction with tubular landing skids and two rotor blades on the main rotor . Early UH - 1 models featured a single Lycoming T53 turboshaft engine in versions with power ratings from 700 shp ( 522 kW ) to 1,400 shp ( 1,040 kW ) . Later UH - 1 and related models would feature twin engines and four - blade rotors . All aircraft in the UH - 1 family have similar construction . The UH - 1H is the most - produced version , and is representative of all types . The main structure consists of two longitudinal main beams that run under the passenger cabin to the nose and back to the tail boom attachment point . The main beams are separated by transverse bulkheads and provide the supporting structure for the cabin , landing gear , under - floor fuel tanks , transmission , engine and tail boom . The main beams are joined at the lift beam , a short aluminum girder structure that is attached to the transmission via a lift link on the top and the cargo hook on the bottom and is located at the aircraft 's center of gravity . The lift beams were changed to steel later in the UH - 1H 's life , due to cracking on high - time airframes . The semi-monocoque tail boom attaches to the fuselage with four bolts . The UH - 1H 's dynamic components include the engine , transmission , rotor mast , main rotor blades , tail rotor driveshaft , and the 42 - degree and 90 - degree gearboxes . The transmission is of a planetary type and reduces the engine 's output to 324 rpm at the main rotor . The two - bladed , semi-rigid rotor design , with pre-coned and underslung blades , is a development of early Bell model designs , such as the Bell 47 with which it shares common design features , including a dampened stabilizer bar . The two - bladed system reduces storage space required for the aircraft , but at a cost of higher vibration levels . The two - bladed design is also responsible for the characteristic ' Huey thump ' when the aircraft is in flight , which is particularly evident during descent and in turning flight .", "7": "The tail rotor is driven from the main transmission , via the two directional gearboxes which provide a tail rotor speed approximately six times that of the main rotor to increase tail rotor effectiveness . The UH - 1H also features a synchronized elevator on the tail boom , which is linked to the cyclic control and allows a wider center of gravity range . The standard fuel system consists of five interconnected fuel tanks , three of which are mounted behind the transmission and two of which are under the cabin floor . The landing gear consists of two arched cross tubes joining the skid tubes . The skids have replaceable sacrificial skid shoes to prevent wear of the skid tubes themselves . Skis and inflatable floats may be fitted . Typical armament for UH - 1 gunship Internal seating is made up of two pilot seats and additional seating for up to 13 passengers or crew in the cabin . The maximum seating arrangement consists of a four - man bench seat facing rearwards behind the pilot seats , facing a five - man bench seat in front of the transmission structure , with two , two - man bench seats facing outwards from the transmission structure on either side of the aircraft . All passenger seats are constructed of aluminum tube frames with canvas material seats , and are quickly removable and reconfigurable . The cabin may also be configured with up to six stretchers , an internal rescue hoist , auxiliary fuel tanks , spotlights , or many other mission kits . Access to the cabin is via two aft - sliding doors and two small , forward - hinged panels . The doors and hinged panels may be removed for flight or the doors may be pinned open . Pilot access is via individual hinged doors . While the five main fuel tanks are self - sealing , the UH - 1H was not equipped with factory armor , although armored pilot seats were available . The UH - 1H 's dual controls are conventional for a helicopter and consist of a single hydraulic system boosting the cyclic stick , collective lever and anti-torque pedals . The collective levers have integral throttles , although these are not used to control rotor rpm , which is automatically governed , but are used for starting and shutting down the engine .", "8": "The cyclic and collective control the main rotor pitch through torque tube linkages to the swash plate , while the anti-torque pedals change the pitch of the tail rotor via a tensioned cable arrangement . Some UH - 1Hs have been modified to replace the tail rotor control cables with torque tubes similar to the UH - 1N Twin Huey . Operational History ( edit ) US Army ( edit ) UH - 1Ds airlift members of the 2nd Battalion , 14th Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation area to a staging area in 1966 . The HU - 1A ( later redesignated UH - 1A ) first entered service with the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell , Kentucky , the 82nd Airborne Division , and the 57th Medical Detachment . Although intended for evaluation only , the Army quickly pressed the new helicopter into operational service , and Hueys with the 57th Medical Detachment arrived in Vietnam in March 1962 . The UH - 1 has long been a symbol of US involvement in Southeast Asia in general and Vietnam in particular , and as a result of that conflict , has become one of the world 's most recognized helicopters . In Vietnam primary missions included general support , air assault , cargo transport , aeromedical evacuation , search and rescue , electronic warfare , and later , ground attack . During the conflict , the craft was upgraded , notably to a larger version based on the Model 205 . This version was initially designated the UH - 1D and flew operationally from 1963 . A rifle squad from the 1st Squadron , 9th Cavalry exiting from a UH - 1D . During service in the Vietnam War , the UH - 1 was used for various purposes and various terms for each task abounded . UH - 1s tasked with ground attack or armed escort were outfitted with rocket launchers , grenade launchers , and machine guns . As early as 1962 , UH - 1s were modified locally by the companies themselves , who fabricated their own mounting systems . These gunship UH - 1s were commonly referred to as `` Frogs '' or `` Hogs '' if they carried rockets , and `` Cobras '' or simply `` Guns '' if they had guns .", "9": "UH - 1s tasked and configured for troop transport were often called `` Slicks '' due to an absence of weapons pods . Slicks did have door gunners , but were generally employed in the troop transport and medevac roles . UH - 1s also flew `` hunter - killer '' teams with observation helicopters , namely the Bell OH - 58A Kiowa and the Hughes OH - 6 Cayuse ( Loach ) . Towards the end of the conflict , the UH - 1 was tested with TOW missiles , and two UH - 1B helicopters equipped with the XM26 Armament Subsystem were deployed to help counter the 1972 Easter Invasion . USAF Lieutenant James P. Fleming piloted a UH - 1F on a 26 November 1968 mission that earned him the Medal of Honor . Two UH - 1B Huey gunships from HAL - 3 `` Seawolf '' sit on the deck of USS Garrett County in Mekong Delta , South Vietnam . During the course of the war , the UH - 1 went through several upgrades . The UH - 1A , B , and C models ( short fuselage , Bell 204 ) and the UH - 1D and H models ( stretched - fuselage , Bell 205 ) each had improved performance and load - carrying capabilities . The UH - 1B and C performed the gunship , and some of the transport , duties in the early years of the Vietnam War . UH - 1B / C gunships were replaced by the new AH - 1 Cobra attack helicopter from 1967 to late 1968 . The increasing intensity and sophistication of NVA anti-aircraft defenses made continued use of UH - 1 gunships impractical , and after Vietnam the Cobra was adopted as the Army 's main attack helicopter . Devotees of the UH - 1 in the gunship role cite its ability to act as an impromptu Dustoff if the need arose , as well as the superior observational capabilities of the larger Huey cockpit , which allowed return fire from door gunners to the rear and sides of the aircraft . In air cavalry troops ( i.e.", "10": ", companies ) UH - 1s were combined with infantry scouts , OH - 6 and OH - 58 aero - scout helicopters , and AH - 1 attack helicopters to form several color - coded teams ( viz. , blue , white , red , purple , and pink ) to perform various reconnaissance , security , and `` economy of force '' missions in fulfilling the traditional cavalry battlefield role . The Army tested a great variety of experimental weapons on the UH - 1 ; nearly anything that could be carried . The Army desired weapons with large calibers and high rates of fire , which led to the testing of a 20 mm cannon on a large mount bolted to the cabin floor . The size of the weapon allowed very little room for movement . The Army further tested a full - size Vulcan cannon firing out the door of a UH - 1 . It was capable of firing 2400 rounds per minute , or about 40 rounds per second . Despite this being a significant reduction from the nearly 100 rounds per second fired by a standard Vulcan cannon , the installation proved `` too kinetic '' for the UH - 1 . Podded versions of the M24 20 mm cannon were tested in combat over Vietnam . There was a wide variety of 7.62 mm automatic weapons tested , including different installations of the M60 machine gun . AS - 10 and SS - 11 missiles were tested in several different configurations . High - capacity rocket launchers were also tested , such as the XM3 launcher , which had 24 launching tubes . Press photos were taken with the XM5 and XM3 installed on the same aircraft , but this arrangement could not be used because it was more than the gross take - off weight of the aircraft . During the 1972 Easter offensive by North Vietnam , experimental models of the TOW - firing XM26 were taken out of storage and sent to South Vietnam to help stop the onslaught . The pilots had never fired a TOW missile before , and were given just crash courses . Despite having little training with the units , the pilots managed to hit targets with 151 of the 162 missiles fired in combat , including a pair of tanks . The airborne TOW launchers were known as `` Hawks Claws '' and were based at Camp Holloway .", "11": "During the war 7,013 UH - 1s served in Vietnam and of these 3,305 were destroyed . In total 1,074 Huey pilots were killed , along with 1,103 other crew members . The US Army phased out the UH - 1 with the introduction of the UH - 60 Black Hawk , although the Army UH - 1 Residual Fleet had around 700 UH - 1s that were to be retained until 2015 , primarily in support of Army Aviation training at Fort Rucker and in selected Army National Guard units . Army support for the craft was intended to end in 2004 . The UH - 1 was retired from active Army service in 2005 . In 2009 , Army National Guard retirements of the UH - 1 accelerated with the introduction of the UH - 72 Lakota . The final UH - 1 was retired in 2016 . US Air Force ( edit ) Republic of Vietnam Air Force ( VNAF ) UH - 1H lands during a combat mission in Southeast Asia in 1970 In October 1965 , the USAF 20th Helicopter Squadron was formed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam , equipped initially with CH - 3C helicopters . By June 1967 the UH - 1F and UH - 1P were also added to the unit 's inventory , and by the end of the year the entire unit had shifted from Tan Son Nhut to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base , with the CH - 3s transferring to the 21st Helicopter Squadron . On 1 August 1968 , the unit was redesignated the 20th Special Operations Squadron . The 20th SOS 's UH - 1s were known as the Green Hornets , stemming from their color , a primarily green two - tone camouflage ( green and tan ) was carried , and radio call - sign `` Hornet '' . The main role of these helicopters were to insert and extract reconnaissance teams , provide cover for such operations , conduct psychological warfare , and other support roles for covert operations especially in Laos and Cambodia during the so - called Secret War . US Air Force UH - 1s were often equipped with automatic grenade launchers in place of the door guns .", "12": "The XM - 94 grenade launcher had been tested on Army aircraft before being used by the Air Force . The unit was capable of firing 400 grenades per minute , up to 1,500 yards effective range . Today , the US Air Force uses the UH - 1N for support of intercontinental ballistic missile sites , including transport of security personnel and distinguished visitors . US Navy ( edit ) The US Navy began acquiring UH - 1B helicopters from the Army and these aircraft were modified into gunships with special gun mounts and radar altimeters and were known as Seawolves in service with Navy Helicopter Attack ( Light ) ( HA ( L ) - 3 ) . UH - 1C helicopters were also acquired in the 1970s . The Seawolves worked as a team with Navy river patrol operations . Four years after the disestablishment of HA ( L ) - 3 , the Navy determined that it still had a need for gunships , establishing two new Naval Reserve Helicopter Attack ( Light ) Squadrons as part of the newly formed Commander , Helicopter Wing Reserve ( COMHELWINGRES ) in 1976 . Helicopter Attack Squadron ( Light ) Five ( HA ( L ) - 5 ) , nicknamed the `` Blue Hawks '' , was established at Naval Air Station Point Mugu , California on the 11 June 1977 and its sister squadron , Helicopter Attack Squadron ( Light ) Four ( HA ( L ) - 4 ) , known as the Red Wolves , was formed at Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia on 1 July 1976 . Operation enduring freedom ( 2001 -- present ) ( edit ) UH - 1Hs have been used by the American Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) in counter-narcotics raids in the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan . Operated by contractors , these Hueys provide transportation , surveillance , and air support for DEA FAST teams . Four UH - 1Hs and two Mi - 17s were used in a raid in July 2009 which led to the arrest of an Afghan Border Police commander . Argentina ( edit ) UH - 1Hs at Port Stanley Airport .", "13": "These were transported to the islands by C - 130H Hercules and did not have their rotors reattached yet Nine Argentine Army Aviation UH - 1Hs and two Argentine Air Force Bell 212 were included with the aircraft deployed during the Falklands War . They performed general transport and SAR missions and were based at Port Stanley ( BAM Puerto Argentino ) . Two of the Hueys were destroyed and , after the hostilities had ended , the balance were captured by the British . Australia ( edit ) A 9 Sqn UH - 1D in Vietnam , 1970 The Royal Australian Air Force employed the UH - 1H until 1989 . Iroquois helicopters of No. 9 Squadron RAAF were deployed to South Vietnam in mid 1966 in support of the 1st Australian Task Force . In this role they were armed with single M60 doorguns . In 1969 four of No. 9 Squadron 's helicopters were converted to gunships ( known as ' Bushrangers ' ) , armed with two fixed forward firing M134 7.62 mm minigun ( one each side ) and a 7 - round rocket pod on each side . Aircrew were armed with twin M60 flexible mounts in each door . UH - 1 helicopters were used in many roles including troop transport , medevac and Bushranger gunships for armed support . No. 35 Squadron and No. 5 Squadron also operated the Iroquois in various roles through the 1970s and 1980s . Between 1982 and 1986 , the squadron contributed aircraft and aircrew to the Australian helicopter detachment which formed part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai Peninsula , Egypt . In 1988 the RAAF began to re-equip with S - 70A Blackhawks . A UH - 1B pole mounted in nowra In 1989 and 1990 the RAAF 's UH - 1H Iroquois were subsequently transferred to the 171st Aviation Squadron in Darwin , Northern Territory and the 5th Aviation Regiment based in Townsville , Queensland following the decision that all battlefield helicopters would be operated by the Australian Army .", "14": "On 21 September 2007 , the Australian Army retired the last of their Bell UH - 1s . The last flight occurred in Brisbane on that day with the aircraft replaced by MRH - 90 medium helicopters and Tiger armed reconnaissance helicopters . The Royal Australian Navy 's 723 Squadron also operated seven UH - 1B from 1964 to 1989 , with three of these aircraft lost in accidents during that time . 723 Squadron deployed Iroquois aircraft and personnel as part of the Experimental Military Unit during the Vietnam War . El Salvador ( edit ) UH - 1s were operated by El Salvador Air Force , being at its time the biggest and most experienced combat helicopter force in Central and South America , fighting during 10 years and being trained by US Army in tactics developed during the Vietnam War . UH - 1M and UH - 1H helicopters used by El Salvador were modified to carry bombs instead of rocket pods . Germany ( edit ) German UH - 1D Dornier built 352 UH - 1Ds under license from 1967 to 1981 for the German military ( Bundeswehr ) . These saw service with the German Army and German Air Force as light utility helicopters and as search and rescue ( SAR ) helicopters . Israel ( edit ) Israel withdrew its UH - 1s from service in 2002 , after thirty three years of service . They were replaced by Sikorsky UH - 60 Blackhawk helicopters beginning with an initial batch of 10 delivered in 1994 . While some were passed on to pro-Israeli militias in Lebanon , eleven other UH - 1Ds were reportedly sold to a Singapore - based logging company but were , instead , delivered in October 1978 to the Rhodesian Air Force to skirt the UN endorsed embargo imposed during the Rhodesian Bush War . Japan ( edit ) A JGSDF Bell - Fuji UH - 1H conducting Kashmir earthquake relief activities ( 2005 ) Two UH - 1s were deployed to Pakistan for earthquake disaster relief in 2005 . In 2010 after floods in Pakistan UH - 1s were again deployed to the country to aid in disaster relief .", "15": "UH - 1s of the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force were deployed for disaster relief after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , and also conducted reconnaissance over the stricken Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant . The aircraft are also used to conduct water bombing against fires . Lebanon ( edit ) During the Battle of Nahr el - Bared camp in North Lebanon , the Lebanese army , lacking fixed - wing aircraft , modified the UH - 1H to carry 500 lb ( 227 kg ) Mark 82 bombs to strike militant positions , i.e. helicopter bombing . Special mounts engineered by the Lebanese army were added to the sides of each Huey to carry the high explosive bombs . New Zealand ( edit ) A Royal New Zealand Air Force No. 3 Squadron UH - 1H Iroquois , November 2009 The Royal New Zealand Air Force had an active fleet of 13 Iroquois serving with No. 3 Squadron RNZAF . The first delivery was five UH - 1D in 1966 followed in 1970 by nine UH - 1H and one more UH - 1H in 1976 . All of the UH - 1D aircraft were upgraded to 1H specification during the 1970s . Two ex-U.S. Army UH - 1H attrition airframes were purchased in 1996 , one of which is currently in service . Three aircraft have been lost in accidents . The RNZAF is currently in the process of retiring the Iroquois . The NHIndustries NH90 has been chosen as its replacement , eight active NH90 helicopters plus one spare are being procured . This process was initially expected to be completed by the end of 2013 , but was delayed until 2016 . Individual aircraft were retired as they reach their next major ' group ' servicing intervals ; the UH - 1H is to be retired as the NH90 fleet is stood up . On 21 May 2015 , the remaining UH - 1H fleet of six helicopters conducted a final tour of the country ahead of its planned retirement on 1 July . During 49 years of service the type had seen service in areas including the U.K.", "16": ", Southeast Asia , Timor , the Solomon Islands , various South Pacific nations , and the Antarctic . Philippines ( edit ) Philippine Air Force Airmen with the 6th SOS unit of the USAF during a bilateral exercise The Philippine Air Force has a long history of acquiring United States Air Force assets , including Bell UH - 1 aircraft . Francis Ford Coppola filmed Apocalypse Now in the Philippines primarily because Ferdinand Marcos agreed to let Coppola use Philippine Hueys to film the iconic scene with Robert Duvall as Lt. Colonel Kilgore . The PAF is pursuing the acquisition of 21 additional UH - 1H helicopters as of 2013 . Rhodesia ( edit ) Very late in the Rhodesian Bush War the Rhodesian Air Force obtained 11 former Israeli Agusta - Bell 205As , known in service as Cheetahs . After much work these then formed No. 8 Sqn Rhodesian Air Force and took part as troop transports in the counter-insurgency fight . One was lost in combat in September 1979 , when hit in Mozambique by a RPG . At least another three were lost . The survivors were put up for sale in 1990 . Variant overview ( edit ) Main article : Bell UH - 1 Iroquois variants US military variants ( edit ) UH - 1A Iroquois in flight NASA 's UH - 1H returns to Langley after supporting space shuttle operations at Kennedy Space Center . A USAF TH - 1H out of Randolph Air Force Base , 2005 Royal Thai Air Force special operation troops rappel from UH - 1 during a demonstration on Children day 2013 XH - 40 : The initial Bell 204 prototype . Three prototypes were built , equipped with the Lycoming XT - 53 - L - 1 engine of 700 shp ( 520 kW ) . YH - 40 : Six aircraft for evaluation , as XH - 40 with 12 - inch ( 300 mm ) cabin stretch and other modifications . Bell Model 533 : One YH - 40BF rebuilt as a flight test bed with turbojet engines and wings .", "17": "HU - 1A : Initial Bell 204 production model , redesignated as the UH - 1A in 1962 . 182 built . TH - 1A : UH - 1A with dual controls and blind - flying instruments , 14 conversions . XH - 1A : A single UH - 1A was redesignated for grenade launcher testing in 1960 . HU - 1B : Upgraded HU - 1A , various external and rotor improvements . Redesignated UH - 1B in 1962 . 1014 built plus four prototypes designated YUH - 1B . NUH - 1B : a single test aircraft , serial number 64 - 18261 . UH - 1C : The UH - 1B gunship lacked the power necessary to carry weapons and ammunition and keep up with transport Hueys , and so Bell designed yet another Huey variant , the `` UH - 1C '' , intended strictly for the gunship role . It is an UH - 1B with improved engine , modified blades and rotor - head for better performance in the gunship role . 767 built . YUH - 1D : Seven pre-production prototypes of the UH - 1D . UH - 1D : Initial Bell 205 production model ( long fuselage version of the 204 ) . Designed as a troop carrier to replace the CH - 34 then in US Army service . 2008 built many later converted to UH - 1H standard . HH - 1D : Army crash rescue variant of UH - 1D . UH - 1E : UH - 1B / C for USMC with different avionics and equipment . 192 built . NUH - 1E : UH - 1E configured for testing . TH - 1E : UH - 1C configured for Marine Corps training . Twenty were built in 1965 . UH - 1F : UH - 1B / C for USAF with General Electric T58 - GE - 3 engine of 1,325 shp ( 988 kW ) . 120 built .", "18": "TH - 1F : Instrument and Rescue Trainer based on the UH - 1F for the USAF. 26 built . Base Rescue Moose Jaw CH - 118 Iroquois helicopters at CFB Moose Jaw , 1982 UH - 1H : Improved UH - 1D with a Lycoming T53 - L - 13 engine of 1,400 shp ( 1,000 kW ) . 5435 built . CUH - 1H : Canadian Forces designation for the UH - 1H utility transport helicopter . Redesignated CH - 118 . A total of 10 built . EH - 1H : Twenty - two aircraft converted by installation of AN / ARQ - 33 radio intercept and jamming equipment for Project Quick Fix . HH - 1H : SAR variant for the USAF with rescue hoist . A total of 30 built . JUH - 1 : Five UH - 1Hs converted to SOTAS battlefield surveillance configuration with belly - mounted airborne radar . TH - 1H : Recently modified UH - 1Hs for use as basic helicopter flight trainers by the USAF . HH - 1K : Purpose built SAR variant of the Model 204 for the US Navy with USN avionics and equipment . 27 built . TH - 1L : Helicopter flight trainer based on the HH - 1K for the USN . A total of 45 were built . UH - 1L : Utility variant of the TH - 1L . Eight were built . UH - 1M : Gunship specific UH - 1C upgrade with Lycoming T53 - L - 13 engine of 1,400 shp ( 1,000 kW ) . UH - 1N : Initial Bell 212 production model , the Bell `` Twin Pac '' twin - engined Huey powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada T400 - CP - 400 . UH - 1P : UH - 1F variant for USAF for special operations use and attack operations used solely by the USAF 20th Special Operations Squadron , `` the Green Hornets '' .", "19": "EH - 1U : No more than 2 UH - 1H aircraft modified for Multiple Target Electronic Warfare System ( MULTEWS ) . UH - 1V : Aeromedical evacuation , rescue version for the US Army . EH - 1X : Ten Electronic warfare UH - 1Hs converted under `` Quick Fix IIA '' . UH - 1Y : Upgraded variant developed from existing upgraded late model UH - 1Ns , with additional emphasis on commonality with the AH - 1Z . Note : In U.S. service the G , J , Q , R , S , T , W and Z model designations are used by the AH - 1 . The UH - 1 and AH - 1 are considered members of the same H - 1 series . The military does not use I ( India ) or O ( Oscar ) for aircraft designations to avoid confusion with `` one '' and `` zero '' respectively . Other military variants ( edit ) Bell 204 : Bell Helicopters company designation , covering aircraft from the XH - 40 , YH - 40 prototypes to the UH - 1A , UH - 1B , UH - 1C , UH - 1E , UH - 1F , HH - 1K , UH - 1L , UH - 1P and UH - 1M production aircraft . Agusta - Bell AB 204 : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under license in Italy by Agusta . Agusta - Bell AB 204AS : Anti-submarine warfare , anti-shipping version of the AB 204 helicopter . Fuji - Bell 204B - 2 : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under license in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries . Used by the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force under the name Hiyodori . Bell 205 : Bell Helicopters company designation of the UH - 1D and UH - 1H helicopters . Bell 205A - 1 : Military utility transport helicopter version , initial version based on the UH - 1H . Bell 205A - 1A : As 205A - 1 , but with armament hardpoints and military avionics . Produced specifically for Israeli contract .", "20": "Agusta - Bell 205 : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under license in Italy by Agusta . AIDC UH - 1H : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under license in Taiwan by Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation . Dornier UH - 1D : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under license in Germany by Dornier Flugzeugwerke . UH - 1G : Unofficial name applied locally to at least one armed UH - 1H by the Khmer Air Force in Cambodia . Fuji - Bell 205A - 1 : Military utility transport helicopter . Built under licence in Japan by Fuji . Used by the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force under the designation HU - 1H . JGSDF UH - 1J in Okadama STA , 2007 UH - 1J : An improved Japanese version of the UH - 1H built under license in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries was locally given the designation UH - 1J . Among improvements were an Allison T53 - L - 703 turboshaft engine providing 1,343 kW ( 1,800 shp ) , a vibration - reduction system , infrared countermeasures , and a night - vision - goggle ( NVG ) compatible cockpit . Bell 211 Huey Tug With up - rated dynamic system and larger wide chord blades , the Bell 211 was offered for use as the US Army 's prime artillery mover , but not taken up . Bell Huey II : A modified and re-engined UH - 1H , improvements were an Allison T53 - L - 703 turboshaft engine providing 1,343 kW ( 1,800 shp ) , a vibration - reduction system , infrared countermeasures , and a night - vision - goggle ( NVG ) compatible cockpit. significantly upgrading its performance , and its cost - effectiveness . Currently offered by Bell in cooperation with the Philippine Air Force to all current military users of the type . UH - 1 / T700 Ultra Huey : Upgraded commercial version , fitted with a 1,400 - kW ( 1900 - shp ) General Electric T700 - GE - 701C turboshaft engine .", "21": "Operators ( edit ) Main article : List of Bell UH - 1 Iroquois operators Aircraft on display ( edit ) Main article : List of displayed Bell UH - 1 Iroquois Accidents ( edit ) 17 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) : a Sapphire Aviation UH - 1H crashed near Raton , New Mexico , United States . Five of the six people on board were killed , including Zimbabwean politician Roy Bennett . Specifications ( UH - 1D ) ( edit ) General characteristics Crew : 1 -- 4 Capacity : 3,880 lb ( 1,760 kg ) including 14 troops , or 6 stretchers , or equivalent cargo Length : 57 ft 1 in ( 17.40 m ) with rotors Width : 8 ft 7 in ( 2.62 m ) ( Fuselage ) Height : 14 ft 5 in ( 4.39 m ) Empty weight : 5,215 lb ( 2,365 kg ) Gross weight : 9,040 lb ( 4,100 kg ) Max takeoff weight : 9,500 lb ( 4,309 kg ) Powerplant : 1 × Lycoming T53 - L - 11 turboshaft , 1,100 shp ( 820 kW ) Main rotor diameter : 48 ft 0 in ( 14.63 m ) Performance Maximum speed : 135 mph ( 217 km / h ; 117 kn ) Cruise speed : 125 mph ( 201 km / h ; 109 kn ) Range : 315 mi ( 274 nmi ; 507 km ) Service ceiling : 19,390 ft ( 5,910 m ) dependent on factors such as weight , air temperature , etc Rate of climb : 1,755 ft / min ( 8.92 m / s ) Power / mass : 0.15 hp / lb ( 0.25 kW / kg ) Armament various including : 7.62 mm machine guns 2.75 in ( 70 mm ) rocket pods See also : U.S.", "22": "helicopter armament subsystems Notable appearances in media ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft in fiction § Bell UH - 1 Iroquois The image of American troops disembarking from a Huey has become an iconic image of the Vietnam War , and can be seen in many films , video games and television shows on the subject , as well as more modern settings . The UH - 1 is seen in many films about the Vietnam War , including The Green Berets , Platoon , Hamburger Hill , Apocalypse Now , Casualties of War , and Born on the Fourth of July . It is prominently featured in We Were Soldiers as the main helicopter used by the Air Cavalry in the Battle of Ia Drang . Author Robert Mason recounts his career as a UH - 1 `` Slick '' pilot in his memoir , Chickenhawk . The 2002 journey of `` Huey 091 '' , displayed in the Smithsonian American History Museum , is outlined in the documentary In the Shadow of the Blade . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal United States Army portal Bell Huey -- overview of all models Related development Bell AH - 1 Cobra Bell AH - 1 SuperCobra Bell UH - 1N Twin Huey Bell UH - 1Y Venom Bell 204 / 205 Bell 212 Bell 214 Bell 412 Bell 533 Panha Shabaviz 2 - 75 Aircraft of comparable role , configuration and era Sikorsky XH - 39 Related lists List of active United States military aircraft References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total power rating of the T53 - L - 1A is 860 shp ( 640 kW ) . Military engines are often derated to improve reliability of the aircraft powertrain and to provide a temporary period of higher power output without exceeding the limits of the engine . Jump up ^ The 7 January 1965 - edition of Flight International magazine states that the L - 11 engine is similar to the L - 9 in power , but with a multi-fuel capability . Jump up ^ Earlier UH - 1s had some magnesium components . Jump up ^ Quote : `` The UH - 1B was the first helicopter gunship to achieve widespread combat use .", "23": "It was also the first to carry the name `` Cobra '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bell UH - 1Y pocket guide . '' Archived 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Bell Helicopter , March 2006 . Retrieved : 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bell UH - 1V ' Huey ' '' . Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Delaware Valley Historical Aircraft Association , March 2008 . Retrieved : 25 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Weinert 1991 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Chapman , S. `` Up from Kitty Hawk : 1954 -- 63 '' . ( pdf ) Air Force Magazine , Air Force Association . Retrieved : 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroengines 1957 ( pdf ) . '' Flight , 26 July 1957 . Retrieved : 10 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Donald , David , ed . `` Bell 204 '' ; `` Bell 205 '' . The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft . New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0592 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` H - 40 . '' globalsecurity.org . Retrieved : 16 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Drendel 1983 , pp. 9 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Apostolo 1984 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ McGowen 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Pattillo 2001 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Dobson , G. `` Helicopter powerplants : The world scene '' . Flight , 7 January 1965 . Retrieved : 10 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mutza 1986 Jump up ^ Donald 1997 . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Donald , David . Modern Battlefield Warplanes . London : AIRTime Publishing , 2004 .", "24": "ISBN 1 - 880588 - 76 - 5 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Stephen . `` UH - 1Y declared operational after 12 - year development phase . '' Flightglobal.com , 18 August 2008 . Retrieved : 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Endres , Gunter , ed . Jane 's Helicopter Markets and Systems . London : Jane 's Information Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7106 - 2684 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : DAOT 5 : C - 12 - 118 - 000 / MB - 000 Operating Instructions CH118 Helicopter ( unclassified ) , Change 2 , 23 April 1987 . Department of National Defence Jump up ^ Price , Major David H. `` The Army Aviation Story Part XI : The Mid-1960's . '' Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . rucker.army.mil . Retrieved : 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris . Huey Cobra Gunships . London : Osprey Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 984 - 3 . Jump up ^ Drendel 1974 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Mason , Robert . Chickenhawk . New York : Viking Penguin Books , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 303571 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Helicopter Weapon Systems : Operations with XM26 TOW missile system in Kontum ( 1972 ) . '' Archived 5 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . army.mil . Retrieved : 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Col. James P. Fleming . '' Archived 12 December 2012 at Archive.is United States Air Force , 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Helicopter Gunships : Deadly Combat Weapon Systems , Wayne Mutza , p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Helicopter Losses During the Vietnam War . '' Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association . Retrieved : 5 September 2007 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Death Traps No More - Strategypage.com , April 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Mehl , Maj . Thomas W. `` A Final LZ . '' Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Army National Guard . Retrieved : 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Larry `` Huey Retirement . '' Army National Guard , 4 May 2009 . Retrieved : 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Soucy , Staff Sgt . Jon . `` New Helicopters Delivered to District of Columbia National Guard . '' Archived 10 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Army National Guard , 3 December 2009 . Retrieved : 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , J.D. `` Last UH - 1 Huey , a 42 year military veteran retires Retrieved : 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mutza 1987 , pp. 22 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Helicopter Gunships : Deadly Combat Weapon Systems , Wayne Mutza , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` UH - 1N Huey '' . U.S. Air Force , 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Air Force targets July for UH - 1N replacement solicitation '' . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly , 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Seawolves . '' seawolf.org . Retrieved : 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of US Navy Combat Search and Rescue '' . Jump up ^ `` River Patrol Force . '' Navy News Release , 1969. Retrieved : 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLUEHAWKS of HAL - 5 '' . bluehawksofhal-5.org . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan hash bust underscores official corruption . '' www.wired.com . Retrieved : 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bell 212 . '' Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . fuerzaaerea.mil.ar .", "26": "Retrieved : 25 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eather 1995 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eather 1995 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Stackpool , Andrew ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` 40 Years of Top Service '' . Army . Canberra , Australia : Directorate of Defence Newspapers . p. 10 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RAAF / Army A2 / N9 Bell UH - 1B / D / H Iroqois . '' ADF Serials . Retrieved : 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Australian Naval Aviation Museum ( ANAM ) 1998 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tom . `` El Salvador , 1980 -- 1992 . '' Air Combat Information Group , 1 September 2003 . Retrieved : 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel : UH - 1 '' aeroflight.co . Retrieved : 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Brent 1988 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` ASDF C - 130s depart on Pakistan relief duty '' . Japan Times , 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ GSDF choppers Pakistan - bound '' Japan Times , 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chopper unit back from Pakistan '' Japan Times , 27 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 Jump up ^ Hiscock , Kyle W Thesis : Japan 's Self Defense Forces after the Great East Japan Earthquake : Toward a new Status Quo March 2012 Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSDF helicopter makes emergency landing at Tottori airport '' . Japan Times . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GSDF helicopter makes emergency landing at western Japan airport '' . Mainichi Shimbun . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Kahwaji , Riad . `` The victory -- Lebanon developed helicopter bombers . '' Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Ya Libnan , 3 September 2007 . Retrieved : 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RNZAF -- 3 Squadron History . '' Airforce.mil.nz , 31 October 2005 . Retrieved : 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RNZAF -- Aircraft -- UH - 1H Iroquois . '' Airforce.mil.nz , Retrieved : 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NH90 . '' Royal New Zealand Air Force . Retrieved : 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ RNZAF Huey embarks on final domestic tour - Flightglobal.com , 21 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : De Semlyen , Phil ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Anatomy of a Scene : Apocalypse Now '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAF welcomes supply deal boosting helicopter fleet '' . The Philippine Star . 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` DND set to acquire 21 refurbished Huey helicopters '' ( PDF ) . DND.gov.ph . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodesia Admits U.S. Helicopters Used in War Against Guerrillas '' . Washington Post . 15 December 1978 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- Air Force -- Aircraft Types . '' Aeroflight . Retrieved : 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andrade 1987 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Bell CH - 118 Iroquois . '' Archived 10 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Canadian DND webpage . Retrieved : 30 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Buley , Dennis . Aeroflight. 29 December 1999 .", "28": "US Army 's Fleet of Special Electronic Mission Aircraft Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : 28 October 2008 ^ Jump up to : Goebel . Greg . `` The Bell UH - 1 Huey . '' Archived 5 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Vector site . Retrieved : 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Forsgren , Jan . `` Aviation Royale Khmere / Khmer Air Force Aircraft . '' Aeroflight , 22 April 2007 . Retrieved : 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ベル UH - 1B / H イロコイ , 富士 UH - 1J 『ひよどり . '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . nifty.com . Retrieved : 11 December 2007 . Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) UH - 1J 多用途ヘリコプター . Retrieved : 11 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Goebel , Greg . `` ( 7 ) Foreign - Build Hueys . '' The Bell UH - 1 Huey . airvectors.net , 1 December 2007 . Retrieved : 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The UH - 1 / T700 Ultra Huey helicopter powered by General Electric engines demonstrated high altitude / hot day capabilities during a series of flight demonstrations . '' Defense Daily , October 1994 . Retrieved : 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In The Shadow of The Blade . '' In The Shadow of The Blade , 2004 . Retrieved : 5 August 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Andrade , John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Midland Counties Publications , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 904597 - 22 - 9 . Apostolo , Giorgio . `` Bell 204 '' , `` Bell 205 '' . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters .", "29": "New York : Bonanza Books , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 43935 - 2 . Australian Naval Aviation Museum ( ANAM ) . Flying Stations : A Story of Australian Naval Aviation . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin. 1998 . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 846 - 8 Brent , W.A. Rhodesian Air Force A Brief History 1947 -- 1980 . Ottawa , Ontario , Canada : Freeworld Publications , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 620 - 11805 - 9 . Chant , Christopher . Fighting Helicopters of the 20th Century ( 20th Century Military Series ) . Christchurch , Dorset , UK : Graham Beehag Books , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 85501 - 808 - X . Debay , Yves . Combat Helicopters . Paris : Histoire & Collections , 1996 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 52 - 1 . Donald , David , ed . `` Bell Model 212 Twin Two - Twelve '' . The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft . New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0592 - 5 . Drendel , Lou . Gunslingers in Action . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 013 - 3 . Drendel , Lou . Huey . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 145 - 8 . Eather , Steve ( 1995 ) . Flying Squadrons of the Australian Defence Force . Weston Creek , ACT : Aerospace Publications . ISBN 1 - 875671 - 15 - 3 . Eden , Paul , ed . `` Bell UH - 1 Iroquois '' . Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft . London : Amber Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 904687 - 84 - 9 . Francillon , René , J. Vietnam : The War in the Air .", "30": "New York : Arch Cape Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 62976 - 3 . Guilmartin , John Francis and Michael O'Leary . The Illustrated History of the Vietnam War , Volume 11 : Helicopters . New York : Bantam Books , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 34506 - 0 . McGowen , Stanley S. Helicopters : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 468 - 4 . Mesko , Jim . Airmobile : The Helicopter War in Vietnam . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 159 - 8 . Mikesh , Robert C. Flying Dragons : The South Vietnamese Air Force . London : Osprey Publishing , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 819 - 6 . Mutza , Wayne . UH - 1 Huey In Action . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 179 - 2 . Mutza , Wayne . `` Covertly to Cambodia '' . Air Enthusiast , Thirty - two , December 1986 -- April 1987 , pp. 22 -- 31 . Bromley , UK : Pilot Press . ISSN 0143 - 5450 . Mutza , Wayne . UH - 1 Huey in Color . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 279 - 9 . Pattillo , Donald M. Pushing the Envelope : The American Aircraft Industry . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08671 - 9 ; . Specifications for Bell 204 , 205 and 214 Huey Plus External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bell UH - 1 family .", "31": "Bell Huey II page on BellHelicopter.com UH - 1D / UH - 1H Iroquois utility helicopter and UH - 1 Factsheet on Army.mil UH - 1 history on Navy Air web site The Bell UH - 1 Huey at Greg Goebel 's Air Vectors site Philippine Air Force Huey II Project An account of a Medal of Honor rescue flying a Green Hornet History of the Huey on timothypruittphoto.com HA ( L ) - 3 Seawolf HUEY 509 -- The Only Flying HUEY in U.K. The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 2A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 5A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 8A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 1OA ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 1OB ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 12A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 13A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 17A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 18A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 19A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 20A ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Aircraft produced by Bell Aircraft and Bell Helicopter Manufacturer designations", "32": "5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 / 47J 48 49 50 52 54 58 59 60 61 65 66 67 68 200 201 204 205 206 207 208 210 211 209 212 214 / 214ST 222 230 249 301 309 400 407 409 412 417 427 429 430 440 445 449 505 525 533 D - 188 D - 292 Fighter aircraft YFM - 1 Airacuda P - 39 Airacobra XFL Airabonita P - 59 Airacomet P - 63 Kingcobra XP - 77 XP - 83 Target drones PQM - 56 Attack helicopters 207 AH - 1 ( singles ) AH - 1 ( twins ) 309 YAH - 63 Observation and utility helicopters", "33": "H - 13 / H - 13J Sioux UH - 1 Iroquois UH - 1N UH - 1Y TH - 57 OH - 58 Kiowa TH - 67 Creek ARH - 70 Arapaho Commercial helicopters 47 / 47J 204 205 206 210 212 214 214ST 222 230 407 412 427 429 430 505 525 Tiltrotors V - 22 Osprey V - 247 V - 280 AW609 TR918 QTR UAVs MQ - 8C Non-production helicopters 400 417 440 Experimental aircraft ATV 201 533 D - 188 D - 255 D - 292 FCX - 001 L - 39 LLRV / LLTV X-1 X-2 X-5 X-14 X-16 X-22 XF - 109 XP - 52 XV - 3 XV - 15 United States Army helicopter designations ( 1956 -- 62 ) Helicopter , Cargo HC - 1A / HC - 1B Helicopter , Observation HO - 1 HO - 2 HO - 3 HO - 4 HO - 5 HO - 6 Helicopter , Utility HU - 1 Helicopter , Experimental HZ - 1 United States helicopter designations , Army / Air Force and Tri-Service systems Numerical sequence used by USAAC / USAAF / USAF 1941 -- present ;", "34": "US Army 1948 -- 1956 and 1962 -- present ; US Navy 1962 -- present Main sequence ( 1941 -- 1962 ) Prefix R - , 1941 -- 1948 R - 1 R - 2 R - 3 R - 4 R - 5 R - 6 R - 7 R - 8 R - 9 R - 10 R - 11 R - 12 R - 13 R - 14 R - 15 R - 16 Prefix H - , 1948 -- 1962 H - 5 H - 6 H - 9 H - 10 H - 11 H - 12 H - 13 / J H - 15 H - 16 H - 17 H - 18 H - 19 H - 20 H - 21 H - 22 H - 23 H - 24 H - 25 H - 26 H - 27 H - 28 H - 29 H - 30 H - 31 H - 32 H - 33 H - 34 H - 35 H - 36 H - 37 H - 38 H - 39 H - 40 H - 41 H - 42 H - 43 H - 44 H - 45 Main joint sequence ( 1962 -- present ) 1962 redesignations OH - 13 / UH - 13J UH - 19 CH - 21 OH - 23 UH - 25 CH - 34 CH - 37 HH - 43 New designations CH - 46 / HH - 46 / UH - 46 CH - 47 UH - 48", "35": "XH - 49 QH - 50 XH - 51 HH - 52 CH - 53 / HH - 53 / MH - 53 / CH - 53E / CH - 53K CH - 54 TH - 55 AH - 56 TH - 57 OH - 58 XH - 59 UH - 60 / SH - 60 / HH - 60 / MH - 60 YUH - 61 XCH - 62 YAH - 63 AH - 64 HH - 65 RAH - 66 TH - 67 MH - 68 H - 69 ARH - 70 VH - 71 UH - 72 H - 73 to H - 89 MH - 90 H - 91 VH - 92 1962 redesignations reusing old numbers UH - 1 / N / Y AH - 1 / J / T / W / Z SH - 2 / SH - 2G SH - 3 / CH - 3 / HH - 3 OH - 4 OH - 5 OH - 6 / MH - 6 / AH - 6 Not assigned Canadian Forces post-1968 unified aircraft designations 100 -- 119 CF - 100 CF - 101 102 -- 103 skipped CF - 104 CF - 105 CC - 106 CP - 107 CC - 108 CC - 109 CSR - 110 CF - 111 CH - 112 CH - 113 CT - 114 CC - 115 CF - 116 CC - 117 CH - 118 CO-119 CO-119 ( 2 ) 120 --", "36": "139 CT - 120 CP - 121 CP - 122 CSR - 123 / CC - 123 CH - 124 CH - 125 CH - 126 CH - 127 CT - 128 CC - 129 CC - 130 CX - 131 CC - 132 CT - 133 CT - 134 CH - 135 CH - 136 CC - 137 CC - 138 CH - 139 140 -- 159 CP - 140 CC - 141 CT - 142 CH - 143 CC - 144 CT - 145 CH - 146 CH - 147 CH - 148 CH - 149 CC - 150 151 -- 154 skipped CT - 155 CT - 156 157 -- 159 skipped 160 -- CU - 160 CU - 161 CU - 162 CU - 163 164 -- 166 skipped CU - 167 CU - 168 169 skipped CU - 170 171 -- 176 skipped CC - 177 CH - 178 179 -- 187 skipped CF - 188 GND : 1026472237 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "37": "php?title=Bell_UH-1_Iroquois&oldid=836955642 '' Categories : Bell aircraft United States military helicopters United States military utility aircraft 1950 -- 1959 Search and rescue helicopters United States helicopters 1950 -- 1959 Gunships Single - turbine helicopters Aircraft first flown in 1956 Military equipment of the Vietnam War Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2015 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with Japanese - language external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 Pages with timeline metadata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 21 : 13 . 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-6762183708006311163	when did dragon ball super tournament of power start	[ "February 19, 2017", "\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\"", "Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!" ]	{ "0": "List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハローハローハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America .", "1": "The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリングスター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバードリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよかダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪の天使と正義の悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 .", "2": "Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? ''", "4": "( 平和の報酬 1 億ゼニーは誰の手に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束のリゾートへ ! ベジータが家族旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train .", "5": "Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢の続きはどこだ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せドラゴンボール ! ピラフ一味の大作戦 ! )", "6": "August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界王星の決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊神ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na !", "7": "Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊神を怒らせるな ! ドキドキ誕生パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よくもオレのブルマを ! ベジータ怒りの突然変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished .", "8": "Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空見参 ! ビルス様からのラストチャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack .", "9": "Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お待たせ、ビルス様 . ついに超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドの力 ( パワー ) ! ! )", "10": "September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続けようぜビルス様 ! 神と神の戦いを ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙が砕ける ! ? 激突 !", "11": "破壊神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空よ、超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを越えて行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again .", "12": "Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これがオラのありったけの力だ ! 決着 ! 神と神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth .", "13": "In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者サタンよ奇跡を起こせ ! 宇宙からの挑戦状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match .", "14": "Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータが弟子入り ! ? ウイスを攻略せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together .", "15": "Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン誕生 ! そして悟空は修行の旅へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training .", "16": "Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラも来たぞ ! ビルス星で修行開始だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi !", "17": "Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望ふたたび ! 悪の帝王・フリーザの復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコからの警告 ! 迫り来るフリーザと 1000 人の兵士達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful .", "18": "Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐の始まり ! フリーザ軍の悪意が悟飯を撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza .", "19": "Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの復活 ! その名はギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei !", "20": "Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球が ! 悟飯が ! 絶体絶命 ! 早く来てくれ孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空これがオラの修行の成果だ ! )", "21": "December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開バトル ! 復讐のゴールデンフリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis !", "22": "Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大ピンチに勝機が見えた ! 反撃開始だ孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter .", "23": "Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球爆発 ! ? 決着のかめはめ波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No .", "24": "Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙の破壊神その名はシャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘試合開催決定 !", "25": "主将は悟空よりも強いヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「格闘試合」へのおさらい残り二人のメンバーは誰だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team .", "26": "Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー様のもとへ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボールのありかを聞き出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven .", "27": "32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合開始だ ! みんなで「名前のない星」へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け第 6 宇宙よ ! これが超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人・孫悟空だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip .", "28": "Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト魔貫光殺砲にすべてをかけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along .", "29": "The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒りを力に変えろ ! ベジータの全開バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins .", "30": "Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの大苦戦 ! ベジータ怒りの大爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ人の誇りを忘れるな !", "31": "ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙のサイヤ人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙最強の戦士 ! 殺し屋ヒット見参 ! ! )", "32": "April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長した `` 時とばし '' の反撃 ! ? 出るか ! ? 悟空の新たな技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order .", "33": "Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに決着 ! 勝者はビルス ? それともシャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! ''", "34": "( 出でよ神の龍そして願いを叶えてちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパーシェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱の祝勝会 ! 遂に対決 ! ?", "35": "モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空の「気」が制御不能 ! ? パンのお世話で四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere .", "36": "The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ星の封印解き放たれた `` 超人水 '' の秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータが消える ! ? 複製ベジータの脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers .", "37": "The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製ベジータ ! 勝つのはどっちだ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails .", "38": "Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来からの SOS ! 黒き新たな敵現る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help .", "39": "Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot .", "40": "Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! 再び現在で目覚めよトランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! ''", "41": "( 未来からのメッセージゴクウブラック襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざされた未来への道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him .", "42": "While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時をこえた想いトランクスとマイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! ''", "43": "`` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟再会孫悟飯と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラックの正体を暴け ! いざ第 10 宇宙の界王神界へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals .", "44": "Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ人の血をひく者トランクスの決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! ''", "45": "( 孫悟空に会いたいのね全王様からのよびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black !", "46": "Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦ゴクウブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ロゼ登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来のヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超サイヤ人ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again .", "47": "Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身の体を持つ神ザマス降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind .", "48": "58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマスとブラック深まる二人の謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時の指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界王神界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice .", "49": "Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界王神ゴワスを守れザマスを破壊せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び未来へ明かされるゴクウブラックの正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again .", "50": "Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Dreadful Tale of the Zero Mortal '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマスの野望語られる恐怖の『人間 0 計画』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! ''", "51": "/ `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界はオレが守る ! トランクス怒りの超 ( スーパー ) パワー炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔封波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の細胞を汚すな !", "52": "ベジータの壮絶バトル開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体ザマス爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power .", "53": "Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後の審判か ! ? 絶対神の究極の力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun .", "54": "Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめない戦士たちの奇跡の力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form .", "55": "Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新たな HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! を胸にさらばトランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline .", "56": "They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える願いは誰のもの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever .", "57": "Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャバトルで地球が終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance .", "58": "Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパからの挑戦状 ! 今度は野球で勝負だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off .", "59": "Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空死す ! 絶対執行の暗殺任頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃なるか ! ? 見えない殺しの技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis .", "60": "Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟飯の災難 ! グレートサイヤマンまさかの映画化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts .", "61": "Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛するもののために ! 不屈のグレートサイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape .", "62": "75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空とクリリン懐かしの修行の場へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐敵を打ち破れ !", "63": "クリリンの闘志ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama !", "64": "Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( やろうぜ全王様 ! 宇宙一武道会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力の大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ?", "65": "Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全宇宙の神様もドン引き ! ? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! ''", "66": "`` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙蹴りのバジル VS 第 7 宇宙魔人ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! ''", "67": "`` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ ! 孫悟飯の闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! ''", "68": "`` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰しのベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青天井の強さはどっちだ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! ''", "69": "( 孫悟空許すまじ ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙代表チームを結成せよ ! 最強の 10 人は誰だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine .", "70": "Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウトマン孫悟空クリリンと 18 号を誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan .", "71": "Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す宇宙 -- それぞれの思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) .", "72": "Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて交わる拳 ! 人造人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers !", "73": "Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁団を狩れ ! 悟空と 17 号の共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟飯とピッコロ師弟激突の限界修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training .", "74": "Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れた謎の美女 ! 天津流道場の怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi .", "75": "At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超えるべき壁を見据えて !", "76": "悟空 VS 悟飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ ! ? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors .", "77": "In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン・デ・シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急事態発生 ! そろわない 10 人のメンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No.", "78": "18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目の戦士はおめえだ !", "79": "悟空フリーザのもとへ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu !", "80": "Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪の帝王復活 ! 出迎える謎の刺客たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ大暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them .", "81": "Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時はきた ! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power .", "82": "As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに開幕「力の大会」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty !", "83": "A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ無常 ! 絶望する宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリンの底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No.", "84": "18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大暴走 ! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) .", "85": "They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫りくる正義の戦士 ! プライド・トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina .", "86": "This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ・プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛の力が大爆発 ! ?", "87": "第 2 宇宙の魔女っ子戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ・クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー・ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟飯よ非情なれ ! 第 10 宇宙との決戦 ! ! )", "88": "August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure .", "89": "104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶光速バトル勃発 ! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle !", "90": "Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武天老師命を燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero !", "91": "Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) .", "92": "Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐の「 F 」 ! しかけられた狡猾な罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta .", "93": "Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザとフロスト ! 交わる悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him .", "94": "An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空に迫る最強の敵 ! 今こそ放て ! 必殺の元気玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes !", "95": "New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空覚醒 ! 目覚めし者の新たなる極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手の極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異次元の極致バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek .", "96": "Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の誓い ! ベジータの覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting .", "97": "However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々として !", "98": "戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気せまる ! 新たな超戦士の爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle .", "99": "After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback !", "100": "Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転の兆し ! 身勝手の極意が大爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! ''", "101": "( 愛の大決戦 ! 人造人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina .", "102": "Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避不能 ! ? ステルス攻撃の猛威 ! ! )", "103": "December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! ''", "104": "( 完璧なる生存戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙脅威の刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力戦 ! 究極の 4 体合体 VS 第 7 宇宙総攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements .", "105": "Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己の誇りをかけて ! ベジータ最強への挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him .", "106": "Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身全霊全力解放 ! 悟空とベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! ''", "107": "( 疾風怒涛の猛襲 ! 悟飯背水の陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風堂々 ! 破壊神トッポ降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning .", "108": "Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神をも超えろ ! ベジータ捨て身の一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead .", "109": "Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫りくる障壁 ! 希望を託した最後のバリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain .", "110": "However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い誇り最後まで ! ベジータ散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament .", "111": "Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界超絶突破 ! 身勝手の極意極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches .", "112": "Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前絶後の超決戦 ! 究極のサバイバルバトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡の決着 ! さらば悟空 ! また会う日まで ! ! )", "113": "March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again .", "114": "Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 .", "115": "Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 .", "116": "Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報ドラゴンボール超東映アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 .", "117": "Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 .", "118": "Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじドラゴンボール超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 .", "119": "Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 .", "120": "Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr.", "121": "Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=838398340 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7143040220722532389	when was it was not death for i stood up published	[ "1891", "1890", "1891" ]	{ "0": "List of Emily Dickinson poems - Wikipedia List of Emily Dickinson poems Jump to : navigation , search Autograph manuscript of `` Wild nights - Wild nights ! '' ( 1861 ) First edition of Poems by Emily Dickinson ( 1890 ) Emily Dickinson 's poems , left in manuscript at her death in 1886 , were only gradually published over the next seven decades . Proportion of Emily Dickinson 's poetry published over time in the 7 Todd & Bianchi volumes , and the variorum editions of 1955 and 1998 . This is a list of poems by Emily Dickinson . In addition to the list of first lines which link to the poems ' texts , the table notes each poem 's publication in several of the most significant editions of Dickinson 's poetry -- the `` manuscript books '' created by Dickinson herself but not published as such until 1981 ; the seven volumes of poetry published posthumously from 1890 to 1945 ; the cumulative collections of 1924 , 1930 , and 1937 ; and the scholarly editions of 1955 and 1998 . The entire table is sortable by clicking on the icons following the column headings . Important publications which are not represented in the table include the 10 poems published ( anonymously ) during Dickinson 's lifetime ; and editions of her letters , published from 1894 on , which include some poems within their texts . In all these cases , the poem itself occurs in the list , but these specific publications of the poem are not noted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Table 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) Rows A row in the table below is defined as any set of lines that is categorized either by Johnson ( 1955 ) or by Franklin ( 1998 ) -- or , in the vast majority of cases , by both -- as a poem written by Emily Dickinson . Johnson recognizes 1775 poems , and Franklin 1789 ; however each , in a handful of cases , categorizes as multiple poems lines which the other categorizes as a single poem . This mutual splitting results in a table of 1799 rows . Columns First Line : Most of the first lines link to the poem 's text ( usually its first publication ) at Wikisource .", "1": "For Wikipedia articles on the poems , see Category : Poetry by Emily Dickinson or the navigation box at the bottom of the article . Poems are alphabetized by their first line . Punctuation , capitalization and even wording of the first lines may vary depending on the edition of each poem 's text used . F / S : Position in Fascicles or Sets . Dickinson preserved about 2 / 3 of her poems in `` manuscript books '' or `` packets '' of two types . Fascicles are composed of sheets folded in half ( yielding one signature of 2 leaves and 4 pages ) , laid on top of each other ( not nested ) , and bound with string . Other poems are preserved in what R.W. Franklin calls Sets which are groups of folded signatures appropriate for , and possibly intended for , similar binding , but never actually bound . The code in the table below indicates `` F '' for fascicle or `` S '' for set , then the fascicle number 01 - 40 or set number 01 - 15 , then the order of the 4 - page signature ( or occasionally unfolded 1 - leaf 2 - page sheet ) , finally the order of the poem within the fascicle or set . An asterisk indicates that this poem , or part of this poem , occurs elsewhere in the fascicles or sets but its subsequent occurrences are not noted . Thus `` F01. 03.016 * '' indicates the 16th poem within fascicle # 1 , which occurs on the 3rd signature or sheet bound in that fascicle ; and that this poem ( or part of it ) also recurs elsewhere in the fascicles or sets . 1st : First publication of the poem within the Todd & Bianchi volumes of 1890 - 1945 ( see References ) . This does not account for the handful of poems published during Emily Dickinson 's lifetime , nor poems which first appeared within published letters . 1stS. P : Section and Poem number ( both converted to Arabic numerals , and separated by a period ) of the poem in its 1st publication as noted above . Poems in the volumes of 1929 and 1935 are not numbered , so page numbers are given in place of poem numbers .", "2": "An asterisk indicates that this poem , or part of this poem , occurs elsewhere in the Todd & Bianchi volumes but its subsequent occurrences are not noted . Collect : Section and Poem number ( both converted to Arabic numerals , and separated by a period ) in the Bianchi collections of 1924 - 1937 ( see References ) . J# : Number assigned by Thomas H. Johnson in his variorum edition of 1955 . Numbering represents Johnson 's judgment of chronology . Fr # : Number assigned by R.W. Franklin in his variorum edition of 1998 . Numbering represents Franklin 's judgment of chronology . Table ( edit ) First Line ( often used as title ) F / S 1st 1stS. P Collect J# Fr # A Bee his burnished Carriage S13. 01.002 1945 1.127 1339 1351 A Bird came down the Walk F17. 05.013 1891 3.023 2.023 328 359 A brief but patient illness F01. 01.002 1891 3.047 2.047 18 22 A Burdock -- clawed my Gown S06b. 04.016 1945 1.135 229 289 A Cap of Lead across the sky 1914 2.054 5.054 1649 1735 A Charm invests a face F15. 03.008 1891 2.010 3.028 421 430 A chastened Grace is twice a Grace 1676 A chilly Peace infests the Grass 1945 1.071 1443 1469 A Clock stopped F11. 03.006 1896 4.053 4.135 287 259 A Cloud withdrew from the Sky S06b. 07.025 1945 1.015 895 1077 A Coffin -- is a small Domain S03.", "3": "01.001 1945 1.386 943 890 A Counterfeit -- a Plated Person 1453 1514 A curious Cloud surprised the Sky F24. 01.004 1945 1.016 1710 509 A darting fear -- a pomp -- a tear 87 A13 - 6 A Day ! Help ! Help ! Another Day ! F02. 04.017 1945 1.004 42 58 A Death blow is a Life blow to Some S07. 07.033 1891 4.006 4.046 816 966 A Deed knocks first at Thought 1891 1.041 1.067 1216 1294 A Dew sufficed itself S14. 01.001 1896 3.017 2.099 1437 1372 A Diamond on the Hand 1108 1131 A Dimple in the Tomb 1489 1522 A Door just opened on a street S05. 04.019 1896 1.028 1.111 953 914 A doubt if it be Us S05. 02.005 1945 1.510 859 903 A Drop Fell on the Apple Tree F38. 01.001 1890 3.011 2.062 794 846 A Drunkard can not meet a Cork 1945 1.192 1628 1630 A Dying Tiger -- moaned for Drink F28. 02.005 1945 1.347 566 529 A face devoid of love or grace 1896 1.018 1.101 1711 1774 A faded Boy -- in sallow Clothes 1945 1.239 1524 1549 A feather from the Whippoorwill F12. 01.002 1929 A.", "4": "199 A. 002 161 208 A Field of Stubble , lying sere 1407 1419 A first Mute Coming F35. 06.020 1935 4.139 7.121 702 732 A Flower will not trouble her , it has so small a Foot , 1621 1648 A full fed Rose on meals of Tint 1154 1141 A fuzzy fellow , without feet F08. 03.010 1929 3.062 6.054 173 171 A great Hope fell 1945 1.206 1123 1187 A happy lip -- breaks sudden F12. 08.026 1935 4.123 7.106 353 335 A House upon the Height F27. 03.009 1945 1.556 399 555 A Lady red -- amid the Hill F06. 01.002 1896 3.004 2.086 74 137 A lane of Yellow led the eye 1650 1741 A Letter is a joy of Earth 1639 1672 A Light exists in Spring S07. 06.028 1896 3.003 2.085 812 962 A little bread -- a crust -- a crumb F10. 03.012 1896 1.051 1.134 159 135 A little Dog that wags his tail S10. 03.008 1945 1.157 1185 1236 A little East of Jordan F07. 01.001 1914 4.103 5.105 59 145 A little Madness in the Spring 1914 2.038 5.038 1333 1356 A little overflowing word 5.136 1467 1501 A little Road -- not made of Man F34.", "5": "01.003 1890 3.010 2.061 647 758 A little Snow was here and there 1945 1.252 1444 1480 A long -- long Sleep -- A famous -- Sleep F22. 03.008 1896 4.057 4.139 654 463 A loss of something ever felt I S06b. 06.020 1945 1.180 959 1072 A Man may make a Remark S05. 04.018 1945 1.448 952 913 A Mien to move a Queen F11. 01.001 1935 2.041 7.034 283 254 A Mine there is no Man would own 1117 1162 A Moth the hue of this S07. 02.009 1945 1.133 841 944 A Murmur in the Trees -- to note F15. 05.011 1896 3.008 2.090 416 433 A narrow Fellow in the Grass S06c. 03.009 1891 3.024 2.024 986 1096 A nearness to Tremendousness F40. 02.005 1935 4.148 7.130 963 824 A Night -- there lay the Days between F26. 06.021 1945 1.048 471 609 A not admitting of the wound 1945 1.206 1123 1188 A Pang is more conspicuous in Spring 1945 1.475 1530 1545 A Pit -- but Heaven over it F24. 01.003 * 1945 1.532 1712 508 A Planted Life -- diversified F38.", "6": "06.019 1935 2.080 7.071 806 864 A poor -- torn heart -- a tattered heart F06. 03.013 1891 1.023 1.049 78 125 A precious -- mouldering pleasure -- ' tis F25. 01.001 1890 1.010 1.010 371 569 A Prison gets to be a friend F22. 01.001 1929 1.021 6.019 652 456 A prompt -- executive Bird is the Jay S07. 20.097 * 1914 2.066 5.066 1177 1022 A Rat surrendered here S14. 02.006 1945 1.119 1340 1377 A Route of Evanescence 1891 3.015 2.015 1463 1489 A Saucer holds a Cup 1945 1.145 1374 1407 A science -- so the Savants say F07. 01.003 1929 1.026 6.023 100 147 A Secret told F31. 04.014 1929 1.029 6.026 381 643 A sepal , petal , and a thorn F01. 01.005 1896 3.011 2.093 19 25 A Shade upon the mind there passes S06a. 02.007 1945 1.397 882 1114 A shady friend -- for Torrid days F14. 01.004 1891 1.034 1.060 278 306 A Sickness of this World it most occasions S07.", "7": "13.063 1896 4.033 4.115 1044 993 A single Clover Plank 1945 1.124 1343 1297 A single Screw of Flesh F12. 02.009 1935 3.107 7.092 263 293 A slash of Blue F09. 07.026 1935 2.046 7.038 204 233 A Sloop of Amber slips away 1896 3.026 2.108 1622 1599 A soft Sea washed around the House 1945 1.057 1198 1199 A solemn thing -- it was -- I said F14. 02.005 1896 2.022 3.056 271 307 A Solemn thing within the Soul F22. 04.012 1945 1.472 483 467 A something in a summer 's Day F05. 04.020 1890 3.012 2.063 122 104 A South Wind -- has a pathos F39. 04.014 1945 1.017 719 883 A Sparrow took a Slice of Twig 1945 1.113 1211 1257 A Spider sewed at Night 1891 3.027 2.027 1138 1163 A stagnant pleasure like a Pool 1945 1.503 1281 1258 A still -- Volcano -- Life F24. 03.012 1929 1.036 6.033 601 517 A Thought went up my mind today F35. 05.018 1891 1.020 1.046 701 731 A throe upon the features F05.", "8": "04.021 1891 4.038 4.078 71 105 A Toad , can die of Light F14. 05.015 1896 4.055 4.137 583 419 A Tongue -- to tell Him I am true ! S01. 01.001 1945 1.270 400 673 A Tooth upon Our Peace F32. 04.015 1935 1.011 7.009 459 694 A train went through a burial gate F20. 01.002 1890 4.009 4.009 1761 397 A transport one can not contain F12. 01.006 1935 3.084 7.073 184 212 A Visitor in Marl F27. 04.012 1935 2.047 7.039 391 558 A Weight with Needles on the pounds F12. 02.010 1935 1.018 7.016 264 294 A Wife -- at daybreak I shall be F32. 06.018 1929 6.190 6.172 461 185 A wild Blue sky abreast of Winds 1945 1.019 1415 1418 A Wind that rose S08a. 12.012 1259 1216 A winged spark doth soar about 1945 1.043 1468 1502 A Word dropped careless on a Page 1261 1268 A word is dead 1896 1.006 1.089 1212 278 A Word made Flesh is seldom 1651 1715 A World made penniless by that departure 1945 1.284 1623 1642 A wounded Deer -- leaps highest F08.", "9": "01.001 1890 1.008 1.008 165 181 Above Oblivion 's Tide there is a Pier 1945 2.615 1531 1552 Abraham to kill him 1945 1.160 1317 1332 Absence disembodies -- so does Death S05. 02.006 1945 1.489 860 904 Absent Place -- an April Day S07. 05.023 1945 1.079 927 958 Adrift ! A little boat adrift ! F01. 04.021 1896 4.047 4.129 30 6 Advance is Life 's condition 1652 1736 Afraid ! Of whom am I afraid ? F16. 05.011 1890 4.024 4.024 608 345 After a hundred years 1891 4.041 4.081 1147 1149 After all Birds have been investigated and laid aside S14. 05.012 1945 1.108 1395 1383 After great pain , a formal feeling comes F18. 04.011 1929 6.175 6.158 341 372 After the Sun comes out 1148 1127 Again -- his voice is at the door 1945 1.259 663 274 Ah Teneriffe ! F36. 05.019 1914 2.035 5.035 666 752 Ah , Moon -- and Star ! F11. 06.011 * 1935 3.094 7.081 240 262 Ah , Necromancy Sweet ! F08. 04.015 1929 6.155 6.139 177 168 Air has no Residence , no Neighbor S07.", "10": "12.058 1945 1.562 1060 989 All but Death , can be Adjusted F37. 05.017 1929 4.089 6.079 749 789 All Circumstances are the Frame S06a. 02.006 1914 5.141 5.145 820 1113 All forgot for recollecting F40. 03.008 1929 6.149 6.134 966 827 All I may , if small S05. 09.039 1914 5.113 5.115 819 799 All men for Honor hardest work 1945 1.463 1193 1205 All overgrown by cunning moss F07. 01.002 1896 4.054 4.136 148 146 All that I do 1945 1.257 1496 1529 All the letters I can write F19. 01.002 1929 3.080 6.072 334 380 All these my banners be F01. 01.009 1945 1.075 22 29 All things swept sole away 1512 1548 Alone and in a Circumstance 1945 1.181 1167 1174 Alone , I can not be F12. 05.020 298 303 Alter ! When the Hills do F36. 06.022 1890 2.003 3.003 729 755 Although I put away his life F20. 03.010 1929 6.160 6.143 366 405 Always Mine ! S07. 02.007 1945 1.255 839 942 Ambition can not find him . F05.", "11": "01.006 1914 4.105 5.107 68 115 Ample make this Bed S06a. 03.012 1891 4.023 4.063 829 804 An altered look about the hills F04. 02.008 1891 3.009 2.009 140 90 An antiquated Grace 1945 1.251 1345 1367 An Antiquated Tree 1945 1.143 1514 1544 An awful Tempest mashed the air -- F09. 06.020 1891 3.021 2.021 198 224 An Everywhere of Silver S05. 10.041 1891 3.022 2.022 884 931 An honest Tear S10. 01.004 1945 1.517 1192 1232 An Hour is a Sea 825 898 An ignorance a Sunset F30. 06.018 1935 2.050 7.042 552 669 And this of all my Hopes S07. 09.043 1929 6.187 6.169 913 975 And with what body do they come ? 1492 1537 Angels , in the early morning F03. 02.007 1890 3.018 2.069 94 73 Answer July F30. 05.016 1935 2.055 7.046 386 667 Apology for Her S07. 05.024 1945 2.645 852 959 Apparently with no surprise 1890 3.025 2.076 1624 1668 Arcturus is his other name F05. 03.015 1891 3.020 2.020 70 117 Are Friends Delight or Pain ?", "12": "S08b. 08.008 1896 1.029 1.112 1199 1224 Arrows enamored of his Heart 1945 2.606 1629 1635 Art thou the thing I wanted ? 1945 1.213 1282 1311 Artists wrestled here ! F05. 01.002 1945 1.085 110 111 As by the dead we love to sit F03. 02.012 1891 4.012 4.052 88 78 As Children bid the Guest Good Night F06. 04.015 1890 3.017 2.068 133 127 As far from pity , as complaint F18. 01.003 1896 4.017 4.099 496 364 As from the earth the light Balloon 1945 1.597 1630 1651 As Frost is best conceived S05. 04.016 1945 1.512 951 911 As if I asked a common Alms F01. 02.014 323 14 As if some little Arctic flower F08. 05.020 1890 2.010 3.010 180 177 As if the Sea should part F35. 02.006 1929 6.192 6.174 695 720 As imperceptibly as Grief S05. 11.045 1891 3.045 2.045 1540 935 As old as Woe 1945 1.583 1168 1259 As One does Sickness over S05. 05.022 1945 1.477 957 917 As plan for Noon and plan for Night S06b.", "13": "06.023 1945 1.380 960 1075 As Sleigh Bells seem in summer 1945 1.367 981 801 As subtle as tomorrow 1945 1.590 1713 1748 As Summer into Autumn slips 1346 1341 As the Starved Maelstrom laps the Navies S06b. 03.010 1945 1.185 872 1064 As Watchers hang upon the East F05. 03.018 1945 1.411 121 120 As we pass Houses musing slow 1653 1723 As willing lid o'er weary eye S05. 11.046 1945 1.037 1050 936 Ashes denote that Fire was S06c. 03.010 1896 1.030 1.113 1063 1097 At Half past Three , a single Bird S06c. 04.012 1891 3.003 2.003 1084 1099 At last , to be identified ! F08. 03.011 * 1890 4.029 4.029 174 172 At least -- to pray -- is left -- is left F18. 06.017 1891 4.003 4.043 502 377 At leisure is the Soul F32. 01.004 1929 6.185 6.167 618 683 Aurora is the effort S07. 15.074 1945 1.423 1002 1002 Autumn -- overlooked my Knitting F37. 04.014 1929 3.083 6.075 748 786 Awake ye muses nine , sing me a strain divine Away from Home are some and I S06b.", "14": "04.015 821 807 Back from the cordial Grave I drag thee 1945 1.384 1625 1649 Baffled for just a day or two F02. 05.025 1945 1.081 17 66 Banish Air from Air S07. 06.029 1945 1.561 854 963 Be Mine the Doom S05. 06.025 * 1945 2.646 845 919 Beauty -- be not caused -- It Is F30. 01.002 1929 3.057 6.049 516 654 Beauty crowds me till I die 1914 2.043 5.043 1654 1687 Because ' twas Riches I could own S07. 26.128 1935 4.120 7.103 1093 1053 Because He loves Her S08a. 05.005 1945 1.249 1229 1183 Because I could not stop for Death F23. 01.001 1890 4.027 4.027 712 479 Because my Brook is fluent S10. 02.007 1945 1.444 1200 1235 Because that you are going 1945 1.282 1260 1314 Because the Bee may blameless hum S05. 03.013 1945 1.274 869 909 Bee ! I 'm expecting you ! S07. 11.052 1945 1.121 1035 983 Bees are Black , with Gilt Surcingles 1945 1.122 1405 1426 Before He comes we weigh the Time ! S07. 03.014 834 949 Before I got my eye put out F16.", "15": "01.001 1891 1.036 1.062 327 336 Before the ice is in the pools F02. 01.005 1896 4.045 4.127 37 46 Before you thought of Spring 1891 3.008 2.008 1465 1484 Behind Me -- dips Eternity F36. 03.008 1929 6.191 6.173 721 743 Behold this little Bane 1945 1.567 1438 1464 Belshazzar had a Letter 1890 1.025 1.025 1459 1487 Bereaved of all , I went abroad F39. 05.018 1896 4.029 4.111 784 886 Bereavement in their death to feel F34. 01.001 1935 4.118 7.101 645 756 Besides the Autumn poets sing F06. 03.011 1891 3.049 2.049 131 123 Besides this May S07. 09.045 1945 1.427 977 976 Best Gains -- must have the Losses ' Test 684 499 Best Things dwell out of Sight S07. 17.086 1945 1.543 998 1012 Best Witchcraft is Geometry 1158 1158 Betrothed to Righteousness might be 1945 2.647 1641 1657 Better -- than Music ! For I -- who heard it F18. 07.018 1945 1.454 503 378 Between My Country -- and the Others F40.", "16": "03.011 1935 4.137 7.119 905 829 Between the form of Life and Life 1945 1.528 1101 1123 Bind me -- I still can sing S07. 15.077 1945 1.272 1005 1005 Birthday of but a single pang 1488 1541 Blazing in Gold and quenching in Purple F13. 04.011 1891 3.043 2.043 228 321 Bless God , he went as soldiers F02. 02.009 1896 4.020 4.102 147 52 Bliss is the plaything of the child 1945 1.497 1553 1583 Bloom -- is Result -- to meet a Flower S07. 23.113 1945 1.078 1058 1038 Bloom upon the Mountain -- stated F37. 05.015 1914 2.047 5.047 667 787 Blossoms will run away 1578 1614 Bound -- a trouble F09. 01.004 * 1935 1.022 7.020 269 240 Bring me the sunset in a cup F06. 02.005 1891 3.039 2.039 128 140 Brother of Ingots -- Ah Peru 1945 2.648 1366 1462 But little Carmine hath her face F27. 06.020 1935 2.062 7.053 558 566 But that defeated accent 1660 By a departing light 1945 1.545 1714 1749 By a flower -- By a letter F07. 04.019 109 163 By Chivalries as tiny F03.", "17": "04.024 1945 2.644 55 37 By homely gift and hindered Words 1563 1611 By my Window have I for Scenery F38. 02.004 1929 3.065 6.057 797 849 By such and such an offering F02. 01.006 1945 2.649 38 47 Candor -- my tepid friend 1914 4.107 5.109 1537 1608 Circumference thou Bride of Awe 1945 1.577 1620 1636 Civilization -- spurns -- the Leopard ! 1945 1.540 492 276 Climbing to reach the costly Hearts 1566 1626 Cocoon above ! Cocoon below ! F06. 02.007 1935 2.057 7.048 129 142 Color -- Caste -- Denomination F40. 06.018 1929 1.010 6.008 970 836 Come show thy Durham Breast 1542 1572 Come slowly -- Eden ! F10. 03.014 1890 2.018 3.018 211 205 Conferring with myself 1655 1739 Confirming All who analyze 1268 1303 Conjecturing a Climate F27. 02.005 1929 3.086 6.078 562 551 Conscious am I in my Chamber F37.", "18": "01.001 1929 5.117 6.104 679 773 Consulting summer 's clock 1945 1.217 1715 1750 Contained in this short Life 1945 1.519 1165 1175 Cosmopolities without a plea 1945 1.105 1589 1592 Could -- I do more -- for Thee F21. 02.004 1929 3.073 6.065 447 443 Could Hope inspect her Basis 1945 1.469 1283 1282 Could I -- then -- shut the door 220 188 Could I but ride indefinite S06b. 01.001 1896 3.020 2.102 661 1056 Could live -- did live F02. 04.018 1945 1.359 43 59 Could mortal lip divine 1896 1.012 1.095 1409 1456 Could that sweet Darkness where they dwell 1493 1524 Count not that far that can be had 1074 1124 Crisis is a Hair S06b. 04.013 1945 1.353 889 1067 Crisis is sweet and yet the Heart 1914 5.121 5.123 1416 1365 Crumbling is not an instant 's Act S07. 17.084 1945 1.509 997 1010 Dare you see a Soul at the White Heat ? F20. 02.006 1891 1.007 1.033 365 401 Dear March -- Come in 1896 3.005 2.087 1320 1320 Death is a Dialogue between S07.", "19": "08.041 1890 4.031 4.031 976 973 Death is like the insect 1896 4.013 4.095 1716 1783 Death is potential to that Man F31. 06.021 1945 1.371 548 650 Death is the supple Suitor 1945 1.374 1445 1470 Death leaves Us homesick , who behind S06b. 03.012 1945 1.370 935 1066 Death sets a Thing significant F31. 03.011 1891 4.013 4.053 360 640 Death warrants are supposed to be 1945 1.355 1375 1409 Death 's Waylaying not the sharpest 1945 1.486 1296 1315 Declaiming Waters none may dread 1595 1638 Defrauded I a Butterfly F38. 02.005 1929 3.072 6.064 730 850 Delayed till she had ceased to know F03. 01.001 1890 4.002 4.002 58 67 Delight -- becomes pictorial F28. 05.016 1891 1.019 1.045 572 539 Delight is as the flight F13. 03.007 1929 3.077 6.069 257 317 Delight 's Despair at setting S14. 02.004 1945 1.500 1299 1375 Denial -- is the only fact F40. 02.007 1929 6.165 6.147 965 826 Departed -- to the Judgment F20.", "20": "01.004 1890 4.003 4.003 524 399 Deprived of other Banquet F39. 02.003 1945 1.224 773 872 Despair 's advantage is achieved F38. 03.009 1935 4.144 7.126 799 854 Dew -- is the Freshet in the Grass S06c. 05.015 1914 2.044 5.044 1097 1102 Did life 's penurious length 1945 1.522 1717 1751 Did Our Best Moment last F27. 05.014 1935 1.020 7.018 393 560 Did the Harebell loose her girdle 1891 2.009 3.027 213 134 Did We abolish Frost S07. 20.099 1945 1.063 1014 1024 Did we disobey Him ? F12. 03.016 1945 1.298 267 299 Did you ever stand in a Cavern 's Mouth F29. 03.010 1935 1.007 7.005 590 619 Distance -- is not the Realm of Fox 1914 5.118 5.120 1155 1128 Distrustful of the Gentian F01. 01.006 1945 2.638 20 26 Do People moulder equally F19. 04.012 1945 1.392 432 390 Dominion lasts until obtained 1945 2.650 1257 1299 Do n't put up my Thread and Needle F32. 01.002 1929 4.103 6.092 617 681 Doom is the House without the Door F33.", "21": "04.011 1929 1.017 6.015 475 710 Doubt Me ! My Dim Companion ! F12. 07.023 1890 2.005 * 3.005 275 332 Down Time 's quaint stream 1914 1.029 5.029 1656 1721 Drab Habitation of Whom ? S05. 05.021 1896 3.025 2.107 893 916 Drama 's Vitallest Expression is the Common Day F37. 02.004 1929 1.028 6.025 741 776 Dreams -- are well -- but Waking 's better F21. 03.010 1935 2.077 7.068 450 449 Dreams are the subtle Dower 1945 1.478 1376 1401 Dropped into the Ether Acre F36. 05.018 1914 3.073 5.073 665 286 Drowning is not so pitiful 1896 1.009 1.092 1718 1542 Dust is the only Secret F08. 04.013 1914 4.104 5.106 153 166 Dying at my music ! S07. 15.075 1945 1.453 1003 1003 Dying ! Dying in the night ! F09. 06.018 1945 2.642 158 222 Dying ! To be afraid of thee S07. 03.011 1945 1.360 831 946 Each Life Converges to some Centre F35. 03.010 1891 1.035 1.061 680 724 Each Scar I 'll keep for Him S05.", "22": "06.026 1945 2.607 877 920 Each Second is the last S05. 09.036 1945 1.343 879 927 Each that we lose takes part of us ; 1896 4.015 4.097 1605 1634 Eden is that old - fashioned House 1914 4.106 5.108 1657 1734 Elijah 's Wagon knew no thill 1914 4.095 5.095 1254 1288 Elizabeth told Essex 1945 1.235 1321 1336 Elysium is as far as to 1890 2.004 3.004 1760 1590 Embarrassment of one another S06b. 01.002 1945 1.485 662 1057 Empty my Heart , of Thee F19. 06.015 1929 6.146 6.131 587 393 Endanger it , and the Demand 1658 1688 Ended , ere it begun S07. 25.123 1088 1048 Endow the Living -- with the Tears F30. 02.006 1945 1.368 521 657 Escape is such a thankful Word 1945 1.220 1347 1364 Escaping backward to perceive S07. 07.036 1945 1.221 867 969 Essential Oils -- are wrung F34. 06.018 1891 4.025 4.065 675 772 Estranged from Beauty -- none can be 1945 1.446 1474 1515 Except the Heaven had come so near F33. 01.003 1891 1.031 1.057 472 702 Except the smaller size F26.", "23": "06.018 1914 1.003 5.003 1067 606 Except to Heaven , she is nought . F08. 05.016 1890 4.030 4.030 154 173 Exhilaration -- is within F31. 05.016 1935 1.021 7.019 383 645 Exhilaration is the Breeze 1914 1.011 5.011 1118 1157 Expanse can not be lost 1584 1625 Expectation -- is Contentment F38. 06.020 1929 1.031 6.028 807 865 Experience is the Angled Road S05. 01.001 1929 1.018 6.016 910 899 Experiment escorts us last 1945 1.573 1770 1181 Experiment to me S06b. 08.029 1891 1.028 1.054 1073 1081 Extol thee -- could I ? Then I will 1945 1.322 1643 1682 Exultation is the going F06. 02.008 1890 4.007 4.007 76 143 Facts by our side are never sudden 1945 1.508 * 1497 1530 Fairer through Fading -- as the Day S02. 01.003 1945 1.038 938 868 Faith -- is the Pierless Bridge S07. 10.047 1929 5.129 6.116 915 978 Faith is a fine invention F10.", "24": "02.009 * 1891 1.030 1.056 185 202 Faithful to the end Amended 1945 1.516 1357 1386 Falsehood of Thee could I suppose S07. 15.079 1945 1.269 1007 1007 Fame is a bee . 1763 1788 Fame is a fickle food 1914 1.004 5.004 1659 1702 Fame is the one that does not stay 1945 1.457 1475 1507 Fame is the tint that Scholars leave S07. 07.035 1945 1.459 866 968 Fame of Myself , to justify F23. 01.003 1945 1.461 713 481 Fame 's Boys and Girls , who never die 1945 2.636 1066 892 Far from Love the Heavenly Father S07. 21.107 1896 4.056 4.138 1021 1032 Fate slew Him , but He did not drop S06b. 08.032 1896 1.031 1.114 1031 1084 Ferocious as a Bee without a wing 1492 Few , yet enough 1896 1.021 1.104 1596 1639 Finding is the first Act S05. 03.014 1945 1.208 870 910 Finite -- to fail , but infinite to Venture S07. 04.017 1896 1.032 1.115 847 952 Fitter to see Him , I may be F40. 05.016 6.000 968 834 Flees so the phantom meadow F01.", "25": "01.007 1945 2.638 20 27 Floss wo n't save you from an Abyss 1945 1.572 1322 1335 Flowers -- Well -- if anybody F04. 01.004 1945 1.080 137 95 Fly - fly - but as you fly 1244 Follow wise Orion 1914 2.069 5.069 1538 1569 For Death -- or rather F31. 04.015 1914 3.072 5.072 382 644 For each ecstatic instant F05. 04.025 1891 1.011 1.037 125 109 For every Bird a Nest F04. 03.011 1929 3.079 6.071 143 86 For largest Woman 's Hearth I knew F28. 06.020 309 542 For this -- accepted Breath F09. 05.016 1935 1.027 7.025 195 230 Forbidden Fruit a flavor has 1896 1.004 1.087 1377 1482 Forever -- is composed of Nows F32. 03.011 1929 1.025 6.022 624 690 Forever at His side to walk F11. 06.013 1929 6.148 6.133 246 264 Forever honored by the Tree 1914 2.062 5.062 1570 1600 Forget ! The lady with the Amulet F29. 05.016 1935 3.103 7.089 438 625 Fortitude incarnate 1945 1.345 1217 1255 Four Trees -- upon a solitary Acre F37.", "26": "02.006 1945 1.142 742 778 Frequently the woods are pink - F01. 01.004 1891 3.036 2.036 6 24 Frigid and sweet Her parting Face S10. 01.003 1945 1.361 1318 1231 From all the Jails the Boys and Girls 1896 1.020 1.103 1532 1553 From Blank to Blank F23. 02.006 1929 6.182 6.165 761 484 From Cocoon forth a Butterfly F29. 01.001 1891 3.007 2.007 354 610 From his slim Palace in the Dust 1945 1.134 1300 1339 From Us She wandered now a Year S06a. 03.010 1896 4.027 4.109 890 794 Funny -- to be a Century S01. 02.005 1929 1.007 6.005 345 677 Further in Summer than the Birds 1891 3.044 2.044 1068 895 Garland for Queens , may be F01. 04.026 1945 1.084 34 10 Gathered into the Earth 1945 1.378 1370 1398 Give little Anguish F14. 06.018 5.142 310 422 Given in Marriage unto Thee S05. 03.015 1896 4.007 4.089 817 818 Glass was the Street -- in tinsel Peril 1945 1.073 1498 1518 Glee -- The great storm is over F32.", "27": "02.006 1890 1.005 1.005 619 685 Glory is that bright tragic thing 1914 1.020 5.020 1660 1700 Glowing is her Bonnet F05. 04.022 1914 2.061 5.061 72 106 Go not too near a House of Rose 1434 1479 Go slow , my soul , to feed thyself 1297 1322 Go tell it -- What a Message 1945 1.530 1554 1584 Go thy great way ! 1638 1673 Go travelling with us ! 1513 1561 God gave a Loaf to every Bird F36. 04.013 1891 1.027 1.053 791 748 God is a distant -- stately Lover F29. 02.006 1929 A. 198 357 615 God is indeed a jealous God 1945 1.584 1719 1752 God made a little Gentian F24. 04.015 1891 3.048 2.048 442 520 God made no act without a cause 1163 1192 God permits industrious Angels F10. 01.002 1890 4.018 4.018 231 245 Going to Heaven ! F06. 04.016 1891 4.002 4.042 79 128 Going to Him ! Happy letter ! 1891 2.005 3.023 494 277 Good Morning -- Midnight F19. 02.004 1929 6.164 6.146 425 382 Good Night ! Which put the Candle out ? F13. 04.012 * 1891 1.039 1.065 259 322 Good night , because we must F05.", "28": "02.008 1945 1.400 114 97 Good to hide , and hear ' em hunt ! S07. 02.010 1945 1.164 842 945 Gratitude -- is not the mention S06a. 04.017 989 1120 Great Caesar ! Condescend F07. 01.005 102 149 Great Streets of silence led away 1891 4.037 4.077 1159 1166 Grief is a Mouse F36. 06.020 1945 1.493 793 753 Growth of Man -- like Growth of Nature F37. 06.018 1929 1.016 6.014 750 790 Guest am I to have 1661 1717 Had I known that the first was the last 1945 1.200 1720 1753 Had I not seen the Sun 1945 1.207 1233 1249 Had I not This , or This , I said F40. 03.010 1935 2.072 7.063 904 828 Had I presumed to hope F31. 02.005 1929 5.120 6.107 522 634 Had this one Day not been . 1914 5.131 5.133 1253 1281 Had we known the Ton she bore 1945 1.250 1124 1185 Had we our senses 1945 1.054 1284 1310 Have any like Myself F35. 03.009 1935 2.048 7.040 736 723 Have you got a Brook in your little heart F04.", "29": "01.003 1890 2.009 3.009 136 94 He ate and drank the precious Words 1890 1.021 1.021 1587 1593 He forgot -- and I -- remembered F09. 07.025 1945 1.295 203 232 He fought like those Who 've nought to lose F23. 01.002 1935 1.006 7.004 759 480 He found my Being -- set it up F24. 02.006 1945 1.279 603 511 He fumbles at your Soul F22. 06.022 1896 2.012 3.046 315 477 He gave away his Life F28. 02.006 1935 1.008 7.006 567 530 He is alive , this morning 1160 1173 He lived the Life of Ambush 1945 1.377 1525 1571 He outstripped Time with but a Bout S06a. 01.004 1945 1.243 865 1111 He parts Himself -- like Leaves F30. 01.003 1935 2.056 7.047 517 655 He preached upon Breadth till it argued him narrow 1891 1.038 1.064 1207 1266 He put the Belt around my life F12. 06.021 1891 2.014 3.032 273 330 He scanned it -- staggered S07. 13.065 1945 1.346 1062 994 He strained my faith F18. 02.005 1945 2.608 497 366 He told a homely tale F23.", "30": "03.008 1945 1.162 763 486 He touched me , so I live to know F17. 02.003 1896 2.018 3.052 506 349 He was my host -- he was my guest 1945 1.281 1721 1754 He was weak , and I was strong -- then F09. 03.010 1945 1.263 190 221 He went by sleep that drowsy route 1662 1711 He who in Himself believes F40. 05.017 1945 1.460 969 835 Heart ! We will forget him ! F02. 05.023 1896 2.013 3.047 47 64 Heart , not so heavy as mine F04. 02.006 1891 1.046 1.072 83 88 Heaven -- is what I can not reach ! F14. 02.008 1896 1.005 1.088 239 310 Heaven has different Signs -- to me F28. 07.022 1929 3.055 6.047 575 544 Heaven is so far of the Mind F20. 05.018 1929 4.108 6.097 370 413 Heavenly Father -- take to thee 1914 4.101 5.102 1461 1500 Her -- last Poems F26. 04.012 1914 3.087 5.087 312 600 Her breast is fit for pearls F05. 03.019 84 121 Her face was in a bed of hair 1945 1.245 1722 1755 Her final Summer was it F38.", "31": "01.002 1891 4.028 4.068 795 847 Her Grace is all she has S07. 04.021 1914 5.127 5.129 810 956 Her little Parasol to lift S07. 11.056 1945 2.651 1038 987 Her Losses make our Gains ashamed 1562 1602 Her smile was shaped like other smiles F12. 08.026 1935 4.123 7.106 514 335 Her sovereign People 1139 893 Her spirit rose to such a height 1486 1527 Her Sweet turn to leave the Homestead F34. 02.004 1935 4.127 7.110 649 759 Her sweet Weight on my Heart a Night F29. 01.002 1945 1.482 518 611 Here , where the Daisies fit my Head S07. 11.054 1945 1.087 1037 985 Herein a Blossom lies S06b. 06.021 1945 1.086 899 1073 High from the earth I heard a bird 1896 3.012 2.094 1723 1778 His Bill an Auger is S07. 12.060 1896 3.018 2.100 1034 990 His Bill is clasped -- his Eye forsook 1945 1.118 1102 1126 His Cheek is his Biographer 1914 4.100 5.101 1460 1499 His Feet are shod with Gauze S07.", "32": "10.048 916 979 His Heart was darker than the starless night 1945 1.241 1378 1402 His little Hearse like Figure 1522 1547 His Mansion in the Pool 1945 1.102 1379 1355 His Mind like Fabrics of the East 1945 1.240 1446 1471 His mind of man , a secret makes 1914 1.022 5.022 1663 1730 His oriental heresies 1945 1.129 1526 1562 His voice decrepit was with Joy 1945 1.248 1476 1508 Hope is a strange invention 1392 1424 Hope is a subtle Glutton 1896 1.003 1.086 1547 1493 Hope is the thing with feathers F13. 02.004 1891 1.006 1.032 254 314 Houses -- so the Wise Men tell me F06. 01.004 1945 1.414 127 139 How brittle are the Piers 1433 1459 How dare the robins sing 1896 4.012 4.094 1724 1782 How destitute is he 1914 5.120 5.122 1477 1509 How far is it to Heaven ? S07. 06.031 1945 1.415 929 965 How firm Eternity must look 1945 1.410 1499 1397 How fits his Umber Coat 1945 1.144 1371 1414 How fleet -- how indiscreet an one 1945 1.569 1771 1557 How fortunate the Grave S06b.", "33": "07.027 1945 1.391 897 1079 How good his Lava Bed 1945 1.006 1447 1472 How happy I was if I could forget S06b. 07.028 1945 1.201 898 1080 How happy is the little Stone 1891 3.033 2.033 1510 1570 How Human Nature dotes 1945 1.525 1417 1440 How know it from a Summer 's Day ? 1364 1412 How lonesome the Wind must feel Nights 1945 1.047 1418 1441 How many Flowers fail in Wood F28. 04.011 1929 3.082 6.074 404 534 How many schemes may die 1945 1.565 1150 1326 How many times these low feet staggered F09. 01.002 1890 4.011 4.011 187 238 How much of Source escapes with thee 1517 1567 How much the present moment means 1945 1.520 1380 1420 How News must feel when travelling S14. 03.008 1945 1.587 1319 1379 How noteless Men , and Pleiads , stand F16. 03.007 1929 4.090 6.080 282 342 How ruthless are the gentle 1945 1.554 1439 1465 How sick -- to wait -- in any place -- but thine F20.", "34": "05.015 1945 1.290 368 410 How slow the Wind 1571 1607 How soft a Caterpillar steps 1945 2.603 1448 1523 How soft this Prison is 1334 1352 How still the Bells in Steeples stand S07. 15.080 1896 1.010 1.093 1008 1008 How the old Mountains drip with Sunset F13. 06.017 1896 3.028 2.110 291 327 How the Waters closed above Him S07. 01.006 1945 1.344 923 941 How well I knew Her not S05. 06.027 837 813 I am afraid to own a Body S07. 26.125 1935 1.019 7.017 1090 1050 I am alive -- I guess F26. 05.017 1945 1.254 470 605 I am ashamed -- I hide F33. 02.006 1929 6.158 6.142 473 705 I asked no other thing F32. 02.008 1890 1.012 1.012 621 687 I bet with every Wind that blew 1914 1.030 5.030 1215 1167 I breathed enough to take the Trick F14. 02.006 1896 4.041 4.123 272 308 I bring an unaccustomed wine F06. 04.014 1891 1.002 1.028 132 126 I Came to buy a smile -- today F11. 02.005 1929 6.140 6.125 223 258 I can wade Grief F13.", "35": "01.002 1891 1.009 1.035 252 312 I ca n't tell you -- but you feel it F07. 04.020 1914 2.039 5.039 65 164 I can not be ashamed S07. 09.046 1929 6.144 6.129 914 977 I can not buy it -- ' tis not sold S07. 02.008 1945 1.188 840 943 I can not dance upon my Toes F19. 01.003 1929 1.008 6.006 326 381 I can not live with You F33. 03.007 1890 2.012 3.012 640 706 I can not meet the Spring unmoved 1945 1.053 1051 1122 I can not see my soul but know ' tis there 1262 1276 I can not want it more S09. 01.002 1945 1.205 1301 1228 I cautious , scanned my little life F08. 05.018 1929 1.019 6.017 178 175 I could bring You Jewels -- had I a mind to F35. 04.012 1945 2.652 697 726 I could die -- to know F28. 05.014 1935 3.104 7.090 570 537 I could not drink it , Sweet S05. 06.029 818 816 I could not prove the Years had feet S01. 01.002 1945 1.211 563 674 I could suffice for Him , I knew F33. 06.015 1935 3.095 7.082 643 712 I cried at Pity -- not at Pain F19.", "36": "06.016 1896 4.028 * 4.110 588 394 I cross till I am weary F30. 05.015 1935 3.109 7.094 550 666 I did not reach Thee 1914 5.142 5.146 1664 1708 I died for Beauty -- but was scarce F21. 03.009 1890 4.010 4.010 449 448 I do not care - why should I care 1534 I dreaded that first Robin , so F17. 01.001 1891 3.014 2.014 348 347 I dwell in Possibility F22. 04.011 1929 1.030 6.027 657 466 I envy Seas , whereon He rides F18. 03.007 1896 2.021 3.055 498 368 I fear a Man of frugal Speech F30. 04.012 1929 1.003 6.001 543 663 I felt a Cleaving in my Mind S02. 01.002 1896 1.023 1.106 937 867 I felt a Funeral , in my Brain F16. 02.005 1896 4.030 4.112 280 340 I felt my life with both my hands F17. 05.011 1945 1.265 351 357 I fit for them 1914 3.082 5.082 1109 1129 I found the words to every thought F15. 05.014 1891 1.005 1.031 581 436 I gained it so F31. 03.010 1891 1.051 1.077 359 639 I gave myself to Him F15.", "37": "02.004 1891 2.004 3.022 580 426 I got so I could take his name F12. 02.008 1929 6.183 6.166 293 292 I groped for him before I knew 1945 1.320 1555 1585 I had a daily Bliss S07. 21.104 1896 1.037 1.120 1057 1029 I had a guinea golden F01. 02.012 1896 1.019 1.102 23 12 I had been hungry , all the Years F15. 06.017 1891 1.050 1.076 579 439 I had no Cause to be awake F30. 04.011 1891 4.020 4.060 542 662 I had no time to Hate F34. 03.008 1890 1.022 1.022 478 763 I had not minded -- Walls F27. 03.008 1929 6.166 6.148 398 554 I had some things that I called mine F05. 02.012 1945 1.096 116 101 I had the Glory -- that will do F17. 02.004 1945 1.209 349 350 I have a Bird in spring 5 I have a King , who does not speak F07. 02.006 1896 1.034 1.117 103 157 I have never seen Volcanoes F08. 04.012 1945 1.495 175 165 I have no Life but this 1891 2.002 3.020 1398 1432 I have n't told my garden yet F03.", "38": "03.017 1891 4.008 4.048 50 40 I heard a Fly buzz -- when I died F26. 01.003 1896 4.046 4.128 465 591 I heard , as if I had no Ear S07. 14.067 1945 1.230 1039 996 I held a Jewel in my fingers F11. 04.008 1891 2.015 3.033 245 261 I held it so tight that I lost it 1659 I hide myself within my flower F03. 02.014 * 1890 2.007 3.007 903 80 I keep my pledge . F02. 05.022 1945 2.653 46 63 I knew that I had gained S07. 22.108 1945 1.212 1022 1033 I know a place where Summer strives F18. 01.002 1891 3.028 2.028 337 363 I know lives , I could miss F25. 02.006 1929 6.163 6.145 372 574 I know of people in the Grave 1665 1704 I know some lonely Houses off the Road F13. 01.001 1890 1.015 1.015 289 311 I know Suspense -- it steps so terse 1945 1.582 1285 1283 I know that He exists . F18. 02.004 1891 1.055 1.081 338 365 I know where Wells grow -- Droughtless Wells F32. 05.016 1935 2.053 7.044 460 695 I learned -- at least -- what Home could be S03.", "39": "01.002 1945 1.280 944 891 I like a look of Agony F16. 02.004 1890 4.012 4.012 241 339 I like to see it lap the Miles F19. 02.005 1891 1.017 1.043 585 383 I live with Him -- I see His face F32. 06.020 1896 2.020 3.054 463 698 I lived on Dread F23. 06.020 1891 4.026 4.066 770 498 I lost a World -- the other day ! F12. 01.003 1890 4.036 4.036 181 209 I made slow Riches but my Gain S07. 03.012 1945 1.187 843 947 I make His Crescent fill or lack F40. 06.019 1929 6.139 6.124 909 837 I many times thought Peace had come F35. 08.026 1891 1.047 1.073 739 737 I meant to find Her when I came F39. 04.012 1896 4.031 4.113 718 881 I meant to have but modest needs F33. 05.013 * 1891 1.013 1.039 476 711 I measure every Grief I meet F27. 02.004 1896 1.033 1.116 561 550 I met a King this afternoon ! F08. 01.003 1945 1.156 166 183 I never felt at Home -- Below F15.", "40": "06.015 1929 2.043 6.037 413 437 I never hear that one is dead 1945 1.598 1323 1325 I never hear the word escape F06. 02.009 1891 1.010 1.036 77 144 I never lost as much but twice F03. 03.016 1890 4.040 4.040 49 39 I never saw a Moor 1890 4.017 4.017 1052 800 I never told the buried gold F03. 03.015 1914 2.045 5.045 11 38 I noticed People disappeared 1891 4.019 4.059 1149 1154 I often passed the village F03. 03.018 1945 2.643 51 41 I pay -- in Satin Cash F28. 01.002 1929 3.070 6.062 402 526 I play at Riches -- to appease F38. 04.011 1935 2.068 7.059 801 856 I prayed , at first , a little Girl F28. 07.024 1929 2.045 6.039 576 546 I read my sentence -- steadily F15. 04.010 1891 4.007 4.047 412 432 I reason , Earth is short F20. 02.008 1890 4.023 4.023 301 403 I reckon -- when I count it all F28. 04.010 1929 1.011 6.009 569 533 I robbed the Woods F02.", "41": "04.016 1891 3.017 2.017 41 57 I rose -- because He sank F21. 05.016 1929 4.093 6.149 616 454 I saw no Way -- The Heavens were stitched F31. 01.004 1935 1.023 7.021 378 633 I saw that the Flake was on it 1267 1304 I saw the wind within her 1502 1531 I see thee better -- in the Dark F21. 02.003 1914 3.079 5.079 611 442 I see thee clearer for the Grave 1666 1695 I send Two Sunsets F27. 04.011 1914 2.055 5.055 308 557 I send you a decrepit flower 1945 1.094 1324 1346 I shall keep singing ! F11. 08.019 1935 2.032 7.027 250 270 I shall know why -- when Time is over F09. 04.013 1890 4.039 4.039 193 215 I shall not murmur if at last 1945 2.641 1410 1429 I should have been too glad , I see F33. 05.012 1891 1.024 1.050 313 283 I should not dare to be so sad S10. 02.005 1929 5.132 6.119 1197 1233 I should not dare to leave my friend F09. 07.027 1891 4.036 4.076 205 234 I showed her Heights she never saw F16.", "42": "05.012 1914 5.124 5.126 446 346 I sing to use the Waiting S07. 04.020 1896 4.032 4.114 850 955 I sometimes drop it , for a Quick F37. 04.012 1935 2.079 7.070 708 784 I started Early -- Took my Dog F30. 02.004 1891 3.019 2.019 520 656 I stepped from Plank to Plank S05. 08.035 1896 1.053 1.136 875 926 I stole them from a Bee F09. 06.022 200 226 I sued the News -- yet feared -- the News 1360 1391 I suppose the time will come 1945 1.051 1381 1389 I taste a liquor never brewed F12. 01.001 1890 1.020 1.020 214 207 I tend my flowers for thee F18. 02.006 1929 6.141 6.126 339 367 I think I was enchanted F29. 06.018 1935 2.039 7.033 593 627 I think just how my shape will rise F10. 05.021 1891 4.040 4.080 237 252 I think that the Root of the Wind is Water 1914 2.051 5.051 1302 1295 I think the Hemlock likes to stand F20. 02.005 1890 3.030 2.081 525 400 I think the longest Hour of all F26. 06.019 1945 1.182 635 607 I think to Live -- may be a Bliss F34.", "43": "01.002 1935 3.085 7.074 646 757 I thought that nature was enough 1945 1.149 1286 1269 I thought the Train would never come 1945 1.258 1449 1473 I tie my Hat -- I crease my Shawl F24. 05.018 * 1929 6.180 6.163 443 522 I took my Power in my Hand F30. 03.009 1891 1.033 1.059 540 660 I took one Draught of Life F20. 01.001 1929 6.135 6.120 1725 396 I tried to think a lonelier Thing F25. 01.002 1945 1.186 532 570 I want -- it pleaded -- All its life F38. 02.006 1945 1.399 731 851 I was a Phoebe -- nothing more S07. 16.081 1945 1.112 1009 1009 I was the slightest in the House F22. 05.018 1945 1.179 486 473 I watched her face to see which way 1914 3.077 5.077 1667 1710 I watched the Moon around the House F26. 02.005 1945 1.044 629 593 I went to Heaven F25. 03.009 1891 4.014 * 4.054 374 577 I went to thank Her F31. 02.008 1890 4.014 4.014 363 637 I worked for chaff and earning Wheat S08b.", "44": "01.001 1896 1.038 1.121 1269 1217 I would distil a cup 16 A13 - 8 I would not paint -- a picture F17. 01.002 1945 0.000 505 348 I Years had been from Home F21. 01.001 1891 1.053 1.079 609 440 I 'd rather recollect a setting 1945 1.591 1349 1366 I 'll clutch -- and clutch F19. 03.007 1945 1.197 427 385 I 'll send the feather from my Hat ! 687 196 I 'll tell you how the Sun rose F10. 03.011 1890 3.022 2.073 318 204 I 'm ceded -- I 've stopped being Theirs F17. 03.007 1890 2.014 3.014 508 353 I 'm Nobody ! Who are you ? F11. 04.007 1891 1.001 1.027 288 260 I 'm saying every day F25. 03.007 1935 2.035 7.030 373 575 I 'm sorry for the Dead -- Today F25. 05.014 1896 4.042 * 4.124 529 582 I 'm the little Heart 's Ease ! F08. 04.014 1929 3.069 6.061 176 167 I 'm wife -- I 've finished that F09. 06.021 1890 2.016 3.016 199 225 I 've dropped my Brain -- My Soul is numb S06b. 09.036 1945 1.301 1046 1088 I 've got an arrow here .", "45": "F02. 04.015 1896 2.011 3.045 1729 56 I 've heard an Organ talk , sometimes F12. 01.005 1935 2.038 7.032 183 211 I 've known a Heaven , like a Tent F11. 01.004 1929 1.034 6.031 243 257 I 've none to tell me to but Thee S05. 09.038 1945 1.277 881 929 I 've nothing else -- to bring , You know F10. 05.022 1929 3.068 6.060 224 253 I 've seen a Dying Eye F31. 05.019 1890 4.015 4.015 547 648 Ideals are the Fairly Oil S07. 18.091 1945 1.443 983 1016 If all the griefs I am to have 1945 1.191 1726 1756 If any sink , assure that this , now standing F29. 02.007 1935 1.010 7.008 358 616 If anybody 's friend be dead F17. 03.008 1891 4.021 4.061 509 354 If Blame be my side -- forfeit Me F39. 02.005 1945 1.299 775 874 If ever the lid gets off my head F25. 06.017 1945 1.437 1727 585 If He dissolve -- then F10. 05.020 1935 3.108 7.093 236 251 If He were living -- dare I ask F35.", "46": "02.005 1929 6.173 6.156 734 719 If I can stop one Heart from breaking S07. 10.051 1890 1.006 1.006 919 982 If I could bribe them by a Rose F08. 05.019 1935 4.114 7.097 179 176 If I could tell how glad I was 1914 5.126 5.128 1668 1725 If I may have it , when it 's dead F15. 04.009 1896 4.044 4.126 577 431 If I should cease to bring a Rose F02. 02.010 1945 2.000 56 53 If I should die F03. 04.023 1891 4.027 4.067 54 36 If I should see a single bird 1591 If I should n't be alive F12. 01.004 1890 4.037 4.037 182 210 If I 'm lost -- now F13. 02.006 1945 1.304 256 316 If it had no pencil 1945 2.654 921 184 If my Bark sink 1945 1.430 1234 1250 If Nature smiles -- the Mother must S06c. 04.014 1929 3.063 6.055 1085 1101 If pain for peace prepares F07. 03.016 1914 3.081 5.081 63 155 If recollecting were forgetting F01. 04.024 1896 1.025 1.108 33 9 If she had been the Mistletoe F02.", "47": "04.019 44 60 If the foolish , call them flowers F08. 02.005 1896 1.011 1.094 168 179 If this is fading F05. 03.017 1945 2.640 120 119 If those I loved were lost F01. 03.020 1945 1.215 29 20 If What we could -- were what we would F28. 05.017 1914 1.013 5.013 407 540 If wrecked upon the Shoal of Thought 1945 1.534 1469 1503 If you were coming in the Fall F17. 04.010 1890 2.006 3.006 511 356 If your Nerve , deny you F13. 06.019 1935 1.012 7.010 292 329 Image of Light , Adieu 1945 1.428 1556 1586 Immortal is an ample word S08b. 07.007 1896 4.021 4.103 1205 1223 Immured in Heaven ! 1914 3.088 5.088 1594 1628 Impossibility , like Wine S07. 01.004 1945 1.550 838 939 In Ebon Box , when years have flown F08. 02.006 1935 2.067 7.058 169 180 In falling Timbers buried F21. 03.008 1945 1.348 614 447 In lands I never saw -- they say F05. 04.024 1891 2.012 3.030 124 108 In many and reportless places 1945 1.498 1382 1404 In rags mysterious as these F05.", "48": "02.013 1945 1.558 117 102 In snow thou comest 1669 1714 In the name of the bee F01. 01.003 1891 3.047 2.047 18 23 In this short Life 1945 1.521 1287 1292 In thy long Paradise of Light 1945 1.226 1145 1145 In Winter in my Room 1914 2.070 5.070 1670 1742 Inconceivably solemn ! F14. 04.010 1929 5.131 6.118 582 414 Incredible the Lodging 1452 Is Bliss then , such Abyss F18. 04.010 1896 1.052 1.135 340 371 Is Heaven a Physician ? 1891 1.021 1.047 1270 1260 Is Immortality a bane 1945 2.630 1728 1757 Is it dead -- Find it F15. 05.012 1929 4.096 6.085 417 434 Is it too late to touch you , Dear ? 1637 1674 Is it true , dear Sue ? 218 189 It always felt to me -- a wrong F24. 05.017 1929 2.046 6.040 597 521 It bloomed and dropt , a Single Noon S04b. 01.001 1945 2.602 978 843 It came at last but prompter Death S08b. 05.005 1945 1.330 1230 1221 It came his turn to beg 1945 1.317 1500 1519 It ca n't be Summer ! F11.", "49": "06.014 1891 3.046 2.046 221 265 It ceased to hurt me , though so slow F14. 06.017 1929 6.189 6.171 584 421 It did not surprise me F02. 02.007 1945 1.199 39 50 It do n't sound so terrible -- quite -- as it did F19. 02.006 1945 2.614 426 384 It dropped so low -- in my Regard F37. 04.013 1896 1.035 1.118 747 785 It feels a shame to be Alive F24. 07.022 1929 4.094 6.083 444 524 It is a lonesome Glee F39. 02.004 1945 1.103 774 873 It is an honorable Thought S06a. 02.008 1896 4.010 4.092 946 1115 It is easy to work when the soul is at play F11. 05.009 1945 1.476 244 242 It is the Meek that Valor wear 1252 It knew no lapse , nor Diminution F27. 06.022 1945 1.376 560 568 It knew no Medicine F27. 06.021 1935 4.122 7.105 559 567 It makes no difference abroad F32. 02.007 1890 3.020 2.071 620 686 It might be lonelier F28. 04.012 1896 1.049 * 1.132 405 535 It rises -- passes -- on our South S07. 22.109 1945 1.041 1023 1034 It sifts from Leaden Sieves F24.", "50": "01.001 1891 3.050 * 2.050 311 291 It sounded as if the Streets were running 1891 3.034 2.034 1397 1454 It stole along so stealthy 1457 1497 It struck me -- every Day F31. 02.007 1896 4.050 4.132 362 636 It tossed -- and tossed F36. 03.011 1891 1.025 1.051 723 746 It troubled me as once I was F24. 03.011 1945 1.150 600 516 It was a Grave , yet bore no Stone F38. 03.007 * 1935 4.136 7.118 876 852 It was a quiet seeming Day 1945 1.018 1419 1442 It was a quiet way F25. 02.005 1929 6.137 6.122 1053 573 It was given to me by the Gods F21. 05.017 * 1945 1.151 454 455 It was not Death , for I stood up F17. 04.009 1891 4.035 4.075 510 355 It was not Saint -- it was too large S07. 26.127 1929 5.121 6.108 1092 1052 It was too late for Man F32. 03.010 1890 4.032 4.032 623 689 It will be Summer -- eventually . F18. 06.014 1896 3.001 * 2.083 342 374 It would have starved a Gnat F21. 02.005 1945 1.177 612 444 It would never be Common -- more -- I said F19.", "51": "04.010 1935 3.098 7.085 430 388 It would not know if it were spurned 1945 2.655 1579 1615 It 's all I have to bring today F01. 03.017 1896 0.000 3.000 26 17 It 's coming -- the postponeless Creature F27. 04.010 1929 4.110 6.099 390 556 It 's easy to invent a Life F36. 04.012 1929 2.041 6.035 724 747 It 's like the Light F12. 05.019 1896 3.016 2.098 297 302 It 's such a little thing to weep F09. 03.009 1896 1.008 1.091 189 220 It 's thoughts -- and just One Heart F18. 01.001 1935 2.033 7.028 495 362 Its Hour with itself S08a. 07.007 1929 5.124 6.111 1225 1211 Its little Ether Hood 1945 1.140 1501 1490 Jesus ! thy Crucifix F12. 03.015 1945 1.229 225 197 Joy to have merited the Pain F36. 01.002 1929 6.178 6.161 788 739 Judgment is justest 1671 1707 Just as He spoke it from his Hands S07. 04.018 1945 1.458 848 953 Just lost , when I was saved ! F10. 03.013 1891 1.057 1.083 160 132 Just Once ! Oh least Request ! F22.", "52": "06.023 1929 A. 202 A. 005 1076 478 Just so -- Jesus -- raps F11. 06.012 1914 5.134 5.137 317 263 Kill your Balm -- and its Odors bless you F14. 02.007 1945 1.586 238 309 Knock with tremor 1945 1.390 1325 1333 Knows how to forget ! F19. 05.013 * 1945 1.210 * 433 391 Lad of Athens , faithful be 1768 1606 Lain in Nature -- so suffice us 1945 1.387 1288 1309 Lay this Laurel on the One 1891 4.042 4.082 1393 1428 Least Bee that brew F39. 03.009 1945 1.128 676 878 Least Rivers -- docile to some sea F10. 03.015 1945 2.656 212 206 Left in immortal Youth 1945 1.382 1289 1289 Lest any doubt that we are glad that they were born Today 1156 1191 Lest they should come -- is all my fear 1945 2.632 1169 1204 Lest this be Heaven indeed S07. 14.071 1945 1.501 1043 1000 Let down the Bars , Oh Death S06a.", "53": "04.013 1891 4.001 4.041 1065 1117 Let me not mar that perfect Dream 1896 2.019 * 3.053 1335 1361 Let me not thirst with this Hock at my Lip 1945 2.626 1772 excluded Let my first Knowing be of thee 1945 1.264 1218 1254 Let others - show this Surry 's Grace 290 Let Us play Yesterday F36. 06.021 1935 3.105 7.091 728 754 Lethe in my flower F02. 04.013 1945 2.657 1730 54 Life -- is what we make of it F35. 04.013 1929 4.106 6.095 698 727 Life is death we 're lengthy at 502 Life , and Death , and Giants F37. 02.005 1896 1.039 1.122 706 777 Lift it -- with the Feathers 1945 1.450 1348 1362 Light is sufficient to itself S05. 02.008 1945 1.012 862 506 Lightly stepped a yellow star 1914 2.058 5.058 1672 1698 Like Brooms of Steel 1914 2.067 5.067 1252 1241 Like eyes that looked on Wastes F32. 04.014 1945 1.198 458 693 Like Flowers , that heard the news of Dews F17. 06.015 513 361 Like her the Saints retire F07. 03.011 60 150 Like Men and Women Shadows walk S07.", "54": "06.030 1914 2.041 5.041 1105 964 Like Mighty Foot Lights -- burned the Red F24. 01.002 1891 3.041 2.041 595 507 Like Rain it sounded till it curved 1945 1.022 1235 1245 Like Some Old fashioned Miracle F20. 04.013 1914 2.060 5.060 302 408 Like Time 's insidious wrinkle 1945 1.099 1236 1264 Like Trains of Cars on Tracks of Plush S08a. 09.009 1890 3.014 2.065 1224 1213 Lives he in any other world 1945 1.315 1557 1587 Long Years apart -- can make no 1945 1.326 1383 1405 Longing is like the Seed 1929 6.171 6.154 1255 1298 Look back on Time , with kindly eyes 1890 4.008 4.008 1478 1251 Love -- is anterior to Life S07. 10.049 1896 2.003 3.037 917 980 Love -- is that later Thing than Death S04a. 01.001 1945 1.570 924 840 Love -- thou art high F21. 04.014 1929 6.145 6.130 453 452 Love can do all but raise the Dead 1945 1.571 1731 1758 Love is done when Love 's begun 1485 1526 Love reckons by itself -- alone 1914 5.114 5.116 826 812 Love 's stricken why 1368 1392 Low at my problem bending F05.", "55": "02.010 1914 3.080 5.080 69 99 Luck is not chance 1945 1.566 1350 1360 Make me a picture of the sun F09. 01.003 1945 1.173 188 239 Mama never forgets her birds 1945 1.168 164 130 Many a phrase has the English language F12. 07.024 1935 3.089 7.077 276 333 Many cross the Rhine F05. 04.023 1945 2.658 123 107 March is the Month of Expectation . 1914 2.048 5.048 1404 1422 Me -- come ! My dazzled face F19. 04.011 1896 4.026 4.108 431 389 Me from Myself -- to banish F33. 04.010 1929 5.123 6.110 642 709 Me prove it now -- Whoever doubt F31. 01.002 1935 3.110 7.095 537 631 Me , change ! Me , alter ! 1945 1.268 268 281 Meeting by Accident 1945 1.288 1548 1578 Midsummer , was it , when They died F40. 01.003 1929 4.097 6.086 962 822 Mine -- by the Right of the White Election ! F20. 05.016 1890 2.001 3.001 528 411 Mine Enemy is growing old 1891 1.042 1.068 1509 1539 More Life -- went out -- when He went F14.", "56": "04.011 1935 1.004 7.002 422 415 More than the Grave is closed to me 1945 1.385 1503 1532 Morning -- is the place for Dew F09. 06.019 1896 3.009 2.091 197 223 Morning -- means Milking -- to the Farmer F30. 02.005 1914 2.037 5.037 300 191 Morning is due to all 1577 1621 Morning that comes but once 1945 1.008 1610 1645 Morns like these -- we parted F01. 03.018 1891 4.005 4.045 27 18 Most she touched me by her muteness F23. 02.005 1929 3.081 6.073 760 483 Much Madness is divinest Sense F29. 03.011 1890 1.011 1.011 435 620 Musicians wrestle everywhere F09. 05.015 1891 1.056 1.082 157 229 Must be a Woe F28. 05.015 1935 1.025 7.023 571 538 Mute thy Coronation 1945 1.324 151 133 My best Acquaintances are those S06b. 02.008 1945 1.225 932 1062 My Cocoon tightens -- Colors tease S06c. 06.020 1890 4.006 4.006 1099 1107 My country need not change her gown 1891 1.029 1.055 1511 1540 My Eye is fuller than my vase F09.", "57": "06.024 1945 1.271 202 228 My Faith is larger than the Hills F23. 04.011 1929 3.058 6.050 766 489 My first well Day -- since many ill F28. 06.019 1935 2.043 7.036 574 288 My friend attacks my friend ! F05. 02.014 1945 1.223 118 103 My friend must be a Bird F03. 01.005 1896 2.017 3.051 92 71 My Garden -- like the Beach F22. 04.014 1935 2.059 7.050 484 469 My God -- He sees thee 1178 1168 My Heart ran so to thee 1945 1.314 1237 1331 My Heart upon a little Plate S07. 23.114 1945 2.659 1027 1039 My life closed twice before its close 1896 1.013 1.096 1732 1773 My Life had stood -- a Loaded Gun F34. 04.009 1929 6.143 6.128 754 764 My Maker -- let me be 1403 1463 My nosegays are for Captives F03. 02.008 1891 0.000 2.000 95 74 My period had come for Prayer F28. 01.001 1929 2.047 6.041 564 525 My Portion is Defeat -- today F33. 02.005 1929 5.126 6.113 639 704 My Reward for Being , was This . F18. 06.015 * 1945 2.619 343 375 My River runs to thee F09.", "58": "03.008 1890 2.011 3.011 162 219 My Season 's furthest Flower S07. 21.105 1945 2.660 1019 1030 My Soul -- accused me -- And I quailed F37. 06.021 1929 5.122 6.109 753 793 My Triumph lasted till the Drums S08a. 08.008 1935 1.003 7.001 1227 1212 My Wars are laid away in Books 1945 1.227 1549 1579 My wheel is in the dark ! F02. 05.020 1914 1.017 5.017 10 61 My Worthiness is all my Doubt F37. 06.019 1896 2.002 3.036 751 791 Myself can read the Telegrams S07. 25.124 1945 1.183 1089 1049 Myself was formed -- a Carpenter F22. 06.020 1935 2.071 7.062 488 475 Nature -- sometimes sears a Sapling F22. 01.002 1945 1.474 314 457 Nature -- the Gentlest Mother is F36. 02.005 1891 3.001 2.001 790 741 Nature affects to be sedate 1945 1.089 1170 1176 Nature and God -- I neither knew S05. 06.024 835 803 Nature assigns the Sun 1336 1371 Nature can do no more 1673 1722 Nature is what we see F35. 02.007 1914 2.034 5.034 668 721 Nature rarer uses Yellow S06b.", "59": "09.034 1891 3.031 2.031 1045 1086 Never for Society F37. 04.011 1935 2.037 7.031 746 783 New feet within my garden go F03. 02.013 1890 3.001 2.052 99 79 No Autumn 's intercepting Chill 1914 5.116 5.118 1516 1563 No Bobolink -- reverse His Singing F34. 04.011 1945 1.109 755 766 No Brigadier throughout the Year 1891 3.051 2.051 1561 1596 No Crowd that has occurred F30. 01.001 1929 4.111 6.100 515 653 No ladder needs the bird but skies 1574 1605 No Life can pompless pass away 1891 4.018 4.058 1626 1594 No Man can compass a Despair F33. 06.017 1935 4.141 7.123 477 714 No man saw awe , nor to his house 1945 1.563 1733 1342 No matter -- now -- Sweet F35. 06.022 * 1945 1.294 704 734 No matter where the Saints abide 1914 5.128 5.130 1541 1576 No Notice gave She , but a Change F38. 05.015 1935 4.124 7.107 804 860 No Other can reduce F36. 01.001 * 1914 1.015 5.015 982 738 No Passenger was known to flee 1945 1.537 1406 1451 No Prisoner be F36.", "60": "02.006 720 742 No Rack can torture me F31. 06.020 1890 4.035 4.035 384 649 No Romance sold unto F26. 01.002 1914 1.012 5.012 669 590 No Rose , yet felt myself a'bloom 190 Nobody knows this little Rose F01. 04.027 1945 1.083 35 11 None can experience sting F39. 01.001 1945 1.592 771 870 None who saw it ever told it 1945 1.479 1110 1135 Noon -- is the Hinge of Day S06b. 02.006 1945 1.013 931 1060 Nor Mountain hinder Me S07. 23.116 1945 1.308 1029 1041 Not all die early , dying young S05. 11.047 990 937 Not any higher stands the Grave S08a. 10.010 1896 4.016 4.098 1256 1214 Not any more to be lacked S14. 04.011 1929 4.092 6.082 1344 1382 Not any sunny tone 1914 3.071 5.071 1674 1738 Not at Home to Callers 1590 1604 Not in this World to see his face F15. 05.013 1890 4.021 4.021 418 435 Not knowing when the Dawn will come 1896 3.007 2.089 1619 1647 Not One by Heaven defrauded stay 1914 3.083 5.083 1303 1296 Not probable -- The barest Chance S01.", "61": "02.006 1935 3.093 7.080 346 678 Not Revelation -- ' tis -- that waits 685 500 Not seeing , still we know 1518 1566 Not Sickness stains the Brave 1613 1661 Not so the infinite Relations -- Below S07. 14.068 1945 1.419 1040 997 Not that he goes -- we love him more 1435 1461 Not that We did , shall be the test S07. 08.040 1929 6.193 6.175 823 972 Not to discover weakness is S07. 17.085 1945 1.551 1054 1011 Not with a Club , the Heart is broken S12. 01.002 1896 2.016 3.050 1304 1349 Now I knew I lost her S11. 02.005 1945 1.202 1219 1274 Now I lay thee down to Sleep 1539 1575 Obtaining but our own Extent 1543 1573 Of all the Souls that stand create 1891 2.001 3.019 664 279 Of all the Sounds despatched abroad F12. 08.025 1890 3.024 2.075 321 334 Of Being is a Bird F22. 03.007 1929 1.020 6.018 653 462 Of Bronze -- and Blaze F13. 03.009 1896 3.027 2.109 290 319 Of Brussels -- it was not F24. 02.005 1945 2.661 602 510 Of Consciousness , her awful Mate S06b. 07.024 1945 1.596 894 1076 Of Course -- I prayed F25.", "62": "04.013 1929 2.044 6.038 376 581 Of Death I try to think like this 1945 1.422 1558 1588 Of Glory not a Beam is left 1647 1685 Of God we ask one favor 1601 1675 Of Life to own 1294 1327 Of Nature I shall have enough 1945 1.091 1220 1170 Of nearness to her sundered Things F16. 01.002 1929 4.104 6.093 607 337 Of Paradise ' existence 1945 1.424 1411 1421 Of Paul and Silas it is said S08a. 01.001 1945 1.219 1166 1206 Of Silken Speech and Specious Shoe S06b. 07.026 1945 1.125 896 1078 Of so divine a Loss 1914 5.137 5.140 1179 1202 Of the Heart that goes in , and closes the Door S06c. 05.018 1945 1.480 1098 1105 Of their peculiar light 1362 1396 Of this is Day composed 1914 2.056 5.056 1675 1692 Of Tolling Bell I ask the cause ? S05. 10.043 1896 4.043 4.125 947 933 Of Tribulation , these are They F13. 06.018 1891 4.039 4.079 325 328 Of whom so dear 1945 1.327 1504 1533 Of Yellow was the outer Sky 1676 1733 Oh Future !", "63": "thou secreted peace 1945 1.426 1631 1652 Oh give it Motion -- deck it sweet 1945 1.358 1527 1550 Oh Shadow on the Grass S10. 03.009 1929 3.084 6.076 1187 1237 Oh Sumptuous moment 1945 1.262 1125 1186 Oh what a Grace is this 1615 1669 Oh , honey of an hour 1945 1.189 1734 1477 On a Columnar Self F36. 02.004 1929 5.128 6.115 789 740 On my volcano grows the Grass 1914 5.125 5.127 1677 1743 On such a night , or such a night F04. 04.016 1891 4.024 4.064 146 84 On that dear Frame the Years had worn S05. 07.032 1945 1.366 940 924 On that specific Pillow 1945 1.593 1533 1554 On the World you colored 1945 1.313 1171 1203 On this long storm the Rainbow rose F09. 04.014 1890 4.005 4.005 194 216 On this wondrous sea F01. 04.025 1896 4.059 4.141 Once more , my now bewildered Dove F02. 05.024 1945 1.451 48 65 One and One -- are One F23. 06.019 1929 6.156 6.140 769 497 One Anguish -- in a Crowd F28. 01.003 1945 1.511 565 527 One Blessing had I than the rest F34.", "64": "05.012 1896 2.004 3.038 756 767 One crown that no one seeks 1945 1.514 1735 1759 One Crucifixion is recorded -- only F30. 06.019 1945 1.513 553 670 One Day is there of the Series S06a. 01.001 1896 1.054 1.137 814 1110 One dignity delays for all F03. 02.011 1890 4.001 4.001 98 77 One Joy of so much anguish 1945 1.107 1420 1450 One Life of so much Consequence ! F10. 04.016 1929 6.142 6.127 270 248 One need not be a Chamber -- to be Haunted F20. 04.012 1891 4.029 4.069 670 407 One note from One Bird 1478 One of the ones that Midas touched 1891 3.013 2.013 1466 1488 One Sister have I in our house F02. 02.011 * 1914 0.000 5.000 14 5 One thing of it we borrow 1464 1516 One Year ago -- jots what ? F12. 05.018 1945 1.292 296 301 Only a Shrine , but Mine S07. 10.050 1929 6.172 6.155 918 981 Only God -- detect the Sorrow F32. 04.013 1935 4.149 7.131 626 692 Opinion is a flitting thing 1455 1495 Our journey had advanced F21.", "65": "05.015 1891 4.022 4.062 615 453 Our little Kinsmen -- after Rain S05. 10.042 1945 1.101 885 932 Our little secrets slink away 1945 1.560 1326 1318 Our lives are Swiss F06. 04.017 1896 1.040 1.123 80 129 Our own possessions -- though our own 1208 1267 Our share of night to bear F05. 01.007 1890 1.002 1.002 113 116 Ourselves we do inter with sweet derision . 1144 1449 Ourselves were wed one summer -- dear F26. 03.008 1945 1.194 631 596 Out of sight ? What of that ? F35. 06.021 1929 3.066 6.058 703 733 Over and over , like a Tune F20. 03.011 1929 4.112 6.101 367 406 Over the fence F11. 08.020 1945 1.161 251 271 Pain -- expands the Time F40. 04.015 1929 5.118 6.105 967 833 Pain -- has an Element of Blank F34. 02.005 1890 1.019 1.019 650 760 Pain has but one Acquaintance S06a. 04.016 1945 1.351 1049 1119 Papa above ! F07. 03.012 1914 4.093 5.093 61 151 Paradise is of the option .", "66": "1945 2.629 1069 1125 Paradise is that old mansion 1945 2.616 1119 1144 Partake as doth the Bee S07. 13.064 1945 2.662 994 806 Parting with Thee reluctantly 1614 1667 Pass to they Rendezvous of Light 1564 1624 Patience -- has a quiet Outer S04a. 01.003 1945 1.492 926 842 Peace is a fiction of our Faith S07. 08.038 1945 1.553 912 971 Perception of an object costs S06c. 05.016 1914 1.014 5.014 1071 1103 Perhaps I asked too large F17. 05.012 1945 2.613 352 358 Perhaps they do not go so far 1399 1455 Perhaps you think me stooping S05. 02.010 833 273 Perhaps you 'd like to buy a flower F04. 01.001 1890 3.004 2.055 134 92 Peril as a Possession 1914 1.006 5.006 1678 1699 Pigmy seraphs -- gone astray F04. 01.005 1891 3.011 2.011 138 96 Pink -- small -- and punctual 1890 3.002 2.053 1332 1357 Poor little Heart ! F09. 04.012 1896 2.009 3.043 192 214 Portraits are to daily faces F08.", "67": "02.007 * 1891 1.032 1.058 170 174 Power is a familiar growth 1945 1.564 1238 1287 Praise it -- ' tis dead 1945 1.408 1384 1406 Prayer is the little implement F29. 04.014 1891 1.054 1.080 437 623 Precious to Me -- She still shall be F36. 05.017 1945 1.196 727 751 Presentiment -- is that long Shadow -- on the Lawn F23. 03.009 1890 3.016 2.067 764 487 Promise This -- When You be Dying F34. 03.007 1935 3.090 7.078 648 762 Proud of my broken heart , since thou didst break it , 1896 2.001 3.035 1736 1760 Publication -- is the Auction F37. 05.016 1929 1.004 6.002 709 788 Purple -- is fashionable twice 1945 1.499 980 896 Pursuing you in your transitions 1602 1664 Put up my lute ! F13. 04.014 1935 4.140 7.122 261 324 Quite empty , quite at rest 1606 1632 Rather arid delight 1679 1718 Read -- Sweet -- how others -- strove F13. 04.013 1890 1.018 1.018 260 323 Rearrange a Wife 's affection ! F11. 07.016 1945 1.275 1737 267 Recollect the Face of me 1945 1.335 1305 1306 Red Sea , indeed !", "68": "Talk not to me 1945 1.027 1642 1681 Rehearsal to Ourselves F30. 04.013 1929 6.179 6.162 379 664 Remember me implored the Thief ! S08a. 03.003 1914 4.096 5.096 1180 1208 Remembrance has a Rear and Front S10. 02.006 1896 1.041 1.124 1182 1234 Remorse -- is Memory -- awake F37. 03.009 1891 1.043 1.069 744 781 Removed from Accident of Loss F14. 04.013 1935 2.073 7.064 424 417 Renunciation -- is a piercing Virtue F37. 03.010 1929 6.167 6.150 745 782 Reportless Subjects , to the Quick S06a. 04.014 1945 1.547 1048 1118 Rest at Night F23. 04.012 1945 1.014 714 490 Reverse can not befall F27. 06.019 1914 1.008 5.008 395 565 Revolution is the Pod S07. 24.119 1929 1.033 6.030 1082 1044 Ribbons of the Year S06b. 03.011 1945 1.172 873 1065 Risk is the Hair that holds the Tun 1945 1.574 1239 1253 Robbed by Death -- but that was easy F40.", "69": "06.020 1945 1.278 971 838 Safe Despair it is that raves 1914 5.135 5.138 1243 1196 Safe in their Alabaster Chambers F06. 03.012 * 1890 4.004 4.004 216 124 Said Death to Passion S07. 12.057 1945 1.354 1033 988 Sang from the Heart , Sire S06b. 08.031 1945 1.261 1059 1083 Satisfaction -- is the Agent S07. 11.053 1945 1.552 1036 984 Savior ! I 've no one else to tell F12. 03.011 1896 2.014 * 3.048 217 295 Secrets is a daily word 1945 1.559 1385 1494 September 's Baccalaureate S15. 01.001 1945 1.062 1271 1313 Severer Service of myself F39. 06.020 1945 1.283 786 887 Sexton ! My Master 's sleeping here . F03. 02.009 1935 4.113 7.096 96 75 Shall I take thee , the Poet said 1945 1.436 1126 1243 Shame is the shawl of Pink 1945 1.491 1412 1437 She bore it till the simple veins F04. 04.013 1935 4.130 7.112 144 81 She could not live upon the Past 1945 2.611 1505 1535 She dealt her pretty words like Blades F22.", "70": "02.003 1929 1.032 6.029 479 458 She died -- this was the way she died . F07. 03.015 1891 4.030 4.070 150 154 She died at play F06. 02.006 1914 2.036 5.036 75 141 She dwelleth in the Ground F36. 03.009 1945 2.663 671 744 She hideth Her the last F27. 06.018 1935 2.065 7.056 557 564 She laid her docile Crescent down 1896 4.019 4.101 1396 1453 She lay as if at play F20. 05.017 1935 4.129 7.111 369 412 She rose as high as His Occasion S07. 19.094 1945 1.404 1011 1019 She rose to His Requirement -- dropt F38. 04.012 1890 2.017 3.017 732 857 She sights a Bird -- she chuckles F17. 02.005 1945 1.117 507 351 She slept beneath a tree F01. 02.015 1896 3.002 2.084 25 15 She sped as Petals of a Rose 991 897 She staked her Feathers -- Gained an Arc F38. 03.008 1935 4.133 7.115 798 853 She sweeps with many - colored Brooms F13. 03.008 1891 3.040 2.040 219 318 She went as quiet as the Dew F07.", "71": "02.008 1890 4.028 4.028 149 159 She 's happy , with a new Content F25. 06.019 1935 4.132 7.114 535 587 Shells from the Coast mistaking F35. 01.002 1945 1.216 693 716 Should you but fail at -- Sea 226 275 Show me Eternity , and I will show you Memory 1658 Sic transit gloria mundi Silence is all we dread . 1945 2.631 1251 1300 Size circumscribes -- it has no room F33. 03.008 1935 2.070 7.061 641 707 Sleep is supposed to be F03. 04.022 1890 4.038 4.038 13 35 Smiling back from Coronation F31. 06.022 1945 1.546 385 651 Snow beneath whose chilly softness S05. 06.028 1945 1.388 942 921 Snow flakes . F02. 01.004 1945 1.174 36 45 So bashful when I spied her ! F03. 01.004 1890 3.019 2.070 91 70 So from the mould F05. 01.001 1914 2.052 5.052 66 110 So gay a Flower 1914 1.019 5.019 1456 1496 So give me back to Death 1945 1.337 1632 1653 So glad we are -- a Stranger 'd deem F26. 06.020 329 608 So has a Daisy vanished F01.", "72": "03.019 1945 1.364 28 19 So I pull my Stockings off S11. 01.001 1945 1.158 1201 1271 So large my Will S07. 22.110 1945 1.190 1024 1035 So much of Heaven has gone from Earth S10. 04.012 1929 2.050 * 6.044 1228 1240 So much Summer F34. 02.006 1945 1.195 651 761 So proud she was to die 1896 4.035 4.117 1272 1278 So set its Sun in Thee S07. 01.005 1914 5.130 5.132 808 940 So the Eyes accost -- and sunder F37. 06.020 1929 6.136 6.121 752 792 So well that I can live without F32. 01.003 1929 6.168 6.151 456 682 Society for me my misery 1945 2.634 1534 1195 Soft as the massacre of Suns 1945 2.623 1127 1146 Softened by Time 's consummate plush 1896 1.055 1.138 1738 1772 Soil of Flint , if steady tilled F38. 06.017 1896 1.027 1.110 681 862 Some -- Work for Immortality F28. 04.013 1929 1.005 6.003 406 536 Some Arrows slay but whom they strike 1565 1666 Some Days retired from the rest 1914 2.040 5.040 1157 1169 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church F09.", "73": "07.029 1890 3.006 2.057 324 236 Some one prepared this mighty show 1945 1.056 1644 1678 Some Rainbow -- coming from the Fair ! F07. 04.018 1890 3.008 2.059 64 162 Some say goodnight -- at night F25. 06.018 1929 6.157 6.141 1739 586 Some such Butterfly be seen F30. 03.010 1935 2.058 7.049 541 661 Some things that fly there be F03. 01.002 1890 1.014 1.014 89 68 Some we see no more , Tenements of Wonder S08a. 06.006 1945 1.418 1221 1210 Some Wretched creature , savior take 1945 1.231 1111 1132 Some , too fragile for winter winds F04. 02.009 1891 4.011 4.051 141 91 Somehow myself survived the Night S08a. 04.004 1935 1.014 7.012 1194 1209 Sometimes with the Heart 1680 1727 Somewhat , to hope for S07. 14.069 1945 1.467 1041 998 Somewhere upon the general Earth S08b. 10.010 1945 1.332 1231 1226 Soto ! Explore thyself ! S05. 08.034 832 814 Soul , take thy risk . 1945 2.624 1151 1136 Soul , Wilt thou toss again ? F04. 02.007 1890 1.003 1.003 139 89 South Winds jostle them F05.", "74": "02.009 1891 3.038 2.038 86 98 Sown in dishonor ! F07. 03.014 1914 4.098 5.098 62 153 Speech -- is a prank of Parliament 688 193 Speech is one symptom of Affection 1914 4.108 5.110 1681 1694 Split the Lark -- and you 'll find the Music S05. 02.007 1896 2.007 3.041 861 905 Spring comes on the World S07. 14.070 1945 1.256 1042 999 Spring is the Period S07. 03.013 1945 1.052 844 948 Spurn the temerity 1432 1485 Step lightly on this narrow spot S09. 01.001 1891 4.004 * 4.044 1183 1227 Still own thee -- still thou art 1945 1.312 1633 1654 Strong Draughts of Their Refreshing Minds F34. 06.016 1929 1.013 6.011 711 770 Struck , was I , not yet by Lightning S04a. 01.002 1945 1.253 925 841 Success is counted sweetest F05. 01.003 1890 1.001 1.001 67 112 Such are the inlets of the mind 1945 1.434 1421 1431 Such is the Force of Happiness F39.", "75": "06.022 1945 1.504 787 889 Summer -- we all have seen 1945 1.055 1386 1413 Summer begins to have the look 1914 2.065 5.065 1682 1693 Summer for thee , grant I may be F01. 04.022 1896 2.006 3.040 31 7 Summer has two Beginnings 1945 1.069 1422 1457 Summer is shorter than any one 1945 1.523 1506 1483 Summer laid her simple Hat 1363 1411 Sunset at Night -- is natural F15. 02.005 1929 3.075 6.067 415 427 Sunset that screens , reveals 1945 1.029 1609 1644 Superfluous were the Sun S07. 18.088 1896 4.034 4.116 999 1013 Superiority to Fate S07. 24.118 1896 1.002 1.085 1081 1043 Surgeons must be very careful F07. 03.017 1891 1.016 1.042 108 156 Surprise is like a thrilling -- pungent 1945 1.575 1306 1324 Suspense -- is Hostiler than Death F37. 01.003 1929 5.127 6.114 705 775 Sweet -- safe -- Houses F32. 02.005 1945 1.383 457 684 Sweet -- You forgot -- but I remembered F31.", "76": "02.006 * 1945 1.293 523 635 Sweet hours have perished here ; 1896 4.025 4.107 1767 1785 Sweet is the swamp with its secrets 1896 3.019 2.101 1740 1780 Sweet Mountains -- Ye tell Me no lie F36. 03.010 1945 1.035 722 745 Sweet Pirate of the heart 1546 1568 Sweet Skepticism of the Heart 1945 1.502 1413 1438 Sweet , to have had them lost S07. 09.044 1935 4.142 7.124 901 809 Take all away 1365 1390 Take all away from me , but leave me Ecstasy 1640 1671 Take your Heaven further on F30. 06.021 1935 4.121 7.104 388 672 Taken from men -- this morning F03. 04.021 1891 4.033 4.073 53 34 Taking up the fair Ideal F19. 03.008 1945 1.425 428 386 Talk not to me of Summer Trees 1945 1.483 1634 1655 Talk with prudence to a Beggar F05. 03.016 1891 1.037 1.063 119 118 Teach Him -- When He makes the names 227 198 Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 1945 1.449 1129 1263 Tell as a Marksman -- were forgotten 1945 1.234 1152 1148 Than Heaven more remote 1436 1460 That after Horror -- that ' twas us F11.", "77": "05.010 1935 4.145 7.127 286 243 That Distance was between Us S05. 02.009 1945 1.203 863 906 That first Day , when you praised Me , Sweet F22. 04.015 1935 3.092 7.079 659 470 That I did always love F31. 06.023 1890 2.008 3.008 549 652 That is solemn we have ended S05. 03.011 1896 4.005 4.087 934 907 That it will never come again 1945 1.518 1741 1761 That Love is all there is 1914 5.110 5.112 1765 1747 That odd old man is dead a year 1945 1.406 1130 1156 That sacred Closet when you sweep S14. 05.014 1945 1.535 1273 1385 That she forgot me was the least 1914 5.132 5.134 1683 1716 That short -- potential stir 1890 4.013 4.013 1307 1363 That Such have died enable Us S06b. 08.030 1896 4.008 4.090 1030 1082 That this should feel the need of Death 1945 1.407 1112 1189 The Admirations -- and Contempts -- of time F40. 04.012 1929 5.119 6.106 906 830 The Angle of a Landscape F25.", "78": "04.010 1945 1.153 375 578 The Auctioneer of Parting 1945 1.506 1612 1646 The Bat is dun , with wrinkled Wings 1896 3.022 2.104 1575 1408 The Battle fought between the Soul F29. 06.020 1929 5.125 6.112 594 629 The Bee is not afraid of me . F05. 01.004 1890 3.007 2.058 111 113 The Beggar at the Door for Fame 1945 1.455 1240 1291 The Beggar Lad -- dies early F23. 06.018 1945 1.170 717 496 The Bible is an antique Volume 5.104 1545 1577 The Bird did prance -- the Bee did play 1945 1.010 1107 1147 The Bird her punctual music brings 1585 1556 The Bird must sing to earn the Crumb S05. 09.037 1945 1.555 880 928 The Birds begun at Four o'clock F39. 05.017 1945 1.002 783 504 The Birds reported from the South F37. 03.008 1935 2.049 7.041 743 780 The Black Berry -- wears a Thorn in his side F27. 01.002 1945 1.159 554 548 The Blood is more showy than the Breath 1945 2.633 1558 The Blunder is in estimate . 1914 1.016 5.016 1684 1690 The Bobolink is gone 1945 1.111 1591 1620 The Body grows without F15.", "79": "06.016 1891 1.044 1.070 578 438 The Bone that has no Marrow S08b. 02.002 1896 1.044 1.127 1274 1218 The Brain -- is wider than the Sky F26. 03.010 1896 1.043 1.126 632 598 The Brain , within its Groove F27. 05.017 1890 1.026 1.026 556 563 The Bustle in a House S06c. 06.021 1890 4.022 4.022 1078 1108 The Butterfly in honored Dust 1246 1305 The butterfly obtains 1914 2.042 5.042 1685 1701 The Butterfly upon the Sky 1521 1559 The Butterfly 's Assumption Gown 1890 3.023 2.074 1244 1329 The Butterfly 's Numidian Gown 1945 1.132 1387 1395 The Chemical conviction S06b. 05.018 1945 1.396 954 1070 The Child 's faith is new F33. 01.002 1929 1.024 6.021 637 701 The Clock strikes one that just struck two 1569 1598 The Clouds their Backs together laid 1890 4.016 4.016 1172 1246 The Clover 's simple Fame 1945 1.456 1232 1256 The Color of a Queen , is this F39. 02.006 1945 1.034 776 875 The Color of the Grave is Green F15.", "80": "01.002 1935 4.138 7.120 411 424 The competitions of the sky 1494 excluded The Court is far away F10. 05.019 1945 1.300 235 250 The Crickets sang S06c. 05.017 1896 3.024 2.106 1104 1104 The Daisy follows soft the Sun F07. 02.010 1890 4.034 4.034 106 161 The Dandelion 's pallid tube 1519 1565 The Day came slow -- till Five o'clock F25. 02.004 1891 3.004 2.004 304 572 The Day grew small , surrounded tight 1945 1.070 1140 1164 The Day she goes 1945 1.193 1308 1302 The Day that I was crowned F29. 02.004 1935 3.096 7.083 356 613 The Day undressed -- Herself F23. 06.017 1935 2.045 7.037 716 495 The Days that we can spare S10. 01.001 1945 1.544 1184 1229 The Definition of Beauty is S06a. 04.015 988 797 The Devil -- had he fidelity 1914 4.092 5.092 1479 1510 The difference between Despair F25. 03.008 1914 1.024 5.024 305 576 The distance that the dead have gone 1896 4.011 4.093 1742 1781 The Ditch is dear to the Drunken man 1945 1.242 1645 1679 The Doomed -- regard the Sunrise F12.", "81": "03.014 1929 4.095 6.084 294 298 The Drop , that wrestles in the Sea F11. 01.002 1945 1.266 284 255 The Dust behind I strove to join S02. 01.002 1896 1.023 1.106 992 867 The duties of the Wind are few 1914 2.049 5.049 1137 1160 The Dying need but little , Dear S07. 22.112 1896 4.037 4.119 1026 1037 The earth has many keys 1945 1.139 1775 895 The ecstasy to guess 1608 1680 The event was directly behind Him 1686 1724 The face I carry with me -- last F19. 07.017 1945 1.333 336 395 The Face in evanescence lain 1490 1521 The Face we choose to miss 1914 5.136 5.139 1141 1293 The Fact that Earth is Heaven 1945 1.412 1408 1435 The fairest Home I ever knew 1945 2.601 1423 1443 The farthest Thunder that I heard 1896 1.026 1.109 1581 1665 The fascinating chill that music leaves 1945 1.452 1480 1511 The feet of people walking home F01. 03.016 * 1914 3.084 5.084 7 16 The Fingers of the Light S07. 18.090 1945 1.001 1000 1015 The first Day that I was a Life F40.", "82": "02.004 1945 2.605 902 823 The first Day 's Night had come F15. 01.001 1935 1.013 7.011 410 423 The first We knew of Him was Death S07. 15.078 1945 1.462 1006 1006 The Flake the Wind exasperate 1361 1410 The Flower must not blame the Bee F09. 07.028 1935 2.064 7.055 206 235 The Frost of Death was on the Pane 1945 1.098 1136 1130 The Frost was never seen 1945 1.097 1202 1190 The Future -- never spoke F31. 03.009 1914 1.031 5.031 672 638 The Gentian has a parched Corolla 1945 1.148 1424 1458 The Gentian weaves her fringes F01. 01.001 1891 3.047 2.047 18 21 The gleam of an heroic Act 1914 1.027 5.027 1687 1686 The going from a world we know 1603 1662 The good Will of a Flower S07. 04.019 1945 1.093 849 954 The Grace -- Myself -- might not obtain F37. 02.007 1935 2.061 7.052 707 779 The Grass so little has to do F19. 01.001 1890 3.009 2.060 333 379 The grave my little cottage is 1896 4.023 4.105 1743 1784 The Guest is gold and crimson F02. 01.003 15 44 The hallowing of Pain F39.", "83": "01.002 1945 1.413 772 871 The harm of Years is on him S08a. 11.011 1945 1.349 1280 1215 The healed Heart shows its shallow scar 1914 5.138 5.141 1440 1466 The Heart asks Pleasure -- first F25. 06.020 1890 1.009 1.009 536 588 The Heart has many Doors 1567 1623 The Heart has narrow Banks S07. 05.025 1945 1.481 928 960 The Heart is the Capital of the Mind S14. 04.010 1929 6.138 6.123 1354 1381 The Heaven vests for Each F35. 01.003 1935 3.087 7.075 694 717 The Hills erect their Purple Heads 1914 2.057 5.057 1688 1728 The Hills in Purple syllables S07. 20.101 1945 1.166 1016 1026 The Himmaleh was known to stoop F22. 02.005 1935 2.066 7.057 481 460 The Hollows round His eager Eyes S06b.", "84": "05.019 1945 1.233 955 1071 The immortality she gave 1648 1684 The incidents of love 1914 5.133 5.135 1248 1172 The Infinite a sudden Guest 1945 1.431 1309 1344 The inundation of the Spring 1914 5.115 5.117 1425 1423 The Jay his Castanet has struck 1945 1.141 1635 1670 The joy that has no stem no core 1945 1.496 1744 1762 The Judge is like the Owl F35. 04.014 1945 1.137 699 728 The Juggler 's Hat her Country is 330 186 The Lady feeds Her little Bird S05. 07.033 1945 1.167 941 925 The Lamp burns sure -- within F10. 01.004 1935 1.017 7.015 233 247 The largest Fire ever known S07. 08.042 1914 2.046 5.046 1114 974 The Lassitudes of Contemplation 1945 2.621 1592 1613 The last Night that She lived S06c. 04.013 1890 4.020 4.020 1100 1100 The last of Summer is Delight S14. 04.009 1929 3.085 6.077 1353 1380 The Leaves like Women interchange S06c. 03.011 1891 3.032 2.032 987 1098 The Life that tied too tight escapes 1945 1.218 1535 1555 The Life we have is very great .", "85": "1945 1.465 1162 1178 The Lightning is a yellow Fork 1945 1.020 1173 1140 The Lightning playeth -- all the while F26. 02.007 1945 1.021 630 595 The Lilac is an ancient shrub 1945 1.030 1241 1261 The Loneliness One dare not sound F39. 03.008 1945 1.490 777 877 The lonesome for they know not What F13. 05.016 1929 5.130 6.117 262 326 The long sigh of the Frog 1914 2.053 5.053 1359 1394 The longest day that God appoints 1769 1153 The look of thee , what is it like 1914 3.091 5.091 1689 1731 The Love a Life can show Below F35. 06.019 1929 6.147 6.132 673 285 The lovely flowers embarrass me 808 The Luxury to apprehend S06a. 01.002 1914 5.111 5.113 815 819 The Malay -- took the Pearl F21. 04.013 1945 1.238 452 451 The Manner of its Death F26. 04.014 1945 1.340 468 602 The Martyr Poets -- did not tell F30. 04.014 1935 1.026 7.024 544 665 The Merchant of the Picturesque 1945 2.604 1131 1134 The Mind lives on the Heart S14. 05.013 1945 1.433 1355 1384 The Missing All -- prevented Me S07.", "86": "13.066 1914 1.021 5.021 985 995 The mob within the heart 1945 1.175 1745 1763 The Months have ends -- the Years -- a knot F14. 04.012 1935 4.117 7.100 423 416 The Moon is distant from the Sea F19. 03.009 1891 2.013 3.031 429 387 The Moon upon her fluent Route 1914 2.059 5.059 1528 1574 The Moon was but a Chin of Gold F35. 08.024 1896 3.021 2.103 737 735 The Morning after Woe F20. 01.003 1935 4.134 7.116 364 398 The morns are meeker than they were F03. 04.019 1890 3.028 2.079 12 32 The most important population 1945 1.120 1746 1764 The most pathetic thing I do 1945 1.285 1290 1345 The most triumphant Bird I ever knew or met 1265 1285 The Mountain sat upon the Plain S07. 08.037 1890 3.021 2.072 975 970 The Mountains -- grow unnoticed F34. 05.014 1929 3.078 6.070 757 768 The Mountains stood in Haze S08b. 09.009 1945 1.036 1278 1225 The Murmur of a Bee F09.", "87": "03.006 1890 3.003 2.054 155 217 The murmuring of Bees , has ceased 1896 3.029 2.111 1115 1142 The Mushroom is the Elf of Plants S13. 01.001 1891 3.025 2.025 1298 1350 The name -- of it -- is Autumn F22. 03.010 1945 1.065 656 465 The nearest Dream recedes -- unrealized F14. 01.001 1891 1.003 1.029 319 304 The Night was wide , and furnished scant F29. 03.008 1891 2.008 3.026 589 617 The Notice that is called the Spring 1945 1.050 1310 1319 The One who could repeat the Summer day F27. 01.003 1891 3.029 2.029 307 549 The ones that disappeared are back 1914 2.063 5.063 1690 1697 The only Ghost I ever saw F12. 06.022 1891 4.010 4.050 274 331 The Only News I know F40. 01.001 1929 5.115 6.102 827 820 The Opening and the Close S06b. 09.037 1945 1.381 1047 1089 The Outer -- from the Inner F21. 04.011 1935 2.069 7.060 451 450 The overtakelessness of those 1914 3.090 5.090 1691 894 The parasol is the umbrella 's daughter 1945 1.152 1747 1765 The Past is such a curious Creature S11.", "88": "01.003 1896 1.045 1.128 1203 1273 The pattern of the sun 1945 1.003 1550 1580 The pedigree of Honey 1890 3.005 * 2.056 1627 1650 The Pile of Years is not so high 1945 1.318 1507 1337 The Poets light but Lamps S05. 10.040 1945 1.432 883 930 The Popular Heart is a Cannon first S08b. 04.004 1929 1.006 6.004 1226 1220 The power to be true to You F32. 06.021 1929 6.169 6.152 464 699 The pretty Rain from those sweet Eaves 1945 1.247 1426 1444 The Products of my Farm are these S07. 22.111 1945 1.066 1025 1036 The Props assist the House F35. 05.015 1914 1.026 5.026 1142 729 The Province of the Saved F30. 03.008 1935 4.143 7.125 539 659 The pungent atom in the Air S08b. 06.006 1945 1.064 1191 1222 The rainbow never tells me F03. 02.010 1929 3.056 6.048 97 76 The Rat is the concisest Tenant . 1891 3.035 2.035 1356 1369 The Red -- Blaze -- is the Morning F26.", "89": "04.015 1945 1.042 469 603 The reticent volcano keeps 1896 1.024 1.107 1748 1776 The Riddle we can guess 1945 1.576 1222 1180 The right to perish might be thought 1914 1.005 5.005 1692 1726 The Road to Paradise is plain 1945 1.405 1491 1525 The Road was lit with Moon and star 1945 1.045 1450 1474 The Robin for the Crumb S06a. 01.003 1945 1.116 864 810 The Robin is a Gabriel 1945 1.114 1483 1520 The Robin is the One S06c. 02.005 1891 3.006 2.006 828 501 The Robin 's my Criterion for Tune F11. 01.003 1929 3.060 6.052 285 256 The Rose did caper on her cheek F10. 02.007 1891 2.011 3.029 208 200 The saddest noise , the sweetest noise 1764 1789 The Savior must have been A. 001 1487 1538 The Sea said Come to the Brook S11. 02.006 1914 5.112 5.114 1210 1275 The Service without Hope F39. 03.011 1945 1.471 779 880 The Show is not the Show 1891 1.018 1.044 1206 1270 The Skies ca n't keep their secret ! F09. 04.011 1891 3.016 2.016 191 213 The Sky is low -- the Clouds are mean .", "90": "1890 3.029 2.080 1075 1121 The smouldering embers blush 1945 1.325 1132 1143 The Snow that never drifts 1945 1.049 1133 1155 The Soul has Bandaged moments F17. 06.014 1945 1.473 512 360 The Soul selects her own Society F20. 04.014 1890 1.013 1.013 303 409 The Soul should always stand ajar S07. 19.092 1896 4.039 4.121 1055 1017 The Soul that hath a Guest F26. 01.004 1914 1.002 5.002 674 592 The Soul unto itself F25. 04.011 1891 1.015 1.041 683 579 The Soul 's distinct connection S05. 01.003 1929 5.116 6.103 974 901 The Soul 's Superior instants F31. 01.001 1914 1.033 5.033 306 630 The Spider as an Artist S14. 01.002 1896 3.013 2.095 1275 1373 The Spider holds a Silver Ball F24. 02.008 1945 1.138 605 513 The Spirit is the Conscious Ear . F35.", "91": "01.004 1945 1.438 733 718 The Spirit lasts -- but in what mode 1576 1627 The spry Arms of the Wind 1945 1.441 1103 802 The Stars are old , that stood for me 1914 5.140 5.144 1249 1242 The stem of a departed Flower 1520 1543 The Stimulus , beyond the Grave S07. 15.073 1896 4.006 4.088 1001 1001 The Suburbs of a Secret 1914 1.023 5.023 1245 1171 The Summer that we did not prize 1945 1.059 1773 1622 The Sun -- just touched the Morning F10. 01.003 1891 3.005 2.005 232 246 The Sun and Fog contested 1945 1.011 1190 1248 The Sun and Moon must make their haste S06b. 03.009 1945 1.040 871 1063 The Sun in reigning to the West 1945 2.600 1636 1656 The Sun is gay or stark S05. 06.030 1945 1.466 878 922 The Sun is one -- and on the Tare 1945 1.009 1372 1399 The Sun kept setting -- setting -- still F35. 01.001 1890 4.025 4.025 692 715 The Sun kept stooping -- stooping -- low ! F08. 01.002 1945 1.031 152 182 The Sun retired to a cloud 1693 1709 The Sun went down -- no Man looked on S06c.", "92": "06.022 1929 3.053 6.045 1079 1109 The Sunrise runs for Both F34. 04.010 1929 6.152 6.136 710 765 The Sunset stopped on Cottages S06a. 03.011 1945 1.032 950 1116 The sweetest Heresy received F30. 06.020 1929 2.042 6.036 387 671 The Sweets of Pillage , can be known 1914 4.102 5.103 1470 1504 The Symptom of the Gale 1327 1328 The Test of Love -- is Death F28. 05.018 1935 4.147 7.129 573 541 The Things that never can come back , are several 1945 1.529 1515 1564 The things we thought that we should do 1293 1279 The thought beneath so slight a film F10. 02.010 1891 1.014 1.040 210 203 The Thrill came slowly like a Boom for 1945 1.319 1495 1528 The Tint I can not take -- is best F32. 05.017 1929 3.054 6.046 627 696 The Treason of an accent 1914 5.119 5.121 1358 1388 The Trees like Tassels -- hit -- and swung F24. 07.021 1935 2.051 7.043 606 523 The Truth -- is stirless F39. 04.013 1945 1.447 780 882 The vastest earthly Day 1945 1.357 1328 1323 The Veins of other Flowers S07.", "93": "05.027 1945 1.092 811 798 The Voice that stands for Floods to me S08a. 02.002 1945 1.310 1189 1207 The waters chased him as he fled 1945 1.342 1749 1766 The way Hope builds his House 1945 1.470 1481 1512 The Way I read a Letter 's -- this F33. 01.001 1891 2.006 3.024 636 700 The Way to know the Bobolink S12. 01.001 1945 1.110 1279 1348 The Well upon the Brook S07. 26.126 1945 1.445 1091 1051 The Whole of it came not at once F23. 03.007 1945 1.507 762 485 The Wind -- tapped like a tired Man F29. 04.012 1891 3.030 2.030 436 621 The Wind begun to knead the Grass 1891 3.037 2.037 824 796 The Wind did n't come from the Orchard -- today F23. 05.016 316 494 The wind drew off 1914 2.050 5.050 1694 1703 The Wind took up the Northern Things 1945 1.023 1134 1152 The Winters are so short F28. 02.008 * 1935 2.042 7.035 403 532 The words the happy say 1945 1.487 1750 1767 The Work of Her that went 1143 1159 The World -- feels Dusty F23.", "94": "04.013 1929 4.109 6.098 715 491 The World -- stands -- solemner -- to me 1945 1.276 493 280 The worthlessness of Earthly things 1945 1.100 1373 1400 The Zeroes -- taught us -- Phosphorous F35. 05.017 1929 A. 201 A. 004 689 284 Their Barricade against the Sky 1945 1.024 1471 1505 Their dappled importunity 1945 2.664 1611 1677 Their Height in Heaven comforts not F35. 04.011 1891 4.015 4.055 696 725 Themself are all I have S07. 26.129 1935 2.060 7.051 1094 1054 There are two Mays 1618 1637 There are two Ripenings -- one -- of sight F14. 05.016 1929 A. 200 A. 003 332 420 There came a Day at Summer 's full F13. 05.015 1890 2.013 3.013 322 325 There came a Wind like a Bugle 1891 3.026 2.026 1593 1618 There comes a warning like a spy 1945 1.060 1536 1560 There comes an hour when begging stops 1945 1.494 1751 1768 There is a finished feeling S06c. 01.004 1945 1.394 856 1092 There is a flower that Bees prefer F31. 04.013 1890 3.015 2.066 380 642 There is a June when Corn is cut S06c.", "95": "01.002 1945 1.068 930 811 There is a Languor of the Life F27. 03.006 1929 6.176 6.159 396 552 There is a morn by men unseen F01. 02.013 1945 1.429 24 13 There is a pain -- so utter F24. 03.010 1929 6.177 6.160 599 515 There is a Shame of Nobleness F30. 05.017 1891 4.016 4.056 551 668 There is a solitude of space 1914 1.025 5.025 1695 1696 There is a word F02. 01.001 1896 2.010 3.044 8 42 There is a Zone whose even Years S07. 19.095 1945 1.417 1056 1020 There is an arid Pleasure F39. 04.016 1945 1.505 782 885 There is another Loneliness 1914 1.018 5.018 1116 1138 There is another sky A13 - 2 There is no Frigate like a Book 1896 1.016 1.099 1263 1286 There is no Silence in the Earth -- so silent S07. 15.076 1945 1.488 1004 1004 There is strength in proving that it can be borne 1945 1.468 1113 1133 There 's a certain Slant of light F13. 03.010 1890 3.031 2.082 258 320 There 's been a Death , in the Opposite House F27.", "96": "01.001 1896 4.048 4.130 389 547 There 's something quieter than sleep F02. 05.021 1896 4.038 4.120 45 62 There 's the Battle of Burgoyne 1945 1.026 1174 1316 These -- saw Visions F34. 06.015 1935 4.125 7.108 758 769 These are the days that Reindeer love 1914 2.068 5.068 1696 1705 These are the days when Birds come back F06. 03.010 1890 3.027 2.078 130 122 These are the Nights that Beetles love 1945 1.130 1128 1150 These are the Signs to Nature 's Inns S06c. 06.019 1929 3.074 6.066 1077 1106 These Fevered Days -- to take them to the Forest 1945 1.058 1441 1467 These held their Wick above the West 1390 1416 These Strangers , in a foreign World 1945 1.104 1096 805 These tested Our Horizon S05. 10.044 1945 1.403 886 934 They ask but our Delight S05. 03.012 1945 1.082 868 908 They called me to the Window , for F26. 01.001 1945 1.025 628 589 They dropped like Flakes F28. 07.023 1891 4.009 4.049 409 545 They have a little Odor -- that to me F39. 05.019 1945 1.088 785 505 They have not chosen me , he said F04.", "97": "03.012 85 87 They leave us with the Infinite . F17. 02.006 1945 1.416 350 352 They might not need me -- yet they might 1391 1425 They put Us far apart F33. 04.009 1935 3.100 7.086 474 708 They say that Time assuages F38. 05.016 1896 4.003 4.085 686 861 They shut me up in Prose F21. 02.006 1935 2.034 7.029 613 445 They talk as slow as Legends grow 1697 1732 They wo n't frown always -- some sweet Day S05. 07.031 1896 4.009 4.091 874 923 This -- is the land -- the Sunset washes F12. 03.013 1890 3.013 2.064 266 297 This Bauble was preferred of Bees F38. 06.018 1935 2.063 7.054 805 863 This Chasm , Sweet , upon my life S06b. 02.007 1945 1.306 858 1061 This Consciousness that is aware S06a. 03.009 1914 1.001 5.001 822 817 This dirty -- little -- Heart S14. 02.007 1945 1.165 1311 1378 This docile one inter 1945 1.363 1752 1769 This Dust , and its Feature S02. 01.001 1945 1.420 936 866 This heart that broke so long F04.", "98": "04.015 1935 4.131 7.113 145 83 This is a Blossom of the Brain S06a. 02.005 1945 1.442 945 1112 This is my letter to the World F24. 04.014 1890 0.000 1.000 441 519 This is the place they hoped before 1264 1284 This Me -- that walks and works -- must die 1945 1.228 1588 1616 This Merit hath the worst S04b. 01.002 1891 1.049 1.075 979 844 This quiet Dust was Gentleman and Ladies S06c. 01.001 1914 3.074 5.074 813 1090 This slow Day moved along 1945 1.039 1120 1198 This that would greet -- an hour ago F39. 03.010 1945 1.356 778 879 This was a Poet -- It is That F21. 03.007 1929 1.012 6.010 448 446 This was in the White of the Year S07. 18.089 1896 4.024 4.106 995 1014 This World is not Conclusion . F18. 04.012 * 1896 4.001 * 4.083 501 373 Tho ' I get home how late -- how late F10. 02.006 1891 1.022 1.048 207 199 Tho ' my destiny be Fustian F10.", "99": "02.005 163 131 Those -- dying then 1945 1.599 1551 1581 Those cattle smaller than a Bee 1945 1.136 1388 1393 Those fair -- fictitious People F18. 03.008 1929 4.101 6.090 499 369 Those final Creatures , -- who they are 1914 2.064 5.064 1766 1746 Those not live yet 1454 1486 Those who have been in the Grave the longest S07. 01.001 1945 1.338 922 938 Though the great Waters sleep 1599 1641 Three times -- we parted -- Breath -- and I F24. 03.009 1929 4.098 6.087 598 514 Three Weeks passed since I had seen Her S07. 13.062 1896 4.040 4.122 1061 992 Through lane it lay -- through bramble F02. 01.002 5.099 9 43 Through the Dark Sod -- as Education F27. 04.013 1929 3.076 6.068 392 559 Through the strait pass of suffering F36. 05.016 1891 1.012 1.038 792 187 Through those old Grounds of memory 1945 1.536 1753 1770 Through what transports of Patience 1945 1.323 1153 1265 Tie the Strings to my Life , My Lord F16. 02.003 1896 4.036 4.118 279 338 Till Death -- is narrow Loving F40.", "100": "04.013 1929 6.186 6.168 907 831 Time does go on 1945 1.515 1121 1338 Time feels so vast that were it not F38. 04.013 1935 2.031 7.026 802 858 Time 's wily Chargers will not wait 1458 1498 Tis Anguish grander than Delight S07. 16.083 1914 3.089 * 5.089 984 192 Tis customary as we part F29. 06.019 1945 1.147 440 628 Tis easier to pity those when dead 1698 1719 Tis good -- the looking back on Grief F22. 05.017 1935 4.116 7.099 660 472 Tis little I -- could care for Pearls F26. 03.009 1896 1.001 1.084 466 597 Tis my first night beneath the Sun 1945 1.046 1122 1151 Tis not that Dying hurts us so F28. 01.004 1945 1.379 335 528 Tis not the swaying frame we miss 1597 1631 Tis One by One -- the Father counts F31. 05.017 1945 1.169 545 646 Tis Opposites -- entice F29. 01.003 1929 1.009 6.007 355 612 Tis Seasons since the Dimpled War 1945 2.609 1529 1551 Tis so appalling -- it exhilarates F16. 03.006 1935 4.146 7.128 281 341 Tis so much joy ! ' Tis so much joy ! F08.", "101": "03.009 1890 1.004 1.004 172 170 Tis Sunrise -- Little Maid -- Hast Thou F40. 04.014 1896 4.014 4.096 908 832 Tis true -- They shut me in the Cold F30. 03.007 1945 1.176 538 658 Tis whiter than an Indian Pipe 1896 4.018 4.100 1482 1513 Title divine -- is mine ! 3.057 1072 194 To be alive -- is Power F39. 02.007 1914 1.009 5.009 677 876 To be forgot by thee 1945 1.287 1560 1601 To break so vast a Heart 1945 1.329 1312 1308 To die -- takes just a little while F13. 02.005 1935 4.126 7.109 255 315 To die -- without the Dying S07. 20.102 1945 1.328 1017 1027 To disappear enhances S10. 04.011 1914 1.028 * 5.028 1209 1239 To do a magnanimous thing 1699 1729 To earn it by disdaining it 1945 2.620 1427 1445 To fight aloud , is very brave F06. 01.003 1890 1.016 1.016 126 138 To fill a Gap F31. 05.018 1929 4.091 6.081 546 647 To flee from memory 1945 1.538 1242 1343 To hang our head -- ostensibly F07.", "102": "02.009 1896 1.042 1.125 105 160 To hear an Oriole sing F20. 02.007 1891 3.012 2.012 526 402 To help our Bleaker Parts S06b. 09.035 1896 1.046 1.129 1064 1087 To her derided Home 1945 1.090 1586 1617 To him who keeps an orchis ' heart F01. 01.011 1945 1.077 22 31 To his simplicity 1352 1387 To interrupt His Yellow Plan F29. 04.013 1929 3.064 6.056 591 622 To know just how He suffered -- would be dear F32. 03.009 1890 4.019 4.019 622 688 To learn the Transport by the Pain F08. 02.004 1891 1.052 1.078 167 178 To lose if one can find again F01. 01.010 1945 1.076 22 30 To lose one 's faith -- surpass F31. 01.003 1896 1.036 1.119 377 632 To lose thee -- sweeter than to gain 1896 2.008 3.042 1754 1777 To love thee Year by Year F29. 03.009 1914 5.123 5.125 434 618 To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee 1896 3.015 2.097 1755 1779 To make One 's Toilette -- after Death F22. 05.016 1935 3.101 7.087 485 471 To make Routine a Stimulus S10.", "103": "03.010 1929 1.037 6.034 1196 1238 To mend each tattered Faith 1945 1.578 1442 1468 To my quick ear the Leaves -- conferred S05. 04.017 1896 3.010 2.092 891 912 To my small Hearth His fire came F33. 01.004 638 703 To offer brave assistance F23. 04.014 1929 1.027 6.024 767 492 To One denied the drink S06b. 01.004 1945 1.580 490 1058 To own a Susan of my own 1401 1436 To own the Art within the Soul S06c. 01.003 1945 1.595 855 1091 To pile like Thunder to its close 1914 5.139 5.143 1247 1353 To put this World down , like a Bundle F20. 03.009 1935 2.078 7.069 527 404 To see her is a Picture 1914 5.129 5.131 1568 1597 To see the Summer Sky 1945 1.440 1472 1491 To tell the Beauty would decrease 1914 5.122 5.124 1700 1689 To the bright east she flies 1573 1603 To the stanch Dust 1914 3.086 5.086 1402 1434 To their apartment deep 1914 4.097 5.097 1701 1744 To this World she returned . S07. 08.039 830 815 To try to speak , and miss the way 1617 1629 To undertake is to achieve S07.", "104": "12.061 1945 1.541 1070 991 To venerate the simple days F02. 04.014 1896 1.007 1.090 57 55 To wait an Hour -- is long F39. 04.015 1945 1.286 781 884 To Whom the Mornings stand for Nights S07. 26.130 1935 1.015 7.013 1095 1055 Today or this noon 1914 3.078 5.078 1702 1706 Tomorrow -- whose location 1367 1417 Too cold is this 1914 3.076 5.076 1135 1137 Too few the mornings be 1186 1201 Too happy Time dissolves itself 1945 1.585 1774 1182 Too little way the House must lie S05. 01.004 1935 4.115 7.098 911 902 Too scanty ' twas to die for you S07. 20.098 1945 1.305 1013 1023 Touch lightly Nature 's sweet Guitar 1945 1.106 1389 1403 Tried always and Condemned by thee 1945 1.316 1559 1589 Triumph -- may be of several kinds F32. 01.001 1891 4.017 4.057 455 680 Trudging to Eden , looking backward S07. 21.106 1945 1.163 1020 1031 Trust adjust her Peradventure 1161 1177 Trust in the Unexpected F27. 05.015 1935 2.074 7.065 555 561 Trusty as the stars 1369 1415 Truth -- is as old as God S07.", "105": "07.032 836 795 Twas a long Parting -- but the time F32. 04.012 1890 2.015 3.015 625 691 Twas awkward , but it fitted me S05. 01.002 1935 4.119 7.102 973 900 Twas comfort in her Dying Room 1914 3.075 5.075 1703 1740 Twas Crisis -- All the length had passed S06c. 02.006 1945 1.352 948 1093 Twas fighting for his Life he was S10. 01.002 1945 1.464 1188 1230 Twas here my summer paused 1945 1.273 1756 1771 Twas just this time , last year , I died . F16. 05.010 1896 4.058 4.140 445 344 Twas later when the summer went 1890 3.026 2.077 1276 1312 Twas like a Maelstrom , with a notch F15. 02.003 1945 1.339 414 425 Twas Love -- not me F27. 05.016 1945 1.297 394 562 Twas my one Glory S07. 23.115 1945 1.307 1028 1040 Twas such a little -- little boat F07. 03.013 1890 1.023 1.023 107 152 Twas the old -- road -- through pain F18. 06.016 1929 4.102 6.091 344 376 Twas warm -- at first -- like Us F29.", "106": "02.005 1929 4.100 6.089 519 614 Twice had Summer her fair Verdure S07. 03.015 1945 1.067 846 950 Two -- were immortal twice F38. 03.010 1945 1.373 800 855 Two butterflies went out at Noon F25. 02.003 1891 3.018 * 2.018 533 571 Two Lengths has every Day 1914 1.032 5.032 1295 1354 Two swimmers wrestled on the spar F09. 06.023 1890 4.026 4.026 201 227 Two Travellers perishing in Snow S07. 07.034 1945 1.350 933 967 Twould ease -- a Butterfly F39. 06.021 1945 1.311 682 888 Unable are the Loved to die S07. 04.016 809 951 Uncertain lease -- develops lustre S06b. 02.005 1945 1.524 857 1059 Under the Light , yet under S06b. 04.014 1945 1.393 949 1068 Undue Significance a starving man attaches F29. 05.017 1891 1.045 1.071 439 626 Unfulfilled to Observation F40. 06.021 1935 2.075 7.066 972 839 Unit , like Death , for Whom ? F28. 06.021 1935 4.135 7.117 408 543 Until the Desert knows 1945 1.579 1291 1262 Unto a broken heart 1704 1745 Unto like Story -- Trouble has enticed me F12.", "107": "04.017 1935 1.009 7.007 295 300 Unto Me ? I do not know you F40. 02.006 1929 2.049 6.043 964 825 Unto my Books -- so good to turn F24. 02.007 1891 1.048 1.074 604 512 Unto the Whole -- how add ? 1945 1.526 1341 1370 Unworthy of her Breast 1945 1.246 1414 1439 Up Life 's Hill with my little Bundle S07. 19.093 1945 1.184 1010 1018 Upon a Lilac Sea 1945 1.126 1337 1368 Upon Concluded Lives F35. 02.008 1945 1.395 735 722 Upon his Saddle sprung a Bird 1600 1663 Upon the gallows hung a wretch 1896 1.022 1.105 1757 1775 Victory comes late F34. 05.013 1891 1.026 1.052 690 195 Volcanoes be in Sicily 1914 5.117 5.119 1705 1691 Wait till the Majesty of Death F08. 03.008 1891 4.031 4.071 171 169 Warm in her Hand these accents lie 1945 2.665 1313 1307 Was not was all the Statement 1945 1.372 1342 1277 Water makes many Beds 1945 1.341 1428 1446 Water , is taught by thirst . F04.", "108": "01.002 1896 4.051 4.133 135 93 We -- Bee and I -- live by the quaffing F10. 01.001 1929 3.061 6.053 230 244 We can but follow to the Sun S04b. 01.003 920 845 We Cover Thee -- Sweet Face F22. 02.006 1896 4.004 4.086 482 461 We do not know the time we lose 1106 1139 We do not play on Graves F26. 03.011 1945 1.171 467 599 We do n't cry -- Tim and I F09. 05.017 1945 1.155 196 231 We dream -- it is good we are dreaming F25. 05.016 1935 2.076 7.067 531 584 We grow accustomed to the Dark F15. 03.006 1935 1.016 7.014 419 428 We introduce ourselves 1945 1.484 1214 1184 We knew not that we were to live 1462 1481 We learn it in Retreating S07. 24.120 1896 4.002 4.084 1083 1045 We learned the Whole of Love F28. 02.007 1945 1.260 568 531 We like a Hairbreadth ' scape 1945 1.222 1175 1247 We like March . 1896 3.006 2.088 1213 1194 We lose -- because we win F01. 01.008 1945 1.533 21 28 We met as Sparks -- Diverging Flints S05.", "109": "05.023 1945 1.289 958 918 We miss a Kinsman more S07. 25.122 1929 1.014 6.012 1087 1047 We miss Her , not because We see F34. 06.017 1945 1.362 993 771 We never know how high we are 1896 1.014 1.097 1176 1197 We never know we go when we are going 1896 4.049 4.131 1523 1546 We outgrow love , like other things S06c. 02.007 1896 2.015 3.049 887 1094 We play at Paste 1891 1.004 1.030 320 282 We pray -- to Heaven F22. 06.021 1929 2.048 6.042 489 476 We see -- Comparatively F25. 04.012 1929 1.035 6.032 534 580 We send the Wave to find the Wave 1604 1643 We shall find the Cube of the Rainbow . 1484 1517 We should not mind so small a flower F04. 04.014 1914 3.085 5.085 81 82 We shun because we prize her Face 1945 1.244 1429 1430 We shun it ere it comes 1580 1595 We talked as Girls do F19. 06.014 1929 4.099 6.088 586 392 We talked with each other about each other 1945 1.267 * 1473 1506 We thirst at first -- ' tis Nature 's Act F36.", "110": "04.015 1896 4.052 4.134 726 750 We wear our sober Dresses when we die 1572 1619 We 'll pass without the parting S07. 12.059 996 503 Went up a year this evening ! F03. 01.006 1891 4.032 4.072 93 72 Were it but Me that gained the Height S07. 20.100 1945 2.612 1015 1025 Were it to be the last 1164 1165 Were natural mortal lady 1762 1787 Wert Thou but ill -- that I might show thee F40. 01.002 1945 1.303 961 821 What care the Dead , for Chanticleer F29. 05.015 592 624 What did They do since I saw Them ? S06b. 06.022 1945 1.402 900 1074 What I can do -- I will F31. 03.012 1929 3.071 6.063 361 641 What I see not , I better see S02. 01.004 1945 1.291 939 869 What if I say I shall not wait ! F14. 01.002 1891 2.016 3.034 277 305 What Inn is this F05. 02.011 1891 4.034 4.074 115 100 What is -- Paradise F09. 02.005 1945 1.154 215 241 What mystery pervades a well ! 1896 3.014 2.096 1400 1433 What shall I do -- it whimpers so F09. 01.001 1945 2.639 186 237 What shall I do when the Summer troubles S05.", "111": "05.020 1945 1.296 956 915 What Soft -- Cherubic Creatures S01. 01.003 1896 1.047 1.130 401 675 What tenements of clover 1338 1358 What Twigs We held by S07. 25.121 1935 1.024 7.022 1086 1046 What we see we know somewhat S11. 01.002 1945 1.542 1195 1272 What would I give to see his face ? F11. 07.015 1929 6.150 6.135 247 266 Whatever it is -- she has tried it 1945 1.365 1204 1200 When a Lover is a Beggar 1945 1.568 1314 1330 When Bells stop ringing -- Church -- begins F26. 04.013 1945 1.557 633 601 When Continents expire 1321 When Diamonds are a Legend F27. 03.007 1935 2.054 7.045 397 553 When Etna basks and purrs 1914 1.007 5.007 1146 1161 When I count the seeds F02. 02.008 1945 1.095 40 51 When I have seen the Sun emerge S06c. 02.008 1945 1.005 888 1095 When I hoped I feared F26. 02.006 1891 1.040 1.066 1181 594 When I hoped , I recollect F23. 05.015 1929 6.181 6.164 768 493 When I was small , a Woman died F24.", "112": "04.013 1890 4.033 4.033 596 518 When Katie walks , this simple pair accompany her side 222 49 When Memory is full 1266 1301 When Night is almost done S01. 02.007 1890 1.017 1.017 347 679 When One has given up One 's life S07. 05.026 1945 1.334 853 961 When Roses cease to bloom , Sir F01. 04.023 1896 2.005 3.039 32 8 When the Astronomer stops seeking S07. 04.022 1945 1.237 851 957 When they come back -- if Blossoms do S07. 24.117 1929 3.067 6.059 1080 1042 When we have ceased to care 1706 1737 When we stand on the tops of Things F16. 03.008 * 1945 1.527 242 343 Where bells no more affright the morn F05. 01.005 1945 1.214 112 114 Where every bird is bold to go 1896 4.022 4.104 1758 1179 Where I am not afraid to go S07. 11.055 1945 1.087 1037 986 Where I have lost , I softer tread F07. 02.007 104 158 Where Roses would not dare to go 1945 2.666 1582 1610 Where Ships of Purple -- gently toss F12. 03.012 1891 3.042 2.042 265 296 Where Thou art -- that -- is Home F36.", "113": "04.014 1929 6.154 6.138 725 749 Whether my bark went down at sea F03. 04.020 1890 1.024 1.024 52 33 Whether they have forgotten 1945 1.401 1329 1334 Which is best ? Heaven S07. 19.096 1945 1.549 1012 1021 Which is the best -- the Moon or the Crescent ? S14. 02.005 1945 1.548 1315 1376 Which misses most 1945 1.369 1759 1786 While Asters F18. 06.014 1896 3.001 * 2.083 331 374 While it is alive S06b. 01.003 1945 1.336 491 287 While we were fearing it , it came 1896 1.015 1.098 1277 1317 White as an Indian Pipe 1250 1193 Who abdicated Ambush 1945 1.377 1616 1571 Who Court obtain within Himself F38. 05.014 1929 1.023 6.020 803 859 Who Giants know , with lesser Men F38. 01.003 1929 1.015 6.013 796 848 Who goes to dine must take his Feast S08b. 03.003 1945 1.439 1223 1219 Who has not found the Heaven -- below 1896 1.017 1.100 1544 1609 Who is it seeks my Pillow Nights 1914 4.099 5.100 1598 1640 Who is the East ? S06b.", "114": "08.033 1945 1.028 1032 1085 Who never lost , are unprepared F06. 01.001 1891 1.008 1.034 73 136 Who never wanted -- maddest Joy 1896 1.048 1.131 1430 1447 Who occupies this House ? S06b. 05.017 1945 1.389 892 1069 Who saw no Sunrise can not say S07. 21.103 1945 1.007 1018 1028 Who were the Father and the Son 1914 4.109 5.111 1258 1280 Whoever disenchants 1945 1.204 1451 1475 Whole Gulfs -- of Red , and Fleets -- of Red F22. 04.013 1945 1.033 658 468 Whose are the little beds , I asked F04. 03.010 1891 3.010 2.010 142 85 Whose cheek is this ? 82 48 Whose Pink career may have a close 1394 1427 Why -- do they shut Me out of Heaven ? F11. 08.017 1929 6.174 6.157 248 268 Why do I love You , Sir ? F22. 02.004 1929 6.153 6.137 480 459 Why make it doubt -- it hurts it so F32. 06.019 1929 4.107 6.096 462 697 Why should we hurry -- why indeed ? 1945 2.622 1646 1683 Wild Nights -- Wild Nights ! F11. 08.018 1891 2.007 3.025 249 269 Will there really be a Morning ? F07.", "115": "01.004 1891 3.002 2.002 101 148 Winter is good -- his Hoar Delights S14. 01.003 1945 1.074 * 1316 1374 Winter under cultivation 1707 1720 Witchcraft has not a Pedigree 1914 1.010 5.010 1708 1712 Witchcraft was hung , in History 1945 1.588 1583 1612 With Pinions of Disdain 1945 1.375 1431 1448 With sweetness unabated 1709 1713 With thee , in the Desert F10. 02.008 1945 2.625 209 201 Within my Garden , rides a Bird F18. 04.009 1929 3.059 6.051 500 370 Within my reach ! F03. 01.003 1890 1.007 1.007 90 69 Within that little Hive 1607 1633 Within thy Grave ! 1945 1.398 1552 1582 Without a smile -- Without a Throe 1945 1.061 1330 1340 Without this -- there is nought F22. 03.009 1935 3.097 7.084 655 464 Wolfe demanded during dying F23. 02.004 1945 1.236 678 482 Wonder -- is not precisely Knowing 1945 1.581 1331 1347 Would you like summer ? Taste of ours . 691 272 Yesterday is History 1945 1.531 1292 1290 You can not make Remembrance grow 1945 1.539 1508 1536 You can not put a Fire out F25.", "116": "05.015 1896 1.050 1.133 530 583 You can not take itself 1945 1.594 1351 1359 You constituted Time F23. 03.010 1945 1.331 765 488 You know that Portrait in the Moon S01. 02.004 1935 3.088 7.076 504 676 You left me -- Sire -- two Legacies F33. 06.016 1890 2.002 3.002 644 713 You love me -- you are sure F09. 03.007 1945 2.637 156 218 You love the Lord -- you can not see F22. 05.019 1945 1.421 487 474 You said that I was Great -- one Day F35. 08.025 1945 1.321 738 736 You see I can not see -- your lifetime F13. 02.003 1929 6.162 6.144 253 313 You taught me Waiting with Myself F37. 01.002 1929 6.170 6.153 740 774 You 'll find -- it when you try to die F21. 01.002 1929 4.105 6.094 610 441 You 'll know Her -- by Her Foot F26. 05.016 1945 1.115 634 604 You 'll know it -- as you know ' tis Noon F15. 03.007 1935 3.083 7.072 420 429 You 're right -- the way is narrow F10. 04.017 1945 2.617 234 249 You 've seen Balloons set -- Have n't You ? F35.", "117": "05.016 1896 3.023 2.105 700 730 Your Riches -- taught me -- Poverty . F14. 05.014 1891 2.003 3.021 299 418 Your thoughts do n't have words every day 1945 1.435 1452 1476 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Franklin 1998 , pp 1531 - 32 . Jump up ^ Franklin 1998 , pp 1542 - 44 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1960 , pp 737 - 70 . Jump up ^ Franklin 1998 , pp 1595 - 1608 . References ( edit ) Todd & Bianchi volumes Higginson , T.W. ; Todd , Mabel Loomis , eds. ( 1890 ) , Poems by Emily Dickinson , Boston , MA : Roberts Brothers Higginson , T.W. ; Todd , Mabel Loomis , eds. ( 1891 ) , Poems by Emily Dickinson : Second Series , Boston , MA : Roberts Brothers Todd , Mabel Loomis , ed. ( 1896 ) , Poems by Emily Dickinson : Third Series , Boston , MA : Roberts Brothers Bianchi , Martha Dickinson , ed. ( 1914 ) , The Single Hound : Poems of a Lifetime , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Bianchi , Martha Dickinson ; Hampson , Alfred Leete , eds. ( 1929 ) , Further Poems of Emily Dickinson , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Bianchi , Martha Dickinson ; Hampson , Alfred Leete , eds. ( 1935 ) , Unpublished Poems of Emily Dickinson , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Todd , Mabel Loomis ; Bingham , Millicent Todd , eds. ( 1945 ) , Bolts of Melody : New Poems by Emily Dickinson , New York : Harper Bianchi collections Bianchi , Martha Dickinson , ed.", "118": "( 1924 ) , The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Includes poems from volumes of 1890 , 1891 , 1896 , and 1914 , with some rearrangement and 3 additional poems . Bianchi , Martha Dickinson ; Hampson , Alfred Leete , eds. ( 1930 ) , The Poems of Emily Dickinson ( Centenary ed . ) , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Includes contents of 1924 collection , plus the 1929 volume . Bianchi , Martha Dickinson ; Hampson , Alfred Leete , eds. ( 1937 ) , The Poems of Emily Dickinson , Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company Includes contents of 1930 collection , plus the 1935 volume . Scholarly editions Johnson , Thomas H. , ed. ( 1955 ) , The Poems of Emily Dickinson ( Variorum ed . ) , Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ( 3 volumes ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed. ( 1960 ) , The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson ( Reading ed . ) , Boston , MA : Little , Brown and Company Franklin , R.W. , ed. ( 1998 ) , The Poems of Emily Dickinson ( Variorum ed . ) , Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ( 3 volumes ) Franklin , R.W. , ed. ( 1999 ) , The Poems of Emily Dickinson ( Reading ed . ) , Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Miller , Cristanne , ed. ( 2016 ) , Emily Dickinson 's Poems : As She Preserved Them , Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0674737969 ( hide ) Emily Dickinson Poetry `` Success is Counted Sweetest '' ( 1864 ) `` Because I could not stop for Death '' ( 1890 ) `` I taste a liquor never brewed '' ( 1890 ) `` A Bird came down the Walk '' ( 1891 ) `` I 'm Nobody ! Who are you ? ''", "119": "( 1891 ) `` I like to see it lap the Miles '' ( 1891 ) `` I heard a Fly buzz -- when I died '' ( 1896 ) `` There is a pain -- so utter -- '' ( 1929 ) People Edward Dickinson ( father ) William Austin Dickinson ( brother ) Lavinia Norcross Dickinson ( sister ) Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson ( sister in law ) Thomas Wentworth Higginson ( editor ) Mabel Loomis Todd ( editor ) Related Emily Dickinson home and museum Dickinson Historic District Collected manuscripts and papers Emily Dickinson International Society The Emily Dickinson Journal Dickinson Electronic Archives The Belle of Amherst ( 1976 play ) A Quiet Passion ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Emily_Dickinson_poems&oldid=836288848 '' Categories : Poetry by Emily Dickinson Lists of poems Poems published posthumously Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2096150463763344356	where was the german fleet scuttled in 1919	[ "Scapa Flow, Orkney, Scotland", "at the Royal Navy's base at Scapa Flow, in Scotland", "Scapa Flow, Orkney, Scotland", "Scapa Flow, Orkney, Scotland", "at the Royal Navy's base at Scapa Flow, in Scotland" ]	{ "0": "Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow - wikipedia Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow Jump to : navigation , search Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow Part of the First World War SMS Bayern sinking by the stern . SMS Baden can be seen at the far left . Date 21 June 1919 Location Scapa Flow , Orkney , Scotland Result Sinking of ten battleships , five battlecruisers , five cruisers and 32 destroyers Belligerents United Kingdom German Empire Commanders and leaders Sydney Fremantle Ludwig von Reuter Units involved First Battle Squadron High Seas Fleet Casualties and losses None Most of the fleet scuttled ; nine killed ; 16 wounded The scuttling of the German fleet took place at the Royal Navy 's base at Scapa Flow , in Scotland , after the First World War . The High Seas Fleet was interned there under the terms of the Armistice whilst negotiations took place over the fate of the ships . Fearing that all of the ships would be seized and divided amongst the allied powers , the German commander , Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , decided to scuttle the fleet . The scuttling was carried out on 21 June 1919 . Intervening British guard ships were able to beach a number of the ships , but 52 of the 74 interned vessels sank . Many of the wrecks were salvaged over the next two decades and were towed away for scrapping . Those that remain are popular diving sites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Surrender of the fleet 3 In captivity 4 The fleet is scuttled 5 Reactions 6 Aftermath 7 List of the German ships and their fate 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 , at Compiègne , France , effectively ended the First World War . The Allied powers agreed that Germany 's U-boat fleet should be surrendered without the possibility of return , but were unable to agree upon a course of action regarding the German surface fleet .", "1": "The Americans suggested that the ships be interned in a neutral port until a final decision was reached , but the two countries that were approached -- Norway and Spain -- both refused . Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss suggested that the fleet be interned at Scapa Flow with a skeleton crew of German sailors , and guarded in the interim by the Grand Fleet . The terms were transmitted to Germany on 12 November 1918 , instructing them to make the High Seas Fleet ready to sail by 18 November , or the Allies would occupy Heligoland . John Lavery 's painting of the German delegates arriving on HMS Queen Elizabeth On the night of 15 November , Rear - Admiral Hugo Meurer , the representative of Admiral Franz von Hipper , met Admiral David Beatty aboard Beatty 's flagship , HMS Queen Elizabeth . Beatty presented Meurer with the terms , which were expanded at a second meeting the following day . The U-boats were to surrender to Rear - Admiral Reginald Tyrwhitt at Harwich , under the supervision of the Harwich Force . The surface fleet was to sail to the Firth of Forth and surrender to Beatty . They would then be led to Scapa Flow and interned , pending the outcome of the peace negotiations . Meurer asked for an extension to the deadline , aware that the sailors were still in a mutinous mood ( which earlier led to the Wilhelmshaven mutiny ) , and that the officers might have difficulty in getting them to obey orders . Meurer eventually signed the terms after midnight . Surrender of the fleet ( edit ) HMS Cardiff leads the High Seas Fleet into the Firth of Forth . The cruisers Emden , Frankfurt and Bremse entering Scapa Flow The first craft to be surrendered were the U-boats , which began to arrive at Harwich on 20 November 1918 ; 176 were eventually handed over . Hipper refused to lead his fleet to the surrender , delegating the task to Rear - Admiral Ludwig von Reuter . The German fleet was met by the light cruiser Cardiff on the morning of 21 November , and led to the rendezvous with over 370 ships of the Grand Fleet and other allied navies . There were 70 German ships in total ; the battleship König and the light cruiser Dresden had engine trouble and had to be left behind .", "2": "The destroyer V30 struck a mine while crossing , and sank . The German ships were escorted into the Firth of Forth , where they anchored . Beatty signalled them : The German flag will be hauled down at sunset today and will not be hoisted again without permission . The fleet was then moved between 25 and 27 November to Scapa Flow ; the destroyers to Gutter Sound and the battleships and cruisers to the north and west of the island of Cava . Eventually , a total of 74 ships were interned there , König and Dresden having arrived on 6 December accompanied by the destroyer V129 , which replaced the sunken V30 . The last ship to arrive was the battleship Baden on 9 January 1919 . Initially , the interned ships were guarded by the Battle Cruiser Force ( later reduced to the Battle Cruiser Squadron ) , commanded in succession by Vice-Admiral Pakenham , Rear - Admiral Oliver and Rear - Admiral Keyes . On 1 May 1919 , Vice-Admiral Leveson and the Second Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet took over guard duties , and were succeeded on 18 May by Vice-Admiral Sir Sydney Fremantle and the First Battle Squadron . In captivity ( edit ) Map of the fleet 's internment at Scapa Flow from 25 March 1919 . Only the locations of battleships , cruisers , and five torpedo boats are shown . The fleet in Scapa Flow . November 1918 The naval historian Arthur Marder described the state of affairs in the German ships during the internment as `` one of complete demoralization '' . He identified four reasons that exacerbated the situation : lack of discipline , poor food , lack of recreation and slow postal service . The cumulative result of these problems created `` indescribable filth in some of the ships '' . On 29 November the Second - in - Command of the Grand Fleet , Admiral Sir Charles Madden , wrote to his brother - in - law and former superior Lord Jellicoe that , `` All proposed orders are considered and counter-signed by the men 's committee before they are executed and then they are carried out as convenient '' . When visiting an interned ship the German officers were reported to have been `` dumb with shame '' .", "3": "Food was sent from Germany twice a month but was monotonous and not of good quality . Catching fish and seagulls provided a dietary supplement and some recreation . A large amount of brandy was also sent over . Recreation for the men was limited to their ships , as the British refused to allow any of the interned sailors to go ashore or visit any other German ships . British officers and men were only allowed to visit on official business . Outgoing post to Germany was censored from the beginning , and later incoming post also . German seamen were granted 300 cigarettes a month or 75 cigars . There were German doctors in the interned fleet but no dentists , and the British refused to provide dental care . Command of the interned ships was exercised through Rear - Admiral von Reuter , flying his flag in the battleship Friedrich der Grosse . He had a British drifter at his disposal for visiting ships and issuing written orders on urgent business , and his staff was occasionally allowed to visit other ships to arrange repatriation of officers and men . Von Reuter , whose health was poor , requested that his flag be transferred to the light cruiser Emden on 25 March after he was repeatedly prevented from sleeping by the stomping on his cabin roof by a group of revolutionary sailors called the `` Red Guard '' . Over seven months the number of men in his command was continually reduced from the 20,000 men who had sailed the ships over in November . 4,000 returned to Germany on 3 December , 6,000 on 6 December and 5,000 on 12 December , leaving 4,815 , of whom approximately 100 were repatriated a month . German sailors fishing over the side of a destroyer Negotiations over the fate of the ships were under way at the Paris Peace Conference . The French and Italians each wanted a quarter of the ships . The British wanted them destroyed , since they knew that any redistribution would be detrimental to the proportional advantage in numbers they had compared to other navies . Under Article XXXI of the Armistice the Germans were not permitted to destroy their ships .", "4": "Both Admirals Beatty and Madden had approved plans to seize the German ships in case scuttling was attempted ; Admirals Keyes and Leveson recommended that the ships be seized anyway and the crews interned ashore at Nigg Island , but their suggestions were not taken up . Their concern was not without justification , for as early as January 1919 , von Reuter mentioned the possibility of scuttling the fleet to his chief of staff . Having learned of the possible terms of the Treaty of Versailles in May 1919 , he began to prepare detailed plans to scuttle his ships . Admiral Erich Raeder later wrote that von Reuter was informed that the fleet was to be scuttled at all costs . A further reduction of crews with the departure of two transports to Germany on 18 June 1919 meant that von Reuter was left with reliable men to carry out preparations . On that day he sent out orders , paragraph 11 of which stated : `` It is my intention to sink the ships only if the enemy should attempt to obtain possession of them without the assent of our government . Should our government agree in the peace to terms to the surrender of the ships , then the ships will be handed over , to the lasting disgrace of those who have placed us in this position . '' His orders were sent to the interned ships on 18 June . In the meantime the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was scheduled for noon on 21 June 1919 . The First Battle Squadron prepared to board the German ships in force to check for signs that the fleet was preparing to scuttle . On 13 June Admiral Madden requested in person at the Admiralty a daily political appreciation from 17 June onwards so as to be prepared to take action , but as Madden related to Beatty shortly afterwards , `` they had no reliable indication of the German attitude towards the peace terms '' . Admiral Fremantle submitted to Madden on 16 June a scheme for seizing the German ships at midnight of 21 / 22 June , after the treaty was meant to be signed . Madden approved the plan on 19 June , but only after he was informed that the deadline for signing the treaty was extended to 19 : 00 on 23 June and he neglected to officially inform Fremantle .", "5": "News of the extension was seen by Fremantle in a newspaper on the same day and he assumed it to be true . He had been under orders from Madden for some time to exercise his battleships against torpedo attacks , which required good weather in order to recover the torpedoes . The weather on the night of 20 June was favourable so Fremantle ordered the First Battle Squadron to sea at 09 : 00 the next morning , 21 June . The operation to seize the German ships was postponed until the night of his squadron 's return to Scapa Flow on 23 June , after the deadline to sign the treaty had expired . Fremantle later claimed that before he left Scapa he had unofficially informed von Reuter that the armistice was still in effect . The fleet is scuttled ( edit ) Around 10 : 00 a.m. on 21 June 1919 , von Reuter sent a flag signal ordering the fleet to stand by for the signal to scuttle . At about 11 : 20 the flag signal was sent : `` To all Commanding Officers and the Leader of the Torpedo Boats . Paragraph Eleven of to - day 's date . Acknowledge . Chief of the Interned Squadron . '' The signal was repeated by semaphore and searchlights . Scuttling began immediately : seacocks and flood valves were opened and internal water pipes smashed . Portholes had already been loosened , watertight doors and condenser covers left open , and in some ships holes had been bored through bulkheads , all to facilitate the spread of water once scuttling began . One German ship commander recorded that prior to 21 June , seacocks had been set on a hair turning and heavily lubricated , while large hammers had been placed besides valves . SMS Derfflinger sinking There was no noticeable effect until noon , when Friedrich der Grosse began to list heavily to starboard and all the ships hoisted the Imperial German Ensign at their mainmasts . The crews then began to abandon ship . The British naval forces left at Scapa Flow comprised three destroyers , one of which was under repair , seven trawlers and a number of drifters .", "6": "Fremantle started receiving news of the scuttling at 12 : 20 and cancelled his squadron 's exercise at 12 : 35 , steaming at full speed back to Scapa Flow . He and a division of ships arrived at 14 : 30 in time to see only the large ships still afloat . He had radioed ahead to order all available craft to prevent the German ships sinking or beach them . The last German ship to sink was the battlecruiser Hindenburg at 17 : 00 , by which time fifteen capital ships were sunk , and only Baden survived . Four light cruisers and thirty - two destroyers were sunk . Nine Germans were shot and killed and about sixteen wounded aboard their lifeboats rowing towards land . During the afternoon , 1,774 Germans were picked up and transported by battleships of the First Battle Squadron to Invergordon . Fremantle had sent out a general order declaring that the Germans were to be treated as prisoners - of - war for having broken the armistice and they were destined for the prisoner - of - war camps at Nigg . Von Reuter and a number of his officers were brought onto the quarterdeck of HMS Revenge , where Fremantle -- through an interpreter -- denounced their actions as dishonourable while von Reuter and his men looked on `` with expressionless faces . '' Admiral Fremantle subsequently remarked privately , `` I could not resist feeling some sympathy for von Reuter , who had preserved his dignity when placed against his will in a highly unpleasant and invidious position . '' Reactions ( edit ) SMS Seydlitz capsized Only the upper works of SMS Hindenburg remained above the water . The French were disappointed that the German fleet was gone , having hoped to acquire at least some of the ships . The British Admiral Wemyss privately remarked : `` I look upon the sinking of the German fleet as a real blessing . It disposes , once and for all , the thorny question of the redistribution of these ships . '' German Admiral Reinhard Scheer declared : `` I rejoice . The stain of surrender has been wiped from the escutcheon of the German Fleet . The sinking of these ships has proved that the spirit of the fleet is not dead .", "7": "This last act is true to the best traditions of the German Navy . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Of the 74 German ships in Scapa Flow , 15 of the 16 capital ships , 5 of the 8 cruisers , and 32 of the 50 destroyers were sunk . The remainder either remained afloat , or were towed to shallower waters and beached . The beached ships were later dispersed to the allied navies , but most of the sunken ships were initially left at the bottom of Scapa Flow , the cost of salvaging them being deemed to be not worth the potential returns , owing to the glut of scrap metal left after the end of the war , with plenty of obsolete warships having been broken up . After complaints from locals that the wrecks were a hazard to navigation , a salvage company was formed in 1923 , which raised four of the sunken destroyers . Salvage work in progress on the German battleship SMS Baden at Scapa Flow . The cruiser SMS Frankfurt is also in view . At about this time , the entrepreneur Ernest Cox became involved . He bought 26 destroyers from the Admiralty for £ 250 , as well as Seydlitz and Hindenburg . He began operations to refloat the destroyers using an old German dry dock he purchased and subsequently modified . He was able to lift 24 of his 26 destroyers over the next year and a half , after which he began work on the larger vessels . He developed a new salvage technique whereby divers patched the holes in the submerged hulls , and then pumped air into them so they would rise to the surface , where they could then be towed to the breakers . Using this technique , he refloated several of the ships . His methods were costly , however , and the final cost of raising Hindenburg ran to some £ 30,000 . Industrial action and a coal strike in 1926 nearly brought operations to a halt , but Cox instead dug out the coal in the submerged Seydlitz , using it to power his machines until the end of the strike . Salvaging Seydlitz also proved difficult , as the ship sank again during the first attempt to raise her , wrecking most of the salvage equipment .", "8": "Undaunted , Cox tried again , ordering that when she was next raised , news cameras would be there to capture him witnessing the moment . The plan nearly backfired when Seydlitz was accidentally refloated while Cox was holidaying in Switzerland . Cox told the workers to sink her again , then returned to Britain to be present as Seydlitz was duly refloated a second time . Cox 's company eventually raised 26 destroyers , two battlecruisers and five battleships . Cox sold his remaining interests to the Alloa Shipbuilding Company ( later Metal Industries Group ) and retired as the `` man who bought a navy '' . The latter company went on to raise a further five cruisers , battlecruisers , and battleships , before the outbreak of the Second World War brought operations to a halt . The remaining wrecks lie in deeper waters , in depths up to 47 metres ( 154 ft ) , and there has been no economic incentive to attempt to raise them since . Minor salvage is still carried out to recover small pieces of steel . This low - background steel is used in the manufacture of radiation - sensitive devices , such as Geiger counters , as it is not contaminated with radioisotopes , having been produced prior to any chance of nuclear contamination . The seven wrecks that remain are scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 . Divers are allowed to visit them but need a permit to do so . While the rebuilding of the German Army in the 1930s was based upon the combined myths of `` invincibility on the battlefield '' and the `` stab in the back '' , the attitude and actions of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow became a symbol of defiance for the new recruits and officers of the Kriegsmarine . The last living military witness to the scuttling of the fleet was Claude Choules , who died on 5 May 2011 aged 110 . Choules was the last known living combat veteran of the First World War . An eyewitness account of the scuttling and the subsequent angry meeting between von Reuter and Fremantle was published in 2015 by the family of Hugh David , who died in 1957 .", "9": "A tug alongside the scuttled destroyer G102 List of the German ships and their fate ( edit ) Name Type Sunk / Beached Fate Baden Battleship Beached Transferred to British control , sunk as a target in 1921 Bayern Battleship Sunk 14 : 30 Salvaged September 1933 Friedrich der Grosse Battleship Sunk 12 : 16 Salvaged 1937 Grosser Kurfürst Battleship Sunk 13 : 30 Salvaged April 1938 Kaiser Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Salvaged March 1929 Kaiserin Battleship Sunk 14 : 00 Salvaged May 1936 König Battleship Sunk 14 : 00 Unsalvaged König Albert Battleship Sunk 12 : 54 Salvaged July 1935 Kronprinz Wilhelm Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Unsalvaged Markgraf Battleship Sunk 16 : 45 Unsalvaged Prinzregent Luitpold Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Salvaged March 1929 Derfflinger Battlecruiser Sunk 14 : 45 Salvaged August 1939 Hindenburg Battlecruiser Sunk 17 : 00 Salvaged July 1930 Moltke Battlecruiser Sunk 13 : 10 Salvaged June 1927 Seydlitz Battlecruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Salvaged November 1929 Von der Tann Battlecruiser Sunk 14 : 15 Salvaged December 1930 Bremse Cruiser Sunk 14 : 30 Salvaged November 1929 Brummer Cruiser Sunk 13 : 05 Unsalvaged Cöln Cruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Unsalvaged Dresden Cruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Unsalvaged Emden Cruiser Beached Transferred to French control ,", "10": "broken up in 1926 Frankfurt Cruiser Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 Karlsruhe Cruiser Sunk 15 : 50 Unsalvaged Nürnberg Cruiser Beached Transferred to British control , sunk as a target in 1922 S032 S32 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged June 1925 S036 S36 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1925 G038 G38 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1924 G039 G39 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 G040 G40 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 V043 V43 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 V044 V44 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V045 V45 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged 1922 V046 V46 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1924 S049 S49 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1924 S050 S50 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged October 1924 S051 S51 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 S052 S52 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged October 1924 S053 S53 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S054 S54 Destroyer Sunk Partially salvaged S055 S55 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S056 S56 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged June 1925 S060 S60 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 S065 S65 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged May 1922 V070 V70 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 V073 V73 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control ,", "11": "broken up in 1922 V078 V78 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1925 V080 V80 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 V081 V81 Destroyer Beached Sunk on the way to the breakers V082 V82 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V083 V83 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged 1923 V086 V86 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 V089 V89 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1922 V091 V91 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1924 G092 G92 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V100 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1921 G101 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1926 G102 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 G103 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1925 G104 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1926 B109 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1926 B110 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1925 B111 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1926 B112 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged February 1926 V125 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V126 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1925 V127 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 V128 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V129 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1925 S131 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S132 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control ,", "12": "sunk in 1921 S136 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1925 S137 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 S138 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged May 1925 H145 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1925 See also ( edit ) Scuttling of the Peruvian fleet in El Callao a similar event during the War of the Pacific . Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon a similar incident involving the French fleet during World War II . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . pp. 778 -- 788 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Vat . Standard of Power . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 270 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 783 . ^ Jump up to : Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 273 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 271 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 785 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 272 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 784 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 274 . Jump up ^ von Reuter . Scapa Flow . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ruge . Scapa Flow 1919 . pp.", "13": "130 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Raeder . My Life . p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 167 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 163 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Fremantle . My Naval Career . p. 276 . ^ Jump up to : Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 280 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 787 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . pp. 164 -- 5 . Jump up ^ David Howarth , page 163 `` The Dreadnoughts '' ISBN 0 - 7054 - 0628 - 8 Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 281 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 282 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 788 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ David Howarth , page 164 `` The Dreadnoughts '' ISBN 0 - 7054 - 0628 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Fine . Lost on the Ocean Floor . pp. 130 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Butler . Distant Victory . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Maritime and Coastguard Agency . `` PROTECTED WRECKS IN THE UK : Wrecks designated as Maritime Scheduled Ancient Monuments '' . Jump up ^ Humble , Richard ( 1972 ) . Hitler 's high seas fleet . Pan Books , p.", "14": "23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 09721 - 7 Jump up ^ Booth , Gary . `` 500 km by bike to demolish Albany '' . Navy News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marek Pruszewicz ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` WW1 : The letter that reveals a brutal day at Scapa Flow '' . BBC Magazine . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ World War I Naval Combat . `` List of Warships Scuttled at Scapa Flow '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2006 ) . Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99073 - 7 . Fine , John Christopher ( 2004 ) . Lost on the Ocean Floor : Diving the World 's Ghost Ships . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 275 - X . Fremantle , Admiral Sir Sydney Robert ( 1949 ) . My Naval Career : 1880 - 1928 . Hutchinson & Co . ( Publishers ) Ltd . Marder , Arthur Jacob ( 1970 ) . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow , The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era , 1904 -- 1919 : 1917 : Victory and Aftermath . Volume V. London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 215187 - 8 . Maritime and Coastguard Agency ( 2007 ) . `` MCA - PROTECTED WRECKS IN THE UK : Wrecks designated as Maritime Scheduled Ancient Monuments '' . MCA Receiver of Wreck . mcga.gov.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Massie , Robert K. ( 2004 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40878 - 0 .", "15": "Raeder , Grand Admiral Erich ( 1960 ) . My Life . Annapolis , MD : United States Naval Institute . Von Reuter , Ludwig ( 1940 ) . Scapa Flow : The Greatest Scuttling of All Time . London : Hurst & Blackett Ltd . von Ruge , Friedrich ( 1969 ) . Scapa Flow 1919 : Das Ende der deutschen Flotte ( in German ) . East Berlin : Oldenburg . Van der Vat , Dan ( 2000 ) . Standard of Power : The Royal Navy in the Twentieth Century . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6535 - 8 . Van der Vat , Dan ( 2007 ) ( 1987 ) . The Grand Scuttle : The Sinking of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow in 1919 . Edinburgh : Birlinn Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84341 - 038 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow . The scuttling at Scapa Flow Scapa Flow Wrecks Coordinates : 58 ° 53.5 ′ N 3 ° 11 ′ W / 58.8917 ° N 3.183 ° W / 58.8917 ; - 3.183 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1919 Shipwrecks 1 Jan : HMY Iolaire 21 Jan : UC - 40 30 Jan : Nimrod 7 Feb : HMS Erin 's Isle 8 Feb : U-16 10 Feb : UC - 91 20 Feb : UC - 71 22 Feb : U-21 7 Mar : HNoMS Thor 6 Apr : Vulkan 15 Apr : U-118 17 Apr : USS Freehold 27 Apr : USS Courtney , USS Otis W. Douglas 28 Apr : USS Gypsum Queen ,", "16": "USS James April ( unknown date ) : Borets za Svobodu 4 May : HMS Cupar 5 May : SMS Leipzig 2 Jun : Rucumilla 9 Jun : HMS L55 16 Jun : HMS Kinross 18 Jun : Oleg 21 Jun : SMS Bayern , SMS Bremse , SMS Brummer , SMS Cöln , SMS Dresden , SMS Derfflinger , SMS Emden , SMS Friedrich der Grosse , SMS G38 , SMS G39 , SMS G40 , SMS Hindenburg , SMS Grosser Kurfürst , SMS Kaiser , SMS Kaiserin , SMS Karlsruhe , SMS König , SMS König Albert , SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm , SMS Markgraf , SMS Moltke , SMS Prinzregent Luitpold , SMS S36 , SMS S50 , Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow , SMS Seydlitz , SMS V45 , SMS V46 , SMS Von der Tann 28 Jun : Duchess of Richmond June ( unknown date ) : Erinpura 27 Jul : USS May 30 Jul : USS G - 2 13 Aug : Basilicata 18 Aug : Dvina 1 Sep : HMS Vittoria 4 Sep : HMS Verulam 8 Sep : Valbanera 9 Sep : USS St. Sebastian , USS SP - 471 10 Sep : USS Coco , USS Katherine K. , USS Patrol No. 1 , USS Sea Hawk 11 Sep : USS Helena I 16 Sep : HMS M25 , HMS M27 29 Sep : ML - 18 , ML - 62 , ML - 191 ,", "17": "Ossifrage 30 Sep : August Helmerich 3 Oct : Frank O'Connor 7 Oct : Sizergh Castle 9 Oct : Daram 17 Oct : SMS Kaiser Franz Joseph I 18 Oct : HMS H41 31 Oct : Fazilka 22 Nov : Myron 12 Dec : USS Kerwood 18 Dec : Cufic Unknown date : UB - 14 Other incidents 1 Jan : USS Northern Pacific 1 Feb : USS Narragansett 28 Feb : RMS Aquitania 17 Apr : Saxonia 21 Jun : SMS Baden , SMS Emden , SMS Frankfurt , SMS Nürnberg June ( unknown date ) : USS West Grama 15 Jul : USS Edward Luckenbach 16 Jul : USS Flamingo 16 Sep : USS R - 6 18 Oct : HMS Vulcan 1918 1920 December 1918 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow&oldid=835171577 '' Categories : 1919 in Scotland History of Orkney World War I warships scuttled in Scapa Flow Maritime incidents in 1919 Protected Wrecks of Scotland Military history of Scotland Naval history of Germany Military action involving Scottish islands Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom Aftermath of World War I in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2010 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "18": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5748368670037082784	what is the definition of the name thomas	[ "twin", "twin", "twin", "\"twin\"" ]	{ "0": "Thomas ( name ) - wikipedia Thomas ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Thomas ( surname ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . This article is about the name Thomas . For surname , see Thomas ( surname ) . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thomas Saint Thomas the Apostle Pronunciation / ˈtɒməs / French : ( tɔma ) German : ( ˈtoːmas ) Dutch : ( ˈtoːmɑs ) Gender Male Name day July 3 Origin Word / name Aramaic Meaning `` twin '' Other names Related names Tom , Tommaso , Tŏmas , Tomas , Tomasz , Tommy Thomas comes from the Greek bible . Thomas was a popular medieval given throughout Europe , coming from the biblical name , Thomas being one of Jesus ' disciples . It is ultimately derived from the Aramaic personal name meaning `` twin . '' In Britain the name was rare prior to the Norman Conquest ( 11th century ) , but by the 13th and 14th centuries it had become common .", "1": "References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_(name)&oldid=837945103 '' Categories : Given names English masculine given names Irish masculine given names Scottish masculine given names French masculine given names German masculine given names Dutch masculine given names Norwegian masculine given names Swedish masculine given names Danish masculine given names Hebrew masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from April 2018 All articles to be merged Articles lacking sources from April 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն Íslenska Latina Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 . About Wikipedia", "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1 ]	[ 0, 1 ]
8190949321615211886	actress who plays penelope garcia on criminal minds	[ "Kirsten Simone Vangsness", "Kirsten Simone Vangsness", "Kirsten Simone Vangsness", "Kirsten Simone Vangsness", "Kirsten Simone Vangsness" ]	{ "0": "Kirsten Vangsness - wikipedia Kirsten Vangsness Jump to : navigation , search Kirsten Vangsness Kirsten Simone Vangsness ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Pasadena , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , writer Years active 1998 -- present Partner ( s ) Keith Hanson ( 2015 - present ; engaged ) Kirsten Simone Vangsness ( born July 7 , 1972 ) is an American actress and writer . She currently stars as FBI Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia on the CBS drama series Criminal Minds . She portrayed the same character on the spin - off series Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Writing 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Vangsness was born in Pasadena , California , the daughter of Errol Leroy Vangsness ( born 1938 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) and his wife Barbara Mary ( née Marconi ; born 1942 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . Her paternal great - grandparents were Norwegian , with ancestry from Bergen , Gol , and Oslo . She was raised in Porterville , California , and later moved to Cerritos , California . She graduated from Cerritos High School in June 1990 and attended Cypress College . She later graduated from California State University , Fullerton in June 1995 . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Vangsness got into acting as a child to help overcome shyness and got her first big break in the theatre , where she won several awards , including the 15 Minutes of Female Best Actress Award , the Los Angeles Drama Critics Award for Best Emerging Comic Actress , and the Golden Betty Award . Writing ( edit ) Vangsness ' work has been published in the Los Angeles Times . Since 2014 , Vangsness has co-written three episodes of Criminal Minds .", "1": "In 2014 she co-wrote `` Nelson 's Sparrow '' with Executive Producer , Erica Messer , in 2015 she co-wrote `` A Beautiful Disaster '' once again with Messer and in 2016 she co-wrote `` Spencer '' with Messer . Personal life ( edit ) Vangsness says that she is `` as queer as a purple unicorn singing Madonna '' . She began dating film and television editor Melanie Goldstein in 2006 . They were engaged , but separated in 2013 . In November 2015 , it was reported that she was engaged to her boyfriend , actor and writer Keith Hanson . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Sometimes Santa 's Gotta Get Whacked Tooth Fairy Short film 2006 A-List Blue 2008 Tranny McGuyver TV News Reporter Short film 2009 Scream of the Bikini Interior Decorator In My Sleep Madge 2011 Sarina 's Song Party Guest Short film 2011 Chicago 8 , The The Chicago 8 Sketch Artist 2012 Remember to Breathe Vocals for Young Alice Short film 2015 Kill Me , Deadly Mona Livingston 2016 Diane & Devine Meet the Apocalypse Fawn 2017 Axis Heather ( voice ) 2017 Dave Made a Maze Jane Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Phil of the Future Veronica Episode : `` Age Before Beauty '' LAX Ticket Agent / Stephanie 3 episodes 2005 -- present Criminal Minds Penelope Garcia Main Cast ; 292 episodes Vampire Mob Laura Anderson 2010 -- 2012 Pretty the Series Meredith Champagne 14 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Penelope Garcia Main Cast ; 13 episodes Second City This Week Herself 1 episode 2011 -- 2013 Good Job , Thanks !", "2": "Therapist 2 episodes 2013 Shelf Life Freaky Squeaky 6 episodes , webseries 2016 - 2017 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders Penelope Garcia Special Guest ; 2 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vangsness , Kirsten ( 2007 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Kirstens Blog '' . CBS . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds ' Kirsten Vangsness Joins Spin - Off as a Series Regular '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Family tree by Vangsness ' father Jump up ^ `` Kirsten Simone Vangsness ancestry profile '' . Geni.com . Jump up ^ Cypress College Public Information Office ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Cypress College @ Cypress Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The nerd who got heard '' . Matt Pomroy. 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Season 10 - 1013 . Nelson 's Sparrow - Press Release '' . Criminal Minds Round Table . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Season 11 - 1118 . A Beautiful Disaster - Press Release '' . Criminal Minds Round Table . Jump up ^ Anderson - Minshall , Diane ( November 2011 ) . `` The Purple Unicorn '' . The Advocate : 42 . Jump up ^ Melanie Goldstein on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Untitled '' . Criminal Minds Fanatic. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Waldon , Dave ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Kirsten Vangsness Thrives on `` Criminal Minds '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nicole Sands ( November 23 , 2015 ) .", "3": "`` Criminal Minds Star Kirsten Vangsness Is Engaged : ' He 's the Perfect Partner ' '' . People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirsten Vangsness . Kirsten Vangsness on IMDb Kirsten Vangsness at TVGuide.com Profile at CBS - Criminal Minds ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean VIAF : 170639305 LCCN : no2011067949 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirsten_Vangsness&oldid=838368679 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American television actresses American people of Norwegian descent Queer actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from California People from Cerritos , California 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 43 . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 3, 1, 2 ]	[ 0, 3, 1, 2 ]
-9203958203595622889	who is president of india in present time	[ "Ram Nath Kovind", "Ram Nath Kovind", "Ram Nath Kovind", "Ram Nath Kovind", "Ram Nath Kovind" ]	{ "0": "List of Presidents of India - Wikipedia List of Presidents of India Jump to : navigation , search Rajendra Prasad First President of India The President of India is the head of state of India and the commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . The President is referred to as the first citizen of India . Although vested with these powers by the Constitution of India , the position is largely a ceremonial one and executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister . The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses , the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , and also members of the Vidhan Sabha , the state legislative assemblies . Presidents may remain in office for a tenure of five years , as stated by article 56 , part V , of the Constitution of India . In the case where a President 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the President , the Vice President assumes office . By article 70 of part V , the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the President where this is not possible , or in any other unexpected contingency . Representation of Presidents by party of candidacy Independent ( 29.6 % ) Indian National Congress ( 41.2 % ) Bharatiya Janata Party ( 5.8 % ) Janata Party ( 5.8 % ) Acting ( 17.6 % ) There have been 14 Presidents of India since the post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950 . Apart from these fourteen , three Acting Presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the Acting President in 1969 after Zakir Husain , died in office . Giri was elected President a few months later . He remains the only person to have held office both as a President and Acting President . Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India , is the only person to have held office for two terms . Presidents by state of birth Seven Presidents have been members of a political party before being elected . Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress . The Janata Party has had one member , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , who later became President .", "1": "Two Presidents , Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , have died in office . Their Vice-Presidents served as Acting Presidents until a new President was elected . Following Zakir Husain 's death , two acting Presidents held office until the new President , V.V. Giri , was elected . When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections , he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting President . The 12th President , Pratibha Patil , is the first woman to serve as President of India , elected in 2007 . On 25 July 2017 , Ram Nath Kovind took office as the 14th President of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents 2 See also 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Specific 4 External links Presidents This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election . The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri , Mohammad Hidayatullah , and Basappa Danappa Jatti , who served as Acting President , are therefore not numbered or counted as actual terms in office . The President of India does not represent any political party . The colours used in the table indicate the following : Colour key Acting President of India President was an Independent candidate President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) President was an candidate of the Janata Party ( JP ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Photograph Elected Took office Left office Term ( in months ) Vice President Candidate of Notes Rajendra Prasad ( 1884 -- 1963 ) 1952 1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 120 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress Prasad , from Bihar , was the first President of independent India and also the longest - serving President , as the only president to serve two terms in office . He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement .", "2": "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 60 Zakir Husain Independent Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University . He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President . He was the first President from South India . Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) -- 1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 24 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna . He died in office , the first to do so . He was also the shortest - serving President . He was also the first Muslim President . -- Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- -- 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 -- -- He was elected Vice President of India in 1967 . Following the death of President Zakir Husain , Giri was appointed as Acting President . He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections . -- Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) -- -- 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 -- -- Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire . He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India . Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- 1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 60 Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India . He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna , and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) .", "3": "Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1905 -- 1977 ) 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 36 Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1974 ) Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Indian National Congress Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president . He died in 1977 before his term of office ended , and was the second Indian president to die in office . He was also president during Emergency . -- Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- -- 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 6 -- -- Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed 's term of office , and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed 's death . He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State . 6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 -- 1996 ) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 60 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Janata Party Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh . Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh . He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India . 7 Zail Singh ( 1916 -- 1994 ) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 60 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1984 -- 1987 ) Indian National Congress In March 1972 , Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab , and in 1980 , he became Union Home Minister .", "4": "He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) from 1983 to 1986 8 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 60 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress In 1942 , Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement . After his release , he was elected to independent India 's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government , where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence . 9 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 60 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Indian National Congress Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh , and the Indian Minister for Communications . He also served as the Governor of Andhra Pradesh , Punjab and Maharashtra . 10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 60 Krishan Kant Independent Narayanan served as India 's ambassador to Thailand , Turkey , China and United States of America . He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities . He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University . He was the first Dalit President . 11 Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( 1931 -- 2015 ) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 60 Krishan Kant ( 2002 ) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Independent Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India 's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs . He also received the Bharat Ratna . Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong .", "5": "12 Pratibha Patil ( 1934 -- ) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Patil was the first woman to become the President of India . She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan . 13 Pranab Mukherjee ( 1935 -- ) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister , Foreign Minister , Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission . 14 Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 -- ) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent -- Venkaiah Naidu Bharatiya Janata Party Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006 . He is the second Dalit president ( after K.R. Narayanan ) and is the first President from the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and is an active member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) since his youth . Other Symbols - Died in office - Did not complete assigned term - Acting President Timeline See also President of India Vice-President of India List of Vice-Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India References General `` Former Presidents '' . President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . `` List of Presidents / Vice Presidents '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` President Ram Nath Kovind is Indias first citizen . Your chances begin only at Number 27 '' . indiatoday.com . Times of India . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . Archived from the original (. doc ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` India gets first woman president since independence '' . BBC News . 25 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 : India becomes a republic '' . BBC News . 26 January 1950 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NDA vs Oppn : India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harish Khare ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Selecting the next Rashtrapati '' . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Infographic : Which states India 's Presidents have hailed from -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First female president for India '' . BBC News . 21 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind enters Rashtrapati Bhavan with big win '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , The Hindu Net ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as President , Rajya Sabha discusses farmers ' crisis -- top stories for today '' . The Hindu .", "7": "ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presidents of India since India became republic My India '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad '' . The Hindu . India . 7 May 1952 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day '' . Time . 6 February 1950 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad 's birth anniversary celebrated '' . The Hindu . India . 10 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr S. Radhakrishnan '' . The Sunday Tribune . 30 January 2000 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative Volume on S. Radhakrishnan '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya sabha . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zakir Husain , '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 7 leaders who died while in office '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri : Shashi Bhushan '' . The Hindu . India . 12 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hidayatullah , Shri M '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ramakrishnan , T. ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` The twice Acting - President '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giri , Shri Varahagiri Venkata '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of Indian Presidents '' . Press Information Bureau of the Government of India . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Dark Age of Indian democracy '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jatti , Shri Basappa Danappa '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhargava , G.S. `` Making of the Prez -- Congress chief selects PM as well as President '' . The Tribune . India . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley A. ( 1999 ) . India . University of California Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22172 - 7 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazarika , Sanjoy ( 17 July 1987 ) .", "9": "`` Man in the News ; India 's Mild New President : Ramaswamy Venkataraman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Venkataraman , Shri R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away '' . Embassy of India , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Narayanan , Shri K , R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The BJP 's aim was to get rid of me '' . Confederation of Human Rights Organizations . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Can Ram Nath Kovind , second Dalit President , follow in the footsteps of first Dalit President KR Narayanan ? '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramana , M.V. ; Reddy , C. Rammanohar ( 2002 ) . Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2477 - 4 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Kavita ; Misra , Padma ( 23 May 2011 ) . Basic Technical Communication . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 4238 - 5 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam was real people 's President ' '' .", "10": "Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Perappadan , Bindu Shajan ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` The people 's President does it again '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Wax ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Female President Elected in India '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan 's first woman governor '' . Express India . 8 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived version of bio data of Pranab Mukherjee in Lok Sabha '' . india.gov.in . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` PresidentofIndia '' . Presidents Secretariat . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External links Official website of the President of India Rediff.com -- Presidents of India The Hindu -- A presidential poll in the coalition age Zee News : Former Presidents Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J.", "11": "Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India Presidential lists by order Order of service Age Birth Death Number Living Time in office Presidents ' personal lives College education Place of birth Place of primary affiliation Previous occupation Religious affiliation Presidents ' professional lives Political affiliation Previous experience Inaugurations ( Addresses ) Pardons Vacancies Vice Presidential lists Order of service Time in office Birth Longevity Vacancies Succession Line of succession ( hide ) Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=838305321 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2017 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 05 : 15 . 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-2349691009719617713	why did kevin can't wait wife leave the show	[ "creative reasons" ]	{ "0": "Kevin Can Wait - wikipedia Kevin Can Wait Jump to : navigation , search Kevin Can Wait Genre Sitcom Created by Kevin James Bruce Helford Rock Reuben Directed by Andy Fickman Starring Kevin James Leah Remini Erinn Hayes Taylor Spreitler Ryan Cartwright Gary Valentine Lenny Venito Leonard Earl Howze James DiGiacomo Mary - Charles Jones Opening theme `` Ordinary Guy '' performed by Michael Delguidice Composer ( s ) Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin James Rock Reuben Jeff Sussman Andy Fickman Steve Mosko Bruce Helford ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) Rob Long ( episodes 14 -- ) Producer ( s ) Nancy Chadrow Haas Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Hey Eddie Productions Mohawk Productions ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) CBS Television Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) -- present External links Official website www.cbs.com/shows/kevin-can-wait/ Kevin Can Wait is an American sitcom television series starring Kevin James . The series premiered on September 19 , 2016 . The series marked James ' second starring role in a CBS sitcom , after The King of Queens , which ran from 1998 until 2007 . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The series began with James starring as a recently retired Nassau County , New York police officer and father of three , married to Donna ( Erinn Hayes ) .", "1": "Beginning with season two , the character of Donna has died , and the series ' new female lead is Vanessa Cellucci ( Leah Remini ) , Kevin 's former rival on the force and now his partner at their new security company , Monkey Fist Security . While the first season focused on Kevin 's personal and family life , the second concerns his new profession , his relationship with Vanessa , and his adjustment to life as a single parent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Controversy 5.3 Ratings 5.3. 1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 5.3. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Kevin Gable is a newly retired Nassau County police officer living in Massapequa , New York , on Long Island , with wife Donna , daughters Kendra and Sara , and son Jack . He looks forward to spending time with his family and hanging out with his friends , who are also retired officers : Goody , Duffy , and Mott . However , his elder daughter Kendra , who was away at college , moves back into town with her unemployed fiancé , Chale , and begin living in the home 's garage ; Sara is becoming increasingly difficult , with anger - management issues ; and youngest son Jack is a hypochondriac who sees the school therapist for anxiety - related issues . Season two picks up over a year after the events of the first - season finale . Donna has been deceased for about a year , leaving the widowed Kevin with the three kids , and now working full - time with his old work rival , Vanessa Cellucci , in their new security company , Monkey Fist Security .", "2": "During the first season , Kevin holds various odd jobs to supplement his retirement income while the family deals with several issues , including Kendra 's and Chale 's wedding . First season episodes revolved around Kevin and Donna , although Kevin is frequently seen with his group of friends . Most scenes during the first season took place either at the Gable household or the bar Enzo 's ( where Kendra is employed ) . With the death of Donna , Kevin 's reentry into the work force , and the regular inclusion of Vanessa , season two expanded its focus to also feature more of the supporting characters not seen much in the first season . The Monkey Fist Security Offices also becomes a frequent location . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kevin James as Kevin Gable : The patriarch of the Gable household . As the series started , Kevin , a recently retired cop married to wife Donna , tends to get involved in some situation , which he usually solves with his down - to - earth principles , and some help from Donna . After Donna 's death between the first two seasons , the widowed Kevin becomes a helicopter parent , who goes to work at a security firm with his ex-partner , Vanessa Cellucci . Kevin is a generally good man at heart , although he tends to sometimes get distracted in his goals . He cares deeply about his family and friends , and is willing to do most anything to help them . Erinn Hayes as Donna Gable ( season 1 ) : Kevin 's wife and the matriarch of the Gable household for the first season . Donna is a school nurse , until she quits in the first season finale ( also her last physical appearance in the series ) . Donna passes away before the second season . Her father does , or did , not like Kevin , as mentioned in the pilot episode . The episode `` The Fantastic Pho '' reveals Kevin and Donna met at a bar , and `` The Might 've Before Christmas '' reveals she and Kevin got together , after Vanessa urged them ( on their first night as partners ) . Taylor Spreitler as Kendra Gable - Witt : The eldest Gable daughter . Kendra is a 21 - year - old college student ( she gets into Columbia Law School in the first season finale ) , who also works as a waitress at Enzo 's .", "3": "Out of all the Gable kids , she has the most prominent role in the series . In the pilot , she revealed her engagement to her parents ( Donna only knew they were dating , while Kevin was not even told ) and moved back in with her fiancé , Chale . Kendra is the most responsible and dependable of the Gable kids . She is also shown to be nagging at times , more specifically towards Chale , after their marriage . While most of the first season shows her and Donna planning her wedding , she and Chale get married in the season two premiere , after he faces deportation . Following the death of Donna , Kendra becomes the surrogate matriarch of the family . Ryan Cartwright as Chale Witt : Kendra 's English fiancé , later husband . He moves into the Gables ' garage following the revelation of his engagement with Kendra . Chale is shown to be shy and soft - spoken , but very intelligent . Kevin initially shows hostility towards him , but their relationship somewhat improves over the course of the series . When the show first begins , Chale claims to be designing an app that will be successful ; thus , Chale is unemployed for the majority of season one , working on the app . In the season two premiere , he and Kendra marry as he faces deportation . Chale begins working at Enzo 's alongside Kendra in `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' , and gets promoted to manager ( and temporarily stops working on his app ) in `` The Kevin Crown Affair '' . Mary - Charles Jones as Sara Marie Gable : The youngest Gable daughter . Sara has anger management issues that are frequently mentioned throughout the series ( e.g. starting a food fight , calling a family friend 's baby `` stupid '' , etc . ) . Sara is somewhat of a tomboy -- she excels at and loves sports , watches football , and frequently fights . Sara is also known to have a rebellious streak : she has been suspended , stolen her father 's money , and even created a secret second Facebook account and snuck off with her boyfriend . Despite her hostility ( especially towards her siblings ) , she does overall love her family . The first season saw Sara mostly in short , cameo roles ; she becomes more prominent in the second season .", "4": "James DiGiacomo as Jack Gable : The son of the Gables . Jack is 11 - years - old , and is portrayed as the weakest Gable child ( especially when compared to Sara ) , and somewhat dim . He has very few friends , and is stated to be a hypochondriac . He frequently tries to make friends , but with little success . The first season saw Jack mostly in short , cameo roles ; he becomes more prominent in the second season . Gary Valentine as Kyle Gable : Kevin 's older brother . He is a firefighter for the New York City Fire Department . Kyle is a bachelor , and has a crush on Vanessa ( much to her dismay ) . Like Jack , he is also shown to have below - average intelligence , and is mainly regulated to being a cook at the Fire Department . As a part of Kevin 's group , he is frequently seen with Kevin 's friends , and is also seen at the Gable household . Leonard Earl Howze as Tyrone `` Goody '' Goodman : Kevin 's friend from the force , who he is frequently seen with . He is married to Didi , who was good friends with Donna . Lenny Venito as Duffy ( season 1 ) : Kevin 's friend , also newly retired from the force . He has been divorced three times . Duffy was written out in the second season , without any explanation for the character 's absence . Leah Remini as Vanessa Cellucci ( season 2 -- present ; guest season 1 ) : Kevin 's former partner on the force , and later , his business partner . She was introduced in the first - season finale as a police detective who had worked with Kevin on a major case , even though they were rivals and frequently bickered . Following the retooling , Vanessa becomes Kevin 's partner in the second episode , with her own struggling company , Golden Phoenix Security ( later Monkey Fist Security ) . Remini 's new character was introduced in the two - part first - season finale . Vanessa is mentioned to have several exes , many of which she has dumped for ridiculous and unbelievable reasons ( e.g. helping sick kids in Africa for three years , moving to Australia ) , and which sometimes get her distracted ( e.g.", "5": ", she was getting liability insurance , but forgot about it after she dumped a State Farm agent ) . Recurring cast ( edit ) Christopher Brian Roach ( also credited as Chris Roach ) as Mott , another one of Kevin 's friends , who is usually regarded as the dimmest of the group . He is married to Cindy , and has seven young , rambunctious kids . Bas Rutten as Rutger Vandekamp , the Gables ' annoying Dutch neighbor who becomes Kevin 's friend . He lives with his mother and his long - term girlfriend . During the first season , he works in the warehouse at a big box store . In the second season , Kevin and Vanessa hire him at their security company . Jim Breuer as Father Philip , the priest at the Gables ' Catholic church . Joe Starr as Enzo , the owner of Enzo 's , and Kendra 's and later Chale 's boss . Saidah Arrika Ekulona as Didi , Goody 's wife and a friend of Donna 's . She frequently expressed worry about Goody facing danger on the police force . ( Season 1 ) Chris Weidman as Nick Dawson , a rookie cop who is the new partner of Kevin 's former partner . ( Season 1 ) Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Ray Romano as Vic Margolis , an annoying hot tub salesman , whose son befriends Jack ( `` Beat the Parents '' ) Noah Syndergaard as Halloween Viking ( `` Hallow - We - Ai n't - Home '' ) Adam Sandler as Jimmy , Kevin 's former partner ( `` Who 's Better Than Us ? '' ) Billy Joel as himself ( `` Kevin 's Bringing Supper Back '' ) Harry Connick Jr. as himself ( `` Kenny Can Wait '' ) Chazz Palminteri as Vincent Cellucci , Vanessa 's critical father ( `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' ) Loni Love as Yvette , a sassy pawnshop owner ( `` The Owl '' ) In addition , James ' family has appeared in the series ( in addition to regular cast member Gary Valentine ) .", "6": "James ' real - life wife , Steffiana De La Cruz , and two of James ' daughters , Shea James and Sienna James , have appeared in the series ; De La Cruz was in `` Double Date '' as a half of a couple Kevin and Donna try to befriend , while Shea and Sienna appeared in various roles throughout both seasons . Remini 's husband , Angelo Pagán , also appeared in `` Business Unusual '' . Also , both theme song performer Michael Delguidice , and writer Mike Soccio , have appeared in the series in minor roles . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 24 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Andy Fickman Kevin James & Bruce Helford & Rock Reuben September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) KCW100 11.08 Kevin Gable , a newly retired police officer living with his wife Donna and their three children , is looking forward to raucous adventures with his fellow retired cop friends . But things take a turn when his college - age daughter Kendra announces she 's quitting school to work and support her nerdy boyfriend Chale , who claims to be developing an app that will make them rich . `` Sleep Disorder '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) KCW102 10.62 Now that he 's home all the time , Kevin starts noticing Donna has moved a lot of things around to her own advantage and that most of his favorite stuff is in the attic . He confronts her , and she lets him move one thing back while agreeing they will always discuss changes together moving forward .", "7": "Kevin thinks he 's won , but his friends convince him Donna just threw him a bone and that nothing will change . Elsewhere , Kendra tries to get Chale to act tougher , but her schemes backfire . `` Chore Weasel '' Andy Fickman Mike Soccio October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) KCW104 9.60 Kevin agrees to stay home in the afternoon to wait for the delivery of Donna 's armoire , but he instead hires a rep from Chore Weasel to do it for him so he can play football with the guys . Although he must now hide the Chore Weasel expenses and his football injury from Donna , Kevin ca n't resist calling Chore Weasel for other projects . Unfortunately for Kevin , Chale catches him in the act and struggles to keep his secret . `` Kevin and Donna 's Book Club '' Andy Fickman Heather Flanders October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) KCW101 8.70 When the guys ca n't agree on a bonding activity , Kevin joins Donna 's all - female book club . He is initially a hit with the ladies , but quickly wears out his welcome . 5 5 `` Kevin 's Good Story '' Andy Fickman Peter Hoare October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) KCW105 8.54 While Kevin and Donna are dining on their wedding anniversary with Goody and his wife Didi , Donna relates a story about one of Kevin 's heroic deeds as a cop from six years ago . Goody realizes Kevin has stolen his hero story and passed it off as his own , but neither man can come clean ; Kevin used the story as an excuse for forgetting his anniversary six years ago , while Goody urged Kevin to never mention the incident for fear that Didi would make him quit the police force .", "8": "6 6 `` Beat the Parents '' Andy Fickman John Cochran October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) KCW106 7.91 Kevin and Donna help Jack meet a new friend , Graydon , and are thrilled when the boys hit it off ... that is , until they meet Graydon 's irritating parents , Vic ( Ray Romano ) and Brandi ( Lindsey Broad ) . Kevin and Donna then have to decide if they will sabotage the boys ' friendship . 7 7 `` Hallow - We - Ai n't - Home '' Andy Fickman Bruce Helford October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) KCW108 6.42 When Donna says she is wiped out after a hard day and does n't feel like giving out Halloween candy , Kevin convinces her they should turn off the lights and pretend they are n't home . Their plan backfires , however , when they are lured outside by an angry neighbor couple and their kids . Meanwhile , Kendra and Chale take Sara and Jack to a trunk - o - ween event , where people give out candy from their car trunks . 8 8 `` Who 's Better than Us ? '' Andy Fickman Peter Hoare & John Cochran November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) KCW107 7.41 Kevin runs into his old partner Jimmy ( Adam Sandler ) , and becomes annoyed when Jimmy 's new partner Nick ( Chris Weidman ) says Jimmy has n't told him any stories about riding with Kevin . Kevin 's spirits are lifted some when Jimmy invites him to a ceremony at the church , where he plans to honor someone `` very special '' in his life . The ceremony turns out to be for the seemingly perfect Nick , with Jimmy telling Kevin he invited him as payback for never keeping in touch with him since he retired .", "9": "9 9 `` The Power of Positive Drinking '' Andy Fickman Heather Flanders & John Cochran November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) KCW103 7.06 When Kevin takes a job as a bartender at Enzo 's , he starts dispensing unsolicited advice to his customers and fancies himself a `` life coach '' , until it becomes apparent that his advice was n't very helpful . 10 10 `` The Fantastic Pho '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus & Mike Soccio November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) KCW110 6.97 Kevin quits another job because he ca n't stand taking orders from someone way younger than him . While telling Donna over a meal at a Vietnamese restaurant , Kevin has some pho and finds it delicious . He then decides he will be his own boss and sell pho from a food truck , but first he needs to convince some investors ( Goody , Duffy , Mott and Kyle ) to go along with the idea . 11 11 `` Kevin 's Bringing Supper Back '' Andy Fickman Joanna Quraishi December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) KCW109 7.14 Kevin has become irritated by the lack of his family 's closeness : Kendra and Sara are constantly at each other 's throats , Jack is ignoring his family , and Donna has been working overtime and attempting to ignore everyone . Kevin imitates family bonding time , but the attempt gets off on a rocky start : board game night is ruined by Sara and Kendra fighting ; and a soccer game where everyone wears a body bubble ends up with Jack going to the hospital . A dinner is almost ruined by Kendra and Sara arguing , but Kevin lays down his foot and makes the two reconcile . But , when the guys get him surprise concert tickets to see Billy Joel , he then has to decide if he will ditch his family .", "10": "12 12 `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas ... Maybe '' Andy Fickman Pete Correale December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) KCW111 7.31 When Mott 's wife gets snowed in at a casino and Mott has to work , Kevin is put in charge of the couple 's seven children for a few days and takes on an `` unappreciated wife '' role . Meanwhile , a lonely Kyle takes care of some things on Kevin 's Christmas to - do list and impresses Donna with his diligence . 13 13 `` Ring Worm '' Andy Fickman Rock Reuben January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) KCW112 7.36 Kendra wonders why Chale is going out at night without telling her , and Chale confesses to Kevin that he got a job so he can buy Kendra an engagement ring . This reminds Kevin that he promised Donna many years ago to upgrade her ring when they could afford it . To keep it a surprise , Kevin then has to come up with a cover story to explain the $6,000 he moved from his and Donna 's retirement account into their checking account . 14 14 `` Kevin vs. The Dutch Elm '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) KCW113 8.66 Donna pushes Kevin to make good on his promise to move the backyard pool , which has a dying tree casting shade over it during the summer . Kevin convinces Donna it would be easier to cut down the tree , but there are complications : the tree is on their neighbors ' property and Kendra insists they first remove a family of squirrels living in the tree . 15 15 `` Choke Doubt '' Andy Fickman Mike Soccio January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) KCW114 8.62 Kevin saves Bill ( Adam Ferrara ) , a man at the bar , from choking .", "11": "A thankful Bill wants to make a big deal out of it , but Kevin refuses , saying that he 's an ex-cop and is glad to help . Just then , Kyle appears on TV , being lauded as a hero after saving a cat from a fire , making Kevin rethink his modesty . Meanwhile , Donna 's friend is starting a wedding planning business and offers to plan Kendra 's and Chale 's wedding for free to get her name out there . During the meeting , however , Donna and Chale clash over opposing ideas . 16 16 `` The Back Out '' Andy Fickman Kevin James & Rock Reuben February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) KCW115 7.91 Kevin is reluctant when Donna wants to become friends with Jackie ( Ilana Becker ) and Peter ( Craig Bierko ) , a couple from church . He changes his tune when he learns that Peter is a chiropractor who works on some New York Mets players , and he offers Kevin and Donna a chance to stay at his condo in Florida during spring training . The trip is put in jeopardy , however , when Peter gives Kevin a free back adjustment and does a horrible job . Elsewhere , Kyle makes a pitch to be Chale 's best man , even though he hardly knows him . 17 17 `` Unholy War '' Andy Fickman Tony Sheehan February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) KCW116 7.85 After reluctantly settling on a date for Kendra 's wedding , Kevin learns that his childhood nemesis , Terry Labasco ( Kim Coates ) , is trying to reserve the church on the same day . As the two battle for Father Philip 's ( Jim Breuer ) approval by becoming more involved in the church , Kevin 's drive to secure the church for Kendra becomes an insatiable desire to get revenge on his old rival .", "12": "18 18 `` Neighborhood Watch '' Andy Fickman Alex Metz February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) KCW117 7.29 When the Gables ' mailbox is smashed , Kevin organizes a neighborhood watch with Goody , Duffy and his neighbor Rutger ( Bas Rutten ) . It 's later revealed that Kevin concocted the crime to avoid hanging out with Stewart ( Alexander Chaplin ) , the annoying husband of Donna 's cousin Irene ( Claire Coffee ) . 19 19 `` Showroom Showdown '' Andy Fickman Dan Staley March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) KCW118 6.79 When Kevin and Chale get jobs working with Rutger at an electronics store warehouse to help pay for the wedding , Chale 's quick promotion to the sales floor kick - starts Kevin 's competitive side . Meanwhile , Donna and Kendra desperately try to trim the wedding 's guest list . 20 20 `` Double Date '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus & Mike Soccio March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) KCW119 5.93 When Goody and Didi win an all - expenses paid weekend for four at a spa resort in a church raffle , the Gables assume they will be the other couple to go along with them , but Goody says they are taking the Motts instead . Irritated , Kevin and Donna look for other couple friends . After a mishap with finding a couple on a website , they invite Rutger and his girlfriend to the resort just so they can rub it in their other friends ' faces . 21 21 `` Kenny Can Wait '' Andy Fickman Mike Soccio & Tony Sheehan April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) KCW120 6.04 In his new job as an Uber driver , Kevin picks up Harry Connick Jr. and impresses him so much that Harry asks him to be his regular driver . The only problem is : almost everything Kevin told Harry to impress him is a lie .", "13": "22 22 `` Quiet Diet '' Andy Fickman Pete Correale & Peter Hoare April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) KCW121 5.90 Kevin needs to get his cholesterol down so the premium on his life insurance does n't go up and he can go to Mets fantasy camp . In the process of helping Kevin with a crash cleanse , Chale reveals an embarrassing secret about himself and a pair of oversized jeans . 23 23 `` Sting of Queens : Part One '' Andy Fickman Story by : Peter Hoare & Pete Correale Teleplay by : Mike Soccio & Michael Loftus May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) KCW122 6.26 Kevin is asked to come out of retirement and pretend to be the husband of Detective Vanessa Cellucci ( Leah Remini , in her first appearance ) in an important case , but he faces a dilemma when the case interferes with his trip to Mets fantasy camp . Meanwhile , Chale gets a high - paying job at a tech start - up company . 24 24 `` Sting of Queens : Part Two '' Andy Fickman Story by : Annie Levine & Jonathan Emerson Teleplay by : Rock Reuben & Tony Sheehan May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) KCW123 5.68 Kevin and Vanessa go to a hotel to try and corner a phony art dealer , and stumble onto a much bigger crime . They eventually crack the case , but not without the aid of an undercover FBI agent . Elsewhere , Donna gets passed over for a promotion at the school , then tells off her boss and quits , while Chale discovers the tech start - up he 's just joined is about to go belly - up . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "14": "viewers ( millions ) 25 `` Civil Ceremony '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus & Pete Correale & Peter Hoare September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) KCW201 10.26 When Chale notices that his visa has expired , he faces deportation and Kendra faces moving to England with him . Although Vanessa sets up a meeting at INS with one of her exes , Kevin blows the meeting , forcing a last - minute wedding for Kendra and Chale . However , issues arise when Kevin tracks down Father Philip to a Civil War battle reenactment and Chale is hospitalized with appendicitis . In the end , Kendra and Chale are finally married at the hospital chapel and have their reception at the reenactment . 26 `` Business Unusual '' Andy Fickman Annie Levine & Jon Emerson & Mike Soccio October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) KCW202 6.65 Kendra asks Vanessa to get Kevin a job , without his knowledge , to stop his helicopter parenting . Vanessa initially presents Kevin a case for her security agency -- serving divorce papers to the elusive Anthony Beyer ( Angelo Pagán , Leah Remini 's real - life husband ) -- as a `` one - day thing '' , but Kevin soon decides its time to go back to work . He applies at the company , only to find that Vanessa is the owner . Kevin refuses to have a `` pity '' job , and decides to go for a guy 's night out , something else he has not done since Donna 's death . With some new information ( Kevin figured out the logo on Anthony 's shirt , while Vanessa just called his wife ) , Kevin and Vanessa successfully finish the job -- and ride a scary ride . Meanwhile , Kyle obsesses over Kevin 's suspicious injury story . 27 `` Kevin Goes Nuts '' Andy Fickman Rock Reuben & Heather MacGillivray & Linda Mathious October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) KCW203 6.01 Vanessa tells a clueless Kevin that Sara 's behavior indicates she has a boyfriend .", "15": "This is confirmed when Vanessa uncovers Sara 's secret second Facebook account . Kevin sneaks off from work to investigate , forcing Vanessa to go after him . Meanwhile , kids at school find out Jack has been lying about having a peanut allergy to sit with them at lunch , so he desperately searches for a new `` illness '' he can claim . 28 `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' Andy Fickman Tom Anderson & Avin Das October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) KCW204 5.96 When Kevin catches Vanessa 's new boyfriend Trent kissing another woman , she 's forced to go to her baby sister 's wedding alone . But Kevin surprises Vanessa by crashing the wedding and pretending to be Trent , helping her save face with her father Vincent ( Chazz Palminteri ) . Meanwhile , Kendra runs into her high school frenemy Noreen ( Kristolyn Lloyd ) at Enzo 's , and hears about the exotic places the also - married Noreen went on her honeymoon . With help from Kyle and Photoshop , Kendra and a reluctant Chale create a fake honeymoon for Instagram . 29 5 `` Grief Thief '' Andy Fickman Mike Soccio & Heather MacGillvray & Linda Mathious October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) KCW205 6.11 Kyle goes to a Parents Without Spouses grief counseling session to see if it will help Kevin , but after meeting a widow who is interested in him , he lies and assumes Kevin 's life . Kevin is upset when he hears about it , but he soon uses the grief group as an excuse to ditch a Sunday job with Vanessa and attend a Jets football game with Goody . Meanwhile , Chale is having trouble getting any sleep due to Kendra 's aggressive cuddling . 30 6 `` The Owl '' Andy Fickman Phoef Sutton & Mark Jordan Legan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) KCW206 6.35 Kevin and Chale go to great lengths to retrieve an owl cookie jar that Kevin had sold to Goody , not knowing it has sentimental value to Kendra .", "16": "The two make a trip to Utica after learning that Goody gave the jar to his cousin , who subsequently pawned it there , only to find the sassy pawnshop owner , Yvette ( Loni Love ) , driving a hard bargain after their earlier encounter at a bar . Meanwhile , Vanessa is tired of Kyle flirting with her , so she tries to help his love life by creating a fake dating profile using a photo of her hairdresser while letting him down easy by saying that she moved to Australia . However , the plan backfires when Kyle recognizes the woman at Enzo 's . 31 7 `` The Kevin Crown Affair '' Andy Fickman Michael Loftus & Pete Correale & Peter Hoare November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) KCW207 6.31 Kevin and Vanessa visit a potential new client , a toy store chain notable for its popular commercial with a `` Prince of Toys '' . Kevin takes a pill that Rutger suggests will help him focus . However , Kevin screws up the interview , and both he and Vanessa secretly try to go back to change the client 's mind . Meanwhile , with his unexpected success in implementing an electronic ordering system at Enzo 's and his continued failure in launching his app that feeds goldfish , Chale wants to quit working on his app to work at Enzo 's full - time as his manager . Kendra forces Kyle to talk to Chale and convince him otherwise , but the conversation backfires as Chale inspires Kyle to get his old band back together . 32 8 `` Slip ' n ' Fall '' Andy Fickman Dan Staley & Tom Anderson November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) KCW210 6.15 After Kevin spills fondue at the office , Rutger slips in it and falls , requiring the latter to take a trip to the hospital and wear a neckbrace . Kevin and Vanessa both worry that Rutger will sue them , when Vanessa reveals that she has n't yet purchased liability company insurance ( due to her dumping a State Farm agent ) . To make matters worse , they find out Rutger has been seeing a lawyer for an unknown , yet suspicious reason .", "17": "Meanwhile , Kendra gives some legal advice to Mott and he thanks her with a $20 tip . This inspires Chale and Kyle to sell Kendra 's services , even though she is technically not yet a lawyer . 33 9 `` Cooking Up a Storm '' Andy Fickman Dan Staley & Annie Levine & Jonathan Emerson November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) KCW209 6.09 Kevin vows to make a home - cooked Thanksgiving meal for the family , but when he finds it impossible , he relies on neighbor Wendy ( Florencia Lozano ) who is always bringing him food . Vanessa correctly deduces that Wendy has been bringing meals to Kevin because she 's romantically interested in him and wants Kevin to end the relationship . Meanwhile , Jack has been stocking supplies because he 's read that Yellowstone sits on an active volcano that could blow anytime , causing chaos throughout the country , and Sara wants to cook the cornbread Donna had taught her to make before her death . 34 10 `` Kevin Moves Metal '' Andy Fickman Peter Hoare & Pete Correale November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) KCW208 6.35 A Monkey Fist client suspects that her ex-husband , a car dealer , is falsifying his income to pay less alimony , so Kevin goes undercover as a janitor to try and get a hold of the dealer 's books . After inadvertently convincing a couple to buy a vehicle , Kevin is immediately promoted to salesman . He is soon distracted by his incentive to win the dealer 's Vespa by selling the most cars , which prompts Vanessa to go undercover herself to make sure he does n't screw up the job . Meanwhile , Chale helps train Jack to be a better actor as the latter prepares to try out for a school play , only to overdo it . 35 11 `` Trainer Wreck '' Andy Fickman Annie Levine & Jonathan Emerson December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) KCW211 6.31 A new gym has opened up downstairs , and Kevin and Vanessa both vie for the attention of the handsome new trainer for very different reasons , putting the partners at odds .", "18": "Meanwhile , Kyle provides bad advice to Chale when a health inspector visits the restaurant with Enzo out of town . 36 12 `` The Might 've Before Christmas '' Andy Fickman Rock Reuben & Mike Soccio December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) KCW212 6.40 At the Gable family Christmas Eve gathering , Vanessa arrives and tells the story of her and Kevin 's first day as partners on the force . As the story evolves , the kids realize it was also the day Kevin asked out Donna for the first time . Meanwhile , Kendra is mad that Kevin did not get a present for Chale , while Kyle is upset that Kevin did not get a present for him ( even though it was Kyle 's idea to not exchange gifts ) . 37 13 `` Monkey Fist Insecurity '' Andy Fickman Pete Correale & Avin Das January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) KCW215 TBD Production ( edit ) In October 2015 , it was announced Kevin James would star in a new family - comedy television series for CBS , while Rock Reuben will executive produce the series , and Bruce Helford would serve as the show runner . On October 17 , 2016 , CBS ordered a full season of 22 episodes . In November 2016 , Bruce Helford exited the series as showrunner after the first thirteen episodes , due to creative differences . Cheers alum Rob Long replaced Helford as showrunner . On January 6 , 2017 , two additional episodes were added , bringing the season to a total of 24 episodes . The series is filmed entirely on Long Island at Gold Coast Studios in Bethpage , New York . The pilot episode was filmed on April 1 , 2016 . Production on subsequent episodes began taping on August 5 , 2016 . Season two was originally supposed to contain 22 episodes . However , like the previous season , it was eventually bumped up to 24 episodes . Casting ( edit ) In January 2016 , Taylor Spreitler had been cast in the series as Kendra , Kevin 's daughter .", "19": "In February 2016 , Ryan Cartwright , Mary - Charles Jones , and James DiGiacomo had been cast in the series , as Kendra 's boyfriend , and James ' characters other children , respectively . That same month , Leonard Earl Howze and Erinn Hayes joined the cast portraying James ' character 's friend and former police partner and James ' wife , respectively . In March 2016 , Lenny Venito and Gary Valentine joined the cast . In September 2016 , it was announced Ray Romano and Gina Brillon would guest star . In November 2016 , it was announced Adam Sandler would also guest star . In March 2017 , it was announced James ' former King of Queens co-star Leah Remini would guest star in the first season 's final two episodes . In June 2017 , Remini was upped to a series regular starting with Season 2 ; shortly after , it was announced that Erinn Hayes would not be returning for the show 's second season . Sources cited in a Variety article confirmed that Remini would be returning as Detective Vanessa Cellucci , the character she portrayed in the first - season finale , and that Hayes ' dismissal was for creative reasons and `` not a reflection '' of the actress ' performance . In August 2017 , it was reported Hayes ' character will be killed off before season two begins and the season will take place 7 -- 10 months after season one ended , in order to make room for Remini . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) During the first season , Kevin Can Wait received generally negative reviews from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 30 % , based on 23 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Kevin James proves a likable , funny lead , but Kevin Can Wait relies too heavily on predictable , unfunny jokes and a series of lackluster subplots to stand out from the crowd . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the series has a score 39 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' .", "20": "With the firing of Hayes and addition of Reimini in season two , the series ' retooling also received negative reviews , this time heavily comparing the series as inferior to James and Remini 's former show The King of Queens . Controversy ( edit ) The replacement of Erinn Hayes with Leah Remini , and how the show handled Donna Gable 's death , has been a source of controversy for the series. . Criticism has lied especially on the episodes `` Civil Ceremony '' and `` Grief Thief '' . In the former , which served as the season premiere , criticism was placed on the brief mention of Donna 's death , via a piece of mail , and a subsequent joke many found distasteful . The later episode , the season 's fifth episode , was panned for its plot that the characters use a single parents support group for getting out of work and their romantic life . The series ' reduced mention of Donna following her death , as well as no specific cause to her death , has also been target of criticism . Viewers and critics of the show remain divided over the retool . Some stated the decision was a well - made one , and that the chemistry James has with Remini has made the quality of the series better . Others say that Hayes ' firing , and the addition of Remini with how the show handled her character 's death , with poor script quality , has made the show worse . Despite the division , both Hayes and Remini spoke highly of each other . Remini stated that , before Hayes ' firing , she was looking forward to working with her again ; Hayes ( who has mostly remained silent over the firing so far ) asked fans to not place blame on Remini . It has been rumoured and hinted at that the addition of co-star Leah Remini was an attempt to save the show from cancellation . Many suggested this theory is due not only to their great chemistry and ability to play off one another well , but also to capitalize on their successful run on The King of Queens a decade earlier . However , James insisted the choice was purely creative , as the writers felt they were running out of ideas , and he was unsure if it would continue beyond a second season . James also stated that the original plot line of the series was to have him as a single father , but the original producers gave him a wife instead .", "21": "Despite the controversy surround the revamp , the series ' ratings have remained steady . As of December 1 , 2017 , the series was averaging 8.2 million viewers ( with delayed viewing ) in the season , competing against more established Top 20 series Dancing with the Stars and ' The Voice . The series also performs well in the much - coveted 18 - 49 demographic , ranking as the fifth - highest rated program on CBS in that category . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30 PM ( 1 -- 5 ) Monday 8 : 00 PM ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 11.08 May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.68 2016 -- 17 32 9.24 2.1 Monday 9 : 00 PM ( 1 -- 5 ) Monday 8 : 00 PM ( 6 -- ) 24 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 10.26 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No .", "22": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Pilot '' September 19 , 2016 2.6 / 9 11.08 0.9 3.5 `` Sleep Disorder '' September 26 , 2016 2.7 / 8 10.62 0.9 3.6 `` Chore Weasel '' October 3 , 2016 2.2 / 8 9.60 0.8 3.0 `` Kevin and Donna 's Book Club '' October 10 , 2016 2.1 / 7 8.70 0.8 2.9 5 `` Kevin 's Good Story '' October 17 , 2016 2.1 / 7 8.54 0.7 2.8 6 `` Beat the Parents '' October 24 , 2016 1.7 / 6 7.91 N / A N / A 7 `` Hallow - We - Ai n't - Home '' October 31 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.42 0.6 1.9 8 `` Who 's Better than Us ? ''", "23": "November 7 , 2016 1.7 / 6 7.41 N / A N / A 9 `` The Power of Positive Drinking '' November 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 7.06 N / A N / A 10 `` The Fantastic Pho '' November 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 6.97 0.5 2.0 11 `` Kevin 's Bringing Supper Back '' December 5 , 2016 1.5 / 5 7.14 N / A N / A 12 `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas ... Maybe '' December 12 , 2016 1.4 / 5 7.31 0.6 2.0 13 `` Ring Worm '' January 2 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.36 N / A N / A 14 `` Kevin vs.", "24": "The Dutch Elm '' January 16 , 2017 1.7 / 6 8.66 N / A N / A 15 `` Choke Doubt '' January 23 , 2017 1.7 / 6 8.62 0.6 2.3 16 `` The Back Out '' February 6 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.91 N / A N / A 17 `` Unholy War '' February 13 , 2017 1.5 / 6 7.85 N / A N / A 18 `` Neighborhood Watch '' February 20 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.29 N / A N / A 19 `` Showroom Showdown '' March 13 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.79 N / A N / A 20 `` Double Date '' March 20 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.93 N / A N / A 21 `` Kenny Can Wait '' April 10 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.04 N / A N / A 22 `` Quiet Diet '' April 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.90 N / A N / A 23 `` Sting of Queens : Part One '' May 1 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.26 N / A N / A 24 `` Sting of Queens : Part Two '' May 8 , 2017 1.1 / 5 5.68 N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Civil Ceremony '' September 25 , 2017 2.", "25": "3 / 8 10.26 TBD TBD `` Business Unusual '' October 2 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.65 TBD TBD `` Kevin Goes Nuts '' October 9 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.01 TBD TBD `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' October 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.96 TBD TBD 5 `` Grief Thief '' October 23 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.11 TBD TBD 6 `` The Owl '' October 30 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.35 TBD TBD 7 `` The Kevin Crown Affair '' November 6 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.31 TBD TBD 8 `` Slip ' n ' Fall '' November 13 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.15 TBD TBD 9 `` Cooking Up a Storm '' November 20 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.09 TBD TBD 10 `` Kevin Moves Metal '' November 27 , 2017 1.2 / 5 6.35 TBD TBD 11 `` Trainer Wreck '' December 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.31 TBD TBD 12 `` The Might 've Before Christmas '' December 18 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.40 TBD TBD 13 `` Monkey Fist Insecurity '' January 15 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD See also ( edit ) The King of Queens , James and Remini 's first CBS sitcom Man with a Plan , another CBS sitcom often compared and partnered with Kevin Can Wait Heaven Can Wait ,", "26": "the phrase to which the title of the sitcom alludes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The company was named Golden Phoenix Security in `` Business Unusual '' and `` Kevin Goes Nuts '' , before being changed in the latter episode . Jump up ^ Donna 's death has still yet to be explained to the audience . Multiple earlier season two episodes state its been a year , but in `` Cooking Up a Storm '' , it was stated that Wendy has been chasing after Kevin for ten months . Although her actual cause of death also has yet to be revealed , many conversations suggest it was sudden . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 CBS Pilots '' . Deadline.com . December 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' Will Kill Off Erinn Hayes ' Character This Fall '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' Spent Less Than One Minute Mourning Erinn Hayes ' Character in Season 2 Premiere '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Erinn Hayes ' Character to Be Killed Off ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/08/23/this-is-us-season-2-spoilers-jack-kid-young-flashback/ Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/09/04/kevin-can-wait-james-leah-remini-season-2-romance-relationship/ Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Can Wait : Leah Remini Returning as a Series Regular in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Orders More Episodes Of ' S.W.A.T. ' & ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Voice ' adjusts down , final debate numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Conviction , Timeless , Kevin and Scorpion all adjust down , Big Bang and Voice adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 .", "28": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust up , ' Christmas Light Fight ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) .", "29": "`` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 .", "31": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) .", "32": "`` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # KCW215 ) `` Monkey Fist Insecurity '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/11/30/tv-calendar-2018-january-return-dates/ Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin James Returns To CBS With New Family Comedy Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' and ' MacGyver ' Grab Full - Season Pickups at CBS '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Can Wait Shake - Up : Co-Creator Departs Amid Creative Differences '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' Showrunner Bruce Helford Exits CBS Comedy Series , Rob Long Will Replace Him '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freshman Comedies ' Kevin Can Wait ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Man With A Plan ' Get More Episodes At CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin James sitcom ' Kevin Can Wait ' to film on Long Island '' . Newsday .", "33": "Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin James '' . Blacklist NYC . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' Here on Long Island '' . From Long Island . August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Orders More Episodes Of ' S.W.A.T. ' & ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Spreitler To Co-Star In Kevin James ' CBS Comedy Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin James CBS Comedy Casts Ryan Cartwright ; Andy Fickman Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arielle Kebbel Joins NBC 's ' Midnight , Texas ' ; CBS ' Kevin James Comedy Adds 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin James CBS Comedy Casts Leonard Earl Howze ; Chris Williams Joins ' The Great Indoors ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Erinn Hayes Set As the Female Lead In Kevin James ' CBS Comedy Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lenny Venito & Gary Valentine Join Kevin James ' CBS Comedy Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ; Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 27 , 2016 ) .", "34": "`` Kevin James Producing CBS Sitcom Starring Comedian Gina Brillon '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Ray Romano to guest - star on Kevin James comedy Kevin Can Wait '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Adam Sandler to Guest Star on CBS ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini To Reunite With Kevin James In ' Kevin Can Wait ' Season Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini to Reunite With Kevin James in ' Kevin Can Wait ' Season Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini Joins CBS ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' As Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini Joins ' Kevin Can Wait ' Season 2 as Series Regular '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra . `` Erinn Hayes Leaving CBS ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erinn Hayes ' Character to Be Killed Off ' Kevin Can Wait ' to Make Room for Leah Remini '' . Variety . August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Can Wait ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Can Wait reviews '' . Metacritic .", "35": "Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.inquisitr.com/4571862/kevin-can-wait-slammed-too-similar-king-of-queens-erinn-hayes-fired/ Jump up ^ https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/kevin-james-reveals-why-kevin-can-wait-killed-his-tv-wife-w509141/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/25/how-kevin-can-wait-addressed-donna-death/ Jump up ^ http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a13082438/kevin-can-wait-season-2-episode-5-recap/ Jump up ^ http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a13125274/kevin-can-wait-episode-6-recap/ Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/09/27/kevin-can-waits-leah-remini-praises-shows-ex-star-erinn-hayes.html ^ Jump up to : http://people.com/tv/erinn-hayes-liking-tweets-kevin-can-wait-boycott/ Jump up ^ http://www.countryliving.com/life/entertainment/news/a45000/leah-remini-kevin-can-wait-wife-death/ Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/kevin-james-tv-wife-killed-kevin-wait-article-1.3563140 Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/12/cbs-swat-kevin-can-wait-additional-episodes-supersized-season-1202218603/ Jump up ^ https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/cbs-2017-18-season-ratings/ Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ; Moraes , Lisa de ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) .", "36": "`` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' .", "37": "TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 .", "38": "External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin Can Wait on IMDb Kevin Can Wait at TV.com ( hide ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.", "39": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Wisdom of the Crowd ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr.", "40": "Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Can_Wait&oldid=818694421 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American television sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series about families Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1442521968114516256	when did season 4 of glee come out	[ "September 13, 2012 (2012-09-13) – May 9, 2013", "September 13, 2012", "September 13, 2012", "September 13, 2012", "September 13, 2012" ]	{ "0": "Glee ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Glee ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Glee ( season 4 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Chris Colfer Darren Criss Jane Lynch Kevin McHale Lea Michele Cory Monteith Heather Morris Matthew Morrison Chord Overstreet Amber Riley Naya Rivera Mark Salling Harry Shum , Jr . Jenna Ushkowitz Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Original release September 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) -- May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Glee episodes The fourth season of the Fox musical comedy - drama television series Glee was commissioned on April 9 , 2012 . It premiered on September 13 , 2012 and is produced by 20th Century Fox Television , Ryan Murphy Television and Brad Falchuk Teley - Vision with executive producers Dante Di Loreto and series co-creators Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan . The series features the New Directions glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in the town of Lima , Ohio . The fourth season continues in Lima with a new generation of students but will also follow some of the McKinley graduates from the third season , notably to the fictional New York Academy of the Dramatic Arts ( NYADA ) in New York City . The season follows the club competing on the show choir circuit , while its members , faculty and alumni deal with sex , bulimia , gender identity , child molestation , dyslexia , school violence , pregnancy scares and other social issues .", "1": "As of the season premiere , fourteen main cast members retained that status from the third season : glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) , cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) , glee club members Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) , Blaine Anderson ( Darren Criss ) , Tina Cohen - Chang ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) , and Brittany Pierce ( Heather Morris ) , and graduates Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) , Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) and Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) . Previously recurring character Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , a glee club member , was promoted to the main cast in the fourth season . Dianna Agron , who played Quinn Fabray , appeared less frequently in the season than in previous ones , as did some of the other graduates , including Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) , Mike Chang ( Harry Shum Jr . ) , and Noah Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) , despite still being credited as main cast members for this season . Agron and Jayma Mays , who continued to appear as guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury , were credited as guest stars this season rather than as series regulars . This season marked the final appearance of Cory Monteith on the show before his death on July 13 , 2013 . The season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards including one for Lynch 's performance as Sue Sylvester and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Filming 3 Cast 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.2. 1 Live + SD Ratings 5 Home video releases 6 References Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Glee episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "2": "viewers ( millions ) 67 `` The New Rachel '' Brad Falchuk Ryan Murphy September 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) 4ARC01 7.41 Rachel begins school at NYADA , where she meets junior Brody Weston ( Dean Geyer ) and starts classes with a tough dance instructor , Cassandra July ( Kate Hudson ) . At McKinley High , the rebuilding of New Directions begins and Wade `` Unique '' Adams ( Alex Newell ) transfers to join the group . Kurt aids director Will Schuester in finding potential recruits , who include Marley Rose ( Melissa Benoist ) and Puck 's half brother Jake ( Jacob Artist ) . 68 `` Britney 2.0 '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Brad Falchuk September 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) 4ARC02 7.46 Brittany is depressed , and turns to her namesake Britney Spears for inspiration , leading to the Glee Club and Sam to help her out . Rachel continues to struggle in adjusting to life at NYADA and in New York , as well as the constant tormenting of Cassandra , but gets help from new friend and classmate Brody . Puck returns when Will calls him and meets Jake for the first time as he gives him an attitude adjustment . 69 `` Makeover '' Eric Stoltz Ian Brennan September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 4ARC03 5.79 At McKinley High , Blaine and Sam run against Brittany and Artie for the student council , and win . Kurt gets an internship in New York at Vogue.com , working for Isabelle Wright ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) and excels , while he is inadvertently pulling away from Blaine . Rachel starts to warm up to her new classmate Brody and invites him to her and Kurt 's apartment just as her former fiancé Finn shows up there unexpectedly .", "3": "70 `` The Break Up '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Ryan Murphy October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 4ARC04 6.07 The show 's major couples face serious problems in their relationships : Finn , after being incommunicado for months , shows up in New York unexpectedly , and discovers he does n't fit in with Rachel 's life at NYADA . Blaine misses Kurt and feels left behind , and briefly cheats on Kurt before realizing his error . Santana and Brittany struggle because of the distance , and Santana decides to do the `` mature thing '' and have them set each other free . Marley tells Jake that she is n't keen on him spending time with Kitty ( Becca Tobin ) , and Emma and Will have problems when Will is accepted into the Blue Ribbon Panel for the arts in Washington : he will be there for several months , and wants Emma to come with him , but she does n't want to go . 71 5 `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' Brad Falchuk Michael Hitchcock November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 4ARC05 5.68 The McKinley High production of Grease is being cast , and after Artie recruits Finn to help him direct , he calls in McKinley graduates Mercedes and Mike to help him and Finn with auditions for the musical . Competitors for the lead role of Danny include Jake and football player Ryder Lynn ( Blake Jenner ) , while Marley and Kitty are rivals for Sandy , the female lead . Will also makes a big decision . 72 6 `` Glease '' Michael Uppendahl Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 4ARC06 5.22 The McKinley High production of Grease opens , and Santana returns to help out with it when Wade is pulled out . Rachel also has another run in with Cassandra , her dance instructor , and Kurt and Rachel visit Lima , resulting in Cassandra seducing Brody to spite Rachel . Kitty convinces Marley that she is genetically predisposed to be overweight and that she needs to induce vomit in order to maintain a healthy weight .", "4": "Ryder finds Marley trying to vomit in the bathroom . He tells her that she looks good and that what she is doing is not healthy , and kisses her backstage as Jake looks on . At the choir room , New Directions celebrates the positive reviews of `` Grease '' . Will says his goodbyes to the glee club before leaving , and Finn officially takes over . 73 7 `` Dynamic Duets '' Ian Brennan Ian Brennan November 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 22 ) 4ARC07 4.62 Romantic tension builds between Marley and two of the glee club 's males , Jake and Ryder . Kitty and Marley develop a ' friendship ' as Marley continues to ail . Blaine checks in on Sebastian and the Warblers when the glee club gets its Nationals trophy stolen and is given a tempting offer -- to rejoin the Warblers . Meanwhile , Ryder is tested to discover the reason why he is failing all his tests , only to find out he is dyslexic . 74 8 `` Thanksgiving '' Bradley Buecker Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 4ARC08 5.39 New Directions prepare for and perform at Sectionals with dramatic results . They are helped by some of the glee club 's graduates , including Quinn and Santana , who are home for the Thanksgiving holiday , resulting in new friendships and the flaming of old rivalries . Rachel and Kurt celebrate Thanksgiving in New York and Kurt starts to mend his relationship with Blaine . 75 9 `` Swan Song '' Brad Falchuk Stacy Traub December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 4ARC09 5.43 On the wake of Marley 's blackout , the New Directions lose Sectionals and are disqualified from the competition . Finn starts to contemplate his future with the glee club upon their loss and subsequent disbanding . Back in New York , the tension between Rachel and Cassandra increases . And Rachel gets invited to perform for the Winter Showcase while Kurt gets a second chance to audition for NYADA .", "5": "76 10 `` Glee , Actually '' Adam Shankman Matthew Hodgson December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 4ARC10 5.26 A tribute to the film Love , Actually with five different storylines all dealing with the holidays . Sam and Brittany live as if it 's the end of the world as the Mayans know it . The Puckermans , including half - brothers Puck and Jake and their mothers , come together for Chanukah . Artie suffers a head injury in which he slips on ice and has an epiphany through a dream sequence in which he reflects what may have happened if he never was in a wheelchair and glee club never formed . In his black - and - white vision he sees Rory as his guardian angel , reminding him of who he was to the glee club . Kurt spends Christmas with Blaine and his father in New York , whilst discovering his father has prostate cancer . Sue struggles to get a Secret Santa present for Marley 's mother , Millie , but has a change of heart after seeing Marley and Millie struggle . 77 11 `` Sadie Hawkins '' Bradley Buecker Ross Maxwell January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4ARC11 6.79 The girls of McKinley High finally have the power when Tina plans a Sadie Hawkins dance . Everyone 's nervous as the girls of New Directions ask their desired guys . Secret crushes spread throughout the glee club . Sam and Blaine also investigate a possibility of The Warblers cheating at Sectionals . The tension between the love triangle of Kitty , Jake and Marley weakens when Kitty sets her eye on Puck . Meanwhile in New York , Rachel is preoccupied with Brody , so Kurt tries to find his niche in NYADA . He meets and forms a friendship with Adam , who is the leader of the glee club Adam 's Apples . 78 12 `` Naked '' Ian Brennan Ryan Murphy January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 4ARC12 5.48 The New Directions are reintegrated to the show choir competition .", "6": "Quinn and Santana visit Rachel in New York to advise her not to shoot a nude scene for a student film project . The glee club puts together a sexy calendar to raise funds for the bus to Regionals , and Finn has a major confrontation with Sue . Meanwhile , Marley and Jake try to tell each other what they really feel . 79 13 `` Diva '' Paris Barclay Brad Falchuk February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 4ARC13 6.03 Concerned New Directions does n't have the killer instinct to win at Regionals , Finn assigns the club to let loose their inner divas . Tina 's infatuation with Blaine reaches a tipping point and she comes to a realization . Santana 's return creates trouble for Sam and Brittany . Santana also tries to decide what to do with her future . Emma is in a time of chaos because of preparations for the upcoming wedding . With Will away , Finn and Emma help each other out . In New York , Kurt can not take Rachel 's arrogant attitude , so he challenges her to a sing - off for bragging rights at NYADA . 80 14 `` I Do '' Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 4ARC14 5.13 Past and present New Directions members attend Will and Emma 's Valentine 's Day wedding , where they are invited to be the singers . Emma does not join Will at the altar , and at the reception afterward , some past relationships are possibly rekindled , current ones progress , and new ones may be beginning . After her return to New York , Rachel gets what appears to be bad news . 81 15 `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' Ian Brennan Michael Hitchcock March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) 4ARC15 6.72 Will states that movies and films are another way to calm people down from the day - to - day anxieties , in this case , himself being left at the altar by Emma in the last episode . He sets up a mash - up Boys Vs.", "7": "Girls competition , based on songs from films . The Glee Club peps up for the competition as they perform their 500th musical performance on the show . As the Glee Club prepares for the competition , Finn assists Will in finding Emma successfully . Back in New York , Santana gets too comfortable in the Bushwick apartment for Kurt and Rachel 's approval . When Adam , Kurt , Rachel and Santana are snowbound , Santana digs out the dirty secrets and is certain who Brody really is and also find 's out Rachel 's pregnancy test results . 82 16 `` Feud '' Bradley Buecker Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 4ARC16 5.37 New Directions members deal with their own conflicts by performing songs created by feuding artists . Santana starts to distrust Brody , as she thinks he is hiding something and after she confronts him at NYADA , she is asked by Rachel and Kurt to move out . Brody is later revealed to be a gigolo . Meanwhile , Ryder starts online chatting with a mysterious girl , with whom he expresses great interest . Finn confronts Brody because of Rachel . 83 17 `` Guilty Pleasures '' Eric Stoltz Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 4ARC17 5.91 The singers of New Directions are faced with having to perform their musical guilty pleasures : songs and performers that people might really like , but if so usually keep that fact secret . Sam and Blaine hand out assignments to the glee club members . Rachel finally finds out the truth about Brody 's extra-curricular activities . And Blaine admits to Sam being in love with him . 84 18 `` Shooting Star '' Bradley Buecker Matthew Hodgson April 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) 4ARC18 6.67 Brittany predicts that a meteor will strike Lima . For their weekly assignment , Will gives the kids the theme `` Last Chance '' in the hopes their fear of the impending disaster will inspire them to live each day as if it could be their last .", "8": "While Will 's lesson plan has the residual effect of prompting a heartfelt and unexpected confession from Coach Beiste , its premise suddenly takes on new meaning when the school is immersed in a terrifyingly real event . Meanwhile , when Ryder discovers , much to his delight , that Katie -- the girl he 's been communicating with strictly via text message -- is a student at McKinley , he decides to initiate the next step in their relationship . 85 19 `` Sweet Dreams '' Elodie Keene Ross Maxwell April 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) 4ARC19 6.14 Rachel psyches herself up for what she believes will be the most important audition of her life : a chance to play `` Fanny Brice '' in an all - new Broadway production of Funny Girl . She gets a surprise visit from her mother , Shelby , who offers some very valuable advice . Finn begins to settle into his new life as a college student at The University of Lima . While he takes to the school 's party atmosphere with ease with new roommate Puck , it takes heartfelt conversations from friends to put his priorities back in order . Meanwhile , Marley , tries to work up the confidence to suggest that Mr. Schue look at her original music as an alternative for Regionals . 86 20 `` Lights Out '' Paris Barclay Ryan Murphy April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 4ARC20 5.24 McKinley High loses power , and New Directions performs acoustically while electricity is unavailable . Ryder shares a secret from his past -- he was sexually abused when he was a child . Meanwhile , Vogue.com boss Isabelle Wright recruits her former intern Kurt Hummel to help out at a company - sponsored event to raise money for charity , with Rachel and Santana along for good measure . 87 21 `` Wonder - ful '' Wendey Stanzler Brad Falchuk May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 4ARC21 5.19 Kurt returns to Ohio for Burt 's appointment and stops by McKinley to help the New Directions prepare for Regionals , along with Mike and Mercedes .", "9": "Artie is keeping a secret from his mom ( special guest star Katey Sagal ) , but Kitty steps in to help Artie come clean . Rachel worries when Cassandra finds out about her Funny Girl audition , but is surprised when Cassandra changes her attitude towards her . 88 22 `` All or Nothing '' Bradley Buecker Ian Brennan May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 4ARC22 5.92 Rachel has her Funny Girl callback whilst the New Directions take on the Hoosierdaddies with lead singer Frida Romero ( Jessica Sanchez ) and the Waffletoots ( Yale Whiffenpoofs , with lead singer Brandon Levin ) at Regionals . Brittany returns from MIT to McKinley with a new attitude . Ryder finally discovers who Katie is . Will and Emma decide to marry in surprise in the show choir room while Blaine plans on proposing to Kurt . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The fourth season will continue to be set at McKinley High in Ohio and follow several of the just - graduated characters to New York , and will be set at a performing arts school ( NYADA ) there . The Ohio portion of the show will feature a number of new characters . Co-creator Ryan Murphy has confirmed that all regular cast members from the third season will be returning to the show for its fourth season , though `` it does n't mean everyone will be doing 22 episodes '' . Fox announced on May 14 , 2012 , that Glee would be moving to Thursday nights at 9 pm ET for the fourth season . Episodes aired after that evening 's 8 pm ET music competition `` results '' shows -- The X Factor in the fall and American Idol in midseason . The season premiered on September 13 , 2012 with the second episode of the season serving as the show 's second Britney Spears tribute , featuring eight of her songs . In the UK , Glee airs as part of Sky 1 Sundays at 8pm and broadcast began on January 6 , 2013 . Some changes were made to the show 's writing staff .", "10": "Marti Noxon announced that she would no longer be a writer or consulting producer on the show , and co-executive producer and writer Ali Adler stated that she would be scaling back her work on Glee to focus on her new NBC comedy The New Normal , which she co-created with Murphy . On July 14 , 2012 , Glee attended the San Diego Comic - Con in California . Co-creator Brad Falchuk revealed that Damian McGinty ( Rory ) would not be returning in the fall but stated he could return in the spring . Falchuk announced that Vanessa Lengies ( Sugar ) and Samuel Larsen ( Joe ) would be returning . Falchuk also had aspirations to bring back Alex Newell ( Wade ) at some point during season four . Other season details include the following : Sue had her baby when season four commenced ; episodes alternated between Ohio and New York , much like McKinley High and Dalton Academy in Season 2 ; and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) remained in Ohio before moving to New York . Brad Falchuk also revealed that Will ( Matthew Morrison ) and Emma ( Jayma Mays ) would still be engaged when the season began , and he went on to state there would be many new faces during the season , also commenting that Rachel would have a roommate and new friends in New York . Season four featured a teaming up of Coach Roz ( NeNe Leakes ) and Sue ( Jane Lynch ) to take down Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) . On July 31 , 2012 , executive producer Murphy revealed on his Twitter account that the first group number of the season would be a cover of Adele 's `` Chasing Pavements '' . Murphy also tweeted that there would be an episode titled `` The Break - Up '' and a two - part Thanksgiving episode in which the Sectionals competition will take place . Murphy also stated that the show would be doing another Christmas episode this season . Executive producer Falchuk stated that season four will not revolve around relationships as much as past seasons , commenting , `` Relationships in general will be less of a focus this year , I personally think a lot of these characters are more interesting not in relationships . And I think with a lot of them we will be exploring that . Whether they break up or not , we 're really focused on giving them more individual stories . ''", "11": "Filming ( edit ) Season four of Glee began filming on Tuesday , July 24 , 2012 . A substantial amount of exterior shots depicting New York City will be shot on location in that city . Studio recording for the season began earlier , by July 19 , 2012 , with Jenna Ushkowitz and Heather Morris recording on that day . Cast ( edit ) Fox credits fourteen main cast members for the season : Matthew Morrison as glee club director Will Schuester ; Jane Lynch as cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ; Chris Colfer , Lea Michele , Cory Monteith , Amber Riley , Naya Rivera , Mark Salling and Harry Shum , Jr. as McKinley graduates and former glee club members Kurt Hummel , Rachel Berry , Finn Hudson , Mercedes Jones , Santana Lopez , Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman and Mike Chang respectively ; and Darren Criss , Kevin McHale , Heather Morris , Chord Overstreet and Jenna Ushkowitz as current glee club members Blaine Anderson , Artie Abrams , Brittany Pierce , Sam Evans , and Tina Cohen - Chang respectively . Overstreet received a contractual upgrade , having formerly been a recurring cast member . Two previous main cast member who are no longer series regulars are Jayma Mays as guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury , and Dianna Agron as Quinn Fabray , though both are listed among the guest cast for this season . Two actresses appeared in multi-episode guest - starring arcs as part of the New York sequences : Sarah Jessica Parker as Isabelle Wright ( first reported as Isabelle Klempt ) , and Kate Hudson as Cassandra July . Parker 's character is a mentor to Kurt , and Hudson 's character is Rachel 's dance teacher at NYADA ; Hudson was originally reported to be appearing in six episodes during the fall . Several new recurring characters were added for the new season . Dean Geyer as Brody Weston , a handsome junior at Rachel 's new school , Jacob Artist as McKinley sophomore Jake Puckerman , Puck 's ( Mark Salling ) younger half brother , Becca Tobin as Kitty , a cheerleader , and Melissa Benoist as Marley Rose . Marley 's mother Millie was played by Trisha Rae Stahl .", "12": "The Glee Project winner Blake Jenner was given a recurring role -- set for at least seven episodes -- starting with the fifth episode ; he plays Ryder Lynn , a new McKinley student , who joins New Directions with Finn 's aid . Jenner has commented that he would enjoy playing a character like Finn . Glee Project runner - up Ali Stroker had a guest role on `` I Do '' as Betty , Emma 's niece and Artie 's love interest . Actress Whoopi Goldberg reprised her season three role , Carmen Tibideaux . She recurred throughout the season . Other recurring guests who returned include Vanessa Lengies as Sugar Motta , Samuel Larsen as Joe Hart and Alex Newell as Wade `` Unique '' Adams . Lauren Potter as cheerleader Becky Jackson also returned , and filmed scenes on August 22 , 2012 . Damian McGinty ( Rory Flanagan ) was not a part of the regular cast , but he made a special appearance in `` Glee , Actually '' as Artie 's guardian angel in a dream sequence . From the cast of recurring adult characters , Dot - Marie Jones as Coach Beiste , Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins and NeNe Leakes as Coach Roz Washington all returned . Jessalyn Gilsig , like McGinty , made a special appearance in `` Glee , Actually '' in Artie 's dream sequence , reprising her role as Terri Schuester . Grant Gustin returned as Dalton Academy Warbler Sebastian Smythe , and the group 's new leader , Hunter , was played by Nolan Gerard Funk . Ashley Fink also returned for a guest appearance in `` Sadie Hawkins '' reprising her role as Lauren Zizes after being absent for most of Season 3 and the first ten episodes of Season 4 . American Idol season 11 runner - up Jessica Sanchez appeared near the end of the season as a student from a rival school named Frida Romero , who has been described as a `` powerhouse singer '' . Idina Menzel also reprised her role as Shelby Corcoran for a guest appearance in `` Sweet Dreams '' for the first time since her multi-episode arc in season 3 .", "13": "Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season received a Metacritic score of 73 out of 100 based on 6 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 / 10 based on 13 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Glee may have lost a few of its major characters , but several strong storylines help to compensate , and the songs are as strong as ever . '' Ratings ( edit ) As of April 19 , 2013 , after 19 of 22 episodes in the season , the season had averaged a 3.6 / 10 rating / share among adults 18 - 49 and 8.70 million viewers when counting live plus 7 Day ( DVR ) Ratings . Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The New Rachel '' September 13 , 2012 3.1 / 8 7.41 `` Britney 2.0 '' September 20 , 2012 2.9 / 8 7.46 `` Makeover '' September 27 , 2012 2.4 / 7 5.79 `` The Break Up '' October 4 , 2012 2.6 / 7 6.07 5 `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' November 8 , 2012 2.4 / 6 5.68 6 `` Glease '' November 15 , 2012 2.1 / 6 5.22 7 `` Dynamic Duets '' November 22 , 2012 1.5 / 5 4.62 8 `` Thanksgiving '' November 29 , 2012 2.2 / 6 5.39 9 `` Swan Song '' December 6 , 2012 2.2 / 6 5.43 10 `` Glee , Actually '' December 13 , 2012 2.", "14": "0 / 5 5.26 11 `` Sadie Hawkins '' January 24 , 2013 2.6 / 7 6.79 12 `` Naked '' January 31 , 2013 2.1 / 6 5.48 13 `` Diva '' February 7 , 2013 2.2 / 6 6.03 14 `` I Do '' February 14 , 2013 1.7 / 5 5.13 15 `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' March 7 , 2013 2.4 / 7 6.72 16 `` Feud '' March 14 , 2013 2.0 / 6 5.37 17 `` Guilty Pleasures '' March 21 , 2013 2.0 / 6 5.91 18 `` Shooting Star '' April 11 , 2013 2.4 / 6 6.67 19 `` Sweet Dreams '' April 18 , 2013 2.1 / 6 6.14 20 `` Lights Out '' April 25 , 2013 1.8 / 5 5.24 21 `` Wonder - ful '' May 2 , 2013 1.9 / 5 5.19 22 `` All or Nothing '' May 9 , 2013 2.0 / 6 5.92 Home Video releases ( edit ) Glee : The Complete Fourth Season was released on October 1 , 2013 in DVD ( with 6 - set discs ) and Blu - ray ( with 4 - set discs ) , and contains the special features ; `` Glee Music Jukebox '' , `` Movin ' On Up : Glee in NYC '' , `` Deleted Scenes '' , `` Jarley '' , `` Building New York '' , `` Glee on Film '' , `` The Road to 500 '' , `` Blaine 's Time Capsule '' and `` Glee Premiere Party ! '' .", "15": "After Cory Monteith 's death on July 13 , 2013 , They decided to re-design the Season 4 DVD cover art to include an image of Finn . However , this change has altered the release date . Glee -- The Complete Fourth Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set Running Time : 965 minutes 1.77 : 1 aspect ratio English Subtitles : English , French , Spanish Glee Music Jukebox Deleted Scenes Movin ' On Up : Glee in NYC Jarley Building New York Glee on Film The Road to 500 Blaine 's Time Capsule Glee Premiere Party ! DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Breaking : Fox Renews Glee , New Girl and Raising Hope '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' New Girl `` , `` Raising Hope '' and `` Glee '' to continue laughs in 2012 -- 13 season on Fox '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting Company . April 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FOX announces fall premiere dates for the 2012 -- 2013 season '' . Fox Flash . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` @ KecksExclusives Do n't think we 'll be seeing much of @ MsAmberPRiley @ iharryshum @ DiannaAgron and @ MarkSalling on # glee new season , FOX suggests '' . Twitter .", "16": "Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cory Monteith found dead '' . E ! Online . July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout ' , ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' .", "17": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sara , Bibel ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 12 , 2013 ) .", "19": "`` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Sarah Jessica Parker , Kate Hudson Set for Show - Within - a-Show Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Ryan Murphy Tells Us Who 's Staying on Glee '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Fall Schedule Revealed : Glee Shifts to Thursday , Touch Moves to Friday and More ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' scoop : New Britney Spears tribute planned for fall ; plus details on Kate Hudson 's role -- Exclusive '' . Inside TV . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 kicks off in GLEE - ful mode '' . BskyB . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Noxon , Marti ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` I will not be on Glee 4 . Love the show and will miss all the good peeps . So all ya 'll Gleeks can unfollow and stop yelling at me ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Trish ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Ali Adler on The New Normal and stepping back from Glee '' . After Ellen . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : ' Glee ' : Damian McGinty Not Returning , Sue Gives Birth and 13 Season 4 Spoilers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Comic - con panel -- SDCC 2012 1 / 3 '' . YouTube . July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` @ massivegleek The first group number is `` Chasing Pavements '' by the fabulous Miss @ OfficialAdele `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 31 , 2012 ) .", "21": "`` @ ClaireMilne The writers are working on an episode called `` The Break - Up '' that I 'm really excited about `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` @ ftlquamduck Yes ! Planning a great two - part Thanksgiving episode . Sectionals happens during Turkey Time this year ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` @ shanoreily I actually am doing Christmas episodes on all three shows '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Glee Exec on Season 4 's Big ' Breakup ' Episode : ' It 's Like Titanic -- Not All Will Make It ' '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Lea Michele OK With Glee 's Emmy Snubs : `` I 'm Very Proud of Our Last Season '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cini , Donna ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 4 on location in New York City : Pictures '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ushkowitz , Jenna ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` JennaUshkowitz : Back in the recording studio '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` The New Rachel '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Chord Overstreet Officially Returning as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner ( writers ) ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Thanksgiving '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 8 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Video : Sarah Jessica Parker and Vogue.com on Glee '' . Vogue.com . September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Scoop ! Sarah Jessica Parker 's Vogue Connection & Kate Hudson 's Character Name '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : New Glee Season Secrets ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Exclusive : Meet the New Girls ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Video Sneak Peeks : Rachel Gets Dissed and Meets the New ( Nude ! ) Guy in Her Life '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Scoop : Meet the ' Freshman ' Class ( Including Love Interest For Rachel , Puck 's Younger Bro ) '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Marley 's Mother to Recur in Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Walking Dead , Once , Castle , Gossip Girl , New Girl , SOA and More ! ''", "23": ". TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Exclusive : Cory Monteith on Finn 's Return , ' Break - Up ' Drama and Being Called a ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Glee Project ' Winner Blake Jenner : ' I 'd Love to Be a Finn - Type Character ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes of Ali Stroker 's Glee Debut -- Exclusive '' . Wetpaint . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Brings Back Whoopi Goldberg for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Glee Adds More Sugar in Season 4 '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lauren ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` TheLaurenPotter : So tired after a long day at McKinley High . But I ca n't wait to go back again . I hope this proves I 'm the real Lauren ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Glee 's Dot - Marie Jones Talks Emmy Nod , Season 4 Status , Loving / Hating Her Pivotal Episode '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Adds Canadian Actor - Singer as New Lead Warbler '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( December 20 , 2012 ) .", "24": "`` ' Glee Scoop : Ashley Fink Books Return '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Sanchez 's Glee Role Revealed : She 'll Be A ' Legendary Diva ' '' . March 25 , 2013 . Hollywoodlife . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GLEE : SEASON 4 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/04/19/glee-renewed-by-fox-for-seasons-five-and-six/178818/ Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Glee - Fox Home Entertainment 's Official ' Complete 4th Season ' Press Release '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 .", "25": "Glee Awards and nominations Merchandise Episodes Season : 1 5 6 Characters Artie Abrams Blaine Anderson Coach Beiste Rachel Berry Mike Chang Tina Cohen - Chang Shelby Corcoran Dani Sam Evans Quinn Fabray Rory Flanagan Elliott Gilbert Holly Holliday Finn Hudson Burt Hummel Kurt Hummel Mercedes Jones Dave Karofsky Santana Lopez Ryder Lynn Brittany Pierce Emma Pillsbury Noah Puckerman Terri Schuester Will Schuester Sue Sylvester Kitty Wilde Lauren Zizes Songs Season : 1 5 6 Original songs `` Get It Right '' `` Loser like Me '' `` Pretending '' `` Light Up the World '' `` This Time '' Albums Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Showstoppers The Christmas Album Volume 4 Volume 5 Presents the Warblers Volume 6 The 3D Concert Movie The Christmas Album Volume 2 Volume 7 The Graduation Album Season 4 , Volume 1 The Christmas Album Volume 3 Sings the Beatles Extended plays The Power of Madonna Journey to Regionals The Rocky Horror Glee Show Britney 2.0 Presents Glease The Quarterback The Christmas Album Volume 4 Related Glee Live ! In Concert !", "26": "The Glee Project Glee : The 3D Concert Movie `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' This Ai n't Glee XXX Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee ,", "27": "Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glee_(season_4)&oldid=816478153 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Glee ( TV series ) episodes Glee ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 16 : 24 . 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-79356518927071838	where is the movie wonder supposed to take place	[ "North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York", "North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York", "in North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York", "North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York", "North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York" ]	{ "0": "Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Music by Marcelo Zarvos Bea Miller Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $300.1 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Stephen Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate . The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences and grossed $300 million worldwide on a $20 million budget , turning a profit of $55 million . At the 90th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast 2.2 Other cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 See also 8 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a young boy raised in North River Heights in upper Manhattan , New York .", "1": "He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous surgeries ( 27 ) , Auggie had been home - schooled by his parents Isabel and Nate , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to send him to Beecher Prep , a mainstream private school . Fifth grade is tough for Auggie who is ostracized by nearly all the student body . He is bullied by being called a freak and rumors were spread that kids will get the `` plague '' if they touch him . He does befriend a boy named Jack Will . Halloween is Auggie 's favorite holiday . He has to wear an old `` Ghostface '' mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his `` Boba Fett '' costume . He walks around school unrecognized and is not tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom , he overhears his friend Jack telling Julian Albans that he was `` only pretending to be friends with Auggie . '' Feeling betrayed , Auggie leaves school and wants to stay home during trick - or - treating . His older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' tells him she is still his friend and talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to a new friend , named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the clue `` Ghost Face '' . Jack is shocked when it dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the Ghost Face costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian . When Julian calls Auggie a `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by their homeroom teacher Mr. Browne . Jack is suspended for two days for his actions . He apologizes to Auggie and the two friends reconcile . They even team up for a winning science project . During the middle of the school year , Auggie is constantly bullied by Julian and his friends Amos , Miles , and Henry .", "2": "They leave hurtful and threatening notes on his desk and tape their class picture on his locker with Auggie photoshopped out . Mr. Tushman confronts Julian and his parents . Julian 's mother assures the principal that her boy is no bully . She even proclaims that she had Auggie edited out of the picture because she did n't want people to only care about Auggie and his family more than Julian . She also threatens to pull their funding from the school . Tushman shows all of his evidence and suspends Julian for two days , along with making him stay home from the annual nature retreat . As he and his parents leave , a remorseful Julian apologizes to Tushman for his behavior which the principal proudly accepts . Via has her own teen problems as well as feeling left out with all of the parental attention given to her sick brother . Her best friend , Miranda , has been ignoring her all year but she meets a new boy Justin who encourages her to join Drama Club . Via and Justin develop a close friendship which later turns into a romantic relationship and her first kiss . Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of `` Our Town , '' but Miranda gets the lead role . Miranda realizes the pain and harm she 's done to Via , and on opening night pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . During the nature retreat , Auggie and Jack are harassed by a group of seventh graders from another school and Amos , Miles , and Henry come to their defense . After their return to school , Auggie is generally more accepted by his classmates , including the reformed Julian . At the school 's year end graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for being a strong standing out student . Auggie receives a standing ovation . His mother Isabel calls Auggie her `` wonder '' . The movie ends with a shot of a floating astronaut : Auggie 's goal in life . Cast ( edit ) Cast ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman , Via and Auggie 's mother .", "3": "Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman , Via and Auggie 's father , Isabel 's husband Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman , Via 's brother and Isabel and Nate 's son Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman , Auggie 's sister Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Noah Jupe as Jack Will , Auggie 's best friend Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Continu Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Sônia Braga as Lisa `` Grans '' Minel , Isabel 's mother and Via and Auggie 's grandmother Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas , Via 's best friend Nadji Jeter as Justin Hollander , Via 's boyfriend Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will , Jack 's mother Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas , Miranda 's mother Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Sarah Albans , Julian 's mother Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans , Julian 's father Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport J. Douglas Stewart as Darth Sidious Michael Alan Healy as Chewbacca Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay .", "4": "Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the cast as Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast as Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sônia Braga joined the cast , portraying the role of Roberts 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate .", "5": "On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) Wonder grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $167.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $300.1 million , against a production budget of $20 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the film made a net profit of $55.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 156 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie , and have branded the plot an example of inspiration porn .", "6": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Intergenerational Film Wonder Nominated Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hairstyling Arjen Tuiten Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hair Naomi Bakstad , Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Deborah Aquila , Kara Eide , Tricia Wood and Kris Woz Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Young Actor / Actress Jacob Tremblay Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Wonder Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Chbosky Won London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2018 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Noah Jupe Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Makeup Naomi Bakstad , Jean Black and Megan Harkness Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Nominated Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Performance by a Younger Actor Jacob Tremblay Pending Best Make - up Arjen Tuiten Pending Best Independent Film Wonder Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Washington D.C.", "7": "Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Wonder Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' .", "8": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saval , Malina ( November 15 , 2017 ) .", "9": "`` ' Wonder ' Premiere Celebrates Book 's Six - Year Journey to Big Screen , ' Once - in - a-Lifetime Actor ' Jacob Tremblay '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Small Movies , Big Profits : 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) .", "11": "`` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benardello , Karen ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 's Best Movies '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 .", "12": "See also ( edit ) Mask ( 1985 film ) The Elephant Man External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder ( film ) Official website Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=838439396 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films about bullying Films about disability Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in Vancouver Films set in Manhattan Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 01 : 21 . 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-5054256572170447457	what order are the percy jackson movies in	[ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters" ]	{ "0": "Percy Jackson ( film series ) - wikipedia Percy Jackson ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Percy Jackson & the Olympians Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 ) Thor Freudenthal ( 2 ) Produced by Michael Barnathan ( 1 -- 2 ) Karen Rosenfelt ( 1 -- 2 ) Chris Columbus ( 1 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 1 ) Screenplay by Craig Titley ( 1 ) Marc Guggenheim ( 2 ) Based on Percy Jackson & the Olympians by Rick Riordan Starring Logan Lerman Brandon T. Jackson Alexandra Daddario Jake Abel Music by Christophe Beck ( 1 ) Andrew Lockington ( 2 ) Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt ( 1 ) Shelly Johnson ( 2 ) Edited by Peter Honess ( 1 ) Mark Goldblatt ( 2 ) Production company Fox 2000 Pictures ( 1 - 2 ) 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) Sunswept Entertainment ( 1 -- 2 ) Dune Entertainment ( 1 ) TSG Entertainment ( 2 ) Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 2010 -- 2013 Running time 224 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Budget $185 million Box office $428.7 million Percy Jackson & the Olympians ( also known as Percy Jackson ) is an American feature film series based on the novel series of the same name by the author Rick Riordan . The series is distributed by 20th Century Fox , produced by 1492 Pictures and currently consists of two installments . The first film , Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) , was directed by Chris Columbus , and was released on February 12 , 2010 . The second installment , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) , was originally intended to be released in March 2013 but was instead pushed back to August 7 , 2013 , and was directed by Thor Freudenthal . The series has grossed nearly $430 million at the worldwide box office . The films follow the adventures of demigod Percy Jackson and his comrades at the demigod training ground of Camp Half - Blood .", "1": "In the first film , Percy must go on a quest to save his mother from the underworld and prove his innocence when he is accused of stealing lightning from Zeus . However , this first movie does not follow the plot of the first Percy Jackson book , the origin of inspiration for the Percy Jackson movie , by Rick Riordan . The second film revolves around Percy 's escapade as he must retrieve the legendary golden fleece from the sea of monsters , or the Bermuda triangle , which is the only thing that will save the camp from the forces of darkness . In December 2017 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4 - billion - dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox , including the film rights for Percy Jackson & The Olympians ; it 's unknown if Disney ( the owners of Disney Hyperion ) will continue the series or reboot it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 The Lightning Thief 1.2 Sea of Monsters 2 Films 2.1 Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) 2.2 Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) 3 Crew 4 Criticism 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 References Production ( edit ) The Lightning Thief ( edit ) In June 2004 , 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to the book . In April 2007 , director Chris Columbus was hired to lead at the helm of the project . Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver while other portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee ; A full - scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens . Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25 , 2009 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009 . Christopher Beck composed the soundtrack . Chris Columbus has stated that each member of the cast were chosen specifically with sequels in mind . `` I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles , sort of the perfect cast for these roles , because hopefully , God willing , we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters . ''", "2": "All the lead actors had signed for three films during the shooting . Sea of Monsters ( edit ) It was revealed in the 749th issue of online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production . Another source said that the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles . Chris Columbus did not return as director , though he produced the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt , producer of The Twilight Saga film series . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters . On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the film with production beginning on April 12 , 2012 . On October 12 , 2011 , it was announced that the film would be released on March 26 , 2013 , but on May 31 , 2012 , it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16 , 2013 . On April 6 , it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7 , 2013 . On January 13 , 2012 , a brand new production list was released and stated that the movie will film between April 26 , 2012 - July 11 , 2012 with scenes being filmed in Vancouver , B.C. and New Orleans , Louisiana . Filming wrapped up in July 2012 , but then started again in January 2013 for reshoots . Filming was officially wrapped up on January 20 , 2013 . Films ( edit ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : the Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief In June 2004 , 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book . In April 2007 , director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project . Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver . The film was released on February 12 , 2010 and was met with mixed reviews upon release and was a commercial success and grossed almost $227 million at the worldwide box office against a budget of $95 million .", "3": "The plot revolves around a sixteen - year - old Percy Jackson who discovers that he is the son of Poseidon , Greek God of the sea , and goes to Camp Half - Blood , a training camp for demigods , the half mortal children of Greek gods . When Percy 's mom is kidnapped by Hades , and Percy is accused of stealing Zeus ' lightning bolt , Percy and his friends go on a quest to rescue his mom from the underworld , leading them across America to find Persephone 's pearls , while proving that Percy is not the lightning thief and is innocent . Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters In October 2011 , 20th Century Fox announced a sequel based on the second book , The Sea of Monsters . The film was released on August 7 , 2013 . Percy Jackson , son of Greek god Poseidon , discovers he has a half - brother , Tyson , and embarks on a journey with his friends to retrieve the Golden Fleece to save a magical tree containing the spirit of Zeus 's daughter Thalia who died at the gates of Camp Half - Blood while saving Annabeth , Luke and Grover . This tree protects their training ground , Camp Half - Blood . They must travel to the Sea of Monsters to save it , and find the challenges that may await them . The film grossed just over $202 million at the worldwide box office . Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writer Composer Editor Cinematographer Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Chris Columbus Karen Rosenfelt Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Mark Radcliffe Craig Titley Christophe Beck Peter Honess Stephen Goldblatt Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Thor Freudenthal Karen Rosenfelt Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Marc Guggenheim Andrew Lockington Mark Goldblatt Shelly Johnson Criticism ( edit ) Rick Riordan , the author of the book series , has mentioned in numerous interviews that he has never seen the movies , to keep them from influencing the way he views the characters . During March 2016 , Riordan wrote a letter asking teachers not to show the movie to students during class time .", "4": "Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief § Reception , and Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters § Reception . Box office performance ( edit ) # Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Lightning Thief February 12 , 2010 $88,768,303 $137,728,906 $226,497,209 # 651 # 495 $95,000,000 Sea of Monsters August 7 , 2013 $68,519,879 $133,728,197 $202,247,751 # 937 # 581 $90,000,000 Total $157,288,182 $271,456,667 $428,744,970 $185,000,000 Critical and public response ( edit ) # Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Lightning Thief 49 % ( 141 reviews ) 47 % ( 31 reviews ) B+ Sea of Monsters 41 % ( 110 reviews ) 39 % ( 35 reviews ) B+ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney buys much of Fox in megamerger that will shake world of entertainment and media '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' Lightning Thief ' strikes Maverick '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Peter ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Columbus struck by ' Lightning ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 25 , 2009 ) .", "5": "`` Fox 2000 bulks up ' Percy Jackson ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions - Rick Riordan '' . RickRiordan.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan writes open letter about ' Percy Jackson ' movies '' . Hypable.com . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : Sea of Monsters '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : Sea of Monsters Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 .", "6": "The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You ,", "7": "Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2018 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson_(film_series)&oldid=821055120 '' Categories : English - language films Films directed by Chris Columbus American fantasy adventure films American films American teen films Films based on fantasy novels Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films set in New York City Films shot in Tennessee Films shot in Vancouver Greco - Roman mythology in popular culture Percy Jackson & the Olympians 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 04 : 14 . 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4920082918364942541	who were the major countries involved in the cold war	[ "Soviet Union and its satellite states", "United States, its NATO allies and others", "the Soviet Union", "the United States", "the Soviet Union and its satellite states", "the United States, its NATO allies and others", "the Soviet Union", "the United States" ]	{ "0": "Cold War - wikipedia Cold War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR collapse , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party of the Soviet Union , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system .", "1": "The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action .", "2": "The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( e.g. , the internationally successful James Bond movie franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 47 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 62 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 79 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 85 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 91 ) 8.", "4": "1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 91 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 .", "5": "The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) .", "6": "The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied both Britain and the Soviets through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers .", "7": "End of World War II ( 1945 -- 47 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece .", "8": "At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states ... On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg Trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe .", "9": "In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact .", "10": "These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio .", "11": "Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' .", "12": "Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid .", "13": "In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures .", "14": "The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin .", "15": "The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system .", "16": "Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan .", "17": "Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC - 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations .", "18": "For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 62 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present .", "19": "He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos .", "20": "Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans .", "21": "Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . ''", "22": "The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead .", "23": "In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states .", "24": "Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race .", "25": "This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 .", "26": "That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war .", "27": "Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 79 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance .", "28": "Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe .", "29": "Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions .", "30": "A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention .", "31": "Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets .", "32": "When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians .", "33": "Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna .", "34": "Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December .", "35": "`` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 85 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan .", "36": "As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union .", "37": "Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West .", "38": "For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation .", "39": "The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system .", "40": "A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 91 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 91 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations .", "41": "Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W.", "42": "Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely .", "43": "Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower .", "44": "The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure .", "45": "In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list and is in its second season . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War .", "46": "Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p.", "47": "62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow , '' New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p.", "48": "114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . 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( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO 's Stay - Behind Armies -- Chronology '' Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zurich Jump up ^ Schecter 2003 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Kydd 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p.", "50": "30 Jump up ^ Morgan , Curtis F. `` Southern Partnership : James F. Byrnes , Lucius D. Clay and Germany , 1945 -- 1947 '' . James F. Byrnes Institute . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Harriman , Pamela C. ( Winter 1987 -- 1988 ) . `` Churchill and ... Politics : The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech '' . Winston Churchill Centre . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . 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Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p.", "54": "818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p.", "55": "196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran , Syracuse University Press , May 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3018 - 2 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ James S. Lay , Jr. ( 20 November 1952 ) . `` United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council Jump up ^ Walter B. Smith ( 20 March 1953 ) . `` First Progress Report on Paragraph 5 - 1 of NSC 136 / 1 , `` U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran '' '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . March 1953 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2002 ) . U.S. National Security : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , California : ABL - CLIO . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 598 - 2 .", "56": "Jump up ^ Stone , The Atlantic and Its Enemies ( 2010 ) pp 199 , 256 Jump up ^ Bulmer - Thomas , Victor ( 1987 ) . The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34284 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roadnight , Andrew ( 2002 ) . United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 79315 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schraeder , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa : Incrementalism , Crisis , and Change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rose , Euclid A. ( 2002 ) . Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean : Superpower Intervention in Guyana , Jamaica , and Grenada , 1970 -- 1985 . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0448 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mars , Perry & Alma H. 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Jump up ^ Klesius , Michael ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` To Boldly Go '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) .", "58": "`` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. 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Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 .", "59": "Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia .", "60": "Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. 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London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . ''", "62": "Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies .", "63": "Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . 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Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p.", "65": "1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , p. 263 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Garthoff , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lebow , Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein ( February 1994 ) . `` Reagan and the Russians '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gaidar 2007 pp. 190 -- 205 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor . `` Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government : Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents '' . The Institute for the Economy in Transition . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Energy Statistics of the US Government '' , EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ; Hannifin , Jerry ; Magnuson , Ed ; Doerner , William R. ; Kane , Joseph J. ( 12 September 1983 ) . `` Atrocity in the skies '' . Time . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p.", "66": "228 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 323 Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 1991 ) . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur , eds . The Reader 's companion to American history . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Dobrynin 2001 , pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Maynes 1980 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , pp. 331 -- 333 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 231 -- 233 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , pp. 300 -- 340 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ 1985 : `` Superpowers aim for ' safer world ' '' , BBC News , 21 November 1985 . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toward the Summit ; Previous Reagan - Gorbachev Summits '' . The New York Times . 29 May 1988 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1995 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Shearman 1995 , p.", "67": "74 Jump up ^ `` Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 July 1989 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Malta summit ends Cold War , BBC News , 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodby , p. 26 Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. `` The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War '' ( Washington : Brookings Institution , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lefeber , Fitzmaurice & Vierdag 1991 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Goldgeier , p. 27 Jump up ^ Soviet Leaders Recall ' Inevitable ' Breakup Of Soviet Union , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 .", "68": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 .", "69": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) .", "70": "The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) .", "71": "The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 .", "72": "Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan .", "73": "ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company .", "74": "ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol.", "75": "50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 .", "76": "Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino", "78": "- Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - 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2607341085762662184	what is the main use of the eiffel tower in modern times	[ "visited paid monument", "paid monument" ]	{ "0": "Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel The Eiffel Tower seen from the Champ de Mars Location within Paris Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 128 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl / EYE - fəl ; French : tour Eiffel ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) ( listen ) ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower .", "1": "Constructed from 1887 -- 89 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second - tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3.", "2": "1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel , after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments .", "3": "First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs .", "4": "Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? ''", "5": "These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick .", "6": "Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 .", "7": "Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died thanks to Eiffel 's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains .", "8": "The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers .", "9": "Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit .", "10": "Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level .", "11": "The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed .", "12": "American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze .", "13": "The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour .", "14": "The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them .", "15": "In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests .", "16": "In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to perfectly complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower .", "17": "In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town .", "18": "It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) .", "19": "Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower .", "20": "French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ?", "21": "Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal . 22 . G.H. Frost. 1889 . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Loyrette , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ) . The Aesthetics of Movement . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower '' . News . The Times ( 32661 ) .", "22": "London . 1 April 1889 . col B , p. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris , the Artists Quarreled , and Thomas Edison Became a Count . Viking . pp. 163 -- 64 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The major events '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's lifts '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Auf der Maur ( 15 September 1980 ) . `` How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Moriarty . `` A Bonanza in Paris '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jano Gibson ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Extreme bid to stretch bungy record '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Thierry Devaux . `` Eiffel Tower 1991 '' . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's illuminations '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 .", "26": "Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 .", "27": "Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 .", "28": "Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre .", "29": "Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto", "30": "Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Rive Gauche Rue de Rivoli Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré Trocadéro Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Jardin d'Acclimatation Jardin du Luxembourg Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père", "33": "Lachaise Cemetery Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Chantilly La Défense Grande Arche Disneyland Paris Écouen Fontainebleau France Miniature Malmaison Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Provins Rambouillet La Roche - Guyon Basilica of St Denis Saint - Germain - en - Laye Sceaux Stade de France U Arena Vaux - le - Vicomte Palace and Gardens of Versailles Vincennes Events and traditions Bastille Day military parade Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris - Plages Republican Guard Other Le Bateau - Lavoir La Ruche Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Les Deux Magots Maxim 's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Related Paris Musées Axe historique Paris Métro Bateaux Mouches Supertall structures Italics indicate structures under construction Towers Almaty Tower Aspire Tower Bailong Elevator Baku TV Tower Berliner Fernsehturm Canton Tower China Central Radio & TV Tower CN Tower Colombo Lotus Tower Eiffel Tower Emley Moor transmitting station Europaturm Fazilka TV Tower Gerbrandy Tower Jaisalmer TV Tower Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower Katanga TV Tower KCTV Tower Kiev TV Tower Kuala Lumpur Tower Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower Liberation Tower Long Ta Macau Tower", "34": "Milad Tower Mumbai Television Tower Oriental Pearl Tower Ostankino Tower Pitampura TV Tower Rameswaram TV Tower Riga Radio and TV Tower Saint Petersburg TV Tower Samatra TV Tower Sint - Pieters - Leeuw Tower Sky Tower Stratosphere Las Vegas Sydney Tower Taipei 101 Tallinn TV Tower Tashkent Tower Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tokyo Skytree Tokyo Tower Torreta de Guardamar Tortoise Mountain TV Tower Turner Broadcasting tower Vilnius TV Tower Vinnytsia TV Mast West Pearl Tower WHDH - TV tower WITI TV Tower WSB - TV tower Yerevan TV Tower Zhongyuan Tower Bridges Millau Viaduct ( 343 m ) Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( 322 m ) Russky Bridge ( 321 m ) Sutong Yangtze River Bridge ( 306 m ) Dams Shuangjiangkou Dam ( 312 m ) Jinping - I Dam ( 305 m ) Nurek Dam ( 300 m ) Electricity pylons Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie ( 370 m ) Yangtze River power line crossings ( 346.5 m ) Oil platforms Petronius ( 610 m ) Baldpate Platform ( 579.7 m ) Bullwinkle ( 529.", "35": "1 m ) Pompano ( 477 m ) Troll A platform ( 472 m ) BBLT ( 390m ) Gullfaks C ( 380 m ) Tallest structures Tallest buildings and structures Tallest freestanding structures VIAF : 236835198 LCCN : sh85136247 GND : 4102872 - 7 SUDOC : 027348857 BNF : cb11941003z ( data ) NDL : 01193444 BNE : XX4850635 Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Grand Paris Zone Stade de France Seine - Saint - Denis Water Polo Arena ( Piscine de Marville ) Le Bourget Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir , Colombes U Arena , Nanterre Le Zénith Paris Centre Zone Champ de Mars Eiffel Tower and river Seine Champs Elysees Grand Palais Les Invalides Jardins des Tuileries Paris expo Porte de Versailles Halle Georges Carpentier Stade Charlety Stade Jean - Bouin Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court des Serres Parc des Princes Stade Pierre de Coubertin ( Paris ) Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan Bercy Arena Versailles Zone Le Golf National Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Château de Versailles Élancourt Hill Football stadia Stade Vélodrome Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais Stade Pierre - Mauroy Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes ( renovated ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&oldid=818708137 '' Categories : Eiffel Tower Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris Former world 's tallest buildings Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in France Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France Observation towers in France", "36": "Skyscrapers in Paris Towers completed in 1889 Tourist attractions in Paris Restaurant towers 2024 Summer Olympic venues Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Pages containing links to subscription - 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-1814654291537702625	what is the basic principle of christian morality	[ "all morality flows from the Great Commandment, to love God with all one's heart, mind, strength, and soul, and to love one's neighbour as oneself" ]	{ "0": "Christian ethics - wikipedia Christian ethics Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Depicted is the famous Sermon on the Mount of Jesus in which he commented on the Old Covenant . Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant . Painting by Carl Heinrich Bloch , Danish painter , d . 1890 . Christian ethics is a branch of Christian theology that defines virtuous behavior and wrong behavior from a Christian perspective . Systematic theological study of Christian ethics is called moral theology , possibly with the name of the respective theological tradition , e.g. Catholic moral theology . Christian virtues are often divided into four cardinal virtues and three theological virtues . Christian ethics includes questions regarding how the rich should act toward the poor , how women are to be treated , and the morality of war . Christian ethicists , like other ethicists , approach ethics from different frameworks and perspectives . The approach of virtue ethics has also become popular in recent decades , largely due to the work of Alasdair MacIntyre and Stanley Hauerwas .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical development of Christian ethics 1.1 Sources 1.2 New Testament 1.3 Early Christianity 1.4 Scholasticism and Thomism 1.5 Modern Christian ethics 2 Virtues and principles in Christian ethics 3 Areas of applied Christian ethics 3.1 Abortion 3.2 Alcohol 3.3 Divorce 3.4 Sexual morality and Celibacy 3.5 Homosexuality 3.6 Violence 3.7 Wealth and Poverty 4 Criticism 4.1 Old Testament 4.2 New Testament 4.3 Responses to criticism 4.3. 1 Biblical views on slavery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Historical development of Christian ethics ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) In the Wesleyan tradition , Christian theology ( and thus Christian ethics ) are informed by four distinguishable sources known as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral . The four sources are `` ( 1 ) the Bible and the Christian tradition , ( 2 ) philosophical principles and methods , ( 3 ) science and other sources of knowledge about the world , and ( 4 ) human experience broadly conceived . '' According to D. Stephen Long , Jewish ethics and the life of Jesus figure prominently in Christian ethics , but `` The Bible is the universal and fundamental source of specifically Christian ethics '' , Long also claims `` Christian ethics finds its source in diverse means , but it primarily emerges from the biblical narrative . '' . Childress and Macquarrie state that `` Many Christian ethicists have claimed that Jesus Christ is the center of the biblical message in its entirety and the key to scripture '' . Other Christian ethicists `` prefer a more Trinitarian rendering of the message of scripture '' . Some modern Christians `` understand ' liberation ' or deliverance from oppression to be the message of scripture '' . Although Christians today do not feel compelled to the whole of the Old Testament Law , the Ten Commandments often figure prominently in Christian ethics . `` The Prophets ground their appeals for right conduct in God 's demand for righteousness . ''", "2": "On the other hand , `` It is not ... true to say that for the OT writers righteousness is defined by what God does ; i.e. , an act is not made righteous by the fact that God does it . Also noted as ethical guidelines adhered to by Old Testament figures is `` maintenance of the family '' , `` safeguarding of the family property '' , and `` maintenance of the community '' . New Testament ( edit ) Much of Christian ethics derives from Biblical scripture and Christianity have always considered the Bible profitable to teach , reprove , correct , and train in righteousness . The New Testament generally asserts that all morality flows from the Great Commandment , to love God with all one 's heart , mind , strength , and soul , and to love one 's neighbour as oneself . In this , Jesus was reaffirming a teachings of Deut 6 : 4 - 9 and Lev 19 : 18 . Christ united these commands together and proposed himself as a model of the love required in John 13 : 12 , known also as The New Commandment . Paul is also the source of the phrase `` Law of Christ '' , though its meaning and the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism are still disputed . The Pauline writings are also the major source of the New Testament household code . The Council of Jerusalem , as reported in Acts 15 , may have been held in Jerusalem in about 50 AD . Its decree , known as the Apostolic Decree , was held as generally binding for several centuries and is still observed today by the Greek Orthodox . Early Christianity ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( March 2016 ) Christian ethics developed during Early Christianity as Christianity arose in the Holy Land and other early centers of Christianity while Christianity emerged from Second Temple Judaism . Consequently , early Christian ethics included discussions of how believers should relate to Roman authority and to the empire . The Church Fathers had little occasion to treat moral questions from a purely philosophical standpoint and independently of divine revelation , but in the explanation of Christian doctrine their discussions naturally led to philosophical investigations .", "3": "Writers , such as Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , Tertullian , Clement of Alexandria , Origen , Ambrose , Jerome , and Augustine of Hippo all wrote on ethics from a distinctly Christian point of view . They made use of philosophical and ethical principles laid down by their Greek philosopher forebears and the intersection of Greek and Jewish thought known as Hellenistic Judaism . Under the Emperor Constantine I ( 312 -- 337 ) , Christianity became a legal religion . With Christianity now in power , ethical concerns broadened and included discussions of the proper role of the state . Augustine in particular made use of the ethical principles of Greek philosophy and Hellenistic Judaism . He proceeded to develop thoroughly along philosophical lines and to establish firmly most of the truths of Christian morality . The eternal law ( lex aeterna ) , the original type and source of all temporal laws , the natural law , conscience , the ultimate end of man , the cardinal virtues , sin , marriage , etc. were treated by him in the clearest and most penetrating manner . Augustine identified a movement in Scripture `` toward the ' City of God ' , from which Christian ethics emerges '' , as illustrated in chapters 11 and 12 of the book of Genesis . Broadly speaking , Augustine adapted the philosophy of Plato to Christian principles . His synthesis is called Augustinianism ( alternatively , Augustinism ) . He presents hardly a single portion of ethics to us but what he does present is enriched with his keen philosophical commentaries . Later writers followed in his footsteps . Scholasticism and thomism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Scholasticism and Thomism A sharper line of separation between philosophy and theology , and in particular between ethics and moral theology , is first met within the works of the great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages , especially of Albertus Magnus ( 1193 -- 1280 ) , Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 -- 1274 ) , Bonaventure ( 1221 -- 1274 ) , and Duns Scotus ( 1274 -- 1308 ) .", "4": "Philosophy and , by means of it , theology reaped abundant fruit from the works of Aristotle , which had until then been a sealed treasure to Western civilization , and had first been elucidated by the detailed and profound commentaries of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas and pressed into the service of Christian philosophy . In his Summa Theologiae , Thomas locates ethics within the context of theology . For example , he discusses the ethics of buying and selling and concludes that although it may be legal ( according to human law ) to sell an object for more that it is worth , Divine law `` leaves nothing unpunished that is contrary to virtue . '' The question of beatitudo , perfect happiness in the possession of God , is posited as the goal of human life . Thomas also argues that the human being by reflection on human nature 's inclinations discovers a law , that is the natural law , which is `` man 's participation in the divine law . '' The meaning of the word love can be imprecise , so Thomas Aquinas defined `` love '' for the benefit of the Christian believer as `` to will the good of another . '' Modern Christian ethics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a couple centuries of stagnation , in the sixteenth century ethical questions are again made the subject of careful investigation . Writers include the Francisco de Vitoria , Dominicus Soto , Luis de Molina , Francisco Suarez , Leonardus Lessius , Juan de Lugo , Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz , and Alphonsus Liguori . Since the sixteenth century , special chairs of ethics ( moral philosophy ) have been funded in many Catholic universities . Among topics they discussed was the ethics of action in case of doubt , leading to the doctrine of probabilism . With the rejection of the doctrine of papal infallibility and the Roman Magisterium as the absolute religious authority , each individual , at least in principle , became the arbiter in matters pertaining to faith and morals . The Reformers held fast to Sola Scriptura and many endeavored to construct an ethical system directly from the scriptures .", "5": "Lutheran Philipp Melanchthon , in his `` Elementa philosophiae moralis '' , still clung to the Aristotelian philosophy strongly rejected by Martin Luther , as did Hugo Grotius in De jure belli et pacis . But Richard Cumberland and his follower Samuel Pufendorf assumed , with Descartes , that the ultimate ground for every distinction between good and evil lay in the free determination of God 's will , an antinomian view which renders the philosophical treatment of ethics fundamentally impossible . In the 20th century some Christian philosophers , notably Dietrich Bonhoeffer , questioned the value of ethical reasoning in moral philosophy . In this school of thought , ethics , with its focus on distinguishing right from wrong , tends to produce behavior that is simply not wrong , whereas the Christian life should instead be marked by the highest form of right . Rather than ethical reasoning , they stress the importance of meditation on , and relationship with , God . Other important Protestant Christian ethicists include H. Richard Niebuhr , John Howard Yoder , Glen Stassen , and Stanley Hauerwas . Charles Sheldon 's 1896 book , In His Steps was subtitled `` What Would Jesus Do ? '' and posed the question in the form of a novel . In a popular movement of the 1990s , many used the phrase `` What would Jesus do ? '' ( abbreviated WWJD ) as a personal motto . The question was a reminder of their belief in a moral imperative to act in a manner that would demonstrate the Love of Jesus through the actions of the adherents . Virtues and principles in Christian ethics ( edit ) The seven Christian virtues are from two sets of virtues . The four cardinal virtues are Prudence , Justice , Restraint ( or Temperance ) , and Courage ( or Fortitude ) . The cardinal virtues are so called because they are regarded as the basic virtues required for a virtuous life . The three theological virtues , are Faith , Hope , and Love ( or Charity ) .", "6": "Prudence : also described as wisdom , the ability to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time Justice : also considered as fairness , the most extensive and most important virtue Temperance : also known as restraint , the practice of self - control , abstention , and moderation tempering the appetition Courage : also termed fortitude , forebearance , strength , endurance , and the ability to confront fear , uncertainty , and intimidation Faith : belief in God , and in the truth of His revelation as well as obedience to Him ( cf . Rom 1 : 5 : 16 : 26 ) Hope : expectation of and desire of receiving ; refraining from despair and capability of not giving up . The belief that God will be eternally present in every human 's life and never giving up on His love . Charity : a supernatural virtue that helps us love God and our neighbors , the same way as we love ourselves . Areas of applied Christian ethics ( edit ) Abortion ( edit ) Main article : Christianity and abortion Christian views on abortion has a complex history as there is no explicit prohibition of abortion in either the Old Testament or New Testament books of the Christian Bible . While some writers say that early Christians held different beliefs at different times about abortion , others say that , in spite of the silence of the New Testament on the issue , they condemned abortion at any point of pregnancy as a grave sin , a condemnation that they maintained even when some of them did not qualify as homicide the elimination of a fetus not yet `` formed '' and animated by a human soul . The Didache , a Christian writing usually dated to sometime in the mid to late 1st century , prohibits abortion in Ch 2 . The Roman Catholic Church and teaches that abortion that `` human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception . '' Accordingly , it opposes procedures whose purpose is to destroy an embryo or fetus for whatever motive ( even before implantation ) , but admits acts , such as chemotherapy or hysterectomy of a pregnant woman who has cervical cancer , which indirectly results in the death of the fetus , is morally acceptable . The Church holds that `` the first right of the human person is his life '' and that life is assumed to begin at fertilization .", "7": "Since the first century , the Church has affirmed that every procured abortion is a moral evil , a teaching that the Catechism of the Catholic Church declares `` has not changed and remains unchangeable '' . Since the twentieth century Protestant views on abortion have varied considerably , with Protestants to be found in both the `` anti-abortion '' and `` abortion - rights '' camps . Conservative Protestants tend to be anti-abortion whereas `` mainline '' Protestants lean towards an abortion - rights stance . African - American Protestants are much more strongly anti-abortion than white Protestants . Even among Protestants who believe that abortion should be a legal option , there are those who believe that it should nonetheless be morally unacceptable in most instances . Although scripture is mostly silent on abortion , various elements of scripture inform Christian ethical views on this topic , including Genesis 4 : 1 ; Job 31 : 15 ; Isaiah 44 : 24 , 49 : 1 , 5 ; and Jeremiah 1 : 5 , among others . Alcohol ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on alcohol Current views on alcohol in Christianity can be divided into moderationism , abstentionism , and prohibitionism . Abstentionists and prohibitionists are sometimes lumped together as `` teetotalers '' ( compare list of teetotalers ) , sharing some similar arguments . However , prohibitionists abstain from alcohol as a matter of law ( that is , they believe God requires abstinence in all ordinary circumstances ) , while abstentionists abstain as a matter of prudence ( that is , they believe total abstinence is the wisest and most loving way to live in the present circumstances ) . Some Christians , including Pentecostals , Baptists and Methodists , today believe one ought to abstain from alcohol . Fifty - two percent of Evangelical leaders around the world say drinking alcohol is incompatible with being a good Evangelical . Evangelicals in Asia , Africa , and also in Muslim - majority countries are decidedly against drinking . Divorce ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on divorce Christian views on divorce are informed by verses in Matthew , Mark , Deuteronomy , and others . and political developments much later . In the synoptic Gospels , Jesus emphasized the permanence of marriage , but also its integrity .", "8": "In the book of Matthew Jesus says `` Because of your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives , but from the beginning it was not so . When Jesus discusses marriage , he points out that a certain talent is needed to live together with another human being . Not having assets of their own , women needed to be protected from the risk of their husbands ' putting them on the street at whim . In those times marriage was an economic matter . A woman and her children could easily be rejected . Restriction of divorce was based on the necessity of protecting the woman and her position in society , not necessarily in a religious context , but an economic context . Paul concurred but added an exception for abandonment by an unbelieving spouse . The Catholic Church prohibits divorce , but permits annulment ( a finding that the marriage was never valid ) under a narrow set of circumstances . The Eastern Orthodox Church permits divorce and remarriage in church in certain circumstances . Most Protestant churches discourage divorce except as a last resort , but do not actually prohibit it through church doctrine . Sexual morality and celibacy ( edit ) See also : Celibacy and Catholic teachings on sexual morality Modern Christian sexual morality rejects adultery , extramarital sex , prostitution , and rape . Christian views on the moral benefits of celibate and marital lifestyles has varied over time . In his early writings , Paul described marriage as a social obligation that has the potential of distracting from Christ . Sex , in turn , is not sinful but natural , and sex within marriage is both proper and necessary . In his later writings , Paul made parallels between the relations between spouses and God 's relationship with the church . Paul encouraged both celibate and marital lifestyles While Jesus made reference to some that have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven , there is no commandment in the New Testament that Jesus ' disciples have to live in celibacy . The general view on sexuality among the early Jewish Christians was quite positive . During the first three or four centuries , no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage . Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops , priests , and deacons . Today , the Roman Catholic Church teachings on celibacy uphold it for monastics and priests . Protestantism has rejected the celibate ( unmarried ) life for preachers since the Reformation .", "9": "Many evangelicals prefer the term `` abstinence '' to `` celibacy . '' Assuming everyone will marry , they focus their discussion on refraining from premarital sex and focusing on the joys of a future marriage . But some evangelicals , particularly older singles , desire a positive message of celibacy that moves beyond the `` wait until marriage '' message of abstinence campaigns . They seek a new understanding of celibacy that is focused on God rather than a future marriage or a lifelong vow to the Church . Homosexuality ( edit ) Main article : Christianity and homosexuality Within Christianity there are a variety of views on the issues of sexual orientation and homosexuality . The many Christian denominations vary in their position , from condemning homosexual acts as sinful , through being divided on the issue , to seeing it as morally acceptable . Even within a denomination , individuals and groups may hold different views . Further , not all members of a denomination necessarily support their church 's views on homosexuality . In the Bible , procreative marriage is presented as `` the norm '' and homosexuality is discussed in the New Testament , but in the twentieth and twenty - first centuries whether or not the Bible condemns homosexuality , and whether the various passages apply today , have become contentious topics . Violence ( edit ) Main article : Christianity and violence Blessed are the Peacemakers ( 1917 ) by George Bellows Christian pacifism is the position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith . Christian pacifists state that Jesus himself was a pacifist who taught and practiced pacifism , and that his followers must do likewise . Notable Christian pacifists include Martin Luther King , Jr. , Leo Tolstoy , and Ammon Hennacy . Jesus opposed use of violence in his statement that `` all who will take up the sword , will die by the sword '' , which suggested that those who perpetrate violence will themselves face violence . Historian Roland Bainton described the early church as pacifist - a period that ended with the accession of Constantine . In the first few centuries of Christianity , many Christians refused to engage in military combat . In fact , there were a number of famous examples of soldiers who became Christians and refused to engage in combat afterward . They were subsequently executed for their refusal to fight .", "10": "The commitment to pacifism and rejection of military service is attributed by Allman and Allman to two principles : `` ( 1 ) the use of force ( violence ) was seen as antithetical to Jesus ' teachings and service in the Roman military required worship of the emperor as a god which was a form of idolatry . '' The first conscientious objector in the modern sense was a Quaker in 1815 . The Quakers had originally served in Cromwell 's New Model Army but from the 1800s increasingly became pacifists . A number of Christian denominations have taken pacifist positions institutionally , including the Quakers and Mennonites . Pacifist and violence - resisting traditions have continued into contemporary times . In the 20th century , Martin Luther King , Jr. adapted the nonviolent ideas of Gandhi to a Baptist theology and politics . Wealth and poverty ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on poverty and wealth There are a variety of Christian views on poverty and wealth . At one end of the spectrum is a view which casts wealth and materialism as an evil to be avoided and even combatted . At the other end is a view which casts prosperity and well - being as a blessing from God . Some Christians argue that a proper understanding of Christian teachings on wealth and poverty needs to take a larger view where the accumulation of wealth is not the central focus of one 's life but rather a resource to foster the `` good life '' . Professor David W. Miller has constructed a three - part rubric which presents three prevalent attitudes among Protestants towards wealth . According to this rubric , Protestants have variously viewed wealth as : ( 1 ) an offense to the Christian faith ( 2 ) an obstacle to faith and ( 3 ) the outcome of faith . American theologian John B. Cobb has argued that the `` economism that rules the West and through it much of the East '' is directly opposed to traditional Christian doctrine . Cobb invokes the teaching of Jesus that `` man can not serve both God and Mammon ( wealth ) '' . He asserts that it is obvious that `` Western society is organized in the service of wealth '' and thus wealth has triumphed over God in the West .", "11": "Criticism ( edit ) This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simon Blackburn states that the `` Bible can be read as giving us a carte blanche for harsh attitudes to children , the mentally handicapped , animals , the environment , the divorced , unbelievers , people with various sexual habits , and elderly women '' . Elizabeth S. Anderson , a Professor of Philosophy and Women 's Studies at the University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , states that `` the Bible contains both good and evil teachings '' , and it is `` morally inconsistent '' . She concludes that , `` Here are religious doctrines that on their face claim that it is all right to mercilessly punish people for the wrongs of others and for blameless error , that license or even command murder , rape , torture , slavery , ethnic cleansing , and genocide . We know such actions are wrong . '' Regarding Christianity and slavery , Harvard Divinity School 's Jacob K. Olupona states that `` Christianity was deeply culpable in the African slave trade , inasmuch as it consistently provided a moral cloak for the buying and selling of human beings . '' Old Testament ( edit ) Elizabeth S. Anderson says that those who accept `` biblical inerrancy ... must conclude that much of what we take to be morally evil is in fact morally permissible and even morally required '' . She provides a number of examples to illustrate `` God 's moral character '' such as : `` Routinely punishes people for the sins of others ... punishes all mothers by condemning them to painful childbirth '' , punishes four generations of descendants of those who worship other Gods , kills 24,000 Israelites because some of them sinned ( Numbers 25 : 1 -- 9 ) , kills 70,000 Israelites for the sin of David in 2 Samuel 24 : 10 -- 15 , and `` sends two bears out of the woods to tear forty - two children to pieces '' because they called someone names in 2 Kings 2 : 23 -- 24 .", "12": "She goes on to note commands God gave to men in the Bible such as : execute adulterers , homosexuals , and `` people who work on the Sabbath '' ( Leviticus 20 : 10 ; Leviticus 20 : 13 ; Exodus 35 : 2 , respectively ) ; to commit ethnic cleansing ( Exodus 34 : 11 - 14 , Leviticus 26 : 7 - 9 ) ; commit genocide ( Numbers 21 : 2 - 3 , Numbers 21 : 33 -- 35 , Deuteronomy 2 : 26 -- 35 , and Joshua 1 -- 12 ) ; and other mass killings . Finally , the Bible can be interpreted to condone the practice of slavery , the rape of female captives during wartime , polygamy , and the killing of prisoners . New Testament ( edit ) Blackburn notes morally suspect themes in the Bible 's New Testament as well . He notes some `` moral quirks '' of Jesus : that he could be `` sectarian '' ( Matt 10 : 5 -- 6 ) , racist ( Matt 15 : 26 and Mark 7 : 27 ) , placed no value on animal life ( Luke 8 : 27 -- 33 ) , and believed that `` mental illness is caused by possession by devils '' . He also did not repudiate any of the more brutal portions of the Old Testament . Anderson notes the Christian apologist argument that the Jesus of the New Testament is `` all loving '' . She states , however , that the New Testament has some morally repugnant lessons as well : `` Jesus tells us his mission is to make family members hate one another , so that they shall love him more than their kin ( Matt 10 : 35 -- 37 ) '' , `` Disciples must hate their parents , siblings , wives , and children ( Luke 14 : 26 ) '' , children who `` curse their parents ... must be killed '' , and Peter and Paul elevate men over their wives `` who must obey their husbands '' ( 1 Corinthians 11 : 3 , 14 : 34 -- 5 , Eph. 5 : 22 -- 24 , Col. 3 : 18 , 1 Tim . 2 : 11 -- 2 , 1 Pet. 3 : 1 ) in the New Testament household code .", "13": "Responses to criticism ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Biblical views on slavery ( edit ) Main article : The Bible and slavery While the Bible has been criticized as condoning slavery , numerous scholars of the Bible including Craig L. Blomberg , Gary M. Burge et al. , Paul Copan , and Anthony C. Thiselton have responded by criticising comparisons made between slavery as it is described in the Bible and the Atlantic slave trade noting that there have been large differences in the treatment of servants and slaves throughout history , in the willingness of people to offer services as slaves , in the circumstances of people prior to their service , and in the extent to which slavery practices were racialised or based on skin colour . It is debatable whether or not it should be considered wrong to condone slavery practices that meet the descriptions provided by Paul within letters that were written to people of Colossae and Ephesus , such as slavery practices which correspond with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth where greatness and leadership are exemplified by having the very attitude a servant or slave . In modern times almost all Christians reject the permissibility of harsh , unfair and unjust forms of slavery which are neither capable of meeting nor surpassing the relationships between employers and their employees in modern times . See also ( edit ) Aristotelian ethics Brotherly love ( philosophy ) Buddhist ethics Choose the right Christian Morals Christian pacifism Christian philosophy Christian values Christian vegetarianism Christian views on the old covenant Council of Jerusalem Ethics in religion Ethics in the Bible Good works Jewish ethics Theonomy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Such as Hebrews 8 : 6 etc . See also Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistle to the Hebrews '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . : `` The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and His Divine mediatorial office ... There He now exercises forever His priestly office of mediator as our Advocate with the Father ( vii , 24 sq . ) . ''", "14": "Jump up ^ https://www.academia.edu/539377/A_Brief_Look_at_MacIntyres_Virtue_Ethics_and_Theological_Application ^ Jump up to : Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Long 2010 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Long 2010 , pp. 23 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Long 2010 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 434 Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , pp. 437 Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , pp. 435 -- 436 Jump up ^ Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics : `` There is no ' Christian ethics ' that would deny the authority of the Bible , for apart from scripture the Christian church has no enduring identity '' . Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics : Christian churches have always considered it a part of their calling to teach , reprove , correct , and train in righteousness , and they have always considered the Bible ' profitable ' for that task . With virtually one voice the churches have declared that the Bible is an authority for moral discernment and judgment . And Christian ethicists -- at least those who consider their work part of the common life of the Christian community -- have shared this affirmation. Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Karl Josef von Hefele 's commentary on canon II of Gangra notes : `` We further see that , at the time of the Synod of Gangra , the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force . With the Greeks , indeed , it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show . Balsamon also , the well - known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages , in his commentary on the sixty - third Apostolic Canon , expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command . What the Latin Church , however , thought on this subject about the year 400 , is shown by St.", "15": "Augustine in his work Contra Faustum , where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah ; but that then , when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen , this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning , and was only observed by few . But still , as late as the eighth century , Pope Gregory the Third ( 731 ) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days . No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council , even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods , can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council , held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem , and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse , like other laws . '' Jump up ^ Long 2010 , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas . Summa Theologica , `` Of Cheating , Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling . '' Translated by The Fathers of the English Dominican Province . pp. 3 ( 1 ) Retrieved June 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas ( 1920 ) , `` First Part of the Second Part ( Prima Secundæ Partis ) '' , Summa Theologica , English Translation by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province ( second and revised ed . ) , Kevin Knight at NewAdvent.org ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas Aquinas , STh I - II , 26 , 4 , corp . art '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , C. ( 1896 ) . In His Steps Archived 2012 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... First published by the Chicago Advance in serial form . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Virtues of Plato , Augustine and Confucius '' . theplatonist.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pickar , C.H.", "16": "( 1981 ) ( 1967 ) . `` Faith '' . The New Catholic Encyclopedia . 5 . Washington D.C. p. 792 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church n . 2087 Jump up ^ When Children Became People : the birth of childhood in early Christianity by Odd Magne Bakke Jump up ^ `` Abortion and Catholic Thought : The Little - Told History '' Archived February 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood by Kristin Luker , University of California Press Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Reiman , Abortion and the Ways We Value Human Life ( Rowman & Littlefield 1998 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9208 - 8 ) , pp. 19 - 20 Jump up ^ Daniel Schiff , Abortion in Judaism ( Cambridge University Press 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52166 - 6 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Didache `` English translations of the Didache at Early Christian Writings '' Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 2270 Archived October 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David F. Kelly , Contemporary Catholic Health Care Ethics ( Georgetown University Press 2004 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 030 - 7 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 2271 Archived November 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. ; Marks , Darren C. ( 2004 ) . The Blackwell companion to Protestantism . John Wiley & Sons . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23278 - 0 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Olson , Laura R. ( 1 June 2000 ) . Filled with spirit and power : Protestant clergy in politics . SUNY Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 4589 - 1 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Kenneth Gentry ( 2001 ) . God Gave Wine . Oakdown . pp. 3ff . ISBN 0 - 9700326 - 6 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Global Survey of Evangelical Protestant Leaders '' . Pew Forum. 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . ( E ) vangelical leaders are divided over the consumption of alcohol . About four - in - ten ( 42 % ) say it is compatible with being a good evangelical , while 52 % say it is incompatible . Leaders from sub-Saharan Africa are especially likely to oppose alcohol use ; 78 % of them say it is incompatible with being a good evangelical , as do 78 % of evangelical leaders who live in Muslim - majority countries . Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 161 Jump up ^ e.g. , Matthew 5 : 31 - 32 , Matthew 19 : 3 - 9 , Mark 10 : 2 - 12 , Luke 16 : 18 , see also Expounding of the Law # Divorce ^ Jump up to : Henry Chadwick , The Early Church , ISBN 978 - 0140231991 Jump up ^ Jonathan Hill , What Has Christianity Ever Done for Us ? : How It Shaped the Modern World 978 - 0830833283 Jump up ^ See Timothy ( now Archbishop Kalistos ) Ware , The Orthodox Church Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 10 Jump up ^ 1Corinthians 6 : 9 - 10 : Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2355 Archived July 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2356 Archived July 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Will Deming , Paul on marriage and celibacy : the hellenistic background of 1 Corinthians 7 . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2003 ; 2nd edition .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` Husbands love your wives even as Christ loved the church . Husbands should love their wives as their own bodies '' Ephesians 5 : 25 - 28 Jump up ^ 1Corinthians 7 : 1 - 16 Jump up ^ Matthew 19 : 12 Jump up ^ Geels , Antoon & Roos , Lena . Sexuality in world 's religions . University press , Lund , Sweden 2010 . Jump up ^ Celibacy . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 . Archived 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Colon , Christine , and Bonnie Field . Singled Out : Why Celibacy Must Be Reinvented in Today 's Church . Grand Rapids , MI : Brazos , 2009 . Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Childress & Macquarrie 1986 , p. 272 Jump up ^ Colm McKeogh , Tolstoy 's Pacifism , Cambria Press , 2009 , ISBN 1 - 60497 - 634 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roland Bainton , quoted in Robin Gill , A Textbook of Christian Ethics , 3rd ed , Continuum , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 567 - 03112 - 8 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` No known Christian author from the first centuries approved of Christian participation in battle ; citations advocating pacifism are found in → Tertullian , → Origen , Lactantius , and others , and in the testimonies of the martyrs Maximilian and Marcellus , who were executed for refusing to serve in the Roman army . Grounds for opposition to military service included fear of idolatry and the oath of loyalty to Caesar , as well as the basic objection to shedding blood on the battlefield . '' , Fahlbusch , E. , & Bromiley , G.W. ( 2005 ) . Vol. 4 : The encyclopedia of Christianity ( 2 ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. ; Leiden , Netherlands : Wm . B. Eerdmans ; Brill . Jump up ^ Allman , Mark ; Allman , Mark J.", "19": "( 2008 ) . Who Would Jesus Kill ? : War , Peace , and the Christian Tradition . Saint Mary 's Press . Jump up ^ The New conscientious objection : from sacred to secular resistance Charles C. Moskos , John Whiteclay Chambers - 1993 `` The first conscientious objector in the modern sense appeared in 1815 . Like all other objectors from then until the 1880s , he was a Quaker. 4 The government suggested exempting the pacifist Quakers , but the Storting , the Norwegian '' Jump up ^ Speicher , Sara and Durnbaugh , Donald F. ( 2003 ) , Ecumenical Dictionary : Historic Peace Churches Jump up ^ `` Members of several small Christian sects who try to literally follow the precepts of Jesus Christ have refused to participate in military service in many nations and have been willing to suffer the criminal or civil penalties that followed . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2004 CD Rom Edition -- Pacifism . Jump up ^ Evangelium Vitae Jump up ^ `` Orthodoxy and Capital Punishment '' . Incommunion . Jump up ^ King , Jr. , Martin Luther ; Clayborne Carson ; Peter Holloran ; Ralph Luker ; Penny A. Russell ( 1992 ) . The papers of Martin Luther King , Jr . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07950 - 7 . Jump up ^ Liacopulos , George P. ( 2007 ) . Church and Society : Orthodox Christian Perspectives , Past Experiences , and Modern Challenges . Somerset Hall Press . p. 88 . ISBN 9780977461059 . Jump up ^ Miller , David W. `` Wealth Creation as Integrated with Faith : A Protestant Reflection '' Muslim , Christian , and Jewish Views on the Creation of Wealth April 23 -- 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ Cobb , Jr. , John B. `` Eastern View of Economics '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Blackburn 2001 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2007 , p.", "20": "336 ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2007 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Olupona , Jacob ( 2014 ) . African Religions : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979058 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2007 , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Leviticus 25 39 - 55 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 21 10 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Blackburn 2001 , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2007 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Blomberg , Craig L. ( 2009 ) . Jesus and the Gospels ( New Testament Introduction and Survey Volume 1 ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Nottingham : Apollos ( Inter-Varsity Press ) . p. 66 . ISBN 9781844745746 . Unlike pre-Civil War America , the Roman world allowed slaves to own property , earn money , and often save enough to buy their own freedom . A slave in a wealthy household was sometimes more prosperous than most freedmen and exercised important responsibilities , including managing his master 's estate and teaching his children . At the opposite end of the socioeconomic spectrum were large numbers of slaves who worked in appalling condition in various mines throughout the empire . Jump up ^ Burge , Gary M. ; Cohick , Lynn H. ; Green , Gene L. ( 2009 ) . The New Testament in Antiquity : A Survey of the New Testament Within its Cultural Contexts . Michigan : Zondervan . p. 359 . ISBN 9780310244950 . Slavery was not racial , however , as it was in the New World , nor were they necessarily uneducated . Some slaves were tutors and paedagogues ( cf . Gal. 3 : 24 ) . They cooked , cleaned , built buildings and roads , cut and styled hair , did laundry , made clothes , and even managed financial affairs . Jump up ^ Copan , Paul ( 2011 ) . Is God a Moral Monster ? : Making Sense of the Old Testament God . Michigan : Baker Books .", "21": "pp. 124 -- 157 . ISBN 9780801072758 . Jump up ^ Thiselton , Anthony C. ( 2009 ) . The Living Paul : An Introduction to the Apostle and his Thought . London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge ( SPCK ) . p. 39 . ISBN 9780281061105 . It was possible to rise high , and to earn enough pocket - money to begin life again as honoured freedman or freedwoman , perhaps in one 's thirties . For this reason , some who fell on hard times deliberately sold themselves into slavery , alongside prisoners captured in war , or people who had committed crimes . If they were fortunate , the master 's name and reputation would guarantee them a better status and higher security against thieves or kidnappers than ever they could have had as poor free - men , left to rely simply on their own resources . Jump up ^ Adi , Hakim ( 2012 ) . `` Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . enslavement of Africans ( in the Atlantic slave trade ) was justified by the ideology of racism - the notion that Africans were naturally inferior to Europeans Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( 2001 ) . `` Slavery and Racism '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Durban , South Africa . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . The racial nature of this triangular ( Atlantic slave ) trade between Africa , Europe and the Americas also sets it apart . The ( Atlantic slave ) trade was supported by a racist ideology that saw white people as being the most perfectly developed and blacks as being at the bottom of the ladder . ^ Jump up to : McQuilkin , R ; Copan , P ( 2014 ) . `` Labor and Management , Work and Leisure '' . An Introduction to Biblical Ethics : Walking in the Way of Wisdom ( 3rd ed . ) . Downers Grove , IL : IVP Academic ( an imprint of InterVarsity Press ) . pp. 448 -- 49 . ISBN 9780830828180 .", "22": "( T ) he principles enunciated for slave - owner relationships are so humanitarian in their protection of the oppressed that they are easily transferable to labor - management relationships in the ... era in which we live , an era brought about through the influence of New Testament teaching . For example , in his letters to the churches at Ephesus ( Eph 6 : 5 - 9 ) and Colossae ( Col 3 : 22 - 4 : 1 ) , Paul gives principles for both the employer and the employee ... Employees are to work `` from the heart , '' humble in attitude , fearful before God of wronging their employer . Employers are to be humbly fearful of wronging their employees . Furthermore , both are to relate honestly with one another , without hypocrisy ... The atmosphere and attitude at work is to be cordial and even cheerful ... Paul says that this means the worker will work diligently and faithfully . And he says of the owner , `` in like manner '' ... Managers must not threaten . They have power over the welfare and livelihood of their employees ... employers must not use their power to coerce ... Furthermore , all working arrangements , including pay , must be just . Unsafe working conditions ... are certainly unjust . ^ Jump up to : Capes DB ; Reeves R ; Richards ER ( 2007 ) . Rediscovering Paul : an introduction to his world , letters and theology . Illinois : InterVarsity Press . p. 224 . ISBN 9781844742424 . The advice to masters is brief but weighty : `` Masters ( kyrioi ) , treat your slaves justly and fairly , for you know that you also have a Master ( kyrion ) in heaven '' ( Col 4 : 1 ) . The play on words is intentional . The apostle hopes to shape the behavior of the slave owners by appealing to the lordship of Jesus . They might be called `` lords '' or `` masters '' on some human level , but he reminds them that they were ultimately servants of a heavenly Lord who expected justice and fairness ... ( Moreover , ) Paul introduced his teachings with the challenge : `` Let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts '' ( Col 3 : 15 ) . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Chris ( 2005 ) . `` Jesus and Justice '' . The little book of biblical justice .", "23": "Pennsylvania : Good Books . p. 60 . ISBN 9781561485055 . Jesus taught ... community to turn prevailing patterns of power and greatness upside down ... there is to be no hierarchy of status ... ( Matthew 23 : 8 - 12 ) ... there is to be no domination of the weak by the powerful , no lording it over one another ... ( Mark 10 : 42 - 43 ) ... Leadership is servanthood ( Luke 22 : 26 ) . Jump up ^ The Apostle Paul . Colossians 3 : 22 - 4 : 1 , ESV Bible . Crossway . Bondservants , obey in everything those who are your earthly masters , not by way of eye - service , as people - pleasers , but with sincerity of heart , fearing the Lord . Whatever you do , work heartily , as for the Lord and not for men , knowing that from the Lord you will receive the inheritance as your reward . You are serving the Lord Christ . For the wrongdoer will be paid back for the wrong he has done , and there is no partiality . Masters , treat your bondservants justly and fairly , knowing that you also have a Master in heaven . Jump up ^ The Apostle Paul . Ephesians 6 : 5 - 9 , ESV Bible . Crossway . Bondservants , obey your earthly masters with fear and trembling , with a sincere heart , as you would Christ , not by the way of eye - service , as people - pleasers , but as bondservants of Christ , doing the will of God from the heart , rendering service with a good will as to the Lord and not to man , knowing that whatever good anyone does , this he will receive back from the Lord , whether he is a bondservant or is free . Masters , do the same to them , and stop your threatening , knowing that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven , and that there is no partiality with him . Jump up ^ Picirilli , Robert E. ; Outlaw , W. Stanley ; Ellis , Daryl , eds. ( 1990 ) . The Randall House Bible Commentary : 1 Thessalonians Through Philemon . TN : Randall House Publications . p. 387 .", "24": "ISBN 0892651431 . Paul ... Jesus ... the apostles ... dealt with it ( slavery ) in the most effective way possible , at the time , by instructing both slaves and masters in the proper conduct and relationships toward one another . Where these instructions were followed , the harshness of the master - slave relation was eliminated and only the employer - employee relationship finally remained . Because of this , most of what is said to masters and slaves in the N.T. can and should be applied to employer - employee relationships in our own time . References ( edit ) Anderson , Elizabeth ( 2007 ) . `` If God is Dead , Is Everything Permitted ? '' . In Hitchens , Christopher . The Portable Atheist : Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever . Philadelphia : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81608 - 6 . Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Childress , James F. ; Macquarrie , John , eds. ( 1986 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics . Philadelphia : The Westminster Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 20940 - 8 . Long , D. Stephen ( 2010 ) . Christian Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956886 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) De La Torre , Miguel A. , `` Doing Christian Ethics from the Margins , '' Orbis Books , 2004 . Doomen , Jasper . `` Religion 's Appeal '' , Philosophy and Theology 23 , 1 : 133 - 148 ( 2011 ) al - Faruqi , Ismail Ragi . Christian Ethics : an Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas . McGill University Press , 1967 . N.B. : Written from an Islamic perspective . Hein , David . `` Christianity and Honor . '' The Living Church , August 18 , 2013 , pp. 8 -- 10 .", "25": "External links ( edit ) Christian Ethics Reading Room , Online Literature , Tyndale Seminary Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics - Institute based in Cambridge , England . KLICE triannually publishes Ethics in Brief , issues of which can be read here . Catholic Encyclopedia : Ethics Catholic Encyclopedia : Moral Theology `` Thomas Aquinas : Moral Philosophy '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Three Good Deeds , Collection of resources focused on the Judeo - Christian values of caring for the environment , yourself and others Compassion In Judaism , Collection of resources dedicated to the Jewish perspective on the values of compassion and loving - kindness Catholic virtue ethics Great Commandment ; `` On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets . '' -- Matthew 22 : 35 - 40 Cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1805 -- 1809 Theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Charity ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1812 -- 1829 Seven heavenly virtues Chastity ( Castitas ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Charity ( Caritas ) Diligence ( Industria ) Patience ( Patientia ) Kindness ( Humanitas ) Humility ( Humilitas ) Source : Church Fathers Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Four last things Sin Christian views on sin Original sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology", "26": "( Latin names in bracketed italics ) Catholic philosophy Catholic social teaching Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Christian theology Systematic Scripture Inspiration Preservation Canonics Biblical studies Exegesis Law and Gospel Hermeneutics God Attributes Patriology Christology Pneumatology Theocentricism Theology proper Immutability Impassibility Trinity Father Son ( Hypostatic union Incarnation Jesus Logos Christocentric ) Holy Spirit Cosmology Creation Angels Angelic hierarchy Humanity Fallen angels Satan Theodicy Soteriology Absolution Adoption Assurance Atonement Baptism Calling Conversion Election Eternal life Faith Forgiveness Glorification Grace Irresistible grace Imputation Justification Lapsarianism Means of grace Monergism Mortification Ordo salutis Perseverance Predestination Recapitulation Reconciliation Redemption Regeneration Repentance Resurrection Salvation Sanctification Synergism Theosis Union with Christ Hamartiology Adam Anthropology The Fall Incurvatus in se Original sin Sin Theodicy Total depravity Ecclesiology Sacrament Eucharist Missiology Polity ( Congregational Episcopal Presbyterian ) Synod Conciliarity Eschatology Summary of differences", "27": "Historicism Idealism Dispensationalism Futurism Preterism Millenarianism ( Pre - 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3221048264431718328	sweet leavened bread prepared for easter in romania	[ "Cozonac", "Cozonac", "Cozonac", "Cozonac (Romanian pronunciation: [kozoˈnak]) or Kozunak", "Cozonac", "Kozunak" ]	{ "0": "Cozonac - wikipedia Cozonac Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cozonac Bulgarian Kozunak with raisins , braided and sprinkled with sugar . Alternative names Bulgarian : козунак Course Dessert Place of origin Region or state Romania Moldova Bulgaria Main ingredients Wheat flour Butter Milk Eggs Sugar Yeast Raisins Rahat Lemon zest Orange zest Walnuts Hazelnuts Vanilla Rum Cookbook : Cozonac Media : Cozonac Cozonac ( Romanian pronunciation : ( kozoˈnak ) ) or Kozunak ( Bulgarian : козунак , Bulgarian pronunciation : ( kozuˈnak ) ) , from Greek : κοσώνα ( ' doll ' , i.e. `` doll - shaped sweet bread '' ) , is a traditional Bulgarian and Romanian sweet leavened bread , which is a type of Stollen . It is usually prepared for Easter in Bulgaria , and mostly for every major holiday ( Christmas , Easter , New Year 's Day , Pentecost ) in Romania and Moldova . The dessert is also known as tsoureki ( Greek : τσουρέκι ) , شوريك ( Arabic ) , panarët ( Arbërisht ) , choreg or chorek ( Armenian : չորեկ ) , çörək ( Azerbaijani ) , or çörek ( Turkish ) . It is a sweet , egg - enriched bread , which is rooted in the cuisines of Western and Central Asia . Such rich brioche - like breads are also traditional in many other countries , such as Hungary and the Czech Republic . Examples of similar breads from other cultures include badnji kruh in Croatian cuisine , folar de páscoa in Portuguese cuisine , brioche in French cuisine , kulich in Russian cuisine , panettone in Italian cuisine , and challah in Jewish cuisine .", "1": "Cozonac is a sweet bread , into which milk , yeast , eggs , sugar , butter , and other ingredients are mixed together and allowed to rise before baking . In Bulgaria , the kozunak is prepared by adding lemon zest to the dough mixture , just as the Romanian version . The Italian Panettone is very similar to the basic cozonac , the most visible difference being their shapes . In Romania , the recipes for trimmings differ rather significantly between regions . The dough is essentially similar throughout the country ; a plain sweet bread made from flour , eggs , milk , butter , sugar and salt . Depending on the region , one may add to it any of the following : raisins , rahat , grated orange or lemon zest , walnuts or hazelnuts , and vanilla or rum flavor . Cozonac may be sprinkled with poppy seeds on top . Other styles dictate the use of a filling , usually a ground walnut mixture with ground poppy seeds , cocoa powder , rum essence , or raisins . The dough is rolled flat with a pin , the filling is spread and the whole is rolled back into a shape vaguely resembling a pinwheel . In the baked product , the filling forms a swirl adding to the character of the bread . It was the sweet chosen to represent Romania in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union , on Europe Day 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 External links Origins ( edit ) It is possible that the first cozonac has been made in Ancient Egypt . Perhaps it was sweetened with honey and filled with seeds . The Greeks took from the Egyptians their interest in cuisine , the yeast , and the leavened doughs . Certainly the Greeks have eaten cozonac . They made it with honey , raisins and walnuts . The Greek cozonac is called plakoús ( πλακούς ) . Yeast and implicitly leavened breads , such as cozonac , were `` stolen '' from the Greeks by the Romans , where they added dried fruits to the cozonac . At first there were only two varieties called libum and placenta . Libum was a small cake , used as an offering to the gods .", "2": "Later appeared versions were also consumed by people , not only by the gods . Placenta , more elaborate , is a cozonac made from cheese , raisins and peanuts , which was served with a sweet wine . Although , they took the ready - made yeast from the Greeks and the Egyptians , the Romans were the ones who discovered all the possibilities offered by the yeast added to doughs , thus becoming true masters of pastry . In the Middle Ages , European bakers often made cozonac with dried fruits , because they lasted longer . In Great Britain , the first recipe of cozonac appears in a cookbook in 1718 , with the recommendation to be baked in long and narrow forms , a recommendation that remains valid nowadays . The French people , those who in the 19th century added the third kind of meal , the dessert , are those who put forward the cozonac , more than others . Today , this dessert with a long history is prepared mainly in the southeastern European countries , especially in Romania , Moldova and Bulgaria , where it is considered a traditional food . See also ( edit ) Tsoureki Lokum Babka Brioche Challah Stollen Bread pudding Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Толковìй словарь живаго великорусскаго язîка , Dal ' V.I. , IAS , 1869 Jump up ^ Coffee and Sweets Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Istoria cozonacului '' , Revista Flacăra , December 10 , 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cozonac . Cozonac recipes and more Cozonac with walnut Cozonac Romanian Cozonac or Colac - a Christmas Bread , mislabeled cozonac but actually a Paskha recipe Cozonac Rosenkrantz Cozonac with cocoa ( ro cozonac cu cacao ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda", "3": "bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Cuisine of Bulgaria Beverages Non-alcoholic beverages Pekmez Sherbet Fermented Beverages Ayran Boza Kefir Beers Beer in Bulgaria ( main article ) Ariana Astika Boliarka Burgasko Kamenitza Ledenika MM Pirinsko Plevensko Shumensko Slavena Stolichno Zagorka Distilled beverages", "4": "Rakia Konyak Wines Bulgarian wine ( main article ) Breads Katma Pita Pogacha Appetizers and salads Meze ( main article ) Dolma Imam bayalda Ajvar Pindjur Lyutenitza Milk salad Kyopolou Pastirma Sarma Shopska salata Sujuk Turshiya Lukanka Bulgarian yogurt Cheeses Sirene Kashkaval cheese Soups Chorba ( main article ) Bob chorba Lentil soup Shkembe chorba Nettle soup Tarator Dishes Banitsa Patatnik Byurek Gyuvech Stuffed tomatoes Dry meatballs Stuffed apples Smyrna meatballs Mallow with lamb Musaka Kavarma Stuffed bell peppers Stuffed eggplants Stuffed zucchini Eggplant Papucaki Perdeli pilav Pilav Yahniya Grilled meats Kebab ( main article ) Dyoner kebab Kyufte Patladjanen Kebap Shish Kebap Desserts Bulgarian desserts ( main article ) Baklava Garash cake Halva Kurabiya Kyunefe Kompot Kozunak Lokum Mekitsa Palachinki Pekmez Pestil Tikvenik Rice pudding Tulumba Frequent ingredients Vegetables Bean Bell pepper Eggplant Leek Lentil Spinach Tomato Zucchini Herbs & Spices Black pepper", "5": "Cinnamon Cumin Dried apricot Garlic Hazelnut Mint Nut Onion Oregano Paprika Parsley Red pepper Sharena sol Savory Spearmint Thyme Walnut Unique instruments Djezve Kazan Mangal Tava Samovar Chushkopek Related cuisines European Balkan Greek Italian Levantine Mediterranean Ottoman Cuisine of Bulgaria at Wikimedia Commons Bulgaria portal Food portal Drink portal Cuisine of Romania Appetizers & salads Fasole bătută Murături Ouă umplute Salată de boeuf Salată de icre Salată de vinete Salată orientală Varză călită Zacuscă Beverages Afinată Bragă Caisată Cireșată Compot Cornată Horincă Mastică Nechezol Pălincă Rachiu Secărică Socată Turț Țuică Vișinată Zmeurată Breads Colaci Covrigi Cozonac Frigănele Langoși Lipie Pită de Pecica Cheeses Brânză Brânză de burduf Brânză de coșuleț Brânză topită Caș Cașcaval Năsal Penteleu Șvaițer Telemea Urdă", "6": "Condiments & sauces Arpacaș Borș Cimbru Hrean Leuștean Mujdei Rântaș Șodou Scorcolga Smântână Delicatessen Cabanoș Caltaboș Cârnați Chișcă Crenvurșt Ghiudem Lebar Nădlac sausages Pastramă Pleșcoi sausages Sângerete Sibiu sausages Slănină Șuncă Tobă Desserts Alivenci Amandină Clătită Colivă Colțunași Cornulețe Gogoși Griș cu lapte Halva Kamasutra Kürtőskalács Lapte de pasăre Joffre cake Magiun of Topoloveni Mucenici Papanași Pască Plăcintă Orez cu lapte Rahat Scovardă Sfințișori Ștrudel Vărzar Dishes Ardei umpluți Balmoș Cașcaval pane Ciulama Cocoloși Creier pane Drob Fasole cu cârnați Ghiveci Iahnie Limbă cu măsline Mămăligă Mămăligă in paturi Musaca Ostropel Papricaș / Tokány Pilaf Piftie Plachie Rasol Saramură Sarmale Șnițel Soté de morcovi Tochitură Urs de", "7": "mămăligă Grilled meats Chiftele Frigărui Mititei Pârjoale Soups Borș de burechiușe Ciorbă Ciorbă de burtă Ciorbă țărănească Ciorbă de perișoare Ciorbă de pește Ciorbă de praz Ciorbă de pui Ciorbă de sfeclă Cuisine of Romania at Wikimedia Commons Romania portal Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cozonac&oldid=825539617 '' Categories : Christmas food Bulgarian cuisine Easter food Macedonian cuisine Moldovan cuisine Romanian breads Christmas in Romania Sweet breads Yeast breads Hidden categories : Articles with Romanian - language external links Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Română Русский Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9213513858961887775	what is the meaning behind an inspector calls	[ "a scathing critique of the hypocrisies of Victorian/Edwardian English society" ]	{ "0": "An Inspector Calls - wikipedia An Inspector Calls Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the play . For other uses , see An Inspector Calls ( disambiguation ) . An Inspector Calls Written by J.B. Priestley Date premiered 1945 Place premiered Moscow , Soviet Union Original language English Subject A mysterious inspector interrogates a wealthy English family about their responsibility for the death of a young working class factory girl . Genre Drama Setting The Birlings ' home in Brumley , England ; April 1912 An Inspector Calls is a play written by English dramatist J.B. Priestley , first performed in 1945 in the Soviet Union and in 1946 in the UK . It is one of Priestley 's best known works for the stage , and is considered to be one of the classics of mid-20th century English theatre . The play 's success and reputation has been boosted in recent years by a successful revival by English director Stephen Daldry for the National Theatre in 1992 , and a tour of the UK in 2011 -- 2012 . The play is a three - act drama , which takes place on a single night in April 1912 , focusing on the prosperous upper middle - class Birling family , who live in a comfortable home in the fictional town of Brumley , `` an industrial city in the north Midlands '' . The family is visited by a man calling himself Inspector Goole , who questions the family about the suicide of a young working - class woman , Eva Smith ( also known as Daisy Renton ) . The family is interrogated and revealed to have been responsible for the young woman 's exploitation , abandonment and social ruin , effectively leading to her death . Long considered part of the repertory of classic `` drawing room '' theatre , the play has also been hailed as a scathing critique of the hypocrisies of Victorian / Edwardian English society and as an expression of Priestley 's socialist political principles . The play is studied in many schools in the UK as one of the prescribed texts for the English Literature GCSE ( General Certificate of Secondary Education ) examination .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Inspector Goole 2.2 Eva Smith / Daisy Renton 2.3 Sheila Birling 2.4 Eric Birling 2.5 Arthur Birling 2.6 Sybil Birling 2.7 Gerald Croft 2.8 Edna 3 Criticism and interpretation 4 Productions 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Radio and audio 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At the Birlings ' home in April 1912 , Arthur Birling - a wealthy mill owner and local politician - and his family are celebrating the engagement of daughter Sheila to Gerald Croft , the son of one of Birling 's competitors , Croft Limited . In attendance are Arthur 's wife Sybil and their adult children Sheila and Eric . Eric , the younger , has a drinking problem that is discreetly ignored . After dinner , Arthur speaks about the importance of self - reliance . He talks about his impending knighthood and about how `` a man has to look after himself and his own . '' A man calling himself Inspector Goole arrives , interrupting the evening and explaining that a woman called Eva Smith has killed herself by drinking strong disinfectant . He implies that she has left a diary naming names , including members of the Birling family . Goole produces a photograph of Eva and shows it to Arthur , who acknowledges that she worked in one of his mills . He admits that he dismissed her from Birling & Co. 18 months ago for her involvement in an abortive workers ' strike . He denies responsibility for her death . Sheila enters the room and is drawn into the discussion . After prompting from Goole , she admits to recognising Eva as well . She confesses that Eva served her in a department store , Milwards , and Sheila contrived to have her fired for an imagined slight . She admits that Eva 's behaviour had been blameless and that the firing was motivated solely by Sheila 's jealousy and spite towards a pretty working - class woman . Sybil enters the room and Goole continues his interrogation , revealing that Eva was also known as Daisy Renton .", "2": "Gerald starts at the mention of the name and Sheila becomes suspicious . Gerald admits that he met a woman by that name in the Palace Bar . He gave her money and arranged to see her again . Goole reveals that Gerald had installed Eva as his mistress , and gave her money and promises of continued support before ending the relationship . Arthur and Sybil are horrified . As an ashamed Gerald exits the room , Sheila acknowledges his nature and credits him for speaking truthfully but also signals that their engagement is over by handing the ring , that Gerald had bought for her , back to him . Goole identifies Sybil as the head of a women 's charity to which Eva had turned for help . Despite Sybil 's haughty responses , she eventually admits that Eva , pregnant and destitute , had asked the committee for financial aid . Sybil had convinced the committee that the girl was a liar and that her application should be denied . Despite vigorous cross-examination from Goole , Sybil denies any wrongdoing . Sheila begs her mother not to continue , but Goole plays his final card , making Sybil declare that the `` drunken young man '' who had made Eva pregnant should give a `` public confession , accepting all the blame '' . Eric enters the room , and after brief questioning from Goole , he breaks down , admitting that he drunkenly raped Eva before meeting up with her several times later and then stole £ 50 ( equivalent to $4,464 in 2015 ) from his father 's business to help her when she became pregnant . Arthur and Sybil are upset by this , and the evening dissolves into angry recriminations . The implication resulting from Goole 's questioning is that each of the people there that evening had contributed to Eva 's despondency and suicide . He reminds the Birlings that actions have consequences , and that all people are intertwined in one society , saying , `` If men will not learn that lesson , then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish '' , alluding to the impending World War . Goole then leaves . Gerald returns , telling the family that there may be no `` Inspector Goole '' on the police force . Arthur makes a call to the Chief Constable , who confirms this . Gerald points out that as Goole was lying about being a policeman , there may be no dead girl .", "3": "Placing a second call to the local infirmary , Gerald determines that no recent cases of suicide have been reported . The elder Birlings and Gerald celebrate , with Arthur dismissing the evening 's events as `` moonshine '' and `` bluffing '' . The younger Birlings , however , still realise the error of their ways and promise to change . Gerald is keen to resume his engagement to Sheila , but she is reluctant , since he still admitted to having had an affair . The play ends abruptly with a telephone call , taken by Arthur , who reports that a young woman has died , a suspected case of suicide by disinfectant , and that the local police are on their way to question the Birlings . The true identity of Goole is never explained , but it is clear that the family 's confessions over the course of the evening are true , and that they will be disgraced publicly when news of their involvement in Eva 's demise is revealed . Characters ( edit ) Inspector Goole ( edit ) A mysterious interrogator who introduces himself as `` Inspector Goole '' , claiming that he has seen the dead body of Eva Smith / Daisy Renton earlier that day after her slow and painful suicide by swallowing disinfectant , and that he has been given `` a duty '' to investigate the Birlings ' responsibility for her death . He makes a brief reference to a diary left by Eva / Daisy although this is never seen or explicitly referred to . Throughout the play , it is suggested that Goole knows everything about Eva / Daisy 's life and the Birlings ' involvement in her death , and is interrogating the family solely to reveal their guilt rather than to discover unknown information . Both during and after his interrogation of the family , the Birlings query whether he is actually a real inspector , and a phone call made by Mr. Birling to the local police station reveals that there is no Inspector Goole in the local police force .", "4": "Many critics and audiences have interpreted Goole 's role as an `` avenging angel '' or a supernatural being because of his unexplained omniscience , his prophetic final speech in which he says that humanity will learn its lesson in `` fire and blood and anguish '' ( referring to the First World War , two years after the setting of the play 1912 ) and even because of his name , which is a homophone for the word `` ghoul '' ( meaning `` ghost '' ) and is also the name of a seaside town ( which could possibly be a reference to the time period in the play when Eva Smith stays in a seaside town with money that Gerald Croft had given her ) . It is suggested in the final scene that Goole 's interrogation of the family will foreshadow a further interrogation to follow by the `` real '' police force , and that Goole 's purpose has been to warn the family in advance and encourage them to accept responsibility and repent for their bad behaviour , like The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come . Goole also forces the characters to question their very own lives , and if the ones they were living were true . In addition he also feels a responsibility to make the Birling family feel guilty for their actions . His identity remains ambiguous throughout the play . Eva Smith / Daisy Renton ( edit ) She is the unseen working class woman whom Goole claims has committed suicide whilst pregnant with Eric Birling 's baby , and who has been mistreated by each member of the Birling family and by Gerald Croft . Through reports from other characters , she is described as `` pretty '' with soft brown hair and big dark eyes , and it is explained that she has no family and must work for her living . Her beauty is commented on by all the characters . Her beauty attracts both Gerald and Eric to her , with Eric sexually exploiting her . Sheila comments disparagingly that Eva looked prettier when she wore a certain dress than Sheila did herself , and seems threatened by Eva 's beauty , confessing that if Eva had been plain she would have been unlikely to have had her fired . It is also suggested that Eva / Daisy is somewhat morally principled , as she refuses to accept stolen money from Eric , despite her dire financial situation , although about to become Gerald Croft 's mistress before he abandoned her .", "5": "Eva / Daisy appears to be a victim who is judged by the ( female ) characters for not acting in a manner appropriate for someone of her class . Sheila imagines that Eva laughed at her disparagingly and so `` punishes '' her by having her fired . Sybil also criticises Eva for appearing proud and putting on airs and graces , and for being `` impertinent '' rather than being meek and grateful to her social superiors . The audience is invited to dwell on Eva / Daisy 's vulnerability and her suffering at the hands of an exploitative employer , her sexual abuse at the hands of Eric , her powerlessness caused by her sex , class , and poverty and her victimisation on the basis of a sexual double standard . At the end of the play , Gerald suggests that Eva Smith may not have been the same person but rather a collective personification of all the different working class women that the family had exploited , invented by Goole to make the family feel guilty . Yet the final phone call , announcing that a police inspector is shortly to arrive at the Birlings ' house to investigate the suicide of a young girl , leaves open the possibility that Eva Smith really did exist after all . Sheila Birling ( edit ) Sheila is the Birlings ' eldest child . She is described as a `` pretty girl in her early twenties '' , delighted about her engagement to Gerald Croft . She starts out as a playful , self - centred girl who loves attention . She also knows of Eric Birling 's heavy drinking . Throughout the play , she becomes the most sympathetic family member , showing remorse upon hearing the news of her part in the girl 's downfall , and attempting to encourage the family to accept responsibility for their part in Eva 's death . She is shown to be not as naive as originally thought , revealing her suspicions about her fiancé 's infidelity . Despite continual criticism from her father , she becomes more rebellious toward her parents , supporting her brother against them and assisting Goole in his interrogations . At the end of the play , Sheila is much wiser . She can now judge her parents and Gerald from a new perspective , but the greatest change has been in herself : her social conscience has been awakened and she is aware of her responsibilities .", "6": "The Sheila who had a girl dismissed from her job for a trivial reason has given way to one who acknowledges the wrongdoing of herself and her family . She represents the younger generation 's break from the exploitative behaviour of her class . Eric Birling ( edit ) He is the Birlings ' youngest child , often presented as awkward and embarrassed . Eric is revealed to have made Eva Smith pregnant as well as to have stolen some money from his father 's business to support Eva ( although she refuses the money once she knows it is stolen ) . An alcoholic , his drinking habits are known by everyone except his mother who wants to think of him as a child , and not accept that he is no longer her innocent child but a grown man . After the Inspector leaves , he and Sheila are the only two who feel guilty over Eva 's death . In the beginning of the play , Eric is shown as a rebellious young man who is very full of himself ; however , towards the end of the play his true personality is revealed . By the end of the story Eric has learned his lesson and feels as guilty as Sheila does for his part in Eva Smith 's death . He feels as if he can not talk to his family , especially his father , about his problems - `` You are not the kind of father that a chap could go to when he 's in trouble '' - so he bottles them up inside himself . Arthur Birling ( edit ) Arthur Birling is described as `` a heavy - muskel , rather portentous man in his middle fifties '' , husband of Sybil , and father of Sheila and Eric Birling . He represents the capitalist ruling class , repeatedly describing himself with pride as a `` hard - headed businessman '' , and the head of a patriarchal family structure , and is arguably the main subject of Priestley 's social critique . Dominant , arrogant , self - centred , and morally blind , he is insistent throughout about his lack of responsibility for Eva 's death and quotes his economic justification for firing her as being the importance of keeping his labour costs low and quelling dissent , which he says is standard business practice .", "7": "Although he is authoritative and has risen to a position of economic and social prominence , he inadvertently reveals his social rank to be lower then that of his wife 's when he compliments the cook right at the start of the play , and by his continual need to assert his social importance . His status as an alderman and former Lord Mayor of Brumley is repeated several times in the play , with increasing comic effect . Early in the play , he also makes a series of thoroughly - explained and justified predictions about the future world , all of which the audience knows will not come true , such as describing the Titanic as `` unsinkable , absolutely unsinkable '' and saying that `` the Germans do n't want war '' . He appears pleased at the economic and social cachet brought by his daughter 's engagement to Gerald Croft , and resents Goole 's intrusion on the family . He remains unaffected by the details of Eva 's death , and his own concerns appear to be retaining his social standing , avoiding public embarrassment by the leaking of such a scandal , insisting that Eric accounts for and repays the stolen company money and that Sheila should ' re-consider ' her relationship with Gerald in - order for him to maintain a promised Croft - Birling merger . Sybil Birling ( edit ) Sybil Birling is the wife of Arthur and mother of Sheila and Eric Birling . She is her husband 's `` social superior '' and is keen to show him the correct etiquette that is expected from an upper - middle class family . As the leader of a women 's charitable organisation , she assumes a social and moral superiority over Inspector Goole , whose questioning style she frequently refers to as `` impertinent '' and `` offensive '' . Like her husband , she refuses to accept responsibility for the death of Eva Smith , and seems more concerned with maintaining the family 's reputation , even going so far as to lie and deny recognition of the photograph of Eva . She fearlessly expresses her prejudices against working class women , like Eva , whom she accuses of being immoral , dishonest , and greedy . It is Eva 's use of the assumed name `` Birling '' that makes Sybil turn her away from her charity and she does n't see why she did this until it is too late .", "8": "Also , she seems detached from the rest of the family as she does not realise Eric 's alcohol problem ( either she 's blind to it or fails to accept it and still insists on unsuccessfully covering it up around the Inspector ) . She is around 50 years old , as mentioned in the pre-play stage directions , highlighting she belongs to the older generation . Gerald Croft ( edit ) The son of Sir George Croft of Crofts Limited , a competitor of Birling and Company , he is at the Birling residence to celebrate his recent engagement to Sheila Birling . Gerald is revealed to have known Eva and installed her as his mistress , becoming `` the most important person in her life '' , before ending the relationship . After the revelation of his affair , he is not blamed as heavily as the other characters ( Sheila commends him for his honesty and for initially showing Eva compassion , even though he is shown as cowardly and thoughtless for taking advantage of a vulnerable woman ) . He is caused to confess as soon as he shouts out in shock at hearing the name he had known Eva by ( Daisy Renton ) , allowing the Inspector to investigate Gerald 's involvement in Eva 's life . Gerald thinks that Goole is not a police inspector , that the family may not all be referring to the same woman and that there may not be a body . Initially he appears to be correct , and does not think the Birlings have anything to feel ashamed of or worry about . He seems excited at the prospect of discovering the ' fake ' Inspector and seems almost desperate for others to believe him . Edna ( edit ) Edna is the maid at the Birling household . The character has limited contribution in the play ; however she is the only person in the play that can provide an insight into the life of Eva Smith , a character to whom Edna has a similar working - class background . It is she who opens the door to allow the Inspector into the Birlings ' lives , although she is often taken for granted and treated somewhat poorly at times , as if she were not actually there . Criticism and interpretation ( edit ) Highly successful after its first and subsequent London productions , the play is now considered one of Priestley 's greatest works , and has been subject to a variety of critical interpretations .", "9": "After the new wave of social realist theatre in the 1950s and 1960s , the play fell out of fashion , and was dismissed as an example of outdated bourgeois `` drawing room '' dramas , and became a staple of regional repertory theatre . Following several successful revivals ( including Stephen Daldry 's 1992 production for the National Theatre ) , the play was `` rediscovered '' and hailed as a damning social critique of capitalism and middle - class hypocrisy in the manner of the social realist dramas of Shaw and Ibsen . It has been read as a parable about the destruction of Victorian social values and the disintegration of pre-World War I English society , and Goole 's final speech has been interpreted variously as a quasi-Christian vision of hell and judgement , and as a socialist manifesto . The struggle between the embattled patriarch Arthur Birling and Inspector Goole has been interpreted by many critics as a symbolic confrontation between capitalism and socialism , and arguably demonstrates Priestley 's socialist political critique of the perceived - selfishness and moral hypocrisy of middle - class capitalist society . While no single member of the Birling family is solely responsible for Eva 's death , together they function as a hermetic class system that exploits neglected , vulnerable women , with each example of exploitation leading collectively to Eva 's social exclusion , despair and suicide . The play also arguably acts as a critique of Victorian - era notions of middle - class philanthropy towards the poor , which is based on presumptions of the charity - givers ' social superiority and severe moral judgement towards the `` deserving poor '' . The romantic idea of gentlemanly chivalry towards `` fallen women '' is also debunked as being based on male lust and sexual exploitation of the weak by the powerful . In Goole 's final speech , Eva Smith is referred to as a representative for millions of other vulnerable working - class people , and can be read as a call to action for English society to take more responsibility for working - class people , pre-figuring the development of the post-World War II welfare state .", "10": "Productions ( edit ) An Inspector Calls was first performed in 1945 in the USSR in two theatres ( Kamerny Theatre in Moscow and Comedy Theatre in Leningrad ) , as a suitable venue in the United Kingdom could not be found , due to the fact that Priestley wrote the play in one week and all the theatres in the UK had already been booked for that season . The play had its first British production in 1946 at the New Theatre in London with Ralph Richardson as Inspector Goole , Harry Andrews as Gerald Croft , Margaret Leighton as Sheila Birling , Julien Mitchell as Arthur Birling , Marian Spencer as Sybil Birling and Alec Guinness as Eric Birling . The first Broadway production opened at the Booth Theatre on 21 October 1947 and ran until 10 January 1948 . The production was staged by Cedric Hardwicke . The play was produced and performed at the Ferdowsi Theatre in Iran in late 1940s based on the translation by Bozorg Alavi . In 1986 Richard Wilson directed a production at the Royal Exchange , Manchester with Geraldine Alexander as Sheila Birling , Hugh Grant as Eric Birling and Graeme Garden as Inspector Goole . Tom Baker played Inspector Goole in a 1987 production directed by Peter Dews and designed by Daphne Dare that opened at the Theatr Clwyd on 14 April then transferred to London 's Westminster Theatre on 13 May 1987 . The cast included Pauline Jameson as Sybil Birling , Peter Baldwin as Arthur Birling , Charlotte Attenborough as Sheila Birling , Simon Shepherd as Gerald Croft and Adam Godley as Eric Birling . A revival of the play by British director Stephen Daldry opened at the National Theatre 's Lyttelton Theatre in September 1992 . It won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play , and was widely praised for making the work involving and politically relevant for a modern audience . The production is often credited with single - handedly rediscovering Priestley 's works and `` rescuing '' him from the reputation of being obsolete and class - bound , though the production had some detractors , including Sheridan Morley who regarded it as a gimmicky travesty of the author 's patent intentions .", "11": "The success of the production since 1992 has led to a critical reappraisal of Priestley as a politically engaged playwright who offered a sustained critique of the hypocrisy of English society . A Broadway transfer of the production starring Philip Bosco opened at the Royale Theatre ( now the Bernard Jacobs Theatre ) on 27 April 1994 and played 454 performances . Sheila recognises a picture of Eva presented by The Inspector , as Gerald looks on . A 2012 production by OVO theatre company , St Albans , UK The Stephen Daldry production went on a tour of the UK in 2011 and 2012 , with Tom Mannion as Inspector Goole . The production returned to the Playhouse in London 's West End in November 2016 , with Liam Brennan in the name part . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The first film version of An Inspector Calls was produced in the United Kingdom by Watergate Productions Ltd ; the 1954 screenplay was adapted by Desmond Davis and directed by Guy Hamilton . Alastair Sim starred as Inspector Goole , renamed `` Poole '' for the film , with Jane Wenham as Eva Smith ( the character not seen in the play ) , Eileen Moore as Sheila Birling , Arthur Young as Arthur Birling , Brian Worth as Gerald Croft , Olga Lindo as Sybil Birling and Bryan Forbes as Eric Birling . It was also adapted into a comedy film in Hong Kong , released on 19 February 2015 . Television ( edit ) The first television version was shown on live BBC Television on 4 May 1948 , with a second live performance three days later . Running to 105 minutes , it was produced and directed by Harold Clayton , and starred Julien Mitchell as Arthur Birling ( reprising his role from the first British stage production ) , Mary Merrall as Sybil Birling , Joy Shelton as Sheila Birling , Derek Blomfield as Eric Birling , Alastair Bannerman as Gerald Croft , Madeleine Burgess as Edna , and George Hayes as Inspector Goole . A second BBC Television version was screened on 19 February 1961 as part of the Sunday Night Play series .", "12": "Produced and directed by Naomi Capon , it starred John Gregson as Inspector Goole , Heather Sears as Sheila Birling , Nora Swinburne as Sybil Birling , William Russell as Gerald Croft , Edward Chapman as Arthur Birling , Hilda Campbell - Russell as Edna , and Alan Dobie as Eric Birling . A selection of scenes from the play were broadcast in the ITV series Conflict on 15 May 1967 . Produced by Associated Television , the 25 minute programme was directed by George More O'Ferrall , and starred Reginald Marsh as Arthur Birling , Julian Curry as Eric , Margo Andrew as Sheila , Pauline Winter as Mrs Birling , Stuart Saunders as Inspector Goole , Michael Graham as Gerald Croft , and Ann Dimitri as Edna . In 1973 , a Soviet made - for - television film Он пришел ( On prishel ) was produced , starring Vladimir Etush as Gull ( Goole ) , Irina Kupchenko as Sheila Birling and Oleg Shklovsky as Eric Birling . Also , in the Soviet Union in 1979 , a made - for - television two - part film Инспектор Гулл ( Inspector Gooll ) , was produced starring Juozas Budraitis as Gull ( Goole ) , Vladimir Zeldin as Arthur Birling and Ivars Kalniņš as Gerald Croft . A BBC Schools version of An Inspector Calls was produced in three 30 minute episodes , shown between 22 September and 6 October 1981 on BBC One . Directed by Michael Simpson , it starred Bernard Hepton as Inspector Goole , Sarah Berger as Sheila Birling , Nigel Davenport as Arthur Birling , Simon Ward as Gerald Croft , Margaret Tyzack as Sybil Birling and David Sibley as Eric Birling . It was repeated on primetime BBC One in three episodes between 17 and 31 August 1982 , and as a single 85 minute version on 2 September 1984 . An 86 - minute An Inspector Calls film was produced for BBC Television , and first screened on 13 September 2015 on BBC One .", "13": "Adapted by Helen Edmundson and directed by Aisling Walsh for Drama Republic , it stars David Thewlis as Inspector Goole , Chloe Pirrie as Sheila Birling , Ken Stott as Arthur Birling , Kyle Soller as Gerald Croft , Miranda Richardson as Sybil Birling and Finn Cole as Eric Birling . Radio and audio ( edit ) The first radio production was broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 27 March 1950 in the Contemporary European Theatre series . This was followed by a BBC Light Programme production on 10 June 1953 . Adapted by Cynthia Pughe and produced by McWhinnie , it starred Frank Pettingell as Arthur Birling , Gladys Young as Sybil Birling , Angela Baddeley as Sheila Birling , David Enders as Eric Birling , Alastair Duncan as Gerald Croft , Dorothy Smith as Edna , and Richard Williams as Inspector Goole . A second version of Pughe 's adaptation was broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 12 November 1960 . Produced by Alfred Bradley and directed by Geoffrey Ost , it starred the Sheffield Repertory Company : George Waring as Arthur Birling , Ann Woodward as Sybil Birling , Jeanne Davies as Sheila Birling , Keith Barron as Eric Birling , Patrick Stewart as Gerald Croft , Geraldine Gwyther as Edna , and John Pickles as Inspector Goole . BBC Radio 4 broadcast a BBC Manchester production on 14 December 1979 . Directed by Alfred Bradley , it starred Ronald Baddilet as Arthur Birling , Derrick Gilbert as Gerald Croft , Ann Rye as Sybil Birling , Barbara Flynn as Sheila Birling , Christian Rodska as Eric Birling , Teresa Moore as Edna , Geoffrey Banks as Inspector Goole . A full - cast unabridged audio adaptation and analysis was released on audio CD and MP3 - CD in the United Kingdom by SmartPass in 2004 as part of their Audio Education Study Guides series . On 14 July 2007 BBC Radio 7 broadcast an adaptation by John Foley originally aired on the BBC World Service , starring Bob Peck as Inspector Goole , John Woodvine as Arthur Birling and Maggie Steed as Sybil Birling . The production was directed by Rosalyn Ward .", "14": "A second 90 - minute BBC Radio adaptation was transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 29 May 2010 in the Saturday Play slot . It starred Toby Jones as Inspector Goole , David Calder as Arthur Birling , Frances Barber as Sybil Birling and Morven Christie as Sheila Birling . The production was directed by Jeremy Mortimer . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1993 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival 1994 Drama Desk Award for Best Revival of a Play 1994 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cousin , Geraldine ( 2007 ) . `` Past present : dramatisations of ' return ' '' . Playing for Time . Manchester , England : Manchester University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6197 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stringer , Jenny ( 1996 ) . The Oxford companion to twentieth - century literature in English . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 212271 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Priestley , J.B. ( 1947 ) . Bezant , Tim , ed . An Inspector Calls : A Play in Three Acts ( 1992 ed . ) . London : Heinemann . pp. xi -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 435 - 23282 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gale , Maggie ( 2004 ) . `` Theatre and drama between the wars '' . In Nicholls , Peter ; Marcus , Laura . The Cambridge history of twentieth - century English literature . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 328 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82077 - 4 . the middle class family was at the centre of much of Priestley 's work ... most clearly perhaps in ' An Inspector Calls ' . Jump up ^ Gale , Maggie Barbara ( 2008 ) . J.B. Priestley . London : Routledge . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40243 - 9 . Jump up ^ Priestley , J.B.", "15": "( 1950 ) . Introduction to the Plays of J.B. Priestly . III . London : Heinemann . pp. xii -- xiii . Jump up ^ `` Remember Eva Smith : The Inspector 's Russian Journey '' . 100 Objects from Special Collections at the University of Bradford . Yorkshire , England : University of Bradford . Jump up ^ `` For Students and Teachers jbpriestleysociety.com '' . www.jbpriestleysociety.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Morley , Sheridan ( 25 September 1992 ) . `` Stop messing about '' . The Spectator . p. 53 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Inspector Calls '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.aninspectorcalls.com/#/tour/ Jump up ^ Gardner , Lyn ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` An Inspector Calls review -- Stephen Daldry helps make the case for justice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC Genome Jump up ^ http://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/715281/ Jump up ^ BBC One announces ambitious season of classic 20th - century literature , BBC Media Centre , 24 April 2014 , Retrieved 28 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` An Inspector Calls '' . BBC iPlayer . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Inspector Calls - BBC One '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Evening Standard , 28 August 2015 , Retrieved 20 October 2015 Jump up ^ BBC Genome Jump up ^ BBC Genome - first transmission Jump up ^ BBC Genome - repeat Jump up ^ BBC Genome Jump up ^ BBC Genome Jump up ^ `` An Inspector Calls '' . BBC . 29 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . `` English Literature : An Inspector Calls '' . GCSE Bitesize . BBC Schools Online . 2008 .", "16": "Retrieved 9 May 2008 . `` J.B. Priestley '' . J.B. Priestley.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Priestley , J.B. ( 1947 ) . An Inspector Calls : A Play in Three Acts ( First ed . ) . London : Heinemann . OCLC 59564726 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : An Inspector Calls An Inspector Calls at the Internet Broadway Database An Inspector Calls on IMDb http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/theatre-musicals-national/an-inspector-calls/1023475/ Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ?", "17": "( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Pericles ( 1991 ) Hedda Gabler ( 1992 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1993 ) Machinal ( 1994 ) As You Like It ( 1995 ) Complete list ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Works by J.B.", "18": "Priestley Novels Benighted ( 1927 ) Adam in Moonshine ( 1927 ) Farthing Hall ( 1929 with Hugh Walpole ) The Good Companions ( 1929 ) Angel Pavement ( 1930 ) Faraway ( 1932 ) I 'll Tell You Everything ( 1932 with Gerald Bullett ) Wonder Hero ( 1933 ) They Walk in the City : The Lovers in the Stone Forest ( 1936 ) The Doomsday Men ( 1938 ) Let the People Sing ( 1939 ) Blackout in Gretley ( 1942 ) Daylight on Saturday ( 1943 ) Three Men in New Suits ( 1945 ) Bright Day ( 1946 ) Jenny Villiers ( 1947 ) Festival at Farbridge ( 1951 ) Low Notes on a High Level ( 1954 ) The Magicians ( 1954 ) Saturn Over the Water ( 1961 ) The Shapes of Sleep ( 1962 ) Sir Michael & Sir George ( 1964 ) Lost Empires ( 1965 ) Salt Is Leaving ( 1966 ) It 's an Old Country ( 1967 ) London End ( 1968 ) Out Of Town ( 1968 ) Snoggle ( 1971 ) Over The Long High Wall ( 1972 ) Found , Lost ,", "19": "Found ( 1976 ) Short stories `` The Town Major of Miracourt '' ( 1930 ) Short story collections The Other Place ( 1953 ) The Carfitt Crisis ( 1974 ) Plays Time Plays series Dangerous Corner ( 1932 ) The Roundabout ( 1932 ) Eden End ( 1934 ) Laburnum Grove ( 1934 ) Cornelius ( 1935 ) Duet in Floodlight ( 1935 ) Bees on the Boatdeck ( 1936 ) Time and the Conways ( 1937 ) I Have Been Here Before ( 1937 ) People at Sea ( 1937 ) Mystery of Greenfingers ( 1937 ) Music at Night ( 1938 ) When We Are Married ( 1938 ) Johnson Over Jordan ( 1939 ) The Long Mirror ( 1940 ) Goodnight Children ( 1942 ) Desert Highway ( 1944 ) They Came to a City ( 1944 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1945 ) The Long Mirror ( 1947 ) The Rose and Crown ( 1947 ) The Linden Tree ( 1948 ) Home is Tomorrow ( 1949 ) Bright Shadow ( 1950 ) Summer Day 's Dream ( 1950 ) Dragon 's Mouth ( 1952 ) Mother 's Day ( 1953 ) Private Rooms ( 1953 ) Treasure on Pelican ( 1953 ) The Scandalous Affair of Mr. Kettle and Mrs.", "20": "Moon ( 1956 ) The Glass Cage ( 1957 ) Poetry The Chapman of Rhymes ( 1918 ) Screenplays Sing As We Go ( 1934 ) Jamaica Inn ( 1939 ) Britain at Bay ( 1940 ) Last Holiday ( 1950 ) Non-fiction Brief Diversions ( 1922 ) Papers from Lilliput ( 1922 ) Open House ( 1927 ) Self - selected Essays ( 1932 ) English Journey ( 1934 ) Midnight on the Desert ( 1937 autobiography ) We Live In Two Worlds ( 1937 documentary ) Rain Upon Godshill ( 1939 autobiography ) British Women Go To War ( 1943 ) Margin Released ( 1962 autobiography ) Man and Time ( 1964 ) The Edwardians ( 1970 ) Particular Pleasures ( 1975 ) Instead Of The Trees ( 1977 autobiography ) Film & TV adaptations An Inspector Calls ( 1954 film ) Out of the Unknown : `` Level Seven '' ( 1966 sci - fi series ) An Inspector Calls ( 1982 film ) Lost Empires ( 1986 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Inspector_Calls&oldid=806383253 '' Categories : 1945 plays Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays English plays Plays by J.B. Priestley Off - Broadway plays Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Tony Award - winning plays West End plays Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2015 IMDb template with no id set Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Galego हिन्दी Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .", "21": "About Wikipedia", "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 9, 4, 2, 7, 1, 5, 6, 3, 20, 8, 11, 0, 16, 15, 13, 18, 14, 17, 10, 21, 19, 12 ]	[ 9, 4, 2, 7, 1 ]
-3939580105167162106	why is the angel of the north there	[ "to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries", "to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age", "to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears", "to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries", "to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age", "to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears" ]	{ "0": "Angel of the North - wikipedia Angel of the North Jump to : navigation , search Angel of the North The Angel of the North , October 2014 Location within Tyne and Wear General information Type Artwork Location Low Eighton , Gateshead , NE9 United Kingdom NE9 7TY Coordinates 54 ° 54 ′ 54 '' N 1 ° 35 ′ 24 '' W / 54.915 ° N 1.59 ° W / 54.915 ; - 1.59 Coordinates : 54 ° 54 ′ 54 '' N 1 ° 35 ′ 24 '' W / 54.915 ° N 1.59 ° W / 54.915 ; - 1.59 Elevation 75 metres ( 246.1 ft ) Construction started Completed 1998 Height 20 metres ( 65.6 ft ) Design and construction Architect Antony Gormley ( artist ) Structural engineer Ove Arup Main contractor Hartlepool Steel Fabrications The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture , designed by Antony Gormley , located in Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . Completed in 1998 , it is a steel sculpture of an angel , 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall , with wings measuring 54 metres ( 177 ft ) across . The wings do not stand straight sideways , but are angled 3.5 degrees forward ; Gormley did this to create `` a sense of embrace '' . It stands on the hill of Birtley , at Low Eighton in Lamesley , overlooking the A1 and A167 roads into Tyneside , and the East Coast Main Line rail route , south of the site of Team Colliery .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Construction 3 Maquettes 4 Other projects 5 Photo gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Concept ( edit ) According to Gormley , the significance of an angel was three-fold : first , to signify that beneath the site of its construction , coal miners worked for two centuries ; second , to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age , and third , to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears . Construction ( edit ) Work began on the project in 1994 , and cost £ 800,000 . Most of the project funding was provided by the National Lottery . The Angel was finished on 16 February 1998 . Due to its exposed location , the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . Thus , foundations containing 600 tonnes ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70 feet ( 21 m ) below . The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR - TEN weather - resistant steel . It was made in three parts -- with the body weighing 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) and two wings weighing 50 tonnes ( 49 long tons ; 55 short tons ) each -- then brought to its site by road . It took five hours for the body to be transported from its construction site in Hartlepool , up the A19 road to the site . The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers , at first , including a `` Gateshead stop the statue '' campaign , while local councillor Martin Callanan was especially strong in his opposition . However , it has since been considered to be a landmark for North East England and has been listed by one organisation as an `` Icon of England '' . It has often been used in film and television to represent Tyneside , as are other local landmarks such as the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge . The sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the `` Gateshead Flasher '' , because of its location and appearance . Maquettes ( edit ) Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project .", "2": "A life - size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £ 2.28 million in July 2008 . An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s , owned by Gateshead Council , was valued at £ 1 million on the BBC show Antiques Roadshow on 16 November 2008 -- the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme . In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life - size maquette ( previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam , Germany ) at an auction at Christie 's in London for £ 3.4 m to an anonymous bidder . Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009 , and stands in its Sculpture Garden . Other projects ( edit ) Inspired by the Angel of the North , several similar projects have been proposed . The Angel of the South title has been given by some to the Willow Man , which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset , while a project , informally named the Angel of the South , has been proposed in Ebbsfleet , Kent . The sculpture Brick Man ( also by Gormley ) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds . Photo gallery ( edit ) Detail of the Angel 's body Rear view of Angel of the North ( man - size maquette ) at the National Gallery of Australia A Lego model of Angel of the North in Miniland See also ( edit ) Angel of the West ( 2008 ) Angel of the South Angel of the North statue ( 2009 ) statue by Banksy List of statues by height Wicker man Star of Caledonia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Facts '' . Gateshead.gov.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Angel of the North > Background '' . Gateshead Council . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Gormley said of the Angel : `` ... The effect of the piece is in the alertness , the awareness of space and the gesture of the wings -- they are not flat , they 're about 3.5 degrees forward and give a sense of embrace . '' Jump up ^ Durham Mining Museum .", "3": "`` Durham Mining Museum -- 1951 Durham Map 23 '' . Dmm-gallery.org.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angel facts '' . Gateshead council . 16 February 1998 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The angel has landed '' . BBC . 16 February 1998 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Angel of the North '' . AboutBritain.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Icons of England '' . Icons.org.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Charlotte ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Antony Gormley '' . Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angel of the north is one in a million '' . Gateshead Council . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buyer pays £ 2.3 m for Angel model '' . BBC . 2008 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Antiques Roadshow finds £ 1m Angel '' . BBC News . 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joop lets his angel fly '' . BILD. 23 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antony Gormley 's ' Angel of North ' sold at auction '' . BBC . 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angel of the North ( life - size maquette ) 1996 '' . Collection search . National Gallery of Australia . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angel of the North .", "4": "Gateshead Council 's Angel of the North website Angel of the North -- Antony Gormley 's official website The Angel of the North at icons.org , featuring pictures of the sculpture under construction `` In praise of ... the Angel of the North '' . The Guardian . London . 30 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Photo showing a maquette in the garden of German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop 's mansion ' Villa Wunderkind ' in Potsdam , Germany Antony Gormley Sculptures Angel of the North Another Place Brick Man Event Horizon Field Havmannen Horizon Field Horizon Field Hamburg Iron : Man One & Other Quantum Cloud Stay Places in Tyne and Wear Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead Gateshead Bensham Birtley Blaydon Carr Hill Chopwell Deckham Dunston Felling Kibblesworth Lamesley Low Fell Pelaw Rowlands Gill Ryton Sheriff Hill Team Valley Whickham Windy Nook City of Newcastle upon Tyne Gosforth Newcastle upon Tyne Arthurs Hill Battlefield Benwell Black Callerton Blakelaw Blucher Brunswick Byker Chapel House City Centre Cochrane Park Cowgate Coxlodge Dene Denton Denton Burn Dinnington East Denton Elswick Fairways Fawdon Fenham Great Park Haymarket Hazlerigg Heaton High Heaton Jesmond Kenton Kingston Park Lemington Manors Newburn North Kenton", "5": "Ouseburn Parklands Sandyford Scotswood Shieldfield Slatyford South Gosforth Spital Tongues Throckley Walbottle Walker Walkergate Walkerville West Denton West Jesmond Westerhope Westgate Wingrove Woolsington Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside North Shields Wallsend Whitley Bay Backworth Beaumont Park Benton Burradon Cullercoats Earsdon Forest Hall Howdon Killingworth Longbenton Monkseaton Murton New York Preston Seaton Burn Shiremoor St Mary 's Island Tynemouth Wellfield Whitley Lodge Wideopen Willington Quay Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside Hebburn Jarrow South Shields The Boldons Cleadon Harton Marsden Monkton Whitburn City of Sunderland Hetton - le - Hole Houghton - le - Spring Sunderland Washington Ashbrooke Barnes Bishopwearmouth Burdon Carley Hill Castletown Claxheugh Cox Green Downhill Doxford Park Easington Lane East Rainton Elstob Farm Farringdon Fatfield Fence Houses Ford Estate Fulwell Gilley Law Grangetown Grindon Harraton Hastings Hill Hendon Herrington High Moorsley Hill View Hollycarrside Humbledon Hylton Castle Leechmere Marley Pots Millfield Monkwearmouth Newbottle North Haven North Hylton Pallion Pennywell", "6": "Penshaw Plains Farm Rickleton Redhouse Roker Ryhope Seaburn Seaburn Dene Shiney Row Silksworth South Bents South Hylton Southwick Springwell Springwell Village Sunniside Town End Farm Thorney Close Tunstall Warden Law Witherwack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_North&oldid=822183622 '' Categories : Sculptures by Antony Gormley Colossal statues in the United Kingdom Sculptures of angels Outdoor sculptures in England Steel sculptures in England Ove Arup buildings and structures 1998 sculptures 1998 establishments in England Buildings and structures in Gateshead Culture in Tyne and Wear Tourist attractions in Tyne and Wear Buildings and structures completed in 1998 Weathering steel Statues in England Northern England Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8646202690650801918	who played thelma lou in andy griffith show	[ "Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn", "Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn", "Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn", "Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn", "Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn" ]	{ "0": "Betty Lynn - wikipedia Betty Lynn Jump to : navigation , search Betty Lynn Betty Lynn and Ian Oliver Martin in 2011 Elizabeth Ann Theresa Lynn ( 1926 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Kansas City , Missouri , U.S. Other names Betty Ann Lynn Occupation Actress Years active 1948 - 2006 Elizabeth Ann Theresa `` Betty '' Lynn ( born August 29 , 1926 ) is a former American actress . She is best known for her role as Thelma Lou , Deputy Barney Fife 's girlfriend , on The Andy Griffith Show . She is the last surviving multi-season regular adult cast member from that series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 USO tour 3 Acting career 4 Personal life 5 Honors 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Betty Lynn was born in Kansas City , Missouri , Her mother , Elizabeth Ann Lynn , was `` an accomplished mezzo - soprano '' who taught Betty to sing and started her in the Kansas City Conservatory of Music when she was 5 years old . Lynn had little personal contact with her father , who once threatened to shoot her mother in the abdomen when she was pregnant with Lynn . After Lynn 's birth , her mother once took shelter in a locked closet with the baby as her husband threatened the two . They divorced when Lynn was 5 years old . Lynn 's grandfather , George Andrew Lynn , a railroad engineer , took on the role of father as she grew up . USO tour ( edit ) When she was 17 , Lynn auditioned to participate in United Service Organizations entertainment . At 18 she was part of a USO tour in the China Burma India Theater . She realized the gravity of the situation when a Marine gave her a pistol saying , `` You might need this . '' Her activities on the tour included visiting patients in hospitals and singing requests from a repertoire of 725 songs . She also met recently released prisoners of war from Rangoon , and she was told by a doctor , `` Most of them will be out of their minds in six months . ''", "1": "Acting career ( edit ) Betty Lynn began her acting career in radio as a member of the cast on a daytime drama on a station in Kansas City . On Broadway , she acted in Walk with Music ( 1940 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) . She was discovered in a Broadway production by Darryl F. Zanuck and signed to 20th Century Fox . A clause in her contract allowed the studio to drop her at six - month intervals , leading to recurring concerns for Lynn . She said , `` I was a redhead with freckles and did n't have a bosom . I prayed so hard they 'd keep picking me up . '' Lynn made her film debut in the 1948 film Sitting Pretty opposite Robert Young . That same year , she appeared in June Bride with Bette Davis followed by roles in Mother Is a Freshman ( 1949 ) , Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , and Payment on Demand ( 1951 ) . Lynn replaced Patricia Kirkland in the role of Betty Blake in the CBS comedy , The Egg and I ( 1951 - 1952 ) , and she played Pearl in the ABC comedy Love That Jill ( 1958 ) . She was Viola Slaughter in the ABC Western Texas John Slaughter ( 1958 - 1962 ) . In the 1953 -- 1954 television season , Lynn was cast as June Wallace , the sister - in - law of the Ray Bolger character in the ABC sitcom Where 's Raymond ? Allyn Joslyn played her husband , Jonathan Wallace . Lynn and Joslyn left the series in its second season when it was renamed The Ray Bolger Show . After guest - starring on various television series , including Schlitz Playhouse of Stars , The Gale Storm Show , Sugarfoot , and Markham , Lynn won the role of Thelma Lou on The Andy Griffith Show . She portrayed the role regularly from 1961 until 1965 , then made a final guest appearance in one episode during the sixth season ( 1965 -- 1966 ) . Following the end of The Andy Griffith Show , Lynn continued appearing in various television and film roles .", "2": "In 1986 , she reprised the role of Thelma Lou in the reunion television movie Return to Mayberry in which Thelma Lou and Barney Fife were finally married . In 2006 , Lynn retired from acting and relocated to Mount Airy , North Carolina , the hometown of Andy Griffith and the town on which Mayberry is believed to have been based despite Griffith 's repeated denials . Personal life ( edit ) In 1950 , Lynn bought a house in Los Angeles , with her mother and grandparents moving in . She thus took on the off - screen roles of breadwinner and caretaker . Betty Lynn Giovanna Rayburn left and Randy Rayburn Right with Betty Lynn `` Thelma Lou '' Mount Airey NC Betty Lynn has never married , although she has said she was once engaged . She makes monthly appearances at the Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy to sign autographs and meet with her fans . Honors ( edit ) In 2007 , Lynn was inducted into the Missouri Walk of Fame , located in Marshfield , Missouri , and is still `` The Cats '' . On August 30 , 2016 , then - North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory granted and North Carolina Lieutenant Governor Dan Forest presented Lynn with the Order of the Long Leaf Pine , the highest civilian honor in North Carolina . Filmography ( edit ) 1951 Payment on Demand ( 1951 ) Martha Ramsey Film Year Title Role Notes 1948 Apartment for Peggy Wife Credited as Betty Ann Lynn Sitting Pretty Ginger Credited as Betty Ann Lynn June Bride Babara Brinker 1949 Father Was a Fullback Constance `` Connie '' Cooper 1950 Cheaper by the Dozen Deborah Lancaster 1951 Take Care of My Little Girl Marge Colby 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas Young Bride Alternative title : Viva Las Vegas !", "3": "1959 Louisiana Hussy Lili Guillot Television Year Title Role Notes 1958 M Squad Susan Baines Episode : `` The Trap '' 1958 Lawman Edna Phillips Episode : `` The Oath '' 1958 Wagon Train Molly Richardson Episode : `` The Dick Richardson Story '' 1958 Bronco Molly Bailey Episode : `` Baron of Broken Lace '' 1959 Tales of Wells Fargo Mary Francis Episode : `` The Bounty Hunter '' 1959 Mickey Spillane 's Mike Hammer Mona Episode : `` Pen Pals '' 1959 Sugarfoot Sarah Sears Episode `` The Royal Raiders '' 1959 Sugarfoot Alice Fenton Episode `` The Twister '' 1960 - 1966 The Andy Griffith Show Thelma Lou 26 episodes 1960 National Velvet Barbara Howard Episode : `` Mi 's Girl '' 1963 The Farmer 's Daughter Sylvia Episode : `` The Speechmaker : Part 2 '' 1965 The Smothers Brothers Show Vera Episode : `` Here Comes the Bridegroom '' 1967 -- 1970 My Three Sons Janet / Janice ; Lois 7 episodes 1966 -- 1968 Family Affair Miss Lee 4 episodes 1969 The Mod Squad Mrs. Hill Episode : `` The Healer '' Little House on the Prairie Bridget Episode : `` If I Should Wake Before I Die '' 1978 Barnaby Jones Mrs. Russell Episode : `` Blind Jeopardy '' 1986 Matlock Sarah 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oby , Jenny ( 2017 ) . Lakewood Theatre . Arcadia Publishing . p. 103 . ISBN 9781467125949 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Dale ; Fernandes , David ( 1996 ) . The Definitive Andy Griffith Show Reference : Episode - by - Episode , With Cast and Production Biographies and a Guide to Collectibles . McFarland . p. 267 .", "4": "ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0136 - 2 . Jump up ^ Collura , Joe ( September 2017 ) . `` Betty Lynn : Barney 's Thelma Lou '' . Classic Images ( 507 ) : 68 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Washburn , Mark ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` The secret life of Mayberry 's Thelma Lou '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Lynn Started Acting At Early Age '' . Biddeford - Saco Journal . Maine , Biddeford. April 14 , 1952 . p. 12 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Betty Lynn '' . Playbill Vault . Playbill . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breed , Allen G. ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Thelma Lou ' moves to Mount Airy after L.A. break - ins '' . news-record.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Betty Lynn on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Terrace , Vincent ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 through 2010 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6477 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's Raymond ? / The Ray Bolger Show '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Who Played Thelma Lou Reminisces About Andy Griffith '' . Huffington Post . August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Thelma Lou '' . Andy Griffith Museum . September 13 , 2017 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` Marshfield , Missouri Cherry Blossom Fest '' . cherryblossomfest.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Gov. Honors Lynn '' . Mount Airy News . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Betty Lynn on IMDb Betty Lynn at the Internet Broadway Database Betty Lynn helping to donate Andy Griffith show articles to Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy , NC Interview , September , 2015 VIAF : 71176421 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Lynn&oldid=838500405 '' Categories : 1926 births Living people 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Kansas City , Missouri American film actresses American radio actresses American stage actresses American television actresses 20th Century Fox contract players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 12 : 25 . 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-5864856625806411702	chief ministers of tamil nadu mentioned on wikipedia	[ "A. Subbarayalu Reddiar", "Raja of Panagal", "Raja of Panagal", "P. Subbarayan", "B. Munuswamy Naidu", "Ramakrishna Ranga Rao (Raja of Bobbilli)", "Ramakrishna Ranga Rao", "P. T. Rajan", "Ramakrishna Ranga Rao", "Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu", "C. Rajagopalachari", "Tanguturi Prakasam", "O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar", "P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja", "C. N. Annadurai", "V.R. Nedunchezhiyan", "M. Karunanidhi", "M. G. Ramachandran", "Janaki Ramachandran", "J. Jayalalithaa", "O. Panneerselvam", "K. Palaniswami" ]	{ "0": "List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu - Wikipedia List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Incumbent Edappadi K. Palaniswami since 16 February 2017 Appointer Governor of Tamil Nadu Inaugural holder A. Subbarayalu Reddiar Formation 17 December 1920 The state of Tamil Nadu in India has an electorate of more than 70 million people ( 7 crores ) The complete list of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu consists of the heads of government in the history of the state of Tamil Nadu in India since 1920 . The area under the present - day state of Tamil Nadu has been part of different territorial configurations under Madras Presidency and Madras State in its history . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu 1.1 Madras Presidency 1.2 Madras State 1.3 Tamil Nadu 2 Records 3 Footnotes and References 4 See also List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Madras Presidency ( edit ) Madras Presidency in 1909 , southern portion The Madras Presidency , headquartered in Fort St. George , was a province of British India that comprised present day Tamil Nadu , the Malabar region of North Kerala , the coastal and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh , and the Bellary , Dakshina Kannada , and Udupi districts of Karnataka . It was established in 1653 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on the Coromandel Coast . The territory under the presidency comprised only Madraspatnam and surrounding regions . But , after the Anglo - French wars and the consequent alliance between the English East India Company and the Nawab of Arcot , it was expanded to comprise the region from Northern Circars to Cape Comorin . Alongside , the governance structure also evolved from a modest secretariat with a single secretary for the Public Department in 1670 to six departments overseen by a Chief Secretary by 1920 . With the enactment of Government of India Act 1919 , the first legislature was formed in 1920 after general elections . The term of the legislative council was three years .", "1": "It had 132 members of whom 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected . Under the Government of India Act 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly consisting of 215 members and a legislative council having 56 members . The first legislative assembly under this act was constituted in July 1937 . The legislative council was a permanent body with a third of its members retiring every three years . In 1939 , the British government declared India 's entrance into World War II without consulting provincial governments . The Indian National Congress protested by asking all its elected representatives to resign from the governments . Congress came back to power in 1946 after new provincial elections . # Name Portrait Took office Left office Term Political party Election A. Subbarayalu Reddiar 17 December 1920 11 July 1921 1st ( 206 days ) Justice Party 1920 Madras Legislative Council Election Raja of Panagal 11 July 1921 11 September 1923 1st ( 792 days ) Justice Party Raja of Panagal 19 November 1923 4 December 1926 2nd ( 1,111 days ) Justice Party 1923 Madras Legislative Council Election P. Subbarayan 4 December 1926 27 October 1930 1st ( 1,423 days ) Unaffiliated 1926 Madras Legislative Council Election B. Munuswamy Naidu 27 October 1930 5 November 1932 1st ( 740 days ) Justice Party 1930 Madras Legislative Council Election 5 Ramakrishna Ranga Rao ( Raja of Bobbilli ) 5 November 1932 5 November 1934 1st ( 730 days ) Justice Party Ramakrishna Ranga Rao 5 November 1934 4 April 1936 2nd ( 516 days ) Justice Party 1934 Madras Legislative Council Election 6 P.T.", "2": "Rajan 4 April 1936 24 August 1936 1st ( 142 days ) Justice Party ( 5 ) Ramakrishna Ranga Rao 24 August 1936 1 April 1937 3rd ( 220 days ) Justice Party 7 Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu 1 April 1937 14 July 1937 1st ( 104 days ) Interim provisional ministry 1937 Madras Legislative Assembly Election 8 C. Rajagopalachari 14 July 1937 29 October 1939 1st ( 837 days ) Indian National Congress - Governor 's Rule 29 October 1939 30 April 1946 ( 2,375 days ) 9 Tanguturi Prakasam 30 April 1946 23 March 1947 1st ( 327 days ) Indian National Congress 1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election 10 O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar 23 March 1947 6 April 1949 1st ( 745 days ) Indian National Congress 11 P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja 6 April 1949 26 January 1950 1st ( 295 days ) Indian National Congress Madras state ( edit ) Map of southern India showing the Madras State in yellow before the reorganisation of 1956 Madras State , precursor to the present day state of Tamil Nadu , was created after India became a republic on 26 January 1950 . It comprised present - day Tamil Nadu and parts of present - day Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Kerala . The first legislature of the Madras State to be elected on the basis of universal suffrage was constituted on 1 March 1952 , after the general elections held in January 1952 . The state was split up along linguistic lines in 1953 , carving out Andhra State . Under the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 , the States of Kerala , and Mysore were carved out of the Madras state .", "3": "Under the implementation of the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act , 1959 , with effect from 1 April 1960 , Tirutani taluk and Pallipattu sub-taluk of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput and Salem Districts . # Name Portrait Took office Left office Term Political party Election P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja 26 January 1950 10 April 1952 2nd ( 805 days ) Indian National Congress 1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election C. Rajagopalachari 10 April 1952 13 April 1954 2nd ( 733 days ) 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly Election K. Kamaraj 13 April 1954 31 March 1957 1st ( 1,083 days ) 13 April 1957 1 March 1962 2nd ( 1,783 days ) 1957 Madras Legislative Assembly Election 15 March 1962 2 October 1963 3rd ( 566 days ) 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly Election M. Bakthavatsalam 2 October 1963 6 March 1967 1st ( 1,251 days ) 5 C.N. Annadurai 6 March 1967 14 January 1969 1st ( 680 days ) DMK 1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election Tamil Nadu ( edit ) The political state of Tamil Nadu in India was created in 1969 when erstwhile Madras State was renamed Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu ( Tamil for Tamil country ) on 14 January 1969 . The legislative assembly adopted a resolution on 14 May 1986 , to abolish the legislative council . Thereafter , the legislative council was abolished through an act of Parliament named the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council ( Abolition ) Act , 1986 with effect from 1 November 1986 . The state legislature is unicameral , and consists of 235 members including one nominated member .", "4": "The Chief Minister commands most of the executive powers while the Governor has a largely ceremonial role . The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , like other Chief Ministers of India , is elected by legislators of the political party or the coalition which commands a simple majority in the legislative assembly . The tenure of the Chief Minister extends as long as he or she enjoys the confidence of the assembly . The incumbent shall vacate the office in the event of a successful motion of no confidence . Also , the President of India , acting under the recommendations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Government of India , can dismiss an elected government using certain provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India . In 1976 , Karunanidhi 's government was dismissed and President 's rule was imposed on the grounds of corruption . If a vacancy is caused to the office of the Chief Minister due to death , demitting , or dismissal , the Governor can invite another person to form the government and request him or her to move a confidence - seeking motion in the Assembly . In the event of no one enjoying majority support , the Assembly is either dissolved or put in suspended animation and the state comes under President 's rule or a caretaker government until fresh elections are held for the assembly . The incumbent shall be disqualified if convicted of a criminal offence with a jail sentence of two years or more . In 2014 , Jayalalithaa lost her post due to a special court sentencing her to four years of prison term in the disproportionate assets case . # Name Portrait Took office Left office Term Political party Election C.N. Annadurai 14 January 1969 3 February 1969 1st ( 20 days ) DMK 1967 State assembly election V.R.", "5": "Nedunchezhiyan MLA for Triplicane 3 February 1969 10 February 1969 1st ( 7 days ) M. Karunanidhi MLA for Saidapet 10 February 1969 4 January 1971 1st ( 693 days ) M. Karunanidhi MLA for Saidapet 15 March 1971 31 January 1976 2nd ( 1,783 days ) 1971 State assembly election President 's rule 31 January 1976 30 June 1977 ( 516 days ) M.G. Ramachandran MLA for Aruppukkottai July 1977 17 February 1980 1st ( 962 days ) AIADMK 1977 State assembly election President 's rule 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 ( 113 days ) ( 4 ) M.G. Ramachandran MLA for Madurai West 9 June 1980 15 November 1984 2nd ( 1,620 days ) AIADMK 1980 State assembly election M.G. Ramachandran MLA for Andipatti 10 February 1985 24 December 1987 3rd ( 1,042 days ) 1984 State assembly election ( 2 ) V.R. Nedunchezhiyan MLA for Athoor 24 December 1987 7 January 1988 2nd ( 8 days ) 5 Janaki Ramachandran 7 January 1988 30 January 1988 1st ( 23 days ) President 's rule 30 January 1988 27 January 1989 ( 363 days ) ( 3 ) M. Karunanidhi MLA for Harbour 27 January 1989 30 January 1991 3rd ( 733 days ) DMK 1989 State assembly election President 's rule 30 January 1991 24 June 1991 ( 145 days ) 6 J.", "6": "Jayalalithaa MLA for Bargur 24 June 1991 13 May 1996 1st ( 1,785 days ) AIADMK 1991 State assembly election ( 3 ) M. Karunanidhi MLA for Chepauk 13 May 1996 13 May 2001 4th ( 1,826 days ) DMK 1996 State assembly election ( 6 ) J. Jayalalithaa MLA for Andipatti 14 May 2001 21 September 2001 ( 130 days ) AIADMK 2001 State assembly election 7 O. Panneerselvam MLA for Periyakulam 21 September 2001 1 March 2002 1st ( 161 days ) ( 6 ) J. Jayalalithaa MLA for Andipatti 2 March 2002 12 May 2006 2nd ( 1,532 days ) ( 3 ) M. Karunanidhi MLA for Chepauk 13 May 2006 15 May 2011 5th ( 1,828 days ) DMK 2006 State assembly election ( 6 ) J. Jayalalithaa MLA for Srirangam 16 May 2011 27 September 2014 3rd ( 1,230 days ) AIADMK 2011 State assembly election ( 7 ) O. Panneerselvam MLA for Bodinayakkanur 29 September 2014 22 May 2015 2nd ( 235 days ) ( 6 ) J. Jayalalithaa MLA for RK Nagar 23 May 2015 23 May 2016 4th ( 366 days ) ( 6 ) 24 May 2016 5 December 2016 5th ( 196 days ) 2016 State assembly election ( 7 ) O.", "7": "Panneerselvam MLA for Bodinayakkanur 6 December 2016 15 February 2017 3rd ( 72 days ) 8 K. Palaniswami MLA for Edappadi 16 February 2017 Incumbent 1st 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 days Key Assassinated or died in office Records ( edit ) Annadurai ( centre and leaning towards right ) with K.A. Mathialagan , V.P. Raman , Rajaji and M. Karunanidhi at a private function in 1968 Ignoring an intervening President 's rule from 17 February 1980 to 9 June 1980 , the Chief Minister with the longest tenure ( in successive terms ) in office was M.G. Ramachandran , lasting 10 years , 5 months and 25 days from 30 June 1977 until his death on 24 December 1987 . K. Kamaraj was the Chief Minister with the longest tenure without intervening President 's rules . His terms lasted from 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963 , i.e. 9 years , 5 months and 19 days . The shortest period is 24 days by Janaki Ramachandran who held office from 7 January 1988 to 30 January 1988 . J. Jayalalithaa holds a record by sworning as Chief Minister six times , followed by Karunanidhi who sworn five times . On 21 September 2001 , the Supreme Court of India ruled that the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister on 14 May 2001 was null and invalid , with retrospective effect . Therefore , technically , decisions of her cabinet during the period May -- September 2001 in effect became legal fiction . J. Jayalalithaa became the first incumbent Chief Minister to lose her post in a graft case when a special court sentenced her to four years of prison term on 27 September 2014 . The sentence was subsequently overturned by the Karnataka High Court which acquitted Jayalalithaa of all charges and that allowed her to return to the post for a fourth term .", "8": "M. Karunanidhi has been in the office as CM for around 6863 days ( Around 18 years ) in multiple tenures . Also was the only Indian Chief Minister holding post at different occasions spanning 6 decades starting from 1960 's ( from 1969 ) , 1970 's ( till 1976 ) , 1980 's ( from 1989 ) , 1990 's ( till 1991 and again from 1996 ) , 2000 's ( till 2001 and again from 2006 ) and 2010 's ( up to 2011 ) . J. Jayalalithaa became the first woman Chief Minister in India to die in office on 5 December 2016 . She was the fifteenth Chief Minister to die in office and the third in Tamil Nadu , after C.N. Annadurai and M.G. Ramachandran . Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mariappan , Julie ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` Tamil Nadu population rises to 7.2 crore in a decade '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Archive.org -- Government of Tamil Nadu -- Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920 Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu -- Assemblies -- An Overview Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Government of Tamil Nadu -- Tamil Nadu Secretariat -- Brief History ^ Jump up to : Legislative bodies of India - Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ The Telegraph - Own Goal - Partition became inevitable once the Congress resigned in 1939 Jump up ^ Pakistan - toward partition ^ Jump up to : The colours indicate the political party affiliation of each Chief Minister . ^ Jump up to : The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period ^ Jump up to : World Statesmen.org -- Provinces of British India Jump up ^ Rajaraman , P. ( 1988 ) . The Justice Party : a historical perspective , 1916 - 37 . Poompozhil Publishers . pp. 212 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Sundararajan , Saroja ( 1989 ) .", "9": "March to freedom in Madras Presidency , 1916 - 1947 . Lalitha Publications . pp. 334 -- 389 . OCLC 20222383 . Jump up ^ S. Krishnaswamy ( 1989 ) . The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle , 1861 - 1947 . People 's Pub . House ( New Delhi ) . pp. 126 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Though Congress won the election , it refused to form the government as it did not like the Governor 's veto power over the cabinet . The Governor of Madras , Lord Erskine , decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly . V.S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Chief Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it . Eventually an interim Government was formed under Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu on 1 April 1937 . It lasted till July , when the Congress accepted Viceroy Linlithgow 's assurance that the veto would not be abused and decided to form the government . Jump up ^ Ramanathan , K.V. ( 2008 ) . The Satyamurti letters : the Indian freedom struggle through the eyes of a parliamentarian , Volume 1 . Pearson Education India . pp. 301 -- 5 . ISBN 9788131714881 . ISBN 81 - 317 - 1488 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1488 - 1 . Jump up ^ Menon , Visalakshi ( 2003 ) . From movement to government : the Congress in the United Provinces , 1937 - 42 . Sage . p. 75 . ISBN 9780761996200 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9620 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9620 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nagarajan , Krishnaswami ( 1989 ) . Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar : a biography . Annamalai University . pp. 63 -- 70 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Congress Ministries in all the provinces of British India resigned on 29 October 1939 protesting the viceroy 's declaration of war against Germany . Madras Presidency remained under `` the direct rule of the Governor of the Province '' till the next elections were held in March 1946 . ( INDIA ( FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY ) HC Deb 16 April 1946 vol 421 cc2586 - 92 ) ^ Jump up to : World Statesmen.org -- Indian states since 1947 Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu -- The State Legislature -- Origin and Evolution Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Historical Importance of Kanchipuram Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` O Panneerselvam resigns as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , cites personal reasons '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council ( Abolition ) Act , 1986 '' . Jump up ^ The Hindu - Delhi 's warning ^ Jump up to : `` Jayalalitha is the first CM to lose post in a graft case '' . DNA India . 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . Jump up ^ `` DMK , AIADMK pay homage to Annadurai '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 04 ... the leader 's life was cut short by cancer 3 February 1969 . ^ Jump up to : On 21 September 2001 , a five - judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that `` a person who is convicted for a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years can not be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 ( 1 ) read with ( 4 ) and can not continue to function as such '' . Thereby , the bench decided that `` in the appointment of Ms.", "11": "Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue '' . In effect her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect . Therefore , technically , she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001 ( The Hindu -- SC unseats Jayalalithaa as CM , Full text of the judgment from official Supreme Court site ) . Jump up ^ The Hindu - Karunanidhi resigns Jump up ^ BBC News - New leader for Tamil Nadu state Jump up ^ `` Jayalalithaa begins third term as Chief Minister today '' . NDTV. 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jayalalithaa 's trusted aide Panneerselvam sworn as Tamil Nadu 's new chief minister Jump up ^ O Panneerselvam resigns from Chief Minister post Jump up ^ `` Jayalalitha sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu '' . BBC News . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` AIADMK comes to power again ; Jayalalitha bucks tradition '' . The Financial Express . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jayalalithaa no more : O Panneerselvam sworn in as the new Tamil Nadu CM '' . The Financial Express . 2016 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan . `` Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu .", "12": "Elections in Tamil Nadu History of Tamil Nadu List of current Indian chief ministers List of Governors of Tamil Nadu List of Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K.", "13": "Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( hide ) Elections in Tamil Nadu Council elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 Assembly elections 1937 1946 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 2006 2011 2016 Assembly by - elections 1952 -- 95 1997 -- 98 1999 -- 2000 2002 2006 -- 07 2009 -- 2010 National elections 1951 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu&oldid=821721308 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Lists of people from Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu politics - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 06 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "14": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6145868466021183224	who played solomon in little house on the prairie	[ "Todd Bridges", "Todd Bridges", "Todd Bridges", "Todd Bridges", "Todd Bridges" ]	{ "0": "List of Little House on the Prairie characters - wikipedia List of Little House on the Prairie characters Jump to : navigation , search There are many Little House on the Prairie characters , appearing in various forms of media in the Little House on the Prairie media franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series characters 1.1 The Ingalls family 1.1. 1 The in - laws 1.2 Townsfolk 1.3 Non-recurring characters 1.3. 1 Season one 1.3. 2 Season two 1.3. 3 Season three 1.3. 4 Season four 1.3. 5 Season five 1.3. 6 Season six 1.3. 7 Season seven 1.3. 8 Season eight 1.3. 9 Season nine 1.3. 10 Post-series movies 1.4 Animals 2 Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy 2.1 The Ingalls family 2.2 The Quiner family 2.2. 1 Charlotte Tucker 2.2. 2 Martha Morse 2.3 The Wilder family 2.4 The Day family 3 Neighbors , friends and acquaintances 3.1 Real people 3.2 Characters based on real people 4 References 5 External links Television series characters ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Name Seasons No.", "1": "of episodes Portrayer Character summary Charles Ingalls 1 -- 9 161 Michael Landon Farmer ; husband and father Caroline Ingalls 1 -- 8 172 Karen Grassle Wife and mother Laura Ingalls Wilder 1 -- 9 190 Melissa Gilbert Second daughter ; Later Almanzo 's wife and Rose 's mother ; nicknamed `` Half - pint '' by Charles and `` Beth '' by Almanzo Mary Ingalls 1 -- 8 133 Melissa Sue Anderson Oldest child Carrie Ingalls 1 -- 8 164 Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Third daughter Charles Ingalls Jr . Unknown Baby son , died as an infant Grace Ingalls 5 -- 8 60 Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh Fourth daughter Albert Quinn Ingalls 5 -- 9 89 Matthew Labyorteaux Adopted son James Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Jason Bateman Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident Cassandra Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Missy Francis Same as above The in - laws ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Almanzo Wilder 6 -- 9 65 Dean Butler Farmer ; Laura 's husband ( season 7 ) ; Rose 's father ; Nicknamed `` Manly '' by Laura Adam Kendall 4 -- 8 35 Linwood Boomer Teacher of the blind ; Mary 's husband ( season 5 ) Adam Kendall Jr .", "2": "6 Unknown Adam and Mary 's son ; dies in fire with Alice Garvey Jenny Wilder 9 18 Shannen Doherty Almanzo 's niece , whom he gets custody of after his brother / her father Royal dies Rose Wilder 8 -- 9 17 Jennifer and Michele Steffin Almanzo and Laura 's daughter Eliza Jane Wilder 6 -- 8 14 Lucy Lee Flippin Teacher ; Almanzo 's older sister Townsfolk ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Nels Oleson 1 -- 9 147 Richard Bull Mercantile proprietor ; husband and father Harriet Oleson 1 -- 9 153 Katherine MacGregor Mercantile proprietor ; wife and mother Nellie Oleson 1 -- 9 104 Alison Arngrim Oldest child of Nels and Harriet Willie Oleson 1 -- 9 140 Jonathan Gilbert Son of Nels and Harriet Nancy Oleson 8 -- 9 33 Allison Balson Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet Percival Dalton / Isaac Cohen 6 -- 7 11 Steve Tracy Nellie 's husband Rachel Brown Oleson 9 Sherri Stoner Willie 's wife Dr.", "3": "Hiram Baker 1 -- 9 113 Kevin Hagen Town physician Reverend Robert Alden 1 -- 9 76 Dabbs Greer Church minister Melinda Foster 1 -- 9 61 Ruth Foster Post office manager Isaiah Edwards 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 52 Victor French Charles 's best friend Grace Snider Edwards 1 -- 6 23 Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho Wife of Isaiah Edwards John Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 8 Radames Pera Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Alicia Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 19 Kyle Richards Youngest child , Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards Carl Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 19 Brian Part Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Matthew Rogers 9 5 Jonathan Hall Kovacs Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards ( season 9 ) Jonathan Garvey 4 -- 7 51 Merlin Olsen Farmer ; husband and father Alice Garvey 4 -- 6 33 Hersha Parady Wife and mother ; teacher ; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr .", "4": "Andy Garvey 4 -- 7 43 Patrick Labyorteaux Son of Jonathan and Alice Eva Beadle Simms 1 -- 4 45 Charlotte Stewart School teacher Adam Simms Joshua Bryant Miss Beadle 's husband Lars Hanson 1 -- 5 41 Karl Swenson Lumber mill owner ; a founder of Walnut Grove Hester - Sue Terhune 4 -- 9 40 Ketty Lester Head of the school for the blind John Carter 9 19 Stan Ivar Blacksmith ; husband and father Sarah Carter 9 15 Pamela Roylance Starts a newspaper ; wife and mother Jeb Carter 9 18 Lindsay Kennedy Older son of John and Sarah Jason Carter 9 18 David Friedman Younger son of John and Sarah Susan Goodspeed 4 -- 7 16 Michelle Downey Student at the school for the blind Etta Plum 9 15 Leslie Landon School teacher Christy Kennedy 1 -- 2 10 Tracie Savage Schoolgirl Sandy Kennedy Robert Hoffman Schoolboy ; Christy 's brother Hans Dorfler 1 -- 4 , 6 9 Jim Jeter Resident of Walnut Grove ; a stable - owner Bill Anderson 6 -- 9 6 Sam Edwards Banker of Walnut Grove Joe Kagan 4 -- 5 , 7 5 Moses Gunn Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove Judd Larrabee 4 -- 5 5 Don `` Red '' Barry Resident of Walnut Grove Mrs. Amanda `` May '' Whipple 1 -- 4 5 Queenie Smith Resident of Walnut Grove ; local seamstress Mr. Kennedy Wayne Heffley Resident of Walnut Grove ; father of Christy and Sandy Mrs.", "5": "Kennedy 1 -- 2 Eileen Ryan ( season 1 ) , Janice Carroll ( season 2 ) Resident of Walnut Grove ; mother of Christy and Sandy Ebenezer Sprague 2 -- 3 Ted Gehring Banker of Walnut Grove Houston Lamb 6 -- 7 Dub Taylor Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye Henry Riley 4 -- 9 15 Dan McBride recurring role - customer in Nellie 's Restaurant arguing Kezia Horn 4 -- 5 Hermione Baddeley Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert Non-recurring characters ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Season one ( edit ) Episode 6 Miss Amy Hearn ( played by Josephine Hutchinson ) Episode 7 Olga Nordstrom ( played by Kim Richards ) Episode 9 Abel Makay ( played by Dirk Blocker ) Episode 11 Tinker Jones ( played by Chuck McCann ) Episode 14 Jonathan ( played by Ernest Borgnine ) Episode 19 Willie O'Hara ( played by Red Buttons ) Episode 20 Graham Stewart ( played by Johnny Lee ) John Stewart ( played by Harris Yulin ) Episode 21 Trudy Coulter ( played by Julie Cobb ) Joseph Coulter ( played by Alan Fudge ) Episode 22 Jack Lame Horse ( played by Robert Tessier ) Marshal Anders ( played by Jack Ging ) Episode 23 Hiram Johnson ( played by Hal Bokar ) Mimi ( played by Jane Alice Brandon ) Episode 24 Jim Tyler ( played by Forrest Tucker ) Helen Tyler ( played by Ann Doran ) Season two ( edit ) Episode 4 Jebediah Mumfort ( played by Karl Lukas ) Margaret Mumfort ( played by June Dayton ) Slick McBurney ( played by Gregory Walcott ) Episode 5 Amos Pike ( played by John Anderson )", "6": "Episode 7 Julia Sanderson ( played by Patricia Neal ) Episode 10 Jonah ( played by Shane Sinutko ) Episode 17 Hannibal Applewood ( played by Richard Basehart ) Episode 18 Henry Hill ( played by Louis Gossett Jr ) Episode 19 Elizabeth Thurman ( played by Mariette Hartley ) Episode 20 Yuli Pyatakov ( played by Theodore Bikel ) Viktor Pyatakov ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Fanya Pyatakov ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 21 Granville Whipple ( played by Richard Mulligan ) Season three ( edit ) Episode 1 Caleb Hodgekiss ( played by Johnny Cash ) Mattie Hodgekiss ( played by June Carter Cash ) Episode 4 Wendell Loudy ( played by John Ireland ) Episode 6 Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Arthur Hill ) Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Jan Sterling ) Eliza Ann Ingalls ( played by Hersha Parady ) Peter Ingalls ( played by Mark Lenard ) Episode 9 Bubba Galinder ( played by Michael LeClair ) George Galinder ( played by Roy Jenson ) Sam Galinder ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Episode 10 Sam Shelby ( played by Burl Ives ) Episode 14 Ginny Clark ( played by Rachel Longaker ) Harold Mayfield ( played by Warren Vanders ) Della Clark ( played by Kay Peters ) Episode 15 Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes ( played by Caesar Ramirez ) Seth ( played by Willie Aames ) Jeremy Stokes ( played by George Murdock ) Episode 18 Solomon Henry ( played by Todd Bridges ) Mrs. Henry ( played by Maidie Norman ) Jackson Henry ( played by David Downing ) Kramer ( played by Frederic Downs ) Dr.", "7": "Tane ( played by Don Pedro Colley ) Episode 19 Anna Gillberg ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Episode 20 Elmer Dobkins ( played by Eric Olson ) Sam Dobkins ( played by Charles Aidman ) Ellen Dobkins ( played by Mitzi Hoag ) Episode 21 Zachariah ( played by E.J. Andre ) Rev. Phillips ( played by Larry Golden ) Ben Griffin ( played by Larry Pennell ) Season four ( edit ) Episode 3 Ellen Taylor ( played by Mia Bendixsen ) Eloise Taylor ( played by Corinne Michaels ) Cal Taylor ( played by James Wainwright ) Episode 4 Chris Nelson ( played by Gil Gerard ) Episode 6 Bailey Farrell ( played by Bernard Behrens ) Timothy Farrell ( played by Johnny Doran ) Episode 7 Stanley Novack ( played by Michael Pataki ) Beth Novack ( played by Collin Wilcox ) Jed Haney ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Dr. Asa T Logan ( played by Burr DeBenning ) Episode 8 Mr. Dankworth ( played by Dennis Rucker ) Mr. Hobbs ( played by John Bennett Perry ) Bob Ford ( played by Tony Marks ) Lewis Ford ( played by Frank Marth ) Episode 9 Judge Picker ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 14 Samantha Higgins ( played by Seeley Ann Thumann ) Jimmy Hill ( played by Chris Petersen ) Episode 15 Nats Rachel Peal ( played by Anita Dangler ) Caleb Fisher ( played by John McLiam ) Katie Fisher ( played by Linda McMillan ) Ellen Fisher ( played by Dee Croxton ) Episode 16 Jordan Harrison ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Young Caroline ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Younger Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Sarah Miller ) Mr.", "8": "Watson ( played by Sorrell Booke ) Harold Watson ( played by Adam Gunn ) Peter Ingalls ( played by David Considine ) Henry Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Gregg Forrest ) Polly Ingalls ( played by Robin Muir ) Eliza Ann Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Kristi Jill Wood ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Nicolas Coster ) Charlotte Holbrook ( played by Virginia Kiser ) Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Episode 17 Bobby Harris ( played by Michael Mullins ) Anna Mears ( played by Lenora May ) Shaniel Mears ( played by Donald Moffat ) Rev. Pritchard ( played by Woodrow Parfrey ) Episode 21 Dr.", "9": "Burke ( played by Ford Rainey ) Miseth Barton ( played by Rob Kenneally ) Season five ( edit ) Episode 4 John Bevins ( played by Cliff Emmich ) Bess Bevins ( played by Kate Woodville ) Amelia Bevins ( played by Julie Ann Haddock ) Episode 5 Toby Noe ( played by Ray Bolger ) Episode 8 Erich Schiller ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Otto Schiller ( played by King Moody ) Anna Schiller ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 15 Isaac Singerman ( played by John Bleifer ) Aaron Singerman ( played by Alvin Kupperman ) Episode 18 Miss Elliot ( played by Ellen Regan ) Holly ( played by Martha Nix ) Giles Kendall ( played by Philip Abbott ) Episode 20 Adele Larrabee ( played by Joan Tompkins -- wife of Karl Swenson ) Episode 22 Leslie Harper ( played by Jenny Sullivan ) Samantha Harper ( played by Kyle Richards ) Bret Harper ( played by Charles Cioffi ) Thomas Harper ( played by Bobby Rolofson ) Episode 24 Dylan Whitaker ( played by Steve Shaw ) Season six ( edit ) Episode 3 Jeremy Quinn ( played by Michael Pataki ) Episode 6 Russell Harmon ( played by William Schallert ) Anna Craig Alden ( played by Iris Korn ) Episode 9 Milo Stavroupolis ( played by Leo Gordon ) Anna Stavroupolis ( played by Nora Meerbaum ) Episode 10 Rev.", "10": "Danforth ( played by James Olson ) Episode 12 Harold ( played by Royal Dano ) Episode 13 Tod Dortmunder ( played by Timothy Wead ) Brewster Davenport ( played by Malcolm Atterbury ) Virginia Davenport ( played by Susan French ) Episode 20 Penelope Parker ( played by Stacey Sipes ) Episode 21 Molly Reardon ( played by Suzanne Rogers ) Episode 22 Miss Trimble ( played by Lucille Benson ) Season seven ( edit ) Episode 1 Harv Miller ( played by James Cromwell ) Episode 4 Dan Ellerbee ( played by James Jarnagin ) Pete Ellerbee ( played by William Traylor ) Episode 6 Annie Crane ( played by Madeleine Stowe ) Episode 7 Brenda Sue Longworth ( played by Tisch Raye ) Episode 8 Leslie Barton ( played by Suzy Gilstrap ) Episode 9 Kavendish ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 15 Hertzell Lundy ( played by Mel Stewart ) Episode 17 Sylvia Webb ( played by Olivia Barash ) Mr. Webb ( played by Royal Dano ) Irv Hartwig ( played by Richard Jaeckel ) Episode 19 Edgar Mills ( played by Jeff Corey ) Edna Mills ( played by Barbara Collentine -- wife of Richard Bull ) Episode 21 Mr Case ( played by Ivan Bonar ) Jed Cooper ( played by EJ Andre ) Sarah Cooper ( played by ME Loree ) Alvin Cooper ( played by George McDaniel ) Episode 22 Isaiah Tompkins ( played by Len Wayland ) Season eight ( edit ) Episode 1 Miss Mason ( played by Elizabeth Hoffman ) Michele Pierson ( played by Melora Hardin ) Episode 4 Dr.", "11": "Caleb Ledoux ( played by Don Marshall ) Mattie Ledoux ( played by Marlene Warfield ) Episode 5 Mortimer Carstairs ( played by Patrick Collins ) Ralph Waldo Emerson ( played by George Petrie ) Episode 6 Amy Cassidy ( played by Martha Nix ) Rodolfo Gambini ( played by Jack Kruschen ) Ana Rosa Gambini ( played by Gloria Manos ) Marco Gambini ( played by Stephen Manley ) Stefano Gambini ( played by Robert Torti ) Episode 7 Max ( played by Todd Susman ) Georgie ( played by Royce D. Applegate ) Episode 8 Callahan ( played by M. Emmet Walsh ) Episode 9 Elmer Miles ( played by J. Brennan Smith ) Episode 10 Major Guffey ( played by Laurie Main ) Episode 12 Gideon Hale ( played by Peter Billingsley ) Braden Hale ( played by Dennis Howard ) Mrs. Hale ( played by Jennifer Rhodes ) Episode 14 Jack Prescott ( played by Claude Earl Jones ) Episode 16 Sam Terhune ( played by J.A. Preston ) Naomi Terhune ( played by Marguerite DeLain ) Episode 20 Sherman Andruss ( played by Dennis Lipscomb ) Helen Andruss ( played by Judith Weston ) Louisa Beckwith ( played by Ruth Silveira ) Horace Beckwith ( played by Calvin Bartlett ) Nora Cramer ( played by Betty McGuire ) Episode 21 Danny ( played by Georg Olden ) Episode 22 Old Man ( played by Don Beddoe ) Season nine ( edit ) Episode 3 Lem McCary ( played by Lew Ayres ) Jess Moffet ( played by Charles Lane ) Episode 4 Thomas Stark ( played by Robert Loggia ) Constance Stark ( played by Michele Marsh ) Elizabeth Stark ( played by Tammy Lauren ) Randall Page ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Episode 5 Lou Bates ( played by Billy Barty ) Mrs. Bates ( played by Susan French ) Episode 10 Jane Canfield ( played by Jill Schoelen ) Episode 12 Dr.", "12": "Marvin Haynes ( played by Ralph Bellamy ) Episode 13 Linda McAndrews ( played by Sheila Larken ) Elliott Reed ( played by John McLiam ) Episode 14 Cole Younger ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Bart Younger ( played by Robert Donner ) Lonnie Younger ( played by Timothy Scott ) Episode 16 Matthew Rogers ( played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs ) Episode 19 Ruthy Leland ( played by Vera Miles ) Dewey ( played by Eric Christmas ) Episode 20 Buffalo Bill ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 21 Mae Flannery ( played by Barbara Townsend ) Episode 22 Philip Rogers ( played by Robert Darnell ) Sherwood Montague ( played by Robert Casper ) Post-series movies ( edit ) Little House : The Last Farewell Nathan Lassiter ( played by James Karen ) Animals ( edit ) Dogs : Jack and Bandit Horses : Pet and Patty Pony : Bunny Goat : Fred Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy ( edit ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Charles Ingalls Caroline Lake Quiner James Wilder Angeline Day Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Charles Frederic Ingalls Grace Ingalls Laura Wilder Royal Wilder Eliza Jane Wilder Alice Wilder Perley Wilder ( ( ( ) ) ) Laura Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Son died shortly after birth was unnamed Ingalls line : Henry Ingalls and Joan / Johan Wytton Robert Ingalls ( 1563 - 1617 ) and Elizabeth x ( 1567 - 1631 ) Edmund Ingalls ( 1598 - 1648 ) and Ann Tripp ( 1599 - 1648 ) Henry Ingalls ( 1627 - 1718 ) and Mary Osgood ( 1633 - 1686 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1654 - 1733 ) and Sarah Hendrick ( 1661 - 1738 ) Samuel Ingalls Jr. ( 1683 - 1747 ) and Mary E. Watts ( 1687 - ? )", "13": "Timothy Ingalls ( 1720 - 1757 ) and ? Delano line : Jonathan Delano ( b. 1647 ) and Mercy Warren ( 1658 -- 1727 ) ( gdau. of Richard Warren of the Mayflower ) Jonathan Delano ( b. 1680 ) and Amy Hatch ( b. 1687 ) Jabez Delano ( b. 1708 ) and Prudence Hibbard ( b. 1711 ) Colby line : Matthew Colby ( b. 1530 ) and ( from 1555 ) Mary ( last name unknown ) ( b. 1532 ) Thomas Colby ( b. 1567 ) and ( from May 4 , 1596 ) Anne Jackson ( b. 1571 ) Anthony Colby ( b. 1605 ) and ( from 1632 ) Susanna Haddon ( b. 1608 ) John Colby ( b. 1633 ) and ( from January 14 , 1655 ) Frances Hoyt ( b. 1636 ) John Colby ( b. 1656 ) and ( from December 27 , 1675 ) Sarah Eldridge ( b. 1658 ) Joseph Colby ( b. 1680 ) and ( from November 22 , 1704 ) Anne Bartlett ( b. 1684 ) Nathan Colby ( b. 1710 ) and ( from December 18 , 1735 ) Hannah Worthen ( b.", "14": "1716 ) Jonathan Ingalls ( 1750 -- 1834 ) & Martha Jane Locke ( 1753 -- 1785 ) Jonathan Delano ( 1735 -- 1811 ) & Anne Ladd ( 1734 -- 1816 ) Ezekiel Colby ( 1739 -- 1791 ) & Sally Fowler ( 1734 -- 1834 ) Elijah Blood ( 1748 -- 1826 ) & Eunice Sleeman ( 1758 -- 1811 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1771 -- 1841 ) Margaret Delano ( 1773 -- 1837 ) Nathan Colby ( 1778 -- 1857 ) Eunice Blood ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1812 -- 1896 ) Laura Colby ( 1810 -- 1883 ) Peter Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) Charles Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) Lydia Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) Polly Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) Laura Ingalls ( 1845 -- 1918 ) Hiram Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) George Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) Ruby Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder Peter Riley Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . On June 5 , 1861 , in Brookfield , Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had 6 children ( see below ) . They left Pepin in 1874 , together with Laura 's family , and stopped in Zumbro Falls , Minnesota . Next they moved to South Troy , Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time ( in 1876 ) . Alice Josephine Ingalls ( 23 Apr 1862 -- 30 Jan 1934 ) -- married Arthur Whiting .", "15": "They had five children , born between 1883 and 1899 ( Altha Whiting Taylor , Jay Whiting , Fred Whiting , Vena Whiting Clark and Roy Whiting ) . Ella Estella Ingalls ( 23 Jan 1865 -- 9 Mar 1945 ) -- married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four sons , born between 1885 and 1894 ( Earl Whiting , Floyd Whiting , Harry Whiting and Clarence Whiting ) . She spent some time in DeSmet , with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland . Peter Franklin Ingalls ( 16 Nov 1866 -- 23 Sep 1932 ) -- lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while . Married Mary Edith `` Molly '' McGowin and they had between seven and eight children ( presumed to be Edith Ingalls , Alexander Ingalls , Florence Ingalls Lindsey , Pearlie Ingalls Chiles , Fred Ingalls , Mary Ingalls , Mable Ingalls Mims and an unnamed infant ) Lansford Newcomb Ingalls ( b . 5 Apr 1870 ) Edith Florence `` Dolly Varden '' ( 23 Jun 1872 -- 13 Jul 1951 ) , on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children , born between 1893 and 1912 ( Frederick Bingham , Estella Bingham Mahoney , Pearl Bingham Shanahan , Percy Bingham , Mabel Bingham Leverty , Thomas Bingham , Edna Bingham and James Bingham ) . Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls ( b . 26 Aug 1880 ) , married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children . ( Lois Ingalls Gibson , Herbert Ingalls , Wallace Ingalls , Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls ) . `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) . Died at approximately two weeks of age , of `` convulsions '' , and had not been named yet .", "16": "Charles Phillip Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) -- Laura 's father Mary Amelia Ingalls ( 1865 - 1928 ) Laura Elizabeth Ingalls ( 1867 - 1957 ) Caroline Celestia ' Carrie ' Ingalls ( 1870 - 1946 ) Charles Frederick ' Freddie ' Ingalls ( 1875 - 1876 ) Grace Pearl Ingalls ( 1877 - 1941 ) Lydia Louise Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) -- on 15 Jan 1856 , she married Robert Fulton Clough and later -- in 1859 , Joseph Stouff . She had five children , first of whom was Clough 's . Issac Lafayette Clough ( 1858 - 1893 , got married in 1876 ) Amos Alvin Stouff ( 1860 - 1893 ) Minnie Stouff ( 1868 - 1941 ) Amy Stouff ( 1870 - 1947 ) Robert Stouff ( 1875 - 1926 ) Polly Melona Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had seven children ( see below ) . The family left Pepin with Laura 's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville , Missouri . In 1869 they returned to Pepin . Some time later they went West . Louisa Martha Quiner ( 1860 - 1917 ) , m . Walter Smith and had at least one son , William Smith Charles Henry Quiner ( 1862 - 1881 ) James Albert Quiner ( 1865 - 1947 ) , m . Gertrude Frances Price ( 1866 -- 1945 ) in 1903 Charlotte A. `` Lottie '' Quiner ( 1867 - ) , m . Charles Sheldon ( 1857 - 1942 ) and had three daughters ( May Sheldon Scharen , Grace Sheldon and Blanche Sheldon ) George Lansford Quiner ( 1870 - 1884 ) Lillian M.", "17": "`` Lillie '' Quiner ( 1873 - 1881 ) Ruby Quiner ( 1878 - 1885 ) Lansford James Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) -- was married twice ; to Sarah Dickinson ( 1846 -- 1897 ) and later to Mary Dickinson . Both of them were born in England . Samuel James Ingalls ( 1866 - 1933 ) Sara Belle Ingalls ( 1870 - 1856 ) William Walter Ingalls ( 1872 - 1846 ) Mary Elizabeth Ingalls ( 1874 - 1923 ) Andrew Jackson Ingalls ( 1876 - 1959 ) Charles Reuben Ingalls ( 1878 - 1880 ) Edward Eugene Ingalls ( 1881 - 1888 ) Horace Foster Ingalls ( 1883 - 1888 ) Olive May Ingalls ( 1885 - 1888 ) Martha Esther Ingalls ( 1887 - 1977 ) Laura Ladocia `` Docia '' Ingalls ( 8 July 1845 -- 18 January 1918 ) -- married August Waldvogel ( divorced later ) and the couple had two children ( see below ) . Next she married Hiram `` Hi '' Forbes and they had seven daughters . Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway . They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska . They lost contact . Hiram died in 1906 , and Docia subsequently moved to Colorado . She died twelve years later of pulmonary oedema . Lena Evelyn Waldvogel ( 1866 -- 1943 ) , m . Samuel Aughey Heikes and they had eight children ( Agnes Heikes Kate , Eugene Heikes , Marion Heikes Lueder , Samuel Heikes , Lola Heikes Flack , Winfred Heikes , Warren Heikes and Geraldine Heikes Sloan ) . August Eugene `` Jean '' Waldvogel ( 1870 - 1945 ) , m .", "18": "first Maria Luella Harmon and subsequently Leona Beatrice Hinton , and had seven children in total ( Earl Waldvogel , William Waldvogel , Velma Waldvogel Mellor , Verne Waldvogel , Ernest Waldvogel , Robert Waldvogel and Leonard Waldvogel ) . Died in a car accident along with Leona , Verne and Leonard . Ida May Forbes ( 1875 - 1953 ) , m . Charles W. Norman Adeline Forbes ( 1877 - 1936 ) , m . Algernon `` Al '' Russell Emma Laura Forbes ( 1879 - 1912 ) , m . Henry Schneider Mary Amanda Forbes ( 1881 - 1958 ) , m . Edward Oscar Baker Maud Marie Forbes ( 1884 - 1983 ) , m . Joseph Gregg or John Gunderson Frances I. Forbes ( 1887 - 1968 ) , m . Joseph Halda Katie P. Forbes ( 1890 - 1919 ) - possibly married a man with the surname Wilton Hiram Lemuel Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) -- on 18 Oct 1867 , married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward ( 1847 -- 1910 ) and on 27 Feb 1919 -- Ellen Parker Laura Eliza Ingalls ( 1867 -- 1943 ) , m . John Monroe Butterfield ( 1856 -- 1943 ) Ruby Evaline Ingalls ( 1871 -- 1941 ) , m . Austin Johnson Beers ( 1852 -- 1929 ) in 1884 and William E. Garrison ( 1874 -- 1947 ) in 1931 Phillip L. Ingalls Sarah Jeanette Ingalls ( 1877 -- 1956 ) , m . Emil Otto Kreiner ( 1865 -- 1937 ) and later Bernard Connor ( 1871 -- 1914 ) in 1896 Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls ( 1880 -- 1951 ) , m . Marion Ormal Kezer ( 1875 -- 1942 ) Hiram LeRoy `` Roy '' Ingalls ( 1882 -- 1949 ) , m .", "19": "Mathilda Bartosh ( 1883 -- 1966 ) in 1901 Leo Vincent Kreiner Ingalls ( 1896 -- 1974 ) , m . Viola Edna Edgerton . Adopted by Hiram in 1898 . George Whiting Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) - married Julia E. Bard ( 1858 -- 1910 ) in Alden , Wisconsin , and moved with her to Webster , Wisconsin `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( b . 1878 ) - died shortly after birth `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( b . 1880 ) - died shortly after birth Benjamin Ingalls ( 1884 - 1885 ) - suffocated on the way back from a family visit Ruby Celestia Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) - married Joseph Card ( 1849 - 1923 ) George Card ( ? ) Sherman Card ( ? ) Alma Josephine `` Dolly Varden '' Card ( 1880 - 1885 ) NOTE : A second daughter of Ruby Ingalls Card , Lettie Letishia Card Anderson , is listed as being born in 1888 , seven years after Ruby 's death . How this is possible is unknown .", "20": "The Quiner family ( edit ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1809 -- 1844 ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Frederic M. Holbrook ( 1819 - 1874 ) Martha Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) Martha Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) Caroline Quiner ( 1839 -- 1924 ) Eliza Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) Thomas Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) Charlotte Holbrook ( 1854 -- 1939 ) ( Laura 's maternal great - great - grandparents ) Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond * These are fictional names . Real names unknown . ( Laura 's maternal great - grandparents ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) and Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) and Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) ( Laura 's maternal grandparents ) Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner THEIR CHILDREN ( Laura 's aunts and uncles ) : Martha Morse Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Carpenter Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) . He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856 . Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh . Frank R Quiner ( 1859 -- 1944 ) John Carpenter Quiner ( 1861 -- 1950 ) Henry Odin Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) -- born on December 7 in Ohio . He married Polly Ingalls ( for more -- see above ) Martha Jane Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) -- married Charles Carpenter in 1860 and had fourteen children .", "21": "William Augustus Carpenter ( 1861 -- 1884 ) Joseph Quiner Carpenter ( 1863 -- 1923 ) married Elizabeth C. Reese . Phoebe Carpenter Joseph Carpenter Elizabeth Carpenter Clara Carpenter Martha Carpenter Charles Carpenter Theodore Carpenter Donald Carpenter Lillian Carpenter Emilie Carpenter Lettice `` Lottie '' Jane Carpenter ( 1864 -- 1949 ) Nancy Cora Carpenter ( 1865 -- 1955 ) Martha Eliza Carpenter ( 1868 -- 1871 ) Millicent Ann Carpenter ( 1869 -- 1960 ) Charles Carr Carpenter ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Emma Bertha Carpenter ( 1873 -- 1955 ) Etta Minerva Carpenter ( 1874 -- 1899 ) Martha Josephine Carpenter ( 1876 -- 1962 ) Marion Caroline Carpenter ( 1879 -- 1939 ) Myrtie Emmeline Carpenter ( 1879 -- 1956 ) Thomas Quiner Carpenter ( 1882 -- 1944 ) George Lockwood Carpenter ( 1882 -- 1954 ) Caroline Lake Quiner ( December 12 , 1839 -- April 20 , 1924 ) -- Laura 's mother Eliza Ann Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) -- born on April 21 in Brookfield , Wisconsin . Both families -- the Ingalls and the Quiners -- moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County , Wisconsin . Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord , Wisconsin , on June 5 , 1861 ( for more -- see above ) . Thomas Lewis Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) -- born on November 23 . He married Lillian Graham ' Lily ' Hill ( 1858 - 1924 ) and they had six children . They lived for some time in DeSmet . Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23 , 1903 .", "22": "Helen Marion Quiner ( 1881 - 1961 ) Alice Quiner ( 1882 - 1883 ) Donald Quiner ( 1885 - 1887 ) Lillian Josephine Quiner ( 1887 - 1959 ) Dugald Lewis Quiner ( 1889 - 1964 ) John Hill Quiner ( 1900 - 1978 ) Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes . Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried , to Frederic Holbrook , and they had one child Charlotte Elizabeth `` Lottie '' Holbrook ( January 20 , 1854 -- February 15 , 1939 ) . She married Henry Moore ( b . 1852 ) in 1875 and they had five children . Frederick Moore ( b . 1878 ) Arvin Moore ( b . 1880 ) Harry C. Moore ( b . 1882 ) Ralph Moore ( b . 1887 ) Pearl Eva Moore ( b . 1888 ) Charlotte Tucker ( edit ) Lewis Tucker Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Betsy Tucker ( 1800 -- ? ) Lewis Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Linus Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Lydia Tucker ( 1805 -- ? ) Thomas Tucker ( 1807 -- ? ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Caroline Tucker ( 1811 -- ? ) Mary Tucker ( 1813 -- ? ) Nancy Tucker ( 1816 -- ? ) George Tucker ( 1820 -- 1821 ) Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25 , 1809 in Roxbury , Massachusetts ( a suburb of Boston ) . She died September 20 , 1884 in Rome , Wisconsin . Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four - book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley . Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . As a young woman , Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut . She was the first woman in her family to travel west , living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield , Wisconsin .", "23": "Martha Morse ( edit ) Allan Alexander Morse Margaret Drummond Grisell `` Grisie '' Morse ( b . 1774 ) Alisdair Morse ( b. 1776 ) Robert `` Robbie '' Morse ( b. 1778 ) Duncan Morse ( b. 1780 ) Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Martha Morse was born on January 2 , 1782 in Scotland , where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands . Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four - book series The Martha Years , by Melissa Wiley . Martha was Charlotte Tucker 's mother and great - grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . Martha married Lewis Tucker , a blacksmith 's son . Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston , Massachusetts , becoming the first of Laura 's ancestors to immigrate to America . The Wilder family ( edit ) Main article : Wilder family Daniel Wilder ( 1764 -- 1851 ) Mary Polly Gould ( 1765 -- 1828 ) Thomas Payne Sarah Stewart Mason Abel Wilder ( 1784 -- 1849 ) Hannah Payne ( 1790 -- 1842 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) -- Almanzo 's father . Married Angeline Albina Day .", "24": "Laura Ann Wilder ( 1844 -- 1899 ) -- born June 15 , 1844 , in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard . Kearny Howard ( step - child , born c. 1869 ) Angelina Esther Howard ( 1876 -- 1964 ) , in 1897 married Fred Merritt . Ralph Merritt Ethel Merritt Howard Merritt Harrison J. Howard ( 1878 -- 1918 ) Josephine Howard ( 1880 -- 1918 ) , married to William Walker Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1881 -- 1934 ) , married to Estelle C . Charles E. Howard ( 1908 -- 1978 ) Clarence Howard ( 1909 -- 1913 ) James J. Howard ( 1911 -- 1981 ) Ralph R. Howard ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1914 -- 1976 ) Paul Martin Howard ( 1920 -- 1923 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1847 -- 1925 ) , born February 20 , 1847 . In 1893 , married Electa Averill Hutchison . Ethel Hutchinson ( step - child , died 1905 ) , married Willard Stevens ( died in 1928 ) Clyde Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Edna Baily Rae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Bertha Luedtke ( died 1910 ) Mae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , in 1912 married George Pooler Angeline Bernice Wilder ( 1894 -- 1957 ) , in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929 , George Granger . `` baby girl '' Wilder ( stillborn in 1897 ) Susan E. Wilder ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Eliza Jane Wilder ( 1850 -- 1930 ) , born January 3 , 1850 . In 1893 , married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904 , Maxwell Gordon . Died in Los Angeles . Walcott Wilder Thayer ( 1894 -- 1965 ) , in 1918 married Frances Cockrell .", "25": "Walter Thayer -- married Elaine Ditch Cynthia Thayer Walter Thayer Francis Gervaise Thayer -- married Alena ( last name unknown ) . Thomas Thayer Larry Thayer Betty Mae Thayer -- married a man with the surname Raymond , and later , a man with the surname Huey . Cynthia Raymond Walter Raymond David Huey Joan Huey Donald Huey Alice Maria Wilder ( 1853 -- 1892 ) , born September 3 , 1853 . In 1879 married Albert A. Baldwin ( 1848 -- 1905 ) . Died in Florida . Myrtle Baldwin ( 1880 -- 1945 ) , married to John R. Brown Leland Edward Baldwin ( 1884 -- 1913 ) Almanzo Wilder ( 1857 -- 1949 ) Perley Day Wilder ( 1869 -- 1934 ) , born June 13 , 1869 , In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt ( 1879 -- 1948 ) . Died in Los Angeles . James Wilder ( 1903 -- ? ) , married Thelma Gricourt Gladys Wilder ( 1905 -- ? ) Harold Wilder ( 1909 -- ? ) Perley Wilder Jr. , ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , married to Ethel Smith , and later , Dolores Moore Dorothy Wilder ( 1914 -- 1966 ) . Married to Carl Pittman John Wilder ( 1916 -- 1916 ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) -- born after his eldest brother 's death ( and so named after him ) . He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith ( 1822 - 1910 ) . Edward Payson Wilder ( 1847 - 1890 ) Mary Jane Wilder ( b.", "26": "1856 ) William Royal Wilder ( 1858 - 1925 ) Grace Evelyn Wilder ( 1861 - 1911 ) Robert Parmelee Wilder ( 1863 - 1938 ) Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) -- married Joseph C. Lamson . Chester Lamson ( 1854 -- 1934 ) -- married Catherine McDonough . Mabel Lamson ( 1888 -- 1982 ) Charles Lamson Gussie Lamson `` baby girl '' Lamson Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) - married Adeline Hastins ( 1831 - 1909 ) William A. `` Willie '' Wilder ( 1847 - 1860 ) George Wilder ( 1868 - 1922 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) -- married Andrew Day ( her sister - in - law 's -- Almanzo 's mother -- brother ) Carrie May Day ( 1856 -- 1898 ) -- married Orville Everett . Frances Everett -- married a man with the last name of Smith . Dorothy Belle Smith Elmer A. Day ( 1862 -- 1947 ) -- married to Mary MacMaster ( 1864 -- 1945 ) Willard R. Day ( 1858 -- 1891 ) -- married Emma Hubbard Grace Day ( 1864 -- 1894 ) -- married to Grant Collins Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) The Day family ( edit ) Justin Day , I unknown unknown unknown Justin Day , II ( 1790 -- 1861 ) Diadema Bateman ( 1794 -- 1868 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1819 - 1905 ) Celinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? )", "27": "Andrew Day ( 1828 -- 1894 ) John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) George W. Day ( 1821 -- 1872 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1819 - 1905 ) -- married James Mason Wilder and they had six children , including Almanzo James Wilder ( Laura Ingalls Wilder 's husband ) . For more information , see above . Celinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? ) Andrew J. Day ( 1828 -- 1894 ) -- married Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) and they had four children . For more information , see the Wilders ' tree above ( since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo 's father ) . John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) -- married Alcesta Lindy . Fred Day Frank Day Albert Day Wilton Day George W. Day ( 1831 -- 1873 ) Neighbors , friends and acquaintances ( edit ) Real people ( edit ) Robert and Ellie Boast , were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family . Reverend Edward Brown , was the reverend and Ingalls 's neighbour in De Smet , South Dakota Ida Wright - Brown , was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura 's school friend in De Smet Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura . He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard , along with Almanzo Wilder . Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland . Mary Power , was Laura 's friend in De Smet Neta Seal , was a real - life close friend of grown - up Laura in Mansfield , Missouri Dr. Tann , was the Indian 's doctor in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there Characters based on real people ( edit ) Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie , a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job . Mr.", "28": "Edwards , Ingalls 's fictional friend The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls 's neighbors in Walnut Grove , Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura Nellie Oleson was actually three real people : Nellie Owens , Genevieve Masters , and Stella Gilbert . Soldat du Chene , was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Ladocia `` Docia '' Ingalls Forbes ( 1845 - 1918 ) ... '' www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Lena Evelyn Waldvogel Heikes ( 1866 - 1943 ) - Find A ... '' www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Hiram Lemuel Ingalls ( 1848 - 1923 ) - Find A Grave ... '' www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/144573841/royal-gould-wilder Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Ella ( Nell ) Peck Boast ( 1852 - 1918 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Rev Edward Brown ( 1814 - 1895 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Ida Belle Wright - Brown McConnell ( 1866 - 1926 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Cap Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland ( 1864 - 1891 ) - Find A Grave Memorial `` . www.findagrave.com .", "29": "Jump up ^ Florence Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Florence Adelia Garland Dawley ( 1862 - 1935 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Power Sanford ( 1866 - 1929 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Neta V Seal ( 1904 - 1996 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Neta Seal at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` George A. Tann ( 1825 - 1909 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ George A. Tann at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Louis Herbert Bouchie ( 1859 - 1894 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Soldat du Chene at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl External links ( edit ) Laura 's family at Frontier Girl Official Little House books homepage Laura 's and Almanzo 's relatives Genealogy - Laura Ingalls Wilder ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr.", "30": "Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_House_on_the_Prairie_characters&oldid=837377923 '' Categories : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of literary characters Little House on the Prairie characters Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3573392112612030278	who got the first arjun award in athletics	[ "Gurbachan Singh Randhawa", "Gurbachan Singh Randhawa" ]	{ "0": "Arjuna Award - wikipedia Arjuna Award Jump to : navigation , search Arjuna Award Civilian award for outstanding individual achievements in National Sports Sponsored by Govt. of India Reward ( s ) ₹ 500,000 First awarded 1961 Last awarded 2017 Highlights Total awarded 700 Website Official website ← Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna The Arjuna Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , Government of India to recognize outstanding achievement in sports . Started in 1961 , the award carries a cash prize of ₹ 500,000 , a bronze statue of Arjuna and a scroll . Over the years the scope of the award has been expanded and a large number of sports persons who belonged to the pre-Arjuna Award era were also included in the list . Further , the number of disciplines for which the award is given was increased to include indigenous games and the physically handicapped category . The Government revises the criteria for the Arjuna Award over the years . As per the revised guidelines , to be eligible for the Award , a sportsperson should not only have had good performance consistently for the previous four years at the international level with excellence for the year for which the Award is recommended , but should also have shown qualities of leadership , sportsmanship and a sense of discipline .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Archery 3 Athletics 4 Badminton 5 Ball Badminton 6 Basketball 7 Billiards & Snooker 8 Boxing 9 Carrom 10 Chess 11 Cricket 12 Cycling 13 Equestrian 14 Football 15 Golf 16 Gymnastics 17 Hockey 18 Judo 19 Kabaddi 20 Lawn Tennis 21 Roller Skating 22 Rowing 23 Polo 24 Shooting 25 Squash 26 Swimming 27 Table Tennis 28 Volleyball 29 Weightlifting 30 Wrestling 31 Wushu 32 Yachting 33 References 34 External links History ( edit ) From the year 2001 , the award is given only in disciplines falling under the following categories : Olympic Games / Asian Games / Commonwealth Games / World Cup / World Championship Disciplines and Cricket Indigenous Games Sports for the Physically Challenged In mid-August 2011 , 19 athletes were announced as Arjuna recipients ; the high number due to the inclusion of both the 2010 Commonwealth Games and 2010 Asian Games in the Arjuna qualifying year . In 2012 , 25 sports - persons were conferred with the Arjuna awards . In the year 2017 , 17 sports - persons , including para - athletes were honoured with Arjuna Award by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . Archery ( edit ) Mangal Singh Champia S.No .", "2": "Year Name 1981 Krishna Das 1989 Shyam Lal 1991 Limba Ram 1992 Sanjeev Kumar Singh 5 2005 Tarundeep Rai 6 2005 Dola Banerjee 7 2006 Jayanta Talukdar 8 2009 Mangal Singh Champia 9 2011 Rahul Banerjee 10 2012 Deepika Kumari 11 2012 Laishram Bombayla Devi 12 2013 Chekrovolu Swuro 13 2014 Abhishek Verma 14 2015 Sandeep Kumar 15 2016 Rajat Chauhan 16 2017 VJ Surekha Athletics ( edit ) Mercy Kuttan Reeth and Beedu ‡ - Para Athlete § - Lifetime Contribution S.No . Year Name 1961 Gurbachan Singh Randhawa 1962 Tarlok Singh 1963 Stephie D'Souza 1964 Makhan Singh 5 1965 Kenneth Powell 6 1966 Ajmer Singh 7 1966 Bhogeswar Baruah 8 1967 Praveen Kumar 9 1967 Bhim Singh 10 1968 Joginder Singh 11 1968 Manjit Walia 12 1969 Harnek Singh 13 1970 Mohinder Singh Gill 14 1971 Edward Sequeira 15 1972 Vijay Singh Chauhan 16 1973 Sriram Singh 17 T.C.", "3": "Yohannan 18 Shivnath Singh 19 Hari Chand 20 V. Anusuya Bai 21 1976 Bahadur Singh 22 1976 Geeta Zutshi 23 1977 - 78 Satish Kumar ( Athlete ) 24 1978 - 79 Suresh Babu 25 1978 - 79 Angel Mary Joseph 26 1979 - 80 R. Gyanasekaran 27 1980 - 81 Gopal Saini 28 1981 Sabir Ali 29 1982 Charles Borromeo 30 1982 Chand Ram 31 1982 M.D. Valsamma 32 Suresh Yadav 33 P.T.", "4": "Usha 34 1984 Raj Kumar 35 1984 Shiny Abraham 36 1985 Raghubir Singh Bal 38 1985 Asha Agarwal 39 1985 Adille Sumariwala 39 1986 Suman Rawat 40 Balwinder Singh 41 Vandana Rao 42 Bagicha Singh 43 Vandana Shanbagh 44 1988 Ashwini Nachappa 45 1989 Mercy Kuttan 46 1990 Deena Ram 47 1992 Bahadur Prasad 48 1993 K. Saramma 49 1994 Rosa Kutty 50 1995 Shakti Singh 51 1995 Jyotirmoyee Sikdar 52 1995 Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla ‡ 53 Kallegowda ‡ 54 Ajit Bhaduria 55 Padmini Thomas 56 1997 M. Mahadeva ‡ 57 1997 Reeth Abraham 58 1998 Sirichand Ram 59 1998 Neelam Jaswant Singh 60 1998 S.D. Eshan 61 1998 Rachita Mistry 62 1998 Paramjit Singh 63 1999 Gulab Chand 64 1999 G. Venkataravanappa ‡ 65 1999 Gurmit Kaur 66 1999 Parduman Singh 67 1999 Sunita Rani 68 2000 K.M. Beenamol 69 2000 Yadvendra Vashishta ‡ 70 2000 Joginder Singh Bedi ‡ § 71 2001 K.R.", "5": "Shankar Iyer ‡ 72 2002 Anju Bobby George 73 2002 Saraswati Saha 74 2003 Soma Biswas 75 2003 Madhuri Saxena 76 Anil Kumar 77 J.J. Shobha 78 Devendra Jhajharia ‡ 79 2005 Manjit Kaur 80 2006 K.M. Binu 81 2007 Chitra K. Soman 82 2009 Sinimol Paulose 83 Joseph Abraham ( Athletics ) 84 Krishna Punia 85 Jagseer Singh ‡ 86 2011 Preeja Sreedharan 87 2012 Sudha Singh 88 2012 Kavita Ramdas Raut 89 2012 Deepa Malik ‡ 90 2012 Ramkaran Singh ‡ 91 2013 Amit Kumar Saroha 92 2014 Tintu Luka 93 2015 M.R. Poovamma 94 2016 Lalita Babar 95 2016 Sandeep Singh Maan ‡ 96 2017 Khushbir Kaur 97 2017 Arokia Rajiv 98 2017 Mariyappan Thangavelu ‡ 98 2017 Varun Bhati ‡ Badminton ( edit ) Prakash Padukone Chetan Anand Jwala Gutta Parupalli Kashyap ‡ - Para Athlete S.No .", "6": "Year Name 1961 Nandu Natekar 1962 Meena Shah 1965 Dinesh Khanna 1967 Suresh Goel 5 1969 Dipu Ghosh 6 1970 Damayanti Tambay 7 1971 Shobha Moorthy 8 1972 Prakash Padukone 9 Raman Ghosh 10 Davinder Ahuja 11 1976 Ami Ghia 12 1977 - 78 Kanwal Thakur Singh 13 1980 - 81 Syed Modi 14 1982 Partho Ganguli 15 1982 Madhumita Bisht 16 1991 Rajeev Bagga 17 2000 Pullela Gopichand 18 1999 George Thomas 19 2002 Ramesh Tikaram ‡ 20 2003 Madasu Srinivas Rao ‡ 21 Abhinn Shyam Gupta 22 2005 Aparna Popat 23 2006 Chetan Anand 24 2006 Rohit Bhakar ‡ 25 2008 Anup Sridhar 26 2009 Saina Nehwal 27 2011 Jwala Gutta 28 2012 Ashwini Ponnappa 29 2012 Parupalli Kashyap 30 2013 P.V. Sindhu 31 2014 Valiyaveetil Diju 32 2015 Srikanth Kidambi Ball Badminton ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1970 J. Pitchyya 1972 Ms. J. Srinivasan 1973 A. Kareem L.A.", "7": "Iqbal 5 1976 Sam Christudas 6 1984 D. Rajaraman Basketball ( edit ) Prashanti Singh receiving the Arjuna Award in 2017 from the President of India . S.No . Year Name 1961 Sarbjit Singh 1967 Khushi Ram 1968 Gurdial Singh 1969 Hav . Hari Dutt 5 1970 Gulam Abbas Moontasir 6 1971 Man Mohan Singh 7 1973 S.K. Kataria 8 A.K. Punj 9 Hanuman Singh 10 1977 - 78 T. Vijayaragavan 11 1979 - 80 Om Prakash 12 1982 Ajmer Singh 13 Suman Sharma 14 1991 Radhey Shyam 15 1991 Ms. S Sharma 16 1999 Sajjan Singh Cheema 17 2001 Parminder Singh 18 2003 Satya ( Sports ) 19 2014 Geethu Anna Jose 20 2017 Prashanti Singh Billiards & Snooker ( edit ) Pankaj Advani 2012 S.No . Year Name 1963 Wilson Jones 1973 Michael Ferreira Subhash Agarwal 1986 Geet Sethi 5 1997 Ashok Shandilya 6 2002 Alok Kumar 7 2003 Pankaj Advani 8 2005 Anuja Prakash Thakur 9 2009 R Umadevi Nagaraj 10 2012 Aditya S. Mehta 11 2013 Rupesh Shah 12 2016 Sourav Kothari Boxing ( edit ) Vijender Singh Mary Kom S.No . Year Name 1961 L. Buddy D ' Souza 1962 Hav .", "8": "P. Badadur Mal 1966 Hawa Singh 1968 Hav . Dennis Swamy 5 1971 Hav . Muniswamy Venu 6 1972 Hav . Chandranarayanan 7 1973 Hav . Mehatab Singh 8 1977 - 78 B.S. Thapa 9 1978 - 79 C.C. Machaiah 10 1979 - 80 B. Singh 11 1980 - 81 Issac Amaldas 12 1981 Hav . G. Manoharan 13 1982 Hav . Kaur Singh 14 Jas Lal Pradhan 15 1986 Jai Pal Singh 16 Seeva Jayaram 17 1989 Gopal Dewang 18 1991 Dharmendra Singh Yadav 19 1992 Rajendra Prasad 20 1993 Manoj Pingale 21 1993 Mukund Killekar 22 1995 V. Devarajan 23 Raj Kumar Sangwan 24 1998 Dingko Singh 25 1999 Gurcharan Singh 26 1999 Jitender Kumar 27 2002 Mohammed Ali Qamar 28 2003 Mary Kom 29 2005 Akhil Kumar 30 2006 Vijender Singh 31 2008 Verghese Johnson 32 2009 Laishram Sarita Devi 33 Dinesh Kumar 34 2011 Suranjoy Singh 35 2012 Vikas Krishan 36 2013 Kavita Chahal 37 2014 Manoj Kumar 38 2015 Mandeep Jangra 39 2016 Shiva Thapa 40 2017 Devendro Laishram Carrom ( edit ) S.No .", "9": "Year Name A. Maria Irudayam Chess ( edit ) Viswanathan Anand Harika Dronavalli S.No . Year Name 1961 Manuel Aaron 1980 - 81 Rohini Khadilkar Dibyendu Barua 1984 Pravin Thipsay 5 1985 Viswanathan Anand 6 D.V. Prasad 7 Bhagyashree Thipsay 8 1990 Anupama Gokhale 9 2000 Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi 10 2002 Krishnan Sasikiran 11 2003 Koneru Humpy 12 2005 Surya Shekhar Ganguly 13 2006 Pentyala Harikrishna 14 2008 Dronavalli Harika 15 2009 Tania Sachdev 16 Parimarjan Negi 17 2013 Abhijeet Gupta Cricket ( edit ) Sachin Tendulkar Sourav Ganguly Rahul Dravid Virender Sehwag Harbhajan Singh S.No . Year Name 1961 Saleem Durani 1964 Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi 1965 Vijay Manjrekar 1966 Chandu Borde 5 1967 Ajit Wadekar 6 1968 E.A.S. Prasanna 7 1969 Bishan Singh Bedi 8 1970 Dilip Sardesai 9 1971 Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan 10 1972 Eknath Solkar 11 1972 B.S. Chandrashekhar 12 Sunil Gavaskar 13 1976 Shanta Rangaswamy 14 1977 - 78 Gundappa Vishwanath 15 1979 -", "10": "80 Kapil Dev Nikhanj 16 1980 - 81 Chetan Chauhan 17 1980 - 81 Syed Kirmani 18 1981 Dilip Vengsarkar 19 1982 Mohinder Amarnath 20 Diana Edulji 21 1984 Ravi Shastri 22 1985 Shubhangi Kulkarni 23 1986 Mohammad Azharuddin 24 1986 Sandhya Agarwal 25 1989 Madan Lal 26 1993 Manoj Prabhakar 27 1993 Kiran More 28 1994 Sachin Tendulkar 29 1995 Anil Kumble 30 Javagal Srinath 31 1997 Ajay Jadeja 32 1997 Sourav Ganguly 33 1998 Rahul Dravid 34 1998 Nayan Mongia 35 2000 Venkatesh Prasad 36 2001 VVS Laxman 37 2002 Virender Sehwag 38 2003 Harbhajan Singh 39 2003 Mithali Raj 40 2005 Anju Jain 41 2006 Anjum Chopra 42 2009 Gautam Gambhir 43", "11": "Jhulan Goswami 44 2011 Zaheer Khan 45 2012 Yuvraj Singh 46 2013 Virat Kohli 47 2014 Ravichandran Ashwin 48 2015 Rohit Sharma 49 2016 Ajinkya Rahane 50 2017 Cheteshwar Pujara 51 2017 Harmanpreet Kaur Cycling ( edit ) S.No . Year Name Amar Singh 1978 - 79 Ms. M. Mahapatra A.R. Arthna Equestrian ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1973 Dafadar Khan M. Khan 1976 Lt Col H.S. Sodhi 1982 Maj . R. Singh Brar 1982 Raghubir Singh 5 1984 Capt . G. Mohd . Khan 6 Maj . J.S. Ahluwalia 7 1991 Capt . Adhiraj Singh 8 2003 Capt . Rajesh Pattu 9 Maj . Deep Kumar Ahlawat Football ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1961 P.K. Banerjee 1962 Tulsidas Balaram 1963 Chuni Goswami 1964 Jarnail Singh 5 1965 Arun Lal Ghosh 6 1966 Yousuf Khan 7 1967 Peter Thangaraj 8 1969 Inder Singh 9 1970 Syed Naeemuddin 10 1971 C.P.", "12": "Singh 11 1973 Magan Singh 12 1978 -- 79 Gurdev Singh Gill 13 1979 -- 80 Prasun Banerjee 14 1980 -- 81 Mohammed Habib 15 1981 Sudhir Karmakar 16 Shanti Mullick 17 1989 Subrata Bhattacharya 18 1997 Brahmanand Sankhwalkar 19 1998 Baichung Bhutia 20 2002 Bruno Coutinho 21 2003 I.M. Vijayan 22 Deepak Kumar Mondal 23 2011 Sunil Chhetri 24 2016 Subrata Paul 25 2017 Oinam Bembem Devi Golf ( edit ) Jeev Milkha Singh S.No . Year Name 1961 P.G. Sethi 1963 A.S. Malik 1967 R.K. Pitamber 1972 Anjali N Desai 5 1973 Vikramjit Singh 6 1977 Sita Rawlley 7 1982 Lakshman Singh 8 Nonita Lall 9 1991 Ali Sher 10 1999 Jeev Milkha Singh 11 2002 Shiv Kapur 12 Jyoti Randhawa 13 2007 Arjun Atwal 14 2013 Gagan Jeet Bhullar 15 2014 Anirban Lahiri 16 2017 SSP Chawrasia Gymnastics ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1961 Shyam Lal Montu Debnath 1985 Ms. S. Sharma 1989 Ms. Krupali Patel 5 2000 Dr. ( Ms . )", "13": "Kalpna Debnath 6 2011 Ashish Kumar 7 2015 Dipa Karmakar Hockey ( edit ) Jagbir Singh receiving the Arjuna Award 1990 from President Venkataraman . S.No . Year Name 1961 Prithipal Singh 1961 Ann Lumsden 1963 Charanjit Singh 1964 S. Laxman 5 1965 Udham Singh 6 1965 E. Britto 7 1966 V.J. Peter 8 1966 Sunita Puri 9 1966 Gurbaksh Singh 10 1967 Harbinder Singh 11 1967 Mohinder Lal 12 1968 Balbir Singh Kular 13 1970 Ajit Pal Singh 14 1971 P. Krishnamurthy 15 1972 Michael Kindo 16 1973 M.P. Ganesh 17 1973 O. Mascarenhas 18 Ashok Kumar 19 A. Kaur 20 B.P. Govinda 21 Rupa Saini 22 1977 - 78 Capt . Harcharan Singh 23 1977 - 78 L.L. Fernandes 24 1979 - 80 Vasudevan Baskaran 25 1979 - 80 R.B. Mundphan 26 1980 - 81 Mohammed Shahid 27 1980 - 81 Eliza Nelson 28 1981 Versha Soni 29 Zafar Iqbal 30 1984 Rajbir Kaur 31 1984 S. Maney 32 1985 Prem Maya Sonir 33 1985 Maneyapanda Muthanna Somaya 34 1986 J.M. Carvalho 35 1988 M.P.", "14": "Singh 36 1989 Pargat Singh 37 1990 Jagbir Singh 38 1992 Mervyn Fernandes 39 1994 Jude Felix Sabastain 40 1995 Dhanraj Pillai 41 1995 Mukesh Kumar 42 A.B. Subbaiah 43 Ashish Kumar Ballal 44 1997 Harmik Singh 45 1997 Surinder Singh Sodhi 46 1997 Rajinder Singh 47 1998 Surjit Singh Randhawa 48 1998 Pritam Rani Siwach 49 1998 B.S. Dhillon 50 1998 S. Omana Kumari 51 1998 Mohammed Riaz 52 1998 Baldev Singh 53 1998 Maharaj Krishna Kaushik 54 1999 Balbir Singh Kullar 55 1998 Lt. Col. Haripal Kaushik 56 1998 Ramandeep Singh 57 1998 V.J. Phillips 58 2000 Baljeet Singh Saini 59 2000 Tingonleima Chanu 60 2000 Gp . Capt . R.S.", "15": "Bhola 61 2000 Balkishan Singh 62 2000 Jalaluddin Rizvi 63 2000 Madhu Yadav 64 2002 Dilip Tirkey 65 2002 Gagan Ajit Singh 66 2002 Mamta Kharab 67 2003 Devesh Chauhan 68 2003 Suraj Lata Devi 69 Deepak Thakur 70 Innocent Helen Mary 71 2005 Viren Rasquinha 72 2006 Jyoti Sunita Kullu 73 2008 Prabhjot Singh 74 2009 Surinder Kaur 75 2009 Ignace Tirkey 76 Jasjeet Kaur Handa 77 2011 Rajpal Singh 78 2012 Sardar Singh 79 2013 Saba Anjum Karim 80 2015 Sreejesh Ravindran 81 2016 V.R. Raghunath 82 2016 Ritu Rani 83 2017 S.V. Sunil Judo ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1992 Sandeep Byala 1993 Cawas Billimoria Ms. Poonam Chopra 1999 Narender Singh 5 2003 Akram Shah 6 Ms. Angom Anita Chanu 7 2007 Ms. Tombi Devi 8 2012 Yashpal Solanki Kabaddi ( edit ) S.No .", "16": "Year Name 1994 Subbiah Rajarathinam 1995 Perumal Ganesan Raju Bhavsar 1998 Ashan Kumar 5 1998 Biswajit Palit 6 1999 Balwinder Singh 7 1999 Tirath Raj 8 2000 C. Honappa 9 2002 Ram Mehar Singh 10 2003 Sanjeev Kumar 11 Sunder Singh 12 2005 Ramesh Kumar 13 2006 Naveen Gautam 14 2008 Pankaj Navnath Shrisat 15 Dinesh Kumar 16 2011 Tejaswini Bai 17 2011 Rakesh Kumar 18 2012 Anup Kumar 19 2014 Mamatha Poojary 20 2015 Manjeet Chillar 21 2015 Abhilasha Mhatre 22 2017 Jasvir Singh 23 2018 G. Pranav sai reddy Lawn Tennis ( edit ) Sania Mirza Leander Paes S.No . Year Name 1961 Ramanathan Krishnan 1962 Naresh Kumar 1966 Jaidip Mukerjea 1967 Premjit Lall 5 Vijay Amritraj 6 1978 - 79 Nirupama Mankad 7 1980 - 81 Ramesh Krishnan 8 1985 Anand Amritraj 9 1990 Leander Paes 10 1995 Mahesh Bhupathi 11 Gaurav Natekar 12 1997 Asif Ismail 13 2000 Akhtar Ali 14 Sania Mirza 15 2011 Somdev Devvarman 16 2017 Saketh Myneni Roller Skating ( edit ) S.No .", "17": "Year Name 2015 Anup Kumar Yama Rowing ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1981 Maj . Parveen Oberoy 1984 Capt . M.A. Naik 1991 Naib Subedar Dalvir Singh 1994 Major R.S. Bhanwala 5 Surender Singh Waldia 6 1999 Jagjit Singh 7 2000 Surender Singh Kanwasi 8 2001 Kasam Khan 9 2002 Inderpal Singh 10 Jenil Krishnan 11 2008 Bajrang lal Thakkar 12 2009 Satish Joshi 13 2014 Saji Thomas 14 2015 Swarna Singh Virk Polo ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 2012 Samir Suhag Shooting ( edit ) ‡ - Para Athlete S.No . Year Name 1961 Karni Singh 1968 Rajyashree Kumari 1969 Bhuvaneshwari Kumari 1971 Bhim Singh 5 1972 Udyan Chinubhai 6 1978 - 79 Randhir Singh 7 1981 S.P. Chauhan 8 Mohinder Lal 9 Soma Dutta 10 1985 A.J.", "18": "Pandit 11 1986 Bhagirath Samai 12 1993 Mansher Singh 13 1994 Jaspal Rana 14 Moraad A. Khan 15 1997 Satendra Kumar 16 1997 Shilpi Singh 17 1997 Naresh Kumar Sharma ‡ 18 1998 Manavjit Singh 19 1998 Roopa Unnikrishnan 20 1999 Vivek Singh 21 2000 Anjali Vedpathak Bhagwat 22 2000 Abhinav Bindra 23 2000 Gurbir Singh 24 2002 Anwer Sultan 25 2002 Suma Shirur 26 2002 Samaresh Jung 27 2003 Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore 28 Deepali A. Deshpande 29 2005 Gagan Narang 30 2006 Vijay Kumar 31 2008 Avneet Kaur Sidhu 32 2009 Ronjan Sodhi 33 Sanjeev Rajput 34 2011 Tejaswini Sawant 35 2012 Annu Raj Singh 36 2012 Omkar Singh 37 2012 Joydeep Karmakar 38 2013 Rajkumari Rathore 39 2014 Heena Sidhu 40 2015 Jitu Rai 41 2016 Apurvi Chandela 42 2016 Gurpreet Singh 42 2017 PN Prakash Squash ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 2006 Saurav Ghosal 2012 Dipika Pallikal 2013 Joshna Chinappa 2014 Anaka Alankamony Swimming ( edit ) ‡ - Para Athlete S.No . Year Name 1961 Jam .", "19": "Bajarangi Prasad 1966 Rima Datta 1967 Arun Shaw 1969 Baidyanath Nath 5 1971 Bhanwar Singh 6 1973 D. ( Tingoo ) Khatau 7 A.B. Sarang 8 Manjari Bhargava ( diving ) 9 M.S. Rana 10 Smita Desai 11 1982 Persis Madan 12 Anita Sood 13 1984 Khajan Singh 14 1988 Wilson Cherian 15 1990 Bula Choudhury 16 Kutraleeswaran 17 1998 Bhanu Sachdeva 18 1999 Nisha Millet 19 2000 Sebastian Xavier 20 2000 J. Abhijith 21 2005 Shikha Tandon 22 Rehan Poncha 23 2011 Virdhawal Khade 24 2011 Prasanta Karmakar ‡ 25 2012 Sandeep Sejwal 26 2015 Sharath Gayakwad ‡ Table Tennis ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1961 J.C. Vohra 1965 G.R. Deewan 1966 U. Sundararaj 1967 F.R. Khodaiji 5 1969 Mir Kasim Ali 6 1970 G. Jagannath 7 1971 K.F. Khodaiji 8 1973 N.R.", "20": "Bajaj 9 1976 Shailaja Salokhe 10 1979 - 80 Indu Puri 11 1980 - 81 Manjit Dua 12 1982 V. Chandrasekhar 13 1985 Kamlesh Mehta 14 Monalisa Barua 15 1989 Niyati Shah 16 1990 M.S. Walia 17 1997 Chetan Baboor 18 1998 Subramaniam Raman 19 2002 Mantu Ghosh 20 Achanta Sharath Kamal 21 2005 Soumyadeep Roy 22 2006 Subhajit Saha 23 2009 Poulomi Ghatak 24 2013 Mouma Das 25 2013 Mouma Das 26 2016 Soumyajit Ghosh 27 2017 Anthony Amalraj Volleyball ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1961 A. Palanisamy 1962 Nripjit Singh 1972 Balwant Singh a.k.a. Ballu 1973 G.M. Reddy 5 M.S. Rao 6 Sub . Insp . R. Singh 7 K.C. Elamma 8 1976 Jimmy George 9 1977 - 78 A. Ramana Rao 10 1978 - 79 Kutty Krishnan 11 1979 Riaz Ahmed 12 1979 - 1980 S.K. Mishra 13 1982 G.E. Sridharan 14 R.K.", "21": "Purohit 15 1984 Saley Joseph 16 1986 Cyril C. Valloor 17 1989 Abdul Basith 18 1990 Dalel Singh Ror 19 1991 K. Udaya Kumar 20 1999 Sukhpal Singh 21 2000 P.V. Ramana 22 2001 Amir Singh 23 2002 Ravikant Reddy 24 K.J. Kapil Dev 25 2011 Sanjay Kumar 26 2014 Tom Joseph Weightlifting ( edit ) S.No . Year Name 1961 A.N. Ghosh 1962 L.K. Dass 1963 K.E. Rao 1965 B.S. Bhatia 5 1966 Mohan Lal Ghosh 6 1967 S. John Gabriel 7 1970 Arun Kumar Dass 8 1971 S.L. Salwan 9 1972 Anil Kumar Mandal 10 S. Vellaiswamy 11 Dalbir Singh 12 1976 K. Balamuruganandam 13 1977 - 78 M. Tamilselvan 14 1978 - 79 Ekambaram Karunakaran 15 1981 B.K.", "22": "Satpathy 16 1982 Tara Singh 17 Vispy K. Daroga 18 1985 Mehar Chand Bhaskar 19 1986 Jag Mohan Sapra 20 G. Devan 21 1989 Jyotsna Dutta 22 1990 R. Chandra 23 1990 Kunjarani Devi 24 1991 Chhaya Adak 25 1993 Bharati Singh 26 1994 Karnam Malleswari 27 1997 Paramjit Sharma 28 1997 N. Laxmi 29 1998 Satheesha Rai 30 1999 Dalbir Deol 31 2000 Sanamacha Chanu Thingbaijam 32 2002 Thandava Murthy Muthu 33 2006 Geeta Rani 34 2011 Katulu Ravi Kumar 35 2012 Ngangbam Soniya Chanu 36 2014 Renubala Chanu 37 2015 Sathish Sivalingam Wrestling ( edit ) S.No .", "23": "Year Name 1961 Subedar Udey Chand 1962 Malwa 1963 G. Andalkar 1964 Bishamber Singh 5 1966 Bhim Singh Bhati 6 1967 Mukhtiar Singh 7 1969 Master Chandgi Ram ( Indian style wrestling ) 8 1970 Sudesh Kumar 9 1972 Prem Nath 10 1973 Jagroop Singh 11 Satpal 12 1978 - 79 Rajinder Singh 13 1980 - 81 Jagminder Singh 14 1982 Kartar Singh 15 1985 Mahabir Singh 16 Subhash Verma 17 1988 Rajesh Kumar 18 1989 Satywan 19 1990 Ombir Singh 20 1992 Pappu Yadav 21 1993 Ashok Kumar 22 1997 Jagdish Bhola 23 1997 Sanjay Kumar 24 1998 Kaka Pawar 25 1998 Rohtas Singh Dahiya 26 1999 Ashok Kumar 27 2000 Randhir Singh 28 2000 Kripa Shakar Patel 29 2000 K.D.", "24": "Jadhav ( posthumously ) 30 2000 Naresh Kumar 31 2002 Palwinder Singh Cheema 32 2002 Sujeet Mann 33 2003 Shokhinder Tomar 34 Anuj Kumar 35 2005 Sushil Kumar 36 2006 Geetika Jakhar 37 2008 Alka Tomar 38 2009 Yogeshwar Dutt 39 Rajiv Tomar 40 2011 Ravinder Singh 41 2012 Narsingh Yadav 42 2012 Rajinder Kumar 43 2012 Geeta Phogat 44 2013 Neha Rathi 45 2013 Dharmendra Dalal 46 2014 Sunil Kumar Rana 47 2015 Bajrang Punia 48 2015 Babita Kumari 49 2016 Vinesh Phogat 50 2016 Amit Kumar Saroha 51 2016 Ankit vats ‡ 52 2017 Satyawart Kadian Wushu ( edit ) S. No . Year Name 2011 W. Sandhyarani Devi 2012 M. Bimoljit Singh 2015 Yumnam Sanathoi Devi Yachting ( edit ) S.No , Year Name 1970 Lt. Cdr . S.J. Contractor 1973 Afsar Hussain 1978 - 79 Cdr . S.K. Mongia 1981 Zarir Karanjia 5 1982 Farokh Tarapore 6 1982 Fali Unwalla 7 1982 Jeeja Unwalla 8 1986 Lt. Dhruv Bhandari 9 C.S.", "25": "Pradipak 10 1990 Pushpendra Kumar Garg 11 1993 Cdr . Homi Motiwala 12 Lt. Cdr . Kelly Subbanand Rao ( posthumously ) 13 1999 Aashim Mongia 14 2001 Mahesh Ramachandran 15 2002 Nitin Mongia 15 2009 Girdhari Lal Yadav References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards Announced '' . Press Information Bureau , Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards '' . Press Information Bureau , Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Arjuna%20Award_0_0.pdf - from the website of India 's Minister of Youth & Sports ; retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gagan Narang confirmed for Khel Ratna award , published by the Press Trust of India on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ President Gives Away Sports and Adventure Awards , published by the Press Information Bureau of the Government of India on 2011 - 08 - 29 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards : Centre unveils list , cricket sensation Harmanpreet Kaur to receive Arjuna Award '' . Financial Express . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laxman , Tirkey , Sita get Arjuna Awards '' . The Hindu . 22 August 2002 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football Jump up ^ Pti ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) .", "26": "`` Arjuna award moral booster for K Ravi Kumar '' . News.oneindia.in . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arjuna Award . List of Award winners up to 2004 Winners for year 2006 - 2007 Winners of 2012 Arjuna Award Winners of Arjuna Award 2013 2016 Winners ( hide ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C.", "27": "Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "28": "php?title=Arjuna_Award&oldid=837810079 '' Categories : Indian sports trophies and awards Recipients of the Arjuna Award Awards established in 1961 Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Español 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 08 . 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-8209571805051987276	what is the genus of a bald eagle	[ "Haliaeetus", "Haliaeetus", "Haliaeetus", "Haliaeetus", "Haliaeetus" ]	{ "0": "Bald eagle - wikipedia Bald eagle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the bird . For other uses , see Bald eagle ( disambiguation ) . `` American eagle '' redirects here . For other uses , see American eagle ( disambiguation ) . Bald eagle Adult bald eagle on the Alsek River Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Genus : Haliaeetus Species : H. leucocephalus Binomial name Haliaeetus leucocephalus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Subspecies H. l. leucocephalus -- Southern bald eagle H. l. washingtoniensis -- Northern bald eagle Bald eagle range Breeding resident Breeding summer visitor Winter visitor On migration only Star : accidental records Synonyms Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus , 1766 The bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus , from Greek hali `` sea '' , aiētos `` eagle '' , leuco `` white '' , cephalos `` head '' ) is a bird of prey found in North America . A sea eagle , it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white - tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) . Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska , all of the contiguous United States , and northern Mexico . It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old - growth trees for nesting . The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder which subsists mainly on fish , which it swoops down and snatches from the water with its talons . It builds the largest nest of any North American bird and the largest tree nests ever recorded for any animal species , up to 4 m ( 13 ft ) deep , 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) wide , and 1 metric ton ( 1.1 short tons ) in weight . Sexual maturity is attained at the age of four to five years .", "1": "Bald eagles are not actually bald ; the name derives from an older meaning of the word , `` white headed '' . The adult is mainly brown with a white head and tail . The sexes are identical in plumage , but females are about 25 percent larger than males . The beak is large and hooked . The plumage of the immature is brown . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States of America . The bald eagle appears on its seal . In the late 20th century it was on the brink of extirpation in the contiguous United States . Populations have since recovered and the species was removed from the U.S. government 's list of endangered species on July 12 , 1995 and transferred to the list of threatened species . It was removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the Lower 48 States on June 28 , 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Range 4 Habitat 5 Behavior 5.1 Diet and feeding 5.2 Reproduction 5.3 Longevity and mortality 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Population decline and recovery 6.2 Killing Permits 6.3 In captivity 7 Cultural significance 7.1 Role in Native American culture 7.2 National bird of the United States 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Identification 11 External links 11.1 Video links Description Adult and chick The plumage of an adult bald eagle is evenly dark brown with a white head and tail . The tail is moderately long and slightly wedge - shaped . Males and females are identical in plumage coloration , but sexual dimorphism is evident in the species , in that females are 25 % larger than males . The beak , feet and irises are bright yellow . The legs are feather - free , and the toes are short and powerful with large talons . The highly developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it is held immobile by the front toes . The beak is large and hooked , with a yellow cere .", "2": "The adult bald eagle is unmistakable in its native range . The closely related African fish eagle ( H. vocifer ) ( from far outside the bald eagle 's range ) also has a brown body , white head and tail , but differs from the bald in having a white chest and black tip to the bill . Bald eagle anatomy The plumage of the immature is a dark brown overlaid with messy white streaking until the fifth ( rarely fourth , very rarely third ) year , when it reaches sexual maturity . Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) , the only other very large , non-vulturine bird in North America , in that the former has a larger , more protruding head with a larger beak , straighter edged wings which are held flat ( not slightly raised ) and with a stiffer wing beat and feathers which do not completely cover the legs . When seen well , the golden eagle is distinctive in plumage with a more solid warm brown color than an immature bald eagle , with a reddish - golden patch to its nape and ( in immature birds ) a highly contrasting set of white squares on the wing . Another distinguishing feature of the immature bald eagle over the mature bird is its black , yellow - tipped beak ; the mature eagle has a fully yellow beak . The bald eagle has sometimes been considered the largest true raptor ( accipitrid ) in North America . The only larger species of raptor - like bird is the California condor ( Gymnogyps californianus ) , a New World vulture which today is not generally considered a taxonomic ally of true accipitrids . However , the golden eagle , averaging 4.18 kg ( 9.2 lb ) and 63 cm ( 25 in ) in wing chord length in its American race ( A. c. canadensis ) , is merely 455 g ( 1.003 lb ) lighter in mean body mass and exceeds the bald eagle in mean wing chord length by around 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) . Additionally , the bald eagle 's close cousins , the relatively longer - winged but shorter - tailed white - tailed eagle and the overall larger Steller 's sea eagle ( H. pelagicus ) , may , rarely , wander to coastal Alaska from Asia .", "3": "Bald eagle A recording of a bald eagle at Yellowstone National Park Problems playing this file ? See media help . The bald eagle has a body length of 70 -- 102 cm ( 28 -- 40 in ) . Typical wingspan is between 1.8 and 2.3 m ( 5.9 and 7.5 ft ) and mass is normally between 3 and 6.3 kg ( 6.6 and 13.9 lb ) . Females are about 25 % larger than males , averaging 5.6 kg ( 12 lb ) , and against the males ' average weight of 4.1 kg ( 9.0 lb ) . This eagle has a sizeable wingspan The size of the bird varies by location and generally corresponds with Bergmann 's rule , since the species increases in size further away from the Equator and the tropics . For example , eagles from South Carolina average 3.27 kg ( 7.2 lb ) in mass and 1.88 m ( 6.2 ft ) in wingspan , smaller than their northern counterparts . The largest eagles are from Alaska , where large females may weigh up to 7.5 kg ( 17 lb ) and span 2.44 m ( 8.0 ft ) across the wings . A survey of adult weights in Alaska showed that females weighed on average 6.3 kg ( 14 lb ) and males weighed 4.3 kg ( 9.5 lb ) . R.S. Palmer listed a record from 1876 in Wyoming County , New York of an outsized adult bald eagle that was shot and reportedly scaled 8.2 kg ( 18 lb ) . Among standard linear measurements , the wing chord is 51.5 -- 69 cm ( 20.3 -- 27.2 in ) , the tail is 23 -- 37 cm ( 9.1 -- 14.6 in ) long , and the tarsus is 8 to 11 cm ( 3.1 to 4.3 in ) .", "4": "The culmen reportedly ranges from 3 to 7.5 cm ( 1.2 to 3.0 in ) , while the measurement from the gape to the tip of the bill is 7 -- 9 cm ( 2.8 -- 3.5 in ) . The call consists of weak staccato , chirping whistles , kleek kik ik ik ik , somewhat similar in cadence to a gull 's call . The calls of young birds tend to be more harsh and shrill than those of adults . Taxonomy The bald eagle placed in the genus Haliaeetus ( sea eagles ) which gets both its common and specific scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult 's head . Bald in the English name is derived from the word piebald , and refers to the white head and tail feathers and their contrast with the darker body . The scientific name is derived from Haliaeetus , New Latin for `` sea eagle '' ( from the Ancient Greek haliaetos ) , and leucocephalus , Latinized Ancient Greek for `` white head , '' from λευκος leukos ( `` white '' ) and κεφαλη kephale ( `` head '' ) . The bald eagle was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae , under the name Falco leucocephalus . There are two recognized subspecies of bald eagle : H. l. leucocephalus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) is the nominate subspecies . It is found in the southern United States and Baja California Peninsula . H. l. washingtoniensis ( Audubon , 1827 ) , synonym H. l. alascanus Townsend , 1897 , the northern subspecies , is larger than southern nominate leucocephalus . It is found in the northern United States , Canada and Alaska . The bald eagle forms a species pair with the Eurasian white - tailed eagle . This species pair consists of a white - headed and a tan - headed species of roughly equal size ; the white - tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown body plumage . The two species fill the same ecological niche in their respective ranges .", "5": "The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early Miocene ( c. 10 Ma BP ) at the latest , but possibly as early as the Early / Middle Oligocene , 28 Ma BP , if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this genus . Range Bald eagle in flight at Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming The bald eagle 's natural range covers most of North America , including most of Canada , all of the continental United States , and northern Mexico . It is the only sea eagle endemic to North America . Occupying varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England , northern birds are migratory , while southern birds are resident , remaining on their breeding territory all year . At minimum population , in the 1950s , it was largely restricted to Alaska , the Aleutian Islands , northern and eastern Canada , and Florida . Today , they are much more common ( almost attaining their peak numbers pre-colonization in North America ) , and nest in every continental state and province in the United States and Canada . Bald eagles will also congregate in certain locations in winter . From November until February , one to two thousand birds winter in Squamish , British Columbia , about halfway between Vancouver and Whistler . The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers , attracted by the salmon spawning in the area . It has occurred as a vagrant twice in Ireland ; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11 , 1973 ( misidentified at first as a white - tailed eagle ) , and an exhausted juvenile was captured in Kerry on November 15 , 1987 . Habitat Juvenile with salmon , Katmai National Park The bald eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland habitat such as seacoasts , rivers , large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish . Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 km ( 7 mi ) , and lakes with an area greater than 10 km ( 4 sq mi ) are optimal for breeding bald eagles .", "6": "The bald eagle typically requires old - growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching , roosting , and nesting . Tree species reportedly is less important to the eagle pair than the tree 's height , composition and location . Perhaps of paramount importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water . Selected trees must have good visibility , be over 20 m ( 66 ft ) tall , an open structure , and proximity to prey . If nesting trees are in standing water such as in a mangrove swamp , the nest can be located fairly low , at as low 6 m ( 20 ft ) above the ground . In a more typical tree standing on dry ground , nests may be located from 16 to 38 m ( 52 to 125 ft ) in height . In Chesapeake Bay , nesting trees averaged 82 cm ( 32 in ) in diameter and 28 m ( 92 ft ) in total height , while in Florida , the average nesting tree stands 23 m ( 75 ft ) high and is 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) in diameter . Trees used for nesting in the Greater Yellowstone area average 27 m ( 89 ft ) high . Trees or forest used for nesting should have a canopy cover of no more than 60 % , and no less than 20 % , and be in close proximity to water . Most nests have been found within 200 m ( 660 ft ) of open water . The greatest distance from open water recorded for a bald eagle nest was over 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) , in Florida . Bald eagle nests are often very large in order to compensate for size of the birds . The largest recorded nest was found in Florida in 1963 , and was measured at nearly 10 feet wide and 20 feet deep . In Florida , nesting habitats often consist of mangrove swamps , the shorelines of lakes and rivers , pinelands , seasonally flooded flatwoods , hardwood swamps , and open prairies and pastureland with scattered tall trees .", "7": "Favored nesting trees in Florida are slash pines ( Pinus elliottii ) , longleaf pines ( P. palustris ) , loblolly pines ( P. taeda ) and cypress trees , but for the southern coastal areas where mangroves are usually used . In Wyoming , groves of mature cottonwoods or tall pines found along streams and rivers are typical bald eagle nesting habitats . Wyoming eagles may inhabit habitat types ranging from large , old - growth stands of ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa ) to narrow strips of riparian trees surrounded by rangeland . In Southeast Alaska , Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) provided 78 % of the nesting trees used by eagles , followed by hemlocks ( Tsuga ) at 20 % . Increasingly , eagles nest in man - made reservoirs stocked with fish . With freshly caught fish in Kodiak The bald eagle is usually quite sensitive to human activity while nesting , and is found most commonly in areas with minimal human disturbance . It chooses sites more than 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) from low - density human disturbance and more than 1.8 km ( 1.1 mi ) from medium - to high - density human disturbance . However , bald eagles will occasionally nest in large estuaries or secluded groves within major cities , such as Hardtack Island on the Willamette River in Portland , Oregon or John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which are surrounded by a great quantity of human activity . Even more contrary to the usual sensitivity to disturbance , a family of bald eagles moved to the Harlem neighborhood in New York City in 2010 . While wintering , bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive . They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and ( in Northern climes ) partially unfrozen waters . Alternately , non-breeding or wintering bald eagles , particularly in areas with a lack of human disturbance , spend their time in various upland , terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways . In the northern half of North America ( especially the interior portion ) , this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible .", "8": "Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium - sized mammals , such as prairies , meadows or tundra , or open forests with regular carrion access . Behavior Head details The bald eagle is a powerful flier , and soars on thermal convection currents . It reaches speeds of 56 -- 70 km / h ( 35 -- 43 mph ) when gliding and flapping , and about 48 km / h ( 30 mph ) while carrying fish . Its dive speed is between 120 -- 160 km / h ( 75 -- 99 mph ) , though it seldom dives vertically . Regarding their flying abilities , the bald eagle is considered surprisingly maneuverable in flight , bounty hunters shooting from helicopters opined that they were far more difficult to hunt while flying than golden eagles as they would turn , double back or dive as soon as approached . Bald eagles have also been recorded catching up to and then swooping under geese in flight , turning over and thrusting their talons into the other bird 's breast . It is partially migratory , depending on location . If its territory has access to open water , it remains there year - round , but if the body of water freezes during the winter , making it impossible to obtain food , it migrates to the south or to the coast . A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal , mainly in juveniles ; Florida eagles , for example , will disperse northwards in the summer . The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals , updrafts , and food resources . During migration , it may ascend in a thermal and then glide down , or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other terrain . Migration generally takes place during the daytime , usually between the local hours of 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 p.m. , when thermals are produced by the sun . Diet and feeding Feeding on catfish and other various fishes . Painted by John James Audubon The bald eagle is an opportunistic carnivore with the capacity to consume a great variety of prey . Throughout their range , fish often comprise the majority of the eagle 's diet .", "9": "In 20 food habit studies across the species ' range , fish comprised 56 % of the diet of nesting eagles , birds 28 % , mammals 14 % and other prey 2 % . In Southeast Alaska , fish comprise approximately 66 % of the year - around diet of bald eagles and 78 % of the prey brought to the nest by the parents . Eagles living in the Columbia River Estuary in Oregon were found to rely on fish for 90 % of their dietary intake . In the Pacific Northwest , spawning trout and salmon provide most of the bald eagles ' diet from late summer throughout fall . Southeast Alaskan eagles largely prey on pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) , coho salmon ( O. kisutch ) and , more locally , sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ) , with chinook salmon ( O. tshawytscha ) , due to their large size ( 12 to 18 kg ( 26 to 40 lb ) average adult size ) probably being taken only as carrion . Also important in the estuaries and shallow coastlines of southern Alaska are Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ) , Pacific sand lance ( Ammodytes hexapterus ) and eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ) . In Oregon 's Columbia River Estuary , the most significant prey species were largescale suckers ( Catostomus macrocheilus ) ( 17.3 % of the prey selected there ) , American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ; 13 % ) and common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ; 10.8 % ) . Eagles living in the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland were found to subsist largely on American gizzard shad ( Dorosoma cepedianum ) , threadfin shad ( D. petenense ) and white bass ( Morone chrysops ) . Floridian eagles have been reported to prey on catfish , most prevalently the brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) and any species in the Ictalurus genus as well as mullet , trout , needlefish , and eels . Wintering eagles on the Platte River in Nebraska preyed mainly on American gizzard shads and common carp .", "10": "From observation in the Columbia River , 58 % of the fish were caught live by the eagle , 24 % were scavenged as carcasses and 18 % were pirated away from other animals . Even eagles living in relatively arid regions still typically rely primarily on fish as prey . In Sonora ( Mexico ) and Arizona , 77 % and over 73 % , respectively , of prey remains at the nests were from fish , largely various catfish and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) . Prey fish targeted by bald eagles are often quite large . When experimenters offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in California , fish measuring 34 to 38 cm ( 13 to 15 in ) were taken 71.8 % of the time by parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm ( 9.1 to 10.8 in ) were chosen only 25 % of the time . At nests around Lake Superior , the remains of fish ( mostly suckers ) were found to average 35.4 cm ( 13.9 in ) in total length . In the Columbia River estuary , most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure between 30 and 60 cm ( 12 and 24 in ) in length , and carp flown with ( laboriously ) were up to 86 cm ( 34 in ) in length . A bald eagle on a whale carcass . Benthic fishes such as catfish are usually consumed after they die and float to the surface , though while temporarily swimming in the open may be more vulnerable to predation than most fish since their eyes focus downwards . Bald eagles also regularly exploit water turbines which produce battered , stunned or dead fish easily consumed . Predators who leave behind scraps of dead fish that they kill , such as brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) , gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) and red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , may be habitually followed in order to scavenge the kills secondarily . Once North Pacific salmon die off after spawning , usually local bald eagles eat salmon carcasses almost exclusively .", "11": "Eagles in Washington need to consume 489 g ( 1.078 lb ) of fish each day for survival , with adults generally consuming more than juveniles and thus reducing potential energy deficiency and increasing survival during winter . Behind fish , the next most significant prey base for bald eagles are other waterbirds . The contribution of such birds to the eagle 's diet is variable , depending on the quantity and availability of fish near the water 's surface . Waterbirds can seasonally comprise from 7 % to 80 % of the prey selection for eagles in certain localities . Exceptionally , in the Greater Yellowstone area , birds were eaten as regularly as fish year - around , with both prey groups comprising 43 % of the studied dietary intake . Preferred avian prey includes grebes , alcids , ducks , gulls , coots , herons , egrets , and geese . Bird species most preferred as prey by eagles tend to be medium - sized , such as western grebes ( Aechmophorus occidentalis ) , mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and American coots ( Fulica americana ) as such prey is relatively easy for the much larger eagles to catch and fly with . American herring gull ( Larus smithsonianus ) are the favored avian prey species for eagles living around Lake Superior . Larger waterbirds are occasionally prey as well , with wintering emperor geese ( Chen canagica ) and snow geese ( C. caerulescens ) , which gather in large groups , sometimes becoming regular prey . Other large waterbirds hunted at least occasionally by bald eagles have included common loons ( Gavis immer ) , great black - backed gulls ( Larus marinus ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) , great blue herons ( Ardea herodias ) , Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) , brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) , and fledging American white pelicans ( P. erythrorhynchos ) . Colony nesting seabirds , such as alcids , storm petrels , cormorants , northern gannets ( Morus bassanus ) , terns and gulls , may be especially vulnerable to predation .", "12": "Due to easy accessibility and lack of formidable nest defense by such species , bald eagles are capable of preying on such seabirds at all ages , from eggs to mature adults , and can effectively cull large portions of a colony . Along some portions of the North Pacific coastline , bald eagles which had historically preyed mainly kelp - dwelling fish and supplementally sea otter ( Enhydra lutris ) pups are now preying mainly on seabird colonies since both the fish ( possibly due to overfishing ) and otters ( cause unknown ) have had precipitous population declines , causing concern for seabird conservation . Because of this more extensive predation , some biologist have expressed concern that murres are heading for a `` conservation collision '' due to heavy eagle predation . Eagles have been confirmed to attack nocturnally active , burrow - nesting seabird species such as storm petrels and shearwaters by digging out their burrows and feeding on all animals they find inside . If a bald eagle flies close by , waterbirds will often fly away en masse , though in other cases they may seemingly ignore a perched eagle . If the said birds are on a colony , this exposed their unprotected eggs and nestlings to scavengers such as gulls . Bird prey may occasionally be attacked in flight , with prey up to the size of Canada geese attacked and killed in mid-air . Unprecedented photographs of a bald eagle unsuccessfully attempting to prey on a much larger adult trumpeter swan ( Cygnus buccinator ) in mid-flight were taken recently . While adults often actively prey on waterbirds , congregated wintering waterfowl are frequently exploited for carcasses to scavenge by immature eagles in harsh winter weather . Bald eagles have been recorded as killing other raptors on occasion . In some cases , these may be attacks of competition or kleptoparasitism on rival species but ended with the consumption of the victim . Raptorial birds reported to be hunted by these eagles have included large adults of species such as red - tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , ospreys ( Pandion haliaetus ) and black ( Coragyps atratus ) and turkey vultures ( Cathartes aura ) .", "13": "At the Hawk Conservancy Trust in Andover Mammalian prey includes rabbits , hares , ground squirrels , raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) , beavers ( Castor canadensis ) , and deer fawns . Newborn , dead , sickly or already injured mammals are often targeted . However , more formidable prey such as adult raccoons and subadult beavers are sometimes attacked . In the Chesapeake Bay area , bald eagles are reportedly the main natural predators of raccoons . Where available , seal colonies can provide much food . On Protection Island , Washington , they commonly feed on harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ) afterbirths , still - borns and sickly seal pups . On San Juan Island in Washington , introduced European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) , mainly those killed by auto accidents , comprise nearly 60 % of the dietary intake of eagles . In landlocked areas of North America , wintering bald eagles may become habitual predators of medium - sized mammals that occur in colonies or local concentrations , such as prairie dogs ( Cynomys ) and jackrabbits ( Lepus ) . Together with the golden eagle , bald eagles are occasionally accused of preying on livestock , especially sheep ( Ovis aries ) . There are a handful of proven cases of lamb predation , some of specimens weighing up to 11 kg ( 24 lb ) , by bald eagles but they are much less likely to attack a healthy lamb than a golden eagle and both species prefer native , wild prey and are unlikely to cause any extensive detriment to human livelihoods . There is one case of a bald eagle killing and feeding on an adult , pregnant ewe ( then joined in eating the kill by at least 3 other eagles ) , which , weighing on average over 60 kg ( 130 lb ) , is much larger than any other known prey taken by this species . Supplemental prey are readily taken given the opportunity . In some areas reptiles may become regular prey , especially warm areas such as Florida where reptile diversity is high . Turtles are perhaps the most regularly hunted type of reptile . In coastal New Jersey , 14 of 20 studied eagle nests included remains of turtles .", "14": "The main species found were common musk turtles ( Sternotherus odoratus ) , diamondback terrapin ( Malaclemys terrapin ) and juvenile common snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina ) . In these New Jersey nests , mainly subadult and small adults were taken , ranging in carapace length from 9.2 to 17.1 cm ( 3.6 to 6.7 in ) . Snakes are also taken occasionally , especially partially aquatic ones , as are amphibians and crustaceans ( largely crayfish and crabs ) . To hunt fish , the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons . They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other . Eagles have structures on their toes called spicules that allow them to grasp fish . Osprey also have this adaptation . Bald eagles have powerful talons and have been recorded flying with a 6.8 kg ( 15 lb ) mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) fawn . This feat is the record for the heaviest load carrying ever verified for a flying bird . It has been estimated that the gripping power ( pounds by square inch ) of the bald eagle is ten times greater than that of a human . Bald eagles can fly with fish at least equal to their own weight , but if the fish is too heavy to lift , the eagle may be dragged into the water . It may swim to safety , in some cases pulling the catch along to the shore as it swims , but some eagles drown or succumb to hypothermia . Many sources claim that bald eagles , like all large eagles , can not normally take flight carrying prey more than half of their own weight unless aided by favorable wind conditions . On numerous occasions , when large prey such as mature salmon or geese are attacked , eagles have been seen to make contact and then drag the prey in a strenuously labored , low flight over the water to a bank , where they then finish off and dismember the prey . When food is abundant , an eagle can gorge itself by storing up to 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) of food in a pouch in the throat called a crop .", "15": "Gorging allows the bird to fast for several days if food becomes unavailable . Occasionally , bald eagles may hunt cooperatively when confronting prey , especially relatively large prey such as jackrabbits or herons , with one bird distracting potential prey , while the other comes behind it in order to ambush it . While hunting waterfowl , bald eagles repeatedly fly at a target and cause it to dive repeatedly , hoping to exhaust the victim so it can be caught ( white - tailed eagles have been recorded hunting waterfowl in the same way ) . When hunting concentrated prey , a successful catch which often results in the hunting eagle being pursued by other eagles and needing to find an isolated perch for consumption if it is able to carry it away successfully . Unlike some other eagle species , bald eagles rarely take on evasive or dangerous prey on their own . The species mainly target prey which is much smaller than themselves , with most live fish caught weighing 1 to 3 kg ( 2.2 to 6.6 lb ) and most waterbirds preyed weighing 0.2 to 2.7 kg ( 0.44 to 5.95 lb ) . They obtain much of their food as carrion or via a practice known as kleptoparasitism , by which they steal prey away from other predators . Due to their dietary habits , bald eagles are frequently viewed in a negative light by humans . Thanks to their superior foraging ability and experience , adults are generally more likely to hunt live prey than immature eagles , which often obtain their food from scavenging . They are not very selective about the condition or origin , whether provided by humans , other animals , auto accidents or natural causes , of a carcass 's presence , but will avoid eating carrion where disturbances from humans are a regular occurrence . They will scavenge carcasses up to the size of whales , though carcasses of ungulates and large fish are seemingly preferred . Bald eagles also may sometimes feed on material scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics , as well as garbage dumps ( dump usage is habitual mainly in Alaska ) .", "16": "When competing for food , eagles will usually dominate other fish - eaters and scavengers , aggressively displacing mammals such as coyotes ( Canis latrans ) and foxes , and birds such as corvids , gulls , vultures and other raptors . Occasionally , coyotes , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) and domestic dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) can displace eagles from carrion , usually less confident immature birds , as has been recorded in Maine . Bald eagles are less active , bold predators than golden eagles and get relatively more of their food as carrion and from kleptoparasitism ( although it is now generally thought that golden eagles eat more carrion than was previously assumed ) . However , the two species are roughly equal in size , aggressiveness and physical strength and so competitions can go either way . Neither species is known to be dominant , and the outcome depends on the size and disposition of the individual eagles involved . The bald eagle is thought to be much more numerous in North America than the golden eagle , with the bald species estimated to number at least 150,000 individuals , about twice as many golden eagles there are estimated to live in North America . Due to this , bald eagles often outnumber golden eagles at attractive food sources . Despite the potential for contention between these animals , in New Jersey during winter , a golden eagle and numerous bald eagles were observed to hunt snow geese alongside each other without conflict . Similarly , both eagle species have been recorded , via video - monitoring , to feed on gut pills and carcasses of white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) in remote forest clearings in the eastern Appalachian Mountains without apparent conflict . Many bald eagles are habitual kleptoparasites , especially in winters when fish are harder to come by . They have been recorded stealing fish from other predators such as ospreys , herons and even otters . They have also been recorded opportunistically pirating birds from peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) , prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks ( Buteo regalis ) and even jackrabbits from golden eagles .", "17": "When they approach scavengers like dogs , gulls or vultures at carrion sites , they often aggressively attack them and try to force them to disgorge their food . Healthy adult bald eagles are not preyed on in the wild and are thus considered apex predators . Reproduction Bald eagles are sexually mature at four or five years of age . When they are old enough to breed , they often return to the area where they were born . It is thought that bald eagles mate for life . However , if one member of a pair dies or disappears , the survivor will choose a new mate . A pair which has repeatedly failed in breeding attempts may split and look for new mates . Bald eagle courtship involves elaborate , spectacular calls and flight displays . The flight includes swoops , chases , and cartwheels , in which they fly high , lock talons , and free fall , separating just before hitting the ground . Usually , a territory defended by a mature pair will be 1 to 2 km ( 0.62 to 1.24 mi ) of waterside habitat . Mating Egg , Collection at Museum Wiesbaden in Germany . Chick at Everglades National Park Compared to most other raptors which mostly nest in April or May , bald eagles are early breeders : nest building or reinforcing is often by mid-February , egg laying is often late February ( sometimes during deep snow in the North ) , and incubation is usually mid-March and early May . Eggs hatch from mid April to early May , and the young fledge late June to early July . The nest is the largest of any bird in North America ; it is used repeatedly over many years and with new material added each year may eventually be as large as 4 m ( 13 ft ) deep , 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) across and weigh 1 metric ton ( 1.1 short tons ) ; one nest in Florida was found to be 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) deep , 2.9 meters ( 9.5 ft ) across , and to weigh 3 short tons ( 2.7 metric tons ) . This nest is on record as the largest tree nest ever recorded for any animal .", "18": "Usually nests are used for under five years or so , as they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer weight . However , one nest in the Midwest was occupied continuously for at least 34 years . The nest is built out of branches , usually in large trees found near water . When breeding where there are no trees , the bald eagle will nest on the ground , as has been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators , such as Amchitka Island in Alaska . In Sonora , Mexico , eagles have been observed nesting on top of Hecho catcuses ( Pachycereus pectinaboriginum ) . Nests located on cliffs and rock pinnacles have been reported historically in California , Kansas , Nevada , New Mexico and Utah , but currently are only verified to occur only in Alaska and Arizona . The eggs average about 73 mm ( 2.9 in ) long , ranging from 58 to 85 mm ( 2.3 to 3.3 in ) , and have a breadth of 54 mm ( 2.1 in ) , ranging from 47 to 63 mm ( 1.9 to 2.5 in ) . Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) in mass , while in Saskatchewan they averaged 114.4 g ( 4.04 oz ) . As with their ultimate body size , egg size tends to increase further away from the Equator . Eagles produce between one and three eggs per year , two being typical . Rarely , four eggs have been found in nests but these may be exceptional cases of polygyny . Eagles in captivity have been capable of producing up to seven eggs . it is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach the fledging stage . The oldest chick often bears the advantage of larger size and louder voice , which tends to draw the parents attention towards it . Occasionally , as is recorded in many large raptorial birds , the oldest sibling sometimes attacks and kills its younger sibling ( s ) , especially early in the nesting period when their sizes are most different .", "19": "However , nearly half of known bald eagle produce two fledgings ( more rarely three ) , unlike in some other `` eagle '' species such as some in the Aquila genus , in which a second fledging is typically observed in less than 20 % of nests , despite two eggs typically being laid . Both the male and female take turns incubating the eggs , but the female does most of the sitting . The parent not incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage . For the first two to three weeks of the nestling period , at least one adult is at the nest almost 100 % of the time . After five to six weeks , the attendance of parents usually drops off considerably ( with the parents often perching in trees nearby ) . A young eaglet can gain up to 170 g ( 6.0 oz ) a day , the fastest growth rate of any North American bird . The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks , play tug of war with each other , practice holding things in their talons , and stretch and flap their wings . By eight weeks , the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings , lift their feet off the nest platform , and rise up in the air . The young fledge at anywhere from 8 to 14 weeks of age , though will remain close to the nest and attended to by their parents for a further 6 weeks . Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge . Variability in departure date related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development . For the next four years , immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult plumage and are eligible to reproduce . Additionally , as shown by a pair of eagles in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary located near Sydney , British Columbia on June 9 , 2017 , bald eagles have been recently recorded to occasionally adopt other raptor fledglings into their nests . The pair of eagles in question were recorded carrying a juvenile red - tailed hawk back to their nest , whereupon the chick was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles ' three fledgelings . Whether or not the chick survived remained to be seen at the time , as bald eagles are known for committing fratricide amongst their siblings .", "20": "However , the aggression of the red - tailed hawk may ensure its survival , as the hawks are well known for their ability to successfully defend against an eagle attack . Six weeks after however , it was discovered that the hawk , nicknamed `` Spunky '' by biologists monitoring the nest , had grown to fledgeling size and was learning how to hunt , indicating that it successfully survived . Longevity and mortality Newly fledged juvenile The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years , with the oldest confirmed one having been 38 years of age . In captivity , they often live somewhat longer . In one instance , a captive individual in New York lived for nearly 50 years . As with size , the average lifespan of an eagle population appears to be influenced by its location and access to prey . As they are no longer heavily persecuted , adult mortality is quite low . In one study of Florida eagles , adult bald eagles reportedly had 100 % annual survival rate . In Prince William Sound in Alaska , adults had an annual survival rate of 88 % even after the Exxon Valdez oil spill adversely affected eagles in the area . Of 1,428 individuals from across the range necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984 , 329 ( 23 % ) eagles died from trauma , primarily impact with wires and vehicles ; 309 ( 22 % ) died from gunshot ; 158 ( 11 % ) died from poisoning ; 130 ( 9 % ) died from electrocution ; 68 ( 5 % ) died from trapping ; 110 ( 8 % ) from emaciation ; and 31 ( 2 % ) from disease ; cause of death was undetermined in 293 ( 20 % ) of cases . In this study , 68 % of mortality was human - caused . Today eagle - shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to the species protected status . In one case , an adult eagle investigating a peregrine falcon nest for prey items sustained a concussion from a swooping parent peregrine , and ultimately died days later from it . An early natural history video depicting a cougar ( Puma concolor ) ambushing and killing an immature bald eagle feeding at a rabbit carcass is viewable online although this film may have been staged .", "21": "Most non-human - related mortality involves nestlings or eggs . Around 50 % of eagles survive their first year . However , in the Chesapeake Bay area , 100 % of 39 radio - tagged nestlings survived to their first year . Occasionally , nestling or egg fatalities are due to nest collapses , starvation , sibling aggression or inclement weather . Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation . These have been verified to be preyed by large gulls , corvids ( including ravens , crows and magpies ) , wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) , hawks , owls , eagles , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) , American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) and raccoons . If food access is low , parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may have to forage thus resulting in less protection . Nestlings are usually exempt from predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree - climbers , but Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island . The bald eagle will defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears , having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to climb a tree holding nestlings . Relationship with humans Population Decline and Recovery Once a common sight in much of the continent , the bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors , among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT . Bald eagles , like many birds of prey , were especially affected by DDT due to biomagnification . DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird , but it interfered with the bird 's calcium metabolism , making the bird either sterile or unable to lay healthy eggs . Female eagles laid eggs that were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding adult , making it nearly impossible for the eggs to hatch . It is estimated that in the early 18th century , the bald eagle population was 300,000 -- 500,000 , but by the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US .", "22": "Other factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable habitat , as well as both legal and illegal shooting . In 1930 a New York City ornithologist wrote that in the state of Alaska in the previous 12 years approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot . Many of the hunters killed the bald eagles under the long - held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even children with their talons , yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged acts of predation ( lamb predation is rare , human predation is thought to be non-existent ) . Later illegal shooting was described as `` the leading cause of direct mortality in both adult and immature bald eagles , '' according to a 1978 report in the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin . In 1984 , the National Wildlife Federation listed hunting , power - line electrocution , and collisions in flight as the leading causes of eagle deaths . Bald eagles have also been killed by oil , lead , and mercury pollution , and by human and predator intrusion at nests . The species was first protected in the U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty , later extended to all of North America . The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act , approved by the U.S. Congress in 1940 , protected the bald eagle and the golden eagle , prohibiting commercial trapping and killing of the birds . The bald eagle was declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967 , and amendments to the 1940 act between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for violators . Perhaps most significant in the species ' recovery , in 1972 , DDT was banned from usage in the United States due to the fact that it inhibited the reproduction of many birds . DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989 , though its use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s . First - year With regulations in place and DDT banned , the eagle population rebounded . The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada , particularly near large bodies of water . In the early 1980s , the estimated total population was 100,000 individuals , with 110,000 -- 115,000 by 1992 ; the U.S.", "23": "state with the largest resident population is Alaska , with about 40,000 -- 50,000 , with the next highest population the Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000 -- 30,000 in 1992 . Obtaining a precise count of bald eagles population is extremely difficult . The most recent data submitted by individual states was in 2006 , when 9789 breeding pairs were reported . For some time , the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states was in Florida , where over a thousand pairs have held on while populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use . Today , the contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota with an estimated 1,312 pairs , surpassing Florida 's most recent count of 1,166 pairs . 23 , or nearly half , of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100 breeding pairs of bald eagles . In Washington State , there were only 105 occupied nests in 1980 . That number increased by about 30 per year , so that by 2005 there were 840 occupied nests . 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nest . Further population increases in Washington may be limited by the availability of late winter food , particularly salmon . The bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government 's list of endangered species on July 12 , 1995 , by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service , when it was reclassified from `` Endangered '' to `` Threatened . '' On July 6 , 1999 , a proposal was initiated `` To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife . '' It was de-listed on June 28 , 2007 . It has also been assigned a risk level of Least Concern category on the IUCN Red List . In the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Prince William Sound , though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995 . In some areas , the population has increased such that the eagles are a pest . Killing permits In December 2016 , the U.S.", "24": "Fish and Wildlife Service proposed quadrupling to 4,200 per year the amount of bald eagles that can be killed by the wind electric generation industry without paying a penalty . If issued , the permits would last 30 years , six times the current 5 - year permits . In captivity Lady Baltimore , a bald eagle in Alaska who survived a poaching attempt , in her Juneau Raptor Center mew , on August 15 , 2015 Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States . Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions , and the eagles which they show are permanently injured individuals which can not be released to the wild . The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging and facilities , as well as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles . Bald eagles can not legally be kept for falconry in the United States . As a rule , the bald eagle is a poor choice for public shows , being timid , prone to becoming highly stressed , and unpredictable in nature . Native American tribes can obtain a `` Native American Religious Use '' permit to keep non-releasable eagles as well . They use their naturally molted feathers for religious and cultural ceremonies . The bald eagle can be long - lived in captivity if well cared for , but does not breed well even under the best conditions . In Canada , a license is required to keep bald eagles for falconry . Cultural significance In Skagit Valley , Washington , United States The bald eagle is important in various Native American cultures and , as the national bird of the United States , is prominent in seals and logos , coinage , postage stamps , and other items relating to the U.S. federal government . Role in Native American Culture The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures , and its feathers , like those of the golden eagle , are central to many religious and spiritual customs among Native Americans . Eagles are considered spiritual messengers between gods and humans by some cultures . Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as part of their regalia as well . Eagle feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies , particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans , bustles and head dresses .", "25": "In the Navajo Tradition an Eagle feather is represented to be a Protector , along with the Feather Navajo Medicine Man use the leg and wing bones for ceremonial whistles . The Lakota , for instance , give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to person who achieves a task . In modern times , it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college . The Pawnee considered eagles as symbols of fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they fiercely protect their young . The Choctaw considered the bald eagle , who has direct contact with the upper world of the sun , as a symbol of peace . Staff at the National Eagle Repository processing a bald eagle During the Sun Dance , which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes , the eagle is represented in several ways . The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance is held . A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of the dance . Also during the dance , a medicine man may direct his fan , which is made of eagle feathers , to people who seek to be healed . The medicine man touches the fan to the center pole and then to the patient , in order to transmit power from the pole to the patient . The fan is then held up toward the sky , so that the eagle may carry the prayers for the sick to the Creator . Current eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use . The constitutionality of these laws has been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely . The National Eagle Repository , a division of the FWS , exists as a means to receive , process , and store bald and golden eagles which are found dead , and to distribute the eagles , their parts and feathers , to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in religious ceremonies . National bird of the United States Seal of the President of the United States The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America . The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic , in which eagle imagery ( usually involving the golden eagle ) was prominent .", "26": "On June 20 , 1782 , the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons . The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S. government , including the presidential seal , the presidential flag , and in the logos of many U.S. federal agencies . Between 1916 and 1945 , the presidential flag ( but not the seal ) showed an eagle facing to its left ( the viewer 's right ) , which gave rise to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace , and towards the arrows in wartime . Contrary to popular legend , there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , rather than the bald eagle , as a symbol of the United States . However , in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris , criticizing the Society of the Cincinnati , he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle 's behavior . In the letter Franklin states : For my own part . I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country . He is a bird of bad moral character . He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward : The little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district . Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it , with its hereditary membership , as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent Republic , contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus , for whom the Society was named ; his reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus . See also Birds portal North America portal Coat of arms of the Philippines List of national birds Besnard Lake References ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Haliaeetus leucocephalus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 .", "27": "^ Jump up to : del Hoyo , J. , Elliott , A. , & Sargatal , J. , eds. ( 1994 ) . 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The Golden Eagle . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 1420 - 9 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , D.M. ( 2004 ) . The Bird Almanac : A Guide to Essential Facts and Figures of the World 's Birds . Ontario : Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 55297 - 925 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Facts and Information '' .", "28": "Eagles.org . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jr. , J.B. , ed. ( 1993 ) . CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses . CRC Press , Ann Arbor . Jump up ^ Murphy , T. & Hope , C. `` Bald Eagles in South Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Department of Natural Resources of South Carolina . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ARKive - Bald Eagle video , photos and facts '' . ARKive.org - Images of Life on Earth . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Eagles , Hawks and Falcons of the World by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon . The Wellfleet Press ( 1986 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55521 - 472 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , R.S. ( Ed . ) . 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( 1983 ) . `` Bald Eagle predation on Domestic Sheep '' . The Wilson Bulletin . 95 ( 4 ) : 694 -- 695 . Jump up ^ `` Predation on Northern Diamondback Terrapins ( Malaclemys terrapin terrapin ) by Bald Eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) along the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay Coasts of New Jersey '' ( PDF ) . The Wetlands Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Birds of prey -- Diet & Eating Habits '' . Seaworld.org .", "36": "Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Bird Records '' . Trails.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gripping Strength of an Eagle -- Understanding psi 101 '' ( PDF ) . Hawkquest . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Potts , Steve ( 1 August 1999 ) . The Bald Eagle . Capstone . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 8483 - 9 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , C.C. ( 1969 ) . Winter behavior and population dynamics of American eagles in Utah . PhD Thesis . Brigham Young University . Provo , UT . Jump up ^ Folk , M.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Cooperative hunting of avian prey by a pair of Bald Eagles '' . Florida Field Naturalist. 20 : 110 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Newsome , S.D. ; Collins , P.W. ; Rick , T.C. ; Guthrie , D.A. ; Erlandson , J.M. ; Fogel , M.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Pleistocene to historic shifts in bald eagle diets on the Channel Islands , California '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 20 ) : 9246 -- 9251 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.9246 N . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0913011107 . JSTOR 25681578 . PMC 2889061 . PMID 20439737 . Jump up ^ Todd , C.S. ; Young , L.S. ; Owen , R.B. ; Gramlich , F.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Food habits of Bald Eagles in Maine '' . J. Wildlife Management . 46 ( 3 ) : 636 -- 645 . doi : 10.2307 / 3808554 . JSTOR 3808554 .", "37": "Jump up ^ Harmata , A.R. 1984 . Bald Eagles of the San Luis valley , Colorado : their winter ecology and spring migration . Phd Thesis . Montana State University . Bozeman . ^ Jump up to : Sherrod , S.K. ; White , C.M. ; Williamson , F.S.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Biology of the Bald Eagle on Amchitka Island , Alaska '' . Living Bird. 15 : 145 -- 182 . Jump up ^ McCollough , M.A. ; Todd , C.S. ; Owen R.B. Jr. ( 1994 ) . `` Supplemental feeding program for wintering Bald Eagles in Maine '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 22 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 154 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 ( 96 ) 83230 - 7 . JSTOR 3783240 . Jump up ^ Watt , J. ; Krausse , B. ; Tinker , T.M. ( 1995 ) . `` Bald Eagle kleptoparasitizing sea otters at Amchitka Island , Alaska '' . Condor. 87 ( 2 ) : 588 -- 590 . doi : 10.2307 / 1369047 . JSTOR 1369047 . Jump up ^ Jorde , D.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Kleptoparasitism by Bald Eagles wintering in South - Central Nebraska '' . Journal of Field Ornithology. 59 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Dekker , Dick ; Out , Marinde ; Tabak , Miechel ; Ydenberg , Ronald ( 2012 ) . `` The Effect of Kleptoparasitic Bald Eagles and Gyrfalcons on the Kill Rate of Peregrine Falcons Hunting Dunlins Wintering in British Columbia '' . Condor. 114 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 294 . doi : 10.1525 / cond. 2012.110110 . JSTOR 10.1525 / cond. 2012.110110 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` San Diego Zoo 's Animal Bytes : Bald Eagle '' . Sandiegozoo.org . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ R.F. Stocek . `` Bald Eagle '' . Canadian Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) '' . Michigan Department of Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Erickson , L. ( 2007 ) . `` Bald Eagle , About Bald Eagle Nests '' . Journey North . Jump up ^ Amazing Bird Records . Trails.com ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Brown , B.T. ; Warren , P.L. ; Anderson , L.S. ( 1987 ) . `` First Bald Eagle nesting record from Sonora , Mexico '' . Wilson Bulletin . 99 : 279 -- 280 . ^ Jump up to : Hensel , R.J. ; Troyer , W.A. ( 1964 ) . `` Nesting studies of the Bald Eagle in Alaska '' . Condor. 66 ( 4 ) : 282 -- 286 . doi : 10.2307 / 1365287 . JSTOR 1365287 . ^ Jump up to : Bortolotti , G.R. ( 1984 ) . `` Physical development of nestling Bald Eagles with emphasis on the timing of growth events '' ( PDF ) . Wilson Bulletin . 96 : 524 -- 542 . JSTOR 4161989 . Jump up ^ Bent , A.C. 1937 . Life histories of North American birds of prey , Part 1 . U.S. National Museum Bulletin 167 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , S. ; Tomassoni , P. ; Kramer , P.A. ( 1981 ) .", "39": "`` History of captive management and breeding of Bald Eagles '' . Int . Zoo Yearbook. 21 : 101 -- 109 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1981. tb01959. x . ^ Jump up to : `` Habits and Habitats of Bald Eagles '' . Drexel University . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40224776 Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/red-tailed-hawk-adopted-by-bald-eagles-video-spd/ Jump up ^ `` Bald eagle believed oldest banded of its species found dead '' . Washington Times ( Associated Press ) . 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Fact Sheet '' . Southern Ontario Bald Eagle Monitoring Project . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bowman , T.D. ; Schempf , P.F. ; Bernatowicz , J.A. ( 1995 ) . `` Bald Eagle survival and populations dynamics in Alaska after the Exxon Valdez oil spill '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . 59 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 324 . doi : 10.2307 / 3808945 . JSTOR 3808945 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , P.B. , D.A. Buehler , and M.A. Byrd . ( 1990 ) . Raptor status report - Bald Eagle . Pages 13 -- 21 in Proceedings of the southeast raptor management symposium and workshop . ( Giron Pendleton , B. , Ed . ) National Wildlife Federation Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Fraser , J.D. ( 1985 ) . `` The impact of human activities on Bald Eagle populations - a review '' . pp. 68 -- 84 in The Bald Eagle in Canada . ( Gerrard , J.M. and T.M. Ingram , Eds . ) White Horse Plains Publishers Headingley , Manitoba .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` Cornell University '' . Bna.birds.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cougar vs Eagle '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Buehler , D.A. ; Fraser , J.D. ; Seegar , J.K.D. ; Therres , G.D. ; Byrd , M.A. ( 1991 ) . `` Survival rates and population dynamics of Bald Eagles on Chesapeake Bay '' . J. Wildlife Management . 55 ( 4 ) : 608 -- 613 . doi : 10.2307 / 3809506 . JSTOR 3809506 . Jump up ^ Sprunt , A. ; Ligas , F.J. ( 1964 ) . `` Excerpts from convention addresses on the 1963 Bald Eagle report '' . Audubon. 66 : 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Mckelvey , R.W. ; Smith , D.W. ( 1979 ) . `` A black bear in a Bald Eagle nest '' . Murrelet. 60 : 106 . Jump up ^ Nash , C. ; Pruett - Jones , M. ; Allen , G.T. ( 1980 ) . `` The San Juan Islands Bald Eagle nesting survey '' . In Knight , R.L. ; Allen , G.T. ; Stalmaster , M.V. ; Servheen , C.W. Proceedings of Washington Bald Eagle symposium . Seattle , WA : The Nature Conservancy . pp. 105 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Gerrard , J.M. and Bortolotti , G.R. ( 1988 ) . The Bald Eagle : haunts and habits of a wilderness monarch . Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Mabie , D.W. ; Todd , M.T. ; Reid , D.H. ( 1994 ) . `` Dispersal of Bald Eagles fledged in Texas '' ( PDF ) . J. Raptor Res. 28 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 219 .", "41": "Jump up ^ Doyle , F.I. ( 1995 ) . `` Bald Eagle , Haliaeetus leucocephalus , and Northern Goshawk , Accipiter gentilis , nests apparently preyed upon by a wolverine ( s ) , Gulo gulo , in the southwestern Yukon Territory '' . Canadian Field - Naturalist. 109 : 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Bald Eagle attacks Black bear again at Redoubt Bay on YouTube Jump up ^ Brown , Leslie ( 1976 ) . Birds of Prey : Their biology and ecology . Hamlyn . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 600 - 31306 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Facts and Information '' . American eagle foundation . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` American Bald Eagle Is Near Extinction . '' Popular Science Monthly , March 1930 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Milloy , Steven ( 2006 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Bald Eagle '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ EPA press release ( 1972 - 12 - 31 ) . `` DDT Ban Takes Effect '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Barrera , Jorge ( 2005 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Agent Orange has left deadly legacy Fight continues to ban pesticides and herbicides across Canada '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs 1963 to 2006 '' . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Wildlife in Washington , 2012 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) .", "42": "Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Soars Off Endangered Species List '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2007 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williams , Wyatt ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` When the National Bird Is a Burden '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Wind Energy Permits Would Raise Kill Limit of Bald Eagles But Still Boost Conservation , Officials Say - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2016 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Daly , Matthew ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) . `` New federal rule would permit thousands of eagle deaths '' . Bigstory.ap.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Maestrelli , John R. ( March 1975 ) . `` Breeding Bald Eagles in Captivity '' . The Wilson Bulletin . 87 ( I ) : 45 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act , 1997 '' . Ministry of Attorney General . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Collier , Julie . `` The Sacred Messengers '' . Mashantucket Pequot Museum . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Myths and Legends - American Bald Eagle Information '' . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Melmer , David ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Bald eagles may come off threatened list '' . Indian Country Today . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle Population Recovery and the Endangered Species Act '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .", "43": "Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Greg ( 2005 ) ( 2002 , 2005 ) . `` Power Derived from the Outside World '' . Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age , 1750 -- 1830 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8622 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Elizabeth Atwood . `` The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance '' . University of Washington Press . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ DeMeo , Antonia M. ( 1995 ) . `` Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts : Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion '' . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . 22 ( 3 ) : 771 -- 813 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Boradiansky , Tina S. ( 1990 ) . `` Conflicting Values : The Religious Killing of Federally Protected Wildlife '' . University of New Mexico School of Law . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement / Native Americans and Alaskan Natives - National Eagle Repository '' . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . Jump up ^ `` Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States ( 1782 ) '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 .", "44": "Jump up ^ The official description was in text only ; no diagram was included . Text of the Act . Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 41 ; The Bald Eagle on the Great Seal . greatseal.com Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara & Mikkelson , David P. `` A Turn of the Head '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bald Eagle , Life History , All About Birds -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology . AllAboutBirds.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` American Heraldry Society MMM / The Arms of the United States : Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey '' . Americanheraldry.org. 2007 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Further reading Beans , Bruce E. ( 1996 ) . Eagle 's Plume : The Struggle to Preserve the Life and Haunts of America 's Bald Eagle . New York , NY : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80696 - 7 . OCLC 35029744 . Gerrard , Jonathan M. ; Bortolotti , Gary R. ( 1988 ) . The Bald Eagle : Haunts and Habits of a Wilderness Monarch . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 451 - 2 . OCLC 16801779 . Isaacson , Philip M. ( 1975 ) . The American Eagle ( 1st ed . ) . Boston , MA : New York Graphic Society . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 0612 - 5 . OCLC 1366058 . Knight , Richard L. ; Gutzwiller , Kevin J. ( 1995 ) . Wildlife and Recreationists : Coexistence through Management and Research . Washington , DC : Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 257 - 7 . OCLC 30893485 . Laycock , George ( 1973 ) .", "45": "Autumn of the Eagle . New York . NY : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 13413 - 6 . OCLC 754345 . Petersen , Shannon ( 2002 ) . Acting for Endangered Species : The Statutory Ark . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1172 - X . OCLC 48477567 . Spencer , Donald A. ( 1976 ) . Wintering of the Migrant Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States . Washington , DC : National Agricultural Chemicals Association . OCLC 2985418 . Temple , Stanley A. ( 1978 ) . Endangered Birds : Management Techniques for Preserving Threatened Species . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 07520 - 6 . OCLC 3750666 . Identification Grant , Peter J. ( 1988 ) `` The Co . Kerry Bald Eagle '' Twitching 1 ( 12 ) : 379 -- 80 -- describes plumage differences between bald eagle and white - tailed eagle in juveniles External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Haliaeetus leucocephalus ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to the bald eagle The National Eagle Center American Bald Eagle Foundation American Bald Eagle Information Bald eagle bird sound - Florida Museum of Natural History Video links `` Bald eagle media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Bald eagle photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Photo field guide on Flickr 100 + Bald Eagles Subfamily : Buteoninae Genus Species ( extinctions : † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct ) Geranoaetus Black - chested buzzard - eagle Variable hawk White - tailed hawk Buteo Common buzzard Eastern buzzard Himalayan buzzard Cape Verde buzzard Socotra buzzard Red - tailed hawk Long", "46": "- legged buzzard Rough - legged buzzard Ferruginous hawk Red - shouldered hawk Broad - winged hawk Swainson 's hawk Ridgway 's hawk White - rumped hawk Short - tailed hawk White - throated hawk Galápagos hawk Gray hawk Zone - tailed hawk Hawaiian hawk Rufous - tailed hawk Mountain buzzard Madagascar buzzard Upland buzzard Red - necked buzzard Jackal buzzard Archer 's buzzard Augur buzzard Rupornis Roadside hawk Parabuteo Harris 's hawk White - rumped hawk Buteogallus Rufous crab hawk Common black hawk Cuban black hawk Great black hawk Savanna hawk Busarellus Black - collared hawk Leucopternis White - browed hawk White - necked hawk Black - faced hawk Plumbeous hawk Barred hawk Slate - colored hawk Semiplumbeous hawk Pseudastur Gray - backed hawk White hawk Mantled hawk Kaupifalco Lizard buzzard Butastur Rufous - winged buzzard Grasshopper buzzard White - eyed buzzard Grey - faced buzzard Harpyhaliaetus Chaco eagle Solitary eagle Eagle Buzzard National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of", "47": "Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Birds portal Animals portal Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q127216 ADW : Haliaeetus_leucocephalus ARKive : haliaeetus - leucocephalus eBird : baleag EoL : 1049121 Fossilworks : 133778 GBIF : 2480446 IBC : bald - eagle - haliaeetus - leucocephalus iNaturalist : 5305 ITIS : 175420 IUCN : 22695144 NCBI : 52644 Species+ : 10241 WoRMS : 159374 Xeno - canto : Haliaeetus - leucocephalus LCCN : sh85011153 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bald_eagle&oldid=817362596 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Haliaeetus Eagles Birds of Canada Birds of the United States Birds of Mexico Birds of Belize Birds of", "48": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon Native birds of the Rocky Mountains National symbols of the United States Birds described in 1766 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Least concern biota of North America Least concern biota of the United States Hidden categories : Articles with Latin - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Asturianu Atikamekw Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кырык мары Лезги Latviešu", "49": "Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 22 : 08 . 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7062924428870783818	who directed the best years of our lives	[ "William Wyler", "William Wyler", "William Wyler", "William Wyler", "William Wyler" ]	{ "0": "The Best Years of Our Lives - wikipedia The Best Years of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Best Years of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . The Best Years of Our Lives Theatrical release poster Directed by William Wyler Produced by Samuel Goldwyn Screenplay by Robert E. Sherwood Based on Glory for Me 1945 novella by MacKinlay Kantor Starring Myrna Loy Fredric March Dana Andrews Teresa Wright Virginia Mayo Harold Russell Music by Hugo Friedhofer Emil Newman Cinematography Gregg Toland Edited by Daniel Mandell Production company Samuel Goldwyn Productions Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date November 21 , 1946 ( 1946 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 172 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.1 million or $3 million Box office $23.7 million Standing , L-R : Fredric March , Myrna Loy , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright ; seated at piano : Hoagy Carmichael The Best Years of Our Lives ( aka Glory for Me and Home Again ) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy , Fredric March , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright , Virginia Mayo , and Harold Russell . The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II . Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7 , 1944 , article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life . Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay . His work was first published as a novella , Glory for Me , which Kantor wrote in blank verse . Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay . The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards in 1946 , including Best Picture , Best Director ( William Wyler ) , Best Actor ( Fredric March ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Harold Russell ) , Best Film Editing ( Daniel Mandell ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Robert E. Sherwood ) , and Best Original Score ( Hugo Friedhofer ) .", "1": "In addition to its critical success , the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release . It became the highest - grossing film and most attended film in both the United States and UK since the release of Gone with the Wind , selling approximately 55 million tickets in the United States which equaled a gross of $23,650,000 . It remains the sixth most - attended film of all time in the UK , with over 20 million tickets sold . The film had one of the highest viewing figures of all time , with ticket sales exceeding $20.4 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Popular response 4.3 Awards and honors 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After World War II , Fred Derry ( Dana Andrews ) , Homer Parrish ( Harold Russell ) , and Al Stephenson ( Fredric March ) meet while flying home to Boone City ( a fictional city patterned after Cincinnati , Ohio ) . Fred was a decorated Army Air Forces captain and bombardier in Europe . Homer lost both hands from burns suffered when his aircraft carrier was sunk , and now uses mechanical hook prostheses . Al served as an infantry platoon sergeant in the Pacific . All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life . Al has a comfortable home and a loving family : wife Milly ( Myrna Loy ) , adult daughter Peggy ( Teresa Wright , who was only thirteen years Loy 's junior ) , and college freshman son Rob ( Michael Hall , who is absent after the first one - third of the film ) . He returns to his old job as a bank loan officer . The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen . When Al approves a loan ( without collateral ) to a young Navy veteran , however , the president advises him against making a habit of it . Later , at a banquet held in his honor , a slightly inebriated Al expounds his belief that the bank ( and America ) must stand with the vets who risked everything to defend the country and give them every chance to rebuild their lives . Before the war , Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk .", "2": "He wants something better , but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job . Fred had met Marie ( Virginia Mayo ) while in flight training and married her shortly afterward , before shipping out less than a month later . She became a nightclub waitress while Fred was overseas . Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a lowly soda jerk . Homer was a football quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor , Wilma ( Cathy O'Donnell ) , before joining the Navy . Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability . He does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away , although she still wants to marry him . Peggy meets Fred while bringing her father home from a bar where the three men meet once again . They are attracted to each other . Peggy dislikes Marie , and informs her parents she intends to end Fred and Marie 's marriage , but they tell her that their own marriage overcame similar problems . Concerned , Al demands that Fred stop seeing his daughter . Fred agrees , but the friendship between the two men is strained . At the drugstore , an obnoxious customer , who claims that the war was fought against the wrong enemies , gets into a fight with Homer . Fred intervenes and knocks the man into a glass counter , costing him his job . Later , Fred encourages Homer to put his misgivings behind him and marry Wilma , offering to be his best man . One evening , Wilma visits Homer and tells him that her parents want her to leave Boone City for an extended period to try to forget him . Homer bluntly demonstrates to her how hard life with him would be . When Wilma is undaunted , Homer reconsiders . On arriving home , Fred discovers his wife with another veteran ( Steve Cochran ) . After complaining to Fred that she has `` given up the best years of my life , '' Marie tells him that she is getting a divorce . Fred decides to leave town , and gives his father his medals and citations . His father is unable to persuade Fred to stay . After Fred leaves , his father reads the citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross as composed by General Doolittle . At the airport , Fred books space on the first outbound aircraft , without regard for the destination .", "3": "While waiting , he wanders into a vast aircraft boneyard . Inside the nose of a B - 17 , he relives the intense memories of combat . The boss of a work crew rouses him from his flashback . When the man says the aluminum from the aircraft is being salvaged to build housing , Fred persuades the boss to hire him . At the bride 's home , people have gathered for the wedding of Homer and Wilma . Fred , now divorced , is Homer 's best man . While the vows are exchanged Fred and Peggy glance across at one another . At the conclusion everyone gathers around the newlyweds . Still gazing over at Peggy , Fred walks across the room , takes her in his arms and kisses her . He asks if she understands how things will be for them , that it will be a hard struggle at first , and that it could take years before they can get a life established . All the while Peggy smiles fondly at Fred , and then kisses him again . Cast ( edit ) Myrna Loy as Milly Stephenson Fredric March as Platoon Sergeant Al Stephenson Dana Andrews as Captain Fred Derry Teresa Wright as Peggy Stephenson Virginia Mayo as Marie Derry Cathy O'Donnell as Wilma Cameron Hoagy Carmichael as Uncle Butch Engle Harold Russell as Petty Officer 2nd Class Homer Parrish Gladys George as Hortense Derry Roman Bohnen as Pat Derry Ray Collins as Mr. Milton Minna Gombell as Mrs. Parrish Walter Baldwin as Mr. Parrish Steve Cochran as Cliff Dorothy Adams as Mrs. Cameron Don Beddoe as Mr. Cameron Marlene Aames as Luella Parrish Charles Halton as Prew Ray Teal as Mr. Mollett Howland Chamberlain as Thorpe Dean White as Novak Erskine Sanford as Bullard Michael Hall as Rob Stephenson Victor Cutler as Woody Merrill Robert Karnes as Technical Sergeant Casting brought together established stars as well as character actors and relative unknowns .", "4": "Famed drummer Gene Krupa was seen in archival footage , while Tennessee Ernie Ford , later a famous television star , appeared as an uncredited `` hillbilly singer '' ( in the first of his only three film appearances ) . Blake Edwards , later notable as a film producer and director , appeared fleetingly as an uncredited `` Corporal '' . Actress Judy Wyler was cast in her first role in her father 's production . Sean Penn 's father , Leo , played the uncredited part of the soldier working as the scheduling clerk at the beginning of the film . Production ( edit ) Director Wyler had flown combat missions over Europe in filming Memphis Belle ( 1944 ) and worked hard to get accurate depictions of the combat veterans he had encountered . Wyler changed the original casting that had featured a veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and sought out Harold Russell , a non-actor to take on the exacting role of Homer Parrish . For The Best Years of Our Lives , he asked the principal actors to purchase their own clothes , in order to connect with daily life and produce an authentic feeling . Other Wyler touches included constructing life - size sets , which went against the standard larger sets that were more suited to camera positions . The impact for the audience was immediate , as each scene played out in a realistic , natural way . The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15 , 1946 at a variety of locations , including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden , Ontario International Airport , Ontario , California , Raleigh Studios , Hollywood , and the Samuel Goldwyn / Warner Hollywood Studios . The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland 's use of deep focus photography , in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus . For the passage of Fred Derry 's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber , Wyler used `` zoom '' effects to simulate Derry 's subjective state . The `` Jackson High '' football stadium seen early in aerial footage of the bomber flying over the fictional Boone City , is Corcoran Stadium located at Xavier University in Cincinnati . A few seconds later Walnut Hills High School with its distinctive dome and football field can be seen along with the downtown Cincinnati skyline ( Carew Tower and PNC Tower ) in the background .", "5": "After the war , the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material . The scene of Derry 's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario , California . The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard , housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , The Best Years of Our Lives received extremely positive reviews from critics . Shortly after its premiere at the Astor Theater , New York , Bosley Crowther , film critic for The New York Times , hailed the film as a masterpiece . He wrote , It is seldom that there comes a motion picture which can be wholly and enthusiastically endorsed not only as superlative entertainment but as food for quiet and humanizing thought ... In working out their solutions Mr. Sherwood and Mr. Wyler have achieved some of the most beautiful and inspiring demonstrations of human fortitude that we have had in films . '' He also said the ensemble casting gave the `` ' best ' performance in this best film this year from Hollywood . '' Several decades later , film critic David Thomson offered tempered praise : `` I would concede that Best Years is decent and humane ... acutely observed , despite being so meticulous a package . It would have taken uncommon genius and daring at that time to sneak a view of an untidy or unresolved America past Goldwyn or the public . '' The Best Years of Our Lives has a 98 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 37 reviews . Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list in 2007 , calling it `` ... modern , lean , and honest . '' Popular response ( edit ) The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success , earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run . When box office prices are adjusted for inflation , it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history . Among films released before 1950 , only Gone With the Wind , The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Big Parade and four Disney titles have done more total business , in part due to later re-releases .", "6": "( Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as Birth of a Nation and Charlie Chaplin 's comedies are unavailable . ) However , because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn , RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1947 Academy Awards The Best Years of Our Lives received nine Academy Awards . Fredric March won his second Best Actor award ( also having won in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) . Despite his Oscar - nominated performance , Harold Russell was not a professional actor . As the Academy Board of Governors considered him a long shot to win , they gave him an honorary award `` for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance . '' When Russell in fact won Best Supporting Actor , there was an enthusiastic response . He is the only actor to have received two Academy Awards for the same performance . He later sold his Best Supporting Actor award at auction for $60,500 , to pay his wife 's medical bills . Award Result Winner Best Motion Picture Won Samuel Goldwyn Productions ( Samuel Goldwyn , Producer ) Best Director Won William Wyler Best Actor Won Fredric March Best Writing ( Screenplay ) Won Robert E. Sherwood Best Supporting Actor Won Harold Russell Best Film Editing Won Daniel Mandell Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Won Hugo Friedhofer Best Sound Recording Nominated Gordon E. Sawyer Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story Honorary Award Won To Harold Russell Memorial Award Won Samuel Goldwyn Some posters say the film won nine Academy Awards due to the honorary award won by Harold Russell , and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award won by Samuel Goldwyn , in addition to its seven awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor , Best Editing , and Best Music Score .", "7": "1947 Golden Globe Awards Won : Best Dramatic Motion Picture Won : Special Award for Best Non-Professional Acting -- Harold Russell 1947 Brussels World Film Festival Won : Best Actress Of The Year -- Myrna Loy 1948 BAFTA Awards Won : BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source Other wins National Board of Review : NBR Award Best Director , William Wyler ; 1946 . New York Film Critics Circle Awards : NYFCC Award Best Director , William Wyler ; Best Film ; 1946 . Bodil Awards : Bodil ; Best American Film , William Wyler ; 1948 . Cinema Writers Circle Awards , Spain : CEC Award ; Best Foreign Film , USA ; 1948 . In 1989 , the National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the United States Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' American Film Institute included the film as # 37 in its 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , as # 11 in its 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , and as # 37 in its 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time the film was shot , Ford was unknown as a singer . He worked in San Bernardino as a radio announcer - disc jockey . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson 1993 , pp 490 -- 491 . Jump up ^ vhttps://archive.org/stream/variety165-1947-01#page/n85/mode/1up Jump up ^ `` ' Best Years of Our Lives ' ( 1946 ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kantor , MacKinlay ( 1945 ) . Glory for Me . Coward - McCann . OCLC 773996 . Jump up ^ Easton , Carol ( 2014 ) . `` The Best Years '' . The Search for Sam Goldwyn . Carl Rollyson ( contributor ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi .", "8": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 62674 - 132 - 4 . Andrews looked at the onionskin pages and asked , ' Mac , why did you write this in blank verse ? ' ' Dana ' , said Kantor with a wry smile , ' I ca n't afford to write in blank verse , because nobody buys anything written in blank verse . But when Sam asked me to write this story , he did n't tell me not to write it in blank verse ! ' ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar History : Best Picture -- Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) '' ( review ) . Emanuel Levy : Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners . '' oscars.org . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Total : Estimated tickets : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BFI 'S Ultimate Film Chart . '' BFi.org.uk . Retrieved : July 27 , 2010 . Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 films . '' Channel 4 . Retrieved : October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' The Chicago Reader . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orriss 1984 , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley .", "9": "The Best Years of our Lives . The New York Times , November 22 , 1946 . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson , 2002 , p. 949 . 4th Edition ; the first edition was published in 1975 . See Thomson , David ( 1975 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema . London : Secker & Warburg . OCLC 1959828 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved : July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . '' Chicago Sun Times , December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Champs '' . Variety , January 6 , 1960 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 p 63 Jump up ^ `` All - time Films ( adjusted ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Jewell , Slow Fade to Black : The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures , Uni of California , 2016 Jump up ^ Bergan , Ronald . `` Obituary : Harold Russell ; Brave actor whose artificial hands helped him win two Oscars . '' The Guardian , February 6 , 2002 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Flood , Richard . `` Reel crank -- critic Manny Farber . '' Artforum , Volume 37 , Issue 1 , September 1998 . ISSN 0004 - 3532 . Hardwick , Jack and Ed Schnepf . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies '' , in The Making of the Great Aviation Films . General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 .", "10": "Kinn , Gail and Jim Piazza . The Academy Awards : The Complete Unofficial History . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 772 - 5 . Orriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorn , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X ; OCLC 11709474 Thomson , David . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . London : Abacus , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2339 - 8791 - 0 . Thomson , David . `` Wyler , William '' . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . 4th Edition . London : Little , Brown , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85905 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Best Years of Our Lives Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Best Years of Our Lives . The Best Years of Our Lives on IMDb The Best Years of Our Lives at the TCM Movie Database The Best Years of Our Lives at the American Film Institute Catalog The Best Years of Our Lives at AllMovie The Best Years of Our Lives at Rotten Tomatoes The Best Years of Our Lives detailed synopsis / analysis at Film Site by Tim Dirks The Best Years of Our Lives film article at Reel Classics . Includes MP3s The Best years of Our Lives Film in Focus Series The Best Years of Our Lives at the Golden Years web site Streaming audio The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Guild Theater : November 24 , 1947 The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Directors Playhouse : April 17 , 1949 Films directed by William Wyler Films Straight Shootin ' ( 1927 ) Anybody Here Seen Kelly ?", "11": "( 1928 ) The Shakedown ( 1929 ) Hell 's Heroes ( 1930 ) The Storm ( 1930 ) A House Divided ( 1931 ) Tom Brown of Culver ( 1932 ) Her First Mate ( 1933 ) Counsellor at Law ( 1933 ) Glamour ( 1934 ) The Good Fairy ( 1935 ) The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Letter ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress ( 1944 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) Detective Story ( 1951 ) Carrie ( 1952 ) Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) The Big Country ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) The Collector ( 1965 ) How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) The Liberation of L.B.", "12": "Jones ( 1970 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) The films of Samuel Goldwyn 1920s Slave of Desire ( 1923 ) Potash and Perlmutter ( 1923 ) The Eternal City ( 1923 ) Cytherea ( 1924 ) In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter ( 1924 ) A Thief in Paradise ( 1925 ) His Supreme Moment ( 1925 ) The Dark Angel ( 1925 ) Stella Dallas ( 1925 ) The Winning of Barbara Worth ( 1926 ) Partners Again ( 1926 ) The Night of Love ( 1927 ) The Magic Flame ( 1927 ) The Devil Dancer ( 1927 ) Two Lovers ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Condemned ( 1929 ) The Rescue ( 1929 ) This Is Heaven ( 1929 ) Bulldog Drummond ( 1929 ) 1930s Raffles ( 1930 ) Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) The Devil to Pay ! ( 1930 ) One Heavenly Night ( 1931 ) Street Scene ( 1931 ) Palmy Days ( 1931 ) The Unholy Garden ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Tonight or Never ( 1931 ) The Greeks Had a Word for Them ( 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( 1932 ) Cynara ( 1932 ) The Masquerader ( 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) We Live Again ( 1934 ) Nana ( 1934 ) Kid Millions ( 1934 ) The Dark Angel ( 1935 ) The Wedding Night ( 1935 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Splendor ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) Beloved Enemy ( 1936 ) Woman Chases Man (", "13": "1937 ) Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) The Cowboy and the Lady ( 1938 ) The Goldwyn Follies ( 1938 ) They Shall Have Music ( 1939 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Real Glory ( 1939 ) 1940s The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) They Got Me Covered ( 1943 ) The North Star ( 1943 ) Up in Arms ( 1944 ) The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) Wonder Man ( 1945 ) The Kid From Brooklyn ( 1946 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) The Bishop 's Wife ( 1947 ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) Enchantment ( 1948 ) Roseanna McCoy ( 1949 ) My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) 1950s Our Very Own ( 1950 ) Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) I Want You ( 1951 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night (", "14": "1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 )", "15": "Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear (", "16": "1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe ,", "17": "Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316751789 GND : 7843149 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives&oldid=820717892 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films American films 1940s drama films 1940s war films American black - and - white films American drama films American war films American aviation films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about amputees Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films directed by William Wyler Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award United States National Film Registry films World War II films RKO Pictures films Samuel Goldwyn Productions films Films based on works by MacKinlay Kantor Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 06 : 01 .", "19": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7009068190782581211	what is the function of the notwithstanding clause in the canadian constitution	[ "allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to override certain portions of the Charter", "allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to override certain portions of the Charter", "allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to override certain portions of the Charter" ]	{ "0": "Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - wikipedia Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Jump to : navigation , search Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Preamble Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms Fundamental Freedoms Democratic Rights 3 , 4 , 5 Mobility Rights 6 Legal Rights 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Equality Rights 15 Official Languages of Canada 16 , 16.1 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Minority Language Education Rights 23 Enforcement 24 General 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 Application of Charter 32 , 33 Citation 34 Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada . It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause ( or la clause dérogatoire in French ) , or as the override power , and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to override certain portions of the Charter . It was , and continues to be , perhaps the most controversial provision of the Charter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Function 3 History 4 Use by provinces and territories 4.1 Alberta 4.2 Quebec 4.3 Saskatchewan 4.4 Yukon 5 Comparison with other human rights instruments 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) The section states : Section 33 . ( 1 ) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature , as the case may be , that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 . ( 2 ) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration .", "1": "( 3 ) A declaration made under subsection ( 1 ) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration . ( 4 ) Parliament or the legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection ( 1 ) . ( 5 ) Subsection ( 3 ) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection ( 4 ) . Function ( edit ) The Parliament of Canada , a provincial legislature or a territorial legislature may declare that one of its laws or part of a law applies temporarily ( `` notwithstanding '' ) countermanding sections of the Charter , thereby nullifying any judicial review by overriding the Charter protections for a limited period of time . This is done by including a section in the law clearly specifying which rights have been overridden . A simple majority vote in any of Canada 's 14 jurisdictions may suspend the core rights of the Charter . However , the rights to be overridden must be either a `` fundamental right '' guaranteed by Section 2 ( such as freedom of expression , religion , and association ) , a `` legal right '' guaranteed by Sections 7 - 14 ( such as rights to liberty and freedom from search and seizures and cruel and unusual punishment ) or a Section 15 `` equality right '' . Other rights such as section 6 mobility rights , democratic rights , and language rights are inviolable . Such a declaration lapses after five years or a lesser time specified in the clause , although the legislature may re-enact the clause indefinitely . The rationale behind having a five - year expiry date is that it is also the maximum amount of time the Parliament or legislature may sit before an election must be called . Therefore , if the people wish for the law to be repealed , they have the `` right '' to elect representatives that will carry out the wish of the electorate . ( The provisions of the Charter that deal with elections and democratic representation are not among those that can be overridden with the notwithstanding clause . ) The notwithstanding clause reflects the hybrid character of Canadian political institutions . In effect it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American - style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982 . Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also described it as a tool that could guard against a Supreme Court ruling legalizing hate speech and child pornography as freedom of expression .", "2": "History ( edit ) The idea for the clause was proposed by Peter Lougheed as suggested by Merv Leitch . The clause was a compromise reached during the debate over the new constitution in the early 1980s . Among the provinces ' major complaints with the Charter was its effect of shifting power from elected officials to the judiciary , giving the courts the final word . Section 33 , in conjunction with the limitations clause in section 1 , was intended to give provincial legislators more leverage to pass law . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at first strongly objected to the clause , but eventually consented to its inclusion under pressure from the provincial premiers . Justice Minister Jean Chrétien agreed to the notwithstanding clause in the Kitchen Accord . The clause was included as part of what is known as `` The Kitchen Accord '' . At the end of a conference on the constitution that was poised to end in deadlock , Jean Chrétien , the federal justice minister , as well as Roy McMurtry and Roy Romanow , both provincial ministers , met in a kitchen in the National Conference Centre in Ottawa and sowed the seeds for a deal . This compromise ultimately caused two major changes to the constitution package : the first was that the Charter would include the `` notwithstanding clause '' , and the second was an agreed - upon amending formula . They then worked through the night with consultations from different premiers , and agreement from almost everybody . However , they notably excluded René Lévesque , the premier of Quebec , in the negotiations . At any rate , he refused to agree to the deal , and ultimately the Quebec government declined to endorse the constitutional amendment . Chrétien would later say on the notwithstanding clause , `` Canada probably would n't have had any Charter without it . '' According to Chrétien , in 1992 , Trudeau blamed him for the notwithstanding clause , saying `` you gave them that '' . Chrétien replied , `` Sorry , Pierre . I recommended it . You gave it . '' During the January 9 , 2006 , party leaders ' debate for the 2006 federal election , Prime Minister Paul Martin unexpectedly pledged that his Liberal government , if returned , would support a constitutional amendment to prevent the federal government from invoking section 33 , and challenged Conservative leader Stephen Harper to agree . This sparked a debate as to how the notwithstanding clause can be amended .", "3": "Some argued that the amending formula required the federal government to gain the approval of at least seven provinces with at least half the national population ( the standard procedure ) . Others argued that since the proposal would only limit the federal Parliament 's powers , Parliament could make the change alone . Use by provinces and territories ( edit ) To date , only two provinces and one territory have used the power of override . The other provinces and territories , and the federal government , have not used it . Moreover , the way the Quebec legislature deployed the clause in the late 1980s has significantly diminished public respect in the rest of the country for section 33 . Due to the mass opposition that its use , or even threatened use , as in the case of Alberta ( listed below ) , brings to life , some observers have speculated that the act of invoking the notwithstanding clause would be politically costly . The history of the use ( or consideration of use ) of the override clause by provincial and territorial legislatures is given below . Alberta ( edit ) Alberta has never successfully invoked the notwithstanding clause , but in March 2000 , the Legislature of Alberta passed Bill 202 , which amended the province 's Marriage Act to include an opposite - sex - only definition of marriage as well as the notwithstanding clause in order to insulate the definition from Charter challenges . However , a legislature may only use the `` notwithstanding clause '' on legislation it would otherwise have the authority to enact , and the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Reference re Same - Sex Marriage that the definition of marriage is within the exclusive domain of the Parliament of Canada , thus finding the legislation ultra vires , or beyond the constitutional powers of the Alberta Legislature . Alberta once abandoned an attempt to use the notwithstanding clause to limit lawsuits against the government for past forced sterilizations approved by the Alberta Eugenics Board before the Sexual Sterilization Act was repealed . Quebec ( edit ) After the Charter came into force in 1982 , Quebec inserted wording pursuant to section 33 into every law passed by the National Assembly . This stopped in 1987 , when the newly elected Quebec Liberals discontinued the practice . On December 21 , 1988 , after the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ford v Quebec ( AG ) , the National Assembly of Quebec employed section 33 and the equivalent section 52 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms in their Bill 178 .", "4": "This allowed Quebec to continue to restrict the posting of certain commercial signs in languages other than French . In 1993 , after the law was criticized by the United Nations Human Rights Committee , the Bourassa government had the National Assembly rewrite the law to conform to the Charter and the notwithstanding clause was removed . Saskatchewan ( edit ) In 1986 , the Legislature of Saskatchewan enacted a law , the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , in which workers were ordered back to work . The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan had previously held that a similar back - to - work law was unconstitutional because it infringed workers ' freedom of association . The government appealed that decision to the Supreme Court of Canada . Since the Court of Appeal decision was still the statement of law at the time of the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , a clause was written into the act , invoking the section 33 override . The earlier law was later found by the Supreme Court to be consistent with the Charter , meaning the use of the clause had been unnecessary . Following a Supreme Court of Canada decision of January 30 , 2015 , which struck down Saskatchewan essential service legislation , Premier Brad Wall considered enacting the notwithstanding clause to protect the province 's ability to force essential service employees back to work . In May 2017 , the Wall government announced it would invoke the notwithstanding clause to overrule a Court of Queen 's Bench for Saskatchewan ruling which stated the government could not provide funding for non-Catholic students to attend Catholic separate schools . Yukon ( edit ) In 1982 , the legislature of Yukon made use of the notwithstanding clause in the Land Planning and Development Act . This was the first use , by any Canadian legislature , of the section 33 override . However , as constitutional scholar Peter Hogg notes , the `` statute ... was never brought into force and so scarcely counts as an example '' . Comparison with other Human Rights instruments ( edit ) Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has remarked that the notwithstanding clause `` seems to be a uniquely Canadian invention '' . The United States Constitution gives no such powers to the states ( see : Nullification ) , but Article III , sect. 2 does authorize the Congress to remove jurisdiction from the Federal Courts . Not since World War II has Congress mustered the requisite majority . However , the concept of the notwithstanding clause was not created with the Charter .", "5": "The presence of the clause makes the Charter similar to the Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 ) , which , under section 2 , states that `` an Act of the Parliament '' may declare that a law `` shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights '' . A primary difference is that the Bill of Rights ' notwithstanding clause could be used to invalidate `` any '' right , not just specified clauses as with the Charter . The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code ( 1979 ) , the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms ( 1977 ) and the Alberta Bill of Rights ( 1972 ) also contain devices like the notwithstanding clause . Outside Canada , Israel added a device similar to the notwithstanding clause to one of its Basic Laws in 1992 . However , this power could be used only in respect of the right to work . In Victoria , Australia , section 31 of the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities fulfils a similar purpose . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Library of Parliament , Parliamentary Information and Research Service , The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter , prepared by David Johansen , 1989 , as revised May 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Chrétien , Jean . My Years as Prime Minister . Vintage Canada Edition , 2008 . Pg. 392 . Jump up ^ Peter McKnight , `` Notwithstanding what ? '' The Vancouver Sun , January 21 , 2006 , pg. C. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Honourable E. Peter Lougheed - Why a Notwithstanding Clause ? '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Same - sex Marriage and the Notwithstanding Clause '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Research on Public Policy . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Martin says he would ban notwithstanding clause '' . CBC News . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Corbella , Licia . `` Martin shocks drafter of Charter of Rights '' Calgary Sun , 11 January 2006 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Heather Scoffield , `` Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships , '' Canadian Press , September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chrétien , My Years as Prime Minister , pp. 392 - 393 . Jump up ^ Yakabuski , Konrad ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Quebec election is a clash of two charters '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Marriage Act , R.S.A. 2000 , c . M - 5 . Accessed URL on March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sterilizing Klein 's legislation , '' Maclean 's , Toronto : Mar 23 , 1998 . Vol. 111 , Iss. 12 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ The SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , S.S. 1984 - 85 - 86 , c. 111 , s . 9 . ^ Jump up to : Peter W. Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada , 4th ed . ( Scarborough : Carswell , 1997 ) , s . 36.2 . Jump up ^ Joel Bakan et al. , Canadian Constitutional Law , 3d ed . ( Toronto : Emond Montgomery , 2003 ) , p. 780 . Jump up ^ RWDSU v. Saskatchewan , ( 1987 ) 1 S.C.R. 460 . Jump up ^ Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan , 2015 SCC 4 , online at : http://canlii.ca/t/gg40r Jump up ^ CBC News ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Brad Wall open to using ' notwithstanding clause ' over labour ruling '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Charlton , Jonathan ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Wall floats notwithstanding clause in response to SCOC labour ruling '' . The StarPhoenix . Jump up ^ Langenegger , Stefani ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sask. to use notwithstanding clause to override Catholic school ruling '' . CBC News . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . Student Edition 2007 , section 39.2 ( p.", "7": "842 ) . Jump up ^ The Norris - LaGuardia Act of 1932 `` provided , with certain exceptions , that no Federal court should have jurisdiction to issue an injunction in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute . '' In 1942 , the Emergency Price Control Act `` contained a provision withholding from Federal district courts authority to enjoin the enforcement of the act . '' ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Thomson Canada Limited , 2003 , p. 835 . Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 ( s . 31 ) , Jump up ^ ABC AM radio program , 21 December 2005 , according to transcript External links ( edit ) Look up notwithstanding clause in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Centre for Constitutional Studies : Notwithstanding Clause Keyword Canadian Parliamentary Library paper on the Charter Maple Leaf Web : Section 33 : The Notwithstanding Clause Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=834481893 '' Categories : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4295767281742718676	who is the forgotten man according to sumner	[ "the person compelled to pay for reformist programs", "the person compelled to pay for reformist programs", "the person compelled to pay for reformist programs", "the person compelled to pay for reformist programs", "the person compelled to pay for reformist programs" ]	{ "0": "Forgotten man - wikipedia Forgotten man Jump to : navigation , search Forgotten man is a phrase with several meanings , some of which are polar opposites . It was first used by William Graham Sumner in an 1883 lecture in Brooklyn entitled The Forgotten Man ( published posthumously in 1918 ) to refer to the person compelled to pay for reformist programs ; however , since Franklin Roosevelt appropriated the phrase in a 1932 speech , it has more often been used to refer to those at the bottom of the economic government whom the state ( in Roosevelt 's view and in the general social humanitarian approach ) needed to help . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sumner 's forgotten man 2 Roosevelt 's forgotten man 3 McNaughton 's forgotten man 4 Works titled `` The Forgotten Man '' 5 References Sumner 's forgotten man ( edit ) Yale University professor William Graham Sumner appears to be the first to use the phrase `` the forgotten man '' in his 1876 essay . His algebraic definition of the forgotten man was `` C '' , who is coerced into helping the man at the economic bottom `` X '' , by `` A '' and `` B '' who demand charity for `` X '' . As soon as A observes something which seems to him wrong , from which X is suffering , A talks it over with B , and A and B then propose to get a law passed to remedy the evil and help X . Their law always proposes to determine what C shall do for X , or , in better case , what A , B , and C shall do for X ... What I want to do is to look up C. I want to show you what manner of man he is . I call him the Forgotten Man . perhaps the appellation is not strictly correct. he is the man who never is thought of ... I call him the forgotten man ... He works , he votes , generally he prays -- but he always pays ... '' Roosevelt 's forgotten man ( edit ) Roosevelt redefined the phrase in a radio address he gave on April 7 , 1932 . Roosevelt used the phrase to describe the poor men who needed money and were not getting it , promoting his New Deal .", "1": "Roosevelt said , These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest upon the forgotten , the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power , for plans like those of 1917 that build from the bottom up and not from the top down , that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid . The term quickly appeared within popular culture , and fittingly Sumner 's forgotten man , C , was forgotten . Joan Blondell and Etta Moten Barnett sing the song `` Remember My Forgotten Man '' in the climactic sequence of the film Gold Diggers of 1933 , with scenes of mass unemployment . In the film My Man Godfrey ( 1936 ) a Boston Brahmin is mistaken for a tramp when frivolous socialites are looking for a `` forgotten man '' in a scavenger hunt . McNaughton 's forgotten man ( edit ) Artist Jon McNaughton made a series of paintings that depict the `` Forgotten Man '' as being forgotten by Democratic presidents , although supported by Republicans . Works titled `` the forgotten man '' ( edit ) The Forgotten Man is also the name of several works . The Forgotten Man , a 1941 Robert Benchley short The Forgotten Man , a 1971 TV film The Forgotten Man , a 2005 Elvis Cole novel by Robert Crais The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression , a 2007 book by Amity Shlaes The Forgotten Man , a 2010 painting by Jon McNaughton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lecture by Professor William G. Sumner , Of Yale . On ' The Forgotten Man , ' Will be given ... January 30 , ( 1883 ) '' , Brooklyn Daily Eagle , Jan. 29 , 1883 , p. 1 Jump up ^ William Graham Sumner , The Forgotten Man and Other Essays . Edited by Albert Galloway Keller ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1918 ) , pp. 465 - 495 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Remembering ' The Forgotten Man ' reason.com Jump up ^ The Forgotten Man and Other Essays at the Online Library of Liberty Jump up ^ Remembering ' The Forgotten Man ' reason.com/news Jump up ^ Roosevelt 's speech , April 7 , 1932 Jump up ^ TCM : Gold Diggers of 1933 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Man : a fitting oil painting for Trump 's America '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgotten_man&oldid=838210491 '' Categories : Economic inequality in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6882831655380911332	which british city is farthest from the sea	[ "Coton in the Elms", "Coton in the Elms", "Coton in the Elms", "Coton in the Elms", "Coton in the Elms" ]	{ "0": "Coton in the Elms - wikipedia Coton in the Elms Jump to : navigation , search Coton in the Elms St Mary Church , Coton in the Elms ( Built 1844 - 1847 ) . Coton in the Elms Coton in the Elms shown within Derbyshire Population 896 ( 2011 ) OS grid reference SK253144 District South Derbyshire Shire county Derbyshire Region East Midlands Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town SWADLINCOTE Postcode district DE12 Dialling code 01283 Police Derbyshire Fire Derbyshire Ambulance East Midlands EU Parliament East Midlands List of places UK England Derbyshire 52 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 34 '' W / 52.727104 ° N 1.62608 ° W / 52.727104 ; - 1.62608 Coordinates : 52 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 34 '' W / 52.727104 ° N 1.62608 ° W / 52.727104 ; - 1.62608 Coton in the Elms is a village and parish in the English county of Derbyshire . At 70 miles ( 113 km ) from the coast , it is the furthest place in the United Kingdom from coastal waters . The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 896 . It is located 5 miles southwest of Swadlincote and 6 miles south of Burton upon Trent . Less than a mile southeast of the village is Church Flatts Farm , which is defined by the Ordnance Survey as the furthest point from the sea in the UK .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Distance from sea 2.1 Distance from coast 2.2 Distance from highest tidal water 3 Notable residents 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The `` Shoulder of Mutton '' pub Coton is mentioned over a thousand years ago when land was transferred to Wulfrige the Black in AD942 . It is also on the salt route known as Walton Way , which starts in nearby Walton - on - Trent . Coton in the Elms is mentioned in the Domesday book where it is then spelt Cotes . The book says under the title of `` The lands of the Abbey of Burton '' . `` In Coton in the Elms Ælfgar had two carucates of land to the geld . There is land for three ploughs . Now the abbot has it of the king . There are now one plough in demesne and six villans and three bordars having two ploughs . TRE worth 40 shillings now 30 shillings . '' Coton is situated on the Walton Way and is first mentioned in 942 in a charter giving land in the area to Wulfrige the Black . This formed part of a much larger estate covering many of the villages in the area . Coton would seem to have been roughly in the centre of this estate . It would appear that it was a crossroads as there is an old lane which runs all the way from Tamworth through Coton and on northwards towards Burton on Trent . At the time of Domesday Burton Abbey held land at Coton - however this had been initially seized by King William - no doubt in part due to the rebellion led by Earl Morcar . However , by the time of Domesday this land had been restored to Burton . The village itself forms a diamond of roads around a small village green . The original route of the Walton Way may have been the south west corner of this diamond as this runs past the Church and Church Farm . To the north east of the village coal mining became important and this is reflected in the lane name Coalpit Lane .", "2": "The present church of St Mary was built in 1844 - 7 by Henry Isaac Stevens but not on the site of the original church , which was behind the Shoulder of Mutton pub . It has a narrow west tower with a recessed spire . It is generally believed that when the original church fell into disrepair , the bells were taken to the neighbouring Lullington village , so the inhabitants of Coton can still hear the old bells when the wind is in the right direction . There is a Methodist chapel , built in 1922 to replace a smaller building in Chapel Street . The old building became known as the band room , where for many years a good band was run by a Mr Coates , who was also the village post master . It has also been used as a village hall . The main occupations of the village inhabitants in the past has been mining and farming , though the pits are now all closed . For many of today 's population ( 782 in 1991 ) it is a commuter base for the larger towns such as Burton - on - Trent , Swadlincote and Tamworth . Coton in the Elms has 2 pubs . The Black Horse was refurbished in 2009 . The Queen 's Head Inn dates back to the 17th century , part of the premises was once a shop . Another pub , the Shoulder of Mutton , closed in 2010 and is currently being converted to a house . Distance from sea ( edit ) Distance from coast ( edit ) Southeast of the village -- at grid reference SK253144 -- is Church Flatts Farm , which is calculated by the Ordnance Survey to be the farthest point from the sea ( at the mean low water line ) in Great Britain . The location is Latitude : 52 ° 43.6 ' N Longitude : 1 ° 37.2 ' W . This place in Coton was chosen as equidistant from Fosdyke Wash in Lincolnshire ; White Sands between Neston in Cheshire and Flint , Flintshire in Wales ; and Westbury - on - Severn in Gloucestershire -- all of which are 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) away .", "3": "Distance from highest tidal water ( edit ) The nearest high tide point is on the River Trent at Cromwell Lock , north of Newark - on - Trent , in Nottinghamshire , 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) away . Notable residents ( edit ) Nigel Sims , goalkeeper for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Aston Villa and ' England B ' . See also ( edit ) Centre points of the United Kingdom Coastline of the United Kingdom Fenny Drayton - Centre of England , 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Abbey of Burton held a considerable number of manors including several in Derbyshire given to it by the King . These included Coton in the Elms , Stapenhill , Caldwell , Mickleover and Appleby Magna . Jump up ^ TRE is a Latinate acronym for Tempore Regis Edwardi , meaning ' in the time of King Edward ' ( before the Battle of Hastings ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Parish population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BBC report centre of England ^ Jump up to : Ordnance Survey - MapZone Jump up ^ Derbyshire UK Jump up ^ Salt Ways Jump up ^ Domesday Book : A Complete Translation . London : Penguin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 143994 - 7 p. 744 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coton in the Elms . Illustrated details GENUKI page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coton_in_the_Elms&oldid=832747106 '' Categories : Villages in Derbyshire Civil parishes in Derbyshire South Derbyshire Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Cymraeg فارسی Nederlands Polski Ślůnski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "4": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7895715200373578920	how many characters are present in icd-10 codes	[ "7", "7" ]	{ "0": "ICD - 10 - wikipedia ICD - 10 Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ICD - 10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) , a medical classification list by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . It contains codes for diseases , signs and symptoms , abnormal findings , complaints , social circumstances , and external causes of injury or diseases . Work on ICD - 10 began in 1983 and was completed in 1992 . The code set in the base classification allows for more than 14,400 different codes , and permits the tracking of many new diagnoses compared to ICD - 9 ) . Through the use of optional sub-classifications the number of codes can be expanded to over 16,000 . Some national editions expand the code set even further ; ICD - 10 - CM , for example , has over 70,000 codes . The WHO provides detailed information about ICD online , and makes available a set of materials online , such as an ICD - 10 online browser , ICD - 10 Training , ICD - 10 online training , ICD - 10 online training support , and study guide materials for download . The International version of ICD is the base classification for the national modifications of ICD . The adapted versions may differ in a number of ways . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 National adoptions 2.1 Brazil 2.2 Canada 2.3 China 2.4 Czech Republic 2.5 France 2.6 Germany 2.7 Korea 2.8 Netherlands 2.9 Russia 2.10 South Africa 2.11 Sweden 2.12 Thailand 2.13 United Kingdom 2.14 United States 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links List ( edit ) The following is a list of ICD - 10 codes .", "1": "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Chapter Blocks Title A00 -- B99 Certain infectious and parasitic diseases II C00 -- D48 Neoplasms III D50 -- D89 Diseases of the blood and blood - forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism IV E00 -- E90 Endocrine , nutritional and metabolic diseases V F00 -- F99 Mental and behavioural disorders VI G00 -- G99 Diseases of the nervous system VII H00 -- H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa VIII H60 -- H95 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process IX I00 -- I99 Diseases of the circulatory system X J00 -- J99 Diseases of the respiratory system XI K00 -- K93 Diseases of the digestive system XII L00 -- L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue XIII M00 -- M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue XIV N00 -- N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system XV O00 -- O99 Pregnancy , childbirth and the puerperium XVI P00 -- P96 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period XVII Q00 -- Q99 Congenital malformations , deformations and chromosomal abnormalities XVIII R00 -- R99 Symptoms , signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings , not elsewhere classified XIX S00 -- T98 Injury , poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes XX V01 -- Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality XXI Z00 -- Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services XXII U00 -- U99 Codes for special purposes National adoptions ( edit ) Some 27 countries use ICD - 10 for reimbursement and resource allocation in their health system . Some have made modifications to ICD to better accommodate this use of ICD - 10 . The article below makes reference to some of these modifications . The unchanged international version of ICD - 10 is used in about 110 countries for performing cause of death reporting and statistics .", "2": "The national versions may differ from the base classification in the level of detail , incomplete adoption of a category , or the addition of procedure codes . For example ; the ICD - 10 Clinical Modification ( ICD - 10 - CM ) used in the US has some 93,000 codes , compared to the ~ 16,000 within the international version . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil introduced ICD - 10 in 1996 . Canada ( edit ) Canada introduced ICD - 10 - CA in 2000 . Canada implemented ICD - 10 in a staggered fashion across nine of the 10 provinces between the years of 2001 and 2004 . As data was returned , comparison was undertaken of information classified by ICD - 9 and ICD - 10 , beginning with volumes and length of stay within major diagnostic groups . The large scale realignment of individual diagnostic and procedural codes demanded close analysis of the impacts to existing indicators of healthcare delivery . Using data reported in 2001 and 2002 , the Canadian Institute for Health Information , an independent organization that works with the federal government , tabulated the input . Rigorous statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the comparability of ICD - 9 codes to ICD - 10 codes as they pertained to the Canadian version of diagnostic groups , Case Mix Groups ( CMGs ) , which are used in the patient classification system to group together patients with similar characteristics . China ( edit ) China adopted ICD - 10 in 2002 . Czech Republic ( edit ) The Czech Republic adopted ICD - 10 in 1994 , one year after official release from WHO . The Czech Republic uses the international version without any local modifications . The Czech Republic adopted all updates to the international version ( namely in 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) . France ( edit ) France introduced a clinical addendum to ICD - 10 in 2005 . See also website of the ATIH . Germany ( edit ) Germany : ICD - 10 - GM ( German Modification ) Korea ( edit ) A Korean modification has existed since 2008 .", "3": "Netherlands ( edit ) The Dutch translation of ICD - 10 is ICD10 - nl , which was created by the WHO - FIC Network in 1994 . There is an online dictionary . Russia ( edit ) The ministry of health of Russia ordered in 1997 to transfer all health organizations to ICD - 10 . South africa ( edit ) ICD - 10 was implemented in July 2005 under the auspice of the National ICD - 10 Implementation Task Team which is a joint task team between the National Department of Health and the Council for Medical Schemes . Sweden ( edit ) The current Swedish translation of ICD - 10 was created in 1997 . A clinical modification has added more detail and omits codes of the international version in the context of clinical use of ICD : The codes F64. 1 ( Dual - role transvestism ) , F64. 2 ( Gender identity disorder of childhood ) , F65. 0 ( Fetishism ) , F65. 1 ( Fetishistic transvestism ) , F65. 5 ( Sadomasochism ) , F65. 6 ( Multiple disorders of sexual preference ) are not used in Sweden since 1 January 2009 according to a decision by the present Director General of The National Board of Health and Welfare , Sweden . The code O60. 0 ( Preterm labor without delivery ) is not used in Sweden ; instead , since 1 January 2009 , the Swedish extension codes to O47 ( False labor ) are recommended for use . Thailand ( edit ) First published in 1998 , the ICD - 10 - TM ( Thai Modification ) is a Thai language version of ICD - 10 . Maintenance and development of ICD - 10 - TM is the responsibility of the Thai Health Coding Center ( THCC ) , a department of the Thai Ministry of Public Health . The current version of ICD - 10 - TM is based on the 2016 version of ICD - 10 . An unusual feature of the index of ICD - 10 - TM is that it is bilingual , containing both Thai and English trails . Along with Czechoslovakia and Denmark ; Thailand was one of the first adopters of ICD - 10 for coding purposes .", "4": "United kingdom ( edit ) ICD - 10 was first mandated for use in the UK in 1995 . In 2010 the UK Government made a commitment to update the UK version of ICD - 10 every three years . On 1 April 2016 , following a year 's delay , ICD - 10 5th Edition replaced the 4th Edition as the mandated diagnostic classification within the UK . United States ( edit ) The US has used ICD - 10 - CM since October 1 , 2015 . This national variant of ICD - 10 was provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) and the National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) , and the use of ICD - 10 - CM codes are now mandated for all inpatient medical reporting requirements . There are over 70,000 ICD - 10 - CM codes , which is up from around 14,000 ICD - 9 - CM codes . The use of ICD - 10 for coding of death certificates and mortality data was mandated in the United States beginning in 1999 . The deadline for the United States to begin using Clinical Modification ICD - 10 - CM for diagnosis coding and Procedure Coding System ICD - 10 - PCS for inpatient hospital procedure coding was set at October 1 , 2015 , which is a year later than a previous 2014 deadline . Before that 2014 deadline , the previous deadline has been a year before that on October 1 , 2013 . All HIPAA `` covered entities '' must make the change ; a pre-requisite to ICD - 10 - CM is the adoption of EDI Version 5010 by January 1 , 2012 . Enforcement of 5010 transition by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , however , was postponed by CMS until March 31 , 2012 , with the federal agency citing numerous factors , including slow software upgrades . The implementation of ICD - 10 - CM has been subject to previous delays . In January 2009 , the date was pushed back by two years , to October 1 , 2013 , rather than an earlier proposal of October 1 , 2011 . The most recent pushback of the implementation date has inspired a mixed reaction from the healthcare community .", "5": "Even though the deadline for ICD - 10 was pushed back repeatedly , CMS recommended that medical practices take several years to prepare for implementation of the new code set . The basic structure of the ICD - 10 - CM code is the following : Characters 1 -- 3 ( the category of disease ) ; 4 ( etiology of disease ) ; 5 ( body part affected ) ; 6 ( severity of illness ) ; and 7 ( placeholder for extension of the code to increase specificity ) . Not only must new software be installed and tested , but medical practices must provide training for physicians , staff members , and administrators . They will also need to develop new practice policies and guidelines , and update paperwork and forms . For convenience , practices may also create `` crosswalks '' that will convert their most frequently used ICD - 9 - CM codes to the ICD - 10 - CM equivalents . Two of the most common reasons for pushback are 1 ) the long list of potentially relevant codes for a given condition ( such as rheumatoid arthritis ) which can be confusing and reduce efficiency and 2 ) the seemingly absurd conditions assigned codes ( such as W55. 22XA : Struck by cow , initial encounter and V91. 07XA : Burn due to water - skis on fire , initial encounter ) . The US also has the ICD - 10 Procedure Coding System ( ICD - 10 - PCS ) , a coding system that contains 76,000 procedure codes that is not used by other countries . See also ( edit ) DSM - 5 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The numbering system of editions only refers to those used in the UK ; not those issued by WHO . For example , whilst the 5th edition is based on ICD - 10 version : 2016 , the 4th edition was based on the version from 2010 ( skipping the versions of ICD - 10 from 2014 and 2015 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Second Edition Volume 2 -- World Health Organization , p15 '' ( PDF ) . Who.int . Retrieved 23 May 2017 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` The switch from ICD - 9 to ICD - 10 : When and why '' . icd. codes . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Version : 2015 '' . apps.who.int . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Training Tool '' . apps.who.int . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 - online - training '' . sites.google.com . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision '' . World Health Organization . 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3M Health Information Services : ICD - 10 Overview '' ( PDF ) . Eastern Ohio Health Information Management Association . 2009 . Retrieved Dec 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ France , Francis H. Roger ( 2001 ) . Case Mix : Global Views , Local Actions : Evolution in Twenty Countries . Amsterdam : IOS Press . ISBN 1 58603 217 8 . Jump up ^ National Clinical Coding Standards ICD - 10 5th Edition ( 2017 ) . NHS Digital Clinical Classification Services . April 2017 . p. 200 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ICD -- ICD - 10 - CM -- International Classification of Diseases , Tenth Revision , Clinical Modification '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' ICD10 - CA `` '' . Ciha.ca . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deloitte Center for Health Solutions '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte.com . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Translation of ICD 10 '' ( PDF ) . Uzis.cz . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIMDI - ICD - 10 - GM '' . Dimdi.de . Retrieved 23 May 2017 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Kim , Sukil ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Use of Classifications in Korea '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved Oct 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO - Fic '' . Rivm.nl . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://class.who-fic.nl/browser.aspx?scheme=ICD10-nl.cla Jump up ^ `` Приказ Минздрава РФ от 27.05. 97 No 170 ( ред . от 12.01. 98 ) `` О переходе органов и учреждений здравоохранения Российской Федерации на Международную статистическую классификацию болезней и проблем , связанных со здоровьем X пересмотра '' `` . zakonbase.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Council for Medical Schemes ( March 2009 ) , South African ICD - 10 Coding Standards ( PDF ) , Republic of South Africa Department of Health , Version 3 , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 Jump up ^ http://thcc.or.th/ebook1/2016/mobile/index.html#p=1 Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Classification '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SCCI0021 : ICD - 10 5th Edition : Change Paper '' ( PDF ) . Health & Social Care Information Centre . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Updates '' . Health and Social Care Information Centre . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is ICD ICD. Codes '' . ICD. Codes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` A guide to state implementation of icd - 10 for mortality '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Senate Approves ICD - 10 Delay , ' Doc Fix ' '' . Healthdatamanagement.com . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4302 ( Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ) '' . U.S. Senate . March 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Administrative Simplification : Adoption of a Standard for a Unique Health Plan Identifier ; Addition to the National Provider Identifier Requirements ; and a Change to the Compliance Date for the International Classification of Diseases , 10th Edition ( ICD -- 10 -- CM and ICD -- 10 -- PCS ) Medical Data Code Sets '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) . 77 FR 54664 of 5 September 2012 . 77 FR 60629 of 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Classification of Diseases , Tenth Revision , Clinical Modification ( ICD - 10 - CM ) '' . National Center for Health Statistics . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overview ICD - 10 '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Jump up ^ `` HIPAA History '' . hipaajournal.com . Jump up ^ `` Physicians Get Grace Period from CMS on HIPAA 5010 Enforcement '' . Physicians Practice . November 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Feds Delay ICD - 10 for Two Years '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - ICD - 10 - International Classification of Diseases , Tenth Revision '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ProviderResources '' . Cms.gov. 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 Overview '' . Cms.gov. 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 : An Ode to Code - The Rheumatologist '' . The-rheumatologist.org . Retrieved 23 May 2017 .", "9": "Jump up ^ CMS Office of Public Affairs ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` HHS Proposes Adoption of ICD - 10 Code Sets and Updated Electronic Transaction Standards '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website at World Health Organization ( WHO ) ICD - 10 online browser ( WHO ) ICD - 10 online training direct access ( WHO ) ICD - 10 - CM ( USA -- modification ) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( hide ) Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "10": "php?title=ICD-10&oldid=838063413 '' Categories : International Classification of Diseases Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Dansk Eesti Español Euskara Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Македонски मराठी Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 59 . 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-8464536395541330825	which layer of the meninges is connected to the brain	[ "pia mater", "The pia mater", "The pia mater", "The pia mater" ]	{ "0": "Meninges - wikipedia Meninges Jump to : navigation , search `` Meninx '' redirects here . For the Tunisian island formerly known as `` Meninx '' , see Djerba . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meninges The meninges : dura mater , arachnoid mater and pia mater Details Artery middle meningeal artery , meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery , accessory meningeal artery , branch of anterior ethmoidal artery , meningeal branches of vertebral artery Nerve middle meningeal nerve , nervus spinosus Identifiers Latin Meninges MeSH A08. 186.566 Dorlands / Elsevier 12523818 TA A14. 1.01. 001 FMA 231572 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The meninges ( / məˈnɪndʒiːz / , singular : meninx ( / ˈmiːnɪŋks / or / ˈmɛnɪŋks / ) , from Ancient Greek : μῆνιγξ , translit . mēninx , lit . ' membrane ' , adjectival : meningeal / məˈnɪndʒəl / ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord . In mammals , the meninges are the dura mater , the arachnoid mater , and the pia mater . Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater . The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Dura mater 1.2 Arachnoid mater 1.3 Pia mater 1.4 Leptomeninges 1.5 Spaces 2 Clinical significance 3 Other animals 4 Additional images 5 References Structure ( edit ) Dura mater ( edit ) Main article : Dura mater The dura mater ( Latin : tough mother ) ( also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx ) is a thick , durable membrane , closest to the skull and vertebrae . The dura mater , the outermost part , is a loosely arranged , fibroelastic layer of cells , characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes , no extracellular collagen , and significant extracellular spaces . The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion . It consists of two layers : the endosteal layer , which lies closest to the calvaria ( skullcap ) , and the inner meningeal layer , which lies closer to the brain . It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater . It is composed of dense fibrous tissue , and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater . The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart . The dura has four areas of infolding : Falx cerebri , the largest , sickle - shaped ; separates the cerebral hemispheres . Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance . Tentorium cerebelli , the second largest , crescent - shaped ; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum . The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance . Falx cerebelli , vertical infolding ; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli , separating the cerebellar hemispheres . Diaphragma sellae , smallest infolding ; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica .", "2": "Arachnoid mater ( edit ) Main article : Arachnoid mater The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater , so named because of its spider web - like appearance . It cushions the central nervous system . This thin , transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and , like the pia mater , is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid . The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac . In particular , in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater . The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion ( arachnoid barrier cell layer ) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen ; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura . The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer . Pia mater ( edit ) Main article : Pia mater The pia mater ( Latin : tender mother ) is a very delicate membrane . It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord , following all of the brain 's contours ( the gyri and sulci ) . It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid . The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord , and its capillaries nourish the brain . Leptomeninges ( edit ) The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges , literally `` thin meninges '' ( Greek : λεπτός leptos - thin ) . Acute meningococcal meningitis can lead to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain .", "3": "Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob - web like strands , it is structurally continuous with the pia , hence the name pia - arachnoid or leptomeninges . They are responsible for the production of beta - trace protein ( prostaglandin D synthase ) a major cerebrospinal fluid protein . Spaces ( edit ) Main article : Subarachnoid space The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater , which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid . The dura mater is attached to the skull , whereas in the spinal cord , the dura mater is separated from the bone ( vertebrae ) by a space called the epidural space , which contain fat and blood vessels . The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater , while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue . When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness , the space between them is the subdural space . There is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are three types of hemorrhage involving the meninges : A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid ; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma . A subdural hematoma is a hematoma ( collection of blood ) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater . The small veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn , usually during an accident , and blood leaks into this area . An epidural hematoma may arise after an accident or spontaneously . Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include meningitis ( usually from fungal , bacterial , or viral infection ) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges , or from meningeal carcinomatoses ( tumors ) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges . Other animals ( edit ) In fish , there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx . In other vertebrates -- amphibians , reptiles and birds , the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx .", "4": "In the early 1900s , Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man . Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple , both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates . From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx . In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages , the latter divides into an internal leaflet : the secondary meninx , and into an external one : the dura mater . Finally , in higher vertebrates , even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia . In the same animals , Sterzi demonstrated that , while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity , in the skull it fuses with the periosteum . He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale . Mammals ( as higher vertebrates ) retain the dura mater , and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater . Additional images ( edit ) Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull Diagrammatic section of scalp . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` meninges '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Entry `` meninx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ μῆνιγξ . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Entry `` pia mater '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` leptomeninges - definition of leptomeninges in English Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vinay ( 2015 ) . Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 1273 .", "5": "In acute meningitis , an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain ( Fig. 28 - 21 ) . Jump up ^ Yamashima , Tetsumori ; Sakuda , Kazushige ; Tohma , Yasuo ; Yamashita , Junkoh ; Oda , Hiroshi ; Irikura , Daisuke ; Eguchi , Naomi ; Beuckmann , Carsten T. ; Kanaoka , Yoshihide ; Urade , Yoshihiro ; Hayaishi , Osamu ( 1 April 1997 ) . `` Prostaglandin D Synthase ( β - Trace ) in Human Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells : Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption , Tumorigenesis , and Calcification Process '' . Journal of Neuroscience . pp. 2376 -- 2382 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ attribution , no . `` Prostaglandin D2 synthase '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries '' ( PDF ) . Orlando Regional Healthcare , Education and Development . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ van Gijn J , Kerr RS , Rinkel GJ ( 2007 ) . `` Subarachnoid haemorrhage '' . Lancet . 369 ( 9558 ) : 306 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 60153 - 6 . PMID 17258671 . Jump up ^ Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 1995 ) . Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy , Funuction , Evolution . Dubuque , Iowa : Wm. C. Brown Publishers . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 697 - 21991 - 7 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meninges . Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons", "6": "Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Meninges of the brain and spinal cord Layers Dura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns : Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic Of lateral cerebral fossa Of great cerebral vein Of lamina terminalis Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius", "7": "Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "8": "php?title=Meninges&oldid=804731340 '' Categories : Back anatomy Human head and neck Meninges Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4002094067206606739	what is a proton pump in the human body	[ "an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane", "an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane", "an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane" ]	{ "0": "Proton pump - wikipedia Proton pump Jump to : navigation , search This article is about biochemical proton pumps . For generators of proton beams , see synchrotron and cyclotron . A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane . Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction : H + energy ⇌ H Mechanisms are based on energy - induced conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle . During evolution , proton pumps have arisen independently on multiple occasions . Thus , not only throughout nature but also within single cells , different proton pumps that are evolutionarily unrelated can be found . Proton pumps are divided into different major classes of pumps that utilize different sources of energy , have different polypeptide compositions and evolutionary origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Diversity 3 Electron transport driven proton pumps 3.1 Electron Transport Complex I 3.2 Electron Transport Complex III 3.3 The cytochrome b f complex 3.4 Electron Transport Complex IV 4 ATP driven proton pumps 4.1 P - type proton ATPase 4.2 V - type proton ATPase 4.3 F - type proton ATPase 5 Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps 6 Light driven proton pumps 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function ( edit ) It should be observed that transport of the positively charged proton typically is electrogenic , i.e. it generates an electrical field across the membrane also called the membrane potential . Proton transport becomes electrogenic if not neutralized electrically by transport of either a corresponding negative charge in the same direction or a corresponding positive charge in the opposite direction . An example of a proton pump that is not electrogenic , is the proton / potassium pump of the gastric mucosa which catalyzes a balanced exchange of protons and potassium ions . The combined transmembrane gradient of protons and charges created by proton pumps is called an electrochemical gradient . An electrochemical gradient represents a store of energy ( potential energy ) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis , nutrient uptake and action potential formation .", "1": "In cell respiration , the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space . It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside . The difference in pH and electric charge ( ignoring differences in buffer capacity ) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for the cell . The process could also be seen as analogous to cycling uphill or charging a battery for later use , as it produces potential energy . The proton pump does not create energy , but forms a gradient that stores energy for later use . Diversity ( edit ) The energy required for the proton pumping reaction may come from light ( light energy ; bacteriorhodopsins ) , electron transfer ( electrical energy ; electron transport complexes I , III and IV ) or energy - rich metabolites ( chemical energy ) such as pyrophosphate ( PPi ; proton - pumping pyrophosphatase ) or adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ; proton ATPases ) . Electron transport driven proton pumps ( edit ) Electron transport complex I ( edit ) Main article : NADH dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) Complex I ( EC 1.6. 5.3 ) ( also referred to as NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase or , especially in the context of the human protein , NADH dehydrogenase ) is a proton pump driven by electron transport . It belongs to the H or Na - translocating NADH Dehydrogenase ( NDH ) Family ( TC # 3. D. 1 ) , a member of the Na transporting Mrp superfamily . It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 ( CoQ10 ) and , in eukaryotes , it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP . Electron transport complex III ( edit ) Main article : Coenzyme Q -- cytochrome c reductase Complex III ( ( EC 1.10.", "2": "2.2 ) ) ( also referred to as cytochrome b 1 or the coenzyme Q : cytochrome c -- oxidoreductase ) is a proton pump driven by electron transport . Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial ( cytochrome b ) and the nuclear genomes ( all other subunits ) . Complex III is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of all aerobic eukaryotes and the inner membranes of most eubacteria . This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP . The cytochrome b F complex ( edit ) Main article : Cytochrome b6f complex The cytochrome b f complex ( EC 1.10. 99.1 ) ( also called plastoquinol -- plastocyanin reductase ) is an enzyme related to Complex III but found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants , cyanobacteria , and green algae . This proton pump is driven by electron transport and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin . The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by Complex III ( cytochrome bc1 ) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain . This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of chloroplasts then uses to synthesize ATP . Electron transport complex IV ( edit ) Main article : Cytochrome c oxidase Complex IV ( EC 1.9. 3.1 ) ( also referred to as cytochrome c oxidase ) , is a proton pump driven by electron transport . This enzyme is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes . It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules , and transfers them to one oxygen molecule , converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water . In the process , it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane . This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP .", "3": "ATP driven proton pumps ( edit ) Main article : Proton ATPase Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) driven proton pumps ( also referred to as proton ATPases or H - ATPases ) are proton pumps driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . Three classes of proton ATPases are found in nature . In a single cell ( for example those of fungi and plants ) , representatives from all three groups of proton ATPases may be present . P - type proton ATPase ( edit ) Main article : Plasma membrane H+ - ATPase The plasma membrane H - ATPase is a single subunit P - type ATPase found in the plasma membrane of plants , fungi , protists and many prokaryotes . The plasma membrane H - ATPase creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants , fungi , protists , and many prokaryotes . Here , proton gradients are used to drive secondary transport processes . As such , it is essential for the uptake of most metabolites , and also for responses to the environment ( e.g. , movement of leaves in plants ) . Humans ( and probably other mammals ) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H / K ATPase that also belongs to the P - type ATPase family . This enzyme functions as the proton pump of the stomach , primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents ( see gastric acid ) . V - type proton ATPase ( edit ) Main article : V - ATPase The V - type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the V - type . It is found in various different membranes where it serves to acidify intracellular organelles or the cell exterior . F - type proton ATPase ( edit ) Main article : F - ATPase The F - type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the F - type ( also referred to as ATP synthase or F F ATPase ) . It is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane where is functions as a proton transport - driven ATP synthase . In mitochondria , reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power this translocation of protons . For example , the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing equivalents provided by reduced cytochrome c .", "4": "ATP itself powers this transport in the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes . The F F ATP synthase of mitochondria , in contrast , usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP . Protons translocate across the inner mitochondrial membrane via proton wire . This series of conformational changes , channeled through the a and b subunits of the F particle , drives a series of conformational changes in the stalk connecting the F to the F subunit . This process effectively couples the translocation of protons to the mechanical motion between the Loose , Tight , and Open states of F necessary to phosphorylate ADP . In bacteria and ATP - producing organelles other than mitochondria , reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power the translocation of protons . CF ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human F F ATP synthase in plants . Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps ( edit ) Main article : Proton pumping pyrophosphatase Proton pumping pyrophosphatase ( also referred to as HH - PPase or vacuolar - type inorganic pyrophosphatases ( V - PPase ; V is for vacuolar ) ) is a proton pump driven by the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate ( PPi ) . In plants , HH - PPase is localized to the vacuolar membrane ( the tonoplast ) . This membrane of plants contains two different proton pumps for acidifying the interior of the vacuole , the V - PPase and the V - ATPase . Light driven proton pumps ( edit ) Main article : Bacteriorhodopsin Bacteriorhodopsin is a light - driven proton pump and is used by Archaea , most notably in Halobacteria . Light is absorbed by a retinal pigment covalently linked to the protein , that result in a conformational change of the molecule that is transmitted to the pump protein associated with proton pumping .", "5": "See also ( edit ) Active transport Chemiosmosis Cytochrome Protonophore Proton - pump inhibitor Uncoupling protein 2 , 4 - Dinitrophenol V - ATPase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yoshikawa , Shinya ; Shimada , Atsuhiro ; Shinzawa - Itoh , Kyoko ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 4 , Section 4 Proton Pump Mechanism '' . In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres . Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 15 . Springer . pp. 108 -- 111 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_4 . Jump up ^ Campbell , N.A. , 2008 . Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants . 8th ed. , Biology . San Francisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings . Jump up ^ Nature , Structural biology : Piston drives a proton pump. by Tomoko Ohnishi , 26 May 2010 External links ( edit ) Proton pump animation Proton Pumps at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Membrane transport protein : ion pumps , ATPases / ATP synthase ( TC 3A2 - 3A3 ) F - , V - , and A-type ATPase ( 3. A.", "6": "2 ) H ( F - type ) H transporting , mitochondrial : ATP5A1 ATP5B ATP5C1 ATP5C2 ATP5D ATP5E ATP5F1 ATP5G1 ATP5G2 ATP5G3 ATP5H ATP5I ATP5J ATP5J2 ATP5L ATP5L2 ATP5O ATP5S H ( V - type ) H transporting , lysosomal : ATP6AP1 ATP6AP2 ATP6V1A ATP6V1B1 ATP6V1B2 ATP6V1C1 ATP6V1C2 ATP6V1D ATP6V1E1 ATP6V1E2 ATP6V1F ATP6V1G1 ATP6V1G2 ATP6V1G3 ATP6V1H ATP6V0A1 ATP6V0A2 ATP6V0A4 ATP6V0B ATP6V0C ATP6V0D1 ATP6V0D2 ATP6V0E ATP6V0E1 TCIRG1 A-ATPase found in Archea P - type ATPase ( 3. A. 3 ) 3. A. 3.1. 1 : Na / K transporting : ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 ATP1G1 3. A. 3.1. 2 : H / K H / K exchanging : ATP4A ATP4B 3. A. 3.1. 4 : H / K transporting , nongastric : ATP12A 3. A. 3.2 : Ca ( SERCA , PMCA , SPCA ) / Ca transporting : ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 ATP2C1 3. A.", "7": "3.5 : Cu transporting : ATP7A ATP7B 3. A. 3.8. 8 : flippase : ATP8A2 Other / ungrouped : Na / K -- H Mg transporting : ATP3 Class I , type 8 : ATP8A1 ATP8B1 ATP8B2 ATP8B3 ATP8B4 Class II , type 9 : ATP9A ATP9B Class V , type 10 : ATP10A ATP10B ATP10D Class VI , type 11 : ATP11A ATP11B ATP11C type 13 : ATP13A1 ATP13A2 ATP13A3 ATP13A4 ATP13A5 see also ATPase disorders Ion pump : proton pumps : Oxidoreduction - driven transporters ( TC 3D ) ETC ETC Complex I ETC Complex III ETC Complex IV Other Cytochrome b6f complex Inorganic pyrophosphatase V - ATPase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton_pump&oldid=834143205 '' Categories : Transport proteins Proton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 04 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4392475526001139368	who was first governor general of british india	[ "Louis Mountbatten", "Warren Hastings", "Warren Hastings", "Warren Hastings", "Warren Hastings" ]	{ "0": "Governor - General of India - Wikipedia Governor - General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . Viceroy and Governor - General of India Standard of the Governor - General Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period Style His Excellency Residence Viceroy 's House Appointer East India Company ( to 1858 ) Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) Formation 20 October 1774 First holder Warren Hastings Final holder Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Abolished 26 January 1950 The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch .", "1": "To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively . Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Council 4 Style and title 5 Flag 6 Residence 7 Insignia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act .", "2": "The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . Functions ( edit ) Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors . While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India .", "3": "That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities . The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often . Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions .", "4": "Council ( edit ) Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) .", "5": "The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . Style and title ( edit ) Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' .", "6": "From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . Flag ( edit ) Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast .", "7": "From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . Residence ( edit ) Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study .", "8": "Insignia ( edit ) See also : Star of India ( flag ) Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 50 ) See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal List of governors - general of India Commander - in - Chief , India British Empire Emperor of India Indian independence movement Council of India British Raj Secretary of State for India India Office Indian Civil Service Partition of India History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 Keith , A.B.", "9": "( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Further Reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Governors - General of India Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) Hastings Macpherson Cornwallis Shore Clarke Mornington Cornwallis Barlow Minto Moira Adam Amherst Bayley Bentinck .", "10": "Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Bentinck Metcalfe Auckland Ellenborough Bird Hardinge Dalhousie Canning Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Canning Elgin Napier Denison Lawrence Mayo Strachey Napier Northbrook Lytton Ripon Dufferin Lansdowne Elgin Curzon Minto Penshurst Chelmsford Reading Irwin Willingdon Wavell Mountbatten Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Mountbatten Rajagopalachari Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Administrator Northern Territory Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "11": "php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=833230854 '' Categories : Governors - General of India India and the Commonwealth of Nations Westminster system Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मैथिली മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4487724214437405890	where is the heart of palm on a palm tree	[ "inner core and growing bud", "from the inner core and growing bud", "the inner core", "growing bud", "the inner core and growing bud", "the center core" ]	{ "0": "Heart of palm - wikipedia Heart of palm Jump to : navigation , search Fresh heart of palm Heart of palm is a vegetable harvested from the inner core and growing bud of certain palm trees ( notably the coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) , palmito juçara ( Euterpe edulis ) , Açaí palm ( Euterpe oleracea ) , sabal ( Sabal spp . ) , pupunha and pejibaye ( Bactris gasipaes ) palms ) . Harvesting of many non-cultivated or wild single - stemmed palms results in palm tree death ( e.g. Geonoma edulis ) . However , other palm species are clonal or multi-stemmed plants ( e.g. Prestoea acuminata , Euterpe oleracea ) and moderate harvesting will not kill the entire clonal palm . Heart of palm may be eaten on its own , and often it is eaten in a salad . An alternative to wild heart of palm are palm varieties which have undergone a process of adaptation to become a domesticated farm species . The main variety that has been domesticated is the botanical species Bactris gasipaes , known in Ecuador as chontaduro , in Brazil and Costa Rica as palmito , and in English as the peach palm . This variety is the most widely used for canning . Peach palms are self - suckering and produce multiple stems , up to 40 on one plant , so harvesting several stems from a plant is not so expensive because the plant can live on . Another advantage it has over other palms is that it has been selectively bred to eliminate the vicious thorns of its wild cousins . Since harvesting is still a labor - intensive task , palm hearts are regarded as a delicacy . As of 2008 , Costa Rica is the primary source of fresh palm hearts in the US . The Edible Palm Company located in Orlando , Florida has been the largest importer of sustainably farmed Fresh Hearts of Palm from Costa Rica to the United States since 2002 . Peach palm is also cultivated in Hawaii , and now has limited distribution on the mainland , primarily to the restaurant trade . Florida 's wild Sabal palmetto or cabbage palm was once a source of hearts of palm but is now protected by conservation law .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Harvesting 2 Nutrition 3 See also 4 References Harvesting ( edit ) Heart of palm being prepared in Brazil for sale When harvesting the cultivated young palm , the tree is cut down and the bark is removed leaving layers of white fibers around the center core . During processing the fibers are removed leaving the center core or heart of palm . The center core is attached to a slightly more fibrous cylindrical base with a larger diameter . The entire cylindrical center core and the attached base are edible . The center core is considered more of a delicacy because of its lower fiber content . Nutrition ( edit ) Heart of Palm Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 79.5 kJ ( 19.0 kcal ) Carbohydrates 3.1 g Sugars 0.0 g Dietary fiber 1.6 g Fat 0.39 g Protein 1.55 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . ( 3 % ) 23.4 μg Vitamin C ( 2 % ) 1.9 mg Minerals Calcium ( 5 % ) 47 mg Iron ( 16 % ) 2.09 mg Sodium ( 23 % ) 349 mg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Hearts of palm is rich in fibers , potassium , iron , zinc , phosphorus , copper , vitamins B2 , B6 , and C. ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Deckenia nobilis References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to heart of palm . Jump up ^ Sylvester , O. ; Avalos , G. ( 2009 ) . Illegal palm heart ( Geonoma edulis ) harvest in Costa Rican national parks : patterns of consumption and extraction . Economic Botany. 63 ( 2 ) : 179 - 189 . ^ Jump up to : Zeldes , Leah A. ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Eat this !", "2": "Heart of palm , an exotic taste of the tropics '' . Dining Chicago . Chicago 's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Rose Kahele ( August -- September 2007 ) . `` Big Island Hearts '' . Hana Hou ! Vol. 10 , No. 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_palm&oldid=814257635 '' Categories : Edible palms Stem vegetables Latin American cuisine Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaelg Galego Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 18 : 53 . 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-6418452836999285502	what are maria and anita doing when the audience first meets them	[ "Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita" ]	{ "0": "West Side Story - wikipedia West Side Story Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage musical . For the film version , see West Side Story ( film ) . West Side Story Original cast recording Music Leonard Bernstein Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book Arthur Laurents Basis Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Productions 1957 Broadway 1958 West End 1959 US Tour 1960 Broadway return 1961 Film 1980 Broadway revival 1997 UK Tour and West End revival 2008 West End revival and UK Tour 2009 Broadway revival and US Tour 2013 UK Tour West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein , lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s , an ethnic , blue - collar neighborhood ( in the early 1960s , much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for the Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood 's character ) . The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks , two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds . The members of the Sharks , from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets , a white gang . The young protagonist , Tony , a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang 's leader , Riff , falls in love with Maria , the sister of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks . The dark theme , sophisticated music , extended dance scenes , and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre . Bernstein 's score for the musical includes `` Something 's Coming '' , `` Maria '' , `` America '' , `` Somewhere '' , `` Tonight '' , `` Jet Song '' , `` I Feel Pretty '' , `` A Boy Like That '' , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , and `` Cool '' . The original 1957 Broadway production , directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim 's Broadway debut . It ran for 732 performances before going on tour .", "1": "The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957 , but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs . The show had an even longer - running London production , a number of revivals and international productions . A 1961 musical film of the same name , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins , starred Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten , including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor , Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress , and Best Picture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Genesis 1.2 Collaboration and development 1.3 Production period 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act 1 2.2 Act 2 3 Characters 4 Principal cast 5 Musical numbers 5.1 Act 1 5.2 Act 2 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 UK productions 6.3 1980 Broadway revival 6.4 2009 Broadway revival 6.5 US national tours and other notable productions 6.6 International productions 7 Critical reaction 8 Score 9 Recordings 10 Film 11 References in popular culture 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 1980 Broadway revival 12.3 2008 West End revival 12.4 2009 Broadway revival 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) L-R : Elizabeth Taylor , Carmen Guitterez , Marilyn Cooper , and Carol Lawrence from the original Broadway cast sing `` I Feel Pretty '' ( 1957 ) Genesis ( edit ) In 1947 , Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan , during the Easter -- Passover season .", "2": "The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel ; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic `` Jets '' towards the Jewish `` Emeralds '' ( a name that made its way into the script as a reference ) . Eager to write his first musical , Laurents immediately agreed . Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form , but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion . They described the project as `` lyric theater '' , and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abie 's Irish Rose . When he opted to drop out , the three men went their separate ways , and the piece was shelved for almost five years . In 1955 , theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual , and he invited Laurents to write the book . Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team . Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces , they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed . Laurents , however , was committed to Gabel , who introduced him to the young composer / lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall . Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music . Sondheim did not care for Laurents ' opinion . Serenade ultimately was shelved . Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood , he contacted Bernstein , who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at The Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs , a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war . Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles , but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Rican immigrants and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street .", "3": "The two contacted Robbins , who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat . He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects , keeping in touch with Bernstein , who had returned to New York . When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind , he backed out of the film , freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical . Collaboration and development ( edit ) In New York City , Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim , who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track . Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music , and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics , but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead . Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task . Initially he resisted , because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted ) , but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience , and he accepted . Meanwhile , Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters ' backgrounds : Anton , once an Irish American , was now of Polish and Irish descent , and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican . The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on . Later the scenes related to Juliet 's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted . Language posed a problem ; four - letter curse words were uncommon in the theater at the time , and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened . Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not : `` cut the frabba - jabba '' , for example . Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue , and sometimes just a simple phrase like `` A boy like that would kill your brother '' , into lyrics .", "4": "With the help of Oscar Hammerstein , Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move `` One Hand , One Heart '' , which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene , to the scene set in the bridal shop , and as a result `` Tonight '' was written to replace it . Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play 's tragic outcome , so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act . He was outvoted on other issues : he felt the lyrics to `` America '' and `` I Feel Pretty '' were too witty for the characters singing them , but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites . Another song , `` Kid Stuff '' , was added and quickly removed during the Washington , D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy . Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concurrently , which led to some switches of material between the two works . Tony and Maria 's duet , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide . Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on : Just as Tony and Maria , our Romeo and Juliet , set themselves apart from the other kids by their love , so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language , their songs , their movement . Wherever possible in the show , we have tried to heighten emotion or to articulate inarticulate adolescence through music , song or dance . The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956 , but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first . Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents ' latest play , opened and quickly closed . When a backers ' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957 , only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals , producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project . Every other producer had already turned down the show , deeming it too dark and depressing .", "5": "Bernstein was despondent , but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince , who was in Boston overseeing the out - of - town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script . He liked it but decided to ask Abbott , his longtime mentor , for his opinion , and Abbott advised him to turn it down . Prince , aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble , decided to ignore him , and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score . In his memoirs , Prince recalled , `` Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music , and soon I was singing along with them . '' Production period ( edit ) Larry Kert as Tony , original Broadway production ( 1957 ) Kert and Lawrence in the balcony scene ( 1957 ) Prince began cutting the budget and raising money . Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show , but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight - week dance rehearsal period ( instead of the customary four ) , since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show , and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant . Originally , when considering the cast , Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony , but the actor soon died . Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita , respectively . Getting the work on stage was still not easy . Bernstein said : Everyone told us that ( West Side Story ) was an impossible project ... And we were told no one was going to be able to sing augmented fourths , as with `` Ma - ri - a '' ... Also , they said the score was too rangy for pop music ... Besides , who wanted to see a show in which the first - act curtain comes down on two dead bodies lying on the stage ? ... And then we had the really tough problem of casting it , because the characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers . Ultimately , some of the cast were teenagers , some were 21 , some were 30 but looked 16 . Some were wonderful singers but could n't dance very well , or vice versa ... and if they could do both , they could n't act .", "6": "Throughout the rehearsal period , the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare , keeping the show 's plot timely . Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage . Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker - and jeans - clad cast . He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles , and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies . As the rehearsals wore on , Bernstein fought to keep his score together , as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex `` operatic '' passages . Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult . There were problems with Oliver Smith 's designs . His painted backdrops were stunning , but the sets were , for the most part , either shabby looking or too stylized . Prince refused to spend money on new construction , and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it . The pre-Broadway run in Washington , D.C. was a critical and commercial success , although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim , listed as co-lyricist , who was overshadowed by the better - known Bernstein . Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics , although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein . Robbins demanded and received a `` Conceived by '' credit , and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others . As a result , by opening night on Broadway , none of his collaborators were talking to him . It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein 's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout , presumably as a trade - off .", "7": "However , Suskin writes in Show Tunes that `` As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein 's lyric contributions became less , the composer agreed to rescind his credit ... Contrary to rumor , Sondheim did not write music for the show ; his only contribution came on `` Something 's Coming '' , where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse . ) Synopsis ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) Two rival teenage gangs , the Jets ( White Americans ) and the Sharks ( Puerto Rican immigrants ) , struggle for control of the neighborhood somewhere in the Upper West Side of New York City amidst the police ( Prologue ) . They are warned by Lt. Schrank and Officer Krupke to stop fighting on their beat . The police chase the Sharks off , and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street . The Jets ' leader , Riff , suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks . He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo , the Sharks ' leader , that night at the neighborhood dance . Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets , Tony , to meet the Jets at the dance . Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty , but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them ( `` Jet Song '' ) . Riff meets Tony while he 's working at Doc 's Drugstore to persuade him to come . Tony initially refuses , but Riff wins him over . Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner ( `` Something 's Coming '' ) . Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita , the girlfriend of her brother , Bernardo . Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino , a friend of Bernardo 's . Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in love with Chino . Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance . The Shark girls extol the virtues of `` America '' in Portland Center Stage 's production of West Side Story in 2007 . At the dance , after introductions , the teenagers begin to dance ; soon a challenge dance is called ( `` Dance at the Gym '' ) , during which Tony and Maria ( who are n't taking part in the challenge dance ) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other .", "8": "They dance together , forgetting the tension in the room , and fall in love , but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home . Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc 's , a drug store which is considered neutral ground , but meanwhile , an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria 's building and serenades her outside her bedroom ( `` Maria '' ) . She appears on her fire escape , and the two profess their love for one another ( `` Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , Anita , Rosalia , and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America , with Anita defending America , and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico ( `` America '' ) . The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc 's Drug Store . Riff helps them let out their aggression ( `` Cool '' ) . The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble . Tony suggests `` a fair fight '' ( fists only ) , which the leaders agree to , despite the other members ' protests . Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony , but must settle for fighting Diesel , Riff 's second - in - command , instead . This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble . Tony tells Doc about Maria . Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong ; he is in love . Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production . The next day , Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal shop , as she anticipates seeing Tony again . However , she learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dismayed . When Tony arrives , Maria asks him to stop the fight altogether , which he agrees to do . Before he goes , they dream of their wedding ( `` One Hand , One Heart '' ) . Tony , Maria , Anita , Bernardo and the Sharks , and Riff and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night ( `` Tonight Quintet '' ) . The gangs meet under the highway and , as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins , Tony arrives and tries to stop it . Though Bernardo taunts and provokes Tony , ridiculing his attempt to make peace , Tony keeps his composure .", "9": "When Bernardo pushes Tony , Riff punches him in Tony 's defense . The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight ( `` The Rumble '' ) . Tony attempts to intervene , inadvertently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo . Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage , which in turn provokes an all - out fight like the fight in the Prologue . The sound of approaching police sirens is heard , and everyone scatters , except Tony , who stands in shock at what he has done . The tomboy Anybodys , who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet , tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment and flees with the knives . Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain . Act 2 ( edit ) Tony ( Justin Gordon ) and Maria ( Erica Racz ) in a Pacific Repertory Theatre production in 2001 . Blissfully unaware of the gangs ' plans for that night , Maria daydreams with her friends , Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita and Francisca , about seeing Tony ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) . Later , as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble , Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo . Maria flees to her bedroom , praying that Chino is lying . Tony arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest with rage , but she still loves him . They plan to run away together . As the walls of Maria 's bedroom disappear , they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace ( `` Somewhere '' ) . Two of the Jets , A-Rab and Baby John , are set on by Officer Krupke , but they manage to escape him . They meet the rest of the gang . To cheer themselves up , they lampoon Officer Krupke , and the other adults who do n't understand them ( `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' ) . Anybodys arrives and tells the Jets she has been spying on the Puerto Ricans ; she has discovered that Chino is looking for Tony with a gun . The gang separates to find Tony . Action has taken charge ; he accepts Anybodys into the Jets and includes her in the search .", "10": "A grieving Anita arrives at Maria 's apartment . As Tony leaves , he tells Maria to meet him at Doc 's so they can run away to the country . In spite of her attempts to conceal it , Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria , and launches an angry tirade against him ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) . Maria counters by telling Anita how powerful love is ( `` I Have a Love '' ) , and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo . She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony . Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother 's death , and Anita agrees to go to Doc 's to tell Tony to wait . Unfortunately , the Jets , who have found Tony , have congregated at Doc 's , and they taunt Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape . Doc arrives and stops them . Anita is furious , and in anger spitefully delivers the wrong message , telling the Jets that Chino has shot Maria dead . Doc relates the news to Tony , who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria . Feeling there is no longer anything to live for , Tony leaves to find Chino , begging for him to shoot him as well . Just as Tony sees Maria alive , Chino arrives and shoots Tony . The Jets , Sharks , and adults flock around the lovers . Maria holds Tony in her arms ( and sings a quiet , brief reprise of `` Somewhere '' ) as he dies . Angry at the death of another friend , the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino 's gun and tells everyone that `` all of ( them ) '' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other , and , `` Now I can kill too , because now I have hate ! '' she yells . However , she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it , crying in grief . Gradually , all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony 's body , showing that the feud is over . The Jets and Sharks form a procession , and together carry Tony away , with Maria the last one in the procession .", "11": "Characters ( edit ) `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' sung by the Jets , original Broadway cast ( 1957 ) The Jets Riff , the leader Tony , his best friend Diesel ( Ice in film ) , Riff 's lieutenant Action , A-Rab , Baby John , Big Deal , Gee - Tar , Mouthpiece , Snowboy , Tiger and Anybodys The Jet Girls Velma ( Riff 's girlfriend ) , Graziella ( Diesel 's girlfriend ) , Minnie , Clarice and Pauline The Sharks Bernardo , the leader Chino , his best friend Pepe , second - in - command Indio , Luis , Anxious , Nibbles , Juano , Toro and Moose The Shark Girls Maria , Bernardo 's sister Anita , Bernardo 's girlfriend Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita , Francisca , Estella and Marguerita The Adults Doc , owner of the local drugstore / soda shop . Schrank , racist local police lieutenant . Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's right hand man . Glad Hand , well meaning social worker in charge of the dance . Madam Lucia , owner of the neighborhood bridal shop .", "12": "Principal cast ( edit ) Characters Original Broadway Cast ( 1957 ) West End ( 1958 ) 1980 Broadway Revival 2009 Broadway Revival Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Jets , & Sharks Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Taunting '' -- Anita & Jets `` Finale '' -- Company Notes In the 1964 and 1980 revivals , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo . In the 2009 revival , `` Cool '' was performed by Riff , the Jets , and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty '' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That '' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere '' was sung by Kiddo , a young Jet . Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) After tryouts in Washington , D.C.", "13": "and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957 , the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26 , 1957 to positive reviews . The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince with lighting designed by Jean Rosenthal . The cast starred Larry Kert as Tony , Carol Lawrence as Maria , Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters as Baby John . The other notable cast members in the original production were : Riff : Michael Callan , A-Rab : Tony Mordente , Big Deal : Martin Charnin , Gee - Tar : Tommy Abbott , Chino : Jamie Sanchez , Rosalia : Marilyn Cooper , Consuela ( sic ) : Reri Grist and Doc : Art Smith . The production closed on June 27 , 1959 , after 732 performances . Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer , and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer . Also nominated were Carol Lawrence , as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical , Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor , and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design . Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award . The production toured and then returned to the Winter Garden Theatre in April 1960 for another 249 performance engagement . Several dances from West Side Story were included in the Tony Award - winning 1989 Broadway production , Jerome Robbins ' Broadway . UK productions ( edit ) The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London , where it opened at Her Majesty 's Theatre in the West End on December 12 , 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances . Robbins directed and choreographed , and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith . Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version , as Riff , Marlys Watters as Maria , Don McKay as Tony , and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita . David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening , took over as Tony . A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony , Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna - Jane Casey as Anita .", "14": "The production transferred to London 's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998 , transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000 . The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time . 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14 , 1980 and closed on November 30 , 1980 , after 333 performances . It was directed and choreographed by Robbins , with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction . The original scenic , lighting , and costume designs were used . It starred Ken Marshall as Tony , Josie de Guzman as Maria and Debbie Allen as Anita . Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical , and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction ( Play or Musical ) . Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical . Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel , Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca , Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece and Reed Jones as Big Deal The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi Festival in Genoa , Italy in July 1981 with Josie de Guzman as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony . 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) In 2007 , Arthur Laurents stated , `` I 've come up with a way of doing ( West Side Story ) that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note . '' He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington , D.C. that ran from December 15 , 2008 through January 17 , 2009 . The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre on February 23 , 2009 and opened on March 19 , 2009 . The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto . The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin - Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated , `` The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity . Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then . Now they actually will be .", "15": "Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world '' . In August 2009 , some of the lyrics for `` A Boy Like That '' ( `` Un Hombre Asi '' ) and `` I Feel Pretty '' ( `` Me Siento Hermosa '' ) , which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival , were changed back to the original English . However , the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the `` Tonight '' ( Quintet ) remained in Spanish . The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony , Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita . Olivo won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Actress . The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . In July 2010 , the producers reduced the size of the orchestra , replacing five musicians with an off - stage synthesizer . The production closed on January 2 , 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews . The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years . Us national tours and other notable productions ( edit ) A national tour was launched on July 1 , 1959 . The show played in Denver , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Baltimore , Philadelphia , and Boston . This tour returned to the Winter Garden Theater in New York on April 27 , 1960 and closed on December 10 of that year . The New York City Center Light Opera Company production played for a four - week limited engagement of 31 performances in 1964 . Tony was Don McKay , Maria was Julia Migenes and Anita was played by Luba Lisa . It was staged by Gerald Freedman based on Robbins ' original concept , and the choreography was re-mounted by Tom Abbott . The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center , in June 1968 and closed in September 1968 after 89 performances . Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore , and scenery was by Oliver Smith . Tony was played by Kurt Peterson , with Victoria Mallory as Maria . A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony , with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson .", "16": "A bus and truck ( non-Equity ) tour was produced in 1998 by City Vision Theatricals . A national tour , directed by Alan Johnson , was produced in 2002 . A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit , Michigan . The cast features Kyle Harris as Tony , Ali Ewoldt as Maria and Eric Hoffmann as Officer Krupke . After a very successful year , the tour was sent out for another year . A Non-equity tour version of the 2009 Revival , presented by Troika Entertainment , began in fall 2012 . The musical has also been adapted to be performed as Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language , with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets . International productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened in October 1960 at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne , before touring to the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney in February 1961 . Subsequent Australian national tours have been staged in 1983 , 1994 and 2010 . In 1961 , a tour of Israel , Africa and the Near East was mounted . In February 1962 , the West End ( H.M. Tennent ) production launched a five - month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen , continuing to Oslo , Gothenburg , Stockholm and Helsinki . Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria . In 1977 , Amor Sin Barreras was produced in Mexico City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo , & Ruben Boido , Direction by Ruben Boido , presented at the Hidalgo Theater . Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony ; Maria Medina was Maria , among other cast members was Macaria . From 1982 -- 1984 a tour of South America , Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York . The Director / Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore , veterans of the original Broadway cast . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has performed the show twice . It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe . A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics , featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong as Tony .", "17": "It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Centre . Canada 's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 1999 , starring Tyley Ross as Tony and Ma - Anne Dionisio as Maria , and again in 2009 , The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004 , directed by the Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour . A French language adaptation , translated by Philippe Gobeille , opened in Montreal , Quebec in March 2008 . A Philippine version played in 2008 at the Meralco Theatre . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony , Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria . Also in 2008 , an adaptation played in Portugal , directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story -- Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with Ricardo Soler as Tony and Lúcia Moniz and Anabela splitting the role of Anita . An international tour ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely played in Tokyo , Paris , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Singapore , São Paulo , France , Taiwan , China , Italy , Rotterdam and Madrid . In 2011 , a Lima production was produced by `` Preludio Asociación Cultural '' with Marco Zunino as Tony , Rossana Fernández - Maldonado as Maria , Jesús Neyra as Bernardo , Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff . Critical reaction ( edit ) The creators ' innovations in dance , music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics . Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27 , 1957 : The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning . Director , choreographer , and idea - man Jerome Robbins has put together , and then blasted apart , the most savage , restless , electrifying dance patterns we 've been exposed to in a dozen seasons ... the show rides with a catastrophic roar over the spider - web fire - escapes , the shadowed trestles , and the plain dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there is fresh excitement in the next debacle , and the next .", "18": "When a gang leader advises his cohorts to play it `` Cool '' , the intolerable tension between an effort at control and the instinctive drives of these potential killers is stingingly graphic . When the knives come out , and bodies begin to fly wildly through space under buttermilk clouds , the sheer visual excitement is breathtaking ... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself a few moments of graceful , lingering melody : in a yearning `` Maria '' , in the hushed falling line of `` Tonight '' , in the wistful declaration of `` I Have a Love '' . But for the most part he has served the needs of the onstage threshing machine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out the visionary insistence of `` Something 's Coming '' both music and tumultuous story are given their due . Otherwise it 's the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ... The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theater . Typical was John Chapman 's review in the New York Daily News on September 27 , 1957 , headed : `` West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama '' . The American theatre took a venturesome forward step when the firm of Griffith & Prince presented West Side Story at the Winter Garden last evening . This is a bold new kind of musical theatre -- a juke - box Manhattan opera . It is , to me , extraordinarily exciting ... the manner of telling the story is a provocative and artful blend of music , dance and plot -- and the music and the dancing are superb . In ( the score ) , there is the drive , the bounce , the restlessness and the sweetness of our town . It takes up the American musical idiom where it was left when George Gershwin died . It is fascinatingly tricky and melodically beguiling , and it marks the progression of an admirable composer ... Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show 's `` putting choreography foremost , may prove a milestone in musical - drama history ... '' While critics speculated about the comic - tragic darkness of the musical , audiences were captivated . The story appealed to society 's undercurrent of rebellion from authority that surfaced in 1950s films like Rebel Without a Cause . West Side Story took this one step further by combining the classic and the hip .", "19": "Robbins ' energetic choreography and Bernstein 's grand score accentuated the satiric , hard - edged lyrics of Sondheim , and Laurents ' capture of the angry voice of urban youth . The play was criticized for glamorizing gangs , and its portrayal of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin casting were weaknesses . Yet , the song `` America '' shows the triumph of the spirit over the obstacles often faced by immigrants . The musical also made points in its description of troubled youth and the devastating effects of poverty and racism . Juvenile delinquency is seen as an ailment of society : `` No one wants a fella with a social disease ! '' One writer summed up the reasons for the show 's popularity in these terms : `` On the cusp of the 1960s , American society , still recovering from the enormous upheaval of World War II , was seeking stability and control . '' Score ( edit ) The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein , who then wrote revisions on their manuscript ( the original , heavily annotated by Ramin , Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University ) . Ramin , Kostal , and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show . The orchestra consisted of 31 players : a large Broadway pit orchestra enhanced to include 5 percussionists , a guitarist and a piano / celesta player . In 1961 , Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show , titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story : Prologue ( Allegro Moderato ) `` Somewhere '' ( Adagio ) Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero ) Mambo ( Meno Presto ) Cha - Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia ) Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso ) `` Cool '' , Fugue ( Allegretto ) Rumble ( Molto Allegro ) Finale ( Adagio ) Recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "20": "( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recordings of West Side Story include the following : The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria , Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita . A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical . The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria 's role ( played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony ( played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture '' , the `` End Credits '' music , the complete `` Dance at the Gym '' and dialogue from the film . The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission '' music . In 1961 , Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records . The album was re-released in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story ( double CD ) . In 1961 , Stan Kenton recorded Kenton 's West Side Story ( a jazz version ) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) . In 1962 , Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version , West Side Story . In 1962 , Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story . In 1963 , Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova ( Dauntless , 1963 ) In 1984 , Bernstein re-recorded the musical , conducting his own music for the first time . Generally known as the `` operatic version '' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria , José Carreras as Tony , Tatiana Troyanos as Anita , Kurt Ollmann as Riff , Louise Edeiken as Rosalia , and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere '' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 .", "21": "The recording process was filmed as a documentary The Making of West Side Story , which was made by the BBC for Unitel , Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann . The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction , a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy . A 1993 recording on the TER label , the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain 's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production , conducted by John Owen Edwards . In 1996 , RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars , including : `` The Jet Song '' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That '' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty '' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere '' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight '' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America '' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love '' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble '' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters . Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund , the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville , Tennessee . In 2002 , Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred ( Tony ) , Betsi Morrison ( Maria ) , Marianne Cook ( Anita ) , Robert Dean ( Riff ) , Michael San Giovanni , Joanna Chozen , and Michelle Prentice . A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show . The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight '' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro . A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story 's 50th anniversary . This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony . The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album .", "22": "Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 , and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983 . The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras , most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras , including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa . The 2009 new Broadway cast album , with Josefina Scaglione as Maria , Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A live , semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas , featuring Cheyenne Jackson , Alexandra Silber and others , debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014 . It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . Film ( edit ) Main article : West Side Story ( film ) On October 18 , 1961 , a film adaptation of the musical was released . It received praise from critics and the public , and became the second highest - grossing film of the year in the United States . The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories , including Best Picture and a special award for Robbins . The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins ( 10 wins ) , including Best Picture . Rita Moreno ( Anita ) was the first Latino actress ever to win an Oscar . The soundtrack album won a Grammy Award and was ranked No. 1 on the Billboard chart for a record 54 weeks . Differences in the film adaptation from the stage version include that `` Tonight '' is moved to follow `` America '' ; Bernardo sings a line in `` America '' instead of Rosalia , with changes in the lyrics . Diesel is renamed Ice . `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' is moved before `` Cool '' and is sung by Riff instead of Action , and `` Cool '' is sung by Ice instead of Riff . After Riff is killed , Ice takes control of the Jets , rather than Action .", "23": "References in popular Culture ( edit ) In addition to Bernstein 's own West Side Story Suite , the music from the musical has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band , which arranged and recorded `` West Side Story Medley '' on the 1966 album Buddy Rich 's Swingin ' New Big Band . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Johnny Richards ' 1961 Kenton 's West Side Story , an album of jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores . It won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . The 1996 album The Songs of West Side Story included covers by such diverse artists as Selena ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) , Little Richard ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) , Trisha Yearwood ( `` I Have a Love '' ) and Salt - n - Pepa , Def Jef , Lisa Lopes , the Jerky Boys , and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band collaborating with Steve Vai 's Monsters on `` Rumble '' . The television show Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Side Story in the season seven episode `` Officer Krupke '' . An episode of Welcome Back , Kotter , `` Sweatside Story '' , parodies West Side Story when the Sweathogs engage in a rumble with students from rival New Utrecht High School . In the third season of the series Glee , three episodes feature characters auditioning , rehearsing and performing a school production of West Side Story . Songs from the musical are performed in episode 2 `` I Am Unicorn '' , episode 3 `` Asian F '' and episode 5 `` The First Time '' and also given digital releases . The Animaniacs episode `` West Side Pigeons '' features a parody romance and rivalry that mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks . In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` The League of Cats '' , Tom 's and Jerry 's respective leagues act very similar to the Jets and the Sharks . They also perform a number similar to the `` Jet Song '' . In film , Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meeting between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3 .", "24": "In the 2013 movie Teen Beach Movie , two teens are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story , in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are competing in a turf war . Bring It On : In It to Win It has a plot that parallels West Side Story , and makes the reference explicit to the point where the two rival cheerleading squads are named the Jets and the Sharks . The 2005 short musical comedy film West Bank Story , which won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film , concerns a love story between a Jew and a Palestinian and parodies several aspects of West Side Story . In 1963 , Mad Magazine published `` East Side Story '' set at the United Nations building on the East Side of Manhattan , a parody of the Cold War , with the two rival gangs led by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev , by writer Frank Jacobs and illustrator Mort Drucker . From 1973 to 2004 , Wild Side Story , a camp parody musical , based loosely on West Side Story and adapting parts of the musical 's music and lyrics , was performed a total of more than 500 times in Miami Beach , Florida , Stockholm , Gran Canaria and Los Angeles . The show lampoons the musical 's tragic love story , and also lip - synching and drag shows .", "25": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated Debbie Allen Nominated 2008 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West Side Story , SondheimGuide.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman .", "26": "`` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ `` About Lincoln Center '' , City Realty.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story plot and production listing '' , guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story Broadway '' IBDB.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Long , Robert Emmet . `` West Side Story '' , Broadway , The Golden Years : Jerome Robbins and The Great Choreographer - Directors : 1940 to the present , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1462 - 1 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Information from a Leonard Bernstein.com Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Wild Side Story at Showcase Alexandra 's Stockholm , theatre playbill , January 6 , 1976 , p. 8 ; Stevens , Rob . Data Boy Pacific Southwest , West Hollywood , California , October 26 , 1979 , p. 76 ; Kearns , Michael . San Diego Update ( L.A. Life section ) , November 30 , 1979 , p. 13 ; Norlén , Eva . Aftonbladet , July 21 , 1997 , p. 37 ; Island Connections , Los Cristianos , April 7 , 2000 , p. 2 ; Metro Stockholm , August 2 , 2013 , p. 18 ; and Aftonbladet / Nöjesbladet , August 2 , 2013 , p. 25 Sources ( edit ) Laurents , Arthur ( 2000 ) . Original story by : a memoir of Broadway and Hollywood .", "33": "New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40055 - 9 . Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . Further reading ( edit ) Acevedo - Munoz , Ernesto R. ( 2013 ) `` West Side Story '' as Cinema : The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece , University Press of Kansas Bauch , Marc A. ( 2013 ) Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 Laurents , Arthur ( 2009 ) . Mainly on directing : Gypsy , West Side Story , and other musicals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27088 - 7 . Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) Leonard Bernstein : West Side Story , Ashgate , Farnham , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6484 - 8 Vaill , A. ( 2006 ) Somewhere : The Life of Jerome Robbins , Broadway Books , New York , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0420 - 6 Wells , Elizabeth A. ( 2010 ) West Side Story : Cultural Perspectives on an American Musical , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , Maryland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7666 - 8 Williams , Mary E. ( editor ) ( 2001 ) Readings on West Side Story , Greenhaven Press , San Diego , California , ISBN 0 - 7377 - 0694 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Side Story ( musical ) .", "34": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : West Side Story The Official West Side Story website West Side Story at the Internet Broadway Database West Side Story at the Music Theatre International website West Side Story at The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Moving Pictures : West Side Story by Doug Reside , curator at the New York Public Library West Side Story , extensive material at stageagent.com Twelve Jazz Versions of West Side Story at Jazz.com NYC Youth Gangs -- 1950s Musicals and operas of Leonard Bernstein On the Town Peter Pan Trouble in Tahiti Wonderful Town Candide West Side Story 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue A Quiet Place The Race to Urga Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ?", "35": "Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c.", "36": "1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name . ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ;", "37": "2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic", "38": "2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq ''", "39": "`` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km.", "40": "0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c.", "41": "2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! Works by Arthur Laurents Writer Musicals West Side Story ( 1957 ) Gypsy ( 1959 ) Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 ) Do I Hear a Waltz ? ( 1965 ) Hallelujah , Baby !", "42": "( 1967 ) The Madwoman of Central Park West ( 1979 ) Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) Plays Home of the Brave ( 1945 ) The Time of the Cuckoo ( 1952 ) Films Rope ( 1948 ) Caught ( 1949 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) The Way We Were ( 1973 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Director I Can Get It for You Wholesale ( 1962 ) Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 ) Gypsy ( 1974 ) The Madwoman of Central Park West ( 1979 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1983 ) Birds of Paradise ( 1987 ) Gypsy ( 1989 ) Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) Gypsy ( 2008 ) West Side Story ( 2009 ) New York City portal Dance portal VIAF : 184912960 GND : 300019726 BNF : cb13908546r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "43": "php?title=West_Side_Story&oldid=838228764 '' Categories : 1957 musicals Broadway musicals Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Musicals based on plays Musicals by Leonard Bernstein Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 1950s West End musicals Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins Teen musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Italian - language external links Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 18 : 32 . 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-6162933554898709661	which player won the pga championship by the most shots	[ "Greatest winning margin in the match play era: Paul Runyan", "Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era: 8 strokes, Rory McIlroy", "Rory McIlroy" ]	{ "0": "PGA Championship - Wikipedia PGA Championship Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Championship held in the United States . For the European Tour Championship held at Wentworth Club , United Kingdom , see BMW PGA Championship . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PGA Championship Tournament information Location United States , varies Town and Country , Missouri in 2018 Established 1916 ; 102 years ago ( 1916 ) Course ( s ) Bellerive Country Club in 2018 Par 71 in 2018 Length 7,547 yd ( 6,901 m ) in 2018 Organized by PGA of America Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play ( 1958 -- present ) Match play ( 1916 -- 1957 ) Prize fund $ 10.5 million Month played August Tournament record score Aggregate 265 David Toms ( 2001 ) To par − 20 * Jason Day ( 2015 ) * equals record for all majors Current champion Justin Thomas 2018 PGA Championship The PGA Championship ( often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States ) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf , and it is the golf season 's final major , played in mid-August on the third weekend prior to Labor Day weekend . ( It was rescheduled for 2016 to late July to accommodate golf 's return to the Olympics . ) It is an official money event on the PGA Tour , European Tour , and Japan Golf Tour , with a purse of $ 10 million since the 97th edition in 2015 . In line with the other majors , winning the PGA gains privileges that improve career security . PGA champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , and The Open Championship ) and The Players Championship for the next five years , and are eligible for the PGA Championship for life .", "1": "They receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and on the European Tour for the following seven seasons . The PGA Championship has been held at a large number of venues . Some of the early sites are now quite obscure , but in recent years , the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses , each of which has also hosted several other leading events , including the U.S. Open and Ryder Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Format 1.2 Location 1.3 Promotion 2 Qualification 3 Winners 3.1 Stroke play era winners 3.2 Match play era winners 4 Match play era details 5 Summary by course , state and region 6 Records 7 Broadcasting 8 Future sites 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1894 , with 41 golf courses operating in the United States , two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized . One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island , and the other at St. Andrew 's Golf Club in New York . In addition , and at the same time as the amateur event , St. Andrew 's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers . None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf , causing considerable controversy among players and organizers . Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , which became the first formal golf organization in the country . After the formation of the USGA , golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance . In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America ( PGA ) was established in New York City . One month earlier , the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle .", "2": "The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA ; consequently , golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl `` The Cradle of the PGA . '' The new organization 's first president was Robert White , one of Wykagyl 's best - known golf professionals . The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville , New York . The winner , Jim Barnes , received $500 and a diamond - studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker . The 2016 winner , Jimmy Walker , earned $1.8 million . The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy , which was also donated by Wanamaker , to keep for one year , and a smaller - sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy . Format ( edit ) Initially a match play event , the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December . Following World War II , the championship was mostly played in late May or late June , then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954 , with the finals played on Tuesday . As a match play event ( with a stroke play qualifier ) , it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days . The 1957 event lost money , and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play , starting in 1958 , with the standard 72 - hole format of 18 holes per day for four days , Thursday to Sunday . Network television broadcasters , preferring a large group of well - known contenders on the final day , pressured the PGA of America to make the format change . During the 1960s , the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times , making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors . In 1965 , the PGA was contested for the first time in August , and returned in 1969 , save for a one - year move to late February in 1971 , played in Florida . The 2016 event was moved to late July , two weeks after the Open Championship , to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August . Prior to the 2017 edition , it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend prior to Memorial Day , beginning in 2019 .", "3": "The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year ; it had been moved from March to May in 2007 . The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics , as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses , as reasoning for the change . It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season to end sooner , so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late - August and September . Location ( edit ) The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States ; only ten times has it ventured west . It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998 , at Sahalee east of Seattle . The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995 , at Riviera . The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco , the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century . ( The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings , all in suburban Denver ; these tournaments occurred in 1941 , 1967 , and 1985 . ) Through 2018 , the state of New York has hosted twelve times , followed by Ohio ( 11 ) and Pennsylvania ( 9 ) . Promotion ( edit ) The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan `` Glory 's Last Shot '' . In 2013 , the tagline had been dropped in favor of `` The Season 's Final Major '' , as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem whilst discussing the allowance of a one - week break in its schedule prior to the Ryder Cup . Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it , such as the PGA Tour 's FedEx Cup playoffs . PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS , adding that `` it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that , you know what , there 's just not much in that tag line and we do n't feel it 's doing much for the PGA Championship , so let 's not stick with it . Let 's think what else is out there . ''", "4": "For a time , the tournament used the slogan `` This is Major '' as a replacement . Qualification ( edit ) The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high - profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs . This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship . It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete ( it is possible for amateurs to get into the field , although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships , or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor 's exemption ) , and the only one that reserves a large number of places , 20 of 156 , for club professionals . These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship , which is held in June . Since December 1968 , the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America . The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals , but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America , which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals . The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking , although it invariably invites all of the top 100 ( not just top 50 ) players who are not already qualified . List of qualification criteria as of 2010 : All former PGA Champions . Winners of the last five U.S. Opens . Winners of the last five Masters . Winners of the last five Open Championships . Winners of the last three The Players Championships . The current Senior PGA Champion . The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship . The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship . The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour ( starting one week prior to the previous year 's PGA Championship and ending two weeks prior to the current year 's PGA Championship ) . Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams , provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament .", "5": "Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship ( does not include pro-am and team competitions , but does include alternate events ) . The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above . The total field is a maximum of 156 players . Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates ( those below 70th place in official money standings ) . Winners ( edit ) Main article : List of PGA Championship champions Stroke play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Venue Location of venue Score Winning margin Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Bellerive Country Club Town and Country , Missouri 1,890,000 2017 Justin Thomas United States Quail Hollow Club Charlotte , North Carolina 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Francesco Molinari Louis Oosthuizen Patrick Reed 1,890,000 2016 Jimmy Walker United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 266 ( − 14 ) 1 stroke Jason Day 1,800,000 2015 Jason Day Australia Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 268 ( − 20 ) 3 strokes Jordan Spieth 1,800,000 2014 Rory McIlroy ( 2 ) Northern Ireland Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 268 ( − 16 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,800,000 2013 Jason Dufner United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 270 ( − 10 ) 2 strokes Jim Furyk 1,445,000 2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina 275 ( − 13 ) 8 strokes David Lynn 1,445,000 2011 Keegan Bradley United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Johns Creek ,", "6": "Georgia 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jason Dufner 1,445,000 Martin Kaymer Germany Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Bubba Watson 1,350,000 2009 Yang Yong - eun South Korea Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 280 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2008 Pádraig Harrington Ireland Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 277 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Ben Curtis Sergio García 1,350,000 2007 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 1,260,000 2006 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States Medinah Country Club , Course No.", "7": "3 Medinah , Illinois 270 ( − 18 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 1,224,000 2005 Phil Mickelson United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn Steve Elkington 1,170,000 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 280 ( − 8 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco Justin Leonard 1,125,000 2003 Shaun Micheel United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Chad Campbell 1,080,000 2002 Rich Beem United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Tiger Woods 990,000 2001 David Toms United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 265 ( − 15 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 936,000 2000 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 270 ( − 18 ) Playoff Bob May 900,000 1999 Tiger Woods United States Medinah Country Club , Course No.", "8": "3 Medinah , Illinois 277 ( − 11 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 630,000 1998 Vijay Singh Fiji Sahalee Country Club Sammamish , Washington 271 ( − 9 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 540,000 1997 Davis Love III United States Winged Foot Golf Club , West Course Mamaroneck , New York 269 ( − 11 ) 5 strokes Justin Leonard 470,000 Mark Brooks United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Kenny Perry 430,000 1995 Steve Elkington Australia Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 267 ( − 17 ) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 360,000 1994 Nick Price ( 2 ) Zimbabwe Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 269 ( − 11 ) 6 strokes Corey Pavin 310,000 1993 Paul Azinger United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 272 ( − 12 ) Playoff Greg Norman 300,000 1992 Nick Price Zimbabwe Bellerive Country Club St. Louis , Missouri 278 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes John Cook Nick Faldo Jim Gallagher , Jr . Gene Sauers 280,000 1991 John Daly United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel , Indiana 276 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Bruce Lietzke 230,000 1990 Wayne Grady Australia Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 282 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes Fred Couples 225,000 1989 Payne Stewart United States Kemper Lakes Golf Club Long Grove , Illinois 276 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean Mike Reid Curtis Strange 200,000 1988 Jeff Sluman United States Oak Tree Golf Club Edmond ,", "9": "Oklahoma 272 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Paul Azinger 160,000 Larry Nelson ( 2 ) United States PGA National Resort & Spa Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 287 ( − 1 ) Playoff Lanny Wadkins 150,000 1986 Bob Tway United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Greg Norman 145,000 1985 Hubert Green United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 278 ( − 6 ) 2 strokes Lee Trevino 125,000 1984 Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 273 ( − 15 ) 4 strokes Gary Player Lanny Wadkins 125,000 Hal Sutton United States Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 274 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 100,000 1982 Raymond Floyd ( 2 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Lanny Wadkins 65,000 1981 Larry Nelson United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 273 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 60,000 1980 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 274 ( − 6 ) 7 strokes Andy Bean 60,000 1979 David Graham Australia Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Ben Crenshaw 60,000 1978 John Mahaffey United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jerry Pate Tom Watson 50,000 1977 Lanny Wadkins United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach ,", "10": "California 282 ( − 6 ) Playoff Gene Littler 45,000 1976 Dave Stockton ( 2 ) United States Congressional Country Club , Blue Course Bethesda , Maryland 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Raymond Floyd Don January 45,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 Lee Trevino United States Tanglewood Park , Championship Course Clemmons , North Carolina 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 45,000 1973 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood , Ohio 277 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 1972 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield Hills , Michigan 281 ( + 1 ) 2 strokes Tommy Aaron Jim Jamieson 45,000 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States PGA National Golf Club Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 40,000 1970 Dave Stockton United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 279 ( − 1 ) 2 strokes Bob Murphy Arnold Palmer 40,000 1969 Raymond Floyd United States NCR Country Club , South Course Dayton , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 1 stroke Gary Player 35,000 1968 Julius Boros United States Pecan Valley Golf Club San Antonio , Texas 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Bob Charles Arnold Palmer 25,000 1967 Don January United States Columbine Country Club Columbine Valley , Colorado 281 ( − 7 ) Playoff Don Massengale 25,000 1966 Al Geiberger United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron ,", "11": "Ohio 280 ( E ) 4 strokes Dudley Wysong 25,000 1965 Dave Marr United States Laurel Valley Golf Club Ligonier , Pennsylvania 280 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1964 Bobby Nichols United States Columbus Country Club Columbus , Ohio 271 ( − 9 ) 3 strokes Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer 18,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States Dallas Athletic Club , Blue Course Dallas , Texas 279 ( − 5 ) 2 strokes Dave Ragan 13,000 1962 Gary Player South Africa Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania 278 ( − 2 ) 1 stroke Bob Goalby 13,000 1961 Jerry Barber United States Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 277 ( − 3 ) Playoff Don January 11,000 1960 Jay Hebert United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Jim Ferrier 11,000 1959 Bob Rosburg United States Minneapolis Golf Club St. Louis Park , Minnesota 277 ( − 3 ) 1 stroke Jerry Barber Doug Sanders 8,250 1958 Dow Finsterwald United States Llanerch Country Club Havertown , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 5,500 Match play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Runner - up Margin Venue Location of venue Winners share ( $ ) 1957 Lionel Hebert United States Dow Finsterwald 2 & 1 Miami Valley Golf Club Dayton , Ohio 8,000 1956 Jack Burke , Jr .", "12": "United States Ted Kroll 3 & 2 Blue Hill Country Club Canton , Massachusetts 5,000 1955 Doug Ford United States Cary Middlecoff 4 & 3 Meadowbrook Country Club Detroit , Michigan 5,000 1954 Chick Harbert United States Walter Burkemo 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 5,000 1953 Walter Burkemo United States Felice Torza 2 & 1 Birmingham Country Club Birmingham , Michigan 5,000 1952 Jim Turnesa United States Chick Harbert 1 up Big Spring Country Club Louisville , Kentucky 3,500 1951 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States Walter Burkemo 7 & 6 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 3,500 1950 Chandler Harper United States Henry Williams , Jr . 4 & 3 Scioto Country Club Columbus , Ohio 3,500 1949 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States Johnny Palmer 3 & 2 Hermitage Country Club Richmond , Virginia 3,500 1948 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States Mike Turnesa 7 & 6 Norwood Hills Country Club St.", "13": "Louis , Missouri 3,500 1947 Jim Ferrier Australia Chick Harbert 2 & 1 Plum Hollow Country Club Detroit , Michigan 3,500 1946 Ben Hogan United States Ed Oliver 6 & 4 Portland Golf Club Portland , Oregon 3,500 1945 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States Sam Byrd 4 & 3 Moraine Country Club Dayton , Ohio 3,750 1944 Bob Hamilton United States Byron Nelson 1 up Manito Golf and Country Club Spokane , Washington 3,500 1943 Not held due to World War II 1942 Sam Snead United States Jim Turnesa 2 & 1 Seaview Country Club Atlantic City , New Jersey 1,000 1941 Vic Ghezzi United States Byron Nelson 38 holes Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 1,100 1940 Byron Nelson United States Sam Snead 1 up Hershey Country Club , West Course Hershey , Pennsylvania 1,100 1939 Henry Picard United States Byron Nelson 37 holes Pomonok Country Club Flushing , New York 1,100 1938 Paul Runyan ( 2 ) United States Sam Snead 8 & 7 The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Smithfield Township , Pennsylvania 1,100 1937 Denny Shute ( 2 ) United States Harold McSpaden 37 holes Pittsburgh Field Club O'Hara Township , Pennsylvania 1,000 1936 Denny Shute United States Jimmy Thomson 3 & 2 Pinehurst Resort , No. 2 Course Pinehurst , North Carolina 1,000 1935 Johnny Revolta United States Tommy Armour 5 & 4 Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 1,000 1934 Paul Runyan United States Craig Wood 38 holes The Park Country Club Williamsville , New York 1,", "14": "000 1933 Gene Sarazen ( 3 ) United States Willie Goggin 5 & 4 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 1,000 1932 Olin Dutra United States Frank Walsh 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 1,000 1931 Tom Creavy United States Denny Shute 2 & 1 Wannamoisett Country Club Rumford , Rhode Island 1,000 1930 Tommy Armour Scotland United States ^ Gene Sarazen 1 up Fresh Meadow Country Club Queens , New York 1929 Leo Diegel ( 2 ) United States Johnny Farrell 6 & 4 Hillcrest Country Club Los Angeles , California 1928 Leo Diegel United States Al Espinosa 6 & 5 Baltimore Country Club , East Course Timonium , Maryland 1927 Walter Hagen ( 5 ) United States Joe Turnesa 1 up Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas , Texas 1926 Walter Hagen ( 4 ) United States Leo Diegel 5 & 3 Salisbury Golf Club , Red Course East Meadow , New York 1925 Walter Hagen ( 3 ) United States Bill Mehlhorn 6 & 5 Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 1924 Walter Hagen ( 2 ) United States Jim Barnes 2 up French Lick Springs Resort , Hill Course French Lick , Indiana 1923 Gene Sarazen ( 2 ) United States Walter Hagen 38 holes Pelham Country Club Pelham Manor , New York 1922 Gene Sarazen United States Emmet French 4 & 3 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 500 1921 Walter Hagen United States Jim Barnes 3 & 2 Inwood Country Club Inwood , New York 500 1920 Jock Hutchison Scotland United States ^ J.", "15": "Douglas Edgar 1 up Flossmoor Country Club Flossmoor , Illinois 500 1919 Jim Barnes ( 2 ) England Fred McLeod 6 & 5 Engineers Country Club Roslyn Harbor , New York 500 1918 Not held due to World War I 1917 1916 Jim Barnes England Jock Hutchison 1 up Siwanoy Country Club Eastchester , New York 500 ^ These players were British born , but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship , and they became U.S. citizens : Tommy Armour - Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time . Jock Hutchison - Born in Scotland . He became a U.S. citizen in 1920 . Match play era details ( edit ) The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era . All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table . Years Field size Qualification 18 hole rounds 1916 -- 21 32 sectional * 1922 64 sectional 1st two rounds 1923 64 sectional 1924 -- 34 32 36 hole qualifier 1935 -- 41 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1942 -- 45 32 36 hole qualifier 1946 -- 55 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1956 128 sectional 1st four rounds 1957 128 sectional 1st four rounds , consolation matches ( 3rd - 8th place ) * In 1921 , the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open . Summary by course , state and region ( edit ) Summary by course , state and region Course / State / Region Number State No . Region No . Blue Hill Country Club Total Massachusetts", "16": "Wannamoisett Country Club Total Rhode Island Total New England Baltusrol Golf Club Seaview Country Club Total New Jersey Engineers Country Club Fresh Meadow Country Club Inwood Country Club Oak Hill Country Club Pelham Country Club Pomonok Country Club Salisbury Golf Club Siwanoy Country Club The Park Country Club Winged Foot Golf Club Total New York 12 Aronimink Golf Club Hershey Country Club Laurel Valley Golf Club Llanerch Country Club Oakmont Country Club Pittsburgh Field Club The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Total Pennsylvania 9 Total Mid-Atlantic 23 PGA National Golf Club PGA National Resort & Spa Total Florida Atlanta Athletic Club Total Georgia Baltimore Country Club Congressional Country Club Total Maryland Pinehurst Resort Quail Hollow", "17": "Tanglewood Park Total North Carolina Kiawah Island Golf Resort Total South Carolina Hermitage Country Club Total Virginia Total South Atlantic 12 Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Total Alabama Big Spring Country Club Valhalla Golf Club Total Kentucky Total East South Central 5 Oak Tree Golf Club Southern Hills Country Club Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Total Oklahoma 6 Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas Athletic Club Pecan Valley Golf Club Total Texas Total West South Central 9 Flossmoor Country Club Kemper Lakes Golf Club Medinah Country Club Olympia Fields Country Club Total Illinois 6 Crooked Stick Golf Club French Lick Springs Resort Total Indiana Birmingham Country Club Meadowbrook Country Club Oakland Hills Country Club Plum Hollow Country Club Total Michigan 6", "18": "Canterbury Golf Club Columbus Country Club Firestone Country Club Inverness Club Miami Valley Golf Club Moraine Country Club NCR Country Club Scioto Country Club Total Ohio 11 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Whistling Straits Total Wisconsin Total East North Central 29 Hazeltine National Golf Club Keller Golf Course Minneapolis Golf Club Total Minnesota 5 Bellerive Country Club Norwood Hills Country Club Total Missouri Total West North Central 7 Cherry Hills Country Club Columbine Country Club Total Colorado Total Mountain Hillcrest Country Club Pebble Beach Golf Links Riviera Country Club Total California Portland Golf Club Total Oregon Manito Golf and Country Club Sahalee Country Club Total Washington Total Pacific 7 Records ( edit ) Most", "19": "wins : 5 , Jack Nicklaus , Walter Hagen Most runner - up finishes : 4 , Jack Nicklaus Oldest winner : Julius Boros in 1968 ( 48 years , 142 days ) Youngest winner : Gene Sarazen in 1922 ( 20 years , 174 days ) Greatest winning margin in the match play era : Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938 Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era : 8 strokes , Rory McIlroy in 2012 Lowest absolute 72 - hole score : 265 , David Toms ( 66 - 65 - 65 - 69 ) , 2001 Lowest 72 - hole score in relation to par : -- 20 , Jason Day ( 68 - 67 - 66 - 67 = 268 ) in 2015 This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship . Toms ' 2001 score was − 15 . The 2001 site , the Highlands Course at Atlanta Athletic Club , played to par 70 , while the 2015 site , the Straits Course at Whistling Straits , played to par 72 . ( The Highlands Course also played to par 70 when it hosted in 1981 and 2011 , and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010 . ) Lowest 18 - hole score : 63 -- Bruce Crampton , 2nd round , 1975 ; Raymond Floyd , 1st , 1982 ; Gary Player , 2nd , 1984 ; Vijay Singh , 2nd , 1993 ; Michael Bradley , 1st , 1995 ; Brad Faxon , 4th , 1995 ; José María Olazábal , 3rd , 2000 ; Mark O'Meara , 2nd , 2001 ; Thomas Bjørn , 3rd , 2005 ; Tiger Woods , 2nd , 2007 ; Steve Stricker , 1st , 2011 ; Jason Dufner , 2nd , 2013 ; Hiroshi Iwata , 2nd , 2015 ; Robert Streb , 2nd , 2016 .", "20": "Most frequent venues : 4 PGA Championships : Southern Hills Country Club -- 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 . 3 PGA Championships : Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course -- 1981 , 2001 , 2011 . 3 PGA Championships : Firestone Country Club , South Course -- 1960 , 1966 , 1975 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course -- 1972 , 1979 , 2008 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakmont Country Club -- 1922 , 1951 , 1978 . 3 PGA Championships : Oak Hill Country Club , East Course -- 1980 , 2003 , 2013 . 3 PGA Championships : Valhalla Golf Club -- 1996 , 2000 , 2014 . 3 PGA Championships : Whistling Straits , Straits Course -- 2004 , 2010 , 2015 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of PGA Championship broadcasters Under current contracts running through 2019 , the PGA Championship is televised in the United States by CBS -- which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds , and TNT -- which holds rights to broadcast early - round and weekend morning coverage . ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991 , when it moved to its current home of CBS .", "21": "Future sites ( edit ) Year Edition Course Location Dates Hosted 2018 100th Bellerive Country Club Town and Country , Missouri August 9 -- 12 1992 2019 101st Bethpage State Park , Black Course Farmingdale , New York May 16 -- 19 Never 2020 102nd TPC Harding Park San Francisco , California May TBA Never 2021 103rd Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina May TBA 2012 2022 104th Trump National Golf Club Bedminster , New Jersey TBD Never 2023 105th Oak Hill Country Club Rochester , New York TBD 1980 , 2003 , 2013 2024 106th Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky TBD 1996 , 2000 , 2014 2027 109th Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania TBD 1962 2028 110th Olympic Club San Francisco , California TBD Never TBD TBD Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma TBD 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 Source : See also ( edit ) Book : Men 's major professional golf championships Golf portal Golf in the United States Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The course has a Kohler postal address , but is located in the unincorporated community of Haven . ^ Jump up to : The club has a Rochester postal address , but is located in the adjacent town of Pittsford . ^ Jump up to : The club is in a portion of the postal area of Duluth that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club continues to be served by the Duluth post office , it now states its postal address as Johns Creek . ^ Jump up to : At that time , the club had a Louisville postal address , but was located in unincorporated Jefferson County .", "22": "In 2003 , the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged , putting the club within the political boundaries of Louisville . ^ Jump up to : Pacific Palisades is a neighborhood in Los Angeles with its own postal identity . Jump up ^ The club has a St. Louis postal address , but is located in the suburb of Town and Country . Jump up ^ Most of the course lies within the hamlet of Old Bethpage , however Bethpage State Park has a Farmingdale postal address . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 ; by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pages 28 - 30 Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ `` History of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout at Shoal Creek '' . Times Daily . Florence , Alabama . August 16 , 1984 . p. 14A . Jump up ^ `` An overview of the event '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . 75th PGA Championship ( insert ) . August 8 , 1993 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Medal play in pro golf slated '' . Time - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . United Press . November 15 , 1957 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( 1974 ) . Golf 's Golden Grind : A History of the PGA Tour . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0151908851 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PGA Championship moving to July to accommodate Olympics '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship is moving to May and players are on board '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.G.A. Championship Will Move from August to May in 2019 '' . The New York Times . Reuters .", "23": "August 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship will be moving to May , sources say '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shackelford , Geoff ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` San Francisco 's Harding Park to host 2020 PGA Championship '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future sites of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavner , Ryan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` PGA ditches Glory 's Last Shot at Tour 's request '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PGA explains new slogan , and why Oak Hill green speeds are a mystery '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wacker , Brian ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` The PGA 's decision to play lift , clean , and place is at odds with its own logic '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spander , Art . `` Meet Hiroshi Iwata , the Unknown Golfer Who Made History at the PGA Championship '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour golfers , PGA settle fuss over tourney control '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . December 14 , 1968 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pro golf struggle is settled ; PGA forms tourney group '' . Milwaukee Journal . December 14 , 1968 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dispute in U.S. settled '' . Glasgow Herald . December 16 , 1968 . p. 5 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` PGA of America - PGA Championships - history - total purses and first prize money '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PGA Media Guide Jump up ^ Haggar , Jeff ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` History of PGA Championship TV coverage ( 1958 - present ) '' . Classic TV Sports . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America , CBS Sports agree to long - term extension on broadcast rights '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America and Turner Sports Extend and Expand Media Agreements Through 2019 '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC gets U.S. Open golf '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1994 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( July 21 , 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TPC Harding Park to host three big events '' . PGA Tour . July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aronimink Golf Club will host KPMG Women 's PGA Championship in 2020 , PGA Championship in ' 27 '' . ESPN . November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Club to host PGA Championship in 2028 , Ryder Cup in 2032 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Hills Country Club to host Senior PGA , PGA Championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` PGA Championship Returning to Southern Hills by 2030 '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 .", "25": "External links ( edit ) Official website Official website PGA Media Guide Coverage on PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus", "26": "Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal PGA Championships 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933", "27": "1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S.", "28": "Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S.", "29": "Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order .", "30": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGA_Championship&oldid=833511034 '' Categories : PGA Championship Men 's major golf championships Annual sporting events in the United States 1916 establishments in New York ( state ) Recurring sporting events established in 1916 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 01 : 01 . 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-1342189058950802702	who made the poppies at tower of london	[ "Paul Cummins", "setting by stage designer Tom Piper", "Paul Cummins", "stage designer Tom Piper", "Paul Cummins", "Tom Piper", "Paul Cummins", "Paul Cummins", "Tom Piper" ]	{ "0": "Blood Swept Lands and Seas of red - wikipedia Blood Swept Lands and Seas of red Jump to : navigation , search Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red United Kingdom For the centenary of the outbreak of World War I Established 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Unveiled 11 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) Location 51 ° 30 ′ 33 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 31 '' W / 51.50912 ° N 0.07528 ° W / 51.50912 ; - 0.07528 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 33 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 31 '' W / 51.50912 ° N 0.07528 ° W / 51.50912 ; - 0.07528 moat at the Tower of London Designed by Paul Cummins Tom Piper Total commemorated 888,246 by ceramic poppies Statistics source : Tower of London Remembers Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red was a work of installation art placed in the moat of the Tower of London , England , between July and November 2014 , commemorating the centenary of the outbreak of World War I. It consisted of 888,246 ceramic red poppies , each intended to represent one British or Colonial serviceman killed in the War . The artist was Paul Cummins , with setting by stage designer Tom Piper . The work 's title was taken from the first line of a poem by an unknown World War I soldier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Form 3 Official visits and public reaction 4 Critical reaction 5 UK tour 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The work 's title , and Cummins ' inspiration for the work , came from a poem by an unknown World War I soldier from Derbyshire , who joined up in the early days of the war and died in Flanders . The poem begins : `` The blood swept lands and seas of red , / Where angels dare to tread / ... `` .", "1": "The poem was contained in the soldier 's unsigned will , found by Cummins among old records in Chesterfield . The Tower of London moat , in which the work was set , was used in the early days of the war as a training ground for City of London workers who had enlisted to fight -- the `` Stockbrokers ' Battalion '' . Form ( edit ) The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies , which were individually hand - made at Cummins ' ceramics works in Derbyshire , and some at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall , Stoke - on - Trent . The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers . The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl - based Etruscan red earthenware used , as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials , were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke - on - Trent There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers , representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I . The sea of flowers was arranged to resemble a pool of blood which appeared to be pouring out of a bastion window ( the `` Weeping Window '' ) . The first poppy was planted on 17 July 2014 , and the work was unveiled on 5 August ( the centenary of Britain 's entry into the war ) . A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place . The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 ( Remembrance Day ) , by a 13 - year - old cadet , Harry Hayes , from the Combined Cadet Force ( CCF ) of Reading Blue Coat School . After that day a team of about 8000 volunteers began removing the flowers . Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £ 25 each , with a share of the proceeds ( estimated at more than £ 15 million ) going to six service charities : COBSEO , Combat Stress , Coming Home , Help for Heroes , the Royal British Legion and SSAFA . At around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November , the names of 180 World War I service personnel , nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour , were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder , followed by the Last Post bugle call .", "2": "Official visits and public reaction ( edit ) Reading of the Roll of Honour , to be followed by playing of the Last Post The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening , and by the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October . The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message , broadcast on 25 December 2014 . Poppies from the display with a certificate in a cabinet at a church In all , an estimated five million people saw the memorial , and the huge visitor demand saw Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects . Cummins and Tower officials resisted such calls , stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept , and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers . On 8 November it was announced that the Wave segment -- a steel construction with poppies around the Tower entrance -- would remain in place until the end of the month , and that the Wave and the Weeping Window segments ( both made by the Theatre Royal , Plymouth ) would be taken on a tour of the UK , organised by 14 - 18 NOW , lasting until 2018 and would then go on permanent display at the Imperial War Museums in London and Manchester . A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke - on - Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and much of the piece itself were manufactured in the city . In April 2016 , about halfway through the tour , the Weeping Windows segment was installed at St. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall , Orkney , Britain 's most northerly cathedral , to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland , the biggest naval engagement of the First World War . In recognition of the work , Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE ( Member of the Order of the British Empire ) in the 2015 New Year Honours . Critical reaction ( edit ) Although the installation struck a chord with the public , it received negative reactions from some press critics . A.A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it `` impressive '' but `` curiously bland '' .", "3": "The Guardian 's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a `` false nobility '' and being a `` prettified and toothless '' memorial . Tom Piper said in response that `` ... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible . We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand . '' UK tour ( edit ) In November 2014 , it was announced that Wave and the Weeping Window segments would tour to venues around the UK until 2018 . This was organised by 14 - 18 NOW . The scheduled venues were : Woodhorn Museum , Ashington ; St George 's Hall , Liverpool Yorkshire Sculpture Park St Magnus Cathedral , Kirkwall Lincoln Castle Black Watch Museum , Perth Caernarfon Castle Hull Maritime Museum The Silk Mill , Derby Barge Pier , Shoeburyness Ulster Museum , Belfast National Assembly for Wales , Cardiff Plymouth Naval Memorial See also ( edit ) Remembrance poppy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tower of London Remembers '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the installation '' , Tower of London website . Retrieved 17 October 2014 Jump up ^ Some sources give `` ... fear to tread ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Will of an unnamed soldier '' , SSAFA website ( contains full text of poem ) . Retrieved 9 April 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Poppies to fill Tower of London moat in first world war commemoration '' , The Guardian , 7 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campaign launched to bring the Tower of London poppies to Stoke - on - Trent '' , The Sentinel , 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Tiles helps poppies bloom at Tower of London '' , Johnson Tiles website , 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The poppies at the Tower of London '' , BBC News , 7 November 2014 .", "4": "Jump up ^ http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Business-Family-firm-Potclays-supplies-materials/story-21090630-detail/story.html ) Jump up ^ `` Tower poppies ' debt to the Potteries '' , The Guardian , 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2010 -- 2011 Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... This includes a table of numbers of war dead ( page 45 ) ; 888,246 is the figure for identified burials and names listed on memorials , for the UK and colonies ( not including dominions ) . Jump up ^ `` Cadet Harry Hayes , 13 , plants last of 888,246 poppies in Tower of London moat '' , The Daily Telegraph , 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of London poppies : Volunteers to remove ceramic flowers '' , BBC News , 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Removal of Tower of London poppies ' at halfway point ' '' , BBC News , 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roll of Honour -- Submit your nomination '' . Historic Royal Palaces -- Tower of London . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate , William and Harry visit blood red sea of poppies '' , royalista.com , 6 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Queen visits Tower of London poppy garden '' , BBC News , 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen visits Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red installation '' , The Guardian , 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of London poppies : Final poppy is ' planted ' '' , BBC News , 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron joins plea to extend Tower of London poppies '' , The Daily Telegraph , 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tower of London poppies to be removed as planned on 12 November '' , The Guardian , 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy display segment at Tower of London given extension '' , BBC News , 8 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tower of London poppies : Thousands to go on tour '' . BBC News Online .", "5": "9 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` Tower of London poppies bloom at Britain 's most northerly cathedral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NY Honours for poppy duo , Joan Collins and John Hurt '' , BBC News , 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC News paper review , 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy display segment at Tower of London given extension '' , BBC News , 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Locations '' . www.1418now.org.uk. 14 - 18 - Now . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) 14 - 18 NOW Official website Video : Making the Poppies ( with introduction by Paul Cummins ) Media related to Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at Wikimedia Commons Public art and memorials in London Statues Monarchs Richard I Charles I Charles II James II Anne St Paul 's Westminster George III George IV George V George VI Others Alanbrooke Becket Bolívar Brunel Burns Cambridge Canning Chaplin Churchill Clive Cook Cromwell Derby Devonshire Disraeli Frere Freud Gagarin Gandhi Greathead Haig Havelock Herbert Irving Jenner Kitchener Lawson Lincoln Lloyd George Mandela Moore Montgomery Mountbatten Myddelton Napier Newman Newton Nightingale Orwell Outram Palmerston Peel Raikes Reynolds Roberts San Martín Shakespeare Slim Smuts", "6": "Trajan Wallenberg Washington Wellington City Hyde Park Corner Wesley St Paul 's Shoreditch Westminster White Winehouse Wolseley Fictional Peter Pan Sherlock Holmes Memorials 7 July bombings Albert Alexandra Anti-Air War Bali bombings Bazalgette Bolan Bromhead Burdett - Coutts Cavell Cheylesmore Christie Donne Eleanor ( Charing Cross ) Faraday Firefighters George VI and Queen Elizabeth Grace Great Exhibition Great Fire of London Golden Boy of Pye Corner The Monument Heminges and Condell Heroic self - sacrifice Hogg Journalists Kennedy Lister Nelson 's Column Pankhurst Police Queen Elizabeth Gate Stratford Martyrs Suffragettes Victoria Wellington Arch Wellington Monument Whittington Wilde Duke of York Column War memorials Pre - C20 Animals in War Crimean War Gurkhas ( 1816 -- ) Marble Arch New Zealand Campaign ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Siege of Cádiz Westminster School Boer Wars 61st Battery Royal Field Artillery ( Woolwich ) Barnet Boys School Royal Artillery ( The Mall ) Royal Marines WWI WWII 24th East Surrey Division Africa and the Caribbean Australia Baltic Exchange Battle of Britain Belgium Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red Bromley Parish Church Canada Cavalry The Cenotaph Chindits Chingford Chipping Barnet Civil Service Rifles", "7": "Cockfosters Croydon La Délivrance Eagle Squadrons East Barnet Enfield Town ( 3 memorials ) Finchley Flanders Fields Memorial Garden Fleet Air Arm Fulham Golders Green Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Guards Division Hampstead Hampton Wick Hendon Holocaust Hornsey Imperial Camel Corps Islington Kindertransport Lincoln 's Inn London and North Western Railway London , Brighton and South Coast Railway London Troops Machine Gun Corps Malta Memorial Gates Merchant Navy Monken Hadley New Barnet New Zealand Paddington Poland Poplar Rainham Rifle Brigade Royal Air Force RAF Bomber Command Royal Artillery Royal Fusiliers Royal Naval Division Royal Tank Regiment St Michael , Cornhill Silvertown South Africa ( Richmond ) South Suburban Gas Company Southwark Submarines Women of World War II Wood Green Post-WWII Victims of Communism Korean War Iraq and Afghanistan Fountains Buxton Memorial Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Diana Fountain , Bushy Park Diana Fountain , Green Park Fawcett Memorial The Horses of Helios Guilford Place Matilda Fountain Revolving Torsion Roehampton St Lawrence Jewry and St Mary Magdalene Shaftesbury Memorial ( `` Eros '' ) Lady Henry Somerset Memorial Victoria Park Murals Brixton Cable Street Poplar Rates Rebellion Sutton twin towns Sutton Heritage Mosaic Other works ArcelorMittal Orbit The Arch 1979 -- 1980 Atalanta The Barbican Muse Bellerophon Taming Pegasus Big 4 Boadicea and Her Daughters Bull The Burghers of Calais Christ Child Crystal Palace Dinosaurs The Diver Dolphin lamp standards Dragon boundary marks Draped Seated Woman 1957 -- 58 Elfin Oak Fourth plinth ,", "8": "Trafalgar Square Fulcrum The Gold Smelters Homage to Leonardo Horse and Rider Icarus Knife Edge Two Piece 1962 -- 65 Labyrinth Large Standing Figure ( Knife Edge ) London Noses London Pride The Messenger Millennium Dial The Naked Ladies The Neighbours Nike Old Father Time Paternoster Paternoster Vents Physical Energy Piscator Platforms Piece Putney Sculpture Trail Quantum Cloud The Queen 's Beasts Rush of Green St Paul 's Cross Single Form ( Memorial ) A Slice of Reality Slipstream South Bank Lion Still Water Traffic Light Tree Winged Figure World Cup Sculpture The Young Lovers Three Standing Figures 1947 Talking Statues Works formerly in London Blue plaques Camden Kensington and Chelsea City of Westminster By borough City of Westminster Hyde Park Kensington Gardens ( partly in Kensington and Chelsea ) Paddington St Marylebone Architectural sculpture City of London ( not a London borough ) Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Organisations Art on the Underground London Mural Preservation Society Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association Statues in London on Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Blood_Swept_Lands_and_Seas_of_Red&oldid=805615800 '' Categories : 2014 in art 2014 in London British contemporary works of art Centenary of the outbreak of World War I Installation art works Monuments and memorials in London Outdoor sculptures in London Papaver Tower of London World War I memorials in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6531366728667964971	what is the inner core of the earth made from	[ "an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements", "an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements", "an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements", "an iron–nickel alloy", "some other elements", "iron–nickel alloy", "some other elements" ]	{ "0": "Inner core - wikipedia Inner core Jump to : navigation , search For the cores of other planetary bodies , see Planetary core . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Earth core . The internal structure of Earth The Earth 's inner core is the Earth 's innermost part . It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres ( 760 miles ) , which is about 70 % of the Moon 's radius . It is composed of an iron -- nickel alloy and some other elements . The temperature at the inner core 's surface is approximately 5,700 K ( 5,430 ° C ) , which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Composition 3 Temperature and pressure 4 Dynamics 5 History 6 See also 7 References Discovery ( edit ) The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936 , by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann , who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand . She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth 's surface . This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity , or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity . A few years later , in 1940 , it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron ; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971 . The outer core was determined to be molten from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it , but elastic shear waves do not -- or do so only very weakly . The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth 's surface to detect , since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core . Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core . It has recently been claimed that shear waves have been detected passing through the inner core ; these claims were initially controversial , but are now gaining acceptance .", "1": "Composition ( edit ) Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System , the theory of planetary formation , and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth 's volume , the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel - iron alloy . Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3 % , implying the presence of light elements in the core ( e.g. silicon , oxygen , sulfur ) in addition to the probable presence of nickel . Further , if the primordial and mostly fluid ( still forming ) earth contained any significant mass ( es ) of elements denser than iron and nickel , namely the white ( appearance ) precious metals ( and a few others ) except silver , specifically the siderophile elements then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by Planetary differentiation . The most dense ( and stable , i.e. platinum , iridium , and osmium , ( etc . ) in order of density ) of these forming the innermost spheroid ( s ) . While unstable elements of such trans - iron / nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron / nickel / lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core . See also : Densities of the elements ( data page ) It then necessarily follows that all , or almost all , of these denser elements we have mined ( or are even able to ) at the surface ( or near surface , or even at all `` above '' the core ) have been delivered later as part of impact objects / masses . Temperature and pressure ( edit ) The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core ( about 330 GPa ) . These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K ( 5,400 ° C ; 9,800 ° F ) . The pressure in the Earth 's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores : it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals ( 3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm ) .", "2": "Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude ( see the Clausius -- Clapeyron relation ) . A report published in the journal Science concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K . Dynamics ( edit ) The Earth 's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth 's interior ( about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years ) . Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous , because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material , and continues to grow as a result of that same process . Even though it is growing into liquid , it is solid , due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high . It was even suggested that Earth 's inner core might be a single crystal of iron . However , this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core . Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform , but instead contains large - scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others . In addition , the properties of the inner core 's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km . This variation is surprising , since lateral temperature variations along the inner - core boundary are known to be extremely small ( this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations ) . Recent discoveries suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers , separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick . If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface , then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior . Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth 's solid mantle , the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained .", "3": "In the 1990s , seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades , using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions . Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year . Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth 's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core . This occurs mostly because it can not dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid . This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core . The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid ( which is expected to be turbulent ) . Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns . This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others . Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable , any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior . S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes , and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time . There is an East -- West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data . There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core -- melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other . The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing , whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting . This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere , creating the asymmetry in the Earth 's magnetic field .", "4": "History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Earth Based on rates of cooling of the core , it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago out of a fully molten core ( which formed just after planetary formation ) . If true , this would mean that the Earth 's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet 's formation , but a feature younger than the Earth ( the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old ) . See also ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Geodynamics Iron meteorite Structure of the Earth Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 Jump up ^ E.R. Engdahl ; E.A. Flynn & R.P. Massé ( 1974 ) . `` Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core '' . Geophys . J.R. Astron . Soc. 40 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 463 . Bibcode : 1974GeoJI ... 39 ... 457E . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1974. tb05467. x . ^ Jump up to : D. Alfè ; M. Gillan & G.D. Price ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` Composition and temperature of the Earth 's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elsevier . 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 91 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2002E&PSL.", "5": "195 ... 91A . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00568 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez , ed. ( 2000 ) . EARTH : INSIDE AND OUT . American Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ John C. Butler ( 1995 ) . `` Class Notes -- The Earth 's Interior '' . Physical Geology Grade Book . University of Houston . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann , this usage still can be found : see for example : Robert E Krebs ( 2003 ) . The basics of earth science . Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31930 - 8 . , and From here to `` hevean , '' or the D layer , About.com Jump up ^ Lee , William H.K. ; Kanamori , Hiroo ; Jennings , Paul C. ; Kisslinger , Carl , eds. ( 2002 ) . International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology ; part A. Academic Press . p. 926 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 440652 - 1 . Jump up ^ William J. Cromie ( 1996 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Putting a New Spin on Earth 's Core '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ A.M. Dziewonski ; F. Gilbert ( 1971 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations '' . Nature . 234 ( 5330 ) : 465 -- 466 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 234 ... 465D . doi : 10.1038 / 234465a0 . Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt ( 2005 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Finally , a Solid Look at Earth 's Core '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Wasserman , Evgeny ; Cohen , Ronald E. ( 1997 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Composition and temperature of Earth 's inner core '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 102 ( B11 ) : 24729 -- 24739 . Bibcode : 1997JGR ... 10224729S . doi : 10.1029 / 97JB02125 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ `` core -- National Geographic Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids '' . Jump up ^ David . R. Lide , ed. ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 87th ed . ) . pp. j14 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Iron melting curve with a tricritical point '' . Journal of Statistical Mechanics : Theory and Experiment . iop. 2006 ( 12 ) : 12015 -- 12030 . arXiv : cond - mat / 0701283 . Bibcode : 2006JSMTE ... 12 ... 015A . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 5468 / 2006 / 12 / P12015. or see preprints https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , https://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 . Jump up ^ S. Anzellini ; A. Dewaele ; M. Mezouar ; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard ( 2013 ) . `` Melting of Iron at Earth 's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction '' . Science . AAAS. 340 ( 6136 ) : 464 -- 466 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 340 ... 464A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1233514 . Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs ( 1953 ) .", "7": "`` The Earth 's inner core '' . Nature . 172 ( 4372 ) : 297 -- 298 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 172 ... 297J . doi : 10.1038 / 172297a0 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 1995 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron '' . NY Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert Sanders ( 1996 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Earth 's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal , say UC Berkeley seismologist '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat ; Keith Refson ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Earth science : Core beliefs '' . Nature . 413 ( 6851 ) : 27 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 413 ... 27J . doi : 10.1038 / 35092650 . PMID 11544508 . Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara ; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida ( 1994 ) . `` Seismic structure near the inner core - outer core boundary '' . Geophys . Res . Lett . American Geophysical Union . 51 ( 16 ) : 157 -- 160 . Bibcode : 1994GeoRL ... 21 ... 157K . doi : 10.1029 / 93GL03289 . Jump up ^ Aaurno , J.M. ; Brito , D. ; Olson , P.L. ( 1996 ) . `` Mechanics of inner core super-rotation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 ( 23 ) : 3401 -- 3404 . Bibcode : 1996GeoRL ... 23.3401 A . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03258 Jump up ^ Xu , Xiaoxia ; Song , Xiaodong ( 2003 ) .", "8": "`` Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time - dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network '' . Geophysical Journal International . 152 ( 3 ) : 509 -- 514 . Bibcode : 2003GeoJI. 152 ... 509X . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2003.01852. x Jump up ^ G Poupinet ; R Pillet ; A Souriau ( 1983 ) . `` Possible heterogeneity of the Earth 's core deduced from PKIKP travel times '' . Nature . 305 : 204 -- 206 . Bibcode : 1983Natur. 305 ... 204P . doi : 10.1038 / 305204a0 . Jump up ^ T. Yukutake ( 1998 ) . `` Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth 's solid inner core '' . Phys . Earth Planet . Inter. 108 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . Bibcode : 1998PEPI ... 108 ... 1Y . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9201 ( 98 ) 00097 - 1 . Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida ; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa ( 1996 ) . `` Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 101 : 28085 -- 28103 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10128085Y . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB02700 . Jump up ^ S.I. Karato ( 1999 ) . `` Seismic anisotropy of the Earth 's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses '' . Nature . 402 ( 6764 ) : 871 -- 873 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 871K . doi : 10.1038 / 47235 . Jump up ^ Alboussière , T. ; Deguen , R. ; Melzani , M.", "9": "( 2010 ) . `` Melting - induced stratification above the Earth 's inner core due to convective translation '' . Nature . 466 ( 7307 ) : 744 -- 747 . arXiv : 1201.1201 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 744A . doi : 10.1038 / nature09257 . PMID 20686572 . Jump up ^ `` Figure 1 : East -- west asymmetry in inner - core growth and magnetic field generation . '' from Finlay , Christopher C. ( 2012 ) . `` Core processes : Earth 's eccentric magnetic field '' . Nature Geoscience. 5 : 523 -- 524 . Bibcode : 2012NatGe ... 5 ... 523F . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1516 . Jump up ^ Labrosse , Stéphane ; Poirier , Jean - Paul ; Le Mouël , Jean - Louis ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The age of the inner core '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 111 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2001E&PSL. 190 ... 111L . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00387 - 9 .", "10": "( hide ) Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_core&oldid=838408961 '' Categories : 1936 in science Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 20 : 32 . 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608136254238749812	where did the british army launch a successful invasion in 1776	[ "Long Island", "New York" ]	{ "0": "British army during the American Revolutionary war - wikipedia British army during the American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search British Army of the British Armed Forces Components Army ( Operational Structure of the British Army List of units current regiments ) Army Reserve Administration Army Headquarters Overseas British Forces Germany British Forces Cyprus British Forces Falkland Islands British Forces Gibraltar British Forces Brunei Personnel Senior officers Officer insignia Other ranks insignia Equipment Current equipment British military rifles History History Timeline Recruitment British Army portal The British Army during the American Revolutionary War served for eight years in campaigns fought around the globe . Defeat at the Siege of Yorktown to a combined Franco - US force ultimately led to the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in eastern North America , and the concluding Treaty of Paris deprived Britain of many of the gains achieved in the Seven Years ' War . However several victories elsewhere meant that much of the British Empire remained intact . In 1775 the British Army was a volunteer force that numbered just over 45,000 men thinly spread out in various locations globally . The army had suffered from lack of peacetime spending and ineffective recruitment in the decade since the Seven Years ' War , circumstances which had left it in a dilapidated state at the outbreak of war in North America . To offset this the British government quickly hired contingents of German mercenaries to serve as auxiliaries alongside the regular army units in campaigns from 1776 . Limited army impressment was also introduced in England and Scotland to bolster recruitment in 1778 , however the practice proved too unpopular and was proscribed again in 1780 . The attrition of constant fighting , the inability of the Royal Navy to decisively defeat the French Navy , and the withdrawal of the majority of British forces from North America in 1778 ultimately led to the British army 's defeat . The surrender of Cornwallis 's army at Yorktown in 1781 allowed the Whig opposition to gain a majority in parliament , and British operations were brought to an end .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and recruitment 1.1 Leadership 2 Infantry 2.1 Light infantry 2.2 Tactics 2.3 Loyalists 2.4 Uniform and equipment 2.5 Colours 2.6 Daily life 2.7 Training 3 Cavalry 4 Foreign units in British service 5 Campaigns 5.1 Boston 1774 - 75 5.2 Canada 1775 - 76 5.3 New York and New Jersey 1776 5.4 Saratoga 1777 5.5 Philadelphia 1777 - 78 5.6 Raiding Operations 1778 - 79 5.7 Southern Colonies 1780 -- 81 5.8 Yorktown 1781 5.9 West Indies 1778 - 83 5.10 East Indies 1778 - 83 5.11 Gulf Coast 1779 - 81 5.12 Spanish Central America 1779 - 80 5.13 Europe 1779 - 83 6 Later History 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Structure and recruitment ( edit ) See also : British soldiers in the eighteenth century and Recruitment in the British Army Britain had incurred a large national debt fighting the Seven Years ' War , during which the armies ' establishment strength had been increased to an unprecedented size . With the ascension of peace in 1763 the army was dramatically reduced to a peacetime home establishment of just over 11,000 men , with a further 10,000 for the Irish establishment and 10,000 for the colonies . This meant 20 regiments of infantry totaling just over 11,000 men were stationed in England , 21 regiments were stationed in Ireland , 18 regiments were stationed in the Americas , and 7 regiments stationed in Gibraltar . Alongside this the army could call on 16 regiments of the cavalry , a total of 6,869 men and 2,712 men in the artillery . This gave a theoretical strength of just over 45,000 men exclusive of the artillery .", "2": "The British government deemed this troop strength to be inadequate to prosecute an insurrection in the Americas , as well as deal with defence of the rest of its territories , so treaties with German states ( mainly Hesse - Kassel and Brunswick ) were negotiated for a further 18,000 men ( half of which were stationed in garrisons to release regular British units from other theaters ) . This measure brought the Army 's total establishment strength to around 55,000 men . After the losses at the Battles of Saratoga and the outbreak of hostilities with France and Spain , the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient . Between 1775 and 1781 , the regular army increased from 48,000 to 121,000 . In 1778 the army adopted some non traditional recruiting measures to further augment its strength , a system of private subscription was established , whereby some 12 new regiments totaling 15,000 men were raised by individual towns and nobles . In the same year the government passed the first of two recruiting acts which allowed a limited form of impressment in parts of England and Scotland under strict conditions , however the measure proved unpopular and both acts were repealed in May 1780 , permanently discontinuing impressment in the army . The recruiting acts of 1778 and 1779 also provided greater incentives for voluntarily joining the regular army , including a bounty of £ 3 and the entitlement to discharge after three years unless the nation remained at war . Thousands of volunteer militia battalions were raised for home defense in Ireland and England , and some of the most competent of these were embodied to the regular army . The British Government took a further step by releasing criminals and debtors from prison on the condition they joined the army . Three entire regiments were raised from this early release program . Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst served as Commander - in - Chief of the Forces from 1778 - 1782 . In Nov 1778 the establishment was set at 121,000 men , of whom 24,000 were foreigners , along with 40,000 embodied militia . This was raised the next year to 104,000 men on the British establishment , 23,000 on the Irish establishment , 25,000 foreigners ( the `` Hessians '' ) , and 42,000 embodied militia , for a total force of about 194,000 men .", "3": "Although a large portion of the rank and file were lower class and the officers upper class , the army recruited from a variety of social backgrounds , both among the regular and officer ranks . According to Reid , the Georgian army through necessity drew its officers from a far wider base than its later Victorian counterpart and was much more open to promotion from the ranks . Officers were required to be literate , but there was no formal requirement on the level of education or their social standing , and most regimental officers did not come from the landed gentry , but from middle class private individuals in search of a career . Although the system of sale of commissions officially governed the selection and promotion of officers , in practice the system was considerably relaxed during wartime , with far more stringent requirements placed on promotion . Many British officers were professional soldiers rather than wealthy dilettantes and showed themselves ready to discard their drill manuals and use innovative methods and tactics . Leadership ( edit ) Main article : Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War § British Empire The Commander - in - Chief , India formally held command over crown forces in the East Indies and the Commander - in - Chief , North America commanded crown forces in the Americas . However , the British Army had no formal command structure , so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war . The position of Commander - in - Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst , 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war . However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779 , and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780 . The direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies , George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville . Despite holding no formal position in the army , he appointed or relieved generals , took care of provisions and supplies , and directed much of the strategic planning . While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively , even brilliantly , others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army . In 1776 , there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army .", "4": "However , since generals never retired , perhaps a third of this number were too old or infirm to command in the field . Others were opposed to war against the colonists , or unwilling to serve for years in America . Sir William Howe , who was chosen to succeed Sir Thomas Gage as Commander in Chief in North America , was only 111th in seniority . Gage and Howe had both served as light infantry commanders in America during the French and Indian War . However , Gage was blamed for underestimating the strength of republican sympathy and was relieved in 1776 . Howe had the advantage of large numbers of reinforcements , and was the brother of Admiral Richard Howe , the Royal Navy 's commander in chief in America . The two brothers gained much success in 1776 , but failed to destroy Washington 's Army . They also tried to initiate peace talks but these came to nothing . In 1777 , General John Burgoyne was allowed to mount an ambitious campaign southwards from Canada . After early success , he pushed ahead despite major supply difficulties , and was surrounded and forced to capitulate at Saratoga , an event which precipitated intervention by Britain 's European rivals . After Howe 's Philadelphia campaign in the same year failed to achieve decisive results , Howe was recalled and replaced by Sir Henry Clinton . Clinton was regarded as one of the most studious and well - read experts on tactics and strategy . However , even before becoming commander in chief , he had been reluctant to succeed Howe . He took command when the widening of the war compelled him to relinquish troops to other theatres , and became embittered at the Government 's demands that he bring the war to a successful conclusion with fewer troops and resources than had been available to Howe . He repeatedly tried to resign , and quarrelled with the Navy 's commanders and his own subordinates . While Clinton held New York , Lord Cornwallis conducted a largely separate campaign in the southern states . Cornwallis was the one of the most aristocratic of the British generals who served in America , but had been dedicated to a military career since an early age , and insisted on sharing his soldiers ' hardships . After early victories , he was unable to destroy the American Continental armies opposing him or to raise substantial loyalist support .", "5": "On Clinton 's orders , he tried to create a fortified enclave on the Chesapeake coast , but was cut off by a French fleet and forced to surrender at the Siege of Yorktown , which signalled the end of effective British attempts to retake America . The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton , who had defended Quebec in 1775 , but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution . As commander in chief , his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York . Infantry ( edit ) Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 . Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war . Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments , the 23rd and the 33rd , earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field . In the middle of the eighteenth century , the Army 's uniforms were highly elaborate , and manoeuvres were ponderous and slow , with `` innumerable words of command . '' Experience of the conditions and terrain in North America during the French and Indian War prompted changes to its tactics and dress . In battle the redcoats usually formed in two ranks rather than three , to increase mobility and firepower . The Army further adapted this formation during the American Revolution by forming and fighting in looser ranks , a tactic that was known as `` loose files and American scramble '' . Soldiers stood at a greater distance apart and three ' orders ' were used to specify the distance to be expanded or contracted as necessary ; `` order '' ( two intervals ) , `` open order '' ( four intervals ) , and `` extended order '' ( ten intervals ) . British infantry advanced at the ' trott ' and fought fluid battles primarily using the bayonet . Although this new formation increased the British army 's mobility and tactical flexibility , the abandonment of linear formation was later blamed by some British officers for defeats in the later stages of the war like the Battle of Cowpens , in which British troops engaged denser bodies of men deployed in successive lines . The hired German regiments that joined Howe 's army in 1776 also adopted the two rank formation used by the British army , but retained the traditional close order system of fighting throughout the war .", "6": "Light infantry ( edit ) In 1758 Thomas Gage ( then a lieutenant colonel ) had formed an experimental light infantry regiment known as 80th Regiment of Light - Armed Foot , considered to be the first such unit to serve in the British army . Other officers , notably George Howe , the elder brother of William Howe , had adapted their regiments to serve as light infantry on their own initiative . On becoming commander - in - chief in North America in 1758 , General Jeffery Amherst ordered every regiment to form light infantry companies from their ranks . The 80th regiment was disbanded in 1764 and the other ad - hoc light infantry units were converted back to `` line '' units , but infantry regiments retained their light companies until the mid-nineteenth century . In 1771 - 72 the British army began implementing a new training scheme for light infantry companies . Much of the early training was found to be inadequate , with officers unsure how to use light companies . Many of the brightest young officers of light companies sought commissions elsewhere because being a `` light - bob '' officer lacked social prestige . In 1772 General George Townshend , 1st Marquess Townshend wrote Instructions , and Training and Equipping of the new Light Companies which was issued to regiments on the Irish establishment and offered a practical guide for training light companies and guidance for tactics such as skirmishing in broken terrain when acting independently , in sections or in large groups . Townshend also introduced a new communication method for light infantry officers when in command of loosely deployed , scattered troops ; whistle signals rather than drums would indicate movements such as advance , retire , extend or contract . In 1774 William Howe wrote the Manual for Light Infantry Drill and formed an experimental Light Infantry battalion trained at Salisbury camp . This became the pattern for all regular light infantry serving in North America . Howe 's system differed in that it focused on development composite battalions of light infantry more suited to large scale campaigning in North America , rather than individual companies . On taking command in America , Howe gave orders that every regiment which had not already done so to form a company of light infantry . These men were generally hand picked from the fittest and most proficient of the rank and file . The light infantry companies of several regiments were usually combined in composite light infantry battalions .", "7": "Similar composite battalions were often formed from the grenadier companies of line regiments . Grenadiers were historically chosen from the tallest soldiers , but as with light infantry companies , were often selected from among the most proficient soldiers in their parent units . Tactics ( edit ) At the Battle of Vigie Point in 1778 a force of British infantry who were veterans of colonial fighting inflicted heavy casualties on a far larger force of regular French troops who advanced in columns . Clayton describes how `` ... the use of light infantry , well led by their officers and NCOs , was of key importance in advance as skirmishers fired on French columns from behind cover ; when the French attempted to extend they were threatened with bayonet charge ... and when the French advanced they fell back to prepare for further skirmishing and ambushes from all directions . '' Fortescue , similarly describes the action ; `` Advancing in skirmish order and keeping themselves always under cover , the light companies maintained at close range the most destructive fire on the Heavy French columns ... At last one of the enemy 's battalions fairly gave way and the light companies followed them to complete the rout with the bayonet '' . Loyalists ( edit ) Joseph Brant led Native Americans and Loyalists in the North . See also Loyalists Fighting in the American Revolution Large numbers of scouts and skirmishers were also formed from loyalists and Native Americans . The renowned Robert Rogers formed the Queen 's Rangers , while his brother James Rogers led the King 's Rangers . Loyalist pioneer John Butler raised the provincial regiment known as Butler 's Rangers , who were heavily engaged in the Northern colonies during which they were accused of participating in massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley . The majority of Native Americans favoured the British cause and Mohawk leader Joseph Brant commanded Iroquois and Loyalists in campaigns on the New York Frontier . Colonel Thomas Brown led another group of King 's Rangers in the Southern colonies , defending East Florida from invasion , raiding the southern frontier and participating in the conquest of the southern colonies . Colonial Governor John Murray , 4th Earl of Dunmore raised a regiment composed entirely of freed slaves known as the Ethiopian Regiment , which served through the early skirmishes of the war . The loyalist units were vital to the British primarily for their knowledge of local terrain .", "8": "One of the most successful of these units was formed by an escaped slave , and veteran of the Ethiopian Regiment known as Colonel Tye , who led the so - called Black Brigade in numerous raids in New York and New Jersey , interrupting supply lines , capturing rebel officers , and killing suspected leaders . He died from wounds in 1780 . Uniform and equipment ( edit ) See also : Red coat ( British army ) The standard uniform of the British army consisted of the traditional red coat with cocked hats , white breeches and black gaiters with leather knee caps . Hair was usually cut short or fixed in plaits at the top of the head . As the war progressed many line regiments replaced their cocked hats with slouch hats . The full `` marching order '' a line infantryman was expected to carry on campaign was extensive , and British soldiers often dropped much of their equipment before battle . Soldiers were also issued with greatcoats to be worn in adverse conditions , which were often used as tents or blankets . Drummers usually wore colours in reverse of their regimental colour , they carried the coat of arms of their colonel and wore mitre caps . Most German regiments wore dark blue coats , while cavalry and loyalists often wore green . Grenadiers often wore bearskin headdress and usually carried cavalry sabers as a side arm . Light infantry were issued with short coats , without lace , with an ammunition box containing nine cartridges lined up in a row for easy access worn across the stomach rather than at the side . They did not use bayonets but carried naval boarding axes ( which became known as tomahawks ) . The most common infantry weapon was the Brown Bess used with a fixed bayonet . However some of the light companies were issued with the short barrel muskets or the Pattern 1776 Rifle . The British army also conducted limited experimental use of the breech - loading Ferguson Rifle , which proved too difficult to mass - produce to be used more extensively . Major Patrick Ferguson formed a small experimental company of riflemen armed with this weapon , but this was disbanded in 1778 . In many instances , British forces relied on Jagers from among the German contingents to provide skirmishers armed with rifles .", "9": "Colours ( edit ) Main article : Colours , standards and guidons British infantry regiments possessed two flags ; the King 's Colour ( the Union flag ) and their regimental colour , which displayed colour of the regiment 's facings . In 18th and 19th century warfare ' the colours ' often became a rallying point in the most bitter actions . Both regimental standards were highly regarded and a source of pride each regiment . However , because of the tactical constraints in conducting the war and the adapted mode of fighting , it is likely that British regiments only used their colours for ceremonial purposes in America , particularly the armies commanded by Howe and Cornwallis . However , in the early years of the war the Hessians continued to carry their colours on campaign , Major - General Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg wrote ; `` They ( the British ) have their colours with them only when quartered , while we carry them with us wherever the regiments go ... the country is bad for fighting . Nothing worries me more than the colours , for the regiments can not stay together in an attack because of the many walls , swamps , and stone cliffs . The English can not lose their colours , for they do not carry them with them . '' During the Saratoga campaign Baroness Riedesel , the wife of a German officer , saved the colours of the Brunswick regiments by burning the staffs and hiding the flags in her mattress . Daily life ( edit ) The harsh conditions of life in the army meant that discipline was severe . Crimes such as theft or desertion could result in hanging and punishments such as lashings were administered publicly . Soldiers spent a great deal of time cleaning and preparing their clothing and equipment . Families were permitted to join soldiers in the field . Wives often washed , cooked , mended uniforms and served as nurses in the time of battle or sickness . The army often suffered from poor discipline away from the battlefield , gambling and heavy drinking were common among all ranks . The distance between the colonies and the British Isles meant logistics were stretched to breaking point , with the army often running out of food and supplies in the field , and forced to live off the land . Training ( edit ) Training was rigorous ; firing , bayonet drills , movements , physical exercise , marching and forming were all part of the daily regimen to prepare for campaigns .", "10": "Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton commanded the British Legion in the Southern colonies . During the course of the war the British army conducted large scale mock battles at Warley and Coxheath camps in southern England . The primary motivation behind this was in preparation for the threatened invasion . By all accounts the camps were massive in scale involving upwards of 18,000 men . One militia officer wrote to his friend in August 1778 : `` We are frequently marched out in considerable bodies to the heaths or commons adjacent , escorted by the artillery , where we go through various movements , manoeuvres and firings of a field of battle . In these expeditions , let me assure you , there is much fatigue , and no little danger ... the most grand and beautiful imitations of action are daily presented to us ; and believe me , the army in general are becoming greatly enamoured by war . '' The maneuvers carried out at Warley camp were subject of a painting by Philip James de Loutherbourg known as Warley Camp : The Mock Attack , 1779 . He also drew detailed illustrations of the uniforms of the light infantry and grenadiers present at the camp which are considered some of the most accurate surviving illustrations of 18th century British soldiers . Cavalry ( edit ) Cavalry played a smaller role in British armies than other European armies of the same era . Britain possessed no armoured Cuirassiers or Heavy cavalry . British doctrine tended to favour the use of medium cavalry , and light dragoons . The cavalry establishment consisted of three regiments of Household Cavalry , seven regiments of Dragoon Guards and six regiments of light Dragoons . Several hundred officers and enlisted men of cavalry regiments which remained stationed in Britain volunteered for service in America and transferred to infantry regiments . Because of the logistical limitations of campaigning in North America , cavalry played a limited role in the war . The transport of horses by ship was extremely difficult . Most of the horses died during the long journey and the ones that survived usually required several weeks to recuperate on landing . The British army primarily adopted small numbers of light dragoons who worked as scouts and were used extensively in irregular operations . One of the most successful of these units , the British Legion combined , light cavalry and light infantry and conducted raiding operations into enemy held territory .", "11": "The lack of cavalry had great tactical implications on how the war was fought , it meant that British forces could not fully exploit their victories when out maneuvering Continental armies at battles like Long Island and Brandywine . Without a large cavalry force to follow up the infantry , retreating American forces could often escape destruction . Foreign units in British service ( edit ) Main article : Germans in the American Revolution Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen commanded Hessian forces in North America . Manpower problems at the outbreak of war led to the British government employing large numbers of German mercenaries , primarily recruited from Hesse - Cassel . Units were sent by Count William of Hesse - Hanau ; Duke Charles I of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel ; Prince Frederick of Waldeck ; Margrave Karl Alexander of Ansbach - Bayreuth ; and Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt - Zerbst . Approximately 9,000 Hessians arrived with Howe 's army in 1776 and served with British forces through the campaigns in New York and New Jersey . In all 25,000 hired auxiliaries served with Britain in the various campaigns during the war . The German units were found to be different in tactics and approach to the regular British troops . Many British officers regarded the German regiments as slow in mobility , therefore British generals utilised them as heavy infantry . This is primarily because of the German officers ' reluctance to adopt loose formations . British Lieutenant William Hale commented on the tactical limitations of the German tactical methods : `` I believe them steady , but their slowness is of the greatest disadvantage in a country almost covered with woods , and against an enemy whose chief qualification is agility in running from fence to fence keeping up an irregular , but galling fire on troops who advance with the same pace as at their exercise ... At Brandywine , when the first line formed , the Hessian Grenadiers were close to our rear , and began beating their march at the same time as us . From that minute we saw them no more until the action was over , and only one man of them was wounded , by a random shot which came over us . '' The Hessians served in some capacity in most of the major battles of the war . Duke Karl I provided Great Britain with almost 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 dragoons under General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel .", "12": "These soldiers were the majority of the German regulars under General John Burgoyne in the Saratoga campaign of 1777 , and were generally referred to as `` Brunswickers . '' The combined forces from Braunschwieg and Hesse - Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne 's army . The Jagers were greatly prized by British commanders , their skill in skirmishing and scouting meant they continued to serve in the Southern campaigns under Cornwallis until the end of the war . Soldiers from Hanover also formed part of the garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca , and two regiments participated in the Siege of Cuddalore . Other than mercenary troops , the Company army serving in India consisted of regular British troops alongside native Indian Sepoys . Foreigners were also present among the regular British officer corps . The Swiss - born Major - General Augustine Prévost commanded the successful defense of Savannah in 1779 . The former Jacobite officer Allan Maclean of Torloisk , who had previously held commission in the Dutch service , was second in command during the successful defense of Quebec in 1775 . Another Swiss - born officer Frederick Haldimand served as Governor of Quebec in the later stages of the war . Huguenots , and exiled Corsicans also served amongst the regular and officers ranks . Campaigns ( edit ) Boston 1774 - 75 ( edit ) Main article : Boston campaign British assault on Breed 's Hill . `` The rebels have done more in one night than my whole army would have done in a month . '' -- General Howe , March 5 , 1776 British troops had been stationed in Boston since 1769 amid rising tensions between colonial subjects and the parliament in Great Britain . Fearing the impending insurrection General Thomas Gage dispatched an expedition to remove gunpowder from the powder magazine in Massachusetts on 1 September 1774 . The next year on the night of April 18 , 1775 , General Gage sent a further 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at Concord . The Battles of Lexington and Concord were fought . The British troops stationed in Boston were inexperienced , and by the time the redcoats began the return march to Boston , several thousand militiamen had gathered along the road .", "13": "A running battle ensued , and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown . The British army in Boston found itself under siege by thousands of colonial militia . On June 17 , British forces now under the command of General William Howe attacked and seized the Charlestown peninsula in the Battle of Bunker Hill . Although successful in his objective , the British forces suffered heavy casualties in taking the position . Both sides remained at stalemate until guns were placed on the Dorchester Heights , at which point Howe 's position became untenable and the British abandoned Boston entirely . Canada 1775 - 76 ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) British regulars and Canadian militia repulse American assault on Quebec . After capturing Fort Ticonderoga , American forces under the command of General Richard Montgomery launched an invasion of British controlled Canada . They besieged and captured Fort Saint - Jean , while another army moved on Montreal . However they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec and British forces under the command of General Guy Carleton launched a counter invasion which drove the colonial forces from the province entirely and reached all the way to Lake Chaplain , however came short of recapturing Fort Ticonderoga . New York and New Jersey 1776 ( edit ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign `` I can not too much commend Lord Cornwallis 's good services during this campaign , and particularly the ability and conduct he displayed in the pursuit of the enemy from Fort Lee to Trenton , a distance exceding eighty miles , in which he was well supported by the ardour of his corps , who cheerfully quitted their tents and heavy baggage as impediments to their march . '' -- General Howe , December 20 , 1776 After withdrawing from Boston , Howe immediately began preparations to seize New York which was considered the ' hinge ' of the colonies . In late August , 22,000 men ( including 9,000 Hessians ) were rapidly landed on Long Island using flat bottomed boats , this would be the largest amphibious operation undertaken by the British army until the Normandy landings almost 200 years later . In the ensuing Battle of Long Island on August 27 , 1776 , the British outflanked the American positions , driving the Americans back to the Brooklyn Heights fortifications .", "14": "General Howe not wishing to risk the lives of his men in a bloody frontal assault then began to lay siege works . The navy had failed to properly blockade the East river which left an escape route open for Washington 's army , which he fully exploited , managing a nighttime retreat through his unguarded rear to Manhattan Island . British forces then fought a series of actions to consolidate control of Manhattan Island , culminating in the Battle of Fort Washington which resulted in the capture of close to 3,000 Continental troops . Following the conquest of Manhattan , Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to `` clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement , and to do it quickly before the weather changed . '' Cornwallis ' force drove Washington 's army entirely from New Jersey and across the Delaware River . However , in the pre-dawn hours of December 26 , Washington crossed back into New Jersey and captured a garrison of Hessians at Trenton . Several days later , Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis at Assunpink Creek and overwhelmed a British outpost at Princeton on January 3 , 1777 . Cornwallis rallied and again drove Washington away , however the defeats showed the British army had become too overstretched and Howe abandoned most of his outposts in New Jersey . Saratoga 1777 ( edit ) Main article : Saratoga campaign The surrender of General Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga . `` I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne ... If this campaign does not finish the war , I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America . '' -- General Henry Clinton , July , 1777 Following the failure of the New York and New Jersey campaign to bring about a decisive victory over the Americans , the British army adopted a radically new strategy . Two armies would invade from the north to capture Albany , one of 8,000 men ( British and Germans ) under the command of General John Burgoyne , and another of 1,000 men ( British , German , Indian , Loyalists , Canadians ) under Brigadier General Barry St. Leger , while a third army under the command of General Howe would advance from New York in support . Through poor co-ordination and unclear orders the plan failed .", "15": "Howe believed that he could not support a Northern army until the threat of Washington 's army had been dealt with and moved on Philadelphia instead . The early stages of Burgoyne 's campaign met with success , capturing the forts Crown Point , Ticonderoga and Anne . However part of his army was destroyed at Bennington . After winning a hard fought battle at Freeman 's Farm , bought with heavy casualties , Burgoyne complained at the inexperience of his soldiers , that his men were too impetuous and uncertain in their aim , and that his troops remained in position to exchange volleys too long , rather than switch to the bayonet . Following the battle he ordered the retraining of his army . Burgoyne did not want to lose the initiative and immediately prepared a second assault to puncture the Gates ' army scheduled for the following morning , however his subordinate General Fraser advised him of the fatigued state of the British light infantry and Grenadiers and that a renewed assault following a further night 's rest would be carried out with greater vivacity . That night Burgoyne received word that Clinton would launch his own offensive . The news convinced Burgoyne to wait , believing that the American General Gates would be forced to commit part of his own force to oppose Clinton , however Gates was being continually reinforced . Burgoyne launched the second attempt to breakthrough the American lines early in the following month which failed at Bemis Heights with losses that Burgoyne 's force could not sustain . Burgoyne was finally compelled surrender after it had become clear he was surrounded . Burgoyne 's campaign tactics were greatly criticised , the composition of his force was disjointed , and his decision to overload his army with artillery ( expecting a long siege ) meant his army could not advance rapidly enough through the difficult terrain , allowing the Americans too much time to gather an overwhelming force to oppose him . The defeat had far reaching consequences as the French ( who had already been secretly supporting the colonists ) decided to openly support the rebellion and eventually declared war on Britain in 1778 . Philadelphia 1777 - 78 ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia campaign `` ... I do not think that there exists a more select corps than that which General Howe has assembled here .", "16": "I am too young and have seen too few different corps , to ask others to take my word ; but old Hessian and old English officers who have served a long time , say that they have never seen such a corps in respect to quality ... '' -- Captain Muenchhausen , June , 1777 While Burgoyne invaded from the North , Howe took an army of 15,000 men ( including 3,500 Hessians ) by sea to attack Philadelphia . Howe rapidly outflanked Washington at the Battle of Brandywine , but most of Washington 's army managed to escape destruction . After inconclusive skirmishing with Washington 's army at the Battle of the Clouds , a battalion of British light infantry were accused of committing a massacre in a surprise assault on a rebel camp at the Battle of Paoli . All remaining resistance to Howe was eliminated in this attack , and the rest of Howe 's army marched on the rebel capital unopposed . The capture of Philadelphia did not turn the war in Britain 's favour , and Burgoyne 's army was left isolated with only limited support from Sir Henry Clinton , who was responsible for defending New York . Howe remained garrisoned in Philadelphia with 9,000 troops . He came under heavy attack from Washington but at the Battle of Germantown , Washington was driven off . After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Mifflin , Howe eventually took the forts of Mifflin and Mercer . After probing Washington 's fortifications at the Battle of White Marsh , he returned to winter quarters . Howe resigned shortly afterwards , complaining that he had been inadequately supported . Command was given to Clinton who , after the French declaration of war , carried out orders to evacuate the British army from Philadelphia to New York . He did this with an overland march , fighting a large action at the Battle of Monmouth on the way Raiding operations 1778 - 79 ( edit ) See also : Mount Hope Bay raids , Grey 's raid , Tryon 's raid , and Chesapeake raid In August 1778 a combined Franco - American attempt to drive British forces from Rhode Island failed . One year later an American expedition to drive British forces from Penobscot Bay also failed .", "17": "In the same year Americans launched a successful expedition to drive Native Americans from the frontier of New York , and captured a British outpost in a nighttime raid . During this period the British army carried out a series of successful raiding operations , taking supplies , destroying military defenses , outposts , stores , munitions , barracks , shops and houses . Southern colonies 1780 -- 81 ( edit ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War The death of General Johann de Kalb at the Battle of Camden . `` Whenever the Rebel Army is said to have been cut to pieces it would be more consonant with truth to say that they have been dispersed , determined to join again ... in the meantime they take oaths of allegiance , and live comfortably among us , to drain us of our monies , get acquainted with our numbers and learn our intentions . '' -- Brigadier General Charles O'Hara , March , 1781 The first major British operation in the Southern colonies occurred in 1776 , when a force under General Henry Clinton unsuccessfully besieged the fort at Sullivan 's Island . In 1778 a British army of 3,000 men under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell successfully captured Savannah , beginning a campaign to bring the colony of Georgia under British control . A Franco - American attempt to retake Savannah in 1779 ended in failure . In 1780 the main British strategic focus turned to the south . British planners mistakenly believed a large base of loyalism existed in the southern colonies , and based plans on the flawed assumption that a large loyalist army could be raised to occupy the territories that had been pacified by regular British troops . In May 1780 an army of 11,000 men under the command of Henry Clinton and Charles Corwnallis captured Charleston along with 5,000 of the Continental army . Shortly afterwards Clinton returned to New York leaving Cornwallis with a force of less than 4,000 men and instructions to secure control of the southern colonies . At first Cornwallis was successful , winning a lopsided victory at the Battle of Camden and sweeping most resistance aside . However failing supplies and increasing partisan activity gradually wore down his occupying troops , and the destruction of a loyalist force under Major Ferguson at King 's Mountain , all but ended any hopes of large scale loyalist support .", "18": "In January 1781 Tarleton 's cavalry force was destroyed at the Battle of Cowpens . Cornwallis then determined to destroy the Continental army under Nathaniel Greene . Cornwallis invaded North Carolina and engaged in a pursuit over hundreds of miles that became known as the `` Race to the Dan '' . Cornwallis 's ravaged army met Greene 's army at Battle of Guilford Court House , and although Cornwallis was victorious he suffered heavy casualties . With little hope of reinforcements from Clinton , Cornwallis then decided to move out of North Carolina and invade Virginia . Meanwhile , Greene moved back into South Carolina and began attacking the British outposts there . Yorktown 1781 ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The surrender of General Cornwallis 's army at Yorktown . `` If you can not relieve me very soon , you must prepare to hear the worst . '' -- General Charles Cornwallis , September 17 , 1781 . In early 1781 the British army began conducting raids into Virginia . The former Continental army officer , Benedict Arnold , now a Brigadier of the British army , led a force with William Phillips raiding and destroying rebel supply bases . He later occupied Petersburg and fought a small action at Blandford . On hearing the news British forces were in Virginia and believing that North Carolina could not be subdued unless its supply lines from Virginia were cut , Cornwallis decided to join forces with Phillips and Arnold . Cornwallis 's army fought a series of skirmishes with the rebel forces commanded by Lafayette before fortifying himself with his back to the sea , believing the Royal Navy could maintain supremacy over the Chesapeake Bay . He then sent requests to Clinton to be either resupplied or evacuated . The reinforcements took too long to arrive and in September the French fleet successfully blockaded Cornwallis in Chesapeake Bay . Royal Navy Admiral Graves believed that the threat posed to New York was more critical and withdrew . Cornwallis then became surrounded by armies commanded by Washington and the French General Rochambeau . Outnumbered and with no avenue of relief or escape , Cornwallis was compelled to surrender his army . West Indies 1778 - 83 ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 1783 ) In 1776 , an American force captured the British island of Nassau .", "19": "After the French entry into the war , numerous poorly defended British islands fell quickly . In December 1778 a force of veteran British troops under the command of General James Grant were landed in St. Lucia and successfully captured the high grounds of the islands . Three days later 9,000 French reinforcements were landed and attempted to assault the British position , however they were repulsed with heavy casualties . Despite this victory , numerous other British islands fell during the war . On 1 April 1779 , Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indies , Grant believed this would be unwise and instead concentrated defences to cover the major naval bases . He posted the 15th , 28th , and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts . The 27th , 35th , and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia . Meanwhile , the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800 - man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot . Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers . Although Britain lost other islands , his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war . East Indies 1778 - 83 ( edit ) Main article : Second Anglo - Mysore War In 1778 British forces began attacking French enclaves in India , first capturing the French port of Pondicherry , and seizing the port of Mahé . The Mysorean ruler Hyder Ali , an important ally of France , declared war on Britain in 1780 . Ali invaded Carnatic with 80,000 men , laying siege to British forts in Arcot . A British attempt to relieve the siege ended in disaster at Pollilur . Ali continued his sieges taking fortresses , before another British force under General Eyre Coote defeated the Mysoreans at Porto Novo . Fighting continued until 1783 when the British captured Mangalore , and the Treaty of Mangalore was signed which restored both sides lands to Status quo ante bellum .", "20": "Gulf coast 1779 - 81 ( edit ) Main article : Gulf Coast campaign From 1779 the Governor of Spanish Louisiana Bernardo de Gálvez led a successful offensive to conquer British West Florida , culminating in the Siege of Pensacola in 1781 . Spanish Central America 1779 - 80 ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of San Fernando de Omoa and San Juan Expedition ( 1780 ) Britain made two attempts to capture Spanish territory in Central America : in 1779 at the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa ; and in 1780 in the San Juan Expedition . In both cases initial British military success was defeated by tropical diseases , with the 2,500 dead of the San Juan Expedition giving it the highest British death toll of the war . Europe 1779 - 83 ( edit ) Main articles : Armada of 1779 , Battle of Jersey , Great Siege of Gibraltar , and Invasion of Minorca ( 1781 ) The defeat of the floating batteries at the Great Siege of Gibraltar . Europe was the setting of three of the largest engagements of the entire war . The unsuccessful Franco - Spanish attempt to invade England , unsuccessful attempt to capture Gibraltar and the successful Franco - Spanish campaign to capture Minorca , had by 1783 involved over 100,000 men , and hundreds of guns and ships . In September 1782 the `` Grand Assault '' on the besieged Gibraltar garrison took place , which was the largest single battle of the war , involving over 60,000 soldiers , sailors and marines . France also twice unsuccessfully attempted to capture the British channel island of Jersey , first in 1779 and again in 1781 . Later History ( edit ) See also : British Army during the Napoleonic Wars Following the Treaty of Paris , the British army began withdrawing from its remaining posts in the Thirteen Colonies . In mid-August 1783 , General Guy Carleton began the evacuation of New York , informing the President of the Continental Congress that he was proceeding with the withdrawal of refugees , freed slaves and military personnel . More than 29,000 Loyalist refugees were evacuated from the city . The British army was dramatically reduced again in peacetime . Morale and discipline became extremely poor , and troops levels fell .", "21": "When the wars with France commenced again in 1793 its total strength stood at 40,000 men . In idleness the army again became riddled with corruption and inefficiency . Many British officers returned from America with the belief in the superiority of the firearm and formations adapted with a greater frontage of firepower . However officers who had not served in America , questioned if the irregular and loose system of fighting which had become prevalent in America was suitable for future campaigns against European powers . In 1788 the British army was reformed by General David Dundas , an officer who had not served in America . Dundas wrote many training manuals which were adopted by the army , the first of which was the Principles of Military Movements . He chose to ignore the light infantry and flank battalions the British army had come to rely on in North America , instead after witnessing Prussian army maneuvers in Silesia in 1784 , he pushed for drilled battalions of heavy infantry . He also pushed for uniformity in training , eliminating the ability of colonels to develop their own systems of training for their own regiments . Charles Cornwallis an experienced `` American '' officer who witnessed the same maneuvers in Prussia wrote disparagingly ; `` their maneuvers were such as the worst general in England would be hooted at for practicing ; two lines coming up within six yards of one another and firing until they had no ammunition left , nothing could be more ridiculous '' . The failure to formally absorb the tactical lessons of the American War of Independence contributed to the early difficulties experienced by the British army during the French Revolutionary Wars . See also ( edit ) List of British units in the American Revolutionary War History of the British Army Timeline of the British Army Social background of officers and other ranks in the British Army , 1750 - 1815 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holmes ( 2002 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army -- Chapter One '' . Americanrevolution.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 506 Jump up ^ `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat / . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hagist ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Reid ( 2002 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Reid ( 1995 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Lord George Germain and the American Colonies '' . History Today . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 81 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , pp. 251 , 267 Jump up ^ Barnes ( 1972 ) , p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Nolan ( 2008 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Brumwell ( 2006 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Reid ( 1997 ) , p. 32 . 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The Hessians . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521 - 5263 - 7X . Barnes , Major R.M. ( 1972 ) . A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army . London : Sphere Books . Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006 ; requires Real Player Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 - 1783 ( 2001 ) . Boatner , Mark M ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Mechanicsburg : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Bonk , David ( 2009 ) . Trenton and Princeton 1776 - 77 : Washington Crosses the Delaware . Oxford : Osprey Publishing .", "26": "ISBN 18 - 460 - 3350 - 0 . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Paths of Glory : The Life and Death of General James Wolfe . Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1852855533 . Chandler , David ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of the British Army . Oxford Paperbacks . ISBN 01 - 9280 - 31 - 15 . Clayton , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Officer : Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present . Routledge . ISBN 178159287X . Chichester , Henry M ( 1885 -- 1900 ) . `` Howe , William ( 1729 - 1814 ) '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Cusick , Ray ( 2013 ) . Wellington 's Rifles : The Origins , Development and Battles of the Rifle ... Oxford . ISBN 9781781592878 . P. Davis , Robert ( 1999 ) . Where a Man Can Go : Major General William Phillips , British Royal Artillery ... London : Praeger . ISBN 03 - 1331 - 020 - 3 . Fischer , David ( 2006 ) . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford . ISBN 01 - 951 - 815 - 9X . Fortescue , John ( 1902 ) . A History of the British Army : Volume III . Oxford . Funcken , Liliane ( 1977 ) . British Infantry Uniforms : From Marlborough to Wellington . London : Wardlock . ISBN 07 - 063 - 5181 - 9 . Griffith , Samuel B. ( 2002 ) . The War for American Independence : From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in ... University of Illinois Press . ISBN 025 - 20 - 70 - 607 . Hagist , Donald N ( 2012 ) . British Soldiers , American War : Voices of the American Revolution .", "27": "Pennsylvania : Westholme Publishing . ISBN 15 - 941 - 616 - 74 . Harrington , Peter . `` Portraying Maneuvers and Mock Battles '' . MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 , no . 3 ( Spring 2007 ) ISSN 1040 - 5992 Holmes , Richard ( 2002 ) . Redcoat : The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00653 - 1520 . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty - first Century . Boston : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33536 - 5 . Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1881 ) . The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis , 1781 . New York : Harper & Bros. OCLC 426009 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 2004 ) . Victory at Yorktown : the campaign that won the Revolution . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7396 - 6 . OCLC 54461977 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Winter Soldiers : The Battles for Trenton and Princeton . Holt Paperbacks ; 1st Owl books ed edition . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6098 - 7 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . Luzader , John ( 2010 ) . SARATOGA : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Oxford . ISBN 1 - 9327 - 148 - 55 . Montero , Francisco Maria ( 1860 ) , Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo ( in Spanish ) , Imprenta de la Revista Médica .", "28": "Nolan , Cathal J ( 2008 ) . Wars of the Age of Louis Xiv , 1650 - 1715 . Greenwood Press . ISBN 03 - 1333 - 046 - 8 . O'Shaughnessy , Andrew ( 2013 ) . The men who lost America . London : Oneworld . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 246 - 5 . Reid , Stuart ( 1997 ) . British Redcoat 1740 - 93 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 55325 - 54 - 3 . Reid , Stuart ( 1995 ) . King George 's Army 1740 - 1793 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 55325 - 15 - 2 . Reid , Stuart ( 2002 ) . Redcoat Officer 1740 - 1815 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 41763 - 79 - 9 . Schecter , Barnet ( October 2002 ) . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 . Spring , Matthew H ( 2008 ) . With Zeal and with Bayonets Only : The British Army on Campaign in North America , 1775 - 1783 . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 806 - 141 - 522 . Swisher , James ( 2007 ) . The Revolutionary War in the Southern Backcountry . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 15 - 898 - 0503 - 8 . Wickwire , Franklin ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis , The American Adventure . Boston : Pelican Publishing .", "29": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=818647958 '' Categories : 18th - century history of the British Army American Revolutionary War Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4049786002203271572	who wrote the guitar solo in beat it	[ "Eddie Van Halen", "Eddie Van Halen", "Eddie Van Halen", "Eddie Van Halen, lead guitarist of hard rock band Van Halen" ]	{ "0": "Beat It - wikipedia Beat It Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beat It ( disambiguation ) . `` Beat It '' Side - A label of US 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Michael Jackson from the album Thriller B - side `` Get on the Floor '' ( US ) `` Burn This Disco Out '' ( UK ) `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' ( live with The Jacksons ) `` Working Day and Night '' `` Largate ( Beat It ) '' Released February 14 , 1983 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD Mini CD Recorded 1982 Genre Hard rock dance - rock Length 4 : 18 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Billie Jean '' ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) `` Billie Jean '' ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) Music video `` Beat It '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Beat It '' is a song written and performed by American singer Michael Jackson from his sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . The song was produced by Quincy Jones together with Jackson . Following the successful chart performances of the Thriller singles `` The Girl Is Mine '' and `` Billie Jean '' , `` Beat It '' was released on February 14 , 1983 as the album 's third single . The song is also notable for its famous video , which featured Jackson bringing two gangs together through the power of music and dance . `` Beat It '' received the 1984 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance , as well as two American Music Awards . It was inducted into the Music Video Producers Hall of Fame . The single , along with its music video , helped propel Thriller into becoming the best - selling album of all time . The single was certified platinum in the United States in 1989 .", "1": "Rolling Stone placed `` Beat It '' on the 344th spot of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song was also ranked number 81 on Rolling Stone 's `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . In the decades since its release , `` Beat It '' has been covered , parodied , and sampled by numerous artists including Fall Out Boy , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Fergie , and `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . The song was also featured in the National Highway Safety Commission 's anti-drunk driving campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and composition 2 Release and reception 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Legacy 6 Format and track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Sales and certifications 9 Beat It 2008 9.1 Reception 9.2 Charts 9.3 Remix credits 10 Fall Out Boy version 10.1 Background , recording and release 10.2 Music video 10.3 Charts 11 Other cover versions 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 14 External links Production and composition ( edit ) `` Beat It '' was composed by Michael Jackson for his Thriller album . Producer Quincy Jones had wanted to include a rock and roll song in the vein of the Knack 's `` My Sharona '' , though Jackson reportedly had never previously shown an interest in the genre . Jackson later said of `` Beat It '' , `` I wanted to write a song , the type of song that I would buy if I were to buy a rock song ... That is how I approached it and I wanted the children to really enjoy it -- the school children as well as the college students . '' Jermaine Jackson has suggested the inspiration of `` Beat It '' and its video came from the Jackson family experiencing gang activity in Gary , Indiana . `` From our front window , we witnessed , about three bad rumbles between rival gangs . '' Upon hearing the first recorded vocals , Jones stated that it was exactly what he was looking for .", "2": "The song begins with seven distinct synthesizer notes played on the Synclavier digital synthesizer , with Tom Bahler credited for the Synclavier performance on the song . The intro is taken note for note from a demo LP released the year before , called `` The Incredible Sounds of Synclavier II '' first published in 1981 by Denny Jaeger Creative Services , Inc and sold by New England Digital , makers of the Synclavier . Eddie Van Halen , lead guitarist of hard rock band Van Halen , was asked to add a guitar solo . When initially contacted by Jones , Van Halen thought he was receiving a prank call . Having established that the call was genuine , Van Halen borrowed an amplifier from guitarist Allan Holdsworth and recorded his guitar solo free of any charge . `` I did it as a favor '' , the musician later said . `` I was a complete fool , according to the rest of the band , our manager and everyone else . I was not used . I knew what I was doing -- I do n't do something unless I want to do it . '' Van Halen recorded his contribution following Jones and Jackson arriving at the guitarist 's house with a `` skeleton version '' of the song . Fellow guitarist Steve Lukather recalled , `` Initially , we rocked it out as Eddie had played a good solo -- but Quincy thought it was too tough . So I had to reduce the distorted guitar sound and that is what was released . '' The song was among the last four completed for Thriller ; the others were `` Human Nature '' , `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' and `` The Lady in My Life '' . Right before Van Halen 's guitar solo begins , a noise is heard that sounds like somebody knocking at a door . It is reported that the knock was a person walking into Eddie 's recording studio . Another story has claimed that the sound was simply the musician knocking on his own guitar . The sound , however , is that of Jackson knocking on a drum case , as he is credited in the album 's liner notes . The engineers were shocked during the recording of Van Halen 's solo to discover that the sound of his guitar had caused the monitor speaker in the control room to catch fire , causing one to exclaim , `` This must be really good ! ''", "3": "The lyrics of `` Beat It '' have been described as a `` sad commentary on human nature '' . The line `` do n't be a macho man '' is said to express Jackson 's dislike of violence , whilst also referring to the childhood abuse he faced at the hands of his father Joseph . The song is played in the key of E ♭ minor at a moderately fast tempo of 138 -- 139 beats per minute . In the song , Jackson 's vocal range is B3 to D5 . Drums on the song were played by Toto co-founder Jeff Porcaro . A remix of `` 2 Bad '' , is featured on Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix containing a sample of `` Beat It '' as well as a rap by John Forté and guitar solo by Wyclef Jean . Release and reception ( edit ) `` The uncredited guitarist who whipped out the fluttering , squealing solo on this ode to macho cowardice was Eddie Van Halen . The aerodynamic metal flight pumped crossover fuel that would boost the success of Thriller -- a gimmick Jackson would flog later with spots from Slash and Carlos Santana . Without the Van Halen precedent , there might have been no collaboration of Run - DMC and Aerosmith on the 1986 rap / rock version of ' Walk This Way ' . '' -- Greg Burk , South Coast Today . `` Beat It '' was released on February 14 , 1983 , following the successful chart performances of `` The Girl Is Mine '' and `` Billie Jean '' . Frank DiLeo , the vice president of Epic Records , convinced Jackson to release `` Beat It '' while `` Billie Jean '' was heading towards No. 1 . Dileo , who would later become the singer 's manager , predicted that both singles would remain in the Top 10 at the same time . `` Billie Jean '' remained atop the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks , before being toppled by `` Come On Eileen '' , which stayed at No. 1 for a single week , before Jackson reclaimed the position with `` Beat It '' . `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' occupied Top 5 positions at the same time , a feat matched by very few artists . The single remained at the top of the Hot 100 for a total of three weeks .", "4": "The song also charted at No. 1 on the US R&B singles chart and No. 14 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart in the US . Billboard ranked it at the No. 5 song for 1983 . `` Beat It '' also claimed the top spot in Spain and The Netherlands , reached No. 3 in the UK and the Top 20 in Austria , Norway , Italy , Sweden and Switzerland . In a Rolling Stone review , Christopher Connelly describes `` Beat It '' as the best song on Thriller , adding that it `` ai n't no disco AOR track '' . He notes of the `` nifty dance song '' , `` Jackson 's voice soars all over the melody , Eddie Van Halen checks in with a blistering guitar solo , you could build a convention center on the backbeat '' . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that the song is both `` tough '' and `` scared '' . Robert Christgau claimed that the song has Eddie Van Halen `` wielding his might in the service of antimacho '' . Slant Magazine observed that the song was an `` uncharacteristic dalliance with the rock idiom '' . The track also won praise from Jackson biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli , who stated that the song was `` rambunctious '' . `` Beat It '' has been recognized with several awards . At the 1984 Grammy Awards , the song earned Jackson two of a record - eight awards : Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance . The track won the Billboard Music Award for favorite dance / disco 12 '' LP in 1983 . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , a few months after its release , for shipments of at least one million units . In 1989 , the standard format single was re-certified platinum by the RIAA , based on the revised sales level of one million units for platinum singles . The total number of digital sales in the US , as of September 2010 , stands at 1,649,000 . Music video ( edit ) Jackson in the music video for `` Beat It '' . The music video for `` Beat It '' helped establish Jackson as an international pop icon . The video was Jackson 's first treatment of black youth and the streets .", "5": "Both `` Beat It '' and `` Thriller '' are notable for their `` mass choreography '' of synchronized dancers , a Jackson trademark . The video , which cost Jackson $150,000 to create after CBS refused to finance it , was filmed on Los Angeles 's Skid Row -- mainly on locations on East 5th Street -- around March 9 , 1983 . To add authenticity to the production but also to foster peace between them , Jackson had the idea to cast members of rival Los Angeles street gangs Crips and Bloods . In addition to around 80 genuine gang members , the video , which is noted for opening up many job opportunities for dancers in the US , also featured 18 professional dancers and four breakdancers . Besides Jackson , Michael Peters , and Vincent Paterson , the cast included Michael DeLorenzo , Stoney Jackson , Tracii Guns , Tony Fields , Peter Tramm , Rick Stone , and Cheryl Song . The video was written and directed by Bob Giraldi , produced by Antony Payne and Mary M. Ensign through production company GASP . The second video released for the Thriller album , it was choreographed by Michael Peters who also performed , alongside Vincent Paterson , as one of the two lead dancers . Despite some sources claiming otherwise , Jackson was involved in creating some parts of the choreography . Jackson asked Giraldi , at the time already an established commercial director but who had never directed a music video , to come up with a concept for the `` Beat It '' video because he really liked a commercial Giraldi had directed for WLS - TV in Chicago about a married couple of two elderly blind people who instead of running from a run - down neighborhood all the other white people had fled from , chose to stay and throw a block party for all the young children in the area . Contrary to popular belief , the concept of the video was not based on the Broadway musical West Side Story ; in reality Giraldi drew inspiration from his growing up in Paterson , New Jersey . The video had its world premiere on MTV during prime time on March 31 , 1983 though it should be noted that neither Beat It nor Billie Jean was , as is often claimed , the first music video by an African - American artist to be played on MTV .", "6": "Soon after its premiere the video was also running on other video programs including BET 's Video Soul , SuperStation WTBS 's Night Tracks , and NBC 's Friday Night Videos . In fact , Beat It was the first video shown on the latter 's first ever telecast on July 29 , 1983 . The video opens with the news of a fight circulating at a diner . This scene repeats itself at a pool hall , where gang members arrive via foot , forklift , and out of sewers , while the video 's titular song begins to play . The camera cuts to a scene of Jackson lying on a bed , revealing he 's the one singing contemplating the senseless violence . The singer notices rival gangs and leaves . Michael Jackson dons a red leather J. Parks brand jacket , and dances his way towards the fight through the diner and pool hall . A knife fight is taking place between the two gang leaders in a warehouse . They dance battle for an interlude of music until MJ arrives ; the singer breaks up the fight and launches into a dance routine . The video ends with the gang members joining him in the dance , agreeing that violence is not the solution to their problems . The video received recognition through numerous awards . The American Music Awards named the short film their Favorite Pop / Rock Video and their Favorite Soul Video . The Black Gold Awards honored Jackson with the Best Video Performance award . The Billboard Video Awards recognised the video with 7 awards ; Best Overall Video Clip , Best Performance by a Male Artist , Best Use of Video to Enhance a Song , Best Use of Video to Enhance an Artist 's Image , Best Choreography , Best Overall Video and Best Dance / Disco 12 `` . The short film was ranked by Rolling Stone as the No. 1 video , in both their critic 's and reader 's poll . The video was later inducted into the Music Video Producer 's Hall of Fame . The music video of the song appears on the video albums : Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory , HIStory on Film , Volume II , Number Ones , on the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Live performances ( edit ) On July 14 , 1984 , Jackson performed `` Beat It '' live with his brothers during The Jacksons ' Victory Tour .", "7": "The brothers were joined on stage by Eddie Van Halen , who played the guitar in his solo spot . The song became a signature song of Jackson ; the singer performed it on all of his world tours : Bad , Dangerous and HIStory . The October 1 , 1992 Dangerous Tour performance of `` Beat It '' was included on the DVD of the singer 's Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection box set . The DVD was later repackaged as Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . Jackson also performed the song on the Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special , a concert celebrating the musician 's thirtieth year as a solo performer . The performance featured Slash as the song 's guest guitarist . A highlight of Jackson 's solo concert tour performances of the song is that would he would begin the song on a cherry picker ( which he would also later use with `` Earth Song '' during the HIStory World Tour ) after performing Thriller . Another live version of the song is available on the DVD Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 . The song would have also been performed as part of the This Is It concerts which were cancelled due to Jackson 's death . Legacy ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' has been cited as one of the most successful , recognized , awarded and celebrated songs in the history of pop music ; both the song and video had a large impact on pop culture . The song is said to be a `` pioneer '' in black rock music , and is considered one of the cornerstones of the Thriller album . Eddie Van Halen has been praised for adding `` the greatest guitar solo '' , aiding `` Beat It '' into becoming one of the biggest selling singles of all time . Shortly after its release , `` Beat It '' was included in the National Highway Safety Commission 's anti-drunk driving campaign , `` Drinking and Driving Can Kill a Friendship '' . The song was also included on the accompanying album . Jackson collected an award from President Ronald Reagan at the White House , in recognition for his support of the campaign . Reagan stated that Jackson was `` proof of what a person can accomplish through a lifestyle free of alcohol or drug abuse . People young and old respect that .", "8": "And if Americans follow his example , then we can face up to the problem of drinking and driving , and we can , in Michael 's words , ' Beat It ' . '' Frequently listed in greatest song polling lists , `` Beat It '' was ranked as the world 's fourth favorite song in a 2005 poll conducted by Sony Ericsson . Over 700,000 people in 60 different countries cast their votes . Voters from the UK placed `` Billie Jean '' at No. 1 , ahead of `` Thriller '' , with a further five of the top ten being solo recordings by Jackson . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine placed `` Beat It '' in the 337th spot on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was featured in the films Back to the Future Part II , Zoolander and Undercover Brother . When re-released , as part of the Visionary campaign in 2006 , `` Beat It '' charted at No. 15 in the UK . The song has been used in TV commercials for companies like Budweiser , eBay , Burger King , Delta Air Lines , Game Boy , Coldwell Banker and the NFL . On the City Guys episode of season 3 's `` Face the Music '' , Jamal says to Slick Billy West , played by Sherman Hemsley , `` Well Gone Michael Jackson and Beat It '' which was in the final scene . The song also appeared in the 2008 music game , Guitar Hero World Tour , as the last song in the vocal career . Notably , in this game , the vocalist will perform the same dance routine performed by Jackson on the video and live performances when singing the final verse . The song is featured on the dancing game Michael Jackson : The Experience . Format and track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single -- US ( Epic 34 - 03759 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 18 2 . `` Get on the Floor '' Michael Jackson , Louis Johnson 4 : 44 12 '' vinyl single -- UK ( Epic TA 3258 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 .", "9": "`` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 11 2 . `` Burn This Disco Out '' Rod Temperton 3 : 38 3 . `` The Jacksons -- Do n't Stop ' til You Get Enough '' ( live version ) Greg Phillinganes , Michael Jackson 4 : 22 Visionary single 2006 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 18 2 . `` Beat It '' ( Moby 's Sub Remix ) Michael Jackson 6 : 11 Visionary single DVD No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' ( video ) Michael Jackson 4 : 18 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from the Thriller liner notes . Performers Michael Jackson -- lead vocals , background vocals , drum case beater Paul Jackson Jr. -- rhythm guitar Steve Lukather -- lead guitar , bass guitar Eddie Van Halen -- guitar solo Steve Porcaro -- synthesizer , synthesizer programming Greg Phillinganes -- Rhodes , synthesizer Bill Wolfer -- keyboards Tom Bahler -- Synclavier Jeff Porcaro -- drums Production Michael Jackson -- writing , composition , co-production , rhythm and vocal arrangement Quincy Jones -- production , rhythm arrangement Greg Smith -- synergy Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "10": "Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Top Tracks 14 US Cash Box Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 47 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 31 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) 17 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 France ( SNEP ) Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 24 Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 37 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 Turkey ( Türkiye Top 20 ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "11": "19 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 135 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 Singles ) 96 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 86 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 France ( IFOP ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 71 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,234,600 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) Platinum + Gold ( MT ) 3,400,", "12": "000 + sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Beat It 2008 ( edit ) `` Beat It 2008 '' Song by Michael Jackson featuring Fergie from the album Thriller 25 Released February 8 , 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded November 2007 Length 4 : 12 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson will.i.am Thriller 25 track listing `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 13 ) `` Beat It 2008 '' ( 14 ) `` Billie Jean 2008 '' ( 15 ) For Thriller 25 , The Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am remixed `` Beat It '' . The song , titled `` Beat It 2008 '' , featured additional vocals by fellow Black Eyed Peas member Fergie . Upon its release in 2008 , the song reached No. 26 in Switzerland , the Top 50 in Sweden and No. 65 in Austria . This was the second remixed version of `` Beat It '' to get an official release , following Moby 's Sub Mix which was released on the `` Jam '' and `` Who Is It '' singles in 1992 , as well as the `` They Do n't Care About Us '' single in 1996 ( and re-released as part of the Visionary campaign . ) Reception ( edit ) `` Beat It 2008 '' received generally unfavorable reviews from music critics . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone claimed that the song was a `` contender for the year 's most pointless musical moment '' . AllMusic criticized Fergie for `` parroting the lyrics of `` Beat It '' back to a recorded Jackson `` . Blender 's Kelefa Sanneh also noted that the Black Eyed Peas singer traded lines with Jackson . `` Why ? '' , she queried .", "13": "Todd Gilchrist was thankful that the remix retained Eddie Van Halen 's `` incendiary guitar solo '' , but added that the song `` holds the dubious honor of making Jackson seem masculine for once , and only in the context of Fergie 's tough - by - way - of - Kids Incorporated interpretation of the tune '' . Tom Ewing of Pitchfork observed that Fergie 's `` nervous reverence is a waste of time '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 66 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Remix credits ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson Remix drums : will.i.am Remix keyboards and synths : will.i.am Remix engineered by will.i.am and Kerin Remix produced and mixed by Michael Jackson and will.i.am Remix recorded in November 2007 Fall Out Boy version ( edit ) `` Beat It '' Single by Fall Out Boy featuring John Mayer from the album Live in Phoenix Released March 25 , 2008 Format Digital download Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 48 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Patrick Stump Fall Out Boy singles chronology `` I 'm Like a Lawyer ( Me & You ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) `` ' I Do n't Care '' ( 2008 ) `` I 'm Like a Lawyer ( Me & You ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) `` ' I Do n't Care '' ( 2008 ) John Mayer singles chronology `` Say '' ( 2007 ) Say 2007 `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) Beat It2008 `` Free Fallin ' '' ( 2008 ) Music video `` Beat It ( MTV Version ) ft .", "14": "John Mayer '' on YouTube Free Fallin'2008 American rock band Fall Out Boy covered `` Beat It '' . The studio version was digitally released on March 25 , 2008 by Island Records as the only single from the band 's first live album , Live in Phoenix ( 2008 ) . The song features a guitar solo by John Mayer , which was performed by Eddie Van Halen in the original song . In the United States , the song peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 21 on the defunct - Billboard Pop 100 chart , also charting internationally . The band has since regularly incorporated it in their set list at their shows . Background , recording and release ( edit ) In early 2008 it was announced that Fall Out Boy were to cover `` Beat It '' for their Live in Phoenix album . The band had previously performed the song at venues such as Coors Amphitheatre and festivals such as the Carling Weekend in Leeds . Bassist Pete Wentz , who has claimed to have an obsession with Jackson , stated that prior to recording the song , he would only watch Moonwalker . It was also announced that John Mayer was to add the guitar solo previously played by Eddie Van Halen . The band 's lead singer / guitarist Patrick Stump stated that the band had not planned to cover the song . `` Basically , I just started playing the riff in sound - check one day , and then we all started playing it , and then we started playing it live , and then we figured we 'd record it and put it out with our live DVD . '' Bassist Pete Wentz added that the band had not originally intended for the song to be released as a single either . `` ' Beat It ' seemed like a song that would be cool and that we could do our own take on '' , he said . Having spent time deciding on a guitarist for the song , Wentz eventually called John Mayer to add the guitar solo . `` We were trying to think about who is a contemporary guitar guy who 's going to go down as a legend '' , Wentz later noted . Upon its digital release as a single in April 2008 , Fall Out Boy 's cover of `` Beat It '' became a mainstay on iTunes ' Top 10 chart . The song peaked at No.", "15": "8 in Canada , becoming another top 10 hit in the region . It also charted at No. 13 in Australia , No. 14 in New Zealand , No. 75 in Austria and No. 98 in the Netherlands . Music video ( edit ) The music video for Fall Out Boy 's `` Beat It '' was directed by Shane Drake and was made in homage to Jackson . `` I think when you 're doing a Michael Jackson cover , there 's this expectation that you 're going to do one of his videos verbatim , '' Stump said . `` What we decided to do was kind of inspired by Michael Jackson and the mythology of him . There are specific images that are reference points for us , but at any given point , it 's not any of his videos . It 's kind of all of his videos , all at once , but on a Fall Out Boy budget , so it 's not quite as fancy . '' The costumes for the video were similar to the originals . `` My costume is this take on one of the guys from Michael Jackson 's original ' Beat It ' video , like , the guy who plays the rival dancer , '' Wentz said during the filming of the video . The music video featured numerous cameos , including a karate class / dance session being taught by Tony Hale , Donald Faison and Joel David Moore dressed up like Michael Jackson . The short film later received a MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Rock Video .", "16": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 75 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 98 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) 9 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1984 , parodist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic released his parody song `` Eat It '' . Yankovic recorded the song with Jackson 's permission . The song 's music video mocked the `` Beat It '' short film scene - for - scene , with Yankovic mimicking Jackson 's dance moves in a clumsy fashion . Jackson received royalties from Yankovic due to the strong similarities . The intro to Serbian rock band Alisa 's 1988 hit `` Kesten '' is derived from the opening riff to the bridge of the song . See also ( edit ) List of Top 25 singles for 1983 in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1983 List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Canada ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1983 List of European number - one hits of 1983 List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2006 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halstead & Cadman 2003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( December 12 , 1982 ) .", "17": "`` Jackson goes over ' The Wall ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . 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Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson : The Solo Years . Authors OnLine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 7 . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . Thriller 25 : The Book . ML Publishing Group . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768891 - 9 - 9 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 2005 ) . Too Much Too Young . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31029 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Michael Jackson -- Beat It on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T.", "30": "( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' The Wiz `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T.", "31": "( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' The Original Soul `` Twenty - Five Miles '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Ghosts `` On the Line '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Number Ones `` One More Chance '' The Ultimate Collection `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' Michael Jackson 's This Is It `` This Is It '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Bad 25 `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Book Category Portal Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1980s ) `` What a Fool Believes '' * by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman ,", "32": "Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) produced by Ted Templeman ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' * by Christopher Cross produced by Michael Omartian ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' * by Kim Carnes produced by Val Garay ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) produced by Toto ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner produced by Terry Britten ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' * by USA for Africa produced by Quincy Jones ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon produced by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' * by Bobby McFerrin produced by Linda Goldstein ( 1989 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar ,", "33": "We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Category John Mayer Discography Studio albums Room for Squares Heavier Things Continuum Battle Studies Born and Raised Paradise Valley The Search for Everything Live albums Any Given Thursday As / Is Try !", "34": "Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Extended plays Inside Wants Out The Village Sessions The Complete 2012 Performances Collection The Search for Everything : Wave One The Search for Everything : Wave Two Singles `` No Such Thing '' `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' `` Why Georgia '' `` Bigger Than My Body '' `` Clarity '' `` Daughters '' `` Waiting on the World to Change '' `` Belief '' `` Gravity '' `` Dreaming with a Broken Heart '' `` Say '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` Who Says '' `` Heartbreak Warfare '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Shadow Days '' `` Queen of California '' `` Who You Love '' `` Love on the Weekend '' Featured singles `` Go ! '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' Video albums Any Given Thursday Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Concert tours Battle Studies World Tour Born and Raised World Tour The Search for Everything World Tour Related articles John Mayer Trio Try ! `` Who Did You Think I Was '' Annual John Mayer Holiday Charity Revue Dead & Company Alvin and the Chipmunks Characters David Seville The Chipmunks The Chipettes Clyde Crashcup Album singles `` Witch Doctor '' `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' `` Alvin 's Harmonica '' `` Alvin 's Orchestra '' `` Alvin for President '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' `` You May Be Right '' `` Call Me '' `` We 're the Chipmunks '' `` Beat It '' `` Macarena '' `` Bad Day '' `` Funkytown '' `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' `` Hot n Cold '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Studio albums Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks Sing Again with The Chipmunks Around the World with The Chipmunks The Alvin Show The Chipmunk Songbook Christmas with The Chipmunks Christmas with The Chipmunks , Vol.", "35": "2 The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits The Chipmunks Sing with Children Chipmunks à Go - Go The Chipmunks Go to the Movies The Very Best of The Chipmunks Chipmunk Punk Urban Chipmunk A Chipmunk Christmas Chipmunk Rock The Chipmunks Go Hollywood The Chipmunk Adventure ( soundtrack ) The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock Solid Gold Chipmunks Rockin ' Through the Decades Soundtrack The Chipmunks Rock the House Chipmunks in Low Places Greatest Hits Here 's Looking at Me ! A Very Merry Chipmunk When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk Club Chipmunk : The Dance Mixes The A-Files : Alien Songs Greatest Hits : Still Squeaky After All These Years Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( soundtrack ) Christmas with The Chipmunks ( 2008 reissue ) Undeniable We 're the Chipmunks ( Music from the TV Show ) Television shows The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) episodes Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- ) episodes Television specials A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) A Chipmunk Reunion ( 1985 ) Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ; guest appearance ) Feature films Animated films The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Direct - to - video films Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2003 ) Live - action / CGI films Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Video games Alvin and the Chipmunks People Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Janice Karman Liberty Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.", "36": "org/w/index.php?title=Beat_It&oldid=821216919 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1983 singles American hard rock songs Dance - rock songs Michael Jackson songs Fall Out Boy songs Fergie ( singer ) songs John Mayer songs Epic Records singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Music videos directed by Shane Drake Music videos directed by Bob Giraldi Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Song recordings produced by will.i.am Songs written by Michael Jackson Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Spain RPM Top Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Spanish - language external links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for France Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart", "37": "usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Swiss Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi", "38": "Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 02 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2033893527164697325	who was the first executive president of guyana	[ "Arthur Chung", "Forbes Burnham", "Forbes Burnham", "Arthur Chung", "Arthur Chung" ]	{ "0": "Arthur Chung - wikipedia Arthur Chung Jump to : navigation , search This is a Chinese name ; the family name is Chung . Arthur Raymond Chung OE 1st President of Guyana In office 17 March 1970 -- 6 October 1980 Prime Minister Forbes Burnham Preceded by Edward Luckhoo ( Acting ) Succeeded by Forbes Burnham Personal details ( 1918 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1918 Windsor Forest , West Demerara , British Guiana 23 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) ( aged 90 ) Bel Air Gardens , Guyana Political party Independent Spouse ( s ) Doreen Chung ( 1954 -- 2008 ; his death ) Alma mater Middle Temple Arthur Chung ( January 10 , 1918 -- June 23 , 2008 ) was the first President of Guyana from 1970 to 1980 . During his time as President of Guyana , the office was that of a ceremonial head of state , with real power in the hands of Prime Minister Forbes Burnham . He was honoured with Guyana 's highest national honour , the Order of Excellence ( O.E. ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Presidency 3 Later years 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Chung was born at Windsor Forest , West Coast Demerara in Guyana ; he was the youngest of Joseph and Lucy Chung 's eight children . He was educated at Windsor Forest , Blankenburg and Modern High School . In 1954 , Chung married another native of Windsor Forest , Doreen Pamela Ng - See - Quan , with whom he had one daughter and one son . Before civic service , Chung was an apprentice surveyor and sworn land surveyor . In the early 1940s , Chung entered the Middle Temple of London , England and qualified as a barrister in 1947 . He returned to Guyana and was later appointed an acting magistrate . He became a magistrate in 1954 and a senior magistrate in 1960 . Chung also served as Registrar of Deeds and of the Supreme Court .", "1": "He then became a puisne judge and finally an Appeal Court Judge in 1963 . Presidency ( edit ) When Guyana became a republic under the leadership of Forbes Burnham in 1970 , the National Assembly elected Chung as the country 's first President ; he took office on March 17 , 1970 . Ten years later , a constitutional revision transformed the presidency into an executive position , and Burnham succeeded Chung as President on October 6 , 1980 . Presidential Standard under Arthur Chung Later years ( edit ) Chung died on June 23 , 2008 at his home . In the two months prior to his death he had been hospitalized a number of times , and he was last released from the hospital on June 20 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Guyana 's first President dies '' Archived February 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , GINA , June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Obituary -- Arthur Chung ^ Jump up to : `` Guyana 's first president Arthur Chung dies '' , Starbroek News , June 24 , 2008 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Article on Arthur Chung in Kaieteur News ( hide ) Heads of State of Guyana Queen ( 1966 -- 1970 ) Elizabeth II President ( from 1970 ) Luckhoo * Chung Burnham Hoyte C. Jagan Hinds J. Jagan Jagdeo Ramotar Granger * Acting President Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Chung&oldid=831102293 '' Categories : 1918 births Guyanese people of Chinese descent 2008 deaths Presidents of Guyana Guyanese politicians of Chinese descent Guyanese judges Guyanese people of Hakka descent Recipients of the Order of Excellence of Guyana People from Essequibo Islands - West Demerara Guyanese politicians of Hakka descent Members of the Middle Temple Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Yorùbá 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 19 : 28 . 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-7555953957057409422	who plays sven in the santa clarita diet	[ "Leo Howard", "Leo Howard", "Leo Howard", "Leo Howard", "Leo Howard" ]	{ "0": "Santa Clarita Diet - wikipedia Santa Clarita Diet Jump to : navigation , search Santa Clarita Diet Genre Horror - comedy Created by Victor Fresco Starring Drew Barrymore Timothy Olyphant Liv Hewson Skyler Gisondo Composer ( s ) John Debney ( season 1 ) Jeff Russo ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Victor Fresco Tracy Katsky Aaron Kaplan Drew Barrymore Chris Miller Ember Truesdell Timothy Olyphant Andy Weil Jane Wiseman Brittany Segal Ruben Fleischer Producer ( s ) Leila Cohan - Miccio Nancy Juvonen Jimmy Simons Cinematography Todd McMullen ( season 1 ) Paul Maibaum , ASC ( season 2 ) Editor ( s ) Shawn Paper Andrew Doerfer Lawrence Maddox Steven Sprung Camera setup Single - camera Running time 26 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Kapital Entertainment KatCo Flower Films Garfield Grove Olybomb Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( 16 : 9 UHDTV in high dynamic range ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) -- present External links Website Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror - comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Barrymore , Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer . The single - camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 and consists of 10 episodes . The first season has received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the cast and premise , but criticizing the number of graphic scenes .", "1": "On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Advertising controversy 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita , California . The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh . With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time , they have to deal with neighbors , cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond , Joel 's wife and Abby 's mother Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond , Sheila 's husband and Abby 's father Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond , Sheila and Joel 's daughter Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis , the Hammonds ' neighbor , Lisa 's son and Dan 's stepson Recurring ( edit ) Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer ( season 1 ) , a sheriff 's deputy , Eric 's stepfather and the Hammonds ' neighbor . Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila . Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer , Dan 's wife and Eric 's mother Andy Richter as Carl Coby , the Hammonds ' boss Richard T. Jones as Rick , a Santa Monica police officer , the Hammond 's neighbor , and Joel 's friend Joy Osmanski as Alondra , Rick 's wife Kaylee Bryant as Sarah , a classmate of Abby and Eric Nathan Fillion as Gary West , a realtor and the Hammonds ' co-worker . He is the first person Sheila kills for food . His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds ' basement and later storage unit .", "2": "Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia , a sheriff 's deputy , Dan 's partner , and very religious . She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing . Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak , Abby 's school principal Ramona Young as Ramona , a wise Rite - Aid employee . She also turns out to be a zombie . Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic ( season 1 ) , Novak 's Serbian grandmother DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes ( season 1 ) , a convicted felon . He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him . Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf ( season 1 ) , a scientist focused on the undead Zachary Knighton as Paul ( season 2 ) , Marsha 's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia , who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak Jaee Young Han as Marsha ( season 2 ) , Paul 's wife who 's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak Matt Shively as Christian ( season 2 ) , a student at Abby and Eric 's school who is also Chris and Christa 's son Guest ( edit ) Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi , a virologist Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas , Lisa Palmer 's lover Derek Waters as Anton , a conspiracy theorist Ravi Patel as Ryan , a convention goer Joel McHale as Chris , a realtor who is married to Christa Maggie Lawson as Christa , a realtor who is married to Chris Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune , a retired army colonel Leo Howard as Sven , a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident , hurting Eric 's soul Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 10 March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.", "3": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` So Then a Bat or a Monkey '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby . They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid , including what might be an organ . Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home . Sheila is acting oddly , including an increased libido ; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat . Their neighbor 's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id , which Sheila is okay with . Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed , and if she degrades she may have to die . Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car , and later Sheila parties with her neighbors . Gary , Sheila 's co-worker , entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them . They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is . At Sheila 's home , Gary tries to force himself on her , threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses . Sheila licks his fingers , suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard . Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary ; as he looks on in horror , Sheila tells him she wants to make this work . `` We Ca n't Kill People ! '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) They bury Gary 's remains in the desert . Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary . While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious . Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy . Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants . Abby ditches school with Eric . Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans . Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters .", "4": "Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster . After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she could n't eat the rooster . Joel reiterates that they can not kill people . Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila ca n't stand the cadaver flesh . Sheila 's hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat . They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now . Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes . `` We Can Kill People '' Marc Buckland Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents . Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing . They make a plan to find a bad person to kill . Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants . They get supplies for killing people . Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down . Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby 's friend leaves with her 26 - year - old drug dealer boyfriend , but he breaks up with her . Joel and Sheila talk to Rick , their other neighbor who is a cop , looking for where to find people to kill . He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him . Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him . Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila 's annoyance . The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house ; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend 's sweater . On the way home , Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car . They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed . They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is .", "5": "`` The Farting Sex Tourist '' Ken Kwapis Michael A. Ross February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors . She suggests the women should live life to the fullest . She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet . Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies . He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone . Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray . Abby 's school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school . They insist everything is normal . Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby . Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it . Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she can not change . Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick 's motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila . Joel realizes Novak is Serbian . Dan sprays Joel 's yard for ants and finds Gary 's finger . 5 5 `` Man Eat Man '' Marc Buckland Chadd Gindin February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer . Joel talks to Novak 's Grandmother for help translating the prints . She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure . Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure . Joel finds a possible source for the book , Anton . Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found . Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair . Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton . Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki . Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary . Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone .", "6": "Abby complains to Eric about her parent 's lying and he tries to kiss her . Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail . Sheila is worried she bit Loki . Abby notices blood on Sheila 's briefcase but does not confront her mom about it . Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before . 6 6 `` Attention to Detail '' Craig Zisk Leila Cohan - Miccio February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie . With no resolution they go to a party at Dan 's house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki . Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki 's house . Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss . Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him . Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan 's rose garden to freak him out . In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop . Joel runs into Loki 's friends and is held hostage . They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen . Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward . Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore . They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel . 7 7 `` Strange or Just Inconsiderate ? '' Lynn Shelton Ben Smith February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila bring Dan 's body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him . Sheila begins to worry about Joel , who is obsessed with retaining the family 's `` normality . '' Rick finds Anton for Joel . Abby finds Dan 's body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her . Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it .", "7": "Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan 's murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops . With the sheriff 's department all over the neighborhood following Dan 's disappearance , Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails . Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler . The cops find Dan 's stash and with it Gary 's finger . Rick tells Joel that Gary 's disappearance is being blamed on Dan . While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off . 8 8 `` How Much Vomit ? '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel . As the police discover more about Dan 's corrupt activities , Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well . They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club , and he becomes obsessed with Sheila , forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel . As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila 's toe having fallen off , they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head . 9 9 `` The Book ! '' Tamra Davis Sarah Walker February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton , a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community , who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila 's condition . Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent , and when confronted later , admits he is a fraud and does not have the book -- however Joel is approached by another attendee , who puts him in touch with the book 's real owner , Dr. Cora Wolf . Meanwhile , Sheila tries to bond with Abby , as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner . 10 10 `` Baka , Bile and Baseball Bats '' Dean Parisot Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Dr.", "8": "Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus , which has previously only been tested on rats . Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses , she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others . With Eric 's assistance , Wolf synthesizes the cure , only requiring the final ingredient : the bile of a pure - born Serbian . Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak 's `` baka '' and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk , however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution . Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement , to prevent her harming anyone . She takes a call from a real estate client , telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` No Family is Perfect '' Ken Kwapis Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel is under a 72 - hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron , who suffers from apparent delusions . Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile . They get a hit and Abby goes to collect . Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue . Sheila gets Eric to unchain her . Goran , the bile seller , is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home . Sheila attacks and consumes him . Eric uses the man 's bile to render a cure for Sheila 's deterioration . Joel comes home horrified , but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila wo n't get any worse . Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself . Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies , where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona . Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement . Later on , Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend , adding that she is recently single .", "9": "While eating a man 's finger from her fridge , she asks Eric if he 'd like to hang out sometime . 12 `` Coyote in Yoga Pants '' Marc Buckland Michael A. Ross March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior . Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa , who has no news on her `` missing '' husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner , Deputy Anne Garcia . Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them . Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary 's old assignments . Abby and Eric break into Goran 's apartment to delete the evidence . Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home , but Eric 's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona . Another couple enters the apartment , also claiming to be Goran 's friends . Abby and Eric leave , but the other couple knows about the bile . Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals , Chris and Christa , for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner 's fleeing dog . Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out . Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill , Gary , is planned for development . They go to the desert to dig him up , but discover that Gary 's severed head has reanimated . 13 `` Moral Gray Area '' Ken Kwapis Clay Graham March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary . Gary agrees , but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla . Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary 's last request . Eric finds a corpse in Ramona 's bathtub and calls Abby , who sets out to rescue him . Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla , but she still needs her car , which is with her ex-boyfriend , Boone . Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car . Abby bursts into Ramona 's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex .", "10": "Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her . At Boone 's house , Sheila and Joel discover that he is the `` young , single Hitler '' type that Sheila can eat guilt - free . While debating whether they should kill again impulsively , Boone 's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team . Sheila buys one as a future kill reference . After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration , she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby 's mother and they break up . Abby discovers Gary in the basement . 14 `` The Queen of England '' Adam Arkin Chadd Gindin March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Gary decides he does n't want to die , leaving the Hammonds in a bind . Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead . Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be . Remembering reports of murdered joggers , Sheila tells Ramona that without `` a Joel '' to help her , she needs to be more careful . Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs . Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student , Christian , with a lunch tray . Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel . Joel feels uneasy about his new life , but Gary offers some perspective . Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds ' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him . Abby chokes Ramona , who then confesses that she does n't want to do the undead thing alone anymore . Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner . Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature . While there , Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo 's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations .", "11": "15 5 `` Going Pre-med '' Marc Buckland Ben Smith March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila stakes out Boone 's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo 's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review . The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review . Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship . Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit ; one for Gary and the ball creature , and the other for a kill room . Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret . Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month 's detention but with Eric 's intervention , she instead joins the Environmental Club . Abby meets a new boy , Sven . Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit . She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend . Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme , with Eric 's support . Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo 's . At the restaurant , Ron meets with the couple from Goran 's apartment , Marsha and Paul . They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds . The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm . 16 6 `` Pasión '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo 's receipts who ordered the clam dish . Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune 's house while Sheila attends a work meeting . To be consistent with a previous lie , Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons . Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven . Sheila 's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him . Joel goes to Ed 's house undercover to confirm that Japopo 's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic . Eric helps Sheila with her eye . Abby goes on a date with Sven but they do n't connect . Joel questions Ed and searches his things .", "12": "Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor , who hates Carl 's idea , prompting Sheila to offer her own . Carl berates Sheila , who accidentally bites off her own finger . The skin of Ed 's hand slides off during a handshake , proving that he is undead . Joel kills Ed , who had already gone feral , as well as his ball creature . Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking . Joel comes home to find Anne , but gets her to leave . Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger . 17 7 `` A Change of Heart '' Jaffar Mahmood Melissa Hunter March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident . Sheila and Joel confront Abby , but she feels no remorse . Eric goes undercover at Japopo 's but the owner wo n't disclose his clam distributor . Out of concern , Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa , who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby 's expulsion . Eric breaks into Japopo 's back office . The Hammonds go to Principal Novak 's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it 's been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out . Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway . He accidentally slams Sheila 's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt , forcing Novak to un-expel Abby . Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo 's used a different clam distributor , Ruby 's Clams , the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila 's transformation . Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly . She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand . 18 8 `` Easels and War Paint '' Steve Pink Caitlin Meares March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila ca n't recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot .", "13": "She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting . Lisa stops by the Hammonds ' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne . During her blackout , Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations . Abby finds AJ , the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book , dead in their freezer . Sheila and Joel go to AJ 's work to retrieve her missing boot . Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site . Abby asks Lisa for Dan 's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her `` date '' with Eric . Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila 's boot . Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan 's explosives , but Eric backs out of the plan . Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company . Anne 's `` Suspicious Objects '' series includes paintings of Gary 's finger , the Nazi raffle book , Dan 's missing persons poster , and Joel . 19 9 `` Suspicious Objects '' Jamie Babbit Romi Barta March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby 's Clams and meets the proprietor . Anne shows Sheila her paintings . Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans . Ruby shows Joel her clam farm , which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months . She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day . As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings , Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby 's . Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects , including a tumbler containing Goran 's bile . She has pieced together parts of the case , but her boss did not buy her theories . Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby 's , but nothing works . The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it . Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams .", "14": "Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building . Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary 's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case . 20 10 `` Halibut ! '' Marc Buckland Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne 's case . Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site . After numerous takes , Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that 'll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run . Gary then confirms that he 's ready to die . Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan 's closet for Anne to find , where they also discover C - 4 to use it at the fracking site . At Lisa 's baptism , Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages . Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged , the Hammonds plan their escape . Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss . Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila 's bracelets . Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary 's funeral and they tell her the truth . Anne shoots Sheila , who is unharmed , and Joel shows her Gary . Reading Eric and Abby 's explosion as a sign , Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make `` a family show with an interesting approach that we have n't seen before '' . The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that `` the undead are the ultimate narcissists . They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and do n't care about other people 's needs '' For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley . Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants . The Hammonds ' profession of realtors was chosen because `` It gets them out into the world '' as well as the `` forced friendliness '' inherent to the profession .", "15": "Advertising controversy ( edit ) In February 2017 , advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany , where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst , a popular German fast food dish . After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear , especially in children , the German Advertising Council , a self - regulatory institution , forwarded the complaints to the company . Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 75 % based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 7.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast , frequent laughs , and an engaging premise -- but the level of gore might not be to everyone 's taste . '' Metacritic reports that the first season received `` generally favorable reviews '' with a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 30 critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant To Star In ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Netflix Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere for Drew Barrymore comedy Santa Clarita Diet -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore Comedy ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Get back on the Santa Clarita Diet next month on Netflix '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( February 2 , 2017 ) .", "16": "`` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' brings attention to city '' . CNN Entertainment . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Barrymore Is TV 's Newest Zombie ( But , Do n't Call Her a Zombie ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' : Joel McHale , Maggie Lawson , Gerald McRaney & Zachary Knighton To Guest Star In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bacle , Ariana . `` Santa Clarita Diet creator calls new zombie comedy ' a romantic piece ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaga , Corinne ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` '' Angstauslösend '' Netflix muss Werbeplakate für TV - Serie `` Santa Clarita Diet '' abhängen '' ( in German ) . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . 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4639443563976072562	term limits for house of representatives and senate	[ "Unlimited two-year terms", "Unlimited six-year terms" ]	{ "0": "Term limits in the United states - wikipedia Term limits in the United states Jump to : navigation , search Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level , and date back to the American Revolution . Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold .", "1": "This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 The Constitution 1.2 Term limits in the Constitution 1.3 19th century 1.4 Era of incumbency 1.5 Term limits movement 2 Federal term limits 2.1 President 2.2 Congress 2.3 Supreme Court 3 State term limits 3.1 Gubernatorial term limits 3.2 State legislatures with term limits 3.3 Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits 4 Municipal term limits 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Historical background ( edit ) The Constitution ( edit ) Term limits date back to the American Revolution , and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually , as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta .", "2": "The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates -- tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls -- who served a single term of one year , with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years ( see cursus honorum ) . According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on `` limited tenure of office '' which ensured that `` authority circulated frequently '' , helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the `` most experienced '' politicians to the upper echelons of power - holding in the ancient republic . Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics , and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity . The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy . Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits . The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639 , for example , prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms , setting terms at one year 's length , and holding `` that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years . '' Shortly after independence , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at `` four years in seven '' . Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution , but also because it included , virtually unchanged , Franklin 's earlier proposals on executive rotation . Pennsylvania 's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years , followed by a mandatory vacation of four years . The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years . '' On October 2 , 1789 , the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states . Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure , `` to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress '' .", "3": "The committee made recommendations , which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) . The fifth Article stated that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate ( to the continental congress ) for more than three years in any term of six years '' . Term limits in the Constitution ( edit ) In contrast to the Articles of Confederation , the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the second national frame of government , i.e. the U.S. Constitution of 1789 to the present . However , George Washington set the informal precedent for a two - term limit for the Presidency -- a tradition that prevailed until Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency , after which the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two - term limit . However , when the states ratified the Constitution ( 1787 -- 88 ) , several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect , especially , they thought , as regards the presidency and the Senate . Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure , together with certain other features of the Constitution , as `` most highly and dangerously oligarchic '' . Both Jefferson and George Mason advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency , because said Mason , `` nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation '' . The historian Mercy Otis Warren , warned that `` there is no provision for a rotation , nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life ; which by a little well - timed bribery , will probably be done '' . 19th century ( edit ) The fact that `` perpetuity in office '' was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th - century concept . `` Ideas are , in truth , forces '' , and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support , especially at the local level , that it altered political reality . For a detailed study of the 19th - century concepts of rotation , consult Political Science Quarterly , vol. 94 , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation '' , by Robert Struble , Jr . See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , `` Rotation in History '' .", "4": "Consult also , James Young 's The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 . According to Young , the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light . James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that `` contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed '' . An article in the Richmond Enquirer ( 1822 ) noted that the `` long cherished '' principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind `` by a kind of intuitive impulse , unassailable to argument or authority '' . Beginning about the 1830s , Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms . Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes . Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives -- the prizes -- became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful . The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as `` salary '' for political services rendered . A new code of political ethics evolved , based on the proposition that `` turnabout is fair play '' . In short , rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system . In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves . Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain , and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because , he wrote , `` to enter myself as a competitor of another , or to authorize anyone so to enter me , is what my word and honor forbid '' . During the Civil War , the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six - year term . Era of incumbency ( edit ) The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War . It took a generation or so before the direct primary system , civil service reforms , and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice . By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing . A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second .", "5": "After World War II , however , an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court , where tenure is for life . Term limits movement ( edit ) `` Homesteading , '' or securing a lifelong career in Congress , was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100 % by the end of the 20th century . The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the `` term - limits movement '' . The elections of 1990 -- 94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative . In addition , 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress . As they pertain to Congress , these laws are no longer enforceable , however , as in 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , ruling that state governments can not limit the terms of members of the national government . Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges , term limits continue to garner popular support . As of 2002 , the advocacy group `` U.S. Term Limits '' found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation , public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent . Federal term limits ( edit ) Office Term limits President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction .", "6": "Vice President Unlimited four - year terms House of Representatives Unlimited two - year terms Senate Unlimited six - year terms Supreme Court No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation ) As of 2013 , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies . Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life , and are not subject to election or to term limits . The U.S. Congress remains ( since the Thornton decision of 1995 ) without electoral limits . During one of Trump 's speeches from October 2016 , he is quoted as having planned to impose term limits on Congress within his first hundred days in office . President ( edit ) A political cartoon about Theodore Roosevelt 's third term The first U.S. president , George Washington , started the tradition of informal presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term ( originally he claimed he did not want to run in the first place , much less for a second term ) . The short - lived Confederate States of America adopted a six - year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election . That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president , 1933 -- 1945 ) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington 's tradition successfully . He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term . This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two - term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951 , the Twenty - Second Amendment provides that `` no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice '' . Congress ( edit ) Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch , first elected in 1976 , expressing reservations regarding term limits ( dated February 10 , 2011 ) Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states .", "7": "Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one . It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits . In May 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) , that states can not impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators . In the 1994 elections , part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress . After winning the majority , a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six - year terms and members of the House to six two - year terms . However , this rate of rotation was so slow ( the life - tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years ) that the congressional version of term - limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits , including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits . The bill got only a bare majority ( 227 -- 204 ) , falling short of the two - thirds majority ( 290 ) needed for constitutional amendments . Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes . Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court , the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt . The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures ( as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations ) remain in force , however , in fifteen states . In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well . He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment , since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power . Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits . It is confirmed that in the following five states -- and there may be others -- state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve : This section has an unclear citation style .", "8": "The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ; Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ; Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ; Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) .", "9": "Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress . Supreme Court ( edit ) Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States . Currently , Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life `` during good behavior '' . A sentiment has developed , among certain scholars , that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . Equally , scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context . Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before . Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that , because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average , between 1971 and 2006 , for 26.1 years , the `` efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court 's membership '' is reduced . There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation 's highest court , including Professor of Law at Duke University , Paul Carrington 's 2005 `` The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005 '' . Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years ( Larry Sabato , Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia , suggested between 15 and 18 years ) . The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would , according to Calebresi , Lindgren ( 2006 ) , and Carrington ( 2005 ) , allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years , which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments . Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the `` Constitution does n't even mention life tenure ; it merely requires that justices serve during ' good behaviour ' `` . The idea was not without support among Judges , as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice .", "10": "Calebresi , Lingren , and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18 - year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement , death , or removal . Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters ' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms , including implementing term limits . The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years , as 82 % reported they had heard little or nothing at all . Notwithstanding a lack of awareness , 52 % of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years , while 35 % disapproved . When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy , 48 % said `` no limit as long as he or she is healthy '' , while 31 % agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old . Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level . While there might be others , below are three known examples : In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ; In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) . State term limits ( edit ) See also : Comparison of State Governments Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times .", "11": "The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682 , and the colonial frame of government of the same year , both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council -- the upper house of the colonial legislature . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three - year term ; currently , the governor of Delaware can serve two four - year terms . At present , 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors . To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the 1966 Democratic primary , which was , in those days , the real contest in Alabama . It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power . She won the election , but only served 16 months before dying in 1968 . As indicated above , in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation , i.e. , under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s . In another six states , however , state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional . In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits , enacted by a public vote in 1994 , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature . Gubernatorial term limits ( edit ) U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014 No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; re-eligible after 4 years Two ; re-eligible after 4 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits , while the governors of 14 states , Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington , D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of times . Each state 's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes . Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa .", "12": "Unique in its restriction , Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves , although former governors are re-eligible after four years out of office . Many other states formerly had this prohibition , but all had eliminated it by 2000 . The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms , but are re-eligible after four years out of office : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , West Virginia , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Equivalently , the Governors of Indiana and Oregon are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years . Conversely , the Governors of Montana and Wyoming are restricted to two terms , limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years . Finally , the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited ( for life ) to two terms : Arkansas , California , Delaware , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Oklahoma . The current Governor of California ( Jerry Brown ) is , however , serving a fourth term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California , and the limits did not apply to individuals ' prior terms . The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two - year terms . The governors in the following states , district , and territory may serve unlimited four - year terms : Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , North Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms , but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature . State legislatures with term limits ( edit ) The following 15 legislatures have term limits : Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms . Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) . California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate .", "13": "( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) . Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) . Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms . Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election . Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years . Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period . Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again . Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other . South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) .", "14": "Overturned or repealed state Legislative term limits ( edit ) The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified : Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 . Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 . Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon . Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 . Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 . Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming . Municipal term limits ( edit ) Some local governments have term limits . In Philadelphia , the mayor can not be elected three consecutive times , but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor . Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975 ; he attempted to repeal the term limit , but failed and could not run in 1979 . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode . In 1986 , he switched to the Republican Party , and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991 . Limits vary from city to city even within the same state . For example , Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four - year terms ( prior to November 3 , 2015 , 3 two - year terms dating back to 1991 ) , while San Antonio , Texas , has a limit of 4 two - year terms . Both Houston and San Antonio 's term limits are absolute ; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common . A two - term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials ( except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum ( see the Charter of the City of New York , § 1138 ) . On November 3 , 2008 , however , when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two - term limit to a three - term limit ; one year later , he was elected to a third term .", "15": "The two - term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010 . In Los Angeles the mayor serves two four - year terms since 1993 , while the City Council serve three four - year terms . In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four - year terms . Council members are limited to two successive four - year terms . There is no limit to total terms that may be served , just a limit on successive terms . In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four - year terms . However , a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at - large seats on the council once they reach the two - term limit , and vice versa . There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime . Since 1954 , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four - year elected terms , but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four - year term . When the new city plan of government was adopted , the mayor at the time , DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause . Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962 , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four - year terms , which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four - year terms in 1991 . Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at - large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body , which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members , and ( more frequently ) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors . See also ( edit ) List of political term limits Political class Second Constitutional Convention of the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Professor Garrett G. Fagan , Penn State University ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Ancient Rome '' . The Teaching Company ... Office - holding at Rome was based on two important concepts : collegiality and limited tenure of office ... ( see page 19 of the Guidebook , Part 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Orders of Connecticut '' .", "16": "The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 8 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 19 . On Franklin 's plan of 1775 see , Benjamin Franklin , The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed. , Albert Henry Smyth , 10 vols . ( New York : The Macmillan Co. , 1907 ) , 6 : 423 , article 9 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation : March 1 , 1781 '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson , The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , ed . Julian F. Boyd , et al. , ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1950 -- ) , 1 : 411 . Jump up ^ Also , article IX , paragraph 5 , of the Articles of Confederation provided that , `` no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years . '' Jump up ^ R.H. Lee , Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787 , in Richard Henry Lee , The Letters of Richard Henry Lee , ed . James C. Ballagh , 2 vols . ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1911 ) , 2 : 450 , 455 . See also 1 : 191 , letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776 , and Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican , ed . Walter H. Bennett ( University , Alabama : The University of Alabama Press , 1978 ) , pp. 72 -- 75 , 86 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Papers , Boyd , ed. , 12 : 440 , 13 : 490 . See also 15 : 25 for Jefferson 's definition of rotation in office . Jump up ^ Mason in Jonathan Eliot , ed.", "17": ", The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution , 5 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1836 ) , 3 : 485 . Jump up ^ Mercy Otis Warren , Observations on the new Constitution , and on the Federal and State Conventions 9 , in Herbert J. Staring , ed. , The Complete Anti-Federalist , 6 vols . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 ) 4 : 270 , 278 . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation , '' Political Science Quarterly 94 ( Winter 1979 -- 80 ) : p. 650 , and fn. 6 . in the question , The quotation is from Henry James , the biographer . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , Rotation in Office , and other democratic reforms ... '' Jump up ^ James S. Young , The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1966 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 , 55 -- 57 , 59 -- 61 , 64 , 145 . Jump up ^ James Fenimore Cooper , The American Democrat ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1931 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Richmond Enquirer , 8 November 1822 , p. 3 ; Struble , supra. , p. 653 . Jump up ^ One can still detect the idealism of the Revolutionary period echoed by President Andrew Jackson in his address to Congress , December 8 , 1829 : `` There are , perhaps , few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties . Their integrity may be proof against improper considerations immediately addressed to themselves , but they are apt to acquire a habit of looking with indifference upon the public interests and of tolerating conduct from which an unpracticed man would revolt . Office is considered as a species of property , and government rather as a means of promoting individual interests than as an instrument created solely for the service of the people .", "18": "Corruption in some and in others a perversion of correct feelings and principles divert government from its legitimate ends and make it an engine for the support of the few at the expense of the many . '' ... ( James D. Richardson , ed. , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents , 10 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1896 -- 99 ) , 2 : 448 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Struble , supra , pp. 661 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Struble , ibid , pp. 659 -- 60 ; Lincoln 's letter to William Herndon , 8 January 1848 , in Abraham Lincoln , The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln , ed . Roy P. Basler , 10 vols . ( New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1953 ) , 1 : 430 -- 31 . Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton . The decision was 5 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Stacie Rumenap , `` Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits , '' No Uncertain Terms , August 2002 , vol. 10 , # 7 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( 2 August 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official Text '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Amita Kelly and Barbara Sprunt , November 9 , 2016 , NPR , Here Is What Donald Trump Wants To Do In His First 100 Days , Retrieved November 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dana Priest ; William Claiborne ( November 9 , 1994 ) . `` Voters in Several States , D.C. Adopt Limits For Legislators '' . The Washington Post .", "19": "Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 73 , 104th Congress Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two - year terms . Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 73 ( 104th ) : Contract with America bill ( On Passage of the Bill ) , House Vote # 277 '' . GovTrack.us . March 29 , 1995 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by : Democrat John Dingell ( 12 / 12 retroactive ) , rejected 135 -- 297 ; Republican Bob Inglis ( 6 / 12 , not retroactive ) , rejected 114 -- 316 ; Republican Van Hilleary ( 12 / 12 , unretroactive , but defers to more stringent state imposed limits ) , rejected 164 -- 265 ; Republican Bill McCollum ( 12 / 12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits ) ; approved by less than the requisite 2 / 3 , 227 -- 204 ; on February 12 , 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217 -- 211 ( 50.7 % ) . Jump up ^ `` State Legislative Term Limits '' . US Term Limits . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neil Pinney , George Serra , and Dalene Sprick , `` The costs of reform : consequences of limiting legislative terms of service , '' Party Politics , 10 : 69 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Steven G. Calebresi & James Lindgren , `` Term Limits for the Supreme Court : Life Tenure Reconsidered , '' Harvard Journal of Public Policy , Vol 29 no . 3 ( 2006 ) `` Social Science Research Network . ^ Jump up to : Richard Brust , `` Supreme Court 2.0 , ABA Connection , ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Article provides an overview of proposed reforms to the Supreme Court of the United States . ^ Jump up to : Julie Geng , `` Law Prof Proposes Supreme Court Term Limits '' , Cornell Sun Online ( February 11 , 2005 ) .", "20": "Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , `` Reforming the Least Democratic Branch '' ( April 15 , 1010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll , `` Public Says Televising Court is Good for Democracy '' press release ( March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Francis N. Thorpe , ed. , The Federal and State Constitutions , Colonial Charters , and other Organic Laws ... , 7 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1909 ) 5 : 3048 , 3055 -- 56 , 3065 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia '' . Virginia Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED '' . Alabama Constitution . pp. Amendment 282 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 3 -- The Executive '' . Alaska Constitution . pp. Article 3 , § 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1 . Term limits on executive department and state officers ; term lengths ; election ; residence and office at seat of government ; duties '' . Arizona Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 1 Version 2 , clause A. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . Officers -- terms of office '' . Colorado Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 1 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Florida Constitution '' . Florida Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 5 , clause b . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , Paragraph I. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE V '' . Hawaii Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 . -- EXECUTIVE '' .", "21": "Kansas Constitution . pp. Article 1 , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 71 '' . Kentucky Constitution . pp. § 71 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Louisiana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 , Clause B. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Constitution Article V. -- Part First . Executive Power '' . Maine Constitution . pp. Article V , part 1 , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE II -- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Maryland Constitution . pp. Article II , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV - 1 '' . Nebraska Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947 '' . New Jersey Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , paragraph 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . ( Composition of department ; terms of office of members ; residing and maintaining records at seat of government . ) '' . New Mexico Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE '' . North Carolina Constitution . pp. Article III , § 2 , clause 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 3.02 Term of office '' . Ohio Constitution . pp. Article III , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA '' . Pennsylvania Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV OF ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE '' . Rhode Island Constitution . pp.", "22": "Article IV , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . South Carolina Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 2 '' . South Dakota Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee constitution -- article iii . executive department '' . Tennessee Constitution . pp. Article III , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Constitution . pp. Article VII , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 EXECUTIVE '' . American Samoa Code . pp. § 4.0107 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1422 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; term of office ; qualifications ; powers and duties ; annual report to Congress '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § 1422 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1591 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; election ; eligibility ; official residence ; powers and duties ; report '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § 1591 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 5 '' . Indiana Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Oregon '' . Oregon Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Constitution '' . Montana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 5 -- NOMINATIONS '' . Wyoming Statutes . pp. § 22 -- 5 -- 103 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` Amend. 73 . Arkansas Term Limitation Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Arkansas Constitution . p. 134 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE '' . California Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE . III EXECUTIVE '' . Delaware Constitution . pp. Article III , § 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Constitution . pp. Article V , § 30 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI '' . Mississippi Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 116 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 17 '' . Missouri Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 17 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Nevada Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III : EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Northern Mariana Islands Constitution . pp. Article III , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SECTION VI - 4 Terms of office -- Succession '' ( RTF ) . Oklahoma Constitution . pp. Article VI , § 4 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Senators '' . Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Archived 2 April 2015 at Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov '' . New York Post . 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Javier C. ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again '' . The New York Times .", "24": "Further reading ( edit ) O'Keefe , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` Term Limits '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 504 -- 06 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . External links ( edit ) National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary U.S. Term Limits homepage Discussion on Term Limits Citizen Legislator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Term_limits_in_the_United_States&oldid=809260057 '' Categories : Term limits Election - related lists Politics of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7264742768431676142	who hosted and won the inagural world cup	[ "Uruguay" ]	{ "0": "1930 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1930 FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 1930 FIFA World Cup 1er Campeonato Mundial de Fútbol Official poster Tournament details Host country Uruguay Dates 13 -- 30 July ( 18 days ) Teams 13 ( from 3 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 3 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Uruguay ( 1st title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Tournament statistics Matches played 18 Goals scored 70 ( 3.89 per match ) Attendance 590,549 ( 32,808 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Guillermo Stábile ( 8 goals ) 1934 → The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930 . FIFA , football 's international governing body , selected Uruguay as host nation , as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution , and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics . All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital , Montevideo , the majority at the Estadio Centenario , which was built for the tournament . Thirteen teams ( seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America ) entered the tournament . Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America . The teams were divided into four groups , with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously , and were won by France and the United States , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 , respectively . Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history , while US goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first official `` clean sheet '' in the tournament . Argentina , Uruguay , the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals .", "1": "In the final , hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Participants 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Format 7 Draw 8 Tournament summary 8.1 Group 1 8.2 Group 2 8.3 Group 3 8.4 Group 4 8.5 Semi-finals 8.6 Third and fourth place 8.7 Final 9 Results 9.1 Group stage 9.1. 1 Group 1 9.1. 2 Group 2 9.1. 3 Group 3 9.1. 4 Group 4 9.2 Knockout stage 9.2. 1 Semi-finals 9.2. 2 Final 10 Goalscorers 11 FIFA retrospective ranking 12 Last surviving players 13 Film 14 Notes 15 Bibliography 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Italy , Sweden , the Netherlands , Spain , Hungary and Uruguay all lodged applications to host the event . Uruguay 's bid became the clear selection after all the other countries withdrew their bids . Participants ( edit ) Participating countries The first World Cup was the only one without qualification . Every country affiliated with FIFA was invited to compete , and given a deadline of 28 February 1930 to accept . Plenty of interest was shown by nations in the Americas ; Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru and the United States all entered . A total of seven South American teams participated , more than in any subsequent World Cup Finals . However , because of the long and costly trip by ship across the Atlantic Ocean , and the length of absence required for players , very few European teams were inclined to take part . Some refused to countenance travel to South America in any circumstances , and no European entries were received before the February deadline .", "2": "In an attempt to gain some European participation , the Uruguayan Football Association sent a letter of invitation to The Football Association , even though the British Home Nations ( England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) had resigned from FIFA at the time . This was rejected by the FA Committee on 18 November 1929 . Two months before the start of the tournament , no team from Europe had officially entered . FIFA president Jules Rimet intervened , and eventually four European teams made the trip by sea : Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia . The Romanians , managed by Constantin Rădulescu and coached by their captain Rudolf Wetzer and Octav Luchide , entered the competition following the intervention of newly crowned King Carol II . He selected the squad personally , and negotiated with employers to ensure that the players would still have jobs upon their return . The French entered at the personal intervention of Rimet , but neither France 's star defender Manuel Anatol nor the team 's regular coach Gaston Barreau could be persuaded to make the trip . The Belgians participated at the instigation of German - Belgian FIFA vice-president Rodolphe Seeldrayers . We were 15 days on the ship Conte Verde getting out there . We embarked from Villefranche - sur - Mer in company of the Belgians and the Yugoslavians . We did our basic exercises down below and our training on deck . The coach never spoke about tactics at all ... Lucien Laurent The Romanians boarded the SS Conte Verde at Genoa , the French were picked up at Villefranche - sur - Mer on 21 June 1930 ; and the Belgians embarked at Barcelona . The Conte Verde carried Rimet , the trophy and the three designated European referees : the Belgians Jean Langenus and Henri Christophe , along with Thomas Balway , a Parisian who may have been English . The Brazilian team were picked up when the boat docked in Rio de Janeiro on 29 June before arriving in Uruguay on 4 July . Yugoslavia travelled via the mail steamship Florida from Marseille . In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia there were doubts about their participation at first . Since the Croatians decided to boycott the national team , King Alexander I did not want to finance the whole idea , but in the end they found a solution .", "3": "Belgrade football association officials decided to round up only domestic ( Serbian ) star players , mainly from two rival Belgrade clubs , BSK and SK Jugoslavija , with an additional three Serbs who played for French clubs ( Ivan Bek among them ) . Therefore , the Yugoslavia team was exclusively made up of Serbian players ; and with the two biggest stars of the team , Blagoje Marjanović ( `` Moša '' ) and Aleksandar Tirnanić ( `` Tirke '' ) , both from BSK , they were ready for a trip to South America to represent Yugoslavia in the World Cup . The Yugoslavians were the youngest team in the World Cup ; with an average age of 21 years and 258 days . After their first match , against Brazil , they received a new nickname `` The Ich - es '' or `` Ichachos '' ( in Spanish ) by the Uruguayan press ; referring to most of the player 's surnames that ended up with the `` - ić '' or `` - vić '' suffix , which is quite common for Serbian last names . They achieved the joint -- biggest success in both Yugoslav and Serbian subsequent World Cup footballing history , by earning fourth place . Venues ( edit ) All matches took place in Montevideo . Three stadiums were used : Estadio Centenario , Estadio Pocitos , and Estadio Parque Central . The Estadio Centenario was built both for the tournament and as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguayan independence . Designed by Juan Scasso , it was the primary stadium for the tournament , referred to by Rimet as a `` temple of football '' . With a capacity of 90,000 , it was the largest football stadium outside the British Isles . The stadium hosted 10 of the 18 matches , including both semi-finals and the final . However , a rushed construction schedule and delays caused by the rainy season meant the Centenario was not ready for use until five days into the tournament . Early matches were played at smaller stadiums usually used by Montevideo football clubs Nacional and Peñarol , the 20,000 capacity Parque Central and the Pocitos .", "4": "Montevideo 1930 FIFA World Cup ( Uruguay ) Montevideo Estadio Centenario Estadio Gran Parque Central Estadio Pocitos 34 ° 53 ′ 40.38 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 10.08 '' W / 34.8945500 ° S 56.1528000 ° W / - 34.8945500 ; - 56.1528000 ( Estadio Centenario ) 34 ° 54 ′ 4 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 32 '' W / 34.90111 ° S 56.15889 ° W / - 34.90111 ; - 56.15889 ( Estadio Gran Parque Central ) 34 ° 54 ′ 18.378 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 22.42 '' W / 34.90510500 ° S 56.1562278 ° W / - 34.90510500 ; - 56.1562278 ( Estadio Pocitos ) Capacity : 90,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 1,000 Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1930 FIFA World Cup squads . Match officials ( edit ) Fifteen referees participated in the tournament : four Europeans -- two Belgians ( Henri Christophe and John Langenus ) , a Frenchman , and a Romanian ( Constantin Rădulescu , also the Romanian team coach ) , and eleven from the Americas -- among them six Uruguayans . In order to eliminate differences in the application of the Laws of the Game , the referees were invited to one short meeting to iron out the most conflicting issues arising from the game . Of all the refereeing appointments , the two that attracted most attention were that of Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo in the match between Argentina and France , in which the Brazilian referee blew for full - time six minutes early , and that of the Bolivian Ulises Saucedo 's in the Argentina and Mexico encounter , which Argentina won 6 -- 3 . During the game Saucedo , who was also the coach of Bolivia , awarded three penalties .", "5": "The following is the list of officials to serve as referees and linesmen . Officials in italics were only employed as linesmen during the tournament . Europe Thomas Balvay Henri Christophe Jan Langenus Constantin Rădulescu North America Gaspar Vallejo South America Gualberto Alonso Martin Aphesteguy Domingo Lombardi José Macías Francisco Mateucci Almeida Rêgo Ulises Saucedo Anibal Tejada Ricardo Vallarino Alberto Warnken Format ( edit ) The 13 teams were drawn into four groups , with Group 1 containing four teams , and the others containing only three . Each group played a round - robin format , with two points awarded for a win and one point for a draw . If two teams had tied on points to win a group , a play - off would have been used to decide the group winner ; however , this was not necessary . The four group winners progressed to the knockout semi-final stage . Extra time was available in the knockout matches if the two teams were level after ninety minutes , but it was not required . Draw ( edit ) Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , and the United States were seeded , and were kept apart in the draw , which took place in Montevideo once all the teams arrived . Since there were no qualifying games , the opening two matches of the tournament were the first World Cup games ever played , taking place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 ; France beat Mexico 4 -- 1 at the Estadio Pocitos , while the United States defeated Belgium 3 -- 0 at the same time at the Estadio Gran Parque Central . France 's Lucien Laurent was the scorer of the first World Cup goal . Tournament summary ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) We were playing Mexico and it was snowing , since it was winter in the southern hemisphere . One of my team mates centred the ball and I followed its path carefully , taking it on the volley with my right foot . Everyone was pleased but we did n't all roll around on the ground -- nobody realised that history was being made . A quick handshake and we got on with the game . And no bonus either ; we were all amateurs in those days , right to the end .", "6": "Lucien Laurent The first group was the only one to contain four teams : Argentina , Chile , France and Mexico . Two days after France 's victory over Mexico , they faced group favourites Argentina . Injuries hindered France ; goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the field after 20 minutes , and Laurent , after a fierce tackle by Luis Monti , spent most of the match limping . However , they held out for most of the match , only succumbing to an 81st - minute goal scored from a Monti free kick . The game featured an officiating controversy when referee Almeida Rêgo erroneously blew the final whistle six minutes early , with Frenchman Marcel Langiller clear on goal ; play only resumed after protests from the French players . Though France had played twice in 48 hours , Chile had yet to play their first match . They faced Mexico the following day , gaining a comfortable 3 -- 0 win . France 's final match , against Chile , featured the first penalty kick of the tournament and World Cup history . The first goalkeeper to save a penalty was Alex Thépot of France on 19 July 1930 , saving from Chile 's Carlos Vidal in the 30th minute of the match . In Argentina 's second match , against Mexico , three penalty kicks were awarded . During the same match on 19 July 1930 Mexico 's Oscar Bonfiglio Martínez saved another penalty at the 23rd minute of the match against Argentina 's Fernando Paternoster . Guillermo Stábile scored a hat - trick in his international debut as Argentina won 6 -- 3 , despite the absence of their captain Manuel Ferreira , who had returned to Buenos Aires to take a law exam . Qualification was decided by the group 's final match , contested by Argentina and Chile , who had beaten France and Mexico , respectively . The game was marred by a brawl sparked by a foul on Arturo Torres by Monti . Argentina won 3 -- 1 against their neighbours and advanced to the semi-finals . Group 2 ( edit ) The second group contained Brazil , Bolivia and Yugoslavia . Brazil , the group seeds , were expected to progress , but in the group 's opening match , unexpectedly lost 2 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . Going into the tournament Bolivia had never previously won an international match .", "7": "For their opener they paid tribute to the hosts by wearing shirts each emblazoned with a single letter , spelling `` Viva Uruguay '' as the team lined up . Both of Bolivia 's matches followed a similar pattern , a promising start gradually transforming into heavy defeat . Against Yugoslavia , they held out for an hour before conceding , but were four goals down by the final whistle . Misfortune played its part ; several Bolivian goals were disallowed . Against Brazil , when both teams had only pride to play for , the score was 1 -- 0 to Brazil at half - time . Brazil added three more in the second half , two of them scored by the multi-sportsman Preguinho . Yugoslavia qualified for the semi-finals . Group 3 ( edit ) Hosts Uruguay were in a group with Peru and Romania . The opening match in this group saw the first player expulsion in the competition , when Plácido Galindo of Peru was dismissed against Romania . The Romanians made their man advantage pay ; their 3 -- 1 win included two late goals . This match had the smallest crowd of any in World Cup history . The official attendance was 2,459 , but the actual figure is generally accepted to be around 300 . Because of construction delays at Estadio Centenario , Uruguay 's first match was not played until five days into the tournament . The first to be held at the Centenario , it was preceded by a ceremony in honour of the Uruguayan centenary celebrations . The Uruguayan team spent the four weeks preceding the match in a training camp , at which strict discipline was exercised . Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali was dropped from the squad for breaking a curfew to visit his wife . One hundred years to the day of the creation of Uruguay 's first constitution , the hosts won a tight match against Peru 1 -- 0 . Spectators praised Peru 's defense , and this turned out to be the only tournament match in which Uruguay scored only one goal . The result was viewed as a poor performance by the Uruguayan press , but lauded in Peru . Uruguay subsequently defeated Romania with ease , scoring four first half goals to win 4 -- 0 . Group 4 ( edit ) The United States dominated the fourth group .", "8": "The American team , which contained a significant number of new caps , were reputedly nicknamed `` the shot - putters '' by an unnamed source in the French contingent . They beat their first opponents , Belgium , 3 -- 0 . The ease of the victory was unexpected ; Uruguayan newspaper Imparcial wrote that `` the large score of the American victory has really surprised the experts '' . Belgian reports bemoaned the state of the pitch and refereeing decisions , claiming that the second goal was offside . The group 's second match , played in windy conditions , witnessed the first tournament hat - trick , scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States against Paraguay . Until 10 November 2006 , the first hat - trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina , two days after Patenaude ; however , in 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude 's claim to being the first hat - trick scorer was valid , as a goal previously assigned to teammate Tom Florie was reattributed to Patenaude . With the United States having secured qualification , the final match in the group was a dead rubber . Paraguay beat Belgium by a 1 -- 0 margin . Semi-finals ( edit ) The four group winners , Argentina , Yugoslavia , Uruguay and the United States , moved to the semi-finals . The two semi-final matches saw identical scores . The first semi-final was played between the USA and Argentina on a rain - drenched pitch . The United States team , which featured six British - born players , lost midfielder Raphael Tracy after ten minutes to a broken leg as the match became violent . A Monti goal halfway through the first half gave Argentina a 1 -- 0 half - time lead . In the second half , the strength of the United States team was overwhelmed by the pace of the Argentinian attacks , the match finishing 6 -- 1 to Argentina . In the second semi-final there were shades of the 1924 Summer Olympics match between Yugoslavia and Uruguay . Here , though , Yugoslavia took a surprise lead through Vujadinović . Uruguay then took a 2 -- 1 lead . Then shortly before half - time Yugoslavia had a goal disallowed by a controversial offside decision .", "9": "The hosts scored three more in the second half to win 6 -- 1 , Pedro Cea completing a hat - trick . Third and fourth place ( edit ) The now - traditional third place play - off was not established until 1934 , so the format of the 1930 World Cup is unique in not distinguishing between the third and fourth placed teams . Occasional sources , notably a FIFA Bulletin from 1984 , incorrectly imply that a third - place match occurred and was won 3 -- 1 by Yugoslavia . Accounts differ as to whether a third - place match was originally scheduled . According to a 2009 book by Hyder Jawad , Yugoslavia refused to play a third - place match because they were upset with the refereeing in their semi-final against Uruguay . At the end of the championship , the captains of the United States team ( Tom Florie ) and Yugoslavia ( Milutin Ivković ) both received bronze medals . Yet a FIFA technical committee report on the 1986 World Cup included full retrospective rankings of all teams at all previous World Cup finals ; this report ranked the United States third and Yugoslavia fourth , a practice since continued by FIFA . In 2010 , the son of Kosta Hadži , the chief of Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 World Cup and the vice-president of the Football Association of Yugoslavia at the time , claimed that Yugoslavia , as a team , has been awarded one bronze medal , which has been kept by Hadži himself and his family for the following 80 years . According to this source , Yugoslavia was placed third because of the semi-finals loss to the eventual champions , Uruguay . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final Because of a dispute , a different ball was used in each half , one chosen by each team . Argentina 's ball ( top ) was used for the first half , and Uruguay 's ball ( bottom ) was used for the second half . The resounding wins for Uruguay and Argentina in the semi-finals meant the final was a repeat of the matchup in the 1928 Olympic final , which Uruguay had won 2 -- 1 after a replay . The final was played at the Estadio Centenario on 30 July .", "10": "Feelings ran high around the La Plata Basin as the Argentine supporters crossed the river with the war cry Victoria o muerte ( `` victory or death '' ) , dispelling any uncertainty as to whether the tournament had captured the imagination of the public . The ten boats earmarked to carry Argentine fans from Buenos Aires to Montevideo proved inadequate , and any number of assorted craft attempted the crossing . An estimated 10 -- 15,000 Argentinians made the trip , but the port at Montevideo was so overwhelmed that many did not even make landfall before kick - off , let alone reach the stadium . At the stadium , supporters were searched for weapons . The gates were opened at eight o'clock , six hours before kick - off , and at noon the ground was full , the official attendance 93,000 . A disagreement overshadowed the build - up to the match as the teams failed to agree on who should provide the match ball , forcing FIFA to intervene and decree that the Argentine team would provide the ball for the first half and the Uruguayans would provide their own for the second . Uruguay made one change from their semi-final line - up . Castro replaced Anselmo , who missed out due to illness . Monti played for Argentina despite receiving death threats on the eve of the match . The referee was Belgian John Langenus , who only agreed to officiate a few hours before the game , having sought assurances for his safety . One of his requests was for a boat to be ready at the harbour within one hour of the final whistle , in case he needed to make a quick escape . The hosts scored the opening goal through Pablo Dorado , a low shot from a position on the right . Argentina , displaying superior passing ability , responded strongly . Within eight minutes they were back on level terms ; Carlos Peucelle received a Ferreira through - ball , beat his marker and equalised . Shortly before half - time leading tournament goalscorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2 -- 1 lead . Uruguay captain Nasazzi protested , maintaining that Stábile was offside , but to no avail . In the second half Uruguay gradually became ascendant . Shortly after Monti missed a chance to make the score 3 -- 1 , Uruguay attacked in numbers , and Pedro Cea scored an equaliser .", "11": "Ten minutes later a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead , and just before full - time Castro made it 4 -- 2 to seal the win . Langenus ended the match a minute later , and Uruguay thus added the title World Cup winners to their mantle of Olympic champions . Jules Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy , which was later named for him , to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association , Raúl Jude . The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay ; in the Argentinian capital , Buenos Aires , a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate . Francisco Varallo ( who played as a forward for Argentina ) was the last player of the final to die , on 30 August 2010 . France , Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition . Brazil played France on 1 August , Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August , while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August . Uruguay 's aggregate goal difference of + 12 over four games , at an average of + 3 per match , remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion , and the second highest of any World Cup Finals participant , after Hungary in 1954 . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 0 10 + 6 6 Chile 0 5 + 2 France 0 + 1 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 13 July 1930 France 4 -- 1 Mexico Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo 15 July 1930 Argentina 1 -- 0 France Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 16 July 1930 Chile 3 -- 0 Mexico Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 19 July 1930 Chile 1 -- 0 France Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina 6 -- 3 Mexico Estadio Centenario ,", "12": "Montevideo 22 July 1930 Argentina 3 -- 1 Chile Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Yugoslavia 0 0 6 + 5 Brazil 0 5 + 3 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 14 July 1930 Yugoslavia 2 -- 1 Brazil Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 17 July 1930 Yugoslavia 4 -- 0 Bolivia Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 20 July 1930 Brazil 4 -- 0 Bolivia Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 Romania 0 5 − 2 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 14 July 1930 Romania 3 -- 1 Peru Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo 18 July 1930 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Peru Estadio Centenario , Montevideo 21 July 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 0 Romania Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts United States 0 0 6 0 + 6 Paraguay 0 − 2 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 13 July 1930 United States 3 -- 0 Belgium Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 17 July 1930 United States 3 -- 0 Paraguay Estadio Parque Central ,", "13": "Montevideo 20 July 1930 Paraguay 1 -- 0 Belgium Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Semi-finals Final 27 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay 6 Yugoslavia 30 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay Argentina 26 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Argentina 6 United States Semi-finals ( edit ) 26 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 6 -- 1 United States Monti 20 ' Scopelli 56 ' Stábile 69 ' , 87 ' Peucelle 80 ' , 85 ' Report Brown 89 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 72,886 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) 27 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia Cea 18 ' , 67 ' , 72 ' Anselmo 20 ' , 31 ' Iriarte 61 ' Report Vujadinović 4 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 79,867 Referee : Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final 30 July 1930 15 : 30 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Goalscorers ( edit ) With eight goals , Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament . In total , 70 goals were scored by 37 different players , with only one of them credited as an own goal .", "14": "8 goals Guillermo Stábile 5 goals Pedro Cea 4 goals Bert Patenaude 3 goals Carlos Peucelle Preguinho Peregrino Anselmo Ivan Bek 2 goals Luis Monti Adolfo Zumelzú Moderato Guillermo Subiabre Carlos Vidal André Maschinot Manuel Rosas Héctor Castro Pablo Dorado Santos Iriarte Đorđe Vujadinović 1 goal Mario Evaristo Alejandro Scopelli Francisco Varallo Marcel Langiller Lucien Laurent Juan Carreño Roberto Gayón Luis Vargas Peña Luis de Souza Ferreira Adalbert Deșu Nicolae Kovács Constantin Stanciu Jim Brown Tom Florie Bart McGhee Héctor Scarone Blagoje Marjanović Aleksandar Tirnanić Own goals Manuel Rosas ( against Chile ) FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition .", "15": "The rankings for the 1930 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 15 + 12 8 Argentina 5 0 18 9 + 9 8 United States 0 7 6 + 1 Yugoslavia 0 7 7 0 Eliminated in the group stage 5 Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 France 0 + 1 8 Romania 0 5 − 2 9 Paraguay 0 − 2 10 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 11 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 12 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 13 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 Last surviving players ( edit ) The last surviving player from Uruguay 's World Cup - winning side was Ernesto Mascheroni , who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76 . He was outlived by reserve defender Emilio Recoba who died on 12 September 1992 ( aged 87 ) , but did not play any matches in the tournament . However , many other players who participated in the tournament were still alive by this stage and the last surviving player from the tournament was Argentina 's Francisco Varallo , who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100 -- eighty years after the tournament . Film ( edit ) A recreation of the tournament from the point of view of the Yugoslavian team can be seen in the 2014 Serbian film See You in Montevideo . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup History -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2002 .", "16": "Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The History of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . Fourfourtwo magazine . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup -- Classic Moments from FIFA World Cup History '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seddon , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Vautrot , Michel ( 17 June 1998 ) . `` A historical link with the Franche - Comté '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lara , Miguel A. `` Uruguay , allí nació la historia '' . Marca.com Archive ( in Spanish ) . Marca.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` 25 datos sobre la Copa Mundial de la FIFA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Campeonato `` Uruguay 1930 '' `` . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22944 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` Lucien Laurent : The World Cup 's First Goal Scorer '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Millingstein 's History of World Cup Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Golden Boot -- Guillermo Stabile '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ( archive.org mirror ) Jump up ^ Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 869 - 0 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 5 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 6 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 7 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Almeida , p. 125 Jump up ^ Pulgar - Vidal Otálora , Jaime ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` Peru en El Mundial del 30 '' . Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The first World Cup hat trick '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) , p.", "19": "105 Jump up ^ Florie medal -- Where the Legend Began Jump up ^ Marjanović medal -- Sačuvana medalja Moše Marjanovića Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Permanent Table '' ( PDF ) . FIFA World Cup México ' 86 -- Technical Report . 1986 . p. 230 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final Tournament Standings '' . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Медаља из дома Хаџијевих сведочи да смо били трећи на Мундијалу ( in Serbian ) . Politika . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Još uvek sjaji bronza iz Montevidea '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 250 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 20 Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` El gol está de luto '' . Olé ( in Spanish ) . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 1923 -- 1932 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Argentina national Team archive '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` page 45 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Varallo : Last surviving player from first World Cup final dies aged 100 '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Crouch , Terry ( 2002 ) . The World Cup : The Complete History . London : Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 843 - 3 . Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) .", "21": "The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 296 - 0 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The history of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . ISBN 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 8 . Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 869 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1930 . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay , FIFA.com 1930 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Squads 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third United States Fourth Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966", "22": "1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962", "23": "1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . VIAF : 150822671 LCCN : n2013054476 GND : 5075401 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=838428452 '' Categories : 1930 FIFA World Cup 1930 in South American football 1930 in Uruguayan football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Uruguay 1930 in association football First events July 1930 sports events 1930s in Montevideo Sports competitions in Montevideo Hidden categories :", "24": "CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Serbian - language script ( sr ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malti मराठी", "25": "Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 35 . 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-755777782301038229	iupac name of element with atomic number 107	[ "Bohrium", "bohrium" ]	{ "0": "Bohrium - wikipedia Bohrium Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with chemical borium or elements boron ( B ) or barium ( Ba ) . Bohrium , Bh General properties Pronunciation / ˈbɔːriəm / ( listen ) ( BOR - ee - əm ) Mass number 270 ( most stable isotope ) ( unconfirmed : 278 ) Bohrium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element )", "1": "Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Re ↑ Bh ↓ ( Uhu ) seaborgium ← bohrium → hassium Atomic number ( Z ) 107 Group group 7 Period period 7 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 32 , 13 , 2 Physical properties Phase at STP solid ( predicted ) Density ( near r.t. )", "2": "37.1 g / cm ( predicted ) Atomic properties Oxidation states 7 , ( 5 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 3 ) ( parenthesized oxidation states are predictions ) Ionization energies 1st : 740 kJ / mol 2nd : 1690 kJ / mol 3rd : 2570 kJ / mol ( more ) ( all but first estimated ) Atomic radius empirical : 128 pm ( predicted ) Covalent radius 141 pm ( estimated ) Miscellanea Crystal structure hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) ( predicted ) CAS Number 54037 - 14 - 8 History Naming after Niels Bohr Discovery Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( 1981 ) Main isotopes of bohrium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Bh syn 11.5 min ? SF Bh syn 44 s α Db Bh syn 11 s α Db Bh syn 1.5 s α Db Bh syn 1 min α Db Bh syn 17 s α Db view talk references in Wikidata Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107 . It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr . As a synthetic element , it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature . It is radioactive : its most stable known isotope , Bh , has a half - life of approximately 61 seconds , though the unconfirmed Bh may have a longer half - life of about 690 seconds . In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d - block transactinide element . It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 7 elements as the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier homologue to rhenium in group 7 . The chemical properties of bohrium are characterized only partly , but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Proposed names 2 Isotopes 3 Predicted properties 3.1 Chemical 3.2 Physical and atomic 4 Experimental chemistry 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Element 107 was originally proposed to be named after Niels Bohr , a Danish nuclear physicist , with the name nielsbohrium ( Ns ) . This name was later changed by IUPAC to bohrium ( Bh ) . Discovery ( edit ) Two groups claimed discovery of the element . Evidence of bohrium was first reported in 1976 by a Russian research team led by Yuri Oganessian , in which targets of bismuth - 209 and lead - 208 were bombarded with accelerated nuclei of chromium - 54 and manganese - 55 respectively . Two activities , one with a half - life of one to two milliseconds , and the other with an approximately five - second half - life , were seen . Since the ratio of the intensities of these two activities was constant throughout the experiment , it was proposed that the first was from the isotope bohrium - 261 and that the second was from its daughter dubnium - 257 . Later , the dubnium isotope was corrected to dubnium - 258 , which indeed has a five - second half - life ( dubnium - 257 has a one - second half - life ) ; however , the half - life observed for its parent is much shorter than the half - lives later observed in the definitive discovery of bohrium at Darmstadt in 1981 . The IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) concluded that while dubnium - 258 was probably seen in this experiment , the evidence for the production of its parent bohrium - 262 was not convincing enough .", "4": "In 1981 , a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research ( GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung ) in Darmstadt bombarded a target of bismuth - 209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium - 54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium - 262 : Bi + Cr → Bh + n This discovery was further substantiated by their detailed measurements of the alpha decay chain of the produced bohrium atoms to previously known isotopes of fermium and californium . The IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) recognised the GSI collaboration as official discoverers in their 1992 report . Proposed names ( edit ) Naming ceremony conducted at the GSI on 7 September 1992 for the namings of elements 107 , 108 , and 109 as nielsbohrium , hassium , and meitnerium In September 1992 , the German group suggested the name nielsbohrium with symbol Ns to honor the Danish physicist Niels Bohr . The Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna , Russia had suggested this name be given to element 105 ( which was finally called dubnium ) and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction to solve the controversial problem of the naming of element 105 . The Dubna team agreed with the German group 's naming proposal for element 107 . There was an element naming controversy as to what the elements from 104 to 106 were to be called ; the IUPAC adopted unnilseptium ( symbol Uns ) as a temporary , systematic element name for this element . In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named bohrium , not nielsbohrium , since there was no precedence for using a scientist 's complete name in the naming of an element . This was opposed by the discoverers as there was some concern that the name might be confused with boron and in particular the distinguishing of the names of their respective oxyanions , bohrate and borate .", "5": "The matter was handed to the Danish branch of IUPAC which , despite this , voted in favour of the name bohrium , and thus the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997 ; the names of the respective oxyanions of boron and bohrium remain unchanged despite their homophony . Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of bohrium List of bohrium isotopes Isotope Half - life Decay mode Discovery year Reaction Bh 00000035 ! 35 ms α 2007 Bi ( Cr , n ) Bh 000000118 ! 11.8 ms α 1986 Bi ( Cr , 2n ) Bh 00000084 ! 84 ms α 1981 Bi ( Cr , n ) Bh 000000096 ! 9.6 ms α 1981 Bi ( Cr , n ) Bh 000000002 ! 0.2 ? ms α ? unknown -- Bh 000097 ! 0.97 s α Rg ( -- , 2α ) Bh 00009 ! 0.9 s α Am ( Mg , 4n ) Bh 00009 ! 0.9 s α 2000 Bk ( Ne , 5n ) Bh 0017 ! 17 s α 2000 Bk ( Ne , 4n ) Bh 0025 ! 25 ? s α , SF ? unknown -- Bh 0025 ! 25 ? s α ? unknown -- Bh 0061 ! 61 s α 2006 Nh ( -- , 3α ) Bh 00012 ! 1.2 s α 2003 Mc ( -- , 4α ) Bh 00098 ! 9.8 s α 2005 Mc ( -- , 4α ) Bh 5400 ! 90 ? min α , SF ? unknown -- Bh 00040 !", "6": "40 s α 2009 Ts ( -- , 5α ) Bh 2400 ! 40 ? min SF ? unknown -- Bh -- -- unknown -- Bh -- -- unknown -- Bh 0690 ! 11.5 min ? SF 1998 ? Fl ( e , ν 3α ) ? Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes . Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory , either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements . Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260 -- 262 , 264 -- 267 , 270 -- 272 , 274 , and 278 , one of which , bohrium - 262 , has a known metastable state . All of these but the unconfirmed Bh decay only through alpha decay , although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission . The lighter isotopes usually have shorter half - lives ; half - lives of under 100 ms for Bh , Bh , Bh , and Bh were observed . Bh , Bh , Bh , and Bh are more stable at around 1 s , and Bh and Bh have half - lives of about 10 s . The heaviest isotopes are the most stable , with Bh and Bh having measured half - lives of about 61 s and 40 s respectively , and the even heavier unconfirmed isotope Bh appearing to have an even longer half - life of about 690 s . The unknown isotopes Bh and Bh are predicted to have even longer half - lives of around 90 minutes and 40 minutes respectively . Before its discovery , Bh was also predicted to have a long half - life of 90 minutes , but it was found to have a shorter half - life of only about 40 seconds . The proton - rich isotopes with masses 260 , 261 , and 262 were directly produced by cold fusion , those with mass 262 and 264 were reported in the decay chains of meitnerium and roentgenium , while the neutron - rich isotopes with masses 265 , 266 , 267 were created in irradiations of actinide targets .", "7": "The five most neutron - rich ones with masses 270 , 271 , 272 , 274 , and 278 ( unconfirmed ) appear in the decay chains of Nh , Mc , Mc , Ts , and Fl respectively . These eleven isotopes have half - lives ranging from about ten milliseconds for Bh to about one minute for Bh and Bh , extending to about twelve minutes for the unconfirmed Bh , one of the longest - lived known superheavy nuclides . Predicted properties ( edit ) Chemical ( edit ) Bohrium is the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 7 in the periodic table , below manganese , technetium and rhenium . All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of + 7 and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended . Thus bohrium is expected to form a stable + 7 state . Technetium also shows a stable + 4 state whilst rhenium exhibits stable + 4 and + 3 states . Bohrium may therefore show these lower states as well . The higher + 7 oxidation state is more likely to exist in oxyanions , such as perbohrate , BhO , analogous to the lighter permanganate , pertechnetate , and perrhenate . Nevertheless , bohrium ( VII ) is likely to be unstable in aqueous solution , and would probably be easily reduced to the more stable bohrium ( IV ) . Technetium and rhenium are known to form volatile heptoxides M O ( M = Tc , Re ) , so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide Bh O . The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid , HBhO . Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide . The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO Cl , so BhO Cl should be formed in this reaction . Fluorination results in MO F and MO F for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF and ReF . Therefore , oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka - rhenium properties .", "8": "Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical , and they should have increasingly large dipole moments going down the group , they should become less volatile in the order TcO Cl > ReO Cl > BhO Cl : this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the enthalpies of adsorption of these three compounds . The values are for TcO Cl and ReO Cl are − 51 kJ / mol and − 61 kJ / mol respectively ; the experimental value for BhO Cl is − 77.8 kJ / mol , very close to the theoretically expected value of − 78.5 kJ / mol . Physical and atomic ( edit ) Bohrium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and assume a hexagonal close - packed crystal structure ( / = 1.62 ) , similar to its lighter congener rhenium . It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 37.1 g / cm , which would be the third - highest of any of the 118 known elements , lower than only meitnerium ( 37.4 g / cm ) and hassium ( 41 g / cm ) , the two following elements in the periodic table . In comparison , the densest known element that has had its density measured , osmium , has a density of only 22.61 g / cm . This results from bohrium 's high atomic weight , the lanthanide and actinide contractions , and relativistic effects , although production of enough bohrium to measure this quantity would be impractical , and the sample would quickly decay . The atomic radius of bohrium is expected to be around 128 pm . Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital , the Bh ion is predicted to have an electron configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s , giving up a 6d electron instead of a 7s electron , which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues manganese and technetium .", "9": "Rhenium , on the other hand , follows its heavier congener bohrium in giving up a 5d electron before a 6s electron , as relativistic effects have become significant by the sixth period , where they cause among other things the yellow color of gold and the low melting point of mercury . The Bh ion is expected to have an electron configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s ; in contrast , the Re ion is expected to have a ( Xe ) 4f 5d configuration , this time analogous to manganese and technetium . The ionic radius of hexacoordinate heptavalent bohrium is expected to be 58 pm ( heptavalent manganese , technetium , and rhenium having values of 46 , 57 , and 53 pm respectively ) . Pentavalent bohrium should have a larger ionic radius of 83 pm . Experimental Chemistry ( edit ) In 1995 , the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful , prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium ( using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison ) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent actinides , the group 5 elements , and polonium . In 2000 , it was confirmed that although relativistic effects are important , bohrium behaves like a typical group 7 element . A team at the Paul Scherrer Institute ( PSI ) conducted a chemistry reaction using six atoms of Bh produced in the reaction between Bk and Ne ions . The resulting atoms were thermalised and reacted with a HCl / O mixture to form a volatile oxychloride . The reaction also produced isotopes of its lighter homologues , technetium ( as Tc ) and rhenium ( as Re ) . The isothermal adsorption curves were measured and gave strong evidence for the formation of a volatile oxychloride with properties similar to that of rhenium oxychloride . This placed bohrium as a typical member of group 7 .", "10": "The adsorption enthalpies of the oxychlorides of technetium , rhenium , and bohrium were measured in this experiment , agreeing very well with the theoretical predictions and implying a sequence of decreasing oxychloride volatility down group 7 of TcO Cl > ReO Cl > BhO Cl . 2 Bh + 3 O + 2 HCl → 2 BhO Cl + H The longer - lived heavy isotopes of bohrium , produced as the daughters of heavier elements , offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments . Although the heavy isotope Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive berkelium target for its product , the isotopes Bh , Bh , and Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced moscovium and nihonium isotopes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , E. ; Fricke , B. ; Jacob , T. ; Dong , C.Z. ; Fritzsche , S. ; Pershina , V. ( 2002 ) . `` Ionization potentials and radii of neutral and ionized species of elements 107 ( bohrium ) and 108 ( hassium ) from extended multiconfiguration Dirac -- Fock calculations '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 116 : 1862 . Bibcode : 2002JChPh. 116.1862 J . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1430256 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Darleane C. ; Lee , Diana M. ; Pershina , Valeria ( 2006 ) . `` Transactinides and the future elements '' . In Morss ; Edelstein , Norman M. ; Fuger , Jean . The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Östlin , A. ; Vitos , L. ( 2011 ) . `` First - principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals '' . Physical Review B. 84 ( 11 ) .", "11": "Bibcode : 2011PhRvB ... 84k3104O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 84.113104 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , Burkhard ( 1975 ) . `` Superheavy elements : a prediction of their chemical and physical properties '' . Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry . 21 : 89 -- 144 . doi : 10.1007 / BFb0116498 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chemical Data . Bohrium - Bh , Royal Chemical Society Jump up ^ Hofmann , S. ; Heinz , S. ; Mann , R. ; Maurer , J. ; Münzenberg , G. ; Antalic , S. ; Barth , W. ; Burkhard , H.G. ; Dahl , L. ; Eberhardt , K. ; Grzywacz , R. ; Hamilton , J.H. ; Henderson , R.A. ; Kenneally , J.M. ; Kindler , B. ; Kojouharov , I. ; Lang , R. ; Lommel , B. ; Miernik , K. ; Miller , D. ; Moody , K.J. ; Morita , K. ; Nishio , K. ; Popeko , A.G. ; Roberto , J.B. ; Runke , J. ; Rykaczewski , K.P. ; Saro , S. ; Scheidenberger , C. ; Schött , H.J. ; Shaughnessy , D.A. ; Stoyer , M.A. ; Thörle - Popiesch , P. ; Tinschert , K. ; Trautmann , N. ; Uusitalo , J. ; Yeremin , A.V. ( 2016 ) . `` Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 '' . The European Physics Journal A. 2016 ( 52 ) . Bibcode : 2016EPJA ... 52 ... 180H . doi : 10.1140 / epja / i2016 - 16180 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Oganessian , Yuri Ts.", "12": "; Abdullin , F. Sh. ; Bailey , P.D. ; et al. ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117 '' . Physical Review Letters . American Physical Society . 104 ( 142502 ) . Bibcode : 2010PhRvL. 104n2502O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 104.142502 . PMID 20481935 . ( gives life - time of 1.3 min based on a single event ; conversion to half - life is done by multiplying with ln ( 2 ) . ) Jump up ^ FUSHE ( 2012 ) . `` Synthesis of SH - nuclei '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yu . Ts . Oganessian et al. On spontaneous fission of neutron - deficient isotopes of elements 103 , 105 and 107 / / Nuclear Physics A. -- 1976 . -- Т. 273 . -- No 2 . -- С. 505 - 522 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , R.C. ; Greenwood , N.N. ; Hrynkiewicz , A.Z. ; Jeannin , Y.P. ; Lefort , M. ; Sakai , M. ; Ulehla , I. ; Wapstra , A.P. ; Wilkinson , D.H. ( 1993 ) . `` Discovery of the transfermium elements . Part II : Introduction to discovery profiles . Part III : Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 65 ( 8 ) : 1757 . doi : 10.1351 / pac199365081757 . ^ Jump up to : Münzenberg , G. ; Hofmann , S. ; Heßberger , F.P. ; Reisdorf , W. ; Schmidt , K.H. ; Schneider , J.H.R. ; Armbruster , P. ; Sahm , C.C. ; Thuma , B. ( 1981 ) . `` Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains '' .", "13": "Zeitschrift für Physik A. 300 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1981ZPhyA. 300 ... 107M . doi : 10.1007 / BF01412623 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghiorso , A. ; Seaborg , G.T. ; Organessian , Yu . Ts. ; Zvara , I. ; Armbruster , P. ; Hessberger , F.P. ; Hofmann , S. ; Leino , M. ; Munzenberg , G. ; Reisdorf , W. ; Schmidt , K. - H. ( 1993 ) . `` Responses on ' Discovery of the transfermium elements ' by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , California ; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , Dubna ; and Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung , Darmstadt followed by reply to responses by the Transfermium Working Group '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 65 ( 8 ) : 1815 -- 1824 . doi : 10.1351 / pac199365081815 . ^ Jump up to : `` Names and symbols of transfermium elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 1997 ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 69 ( 12 ) : 2471 . 1997 . doi : 10.1351 / pac199769122471 . Jump up ^ `` Names and symbols of transfermium elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 1994 ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 66 ( 12 ) : 2419 . 1994 . doi : 10.1351 / pac199466122419 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ) . Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . pp. 337 -- 9 . Electronic version . ^ Jump up to : Sonzogni , Alejandro . `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides '' . National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : Gray , Theodore ( 2002 -- 2010 ) . `` The Photographic Periodic Table of the Elements '' . periodictable.com . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Nelson , S. ; Gregorich , K. ; Dragojević , I. ; Garcia , M. ; Gates , J. ; Sudowe , R. ; Nitsche , H. ( 2008 ) . `` Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209 ( Cr52 , n ) Bh260 Reaction '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review Letters. 100 ( 2 ) : 022501 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvL. 100b2501N . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 100.022501 . PMID 18232860 . Jump up ^ Münzenberg , G. ; Armbruster , P. ; Hofmann , S. ; Heßberger , F.P. ; Folger , H. ; Keller , J.G. ; Ninov , V. ; Poppensieker , K. ; et al. ( 1989 ) . `` Element 107 '' . Zeitschrift für Physik A. 333 ( 2 ) : 163 . Bibcode : 1989ZPhyA. 333 ... 163M . doi : 10.1007 / BF01565147 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , S. ; Ninov , V. ; Heßberger , F.P. ; Armbruster , P. ; Folger , H. ; Münzenberg , G. ; Schött , H.J. ; Popeko , A.G. ; Yeremin , A.V. ; Andreyev , A.N. ; Saro , S. ; Janik , R. ; Leino , M. ( 1995 ) . `` The new element 111 '' . Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 ( 4 ) : 281 . Bibcode : 1995ZPhyA. 350 ... 281H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01291182 . Jump up ^ Gan , Z.G.", "15": "; Guo , J.S. ; Wu , X.L. ; Qin , Z. ; Fan , H.M. ; Lei , X.G. ; Liu , H.Y. ; Guo , B. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` New isotope Bh '' . The European Physical Journal A. 20 ( 3 ) : 385 . Bibcode : 2004EPJA ... 20 ... 385G . doi : 10.1140 / epja / i2004 - 10020 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wilk , P.A. ; Gregorich , K.E. ; Turler , A. ; Laue , C.A. ; Eichler , R. ; Ninov V , V. ; Adams , J.L. ; Kirbach , U.W. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Evidence for New Isotopes of Element 107 : Bh and Bh '' . Physical Review Letters. 85 ( 13 ) : 2697 -- 700 . Bibcode : 2000PhRvL ... 85.2697 W . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 85.2697 . PMID 10991211 . ^ Jump up to : Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Penionzhkevich , Yu . E. ; Cherepanov , E.A. ( 2007 ) . `` AIP Conference Proceedings : Heaviest Nuclei Produced in 48Ca - induced Reactions ( Synthesis and Decay Properties ) '' . 912 : 235 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2746600 . Jump up ^ Münzenberg , G. ; Gupta , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry : Production and Identification of Transactinide Elements '' : 877 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4419 - 0720 - 2_19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 0719 - 6 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Hans Georg Nadler `` Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds '' Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim , 2000 . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a23_199 Jump up ^ Malmbeck , R. ; Skarnemark , G. ; Alstad , J. ; Fure , K. ; Johansson , M. ; Omtvedt , J.P. ( 2000 ) . `` Chemical Separation Procedure Proposed for Studies of Bohrium '' . Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 246 ( 2 ) : 349 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006791027906 . Jump up ^ Gäggeler , H.W. ; Eichler , R. ; Brüchle , W. ; Dressler , R. ; Düllmann , Ch . E. ; Eichler , B. ; Gregorich , K.E. ; Hoffman , D.C. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Chemical characterization of bohrium ( element 107 ) '' . Nature . 407 ( 6800 ) : 63 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2000Natur. 407 ... 63E . doi : 10.1038 / 35024044 . PMID 10993071 . Jump up ^ Eichler ; et al. `` Gas chemical investigation of bohrium ( Bh , element 107 ) '' ( PDF ) . GSI Annual Report 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Moody , Ken . `` Synthesis of Superheavy Elements '' . In Schädel , Matthias ; Shaughnessy , Dawn . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 24 -- 8 . ISBN 9783642374661 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Bohrium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties GND : 4518310 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohrium&oldid=832722040 '' Categories : Bohrium Chemical elements Transition metals Synthetic elements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al .", "18": "Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban .", "19": "Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча पालि پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ 108 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 02 . 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-564063817056958231	when does boomer find out she a cylon	[ "Kobol's Last Gleaming", "\"Kobol's Last Gleaming\"", "In the episode \"Kobol's Last Gleaming\"" ]	{ "0": "Number Eight ( Battlestar Galactica ) - Wikipedia Number Eight ( Battlestar Galactica ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the characters from the reimagining of Battlestar Galactica ; for the original characters , see Lieutenant Boomer and Lieutenant Athena . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of Battlestar Galactica characters . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . Number Eight Sharon `` Boomer '' Valerii Sharon `` Athena '' Agathon Battlestar Galactica character First appearance Miniseries Last appearance Battlestar Galactica : The Plan Portrayed by Grace Park Information Aliases Boomer , Athena Species Humanoid Cylon Gender Female Title Lieutenant Junior Grade Colony Cylon Homeworld , claims to be from Aerelon 's colony Troy Affiliation Colonial Fleet / Cylons Number Eight is a female humanoid Cylon model on the television series Battlestar Galactica , a reimagining of the classic show of the same name . She is portrayed by Grace Park . Two prominent Number Eight copies serving as Galactica pilots are Sharon Valerii and Sharon Agathon , using the call signs `` Boomer '' and `` Athena '' , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable copies 1.1 Sharon `` Boomer '' Valerii 1.1. 1 Life on Caprica and Galactica 1.1. 2 Death and resurrection 1.1. 3 Relation to Hera Agathon and second death 1.1.", "1": "4 Second resurrection and relation with John Cavil 1.1. 5 Relation to Ellen Tigh and return to Galactica 1.1. 6 Kidnapping of Hera Agathon 1.1. 7 Final death 1.1. 8 Dual personality mode 1.2 Sharon `` Athena '' Agathon 1.2. 1 Cylon - occupied Caprica 1.2. 2 Return to the Colonial Fleet 1.2. 3 Pregnancy and birth 1.2. 4 Post-occupation of New Caprica 1.2. 5 Relation with daughter Hera 1.3 Other versions 2 Typical Eight traits 3 Call sign origins 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Notable copies ( edit ) Cylon models Six and Eight are the most common in the series . Many Number Eight copies have been seen in various roles , including leadership positions ; two are featured as central characters -- Boomer and Athena . Sharon `` Boomer '' Valerii ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Life on Caprica and Galactica ( edit ) Lieutenant Junior Grade Sharon `` Boomer '' Valerii is a Cylon sleeper agent programmed to believe she is human . For example , she has been implanted with false memories of being raised on Troy by her parents Katherine and Abraham Valerii , who supposedly died in an accident killing all the members on the mining colony . Whether or not Katherine and Abraham actually existed is unknown . In the time before the mini-series , Boomer and Galen Tyrol are romantically involved , although their relationship is against military protocol ( she is an officer , he 's enlisted ) .", "2": "Due to her programming , she performs a number of sabotage actions ( including bombing the Galactica 's water tanks ) but has no conscious memory of these actions ; although , in the special entitled The Plan , we learn that she had a Cylon handler , Brother Cavil , who activated her missions & chastised her for allowing human weakness ( inability to hold her breath long enough ) to prevent her from planting all the explosives in the water tanks ; & later , for not shooting Adama in the head . Tyrol trusts her and hides evidence implicating her in the water bombing but later suspicious events cause him to break off his relationship with her . In time , she begins to suspect something may be wrong with her . She asks Gaius Baltar to administer a blood test to determine whether she is a Cylon . Although his test demonstrates she is in fact a Cylon , he decides not to inform her or anyone else , out of fear she will kill him . She is relieved for a while but gradually her suspicions return and she attempts suicide . Her programming , however , prevents her from killing herself . In the episode `` Kobol 's Last Gleaming '' , Commander Adama sends Boomer on a mission to destroy the basestar orbiting Kobol . On the basestar , she encounters numerous other Number Eight copies identical to herself but she refuses to accept she is a Cylon and personally sets the bomb . After returning to Galactica , her hidden programming takes over and she shoots Commander Adama twice in the chest , putting him in a coma . She is put in the brig and violently interrogated by Colonel Tigh , who has taken command of Galactica during Adama 's incapacity . Tyrol is also suspected of being a Cylon because of his relationship with her , and is thrown in her cell . He tells her not to speak to him or even touch him ; he insists she is a machine and nothing like him . Death and Resurrection ( edit ) Gaius Baltar forces Boomer to tell him how many other Cylons are still hidden in the fleet by injecting Tyrol with a substance that stops his heart and refusing to administer the antidote . Sharon finally tells Gaius there are eight Cylons in the fleet .", "3": "She is shot and killed by Cally , who blames her for Tyrol 's imprisonment ; Cally herself is in love with Tyrol as is made clear in later episodes . Sharon dies in Tyrol 's arms , telling him she loves him . In the episode `` Sacrifice '' terrorist Sesha Abinell and her group take hostages about the Cloud 9 , demanding that the `` Athena '' Sharon in Galactica 's brig be turned over to her to be executed . The now Admiral Adama tells Abinell that he will give her Sharon , but will execute the Cylon before hand . He sends over `` Boomer '' Sharon 's body as a ruse to give his Marines an opportunity to take out the terrorists . Upon receiving the body , Abinell promptly shoots it twice in the head . Thereafter however , she discovers the ruse when upon seeing the autopsy scars on the body . The rescue is successful however , at the cost of Billy Keikeya 's life . Adama and Roslin later view Boomer 's and Billy 's bodies in the morgue , with Roslin concluding that the ruse `` was n't worth it '' . In the episode `` Downloaded '' , it is revealed Boomer 's consciousness has been downloaded into a new body . She tries to live on Caprica like in her old life as a human . She resists being identified with the Cylon cause , although they view her and Caprica Six as heroes . Over time , she begins to open up to Caprica Six , who like her has been transformed by their love for a human . They decide to try to persuade the Cylons some of their actions against mankind are wrong . Number Three threatens to have them `` boxed '' , that is , placing their consciousness into `` cold storage '' . Boomer is among the Cylons occupying New Caprica . She has accepted herself as a Cylon and is fully integrated back into their society . She functions as a member of the Cylon governing council that controls the puppet human government under President Gaius Baltar . Her desire remains to show humans and Cylons can co-exist ; however , relations between the two groups turn increasingly hostile .", "4": "Boomer visits Cally who has been imprisoned to tell her she is doing everything that she can to free her , and attempts to make peace . She indicates she has accepted Tyrol moving on and starting a family with Cally . However , Cally remains distrustful and angrily rebuffs her . Relation to Hera Agathon and second death ( edit ) In the episode `` The Eye of Jupiter '' , Boomer is seen attempting to care for Athena 's hybrid child Hera , who is mysteriously ill . She is frustrated by the child 's deteriorating health and their inability to bond . She later joins D'Anna and Cavil when they go to meet Adama and Roslin on Galactica . Athena identifies Boomer as the Cylon who shot Adama , and Tigh informs her that her visiting privileges have been revoked . Boomer tells Athena that Hera is still alive and living among the Cylons , but has fallen ill . Athena arrives on the Cylon Base Ship and is reunited with Hera who immediately stops crying . Caprica Six is amazed how Hera responds to being back with her `` real mother '' , however Boomer is upset . Athena determines Hera would best be treated by a human doctor . Boomer accuses her of having planned to take Hera back to Galactica from the start . Boomer says the failure of New Caprica has taught her humans and Cylons can not co-exist and should go their separate ways . Throughout this meeting , Boomer becomes increasingly distressed and emotionally unstable . She suggests Cavil may be right that the Cylons are not supposed to have children , and ultimately threatens to snap Hera 's neck , but her own neck is snapped by Caprica Six for endangering the future of the Cylon race . Second Resurrection and relation with John Cavil ( edit ) Shortly thereafter , Boomer again resurrects . She has begun to develop a relationship with John Cavil , a Cylon who embraces his machine nature and sees human traits as a weakness . Cavil insists the Raiders should undergo a procedure to remove or at least reduce their sentience , and he enlists Boomer 's aid when the Cylons become deadlocked over the matter .", "5": "While her fellow Eights vote as a group against the procedure , Boomer decides to vote yes in order to make the Raiders effective fighters once again . In so doing , she becomes the first Cylon to ever vote against her own model ( meaning that in a six - vote bloc , she casts an unheard - of seventh vote ) . After Cavil is gunned down by Natalie 's forces , he resurrects and begins to plot the permanent death of the opposing Cylons , including Boomer 's fellow Eights , by killing them out of range of a Resurrection ship . Boomer has doubts about killing her `` own sisters '' , and when Cavil reassures her the souls of the others will be looked after by God , she asks , `` what about our souls ? '' Cavil assures her , `` We 're machines , machines do n't have souls . '' Relation to Ellen Tigh and return to Galactica ( edit ) Boomer is the only other Cylon whom Cavil has told that he is keeping their creator , Ellen Tigh , prisoner . He teaches Boomer to let go of her human traits to become a better machine . Cavil describes Boomer as `` self - destructive , hyper - emotional , torn apart by conflicting emotions . '' Boomer asks Ellen if she feels any regret for limiting the Cylon by making them as close to humans as possible . Ellen says she gave them free will , the ability to think creatively , to reach out to others with compassion and love . Boomer asks angrily who she should love . When the Resurrection Hub is destroyed , Cavil and Boomer demand Ellen help them redevelop the technology . Cavil threatens to cut open Ellen 's brain in order to access her knowledge , but Boomer spirits her away in a Raptor , telling Ellen she is forgiving her . When they arrive on Galactica , Tyrol identifies her as Boomer and she is immediately taken to the brig . `` Did Boomer really love the Chief ? That 's an interesting question and one I do n't have a neat answer to . Boomer is deeply conflicted . I think the process of having false memories planted in her , getting switched `` on '' as a Cylon , shooting Adama , getting shot by Cally , and her experiences on New Caprica have left her severely disturbed .", "6": "She was determined to go through with her mission , but in the process of seducing Tyrol she reawakened feelings of love that she thought were dead . I think she experienced real misgivings just before she got on that Raptor , but felt she had gone too far to back down . Wrapped up in that is her perverse envy of Athena , who obtained everything Boomer once wanted , and this festered into a sick desire to strike out at Athena . It 's difficult to say someone who did that loves the Chief , and yet in her damaged way , I think she did and still does love him . '' Writer David Weddle discussing the character of Boomer . The Cylon rebels decide to put her on trial for treason , with capital punishment possible due to the loss of resurrection . When Tyrol goes to see her in the brig , she professes her continued love for him . She shares with him projections of their dream home on Picon , in which they are married and have a daughter . Convinced she will be found guilty and executed , Tyrol helps her escape . Kidnapping of Hera Agathon ( edit ) She beats Sharon `` Athena '' Agathon and hides her , bound and gagged , in a bathroom stall . She puts on a pilot uniform and starts cleaning up , however , Karl Agathon finds her before she can leave . Thinking she is his wife Athena who is set to go on a six - day mission , he starts seducing her . Boomer tries to leave but then changes her mind and has sex with him . She then picks up Hera from the daycare center and quickly drugs her with a drink . Boomer hides Hera in a provisions supply case to be loaded onto a Raptor . She assures Tyrol she was not lying about what she told him . `` Boomer is much more tragic and conflicted , and in a lot of denial . Athena came from a very different starting point , and everything was a lie , but she fought and made it through the trenches . She 's a story not of privilege , but about creating whoever you want to be . That 's the American story . Boomer could have been a number of things too , but she made a lot of poor decisions . '' Actress Grace Park discussing the characters of Boomer and Athena .", "7": "Adama has been alerted Boomer is impersonating Athena and tries to stall her . However , Boomer figures out she has been discovered , and starts powering up her Raptor . Adama warns her he will shoot her down but Boomer tells him she has Hera . Adama starts closing the flight pod but she manages to fly out , clipping her port wing . She then quickly jumps away , close enough to damage Galactica from the resulting spatial disruption . Ellen later concludes everything Boomer did , including helping her escape , was planned in order to kidnap Hera and bring her to Cavil . Final death ( edit ) Boomer keeps jumping her stolen Raptor headed for The Colony . Hera cries for her mother and Boomer goes to sedate her but can not bring herself to do it . Instead she tells Hera about her projection of her and Tyrol 's home on Picon and Hera surprises her by revealing she can project too and joining her in the projection . Boomer shows Hera the bedroom she dreamed of for her daughter and bonds with the girl . She ultimately takes her to Cavil but has doubts when Hera calls out for her . During the Colonials ' assault on The Colony to rescue Hera , Boomer is shocked that Simon continues examining Hera . When he refuses to stop , Boomer kills him and takes Hera to the rescue party and returns her to her parents . Athena does not wish to forgive Boomer , who says she knew it would likely be her last act . She says she owed something to the Admiral , who had not ejected her from the Colonial Fleet when she kept failing to make proper landings . Boomer is then shot and killed by Athena . With the loss of Resurrection , her death is final . Dual personality mode ( edit ) The movie Battlestar Galactica : The Plan shows that while she was a sleeper agent aboard Galactica , Boomer had a submerged personality who was aware of her true nature and had a romantic connection to the Brother Cavil aboard the ship , though she was extremely conflicted about her actions . Cavil used an elephant figurine as a trigger to switch Boomer from one mode to the other .", "8": "This Boomer revealed that she had feelings for Tyrol too and cared deeply for Admiral Adama and stated that she preferred her human personality being in control , that she liked herself better when her main self was in control . This personality blew up the water tank ( and came up with the plan to do so ) and shot Adama , but she said to do so , she had to mentally make herself a Centurion which deeply disturbed her . After hearing this , Cavil abandoned Boomer to her fate in the brig and this personality never seemed to emerge again . The prostitute Six ( and even Tyrol ) believes that when she shot Adama , she purposefully did n't kill him . Sharon `` Athena '' Agathon ( edit ) Cylon - occupied Caprica ( edit ) Another copy of Sharon , who is fully aware of her true nature , also appears in the series . She first appears when she joins then - Lieutenant Karl ' Helo ' Agathon after he is stranded on the Cylon - occupied planet Caprica . She pretends to be the `` original '' Sharon who had returned to help him , when in fact she is working with the other Cylons on an experiment to have him fall in love with her . While her intentions at the beginning of the experiment are strictly part of the Cylon plan , she eventually falls genuinely in love with Helo , and tries to help him escape from the other Cylons . Helo discovers her true identity when he sees another Number Eight copy on Caprica ( who attempts to kill him but is shot by Sharon ) , but Sharon eventually convinces him that she loves him , and also reveals that she is pregnant with his child . This pregnancy is the first known successful attempt at a humanoid - Cylon / Human Hybrid , and as a result is of great importance to the Cylons . While on Caprica , Sharon and Helo encounter Kara ' Starbuck ' Thrace , who realises that Sharon is a Cylon `` copy '' and attempts to shoot her , but is stopped by Helo . Sharon flees in Starbuck 's captured Cylon Raider , casting doubt on her intentions . She returns later to aid Helo and a human resistance movement rescue Starbuck from a Cylon facility .", "9": "Though only Helo trusts her , the group allows Sharon to accompany them as they rejoin President Laura Roslin 's portion of the Colonial fleet , separated from Galactica . Return to the Colonial fleet ( edit ) Sharon 's life is again threatened upon her arrival in the Colonial fleet after William Adama 's attempted assassination and Boomer 's death . First , Lee ' Apollo ' Adama attempts to shoot her until Helo intervenes , then Roslin orders her thrown out an airlock , until Sharon uses her knowledge of the Tomb of Athena on Kobol as leverage . She demonstrates her loyalty several times in defending the group from Cylon ambushes during the trip to the tomb , even though she is chained and not entirely trusted . Sharon 's reunion with other Galactica personnel on Kobol is also tense , as then - Commander Adama initially attempts to strangle her . Her relationship with Tyrol is complicated by the events involving Boomer as well as by her romantic involvement with Helo . Despite Adama 's animosity , she saves his life by exposing a plot to kill him by one of Tom Zarek 's followers . She tells them , `` I 'm Sharon , but I 'm a different Sharon . I know who I am . I do n't have hidden protocols or programs lying in wait to be activated . I make my own choices , I make my own decisions , and I need you to know this is my choice , '' as she hands him her gun . Still , she is imprisoned upon returning to Galactica and treated as an enemy by all but Helo and Tyrol . When the Galactica is threatened by a Cylon computer virus , Sharon again demonstrates her loyalty by using her Cylon capabilities to instead turn the virus against the large approaching Cylon raider attack force , allowing the Colonial pilots to completely destroy the enemy . Although she performs this action , she seems conflicted and pained by its repercussions ( mainly the subsequent slaughter of raiders ) . This event causes Roslin and Adama to re-evaluate their attitude towards her , and earns her significant trust . She makes several other valuable contributions to the human cause , offering intelligence and advice on various Cylon situations . When the Battlestar Pegasus is reunited with the Colonial fleet , its commander , Rear Admiral Helena Cain , learns of Sharon 's presence .", "10": "Sharon is turned over to Pegasus 's `` Cylon Interrogator '' , Lt. Thorne , who beats Sharon and attempts to rape her , but is killed when Helo and Tyrol intervene . Pregnancy and birth ( edit ) Sharon 's unborn hybrid child is threatened when Roslin orders the pregnancy terminated , outraging Sharon and Helo . Roslin later relents when blood from the fetus is found to be able to cure her terminal cancer . The pregnancy is allowed to continue , and in `` Downloaded '' , Sharon gives birth to her child prematurely , via an emergency caesarean section . The daughter is named Hera . As the baby is deemed a risk to the Fleet if raised by her Cylon mother , Hera 's death is faked by Dr. Cottle . The baby is given to a human mother to raise , unbeknownst to either Sharon or Helo . Told that Hera died from breathing complications , Sharon assumes that Hera was killed by the Galactica crew and attacks Dr. Cottle and turns on Helo . She later helps navigate a mission to rescue survivors on Caprica . Her loyalty is again called into question when she chooses not to inform the Colonials that one of the survivors is a Cylon . Post-occupation of New Caprica ( edit ) In Season 3 's `` Occupation '' , it is revealed that during the year - long gap between the events of seasons 2 and 3 , Sharon and Helo were married , and Sharon took Helo 's surname of Agathon . With the Galactica in need of pilots after the return of the Cylons , and having earned the full trust of Admiral Adama , Sharon is sworn in as an officer in the Colonial Fleet , at Boomer 's rank of Lieutenant JG . She is sent back to New Caprica as the liaison between the Galactica fleet and the resistance effort on the ground as a precursor to an attempt to free the subjugated humans from the occupying Cylons . Adama explained that she was the ideal agent , since Centurions can not tell her from any of the other Eights . Sharon infiltrates the Cylon Base and is able to steal the keys for the civilian ships , thus making Adama 's escape plan possible .", "11": "When leaving with the keys , she encounters D'Anna Biers , a Number Three , who informs her that her child Hera is still alive . Sharon refuses to believe that Admiral Adama would have lied to her ( he in fact had not been told the child was still alive ) , and shoots D'Anna in the knees to keep her from warning the other Cylons . After the successful rescue of the colonists , Sharon gains a measure of acceptance among the Galactica 's pilots . When Racetrack refers to her by the old call sign ' Boomer , ' she replies that ' Boomer ' was somebody else . The other pilots in the rec room offer suggestions for a new call - sign . Many of them affectionately tease her for being a Cylon and suggesting names like `` Tin Can '' and `` Titanium '' . `` Hot Dog '' suggests Athena , the goddess of wisdom and war , and Sharon proudly accepts it . Athena displays the ability to identify individual Number Eight copies , identifying Boomer ( who shot Admiral Adama at the end of Season 1 ) when she arrives aboard Galactica to negotiate with Admiral Adama . When Colonel Tigh bars Boomer from the meeting , she repeats Number Three 's message that Hera is still alive , but ailing , aboard a basestar . Adama confirms this information in a tense conversation with President Roslin . Both Athena and Helo express feelings of outrage that their child was stolen from them . Athena demands at the end of Season 3 episode 11 that she be able to see her daughter . As there is no way that Adama would let her visit the Base Ship , Athena asks Helo to shoot her so that she can die and be downloaded onto the Cylon resurrection ship . Caprica Six brings Athena to the room on the Base Ship where Boomer is caring for the child . Athena insists that Hera 's illness could be cured by the human doctors on Galactica , a possibility that neither Caprica nor Boomer wishes to consider . Athena and Boomer have a heated discussion regarding the fate of the child . Boomer becomes emotionally unstable and suggests that the experiment be abandoned and Hera killed . Before Athena can intervene , Caprica promptly kills Boomer for considering the death of the child .", "12": "Before their actions can be discovered , Caprica whisks Athena and Hera to a Raptor , and the trio escape to Galactica . Athena 's abilities as a pilot are recognized and she is given the most important missions for Raptor pilots , including the mission through the star cluster to find a food source after the fleet 's food supply is contaminated . Relation with daughter Hera ( edit ) Sharon discovers that she , Hera , President Roslin , and Caprica Six are all sharing the same recurring vision of an Opera House but are unaware of what it means . Athena serves aboard the Demetrius to help Kara Thrace try to find Earth . Athena shoots and kills Natalie because she sees the Number 6 as a threat to Hera due to the dreams of the Opera House that she has been having . She is placed in the brig by Adama for her actions but is later released , likely because President Roslin and Caprica Six confirmed that they were indeed sharing visions . Athena , along with Helo and Hera , is part of a group of prisoners captured in the mutiny that are placed in the brig . When rescued , she asks Caprica Six to take Hera and a wounded Helo to safety while she helps Lee Adama and Saul Tigh rescue Bill Adama . Late in season 4 , when Boomer is freed by Tyrol after bringing Ellen Tigh back to the Galactica from the captivity of John Cavil and subsequently being imprisoned by Adama , she seeks out Athena , knocks her unconscious , and steals her uniform . Afterward , Boomer has sexual intercourse with Karl Agathon , who believes she is actually his wife . Athena herself , gagged and barely conscious , watches the scene from a lavatory toilet stall that Boomer put her in , unable to act or react . In the series finale , after watching the preparations for operation committed upon Hera by a `` Simon '' ( a Four ) , Boomer kills him . Boomer brings Hera back to her parents Helo and Athena , knowing she was almost certainly going to be killed . After giving them final assistance , she is shot to death by Athena . After arriving at the New Earth , Helo and Athena joyfully joke with each other as how the two will teach Hera all she needs to know , together .", "13": "Hera becomes `` Mitochondrial Eve '' , meaning that all modern - day humans are descended from Athena . Other versions ( edit ) A copy joins a group of Twos , Fives , and Sixes at Ragnar Anchorage after Galactica and the fleet depart having stranded `` Aaron Doral . '' This copy declares that the humans will be hunted down , and a Six replies , `` By your command . '' A copy wearing a white coat at the Spaceport at Delphi , whom Athena kills before the other Eight can shoot Helo . Multiple naked copies aboard the basestar above Kobol , which Boomer was sent to destroy and upon which she learns her identity as a Cylon . A copy who sits in a movie theatre ( with other Cylon models ) and watches the footage sent from the Fleet by D'Anna Biers ( it can be assumed that it is the same one that Athena shot because she wears the same coat as the above - mentioned copy ) . Copies who act as `` nurses '' or `` midwives , '' aiding the respective resurrections of Caprica Six and Boomer . Several copies on Cylon - occupied Caprica going through daily life in the episode `` Downloaded '' , wearing a variety of outfits . Copies who are killed when Samuel Anders and Galen Tyrol detonate a bomb near a Cylon Heavy Raider . A copy who sits next to Boomer during a meeting on Colonial One ( during the New Caprican occupation ) , when the suicide bombings are discussed . Multiple copies aboard the basestar that Caprica Six and Baltar inhabit . Multiple copies dying aboard a diseased basestar . A copy , dying from a disease aboard a basestar , who is taken captive by Galactica . Later , she and the rest of the Cylon prisoners are killed by Helo in an attempt to prevent genocide against the Cylons . This copy , despite calling Sharon a traitor , showed typical Eight concern for her and warned her to stay away due to the disease . Multiple copies who approach Athena on the rebel basestar , asking her to lead a rebellion against the Sixes . Athena expresses disgust with their typical Eight fickleness . A copy shot and killed by a Centurion while attempting to unplug the Hybrid . She is comforted by Anders in her final moments after Athena refuses to do so .", "14": "The Eight copy who had downloaded Athena 's memories and helped Helo bring back D'Anna . The Eights in flight uniforms during the briefing for the attack on the Resurrection Hub . The multitude of unactivated Eights Helo sees aboard the soon to be destroyed Resurrection Hub . Two Eights that were on the Raptor with four humans including Felix Gaeta as seen in The Face of the Enemy webisodes . One had a cynical air and was dressed in a black Cylon flight suit , the other was dressed in civilian garb and had an air of innocence . This latter Eight is the one who pretended to collaborate with Felix Gaeta and had an affair with him on New Caprica . The existence of their interactions on New Caprica was also revealed in The Face of the Enemy webisodes . When the Raptor effectively became lost in space due to a malfunction , the `` Innocent '' Eight murdered the `` cynical '' Eight and three humans to in order to conserve the air supply for herself and Gaeta . She then revealed to Gaeta that of the people Gaeta had given her a list of to save , most were really murdered by the Cylons just for being important enough to be listed . She intended to spare Gaeta because she loved him , but Gaeta killed her in revenge for the murders she committed on New Caprica and in the Raptor . Multiple Eights are seen helping repair Galactica in `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . One of them is knocked unconscious by Galen Tyrol and substituted for Boomer in the brig . Another is mortally injured in `` Islanded in a Stream of Stars '' during a major hull breach aboard Galactica ; while in sick bay , she asks for Saul Tigh to visit her , and thanks him for the opportunity to meet her `` father '' ( referencing his status as one of the Final Five Cylons ) as she dies ( with her last words being `` too much confusion , '' suggesting that she was also hearing `` All Along the Watchtower , '' the song that had activated the Final Five ) . Another was prominent at the bedside of Samuel Anders in `` Deadlock '' , `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' and `` Islanded in a Stream of Stars '' making some key suggestions like connecting Anders to the Galactica 's power systems and the Cylon data stream to attempt to jump start his brain .", "15": "It failed but that Eight 's action led him to eventually becoming the Galactica 's hybrid and was instrumental in rescuing Hera . Typical Eight traits ( edit ) Unlike most other Cylon models , the Eights typically show a great deal of concern and affection towards others . The Eights tend to be the most naive of the models and are often emotionally immature . While capable of convincing manipulation and deception , they are also vulnerable to forming emotional attachments . The Eights also have a propensity for fickleness , often changing loyalties to better suit their own needs and desires , with the notable exception of Sharon `` Athena '' Agathon , whose loyalty to Commander Adama , Helo , and her daughter are unwavering and uncompromising . Moore has also commented that the Eights are more likely to `` shoot things they do n't like '' . Early in the series , the Eights were implied to be the most militaristic of the models and the most likely to have combat training ; overall , an Eight is at least as good at combat as a Six . Some of the Cylon models appear to share all of their memories , making them seem interchangeable with all others of their model type . That is not the case with the Eights ( or Sixes ) . In the BSG episode `` The Hub , '' a deleted scene involving three characters - Helo , an Eight who had accessed Athena 's most recent downloaded memories , and the just - reactivated Three / D'Anna - would have clarified that the model Eight Cylons do n't normally have access to each other 's memories . This would give them a stronger capacity to form distinct identities . On that note , a scene in the extended version of `` Islanded in a Stream of Stars '' involving Athena and Galen Tyrol also clarifies that Athena still had Sharon `` Boomer '' Valerii 's memories from before the war , because the Cylons had provided them to her in order to help her impersonate Boomer when she and Helo were `` running from the Cylons '' back on Caprica . However , Athena did not have any newer memories from Boomer , even though Boomer had died and downloaded into a new body at least twice since then ( see `` Downloaded '' and `` Rapture '' ) .", "16": "It was stated by Caprica showrunner Kevin Murphy that had the prequel series Caprica continued , it would be revealed that the Eights ' default personality was modeled after that of Tamara Adama ( while the Sixes were modeled after Zoe Graystone ) . Call sign origins ( edit ) The call signs for both Sharon characters derive from the names of characters in the original Battlestar Galactica series . Boomer was the name ( not the call sign ) of a Viper pilot character played by Herbert Jefferson , Jr . Sharon Agathon 's call sign , Athena , in the original series was the name of Commander Adama 's daughter Lieutenant Athena . Athena was the sister of Captain Apollo , with the duties of bridge officer , shuttle pilot , and occasional Viper pilot . See also ( edit ) Woman warrior List of women warriors in folklore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Resistance '' . Battlestar Galactica ( 2004 TV series ) . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Play it again , Starbuck : Talking to Weddle and Thompson about ' Someone to Watch Over Me ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Internal battles are raging in ' Battlestar ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 .", "17": "Jump up ^ http://www.capricatimes.com/the-caprica-times-exclusive-interview-kevin-murphy External links ( edit ) Number Eight at Battlestar Wiki Number Eight at Syfy Characters on Battlestar Galactica Original Commander Adama Captain Apollo Lieutenant Starbuck Lieutenant Boomer Lieutenant Athena Count Baltar Count Iblis Commander Cain Serina Boxey Cylons Hasaris Seraphs Reimagined Lee `` Apollo '' Adama William `` Husker '' Adama Richard Adar Hera Agathon Karl `` Helo '' Agathon Samuel `` Longshot '' Anders Gaius Baltar Helena Cain Dr.", "18": "Sherman Cottle Anastasia `` Dee '' Dualla Margaret `` Racetrack '' Edmondson Elosha Tory Foster Felix Gaeta Louanne `` Kat '' Katraine Aaron Kelly Billy Keikeya Romo Lampkin Alex `` Crashdown '' Quartararo Laura Roslin Kara `` Starbuck '' Thrace Ellen Tigh Saul Tigh Cally Tyrol Galen Tyrol Thomas Zarek # 1 - John Cavil # 2 - Leoben Conoy # 3 - D'Anna Biers # 4 - Simon O'Neill # 5 - Aaron Doral # 6 # 7 - Daniel # 8 - Sharon Valerii Minor characters Caprica Zoe Graystone Battlestar Galactica Original series `` Saga of a Star World '' ( pilot ) Galactica 1980 ( TV series ) Episodes The Second Coming Comics Characters Captain Apollo Lieutenant Starbuck Commander Adama Lieutenant Boomer Count Baltar Cylons Reimagined series Episodes miniseries season 1 season 2 season 3 season 4 TV movies Razor The Plan Webisodes The Resistance Razor Flashbacks The Face of the Enemy Blood & Chrome Music Awards Comics Characters William Adama Laura Roslin Kara `` Starbuck '' Thrace Lee `` Apollo '' Adama Gaius Baltar Number Six Sharon / Number Eight Cylons Cylon Caprica Episodes Music Characters Ships Battlestar Galactica Cylon Basestar Other ships ( 2004 series ) Theme park attractions Battlestar Galactica : Human vs.", "19": "Cylon Battle of Galactica Games Video games Battlestar Galactica Online Beyond the Red Line Collectible Card Game Battlestar Galactica : The Board Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number_Eight_(Battlestar_Galactica)&oldid=817060859 '' Categories : Cylons Fictional aviators Fictional cyborgs Fictional gynoids Fictional clones Fictional women soldiers and warriors Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本語 Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2010294071842366580	who wrote the treasure of the sierra madre	[ "bilingual German author B. Traven, whose identity remains unknown", "bilingual German author B. Traven, whose identity remains unknown", "bilingual German author B. Traven, whose identity remains unknown", "B. Traven", "bilingual German author B. Traven" ]	{ "0": "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre - wikipedia The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film version , see The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Treasure of the Sierra Madre 1st edition Author B. Traven Original title Der Schatz der Sierra Madre Country Germany Language German Genre Adventure novel Publisher Buchergilde Gutenberg Publication date 1927 Published in English 1935 Pages 213 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( originally titled Der Schatz der Sierra Madre ) is a 1927 adventure novel by bilingual German author B. Traven , whose identity remains unknown . In the book , two destitute American men in the 1920s join an older American man in Mexico to prospect for gold . John Huston adapted the book as a 1948 film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical setting 2 Plot 3 Philosophy 4 Adaptations 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Cultural references 6 References Historical setting ( edit ) By the 1920s , the violence of the Mexican Revolution had largely subsided , although scattered gangs of bandits continued to terrorize the countryside . The newly established post-revolution government relied on the effective but ruthless Federal Police , commonly known as the Federales , to patrol remote areas and dispose of the bandits . Foreigners , like the three American prospectors who are the focus of the story , were at very real risk of being killed by the bandits . The bandits , after being captured by army units , were given little more than a `` last cigarette '' and had to dig their own graves first . This is the context of the story . Plot ( edit ) Three down - and - out Americans -- Curtin , Dobbs , and Howard -- meet by chance in the Mexican city of Tampico and discuss how to overcome their financial distress .", "1": "They then set out to discover gold in the remote Sierra Madre mountains . Once in the desert , experienced old - timer Howard quickly proves to be the toughest and most knowledgeable ; he is the one who discovers the gold they are seeking . A mine is dug and much gold is extracted , but Dobbs soon becomes greedy and begins to lose both his trust and his mind , lusting to possess the entire treasure . One day , another prospector named Lacaud follows Curtin from a nearby village back to the men 's camp . Although the men do not initially trust Lacaud , they decide to allow him to stay and camp with them . Bandits appear and pretend , very crudely , to be Federales . After a gunfight , real Federales arrive and drive the bandits away . The prospectors soon decide to leave the mine and head to Durango to sell the gold that they have mined . Lacaud decides to stay behind , because he believes there is more gold in the mountain . On the way , Howard is called to assist some local villagers help a sick boy , and Dobbs and Curtin have a final confrontation . Dobbs shoots Curtin , leaving him lying shot and bleeding . Dobbs continues on alone but is soon confronted and killed by the leader of the bandits and two of his remaining henchmen , who had apparently been wandering the desert without weapons or horses after somehow escaping the Federales . The bandits , thinking the gold dust is just worthless sand used to make the bundles of skins they were hidden in seem heavier , scatter the paydirt ; they are later captured and executed by the Federales . Curtin survives Dobbs ' attack and meets up with Howard . When they hear the story , they can do nothing but laugh at their misfortunes . Philosophy ( edit ) Dobbs is often used as a foil for Howard 's philosophical comments on the value of gold and one 's responsibilities to one 's companions .", "2": "Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) John Huston successfully adapted the book as a 1948 film of the same name Television ( edit ) Episode 3 in the first season of the 1955 TV series , Cheyenne , gives a writing credit ( novel ) to B. Traven , and contains the same basic plot as the novel , with the main character , Cheyenne , standing in the role of the old prospector , Howard , of the original story . Cultural references ( edit ) `` Gold Hat '' ( portrayed by Alfonso Bedoya ) 's line to Fred C. Dobbs ( Humphrey Bogart ) - `` I do n't have to show you any stinkin ' badges ! '' - is a well - known and widely quoted ( and often misquoted ) line from the book and 1948 film . ( See Stinking badges . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Cheyenne '' The Argonauts `` . IMDb . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! ( 0 : 15 minute excerpt from the scene : ' I do n't have to show you any stinkin ' badges ! ' ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Treasure_of_the_Sierra_Madre&oldid=802168460 '' Categories : 1927 German language novels Novels set in Mexico German novels adapted into films Mining in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 12 : 12 . 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-838090964585984539	what was the name of darth vader star destroyer	[ "Devastator", "Devastator", "the Devastator", "Devastator" ]	{ "0": "Star Destroyer - wikipedia Star Destroyer Jump to : navigation , search Star Destroyer A pair of Imperial II - class Star Destroyers and a squadron of TIE fighters pursue the Millennium Falcon . First appearance A New Hope Affiliation Galactic Republic Galactic Empire First Order Launched Clone Wars References Starwars.com Encyclopedia General characteristics Class Imperial - class ( Imperial I / Imperator and Imperial II ) Interdictor - class Executor - class Star Dreadnought ( Super Star Destroyer ) Mega-class Star Dreadnought ( Star Dreadnought ) Mandator IV - class Siege Dreadnought ( Star Dreadnought ) Qaz - class Resurgent - class Venator - class Victory - class Secutor - class Tector - class Fighters Galactic Republic : ARC - 170 starfighter A-3 V - wing starfighter BTL - A4 Y - wing assault Eta - 2 - class light interceptor Galactic Empire : TIE fighters & bombers First Order : TIE / fo space superiority fighter Auxiliary craft Galactic Republic : MA - ATs , AT - TEs & AT - AP Galactic Empire : AT - ATs & AT - STs Armaments Taim & Bak XX - 9 heavy turbolaser batteries Ion cannon emplacements Point - defense flak turrets Anti-starfighter missile emplacements Tractor beam projectors Defenses Deflector shield Length Between 1,600 to 60,000 meters Population volume Galactic Republic : Crewmen ( 7,400 ) Clone troopers ( 2,000 ) Galactic Empire : Enlisted ( 27,850 ) Stormtroopers ( 9,700 ) Officers ( 9,235 ) Star Destroyers are capital ships in the fictional Star Wars universe . The Imperial Star Destroyer , which first appears in the first seconds of Star Wars ( 1977 ) , is `` the signature vessel of the Imperial fleet '' . The term `` Star Destroyer '' also refers to other vessels in the franchise . Numerous Star Destroyer models and toys have been released , and the iconic scene featuring the vessel 's first appearance has been called `` a milestone in special effects history '' .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and design 2 Depiction 2.1 Films and television 2.2 Novels and other media 2.3 Star Wars Legends 3 Merchandise 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Sources 6 External links Concept and design ( edit ) In draft scripts for the film that would become Star Wars , the term `` Stardestroyer '' refers to two - man fighters flown by what would become the Galactic Empire . The film 's second draft features four Star Destroyers chasing a single Rebel ship , but the tremendous costs incurred by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) when production began helped lead Lucas to use a single `` terrifyingly large '' Star Destroyer instead of four . ILM built a 91 - centimeter ( 36 in ) shooting model that was about half the size of the model for the Tantive IV the Star Destroyer was chasing . Lucas asked ILM to build a larger Star Destroyer model to match the Tantive IV 's scale , but ILM convinced him that the Dykstraflex camera invented for the film made this unnecessary . Nevertheless , they added additional hull details to the Star Destroyer model . The 13 - second opening shot was the first special effects piece ILM completed , and its success was an essential test for the Dykstraflex . ILM built a 259 - centimeter ( 102 in ) Star Destroyer , equipped with internal lighting to provide a better sense of scale , for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) . During production , Lucas decided that every Star Wars film would open in space with a shot of a Star Destroyer . The Empire Strikes Back also introduces the `` Super Star Destroyer '' , also referred to as a `` Star Dreadnought '' . The shooting model for the Super Star Destroyer Executor in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi was 282 centimeters ( 111 in ) long . The design of the Venator - class Star Destroyers appearing in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) are meant to bridge the appearance of the Acclamator - class transports in Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and the Imperial class in the original trilogy .", "2": "Depiction ( edit ) Films and television ( edit ) The iconic Star Destroyer first appears in the opening scene of Star Wars , as Darth Vader 's flagship , the Devastator , chases the Tantive IV above Tatooine . This appearance shows the Imperial ship 's massive size in comparison to the Tantive IV . Imperial - class Star Destroyers appear not only throughout the original trilogy , but also in Star Wars Rebels and Rogue One ( 2016 ) . Rey scavenges material from one such Star Destroyer , the Inflictor , in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Rey lives in a small encampment near the Inflictor crash site , and takes what little parts she finds inside to the nearby Niima Outpost to be sold . The original trilogy also features a massive Super Star Destroyer , Executor , that serves as Darth Vader 's flagship in The Empire Strikes Back . The Executor , now commanded by Admiral Piett , again appears as the Imperial command ship at the climax of Return of the Jedi . In the sequel trilogy movie , The Force Awakens , Rey pilots the Millennium Falcon through the wreckage of the crashed Super Star Destroyer , Ravager , during a chase scene . Other Star Destroyer varieties appear in the Star Wars prequel and sequel films . Star Wars creator George Lucas calls the cigar - shaped Separatist cruisers visible at the beginning of Revenge of the Sith `` Star Destroyers '' in the movie 's DVD commentary track . Venator - class Star Destroyers are introduced in Revenge of the Sith and later appear throughout Star Wars : The Clone Wars . The Venator - class ships initially appear with a red and grey Republic color scheme . However towards the end of Revenge of the Sith the Venators are gray and white , signifying the Empire 's rise to power . The Force Awakens introduces the Resurgent - class Star Destroyers , belonging to the First Order . The Resurgent - class star destroyers are larger than Imperial - class star destroyers but smaller than Super Star Destroyers . One of them , the Finalizer , is commanded by Kylo Ren . The Last Jedi introduces two classes of Star Dreadnoughts : The Mandator IV - class Siege Dreadnought , and the Mega-class Star Dreadnought .", "3": "The Mandator IV - class Siege Dreadnought features two `` orbital auto cannons '' and is used as a siege warship . The sole Mega-class Star Dreadnought , the Supremacy , is commanded by Supreme Leader Snoke himself and acts as the headquarters of the First Order . The Supremacy has a different geometry than other Star Destroyers ; it is a short , very wide triangle while other star destroyers are long , thin triangles . Novels and other media ( edit ) In addition to the main Films and TV series , much of the other Star Wars media post-2014 is also considered canon . These materials feature additional details and storylines involving Imperial Star Destroyers ; also introducing other varieties . It is revealed that the Empire had a dozen Super Star Destroyers in service during the time of the Battle of Endor , in addition to Darth Vader 's Executor command ship ( as the sole ship depicted in the films ) . The final surviving Super Star Destroyer , the Ravager , is the vessel whose wreckage appears in The Force Awakens . The Ravager 's crash onto Jakku is depicted in the game Star Wars Battlefront ( 2015 ) . Star Wars Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels , games , and comics produced since 1977 ( and prior to 2014 ) , were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends ; and therefore declared non-canon to the franchise . However , Star Destroyers feature in numerous Legends publications , with a considerable amount of additional notable information . According to Star Wars roleplaying books and other texts , Imperial - class Star Destroyers are constructed by Kuat Drive Yards and hold a distinguished place in the Imperial Navy , symbolizing the Empire 's military might with a peak number of more than 25,000 vessels . Like the Victory - and Venator - class ships that precede it , this Star Destroyer is notable for its massive size and overwhelming firepower ; a single Imperial - class ship is capable of overwhelming most starships or devastating a hostile planet , and its mere presence is often enough to deter rebellion . At 1,600 meters ( 5,200 ft ) long , Imperial - class Star Destroyers are armed with turbolasers , ion cannons and tractor beam projectors .", "4": "They carry 72 TIE fighters , numerous ground forces ( including stormtroopers , 20 AT - ATs and 30 AT - STs ) , a prefabricated base for rapid deployment to planetary surfaces , and a variety of support craft . After the Battle of Endor , the Rebel Alliance captured several Imperial - class ships and added them to their own fleet . Although the New Republic eventually upgrades its starfleet with newer ship types , the Imperial - class Star Destroyer remains in service well into the New Jedi Order era and fights during the Yuuzhan Vong War . Kevin J. Anderson 's novel Darksaber describes a Super Star Destroyer as being `` worth twenty Imperial Star Destroyers '' . Described in A Guide to the Star Wars Universe ( 1984 ) as being 8 kilometers ( 5.0 mi ) long , Executor - class Super Star Destroyers were later described as being 19 kilometers ( 12 mi ) long . In addition to Vader 's command ship , Star Wars novels introduce the prison ship Lusankya and stealth - armored Night Hammer as ships in the class . The labels `` Star Destroyer '' and `` Super Star Destroyer '' are applied to several other massive Star Wars warships , such as the Pellaeon - class in the Legacy comic series ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , the reborn Emperor Palpatine 's flagships Eclipse and Eclipse II in the Dark Empire series ( 1991 -- 1995 ) , and the Victory class first described in the early Star Wars novella Han Solo 's Revenge ( 1979 ) . Merchandise ( edit ) Lego has released numerous Star Destroyer kits , including a 1 - metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) 3,104 - piece Imperial - class Star Destroyer and a 50 - inch ( 130 cm ) 3,152 - piece model of the Executor . The Super Star Destroyer has also been merchandised . Kenner wanted to use a less ominous name than Executor for the toy playset of Darth Vader 's meditation chamber . An advertisement agency 's list of 153 alternatives included Starbase Malevolent , Black Coven , Haphaestus VII , and Cosmocurse ; ultimately , the toy was labeled `` Darth Vader 's Star Destroyer '' .", "5": "In 2006 , Wizards of the Coast created an Executor miniature as part of its Star Wars Miniatures Starship Battles game . An electronic Super Star Destroyer toy released by Hasbro `` is the rarest among Hasbro 's Collector Fleet '' . See also ( edit ) Star Wars spacecraft Star Wars starfighters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Y - wing Fighter '' . Star Wars Encyclopedia . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Databank : Imperial Star Destroyer '' . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Taylor , p. 115 Jump up ^ Taylor , pp. 121 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , p. 171 - 73 Jump up ^ Taylor , pp. 247 - 48 Jump up ^ Fry , Jason ; Paul R. Urquhart ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . Star Wars : The Essential Guide to Warfare . Titan Publishing Company . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 1781161401 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Databank : Super Star Destroyer '' . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Databank : Republic attack cruiser '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary Jump up ^ `` The Force Awakens Secret Inside The Secret Academy - StarWars.com '' . 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Life Debt . Random House . Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2015 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath . Random House . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804177665 .", "6": "Those who received top marks at the Academy went on to serve on the Death Star , or on Vader 's command ship , the Executor Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gorden , Greg ( 1993 ) . Star Wars Imperial Sourcebook ( 2nd ed . ) . West End Games . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 210 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horne , Michael Allen ( June 1993 ) . Dark Empire Sourcebook . West End Games . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 194 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiker , J.D. ; Steve Miller . The New Jedi Order Sourcebook . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2777 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kevin J. ( 1996 ) . Darksaber . Bantam Spectra . pp. 155 -- 156 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57611 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Super Star Destroyer '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isard , Ysanne ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Daley , Brian . The Han Solo Adventures . Random House . p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 79548 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horne , Michael Allen ( 1993 ) . Star Wars : Han Solo and the Corporate Sector Authority . West End Games . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 199 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Star Destroyer '' .", "7": "Star Wars : Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Terdiman , Danial ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Darth Vader 's personal Lego spaceship flies Sept. 1 '' . CNET.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Starship Battles Preview 1 '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2006 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Cargo Bay -- Electronic Super Star Destroyer '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . archive - url = is malformed : timestamp ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Taylor , Chris ( 2014 ) . How Star Wars Conquered the Universe : The Past , Present , and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise ( eBook ) . Basic Books . OCLC 889674238 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Imperial Star Destroyer in the StarWars.com Databank Super Star Destroyer in the StarWars.com Databank Executor in the StarWars.com Databank Finalizer in the StarWars.com Databank Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Super Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Venator Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Category : Star Destroyers on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki ( hide ) Star Wars terrestrial and aerospace vehicles Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Snowspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Aerospace crafts Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Destroyer&oldid=821739407 '' Categories : Star Wars spacecraft Fictional capital ships Hidden categories : Pages with archiveurl citation errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 09 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5980486301760893723	what is the female lion called in lion king	[ "Nala", "Nala" ]	{ "0": "List of the Lion King characters - wikipedia List of the Lion King characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters in the first film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Mufasa , Simba , Sarabi , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa . Bottom right : Nala and Sarafina . Disney 's The Lion King franchise features an extensive cast of fictional characters created by Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . The lead character of the series is Simba . During the course of the franchise , he grows up to take his father 's place as the King of the Pride Lands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Introduced in The Lion King ( 1994 ) 2.1 Simba 2.2 Nala 2.3 Timon and Pumbaa 2.4 Scar 2.5 Mufasa 2.6 Sarabi 2.7 Zazu 2.8 Rafiki 2.9 Shenzi , Banzai and Ed 2.10 Gopher 3 Introduced in Timon & Pumbaa ( 1995 -- 98 ) 3.1 Quint 3.2 Speedy the Snail 3.3 Fred 3.4 Boss Beaver 3.5 Irwin 3.6 Toucan Dan 3.7 Rabbit 3.8 Vulture Police 3.", "1": "9 Cheetata and Cheetato 3.10 The Three Natives 3.11 Smolder the Bear 3.12 Tatiana 3.13 Sharla 3.14 Ned the Elephant 3.15 Little Jimmy 3.16 Pimon and Tumbaa 4 Introduced in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) 4.1 Kiara 4.2 Kovu 4.3 Zira 4.4 Nuka 4.5 Vitani 5 Introduced in The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) 5.1 Ma 5.2 Uncle Max 6 Introduced in The Lion Guard ( 2015 -- present ) 6.1 Kion 6.2 Bunga 6.3 Fuli 6.4 Beshte 6.5 Ono 6.6 Zuri 6.7 Tiifu 6.8 Janja 's clan 6.9 Mzingo 6.10 Jasiri 6.11 Makini 6.12 Mtoto 6.13 Ma Tembo 6.14 Crocodiles 6.15 Reirei 's family 6.16 Ushari 6.17 Basi 6.18 Leopards 6.19 Aardwolves 7 Introduced in The Lion King books 7.1 Kopa 7.2 Ahadi 7.3 Uru 7.4 Mohatu 7.5 Ni 7.6 Kula 7.7 Chumvi 7.8 Joka 7.9 Jelani 7.10 Kwaheri 7.11 Boma 7.12 Zuzu 8 References Summary ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table shows the principal characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film or TV series , or that the character 's presence in the film or TV series has not yet been announced . A indicates the singing voice of the role . A indicates a younger version of the role .", "2": "A indicates the singing voice for a younger version the role . A indicates a brief cameo appearance . Character Films Television series The Lion King The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar The Lion King Timon & Pumbaa The Lion Guard 1998 2015 2019 1995 -- 98 2015 -- present Simba Matthew Broderick Joseph Williams Jonathan Taylor Thomas Jason Weaver Matthew Broderick Cam Clarke Matthew Broderick Matt Weinberg Rob Lowe Donald Glover J.D. McCrary Cam Clarke Rob Lowe Nala Moira Kelly Sally Dworsky Niketa Calame Laura Williams Moira Kelly Gabrielle Union Beyoncé Shahadi Wright Joseph Gabrielle Union Timon Nathan Lane Kevin Schon Billy Eichner Nathan Lane ( 1995 ) Quinton Flynn ( 1995 ) Kevin Schon ( 1995 -- 98 ) Kevin Schon Pumbaa Ernie Sabella Seth Rogen Ernie Sabella Mufasa James Earl Jones James Earl Jones Gary Anthony Williams Rafiki Robert Guillaume Khary Payton John Kani Robert Guillaume Khary Payton Zazu Rowan Atkinson Edward Hibbert Jeff Bennett John Oliver Edward Hibbert Jeff Bennett Sarabi Madge Sinclair Alfre Woodard Scar Jeremy Irons Jim Cummings Chiwetel Ejiofor David Oyelowo Shenzi Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Florence Kasumba Tress MacNeille Banzai Cheech Marin Cheech Marin Keegan - Michael Key Rob Paulsen Ed Jim", "3": "Cummings Jim Cummings Eric Andre Jim Cummings Gopher Jim Cummings Jim Cummings Kiara Neve Campbell Liz Callaway Michelle Horn Charity Sanoy Eden Riegel Eden Riegel Kovu Jason Marsden Gene Miller Ryan O'Donohue Jason Marsden Nuka Andy Dick Andy Dick Vitani Jennifer Lien Lacey Chabert Crysta Macalush Lacey Chabert Zira Suzanne Pleshette Nika Futterman Ma Julie Kavner Uncle Max Jerry Stiller Kion Max Charles Max Charles Bunga Joshua Rush Joshua Rush Fuli Diamond White Diamond White Beshte Dusan Brown Dusan Brown Ono Atticus Shaffer Atticus Shaffer Zuri Madison Pettis Madison Pettis Tiifu Sarah Hyland Sarah Hyland Janja Andrew Kishino Andrew Kishino Cheezi Vargus Mason Vargus Mason Chungu Kevin Schon Kevin Schon Mzingo Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Big Baboon Ford Riley Dee Bradley Baker Quint Corey Burton Speedy the Snail Corey Burton Fred S.", "4": "Scott Bullock Boss Beaver Brad Garrett Irwin Charlie Adler Toucan Dan Jeff Bennett Cheetata Rob Paulsen Cheetato Jim Cummings Smolder the Bear Jim Cummings The Three Natives Jeff Bennett Nne Beau Black Tano Dee Bradley Baker Jasiri Maia Mitchell Madoa Maisie Klompus Tunu Crimson Hart Wema Fiona Hart Makuu Blair Underwood Makini Landry Bender Basi Kevin Michael Richardson Laini Meghan Strange Mtoto Jason Felbinger Ma Tembo Lynette Dupree Kiburi Common Tamka Nolan North Nduli Jorge Diaz Reirei Ana Gasteyer Goigoi Phil LaMarr Dogo Jacob Guenther Ushari Christian Slater Makucha Steven Blum Badili Jack McBrayer Mapigano Jorge Diaz Mjomba Charlie Adler Ogopa Marieve Herington Haya Ogie Banks Notes : Jump up ^ Banzai was renamed `` Kamari '' for the 2019 film , but is the same character . Jump up ^ Ed was renamed `` Azizi '' for the 2019 film , but is the same character . Introduced in the Lion King ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Simba ( edit ) Main article : Simba Simba ( voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films , Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa , Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard , and Donald Glover in the 2019 remake ) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi , Scar 's nephew , Nala 's husband and Kiara and Kion 's father . After defeating Scar , Simba take 's Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock before marrying Nala and having Kiara and Kion with her .", "5": "Nala ( edit ) Main article : Nala ( Disney ) Nala ( voiced by Moira Kelly in The Lion King , The Lion King ll : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , and Gabrielle Union in The Lion Guard ) is the daughter of Sarafina , the best friend and later wife of Simba and Kiara and Kion 's mother . Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King , she makes minor appearances in Simba 's Pride , The Lion King 11⁄2 , and The Lion Guard . In the first film , she is portrayed as Simba 's childhood friend . After helping Simba enter the elephant graveyard , she has to be rescued by Mufasa when the hyenas attack them . Several years later , Nala encounters Simba as a young adult and develops a romance with him . After returning to Pride Rock , she helps Simba defeat Scar and take his rightful place as King of Pride Rock . In Simba 's Pride , Nala is depicted as slightly older , calmer and less overprotective than her mate . Timon and Pumbaa ( edit ) Main article : Timon and Pumbaa Timon and Pumbaa ( voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella in the films and TV series , respectively ) are a meerkat and warthog duo . Although they are supporting characters in the first two films , they are featured as the main characters in The Lion King 11⁄2 as well as in the Timon & Pumbaa TV series . In the first film they become friends with Simba and teach him the basics of life in the jungle . After helping Simba stop Scar 's tyrannical reign , the two become Simba 's royal advisors , and as revealed in the TV series The Lion Guard , the adoptive uncles of the honey badger , Bunga . While Lane voiced Timon in early episodes of Timon & Pumbaa , for the majority of the series Timon is voiced by Kevin Schon or Quinton Flynn . Schon voices Timon in The Lion Guard .", "6": "Scar ( edit ) Main article : Scar ( Disney ) Scar ( voiced by Jeremy Irons in The Lion King and Jim Cummings in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and David Oyelowo in The Lion Guard ) is the main antagonist of The Lion King franchise , Simba 's paternal uncle and Mufasa 's younger brother . In The Lion King , after he commits a coup d'état by murdering Mufasa and exiling Simba , he becomes `` King of the Pride Lands '' . However , years later , Simba returns to Pride Rock and overthrows Scar to become King of the Pride Lands . The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar reveals that Scar was once the leader of the titular group and , like his great - nephew Kion , once possessed the Roar of the Elders . Scar lost the Roar after using it to destroy the other members of his Lion Guard , as the Roar is meant to be used for good , not evil . In Season 2 of The Lion Guard , Scar appears as a fiery spirit in a volcano after Kion unknowingly summons him by using the Roar in anger . Scar then conspires with the animals in the Outlands to take over the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba , who remain unaware that Scar has returned . Mufasa ( edit ) Mufasa ( voiced by James Earl Jones in the films and Gary Anthony Williams in The Lion Guard ) is Scar 's older brother , Sarabi 's husband , Simba 's father and Kiara and Kion 's paternal grandfather who is introduced as the King of the Pride Lands . The name `` Mufasa '' means `` King '' in the Manazoto language . In The Lion King , he teaches Simba on what a king is supposed to be . However , Mufasa later dies after being thrown into a wildebeest stampede by Scar whilst rescuing Simba . He returns years later as a ghostly apparition in the clouds to help an older Simba return to the Pride Lands and remember who he is as King . In The Lion Guard , Mufasa serves as a spirit guide to his grandson Kion . According to Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , they knew that Jones ' voice was powerful similar to the lion roar .", "7": "Jones is scheduled to reprise his role in the upcoming live - action adaptation of the film directed by Jon Favreau . Sarabi ( edit ) `` Sarabi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sarabi ( disambiguation ) . Sarabi ( voiced by Madge Sinclair ) is Mufasa 's wife , Simba 's mother and Kiara and Kion 's paternal grandmother . Her name means `` mirage '' in Swahili . In The Lion King , she serves as the Queen of Pride Rock . Years after Scar usurps the throne , Sarabi helps Simba fight against Scar and his hyenas . When Simba defeats Scar , Nala becomes Queen and Sarabi becomes Queen Mother . Zazu ( edit ) Zazu ( voiced by Rowan Atkinson in The Lion King , Edward Hibbert in Timon & Pumbaa , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , and Jeff Bennett in The Lion Guard ) is a red - billed hornbill and majordomo to Mufasa and later Simba . After Mufasa 's death , Zazu becomes a prisoner of Scar before Pumbaa releases him when Simba returns to the Pride Lands . He eventually acts as a scout and advises Simba on royal protocol . In the musical , Zazu is a puppet controlled by an actor dressed in blue striped clothes and a bowler hat , much like a stereotypical butler . Zazu 's blue feathers have been replaced with white and the puppet is partially constructed from parachute silk with a slinky contained in the neck for ease in movement . Rafiki ( edit ) Rafiki ( voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard ) , whose name means `` friend '' in Swahili , is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail . He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock . In The Lion King , Rafiki is introduced in the opening scene when he travels to Pride Rock to perform newborn Simba 's presentation ceremony . During the film , Rafiki sings a nonsense chant : `` Asante sana , squash banana , wewe nugu , mimi hapana . ''", "8": "This is a Swahili playground rhyme which translates to `` Thank you very much ( squash banana ) , you 're a baboon and I 'm not ! '' Like `` hakuna matata '' ( no worries ) , the chant was heard by the filmmakers on their research trip to Kenya . Rafiki travels to the jungle where Simba lives with Timon and Pumbaa , and teaches him lessons about learning from the past . During the battle for Pride Rock , Rafiki saves Simba from a hyena . At the end of the film , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . In the sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Rafiki is more closely involved with the affairs and politics of the prides and is often seen with the lions . Mufasa 's spirit persuades him to bring Simba 's daughter Kiara and Zira 's son Kovu together as a way of uniting the prides . Rafiki tries to make them fall in love by singing to them about a place called `` Upendi '' , which means `` love '' in Swahili . In the end , he blesses the union of Kovu and Kiara and Kovu is welcomed into the pride . Rafiki appears briefly in The Lion King 11⁄2 , teaching Timon the philosophy of `` Hakuna Matata '' , talking to Timon 's mother about her son , and later convincing Timon to follow Simba to Pride Rock to confront Scar . In the musical , the character of Rafiki was significantly modified . Because director Julie Taymor felt that the story lacked a strong female character , Rafiki was changed into a female mandrill and sangoma . She acts as narrator throughout the story , at one point speaking to the audience in a click language for comic effect . She sings the opening song `` Circle of Life '' , a keening song called `` Rafiki Mourns '' following Mufasa 's death , and a brief part in Nala 's song `` Shadowland '' , when she blesses Nala for her journey to find help . Instead of detecting Simba 's scent on dust , Rafiki hears Simba 's song `` Endless Night '' on the wind .", "9": "Rafiki finds Simba and shows him that his father lives on in him through the song `` He Lives in You '' . She is present during the battle , fighting a hyena , and adorns Simba with the king 's mantle after his victory . And the play ends with her at the presentation of Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . Rafiki makes occasional appearances in the Timon and Pumbaa TV series and has his own segments called `` Rafiki Fables '' in the same show . He appears briefly in the Pride Lands world of Kingdom Hearts II . Rafiki serves as a recurring character in The Lion Guard , and takes on an apprentice named Makini in season 2 . Shenzi , Banzai and Ed ( edit ) Shenzi ( voiced by Whoopi Goldberg in the films and Tress MacNeille in Timon & Pumbaa and Kingdom Hearts II ) , Banzai ( voiced by Cheech Marin in the films and Kingdom Hearts II and Rob Paulsen in Timon & Pumbaa ) and Ed ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are the three spotted hyenas who make up Scar 's henchmen . After Scar promises them that they will have food , the hyenas trigger the wildebeest stampede and chase Simba out of Pride Rock . When Simba returns to Pride Rock , Shenzi and Banzai are defeated by Pumbaa . The three turn on Scar when the latter tries to blame them for Mufasa 's death and the ruin of the Pride Lands , and eat him alive during a thunderstorm . Gopher ( edit ) Gopher ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a gopher who works for Zazu as an informant . In the film he is seen warning Zazu that the hyenas have invaded the Pride Lands . His scene is expanded in the 2003 special edition . He appears during the song The Morning Report and is spotted by Simba who tries to pounce him , but Gopher pops back inside the dirt . Gopher reappears , trying to get Mufasa 's attention , but Simba notices him again , to which the gopher hides back in the dirt .", "10": "For the third time , Gopher reappears near a small rock , and Simba notices him again to try to pounce him , Gopher disappears to which Simba hits his head on the rock . The character is expanded in the television series . He acts as Zazu 's primary lieutenant , even sharing Zazu 's home within a large tree . He is seen reporting to Zazu on the movements of elephants . In one episode Gopher is ( temporarily ) given Zazu 's job after Zazu makes an error while counting the animal population . Cummings reprises his role for these episodes . Introduced in Timon & Pumbaa ( 1995 -- 98 ) ( edit ) Quint ( edit ) Quint ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is Timon and Pumbaa 's archenemy , a sneaky , muscular man with black hair , a pink nose , and a shaven face , and he has varying roles . His wears different clothes in each episode because of the different jobs he has , but he is often seen wearing a hat . He also has different first names that show what his jobs are ( in which they all happen to start with C ) . Quint is a con artist who tricks Timon into stealing a gold nugget Pumbaa found in the episode `` Yukon Con '' , a criminal who stole a suitcase that has $1,290,000 in the episode `` How to Beat the High Costa Rica '' , an evil clock inspector who wants to get revenge on a timekeeper in the episode `` Swiss Missed '' , a French chef who wants to make Speedy the Snail an escargot in the episode `` French Fried '' , etc . In the episode `` The Pain in Spain '' , two Quints are seen together , which may prove that there is more than one of him . In some episodes , Quint appears to be a respectable man with an honest job , but he still seems to annoy Timon and Pumbaa . Notably in Season 2 , Quint 's face appears to be clean - shaven , except in the episode `` Klondike Con '' when he becomes a gold thief . Also , in the episode `` Escape From Newark '' , his nose is the same color as his body for the first time .", "11": "Speedy the snail ( edit ) Speedy ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is a talking grayish / bluish snail with a shiny red shell and a yellow fedora . Timon and Pumbaa plan to eat him at first , but his ability to speak and sing and his bon viveur , good - humored attitude gets him to become friends with them . Timon gives him the name `` Speedy '' , because he thinks that it would be a brilliant incongruity . Speedy always finds himself in danger , such as becoming a French gourmet snail and an earring out of his shell , and it 's always up for Timon and Pumbaa to save him . In the episode `` The Man from J.U.N.G.L.E. '' , Speedy is revealed to be a superhero called Super Duper Hero X after Timon and Pumbaa were captured by his nemesis Chromosome Quint . Every episode featuring Speedy end with Timon and Pumbaa saying bye to Speedy when they return him home , a seagull capturing Speedy , and then Timon and Pumbaa trying to save him once again . Speedy 's voice was based on that of Bing Crosby . Speedy also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce '' . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) is a meerkat who is Timon 's other best friend back at the meerkat colony . He is a practical joker , employing such gags as the hand buzzer , the squirting flower , and the whoopee cushion . He also loved Timon 's hyena jokes . When Fred visits Timon and Pumbaa , he pulls more practical jokes on the duo , such as impersonating Timon 's mother or impersonating a Billy Goat guard . Timon and Pumbaa , however , do n't find Fred 's jokes very funny and they often overpower him . Aside from pulling practical jokes , Fred enjoys doing all sorts of activities , such as playing Turtle Tennis and Fishing for Flamingos . He also mentions that he and Timon have always gone Bowling for Buzzards .", "12": "At the meerkat colony , Fred 's duty was to guard the Duke Meerkat 's castle , although on the day the Duke left the colony , he snuck away to get a snack and convinced Timon that it was now his chance to go on a date with Princess Tatiana . When the Duke banished Timon from the colony after a cobra kidnapped the princess , Fred 's new duty was to guard the back gate , which indicates that he has been demoted for failing to protect the castle . Fred appears in a total of four episodes : `` Tanzania Zany '' , `` Mombasa - In - Law '' , `` Once Upon a Timon '' , and `` Mind Over Matterhorn '' . Boss Beaver ( edit ) Boss Beaver ( voiced by Brad Garrett ) is an ill - tempered and cantankerous beaver with a white hard hat . His lifestyle is the exact opposite of Timon and Pumbaa 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle : Boss Beaver likes to work while Timon and Pumbaa like to relax . He owns a lumber mill and an amusement park called `` Boss Beaver 's Log Land '' . Boss Beaver also has three mottos : `` Makuta Hamaka '' , which means `` work real hard '' , `` safety first '' and `` you break it , you buy it . '' Boss Beaver 's favorite quote is `` I am Boss Beaver and the reason they call me Boss Beaver is that I am your boss and I am a beaver . Therefore , I am Boss Beaver . '' In the episode `` Amusement Bark '' , it is revealed that he has a mischievous son named Boy Beaver , who keeps breaking things at his amusement park and getting Timon blamed for it . Boss Beaver appears in a total of three episodes . He also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce . '' Irwin ( edit ) Irwin ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a clumsy , accident - prone penguin with a green scarf and a brown hat . Timon and Pumbaa befriend him at a boat stop in Antarctica when they see that he has two extra tickets for the duo to get on the ship . When Irwin leaves his home with the duo , it is shown that he has obviously injured all of his penguin `` friends '' , as they are all seen wearing bandages .", "13": "Timon dislikes Irwin 's clumsiness , and tries to get rid of him by tricking him into playing a game of Hide - and - Seek . Irwin accidentally causes the boat to sink and Timon and Pumbaa run into him on an island . Timon confronts the penguin and he tricks him into playing another game and Irwin accidentally causes the island to sink . Irwin meets Timon and Pumbaa again at a Hakuna Matata Megamall . Due to his clumsiness , Timon and Pumbaa try to avoid him by hiding in various stores . Irwin appears in two episodes of the series : `` Frantic Atlantic '' and `` Shopping Mauled . '' Toucan Dan ( edit ) Toucan Dan ( Jeff Bennett ) is a dangerously clever criminal mastermind lying toucan who wears a red fez . He is a convincing liar and impersonator and would also do anything to get someone in trouble . In his debut episode `` I Do n't Bolivia '' , he keeps tricking Timon into freeing him from his cage . Later in the episode , while Timon impersonates Toucan Dan in order to not be in trouble with the police , Toucan Dan impersonates Timon and this makes Pumbaa have to decide which one is the real Timon . Toucan Dan makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' . In that episode , he frames Timon and Pumbaa for stealing a train car full of beak polish and the police throw them in jail . Angry at Toucan Dan , Timon and Pumbaa escape to catch the toucan and make him tell the truth . Rabbit ( edit ) Rabbit ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a large and tall pink hare who appears to be very annoying , tiring . He made his debut in the episode `` Mojave Desserted '' . In that episode , Timon and Pumbaa save his life when he was drowning in quicksand and he decides to repay the duo hand and foot . Annoyed by Rabbit , Timon and Pumbaa hatch a plan to put themselves in danger and have Rabbit save them and then leave them alone . Rabbit makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Africa - Dabra !", "14": ", '' this time appearing as an unsympathetic and ruthless magician . After Timon pulls him out of a hat , he teams up with the meerkat to become part of his magic act , telling him that he has been looking for a partner for years . When he gets annoyed by Pumbaa ruining the magic acts , he breaks up Timon and Pumbaa 's friendship . When Pumbaa finds out that Timon would never truly said anything mean about him , he gets revenge on Rabbit by trapping him in a cage . Vulture police ( edit ) The Vulture Police ( voiced by Townsend Coleman and Brian Cummings ) are recurring characters in the Timon & Pumbaa series . They appear in a total of six episodes . They make their first appearance in the episode `` The Law of the Jungle , '' where they arrest Timon for using the Forbidden Stick to scratch his back and take him to a rhino judge who gives a number of test to see whether he 's innocent or guilty . In the episode `` Yosemite Remedy , '' Timon and Pumbaa go to the police after a criminal raccoon steals their suitcase full of valuables . When they handcuff the thief , he tells them that he did n't steal Timon and Pumbaa 's suitcase , he found it . The police let him go but later arrest him again when they find out that he really stole the duo 's suitcase . In the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' , the Vulture Police throw Timon and Pumbaa in jail after they were convinced by Toucan Dan that they stole the train car full of beak polish . After Timon and Pumbaa confront Toucan Dan , the police show up and realize that it was really Toucan Dan who stole the train car , so they arrest the toucan . However , they also throw Timon and Pumbaa back in jail since they escaped when they told them not to . The Vulture Police make a brief appearance in the episode `` Wide Awake in Wonderland , '' in the meerkat and warthog version of Goldilocks and the Three Bears .", "15": "Cheetata and Cheetato ( edit ) Cheetata ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) and Cheetato ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are a pair of sophisticated twin cheetahs , reminiscent of Warner Bros ' Goofy Gophers , speaking in British accents and using similar phrases ( `` Indubitably , '' `` How very kind of you '' ) . In order to tell them apart , not only do they have different voices , they also have different personalities : Cheetata appears to be more eager and aggressive while Cheetato seems more likely to think things through . The cheetahs first appear in the episode `` Cooked Goose '' , where they are annoyed by Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed getting in the way of their wildebeest hunt , so they try sending them on various wild goose chases . They also appear in `` Gabon with the Wind , '' where they are convinced by Timon that he is going to catch Pumbaa for them , when he is actually going to find his friend so that they can both run away to safety . In the episode `` Boary Glory Days '' , Timon and Pumbaa use Cheetata and Cheetato to play a game of Predator Tag . While the cheetahs are chasing Timon and Pumbaa , the duo outsmarts the brothers by having them jump over a mud pool and fall into it . The three natives ( edit ) The Three Natives ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) are a trio of tribes who are really university students . They have a leader ( also voiced by Jeff Bennett ) who is also a university student and who usually precedes what he says with `` Bungala , bungala . '' The natives first appear in `` Boara Boara '' . This episode shows that they used to have a warthog king of the island , which is unknown what might 've happened to him . Therefore , the natives might have not seen their king in a really long time . When Timon and Pumbaa visit the island , the natives mistake Pumbaa for their long - lost king and they make Timon his servant . Everything goes well until they make Pumbaa relight the fire and realize that he 's an impostor when they see that he is unable to do so .", "16": "The natives also appear in the episode `` New Guinea Pig , '' where Pumbaa decides to trade his tusks to them , and `` Beast of Eden '' , where they steal a golden magic tooth that belongs to a beast and Timon and Pumbaa have to retrieve it from them . They also make a brief appearance in the episode `` Mozam - Beaked '' when Timon and Pumbaa go to Bora Bora to throw a woodpecker into the volcano . Smolder the bear ( edit ) Smolder ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a grumpy , short - tempered , but nice grizzly bear , although he gets easily angered , such as when he is awoken from his nap or when someone gets his food order wrong . He also has a romantic interest in a beautiful supermodel named Leslie Lambeau ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . He appears in seven episodes , from `` Slalom Problem '' to `` It Runs Good '' . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Smolder becomes cell mates with Little Jimmy , who gets even with Timon and Pumbaa by taking advantage of him by convincing him that the duo hurt him so that he could beat them up . Smolder starts to show compassion for Timon and Pumbaa in the episodes `` Ready , Aim , Fire '' and `` Stay Away from my Honey ! '' Tatiana ( edit ) Tatiana ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is the daughter of the Duke Meerkat and the princess of the meerkat colony . She only appears in one episode but she 's vital for Timon 's past . After Timon leaves his sentry duty post to prepare for his date with Tatiana , a king cobra enters the colony and kidnaps the princess , which makes everyone believe she 's dead and which causes Timon to get banished . After Timon and Pumbaa meet for the first time , they see that Tatiana is still alive and rescue her from a cobra . When Tatiana returns to the colony with Timon and Pumbaa , Timon is offered her hand in marriage . When the Duke makes him choose between Tatiana or Pumbaa , he chooses to be Bestest Best friends with Pumbaa .", "17": "Although `` Once Upon a Timon '' was meant to be Tatiana 's only appearance , there is a female meerkat who bears a striking resemblance to her in the episode `` Timon in Love '' . The only difference is that Tatiana has blond hair while the other meerkat has red hair and she 's not wearing a tiara . Sharla ( edit ) Sharla ( voiced by Lisa Ortiz ) is a female warthog who is the leader of Pumbaa 's former sounder as well as Pumbaa 's former girlfriend . While she only appears in one episode , she is vital for Pumbaa 's past . She and three other male warthogs of the sounder banished Pumbaa from the group due to his awful scent , which was appalling even by warthog standards . Years later , Sharla and the three warthogs carry around a big bag of bugs for the rainy season , but come across a flock of Guinea fowl , who are their natural enemies and nightmares . Due to the birds ' abilities to remove their furs in just a few seconds , the warthogs refuge in a hut and make a distress call , which Pumbaa answers . When Pumbaa reunites with his sounder , he has Timon come up with ideas on how they can get rid of the Guinea fowl . However , none of Timon 's ideas work , so Pumbaa suggests that he and Timon use the jeep so that they carry a fake bag of bugs ( which have firecrackers inside ) to distract the Guinea fowl while Sharla and the other warthogs leave the hut with the real bag of bugs . Although Sharla banished Pumbaa from the group , they still have romantic feelings for each other . When Pumbaa ( and Timon ) show up to the hut , they tell each other that they have never forgotten one another . Sharla tells Pumbaa that he should stay with the group , but Pumbaa decides to continue living his Hakuna Matata lifestyle with Timon , which the female warthog understands . Ned the elephant ( edit ) Ned ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a high and mighty elephant who thinks he 's wonderful at everything . He seems to enjoy teasing Timon and Pumbaa when they fail at proving their worth to him .", "18": "In the episode `` Uganda be an Elephant '' , Timon states that Ned is the most popular guy in the jungle and Pumbaa decides to turn himself into an elephant in order to be popular as well . Although Ned is selfish and sarcastic , he gets a change of heart after Pumbaa rescues him and his hippo henchmen from falling off a cliff . In the episode `` Unlucky in Lesotho '' , it is revealed that Ned has a Good Luck Club , which lost most of its members due to Ned bringing an unlucky jar . Because he gets eaten by piranhas ( or tigerfish ) , Ned is never seen or heard from again after this episode . Little Jimmy ( edit ) Little Jimmy ( voiced by Joe Alaskey ) is a cute , yet dangerous bluebird . He is similar to Toucan Dan , with the fact that he is also a criminal mastermind and he can also be dishonest . He also has two voices : his fake cute , innocent voice and his criminal voice . Little Jimmy first appears in the episode `` Nest Best Thing , '' where he tricks Pumbaa into building a birdhouse for him , which is actually a hideout . The pigeon police show up and arrest Little Jimmy . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Little Jimmy is cell mates with Smolder the Bear . In order to get revenge on Timon and Pumbaa for turning him in , he tricks Smolder into thinking that Timon and Pumbaa hurt him so that he could hurt them back . Pimon and Tumbaa ( edit ) Pimon ( voiced by Billy West ) and Tumbaa ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) are a buff meerkat and warthog duo who are evil counterparts of Timon and Pumbaa . They are shown to be bullies of the jungle , as they enjoy pushing Timon and Pumbaa around , giving them atomic wedgies , as well as being shown picking on a squirrel . They also have their own philosophy : Kahuna Potato , which means that they will never leave Timon and Pumbaa ( or anyone ) alone . Pimon and Tumbaa make their first and only appearance in the episode `` Kahuna Potato '' .", "19": "After Timon and Pumbaa successfully catch some bugs , the bullies steal their bag of bugs , give the two wedgies , and walk off with the bugs . Fed up of being picked on by the bullies , Timon decides that it is time for himself and Pumbaa to learn how to fight . Timon and Pumbaa go to Rafiki to have him teach them self - defense , which Rafiki suggests that they should snatch some bugs off his palm and he will teach them the secret to Kung - Fu . After Timon and Pumbaa learn Kung - Fu from Rafiki , they go confront Pimon and Tumbaa , who show them that they also know Kung - Fu . While the two groups fight each other , the bullies give Timon and Pumbaa more atomic wedgies , causing the two to give up until Rafiki appears and tells the two to use Hakuna Matata to fight . Listening to Rafiki 's advice , Timon and Pumbaa continue fighting Pimon and Tumbaa and they end up defeating the bullies . Later that night , Pimon and Tumbaa get their hairs shaved off and feed Timon and Pumbaa the bugs they stole from them . Introduced in the Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Kiara ( edit ) For the American singer , see Kiiara . Kiara in the 2016 series Kiara ( voiced by Neve Campbell as a young adult and Michelle Horn as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and Eden Riegel in The Lion Guard ) is the only daughter of Simba and Nala , Kion 's older sister and Kovu 's wife . She has a cameo appearance in The Lion King and is a major character in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and The Lion Guard . Kiara is also a descendant of Mufasa and Sarabi , who are Simba 's parents . Kiara is portrayed as a feisty , playful , and adventurous princess whom Simba easily fears for her safety . As a cub , Kiara befriends Kovu and rescues him from a group of nile crocodiles .", "20": "As a young adult , Kiara is rescued by Kovu as part of Zira 's plan to avenge Scar 's death and the two lions eventually fall in love . When Kovu is exiled from the Pride Lands following Zira 's ambush on Simba , Kiara helps him return to the Pride Lands to reunite the Pridelanders and Outsiders . Afterwards , she becomes Kovu 's wife . Kovu ( edit ) Kovu ( voiced by Jason Marsden as an young adult and Ryan O'Donohue as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and Marsden in The Lion Guard ) is the youngest child of Zira , Nuka and Vitani 's younger brother , Scar 's chosen heir and Kiara 's husband . Kovu means `` scar '' in Swahili , a reference to his character conception as Scar 's son , which was changed due to the implications of him and Kiara being first cousins once removed and falling in love . During his childhood , Zira trains Kovu to assassinate Simba and take his place as King of Pride Rock . As a young adult , Kovu rescues Kiara during a planned ambush and Simba reluctantly allows him to stay in the Pride Lands . While spending time with Kiara , Rafiki gets the two young lions to fall in love , and Kovu realizes he can not hurt Simba . However , after Simba is ambushed by the Outsiders and Nuka is killed , Kovu angrily disowns Scar and leaves the Outlands but is quickly exiled from the Pride Lands as a traitor . Kovu returns to Pride Rock and stops the fighting between the Outsiders and Pridelanders with the help of Kiara . Simba later reconciles with Kovu and allows him to become his eventual successor . Zira ( edit ) Zira ( voiced by Suzanne Pleshette in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and Nika Futterman in The Lion Guard ) , meaning `` hate '' in Swahili , is the mother of Nuka , Kovu and Vitani . She was Scar 's most loyal follower , and plots to avenge Scar 's death by forming the Outsiders .", "21": "However , after taking advantage of Kovu 's friendship with Simba 's daughter Kiara , she devises a plan to assassinate Simba . Eventually , the Pridelanders and the Outsiders fight each other , but with Kiara and Kovu 's help , Vitani and the other Outsiders abandon Zira . Attempting to attack Simba , Zira is intercepted by Kiara and falls to her death despite the latter 's attempt to rescue her . Zira made an appearance in The Lion Guard ( which takes place in the middle of the film ) alongside Kovu , Nuka , Vitani and the rest of her pride in the episode `` Lions of the Outlands '' . It is revealed in this episode that Zira attacked Simba after he defeated Scar and denied Kovu 's positon as the next king , resulting in the Outsiders ' exile . She tries to convince Simba 's son Kion that using the Roar of the Elders against her and the other Outsiders would cause him to lose it just as Scar did ( in reality , he lost it because he used it for evil ) , and to side with his fellow lions . However , Kion is eventually able to see through her deceptions and drives her and the others off with the Roar . Nuka ( edit ) Nuka ( voiced by Andy Dick ) is the eldest child of Zira and Kovu and Vitani 's older brother . His name means `` stink '' in Swahili . Jealous of Zira 's greater relationship with Kovu , Nuka often attempts to gain his mother 's approval . During the Outsiders ' ambush , Nuka attempts to kill Simba to prove himself to his mother , but is crushed to death . Vitani ( edit ) Vitani ( voiced by Jennifer Lien as a young adult and Lacey Chabert as a cub ) , a Swahili portmanteau of the words `` Vita '' ( `` War '' ) , `` Ni '' ( `` I Am '' ) , and `` Shetani '' , is the middle child and only daughter of Zira and Kovu and Nuka 's sister . Although she has a prominent appearance in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , she makes a cameo appearance in The Lion Guard .", "22": "As a young adult , Vitani is Zira 's strongest lieutenant , supporting and acting on her mother 's violent plans . With Kovu and Kiara 's help , Vitani and the Outsiders turn on Zira and join the Pridelanders to stop the fighting between the two prides . She was originally named `` Shetani '' ( `` She - Demon '' in Swahili ) in early drafts of The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , but this was softened to `` Vitani '' , which is a portmanteau that can be roughly translated to `` I Am War '' or , more commonly , `` Demon of War '' . Introduced in the Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Ma ( edit ) Ma ( voiced by Julie Kavner ) is Timon 's mother . Generally encouraging and optimistic , she believes in Timon convinces Uncle Max to give him a job as a sentry or look - out . After Timon fails in his duty , she remains convinced that he can still find a place in the colony , but when he insists that he has to go , Ma supports him . Later , she gets worried about Timon after speaking to Rafiki and searches for him . They finally reunite at Pride Rock and Ma helps in the battle against the hyenas by digging a long tunnel to trap them . After Simba becomes king , the death of Scar and avenging Mufasa , Timon takes them and the entire meerkat colony to the jungle paradise he and Pumbaa discovered . She is mentioned by Timon in The Lion Guard episode `` Beware the Zimwi '' , where it is said that her cousin 's friend knew an ox that was eaten by the Zimwi . It 's unknown if she 's still alive or not . Uncle Max ( edit ) Uncle Max ( voiced by Jerry Stiller ) is a prominent member of the meerkat colony and relative of Timon and Ma . He has grey head - fur and a very large nose . Max is a pessimist by nature and very paranoid , believing that a meerkat 's fate is to be `` food for other animals ! Feared by nothing and eaten by all ! ''", "23": "Max reluctantly agrees to let Timon be a sentry for the colony and attempts to train him for the job , but is nearly eaten by the hyenas when they attack . He is glad to see Timon go but ends up going with Ma to find him . Max appears again towards the end of the film , where he and Ma encounter Timon and Pumbaa at Pride Rock , and helps Timon get rid of the hyenas by digging a tunnel . Max finally believes in Timon , and after Timon takes the meerkats to his jungle paradise , Max teaches the meerkats tai chi instead of how not to be eaten . Some of Max 's role was originally going to be filled by Timon 's father , who was considered for inclusion in the film but ultimately dropped . Introduced in the Lion Guard ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Kion ( edit ) Kion ( voiced by Max Charles ) is the son of Simba and Nala , Kiara 's younger brother , Mufasa , Sarabi , Sarafina and Nala 's father 's grandson and Scar 's great - nephew . His name is derived from the Swahili word `` Kiongozi '' ( `` leader '' ) and he has a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used causes the lion spirits of the Pride Lands past to roar with him . In The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar , Simba has Kion organize the titular guard along with Bunga , Beshte , Fuli , and Ono . Kion has a strong sense of responsibility . When Kiara is cornered by Janja and his clan , Kion and the Lion Guard rescues her and force the hyenas to leave . He also demonstrates a strong yet open sense of discernment , which warms him to scavengers like Jasiri the hyena and her clan . However , more cunning neighbors such as Zira of the Outsiders and Reirei the jackal have used his trusting spirit to exert their will , only to be soundly subdued when Kion 's instincts come into play . Bunga ( edit ) Bunga in the 2016 series Bunga ( voiced by Joshua Rush ) is a young honey badger , Kion 's best friend and the bravest member of the Lion Guard .", "24": "He is also the adoptive nephew of Timon and Pumbaa . Bunga is shown to be very adventurous and he rarely acts serious or even sits still , as he is always on the move , working off boundless energy and enthusiasm , and makes even the most dire of situations into a fantastic time . Though this makes him a great friend and playmate , it lands him into trouble more often than not . Not only is he willing to put himself in bodily harm , such as his stunt in leaping off Pride Rock , but he will face down predators such as the hyenas in order to save his friends . According to Kiara , Bunga is `` brave , bordering on stupid , '' but a valued member of the Lion Guard nonetheless . His catchphrase is `` Zuka Zama , '' which means `` pop up , dive in '' in Swahili . His name means ' fool ' in the same tongue . Fuli ( edit ) Fuli ( voiced by Diamond White ) is a cheetah , one of Kion 's friends and the fastest member of the Lion Guard , as well as its only female member . She is quite prideful in her running abilities and shows extreme delight for being able to outpace a pursuer of any species . Despite being friends with Kion , she is somewhat resentful of the Lions for lording over the Pride Lands and was skeptical about Kion 's Roar of the Elders . Despite these negative traits , she was willing to join the Lion Guard with her friends to defend the Circle of Life when Janja and his clan invaded the Pride Lands . Her catchphrase is `` Huwezi , '' which means `` you ca n't ( catch me ) '' in Swahili . Her name means ' very fast ' in the same tongue . Beshte ( edit ) Beshte ( voiced by Dusan Brown ) is a hippo , one of Kion 's friends and the strongest member of the Lion Guard . Being one of the most popular animals of the Pridelands , Beshte is shown to be kind - hearted . His friendliness extends to everyone , as he acts like a big brother to the younger members of his herd , a friend to animals of all different species , and a protector of the Pride Lands at large .", "25": "Beshte can also , however , be sensitive , being especially tactful when his friend Kion is unable to use the Roar of the Elders . For an animal so large and full of life , Beshte has an appropriately large heart and never fails to treat his friends with kindness . His primary catchphrase is `` Twende Kiboko ! '' , which means `` let 's go , hippo ! '' in Swahili - a secondary one is likely his question phrase , `` What 's the kerbubble ? '' , when sensing a disagreement of almost any sort . His name means ' friend ' in the same tongue . Ono ( edit ) Ono ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) is a cattle egret , one of Kion 's friends and the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard , as well as its only non-mammal member . He is one of the more easygoing members of the group , being friendly and group - oriented . He is used to spending time around other animals and is content to be part of The Lion Guard . Ono is also shown to be blunt , as he is able to lay out his feelings without sugar - coating . He is by far the most realistic member of the group , as he always thinks things through before jumping in . When it comes to his role on the Lion Guard , Ono is brave and has a knack for following the rules . He obeys Kion 's orders without question and proves himself to be plucky and thrifty , considerably useful when it comes to scouting out a situation . His principles are clear in his willingness to fight with his full heart for the Circle of Life , and he is a valued member of the Lion Guard for his intelligence and ability to see things from afar . Ono 's catchphrase is `` Hapana ! '' , which means `` oh no ! '' in Swahili . His name means `` passion '' in the same tongue . It also means `` good '' in Hawaiian . Zuri ( edit ) Zuri , voiced by Madison Pettis , meaning `` beautiful '' in Swahili , is a lioness cub and one of Kiara 's friends . She appears to be vain about her appearance , as she constantly sharpens her claws on trees in order to keep them shiny .", "26": "Unlike her friends , Zuri is delicate and timid . She shows considerable anxiety and fear in the face of simple circumstances and harbors deep disgust for grubs . Tiifu ( edit ) Tiifu , voiced by Sarah Hyland , is a lioness cub , and a friend of Kiara 's . She is shown to be kind and patient , as seen when she comforts an overreacting Zuri . She is a great rule - follower and trusts the judgment of her friends , showing faith when she leaves Kiara to fetch help as Janja invades the Pride Lands . Janja 's clan ( edit ) Janja in the 2016 series Nne in the 2016 series Janja 's clan is a small group of male spotted hyenas that live in the Outlands . Janja , voiced by Andrew Kishino , is the cunning and ruthless leader of the hyenas in the Outlands and one of the main antagonists . Cheezi , voiced by Vargus Mason , is an excitable hyena who is usually seen sticking his tongue out . He looks similar to Ed . Chungu , voiced by Kevin Schon , is a hyena that has a tough attitude and a slightly heavier build than Janja . Nne , voiced by Beau Black , is a sly and stout but smart spotted hyena . Tano , voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , is a devious and sloping but smart hyena . Mzingo ( edit ) Mzingo , voiced by Greg Ellis , is a white - backed vulture who is one of Janja 's majordomo of the Outlands . He is the leader of a flock of vultures that is allied with Janja 's clan . Jasiri ( edit ) Jasiri in the 2016 series Jasiri , voiced by Maia Mitchell , is a friendly female spotted hyena who makes her first appearance in the episode `` Never Judge a Hyena By Its Spots . '' She is open to making friends with lions . Bold and spunky , Jasiri is able to look past differences and focus on where different species have common ground . Unlike Janja and his clan , she dislikes selfishness and gluttony , and she respects the Circle of Life . She has blue eyes and mauve fur , unlike the other hyenas .", "27": "Makini ( edit ) Makini , voiced by Landry Bender , is a young mandrill who is Rafiki 's new apprentice . She is free - spirited and loves to learn and look up to her mentor . However , she has trouble being calm and she is easy to deceive . Despite this , Makini takes pride in herself and her position , and is friendly and welcoming to everyone she meets . Mtoto ( edit ) Mtoto , voiced by Jason Felbinger , is an elephant calf who idolizes Beshte . He appears to be innocent with little understanding of the world . His playful nature often gets him into trouble , though his intentions are usually good . Ma Tembo ( edit ) Ma Tembo , voiced by Lynette Dupree , is an adult elephant who attains leadership of her father Aminifu 's herd after his death . Much like her father , she is always game for a laugh . Even when Simba makes a mistake at her father 's funeral , she is gracious and kind , and makes light of the situation by dwelling on the good . She is similarly gracious to Nala and Kiara when they are the only members of their family to attend the elephant concert . Crocodiles ( edit ) There are a number of crocodiles who appear in The Lion Guard : Pua , voiced by Gerald C. Rivers , is a Nile crocodile who originally led the crocodile float , until he is defeated by Makuu in a `` mashindano '' battle for the position of alpha male . Makuu , voiced by Blair Underwood , is a young , sleek , and well - built Nile crocodile who leads the crocodile fleet that lives in The Pride Lands after defeating the previous leader Pua in battle . He is shown to be boastful and loves to bask in the attention of others . Unlike his predecessor , Makuu initially has no respect for tradition or the Circle of Life , and certainly not for authority ( except his own ) , seeing both Pua and Kion as weak and cowardly . He appears to only respond to strength and power , as he was awestruck by the Roar of the Elders and gave into Kion 's second demand to leave Big Springs while trying to save face .", "28": "In Season 2 , Makuu has decided to become a better leader for his float , reforming from his trouble - making ways . Kiburi , voiced by Common , is a former member of Makuu 's float who , much like a less experienced Makuu , saw no reason why the crocodiles should have regard for the other animals of the Pride Lands . After the crocodiles were accidentally awakened from dry season Aestivation by the Lion Guard , Kiburi led most of the float in an effort to seize bodies of water . He later challenged Makuu to a mashindano , having made an alliance with Ushari and a plan to eliminate Simba . Upon being defeated , he and his supporters were expelled from the Pride Lands , and became a part of Scar 's growing collective in the Outlands . Tamka , voiced by Nolan North , is a brutish crocodile loyal to Kiburi . Nduli , voiced by Jorge Diaz , is a crocodile loyal to Kiburi . Reirei 's family ( edit ) Reirei 's family is a family of black - backed jackals who first appeared in the episode `` The Kupatana Celebration '' . They trick the Lion Guard into letting them into the Pride Lands so that they can devour all the animals . At Kupatana , the jackals attack the Pridelanders until they are defeated by the Lion Guard . Simba himself approaches the jackal family and roars , sending them scurrying back into the Outlands . Reirei and Goigoi reappear in the episode `` Too Many Termites '' , where they attempt to eat a pack of aardwolves , but are stopped by the Lion Guard . They are the first canine villains to appear in the Lion Guard . Reirei , voiced by Ana Gasteyer , is a clever , scheming , and manipulative jackal who wreaks havoc in the Pride Lands . Goigoi , voiced by Phil LaMarr , is a jackal who only thinks with his stomach and has the tendency to fall asleep . Dogo , voiced by Jacob Guenther , is one of Reirei and Goigoi 's sons who uses his innocent looks to his advantage to win the trust of others in order to take advantage of them .", "29": "Kijana , voiced by Amber Hood , first appeared in the episode `` Babysitter Bunga '' and is Reirei and Goigoi 's daughter . Ushari ( edit ) Ushari , voiced by Christian Slater , is an Egyptian cobra who often conflicted with Bunga and would get disturbed whenever the Lion Guard was near him . In The Rise of Scar , Ushari finally gets fed up with the Lion Guard disturbing his peace and inadvertently finds out that Kion talks to Mufasa 's spirit . With this knowledge he decides to join forces with Janja 's clan in a bid to summon Scar 's spirit so that he can guide them in defeating the Lion Guard . Basi ( edit ) Basi , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson , is Beshte 's father and leader of his and his son 's pod . He is amicable and open , willing to engage in conversation and negotiate according to the customs of the Pride Lands . Even in the face of adversity , such as Makuu 's violent takeover of Big Springs , Basi maintains his temper and graciously offers the crocodile a chance to return once the fish have returned in plenty . Being so learned in the ways of the animals , Basi is knowledgeable and wise . Despite being an animal with a very different way of life , he understands the customs of the crocodiles and how this affects his pod 's everyday life . Unlike the inexperienced young Makuu , Basi grasps an understanding of the Circle of Life and how every animal must give and take in order to keep it in balance . Leopards ( edit ) Several African leopards appear in the series ; two are antagonists , while one is an ally of the Lion Guard : Makucha ( voiced by Steven Blum ) : an aggressive , powerful leopard who comes to the Pridelands in pursuit of the okapi Ajabu , and who proves to be quite an adversary to the Lion Guard due to his speed and strength . Badili ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) : a friendly leopard who was initially too timid to stand up to Mapigano , who tried to take over his territory . Mapigano ( voiced by Jorge Diaz ) : a mean leopard who attempts to take over Badili 's territory until Badili gains confidence through training with the Lion Guard and drives him out .", "30": "Aardwolves ( edit ) Mjomba ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a grumpy and impatient aardwolf . He has a hunched back , bushy black eyebrows , gray fur , and darker gray markings . His inner ears are pink , and his nose is black . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Ogopa ( voiced by Marieve Herington ) is a bright and cheerful aardwolf . She has blue - gray fur and black markings , as well as a narrow muzzle and a black nose . Her yellow eyes are large and framed by a few eyelashes , and her inner ears are pink with a couple of hairs sprouting from each . Like the rest of the pack , she adores termites . She is easily frightened and has a tendency to jump to conclusions . She also tends to add afterthoughts after she states her opinion on a subject . Haya ( voiced by Ogie Banks ) is a nervous and shy aardwolf . He has dark gray fur with longer fur on his cheeks and black markings , and his inner ears are pink with a few hairs sprouting from them . His upper teeth protrude from his dark muzzle . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Like Ogopa , he tends to add afterthoughts after stating his opinion . Introduced in the Lion King books ( edit ) Kopa ( edit ) Kopa is the son of Simba and Nala , appearing in the book series The Lion King : Six New Adventures , and is shown to look a lot like his father as a cub , except with a tuft of hair on top of his head . The book series was released before Simba 's Pride , therefore Kopa does not appear in the film . Ahadi ( edit ) Ahadi is the father of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandfather of Simba , the great - grandfather of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the king of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . He is shown to look a lot like Mufasa except with darker fur .", "31": "Uru ( edit ) Uru is the mother of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandmother of Simba , the great - grandmother of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the queen of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . She is absent from the book but is mentioned to have left to search for water to save the kingdom . Mohatu ( edit ) Mohatu is the father of Ahadi or Uru , the grandfather of Mufasa and Scar , the great - grandfather of Simba , and King of the Pride Lands during the events of the story The Brightest Star . He went to find water for the animals of the land during a drought and helped the animals get on with each other . When he died , he became a star which was brighter than the others . He is shown to look a lot like a darker furred version of Mufasa , having facial features like Simba 's and was said to have been one of the greatest kings of the Pride Lands . Ni ( edit ) Ni is a character who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is a young lion who has left his pride to start his own and travels through the Pride Lands during Scar 's reign and saves Nala from hyenas before leaving after meeting the rest of the Pridelanders . Kula ( edit ) Kula is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . She is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders who lived during Scar 's reign . Chumvi ( edit ) Chumvi is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders . Joka ( edit ) Joka is a giant python in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Snake in the Grass . He is extremely intelligent and is able to formulate complicated plans in a short amount of time . He has the power to twist his words into whatever he rightly wants and uses hypnotism to lure unsuspecting victims into believing his empty words .", "32": "The name Joka translates as ' dragon ' in the Swahili tongue Jelani ( edit ) Jelani is Rafiki 's lazy cousin in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Follow the Leader . Despite being considered leader of his troop , he is unconcerned about the suffering of his subjects , as he is often too concerned about his own welfare to lead them to a new home . Kwaheri ( edit ) Kwaheri is Kopa 's monkey friend in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories Nala 's Dare and How True , Zazu ? He is social , talkative , and critical to his friends . He often flaunts his talents around Kopa to either spark a reaction or just be a show - off . Boma ( edit ) Boma is a cape buffalo who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories A Tale of Two Brothers and How True , Zazu ? . His grandparents were killed during an attack by army ants . He is the leader of the cape buffalo and he is aggressive , controlling , selfish , strong , and short - tempered . He is also somewhat seclusive and gruff , as he does n't seem to understand that there is a balance between species and refuses to share the last remaining water - hole during a draught , which can affect the whole of the Pride Lands . It is due to him that Taka got his scar after which he renamed himself to Scar . If challenged or insulted he becomes very angry . However he is mildly co-operative if not insulted or challenged . Taka tries to get Mufasa in trouble by telling him to talk with Boma to share the water - hole . Mufasa tries to reason with him to share the water - hole however he refuses . Scar then roars and tells him that he must obey or challenge Mufasa . He then chases after Mufasa who is rescued by Rafiki . Rafiki starts to grow tired while running but is picked up by Mufasa who then jumps across a ravine . Boma is unable to make the jumps and falls into it . Mufasa tells him that he does n't have to fight but he keeps hurling thret while saying that the other buffaloes can still harm Taka .", "33": "Taka is then attacked by three buffaloes during which he receives his scar . Ahadi stops this attack with a large herd of animals and has an elephant push Boma out of the ravine . Zuzu ( edit ) Zuzu is Ahadi 's majordomo . She only appeared in A Tale of Two Brothers , though she was mentioned in How True , Zazu ? . She turned out to be Zazu 's mother . Flirtatious and gossipy , Zuzu is a very maternal bird who never passes up the chance for some juicy gossip , much like her son , Zazu . Her talkative nature and nosy habits often make her a bit of an annoyance to the other animals , though Ahadi puts her personality to good use in order to get a better grip on the doings of his kingdom . Zuzu is also known for being loyal and brave , as she was willing to help Rafiki even though she did not fully understand the danger Mufasa was in . It said that she retired , and gave Zazu her place as the king 's majordomo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife Wednesdays : Zazu 's ' Cousin ' - Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Chick - a New Addition at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge '' . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's behind those wild ' Lion King ' masks ? '' . www.adn.com . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King spinoff voice cast includes Rob Lowe , Gabrielle Union , James Earl Jones , and more - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com .", "34": "( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Lion_King_characters&oldid=822364328 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of fictional animals by work Lists of fictional animals in animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 23 : 17 .", "35": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8551231508158823921	how many seasons are in star wars the clone wars	[ "6", "6", "6", "6" ]	{ "0": "List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes - wikipedia List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : The Clone Wars intertitle Star Wars : The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by Lucasfilm Animation , Lucasfilm Animation Singapore and CGCG Inc . On August 15 , 2008 the Star Wars : The Clone Wars film was released in theaters ; it served as the official pilot episode and the introduction of the series . The series made its debut on the American Cartoon Network on October 3 , 2008 . It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy , during the same time period as the previous 2003 Star Wars : Clone Wars series . The show itself takes place during the three - year interim between Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes , to fill a half - hour time slot . Star Wars creator George Lucas originally claimed that `` there ( would ) be at least 100 episodes produced '' . In total 121 episodes were produced in the series . On March 11 , 2013 , Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down , '' effectively canceling the series as Lucasfilm ended its contract with Cartoon Network , following its acquisition by Disney . The unreleased episodes that had already been produced are referred to as `` bonus content . '' On January 16 , 2014 , the German television network Super RTL announced their plans to air the `` bonus content '' as a sixth season , which would consist of 13 episodes . Season 6 , along with the other seasons and the feature film , were made available on Netflix on March 7 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Film ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 2 : Rise of the Bounty Hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.4 Season 3 : Secrets Revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Season 4 : Battle Lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.", "1": "6 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.7 Season 6 : The Lost Missions ( 2014 ) 3 Episodes in narrative chronological order 4 The Clone Wars Legacy 4.1 Darth Maul : Son Of Dathomir 4.2 Crystal Crisis On Utapau 4.3 The Bad Batch 4.4 Dark Disciple 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network Film August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) N / A 22 October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) Cartoon Network 22 October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 22 September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 22 September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 5 20 September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 6 13 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Film ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) As a lead in to the TV series of the same name , the film was released theatrically on August 15 , 2008 , and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , which also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series .", "2": "Though critical reception was negative , the film was a box office success , and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Star Wars : The Clone Wars Dave Filoni Screenplay by Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching and Scott Murphy August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.18 As more star systems get swept into the Clone Wars , the valiant Jedi knights struggle to maintain order . Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano embark on a mission that brings them face - to - face with Jabba the Hutt . Plotting against them is evil Count Dooku and his agent , Asajj Ventress , who would ensure that the Jedis fail . Meanwhile , Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi lead the clone army against the forces of the Dark Side . Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) The hour - long premiere episode of Star Wars : The Clone Wars aired on October 3 , 2008 , and set a new record with Cartoon Network as their most - watched series premiere , attracting 3.992 million total viewers . The season finale , `` Hostage Crisis '' , was broadcast on March 20 , 2009 , and the original broadcast received 3.297 million viewers . The feature film has the production codes 1.01 , 1.03 , 1.04 , and 1.18 . Season 1 depicted the attempts of the Republic and the Separatists to gain the allegiance of many planets and moons . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Ambush '' Dave Bullock Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.08 3.99 Jedi Master Yoda must face off against Count Dooku 's dreaded assassin Asajj Ventress and her massive droid army to prove the Jedi are strong enough to protect a strategic planet and forge a treaty for the Republic .", "3": "Ventress fails against Yoda , so Dooku tells Ventress to kill the king of the planet , who wants to sign the treaty with the Republic . Yoda protects the king from Ventress , who then flees . `` Rising Malevolence '' Dave Filoni Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.07 4.92 An attack by a devastating new Separatist weapon -- the powerful starship Malevolence -- leaves Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone troopers struggling to survive until Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka can find them . `` Shadow of Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 1.09 2.8 With the help of his Padawan Ahsoka and Jedi Master Plo Koon , Anakin utilizes new long - range Y - wing bombers to lead a bold strike on General Grievous 's warship , the Malevolence , and its destructive weapon . `` Destroy Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 1.11 N / A Padmé Amidala and C - 3PO are taken hostage by General Grievous , leaving Anakin and Obi - Wan to save the Senator and complete the destruction of the Malevolence . 5 5 `` Rookies '' Justin Ridge Steven Melching October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 1.14 N / A Alone on a distant outpost , clone officers Rex and Cody must inspire their rookie unit to believe in themselves to stave off a droid commando invasion . 6 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' Rob Coleman George Krstic November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 1.02 N / A R2 - D2 is lost during a fierce space battle -- and Anakin must find him before the Separatists discover the Jedi military secrets locked in his memory banks .", "4": "7 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' Rob Coleman Kevin Campbell & Henry Gilroy November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 1.06 N / A Anakin , Ahsoka , and replacement droid R3 - S6 embark on a dual rescue / sabotage mission when they discover R2 - D2 is being held at General Grievous 's secret enemy listening post , Skytop Station . 8 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' Jesse Yeh Kevin Rubio & Steven Melching & Henry Gilroy November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 1.05 2.77 On a diplomatic mission to the planet Rodia , Padmé discovers that her old friend and fellow Republic senator Onaconda Farr has allied his planet with the Separatists . In exchange for food and resources for his people , Onaconda captures Padmé and promises to deliver her to the Nute Gunray . Sensing Padmé is in trouble , Jar Jar Binks disguises himself as a Jedi , and with the help of C - 3PO , courageously fights to rescue his friend and fellow senator . 9 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' Dave Filoni Paul Dini December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 1.10 1.95 Ahsoka and Jedi Master Luminara escort the captured notorious Separatist leader Nute Gunray to Coruscant so he can stand trial for his crimes . However , they are unaware that Count Dooku has sent his assassin , Asajj Ventress , to free their captive . With the help of Senate Commandos , the Jedi have to thwart Ventress 's efforts to free their prisoner , despite the traitorous plans of Senate Guard Captain Argyus .", "5": "10 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' Atsushi Takeuchi Henry Gilroy December 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) 1.12 2.14 Jedi Master Kit Fisto and his former Padawan , the Mon Calamari Jedi Nahdar Vebb , track escaped prisoner Nute Gunray to a remote world . Following Nute into a mysterious den filled with strange creatures , weapons , and war - time artifacts , the Jedi discover it is the trap - laden lair of General Grievous ! Learning that Count Dooku has led the Jedi there in order to punish Grievous for his recent failures , the General is determined to prove his abilities and destroy the Jedi . Kit and Nahdar , along with a contingent of clones , must now fight their way past Grievous and his caretaker droid A-4D to avoid being caught in General 's evil clutches forever . 11 11 `` Dooku Captured '' Jesse Yeh Julie Siege January 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) 1.16 N / A During their own attempt to kidnap Count Dooku , Anakin and Obi - Wan discover that the Sith Lord has already been captured by pirates . Hondo Ohnaka and his gang of pirates hold Dooku captive in their den on Florrum , and hold him for ransom . It 's up to Anakin and Obi - Wan to see if the offer is too good to be true . 12 12 `` The Gungan General '' Justin Ridge Julie Siege January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 1.20 2.31 Anakin and Obi - Wan have been duped and are being held for ransom along with Count Dooku by the pirate chief Hondo Ohnaka and his second - in - command , Turk Falso . While Anakin , Obi - Wan and Dooku unsuccessfully attempt to escape , the Republic sends the ransom via a special envoy , including Representative Jar Jar Binks .", "6": "When Falso tries to steal the ransom from his boss by shooting down the shuttle , the only survivors are a squad of clones and Jar Jar , who as the most senior officer alive , has to take charge of the mission . It becomes a race against time as Jar Jar rushes to deliver the ransom to take custody of Dooku and save the Jedi . 13 13 `` Jedi Crash '' Rob Coleman Katie Lucas January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 1.22 2.35 Anakin and Ahsoka arrive at a pitched sky battle to help besieged Jedi General Aayla Secura . Anakin is gravely injured in the fight . Aayla and Ahsoka , along with the now - wounded Anakin , Rex , and the surviving clones , crash land on the uncharted grass - covered planet , Maridun . Forced to leave Anakin behind in order to save him , Aayla teaches Ahsoka why the Jedi have no personal attachments . They make their way to a Lurmen village . Their ruler , Tee Watt Kaa , explains that they 're pacifists in this war and are not aligned with either side . Hesitant to have anything to do with the Jedi , Tee Watt Kaa agrees to help save Anakin 's life . 14 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' Steward Lee Bill Canterbury January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 1.24 2.17 The leader of the Lurmen , Tee Watt Kaa , refuses to shelter the Jedi from arriving Separatist forces , fearing that such an action would unnecessarily bring his neutral people into the war . Ahsoka , Aayla , the wounded Anakin , and the rest of the clones respect their wishes as they do n't want to jeopardize the village with their presence , so they have to retreat into the wilds of the planet . Separatist Neimoidian General Lok Durd arrives to test a devastating weapon , which they plan to use on the Lurmen ! Ultimately , the villagers have to decide whether they will lay down to the Separatists or fight with the Jedi to defend their village .", "7": "15 15 `` Trespass '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching January 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) 1.25 2.62 Arriving on the desolate ice world of Orto Plutonia , Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi investigate the disappearance of a clone security force stationed on a remote outpost . The Jedi , accompanied by Senator Riyo Chuchi and Chairman Cho of the nearby moon of Pantora , soon discover their clone troopers were attacked by a tribe of furry natives known as the Talz . Fierce beast - riding warriors , the Talz are very territorial and only want to be left alone . The Jedi manage to negotiate peace with the Talz chieftain , Thi - Sen , when greedy Chairman Cho breaks it by insisting the planet and the Talz are under his power . The resulting conflict escalates into war between the clones and the Talz , with the Jedi in the middle . 16 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' Steward Lee Drew Z . Greenberg February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 2.01 2.51 Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi lead Republic forces in an attempt to defeat the droid armies and free the planet of Christophsis from the Separatist siege . When the Republic is ambushed and forced to retreat , it becomes clear that someone in their midst has set them up . The Jedi believe this infiltration is a Sith - backed operation and go behind enemy lines to investigate . Meanwhile , Captain Rex and Commander Cody set out to uncover the traitor amongst them . Note : This episode takes place between episode 38 ( `` Cat and Mouse '' ) and the feature film 17 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 1.26 2.94 The Republic discovers a Separatist bio-weapon lab hidden on the planet of Naboo . Rather than wait for help , Padmé explores the lab with Jar Jar .", "8": "Anakin , Ahsoka , Rex , and Obi - Wan arrive and follow after her . They find that the Senator is being held captive by the sinister Dr. Nuvo Vindi . The mad scientist has been developing a lethal virus for the Separatists . Vindi threatens to set off a bomb and release the virus ! 18 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' Jesse Yeh Brian Larsen February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 2.02 2.11 Even though the lab has been shut down , Dr. Vindi manages to activate the dreaded Blue Shadow Virus , infecting Ahsoka , Padmé , and many clone troopers . The plague is fatal within 48 hours . Anakin and Obi - Wan must travel to the mysterious planet , Iego , to secure the only known antidote to the sickness . Anakin and Obi - Wan arrive on the mysterious planet to find its population living in fear of a mysterious force that has been killing anything that tries to leave their world . With the help of Jaybo Hood , a clever Iegoan boy , Anakin and Obi - Wan must solve the planet 's mystery before they can leave , and before everyone infected with the Separatist virus dies ! 19 19 `` Storm Over Ryloth '' Brian Kalin O'Connell George Krstic & Scott Murphy & Henry Gilroy February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 1.15 2.37 Ryloth , home world of the Twi'lek people , has been subjected to military occupation by the droid army of the Separatists , and surrounded by a blockade of Trade Federation battleships . While launching a surprise attack against the blockade , Ahsoka disobeys Anakin 's orders and ends up losing most of her squadron . Even though she 's emotionally rocked by this failure , Anakin helps her learn to persevere , placing her in charge of another risky attack .", "9": "20 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' Justin Ridge Randy Stradley & Henry Gilroy March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 1.17 2.49 With the space blockade around Ryloth destroyed , Obi - Wan Kenobi must lead a small clone force into a droid occupied town to sabotage their anti-aircraft guns . Obi - Wan 's mission is complicated when he learns the town 's inhabitants are being used as living shields . A pair of clones in his platoon forges an unlikely friendship with a refugee Twi'lek girl , Numa , who 's been orphaned by the war . Through their relationship with her , the clones begin to understand the real cost of the war ... 21 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' Rob Coleman Henry Gilroy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 1.19 3.01 The battle for the Twi'lek homeworld of Ryloth rages as the Republic attempts to drive off the occupying droid army led by Separatist Leader , Wat Tambor . With his forces stretched thin , Mace Windu must convince Twi'lek freedom fighter , Cham Syndulla , to help him save the capital city from the droids ' destruction . Initially , the Twi'lek hero is hesitant to aid Mace , but ultimately realizes the Jedi can be trusted and joins with him to liberate the city -- and ultimately the planet -- in the climactic battle . 22 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) 2.04 3.29 In an attempt to force the release of the crime lord Ziro the Hutt from prison , bounty hunters seize control of the Senate Building and hold members of the Senate hostage . Cad Bane , the leader of the operation , with the help of bounty hunter Aurra Sing , issues his demands to Chancellor Palpatine who has no choice but to meet his request . Unbeknownst to the hunters , Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is loose in the Senate Building .", "10": "Season 2 : Rise of the bounty hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The season two premiere , `` Holocron Heist '' , was broadcast on October 2 , 2009 , and attracted 2.581 million viewers . Episode 15 was first released in Canada . Episodes 16 -- 21 were released in UK before airing in US . In Season 2 , the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them . Meanwhile , the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility . The one - hour season finale combined of `` R2 Come Home '' and `` Lethal Trackdown '' , was broadcast on April 30 , 2010 , and the original broadcast received 2.756 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 `` Holocron Heist '' Justin Ridge Paul Dini October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.23 2.58 Obi - Wan and Anakin try to stop bounty hunter Cad Bane from stealing a holocron from the Jedi temple . Meanwhile , Ahsoka discovers another shapeshifting bounty hunter disguised as a Jedi . 24 `` Cargo of Doom '' Rob Coleman George Krstic October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.13 2.58 Cad Bane moves to sell the stolen holocron to the Separatists while Anakin and Ahsoka try to retrieve it and return it to the holocron vault inside the Jedi Temple . 25 `` Children of the Force '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy & Wendy Meracle October 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) 2.03 2.8 Cad Bane uses the holocron to find and kidnap Force - sensitive younglings . Anakin and Ahsoka try to find them and take them home while Mace Windu and Obi - Wan track down the holocron .", "11": "26 `` Senate Spy '' Steward Lee Melinda Hsu October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 2.05 N / A The Jedi suspect that Senator Rush Clovis is working for the Separatists , so they recruit Padme to spy on him . Anakin is upset to discover that Padme and Clovis have a romantic history . 27 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Brian Larsen November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 2.07 N / A Using the information stolen from Senator Clovis , Obi - Wan , Anakin , Ahsoka , and Ki - Adi - Mundi lead a combined clone trooper assault on a massive droid factory on Geonosis . 28 6 `` Weapons Factory '' Giancarlo Volpe Brian Larsen November 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 2.08 N / A Ahsoka and Luminara Unduli 's Padawan Barriss Offee sneak into the droid factory to destroy it while their masters face the new indestructible `` Super Tanks '' . 29 7 `` Legacy of Terror '' Steward Lee Eoghan Mahony November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 2.09 N / A Luminara is captured while looking for Separatist leader Poggle the Lesser , and it 's up to Anakin , Obi - Wan and Commander Cody to enter a colony of Geonosian zombies to find her . 30 8 `` Brain Invaders '' Steward Lee Andrew Kreisberg December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 2.12 N / A Ahsoka and Barriss are to transport critical supplies to a medical station , but their clone troops are infected with mind - controlling Geonosian worms which try to kill the Jedi . Barriss is also infected by this mind - controlling worm .", "12": "31 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' Giancarlo Volpe Ben Edlund January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.14 N / A Jedi Master Eeth Koth is captured by General Grievous . While Jedi Master Adi Gallia and Anakin try to rescue him , Obi - Wan plays bait to lure Grievous and capture him . 32 10 `` The Deserter '' Robert Dalva Carl Ellsworth January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.06 N / A After escaping to the planet Saleucami , Grievous searches for a ship to get offworld . Obi - Wan , Commander Cody and Rex try to search for Grievous before he escapes the planet . Rex is wounded by a commando droid sniper while scouting ahead and meets a deserter at a farm where he takes shelter . 33 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' Giancarlo Volpe Drew Z . Greenberg January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) 2.11 N / A When Ahsoka 's lightsaber is stolen by a pickpocket , she gets help from the seemingly feeble elder Jedi Tera Sinube as she tracks down the thief . 34 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' Kyle Dunlevy Melinda Hsu January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) 2.13 N / A Obi - Wan is assigned to protect Duchess Satine of Mandalore from a terrorist organization called Death Watch . 35 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Paul Dini February 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) 1.21 N / A As Satine heads to Coruscant protected by clones and two jedi , Anakin , R2 and the clones find assassin droids in the cargo while Obi - Wan tries to identify the traitor .", "13": "36 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg February 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) 2.16 N / A On Coruscant , Satine disguises herself as a civilian to avoid assassins as she pleads for the Senate to leave her planet in peace . 37 15 `` Senate Murders '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) 2.10 N / A Senator Onaconda Farr is poisoned , and Padme teams up with Bail Organa to unmask the culprit , who turns out to be a fellow senator . 38 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' Kyle Dunlevy Brian Larsen March 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) 2.17 2.02 A highly seasoned Separatist strategist stands between the Republic fleet and beleaguered Republic forces on Christophisis . Anakin finds himself in command of an advanced prototype stealth ship with orders to ferry supplies to the weary troops on the planet below . Will he obey orders , or use the stealth ship to launch a sneak attack on the Separatist blockade ? Note : This episode is a prequel to the season 1 episode , The Hidden Enemy , which in turn is a prequel to the Clone Wars movie . 39 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' Steward Lee Carl Ellsworth March 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) 2.19 N / A When Anakin , Ahsoka and Obi - Wan crash on the lush rainforest planet of Felucia , they decide to help four bounty hunters protect local farmers from pirates intent on stealing their valuable crops . Obi Wan and Anakin soon find out that the pirates are led by the duo 's old foe , Hondo . Note : This episode pays homage to the memory of Akira Kurosawa and to his 1954 movie classic Seven Samurai .", "14": "40 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley April 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) 2.22 N / A The Republic 's newest droid - annihilating proton bomb awakens a monstrous , gargantuan and near - invincible beast from its underground hibernation . Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker face a dilemma : save the beast as the last specimen of its kind , or help the Dugs kill it and secure a treaty for critical fuel supplies ? Note : This episode and the creature 's name pay homage to the legendary Japanese giant monster Godzilla . 41 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' Steward Lee Steven Melching April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) 2.23 N / A When the Zillo Beast is brought back to Coruscant in hopes of learning the secret of its impenetrable armour , it instead breaks loose and rampages across the ecumenopolis . As the clones prepare to kill it with poison gas , the Jedi are again trapped in a moral conflict between the value of its life and that of the planet 's civilian populace . 42 20 `` Death Trap '' Steward Lee Doug Petrie April 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) 2.15 2.85 Boba Fett infiltrates a Jedi cruiser and joins a group of young clones with the intention of assassinating Mace Windu for killing his father Jango Fett . 43 21 `` R2 Come Home '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony April 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) 2.18 2.76 Anakin Skywalker and Mace Windu are trapped in the crumbling ruins of a crashed ship while searching for survivors , and only R2 - D2 can get out a message to save them -- if he can elude vicious gundarks and , worse yet , a crew of determined bounty hunters led by Boba Fett and Aurra Sing .", "15": "44 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Drew Z . Greenberg April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 2.20 2.76 While Anakin and Mace Windu recover from their injuries , Plo Koon and Ahsoka track down Boba Fett from the underworld of Coruscant to the desert planet of Florrum . Boba 's revenge scheme finally leads to a climactic battle , and the life of a Republic admiral hangs in the balance . Season 3 : secrets revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) The season three premiere , consisting of `` Clone Cadets '' and `` ARC Troopers , '' was broadcast on September 17 , 2010 , attracting 2.42 million viewers . These episodes , and certain others in this season , cover events from previous seasons . Episodes 21 and 22 were released in the UK before airing in the US . The season finale , consisting of `` Padawan Lost '' and `` Wookie Hunt , '' was broadcast on April 1 , 2011 , attracting 2.31 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 45 `` Clone Cadets '' Dave Filoni Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.01 2.42 On Kamino , before the events of `` Rookies '' ( Season 1 Episode 5 ) , 5 clone cadets of Domino Squad are at risk of washing out unless they pull their team together while trainers Bric , El - Les , and Jedi Master Shaak Ti debate their fate .", "16": "46 `` ARC Troopers '' Kyle Dunlevy Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.02 2.42 Taking place after the Season 1 episode `` Rookies '' , General Grievous and Ventress 's Separatists forces launch a major attack on the Republic cloning facilities on Kamino with Anakin , Obi - Wan , Jedi Master Shaak Ti , and the 501st defending it . 47 `` Supply Lines '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching & Eoghan Mahony September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) 2.24 1.69 With Ryloth under siege , a trapped Jedi Master Ima - Gun Di and his clone forces rally the local forces of Cham Syndulla . Elsewhere , the Jedi council sends Bail Organa and Jar Jar Binks to go to Toydaria , to ask King Katuunko for aid to Ryloth . 48 `` Sphere of Influence '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 2.25 1.88 Chairman Papanoida 's family is kidnapped and held for ransom . Ahsoka must team up with the Senator from Pantora , Riyo Chuchi , to aid the new chairman in recovering his family before the Trade Federation can unduly influence the future of his planet . 49 5 `` Corruption '' Giancarlo Volpe Cameron Litvack October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 3.04 1.78 Padmé , on a diplomatic mission to Mandalore , guarantees the pacifist planet the Republic 's full protection , but she and Duchess Satine soon find something sinister lurking beneath the planet 's serene facade . Moogan smugglers have been sneaking in supplies , including bottled tea destined for the Mandalorian schools . To increase their profits , they have been diluting the tea with a hazardous chemical .", "17": "50 6 `` The Academy '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 2.26 1.79 Ahsoka is assigned to teach a class at the cadet academy on Mandalore . Soon after she arrives , Duchess Satine 's zealous nephew and his classmates uncover a nefarious plot . 51 7 `` Assassin '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas October 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) 2.21 1.85 Having volunteered to protect Senator Padmé Amidala during a political mission to Alderaan , Padawan Ahsoka Tano is plagued by recurring visions of the presumed dead bounty hunter Aurra Sing assassinating the senator . 52 8 `` Evil Plans '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) 3.03 1.84 While on an important shopping trip on Coruscant , C - 3PO and R2 - D2 are kidnapped by the sinister bounty hunter Cad Bane in the dastardly plot to free Ziro the Hutt as carried out in `` Hostage Crisis '' . 53 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 3.05 1.76 In the aftermath of the events of `` Hostage Crisis '' , due to his possessing of incriminating information , Ziro the Hutt is placed under the custody under the Hutt Council . When Cad Bane is sent to hunt down Ziro , he learns that Jedi Masters Obi - Wan and Quinlan Vos are searching for Ziro too .", "18": "54 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' Kyle Dunlevy Daniel Arkin November 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) 3.06 1.75 When the Senate begins debate on a bill that would eliminate government oversight of the Banking Clan 's activities , Padmé and Ahsoka travel in secret to the capital of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , in an attempt to forge a peace agreement with the Separatists . However after both the Republic and Separatists agree to have a peace conference , Dooku orders General Grievous to dispatch a group of droids to launch a terrorist attack on Corucsant , resulting in a failure of peace . 55 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' Duwayne Dunham Daniel Arkin December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 3.07 1.61 Senators Padmé Amidala , Bail Organa and Onaconda Farr push against a new bill in the Senate to buy new clones for the Republic . But someone does not like their opposition and tries to persuade them out of it . 56 12 `` Nightsisters '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 3.08 1.86 Darth Sidious , troubled by Ventress 's growing progress with the dark side of the Force , commands Count Dooku to eliminate her . When Ventress survives Dooku 's assassination attempt , the jilted former apprentice vows to take revenge , enlisting her kinswomen -- the Nightsisters of Dathomir -- in her scheme . 57 13 `` Monster '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) 3.10 N / A With the results of Ventress 's attack on Dooku as a failure , Mother Talzin gives Dooku a new apprentice named Savage Opress , who is the clan brother of Darth Maul and secretly controlled by the Nightsisters .", "19": "58 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 3.12 2.21 With Savage Opress connected to the Force he is sent out by Dooku to capture King Katuunko , where he meets Obi Wan and Anakin , sent by the jedi to search for Savage Opress as he murdered two Jedi . Opress escapes and is punished by Dooku for killing Katuunko rather than capturing him . Meanwhile , Talzin tells Ventress to attack Dooku after these events . But the attack fails when Opress goes in rage after being confused between his loyalties to Dooku and Ventress and also when Obi - Wan and Anakin interfere . All remain unharmed . Savage returns to Mother Talzin , believing Ventress betrayed him . 59 15 `` Overlords '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 3.09 1.74 Obi - Wan , Anakin and Ahsoka become stranded on a mysterious planet where the Force is very strong . Three powerful entities called the Father , Son and Daughter live there . The Father tries to convince Anakin to stay and remain as Anakin will be the only one able to control the Son and Daughter since he is the Chosen One . 60 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 3.11 2.29 Before the Jedi can leave Mortis , the Son takes Ahsoka captive in an attempt to entice Anakin into joining him to use their combined strength to overpower his Father and Sister . To this end , the Son casts Ahsoka under the spell of the dark side and she battles Anakin , when he comes to rescue her , and is later battled with Obi - wan . After a battle between the Son and the Daughter stopped by the Father , Ahsoka steals the dagger that controls the Son .", "20": "The Son is about to kill the Father , but the Daughter sacrifices herself to save the Father and returns Ahsoka to normal as well by the Daughter transferring her life to Ahsoka . 61 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 3.13 2.24 The Jedi remain stranded on Mortis , and the Son aligned with the Dark Side of the Force renews his efforts to convert Anakin as the Jedi prepare for a decisive confrontation . To turn Anakin to the Dark Side , the Son shows Anakin future images of himself causing so much pain and death as the Sith Lord Darth Vader . This works , and Anakin joins the Son out of fear that what he saw would actually happen . Ahsoka disables the ship upon hearing that Anakin joined the Son , and leaves to help Obi - Wan find the Father . The Father later confronts Anakin and erases his memory of the terrible vision the Son had shown him . When the Son tries to kill the Father , the Father steals the sword and uses it to kill himself , taking away his Son 's power , allowing Anakin to kill the Son and restore the balance . 62 18 `` The Citadel '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 3.14 1.84 An elite team of Jedi attempts to free Master Even Piell , who is in possession of hyperdrive coordinates that could harm both Separatists and Jedi alike , from an impenetrable prison , encountering reprogrammed battle droids , carbonite chambers and a younger Captain Tarkin along the way ( before he joined the Galactic Empire ) . It is revealed that Piell and captain Tarkin each have memorized half of the coordinates .", "21": "63 19 `` Counter Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Matt Michnovetz March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 3.15 1.87 With freed prisoners in their possession and brutal warden Osi Sobeck attempting desperately to thwart them , Obi - Wan and Anakin search for a way out of the Citadel and back to Coruscant . The prison , however , has more traps , perils and pitfalls in store for them than they had imagined and they must work past their differences if they are to escape . 64 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 3.17 1.55 While finding their way out of the Citadel prison which is under the command of the Separatist Osi Sobeck , the elite team 's ship was destroyed , forcing them to wait for the rescue by Republic fleet . Along the way to rendezvous point they encounter waves of droid squads , which they have to fight in order to evacuate freed prisoners and save the information they hold . The Jedi attempt to escape , but are cornered by a pack of anoobas who kill Even Piell . But before he dies , he gives his half of the information to Ahsoka , telling her not to reveal it to anyone but the Jedi Council . But as the Jedi are about to escape , they are cornered by Sobeck who tries to kill Tarkin , but is stabbed and killed by Ahsoka . Plo Koon then arrives and rescues the Jedi , taking them back to Coruscant . 65 21 `` Padawan Lost '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.16 2.31 Ahsoka gets captured by Trandoshans during a battle on the planet Felucia . They drop her off on a planet where they intend to hunt her and others for sport . Ahsoka encounters three Jedi younglings named Kalifa , Jinx and O - mer , who she teams up with to survive .", "22": "The next day they set out to escape the Trandoshans but are found and hunted . The lead Trandoshan 's son is accidentally killed , and in revenge his father shoots and kills Kalifa . Ahsoka promises to take care of the other two younglings as Kalifa dies . 66 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.18 2.31 As Ahsoka and her allies struggle to evade the Trandoshan hunters , their efforts receive an unexpected boost when a new captive arrives : Chewbacca the Wookiee . Together , the younglings , Ahsoka and Chewie attack the Trandoshan fortress , and with the help of other Wookiee warriors , are able to kill a large number of Trandoshans . Ahsoka herself kills the Trandoshan leader Garnac with a powerful Force push . Season 4 : battle lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) The season four premiere , consisting of `` Water War '' and `` Gungan Attack '' , was broadcast on September 16 , 2011 , and attracted 1.93 million viewers , the lowest premiere viewing of all seasons . The season finale , `` Revenge '' was broadcast on March 16 , 2012 , attracting 2.03 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 67 `` Water War '' Duwayne Dunham Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.22 1.93 Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Ahsoka find themselves on the planet of Mon Calamari helping to keep the peace in a near civil war . But the Separatists have another plan . Will the Jedi and the inhabitants of Mon Calamari join forces and push back the invaders , or will another planet fall in the hands of the Separatists ? An underwater battle takes place for the Republic to save the planet from falling .", "23": "68 `` Gungan Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.23 1.93 After the Separatists defeat most of the Republic forces on Mon Calamari , the Jedi Council are forced to call in the help of Jar Jar Binks and the Grand Gungan Army to the Jedi and the remaining Republic forces . However , in the aftermath of the battle , the remaining Republic forces are captured , leaving Ahsoka and Prince Lee - Char to devise a new strategy . 69 `` Prisoners '' Danny Keller Jose Molina September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) 3.24 1.61 After Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Jar Jar Binks are all captured by Riff Tamson , Ahsoka and Prince Lee Char must find a way to free their friends from the grip of the Separatists . Endeavoring to liberate his planet from the sinister Tamson , Lee Char must now convince the Quarren to rejoin his cause . 70 `` Shadow Warrior '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Daniel Arkin September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 3.19 1.56 Anakin , Padme and Jar Jar uncover a plot by the Gungan `` shaman '' Rish Loo to trick the Gungans into aiding the Separatists in an assault on Naboo . However , as the charade unravels , can Jar Jar convince the Gungan army that they 've been deceived ? However shortly after General Grievous arrives , demanding to know why the attack was cancelled . Jar Jar manages to lure Grievous into a trap in which he is captured , but Dooku manages to capture Anakin , who is chasing after Rish Loo . Now Dooku demand 's the freedom of Grievous in exchange for Skywalker .", "24": "71 5 `` Mercy Mission '' Danny Keller Bonnie Mark October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 3.20 1.35 Plo Koon 's clone legion `` The Wolfpack '' , R2 - D2 and C - 3PO are sent to repair power & communication systems on the planet of Aleen after a series of devastating earth - quakes ; but the droids discover a severe ecological imbalance between the planet 's subterranean ecology and surface biospheres . 72 6 `` Nomad Droids '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 3.21 1.67 On their return voyage to Coruscant , their Republic - cruiser is attacked by General Grievous . R2 - D2 and C - 3PO find themselves in a Y - wing and on a series of 4 mini-adventures , whilst trying to get back to the safety of Coruscant . The last of which is being trapped on General Grievous ship with captured Jedi Master Adi Gallia , until Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone legion the Wolfpack rescues them . 73 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 3.25 1.78 When Anakin is forced to temporarily turn over command of his clone troopers to a new commander , the Jedi Pong Krell , tensions begin to run high as the clones are assigned with a very deadly mission to take the capital of Umbara . 74 8 `` The General '' Walter Murch Matt Michnovetz November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 3.26 1.56 General Krell orders Captain Rex and the clone troopers of the 501st Legion to conquer a heavily fortified Umbaran airbase , and will not accept anything less than victory . It is an almost certain suicide mission , unless the clones can use their ingenuity to defeat their new enemy .", "25": "75 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 4.01 1.80 After the Republic conquers an Umbaran airbase , General Krell orders Rex and his men on towards the heavily fortified capital . Realizing there 's a better plan , several clone troopers ( Fives , Jesse and Hardcase ) disobey orders to carry out a rogue , covert operation . 76 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 4.02 1.62 With two of his men ( Fives and Jesse ) facing execution for disobeying orders , Captain Rex is forced to confront his overly aggressive commander , General Krell , in the conclusion to the action - packed battle for Umbara . Risking charges of mutiny , Rex must make a dark choice as the true face of the enemy emerges . 77 11 `` Kidnapped '' Kyle Dunlevy Henry Gilroy November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) 4.03 1.57 Zygerrian slavers are behind the sudden disappearance of an entire colony of people on the planet Kiros . As Anakin and Ahsoka rush to defuse a series of bombs planted by the slavers , Obi - Wan must fight with their imposing leader , who then runs off leading Anakin and Ahsoka to raid and take over his ship . 78 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 4.04 1.37 Anakin , Obi - Wan , Rex , and Ahsoka go undercover to infiltrate the slavers on Zygerria to find the missing Colonists . Obi - Wan , Rex , and Anakin pretend to be slavers , and Ahsoka as the slave ( impersonating an heiress ) .", "26": "Later on Obi - Wan is captured for trying to help a colonist escape , and Anakin and Ahsoka are also captured by the Zygerrian Queen . Anakin struggles with his emotions as a wily Zygerrian queen forces him to take questionable actions in order to carry out his mission . 79 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' Danny Keller Henry Gilroy January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 4.05 1.39 Anakin tries to convince the Zygerrian Queen that she too is a slave and pawn in an evil Separatist plot . Meanwhile Obi - Wan and Rex are captured and taken to the Planet of Kadavo to toil in the slave camps . 80 14 `` A Friend in Need '' Dave Filoni Christian Taylor January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 4.06 1.51 A peace conference between Separatists and Republic delegates is interrupted by Lux Bonteri , the son of the late Separatist Senator , Mina Bonteri ( Season 3 , Episode 10 ) . Soon after , he involves Ahsoka in his dangerous search to find justice for his mother 's death - which subsequently leads to Ashoka crossing paths with Vizsla and the Death Watch . 81 15 `` Deception '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) 4.07 2.12 Obi - Wan fakes his own death and goes undercover ( as Rako Hardeen ) in a Republic prison , in order to gather information on a plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine from a convict named Moralo Eval . While there , he learns that another prisoner , notorious bounty hunter Cad Bane , is also involved . Meanwhile , Anakin seeks vengeance over the death of his former master .", "27": "82 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) 4.08 1.62 Having escaped from prison , Obi - Wan , Cad Bane and Moralo Eval flee across the galaxy , pursued by Anakin and Ahsoka . Obi - Wan must devise a way to warn his fellow Jedi to halt their chase without blowing his cover . 83 17 `` The Box '' Brian Kalin O'Connel Brent Friedman February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 4.09 1.80 Count Dooku invites some of the best bounty hunters in the galaxy , including Cad Bane and a still - disguised Obi - Wan , to compete in an obstacle course designed by Moralo Eval known as `` The Box '' , with involvement in the plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine as the reward for survival . After facing many challenges in The Box , Obi - Wan survives , along with Cad Bane and 4 other bounty hunters . Cad Bane is appointed by Dooku to lead the kidnap operation against Palpatine on Naboo . 84 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 4.10 1.86 Supreme Chancellor Palpatine goes to Naboo guarded by Jedi Knights . Meanwhile , Cad Bane , a still - disguised Obi - Wan and a pack of bounty hunters put their plan into action , but it fails when Obi - Wan alerts the Jedi and Dooku does n't rendezvous with them to collect his quarry . With the bounty hunters now in Republic custody , Obi - Wan wants to change back to his original self . However , what Obi - Wan does n't realize was that Dooku was eavesdropping via a hidden recorder when he alerted Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker , indicating that a deeper conspiracy is still at hand . Will Anakin be able to stop Dooku 's plan before it is too late ?", "28": "85 19 `` Massacre '' Steward Lee Katie Lucas February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 4.11 1.46 After failing to kill Dooku or control Savage Opress , Asajj Ventress is advised by Mother Talzin to reject the ways of the Sith and rejoin the Nightsisters . Upon discovering Ventress ' location , Dooku commands General Grievious to launch a droid assault in a bid to eliminate Ventress and wipe out Mother Talzin along with the entire Nightsister clan . As Ventress and Grevious square - off in saver combat , Talzan creates a voodoo doll of Dooku to figuratively kill him whilst her relative Daka - the eldest of the sister 's clan - awakens an army of undead Dathomirian Nightsisters to hold off the droid forces . Ventress defeats Grievous just moments before getting wounded , forcing her to escape the chaos alone as the rest of the Nightsisters are all eventually massacred ; Grievous went to proceed in killing Daka , whereas Talzan escapes as her success in finishing off Dooku is ultimately foiled . The episode closes with the green misty ' spirit ' of Mother Talzin bidding farewell and good luck to Ventress , who is now left to grieve for her sisters and lament her lost future . 86 20 `` Bounty '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 4.12 2.07 An aimless Asajj Ventress joins a team of bounty hunters - including Bossk & Dengar - under the leadership of a pre-teen Boba Fett . On an alien world , they undertake a precarious , profitable , subterranean delivery mission that tests the limits of their skills , and the strength of Asajj 's character . Realizing that familial love is a ubiquitous virtue throughout the galaxies and that her powers are needed by many , Ventress finds a sense of closure and hope for her future after all .", "29": "87 21 `` Brothers '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 4.13 1.99 With a magical amulet from Mother Talzin , Savage Opress lands on a junk planet in the Outer Rim , and searches for his lost brother . With the help of the snake - like Morley , Savage finds his brother , discovering that it is no less than the Sith Lord Darth Maul , who has been driven to insanity from his bisection and near - death experience . 88 22 `` Revenge '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 4.14 2.03 Fueled by hatred , Darth Maul and his brother Savage Opress set out to take revenge on the Jedi who had sliced him in half on Naboo over ten years earlier . Maul sends a message to Obi - Wan Kenobi to confront him alone , by murdering the inhabitants of a village on a distant planet . Upon arrival , Kenobi is double - teamed by Maul and Opress and they leave the planet with Kenobi as their prisoner . Obi - Wan receives aid from an unlikely ally , Asajj Ventress , now a bounty hunter after the one million credit bounty on Opress . Outmatched , Obi - Wan and Ventress flee Maul and Savage in the ship 's cockpit , leaving the two Dathomirian brothers to patiently stage their next move - with Maul vowing to exact his revenge on Obi - Wan . Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) The season five premiere , `` Revival '' , was broadcast on September 29 , 2012 , and attracted 1.94 million viewers . Season five consisted of 20 episodes instead of the normal 22 episode count . The season five finale , `` The Wrong Jedi '' , was broadcast on March 2 , 2013 , and attracted 2.18 million viewers . Unlike the first four seasons , the episodes for Season 5 were released to DVD and Blu - ray in Chronological order as opposed to Broadcast order . No. in series No.", "30": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 89 `` Revival '' Steward Lee Chris Collins September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) 4.26 1.94 Darth Maul and Savage Opress steal a fortune of republic credits , and bribe a squad of pirates to take down a pirate stronghold run by Hondo . They attack Hondo 's stronghold but Obi - Wan , accompanied by Jedi Master Adi Gallia , intervene , and in the battle that follows Savage kills Adi . Hondo ambushes the squad of pirates and wins their loyalty back , while Obi - Wan fights Savage and Maul and cuts off Savage 's left arm . The brothers flee to their ship under fire from Hondo and the pirates , but they launch their escape pod mid flight as the ship is damaged . Obi - Wan returns to Coruscant , where the Chancellor informs him that the brothers are of no importance compared to the Separatists , and no further action should be taken against them . 90 `` A War on Two Fronts '' Dave Filoni Chris Collins October 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) 4.15 1.71 On the Separatist world of Onderon , a group of rebels call for the assistance of the Jedi . Ahsoka , Anakin , Rex , and Obi - Wan go to train the rebels to fight , and see that former Separatist and Ahsoka Tano love interest Lux Bonteri is among them , as Onderon is his homeworld . 91 `` Front Runners '' Steward Lee Chris Collins October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 4.16 1.75 Ahsoka Tano , now leading the rebels on Onderon , but forbidden to fight , puts their training to use by having them hi - jack an AAT and blow up the main power station for the capital city of Onderon , so that the rebels can wreak havoc .", "31": "92 `` The Soft War '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins October 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 20 ) 4.17 1.57 The former King of Onderon is going to be executed by the Droid General and the current king of Onderon . After an ill - concocted solo effort to rescue the deposed King Ramsis Dendup by Saw , Steela , Lux Bonteri , and Ahsoka , with no help from the Republic , devise a plan to retrieve the King from the Palace . The plan fails but as the former King is about to be executed , the rebels are saved by General Tandin and the Onderonian milita . After allowing the rebels and his troops to escape General Tandin is in turn saved by Ahsoka . Now knowing the Jedi 's involvement , Dooku grows impatient with his underlings . 93 5 `` Tipping Points '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins October 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 4.18 1.42 The rebels on Onderon struggle to reclaim their home planet because a new Separatist droid general sent by Dooku turns out to be a better strategist than the current Onderonian King . After the Republic and the Jedi High Council refuse to give Ahsoka Tano and the rebels assistance Anakin Skywalker persuades Hondo Ohnaka , Crime Boss of Florrum to supply illegal rocket launchers to the rebels to combat the Separatist 's new gunships . Meanwhile the King is killed by the droid general by Dooku 's orders . The rebels seem to succeed until Steela ; leader of the rebels , nearly falls off of a cliff , prompting Lux Bonteri to try and aid her but just ends up falling himself . So Ahsoka Tano has to rescue both , she rescues Bonteri and is about to rescue Steela when a downed Separatist Gunship fires a missile at her causing Ahsoka to drop Steela to her death . Even with Steela dead , the rebels succeed in taking back Onderon .", "32": "94 6 `` The Gathering '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 4.22 1.66 Ahsoka and Yoda take a group of younglings to a cave on Ilum to perform a Jedi rite of passage called `` The Gathering '' , where they will each have to face an internal fear or flaw in order to retrieve a Kyber crystal so they can begin building their own lightsabers . 95 7 `` A Test of Strength '' Bosco Ng Christian Taylor November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 4.23 1.74 While returning to Coruscant with their lightsaber crystals , the younglings are attacked by Hondo , who wants to steal their crystals and sell them . Ahsoka must defend the younglings from the pirates . 96 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 4.24 1.96 With Ahsoka captured by Hondo , the younglings go to Florrum to rescue her , against the wishes of Obi - Wan Kenobi . However , before he can help the younglings , he is attacked by General Grievous and defeated , but nearly kills the droid general by setting the self - destruct on the Negotiator , after being defeated by Grievous in single - combat . 97 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor November 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 4.25 1.39 General Grievous attacks Hondo on Florrum , so Ahsoka and Hondo must make amends in order to survive this encounter .", "33": "98 10 `` Secret Weapons '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 5.04 1.46 R2 - D2 is part of a team of Republic droids chosen for an important mission led by the diminutive Colonel Meebur Gascon to obtain an encryption module from a Separatist dreadnought . The droids must overcome numerous challenging obstacles to succeed in this crucial assignment . 99 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 5.05 1.43 After their ship crashes on a desolate planet , D - Squad & Colonel Gascon must find a way off to get back to Coruscant , or be stranded forever . 100 12 `` Missing in Action '' Steward Lee Brent Friedman January 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 05 ) 5.06 1.74 Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that Abafar , the planet they are trapped on , is Separatist - controlled , but they also discover a Republic Clone Commando named Gregor , who has been stranded on the planet as well . They must work together to get off the planet safely . 101 13 `` Point of No Return '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) 5.07 1.47 After believing themselves safe , Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that they are prisoners of the Separatists in a captured Republic cruiser , finding themselves enmeshed in thwarting a plot to destroy a Republic space station holding a strategic conference . 102 14 `` Eminence '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins January 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 19 ) 5.01 1.85 Darth Maul and Savage Opress form an alliance with the Mandalorian terrorist group Death Watch and several crime syndicates , including Black Sun , the Pyke Syndicate , and the Hutt Cartel , in order to destroy all of their common enemies .", "34": "103 15 `` Shades of Reason '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins January 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) 5.02 1.83 Maul 's alliance helps the Death Watch and their leader , Pre Vizsla , conquer Mandalore and imprison Duchess Satine , but , when Vizsla 's ambitions surface , how long will the alliance last ? 104 16 `` The Lawless '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Chris Collins February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 5.03 1.86 Having assumed control over a majority of the Death Watch after killing Vizsla in a duel , Maul proceeds to lure Obi - Wan Kenobi to Mandalore with news of Satine 's capture . Obi - Wan borrows Anakin 's ship , The Twilight , in order to save his love . After stealing the armor of a Death Watch soldier , Obi - Wan uses his disguise to sneak into the jail . He and Satine manage to escape to his ship , however , they are soon pursued by Darth Maul and recaptured . Back in the throne room , Darth Maul proceeds to Force Choke Satine as he and Obi - Wan debate which side of the Force is more powerful . Darth Maul then stabs Satine with the Darksaber , and she dies in Obi - Wan 's arms , proclaiming to him : `` I 've loved you always , I always will . '' Obi - Wan then is escorted to the Mandalorian jail , however , on the way there he is rescued by Bo - Katan and her Death Watch faction . Meanwhile , the hostile takeover captures the attention of Darth Sidious , Maul 's former master , who travels to Mandalore to take care of the rogue Sith brothers . At the same time , Bo - Katan and Obi - Wan fight their way through the brewing war , making it to a new ship for Obi - Wan to escape in . Obi - Wan then discovers that Bo - Katan is the sister of Duchess Satine , and expresses his condolences to her as he leaves the planet . In the Mandalorian Throne room , Sidious kills Savage and takes Maul prisoner , hinting that he has a sinister plan in mind .", "35": "105 17 `` Sabotage '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Charles Murray February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 5.08 2.02 After Ahsoka manages to rescue Anakin from certain peril on Cato Neimoidia , the two are called back to Coruscant from the front lines to investigate a terrorist bombing at the Jedi Temple . 106 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' Danny Keller Charles Murray February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 5.09 1.64 Ahsoka Tano is blamed for the murder of Letta Turmond , a key suspect in the bombing , and is detained by Admiral Tarkin . Despite Anakin 's best efforts to exonerate her , she is forced to escape the military prison where she is interred and flee into the Coruscant underworld to find the actual perpetrator and prove her innocence . 107 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' Kyle Dunlevy Charles Murray February 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 5.10 2.06 While on the run in the underworld of Coruscant , pursued by Republic authorities , Ahsoka makes a deal with Asajj Ventress to find out who the actual murderer of Letta Turmond really is , leading the two to come to terms with each other in spite of their antagonistic pasts . However , will the real perpetrator 's machinations cast such an alliance into doubt ? 108 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' Dave Filoni Charles Murray March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 5.11 2.18 Prosecution begins for Ahsoka in the High Courts after the Jedi Council expels her from the Jedi Order . As Padmé fights to prove Ahsoka 's innocence , Anakin finds the information to relieve Ahsoka of her charges and reveal the true culprit of the crimes to be Barriss Offee . However , though cleared of all charges , Ahsoka is disillusioned by the turn of events and leaves the Jedi Order soon afterward .", "36": "Season 6 : the lost Missions ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Episodes from the sixth season of the series were released on March 7 , 2014 on Netflix . The 13 episodes of season six premiered in Germany on February 15 , 2014 on Super RTL . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 109 `` The Unknown '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.12 Clone Trooper Tup is suffering from a severe neurological disorder that causes the death of a Jedi Master . Trying to find the motives for the assassination , Anakin escorts Tup back to Kamino for examination , but then they are attacked by the Separatists . 110 `` Conspiracy '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.13 Clone Trooper Tup is undergoing a medical examination in the sterile laboratories of Kamino to find the motives for his shocking attack on the Jedi Master . For the examination to succeed , ARC Trooper Fives must enter the depth of Tup 's mind , where he finds a secret code manipulation in the cloning program of the Republic . 111 `` Fugitive '' Danny Keller Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.14 Clone Trooper Tup is transported back to Coruscant , where his body is to be examined by the Chancellor 's personal physician . ARC Trooper Fives is also investigating the matter and discovers that a modified code has been hidden in the minds of all the clones . 112 `` Orders '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.15 In an effort to find more answers about the assassination , Fives attempts to speak with Chancellor Palpatine personally , only to find himself on the run , and , while explaining his theory to Anakin Skywalker , is shot and killed by a clone squad .", "37": "113 5 `` An Old Friend '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.19 While on a mercy mission to the planet Scipio , Padmé Amidala 's old flame Rush Clovis gets in touch with her asking for help . Having made a stand against the corruption on his planet , Clovis has now become the target of the bounty hunter Embo . Together with Padmé , he is now trying to leave his planet and get help . 114 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.20 Back on Coruscant , Clovis strikes a dubious deal to become the leader of his clan , which is deeply mired in corruption . Anakin does n't trust Clovis , causing tensions in his relationship to Padmé . 115 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.21 Clovis ' deal with the Separatists backfires and consequently instigates war to Scipio , thus provoking the Republic to intervene and ultimately win the battle . In the midst of the chaos , Anakin confronts Clovis just as the duo and Padmé are caught in a blast - with Anakin barely managing to cling onto the other two when they virtually fall to their death . Though he intended to pull both up to safety , Anakin merely saves Padmé when Clovis allows himself to be killed . 116 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' Steward Lee Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.16 The peaceful world of Bardotta finds itself threatened by an ancient prophecy . Since now , of all times , its spiritual leaders have vanished , Bardotta 's people ask their representative in the senate for help . And Jar Jar Binks indeed manages to convince Jedi Master Mace Windu that this matter is of grave importance .", "38": "117 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' Bosco Ng Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.17 In order to fulfill a dark prophecy , a mysterious cult kidnaps Julia , queen of the planet Bardotta . Now , Jedi Master Mace Windu and Senate Representative Jar Jar Binks need to give everything in order to stop the cult . If they fail , the cult might unleash a dreadful force . 118 10 `` The Lost One '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.18 Jedi Master Sifo - Dyas died under mysterious circumstances years ago . When a secret Jedi mission accidentally finds his lightsaber , Anakin Skywalker , Obi - Wan Kenobi , and Master Yoda investigate Sifo - Dyas 's death again . To keep them from uncovering the Sith conspiracy , Darth Sidious orders Dooku to erase all traces that links up to the murder investigation . This successfully works and Dooku escapes short after Obi - Wan and Anakin learn that he was the one who killed Syfo - Dias under his Sith alias `` Darth Tyranus '' . 119 11 `` Voices '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.19 Yoda is deeply unsettled when he hears the voice of his deceased friend Qui - Gon Jinn ( Voiced by Liam Neeson ) in his head , because he knows that not even a Jedi can speak to the living from beyond the grave . The Jedi Council is concerned about Yoda 's behavior and wants to examine him further . But with the help of Anakin , Yoda escapes from the hospital and he sets out to find the origin of the voice by himself . 120 12 `` Destiny '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.20 Guided by the Force , Yoda travels to the heart of the galaxy . There , on the planet where he finds the origin of the Force , he must face difficult trials .", "39": "Only upon passing them will the Sages deem him worthy of learning the deepest mysteries of the Force . 121 13 `` Sacrifice '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.21 On Moraband ( Korriban ) , the homeworld of the Sith , the time has come for Yoda to pass his final test . Only then will he learn the best - kept secret of his order , but first he encounters a vision that heavily foreshadows what is to come - which involves Yoda facing the spirit of Darth Bane ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) . During this time , Darth Sidious summons Count Dooku to his hideout whereupon the duo plan to break Yoda - which figuratively stages an inventible confrontation between the Sith Lords and Yoda alongside Skywalker and his squad . Towards the ultimate conclusion . Yoda realizes that - no matter who wins the Clone Wars or what the future holds - there will one day be a new hope . Jump up ^ The first 11 episodes of this season premiered in German speaking countries first , while the remaining 2 were released on Netflix in the US a day before their German broadcast . Episodes in narrative Chronological order ( edit ) While the series is designed to be an anthology of both standalone episodes and small story arcs , various events throughout inform stories , characters , and relationships to create a recognizable narrative chronology . On March 17 , 2014 , in recognition of the release of the complete series on Netflix , Lucasfilm Animation released an official chronological episode order . No. in series Season No. in season Title 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' 3 - 6 N / A N / A theatrical film : `` The New Padawan '' `` Castle of Deception '' `` Castle of Doom '' `` Castle of Salvation '' 7 `` Clone Cadets '' 8 `` Supply Lines '' 9 `` Ambush ''", "40": "10 `` Rising Malevolence '' 11 `` Shadow of Malevolence '' 12 `` Destroy Malevolence '' 13 5 `` Rookies '' 14 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' 15 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' 16 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' 17 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' 18 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' 19 11 `` Dooku Captured '' 20 12 `` The Gungan General '' 21 13 `` Jedi Crash '' 22 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' 23 15 `` Trespass '' 24 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' 25 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' 26 19 `` Storm over Ryloth '' 27 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' 28 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' 29 `` Holocron Heist '' 30 `` Cargo of Doom '' 31 `` Children of the Force '' 32 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' 33 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' 34 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' 35 `` Senate Spy '' 36 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' 37 6 `` Weapons Factory '' 38 7 `` Legacy", "41": "of Terror '' 39 8 `` Brain Invaders '' 40 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' 41 10 `` The Deserter '' 42 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' 43 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' 44 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' 45 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' 46 20 `` Death Trap '' 47 21 `` R2 Come Home '' 48 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' 49 5 `` Corruption '' 50 6 `` The Academy '' 51 7 `` Assassin '' 52 `` ARC Troopers '' 53 `` Sphere of Influence '' 54 8 `` Evil Plans '' 55 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' 56 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' 57 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' 58 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' 59 15 `` Senate Murders '' 60 12 `` Nightsisters '' 61 13 `` Monster '' 62 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' 63 15 `` Overlords '' 64 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' 65 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' 66 18 `` The Citadel '' 67", "42": "19 `` Counter Attack '' 68 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' 69 21 `` Padawan Lost '' 70 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' 71 `` Water War '' 72 `` Gungan Attack '' 73 `` Prisoners '' 74 `` Shadow Warrior '' 75 5 `` Mercy Mission '' 76 6 `` Nomad Droids '' 77 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' 78 8 `` The General '' 79 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' 80 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' 81 11 `` Kidnapped '' 82 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' 83 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' 84 14 `` A Friend In Need '' 85 15 `` Deception '' 86 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' 87 17 `` The Box '' 88 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' 89 19 `` Massacre '' 90 20 `` Bounty '' 91 21 `` Brothers '' 92 22 `` Revenge '' 93 5 `` A War on Two Fronts '' 94 `` Front Runners '' 95 `` The Soft War '' 96 5 `` Tipping Points '' 97", "43": "6 `` The Gathering '' 98 7 `` A Test of Strength '' 99 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' 100 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' 101 10 `` Secret Weapons '' 102 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' 103 12 `` Missing in Action '' 104 13 `` Point of No Return '' 105 `` Revival '' 106 14 `` Eminence '' 107 15 `` Shades of Reason '' 108 16 `` The Lawless '' 109 17 `` Sabotage '' 110 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' 111 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' 112 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' 113 6 `` The Unknown '' 114 `` Conspiracy '' 115 `` Fugitive '' 116 `` Orders '' 117 5 `` An Old Friend '' 118 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' 119 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' 120 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' 121 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' 122 10 `` The Lost One '' 123 11 `` Voices '' 124 12 `` Destiny '' 125 13 `` Sacrifice '' Crystal Crisis On Utapau Story Reels No. in series No.", "44": "in arc Title 126 `` A Death on Utapau '' 127 `` In Search of the Crystal '' 128 `` Crystal Crisis '' 129 `` The Big Bang '' Bad Batch Story Reels No. in series No. in arc Title 130 `` The Bad Batch '' 131 `` A Distant Echo '' 132 `` On the Wings of Keeradaks '' 133 `` Unfinished Business '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 134 `` Lethal Alliance '' 135 `` The Mission '' 136 `` Conspirators '' 137 `` Dark Disciple '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir Comic Series No. in series No. in arc Title 138 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' 139 `` A Tale of Two Apprentices '' 140 `` Proxy War '' 141 `` Showdown on Dathomir '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 142 5 `` Saving Vos Part 1 '' 143 6 `` Saving Vos Part 2 '' 144 7 `` Traitor '' 145 8 `` The Path '' The Clone Wars legacy ( edit ) At the time of cancellation in March 2013 , there were still many episodes in development . 13 of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6 : The Lost Missions but there were still additional arcs that were never released . In September 2014 , StarWars.com released details of multiple story arcs from the unfinished episodes . Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events from the Season 5 episode The Lawless . The arc gave reason as to why Darth Maul was resurrected in the Season 4 episode Brothers . The four episodes were titled : The Enemy Of My Enemy , A Tale Of Two Apprentices , Proxy War , and Showdown On Dathomir ( production codes : 6.21 - 6.24 ) .", "45": "The arc was adapted into a 4 - part comic book released in August 2014 . Crystal Crisis on Utapau ( edit ) In September 2014 , four unfinished episodes were released in completed story reel format . These story reels ( or animatics ) are preliminary animation to give the crew a better idea of how the episode will come together before committing to expensive animation . The four episodes released were titled : A Death On Utapau , In Search Of The Crystal , Crystal Crisis , and The Big Bang ( production codes : 6.01 - 6.04 ) . The arc took place on Utapau with Obi - Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a kyber crystal . The arc also dealt with Anakin 's feelings after the disappearance of Ahsoka . It was included in the Season 6 Blu - ray . The Bad Batch ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc featuring Rex and Echo was adapted in to story reel format and was screened on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim . Scripted by Brent Friedman , it is the first in a four - part story arc focusing on a ragtag unit of clone commandos of the same name . The episode , along with the rest of its arc , premiered on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim , and was released on StarWars.com shortly after on April 29 , 2015 . Wat Tambor , who appeared in the Ryloth trilogy returns in this arc , as well as Admiral Trench . The four episodes released were titled : The Bad Batch , A Distant Echo , On The Wings Of Keeradaks , and Unfinished Business ( Production codes : 6.09 - 6.12 ) . Dark Disciple ( edit ) An 8 - episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos has been adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple , released on July 7 , 2015 . The eight episodes were titled : Lethal Alliance , The Mission , Conspirators , Dark Disciple , Saving Vos , Part I , Saving Vos , Part II , Traitor and The Path .", "46": "( Production codes : 6.13 - 6.16 and 7.05 - 7.08 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A New Direction For Lucasfilm Animation '' . Star Wars.com . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' TV massacre ! Lucasfilm cancels ' Clone Wars , ' indefinitely postpones ' Detours ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exklusive Premiere bei Super RTL : Sechste Staffel der Animationsserie `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' in deutscher Erstausstrahlung ( Exclusive premiere on SUPER RTL : Sixth season of the animation series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' as german premiere ) `` . kommunikation.superrtl.de . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Darth Duster ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Alle Details zu den The Clone Wars - Bonusfolgen ! ( All details to `` The Clone Wars '' - Bonusepisodes ! ) `` . StarWars-Union.de ( in German ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler Alert : Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 6 Titles and Synopsis '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season Six Launching 15th February In Germany '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Netflix. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Clone Wars Debut Makes Cartoon History '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cartoon Network 's Most - Watched Debut , Clone Wars Is '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Football , Veep Debate , Baseball Playoffs Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : NFL , Future President and Boston Red Sox lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Weekly Top Cable Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` NFL , Drake & Josh , The Librarian , WWE Raw and Leverage lead cable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Night Football , WWE RAW and SpongeBob lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , Secret Life and iCarly lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : WWE RAW , Cinderella , iCarly and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Obama inauguration , WWE RAW and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Closer , Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : NBA All - Star festivities , The Closer , WWE RAW , and Monk lead week , Damages to return despite ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) .", "49": "`` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars premieres with 2.581 million '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown ratings grow ; Clone Wars drops '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Spartacus : Blood and Sand Sees Series Highs + Ben 10 and Clone Wars '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Stargate Universe , NBA Playoffs And More ... '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Stargate Universe Up + Wizards of Waverly Place & Other Friday Cable Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Without Eureka , Haven Slips + Real Time With Bill Maher & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Stable , Real Time With Bill Maher , College Football & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2010 .", "50": "Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Viewers Not Holding Closer Teach : Tony Danza ; Haven Still Stable + Friday Night Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Finale Up ; MLB Playoffs , Smackdown ! & More ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly Place , Big Time Rush , Sanctuary , Swamp Loggers & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Down + Yankees / Rangers , Suite Life on Deck , Pair of Kings , Big Time Rush & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary , WWE Smackdown ! , Swamp Loggers , NBA , Tony Danza & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 22 , 2010 ) .", "51": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : iCarly > Celtics - Thunder ; Sanctuary , Friday Night Smackdown ! Drop Back + Big Time Rush & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Tops ; Gold Rush : Alaska Premiere ; Plus Conspiracy Theory , Sanctuary , Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Leads Night , ' Spartacus ' Steady , + ' Smackdown , ' ' Winter X-Games , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' Leads Night ; ' Merlin ' Steady ; + ' Spartacus : GotA , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) .", "52": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA on ESPN Tops Night + ' Suite Life on Deck , ' ' Smackdown ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Starz Crowned King Of ' Camelot , ' Bests Syfy 's ' Merlin ' in Demo + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' NBA and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : College Football , Sponge Bob , Smackdown ! , Star Wars : Clone Wars , Haven & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Smackdown ! Tops ; Plus College Football , Haven , Star Wars : Clone Wars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) .", "53": "`` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Jessie '' Leads Viewers for Disney Channel `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' , UNC / MSU BBall Top Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush , ' ' For Better or Worse ' Lead Night + ' Smackdown , ' ' Clone Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 5 , 2011 ) .", "54": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Keeps Rising , Leads Night ; ' For Better Or Worse ' Falls Hard + ' Smackdown , ' ' Flying Wild ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Climbs to Series High for Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Less Gold , Still Golden + ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Real Time With Bill Maher ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery 's `` Gold Rush , '' `` Bering Sea Gold '' Take Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : No Stopping `` Gold Rush '' on Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Gold Rush holds off ESPN NBA doubleheader '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Wraps Season on Top `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Robot Chicken ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' on Top Again , ' SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' Round out Original Programming '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . 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Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) .", "56": "`` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 29 - November 4 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 5 - 11 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 12 - 18 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 19 - 25 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 26 - December 2 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 3 - 9 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . 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-4664207169377167173	who sings gone gone gone she been gone so long	[ "Chilliwack", "Chilliwack", "Chilliwack", "Chilliwack" ]	{ "0": "Chilliwack ( band ) - wikipedia Chilliwack ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chilliwack Bill Henderson , guitarist and vocalist Background information Origin Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Genres Rock , progressive rock Years active 1970 -- 1988 , 1997 -- present Labels Parrot , A&M , Goldfish , Casino , Sire , Mushroom Records , Solid Gold , Millennium Associated acts Classics ( 1964 ) , Collectors ( 1966 ) , Headpins Members Bill Henderson Ed Henderson Jerry Adolphe Gord Maxwell Past members Doug Edwards Ross Turney Claire Lawrence Glenn Miller Brian MacLeod Howard Froese Jamie Bowers Ab Bryant Bucky Berger Rick Taylor John Roles Chilliwack is a Canadian rock band centered on the singer and guitarist Bill Henderson , which started off with a more Progressive rock sound that incorporated elements of folk , jazz , and blues , before moving towards a more straight - ahead hard rock / pop rock sound by the mid-70s . They were active from 1970 to 1988 , while Henderson reformed the band in 1997 . Their six best - selling songs were `` My Girl ( Gone , Gone , Gone ) '' , `` I Believe '' , `` Whatcha Gonna Do '' , `` Fly At Night '' , `` Crazy Talk '' , and `` Lonesome Mary '' . The band 's lineup has changed many times while they have continued to tour across Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Headpins 2 Discography 2.1 Albums 2.2 Singles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The band originated in Vancouver , British Columbia . The members of the C - FUN Classics changed the band 's name to The Collectors when Bill Henderson joined in 1966 . Their psychedelic self - titled debut album yielded the minor hit `` Lydia Purple '' .", "1": "Their second album was based on the musical score written by the band for a stage play by Canadian playwright George Ryga , Grass and Wild Strawberries . Vocalist Howie Vickers left the Collectors in 1969 ; the remaining members formed the band Chilliwack in 1970 , Chilliwack being a Salish term meaning `` valley of many streams '' and the name of a city east of Vancouver in the Fraser River valley . Lead guitarist Bill Henderson led the remaining former Collectors members : Glenn Miller ( bass , guitar , backing vocals ) , Ross Turney ( drums ) , and Claire Lawrence ( flute , saxophone , keyboards , backing vocals ) ; while he provided most of the vocals and did most of the composing . During 1970 , Miller briefly left the band , who were joined on the road by Robbie King ( keyboards , bass ) and played at Expo ' 70 in Japan and other gigs across Canada . In 1971 bassist Rick Kilburn played live with Chilliwack for a short time before Miller returned later that same year when Lawrence departed . New member Howard Froese ( guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ) joined in 1973 . The band released several records that were moderately successful . Hit singles in Canada included `` Lonesome Mary '' , which entered Cashbox January 22 , 1972 ( and was their first US charting single , peaking at # 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1972 ) , `` Crazy Talk '' ( # 98 in the US in January 1975 ) , and `` Fly at Night '' ( # 75 in the US in May 1977 ) . The album track `` Rain - o '' , a blues - based composition that appeared in different versions on their debut album , Chilliwack ( June 1970 ) and the later Dreams , Dreams , Dreams ( January 1977 ) , was a well - known concert favourite . Chilliwack 's debut was followed by two more albums : Chilliwack in September 1971 and All Over You in December 1972 . In April 1974 their album Riding High on Goldfish Records ( Terry Jacks ' label ) contained one of their biggest hits , the aforementioned `` Crazy Talk '' , which was produced by Jacks .", "2": "This album was not released in the US until early 1975 ( on the Sire Records label ) , where it was retitled Chilliwack ( their third U.S. release to bear that title ) . However , Chilliwack had a difficult time sustaining any success because of their constant changes of label . The two Collectors albums were on Warner Brothers and Chilliwack 's first five albums were on four different labels in Canada : Parrot , A&M , Goldfish , and Casino Records . Rockerbox , their fifth album , was released in December 1975 on Sire Records in the US and ( with a different cover ) on the little known , aforementioned Casino Records label in Canada . It was Chilliwack 's least successful album in Canada . The band was then signed to Vancouver 's Mushroom Records , with distribution throughout North America . After completing one album for the label , Dreams , Dreams , Dreams , Chilliwack began work on their seventh album , to be titled Lights from the Valley . The first attempt at recording proved unsatisfactory , leading to discord among the band members . Veteran guitarist Froese was replaced by Brian MacLeod , who contributed guitar , drums , keyboards , and backing vocals . The album was re-recorded ; with some of Froese 's vocal and guitar work , as well as percussion from session drummer Eddie Tuduri , included in the final mix . By the time of the record 's release , bassist Glenn Miller and long term drummer Ross Turney had left the group . Mushroom was also having financial problems which hampered the promotion of the album after its release in June 1978 . Drummer Skip Layton and former Prism bassist Ab Bryant were recruited to perform with Henderson , Jamie Bowers ( guitar , keyboards ) , and MacLeod in Chilliwack 's 1978 live gigs . Henderson , MacLeod , and Bryant then began working on Chilliwack 's eighth album in 1979 , joined by John Roles ( guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ) and drummer Bucky Berger . The Mushroom label went bankrupt abruptly shortly after the album , Breakdown in Paradise , was released in December 1979 . Berger was replaced by Rick Taylor shortly thereafter , and the lineup of Henderson , MacLeod , Bryant , Roles , and Taylor toured into 1980 .", "3": "Chilliwack then signed with Solid Gold Records in Canada and Millennium Records in the U.S. in 1981 as a trio ( Henderson / MacLeod / Bryant ) and enjoyed its greatest success with this lineup , releasing the albums Wanna Be a Star ( September 1981 ) and Opus X ( October 1982 ) . The singles `` My Girl ( Gone , Gone , Gone ) '' ( Their first US Top 40 hit , peaking at # 22 in December 1981 ) , `` I Believe '' ( US # 33 in March 1982 ) , and `` Whatcha Gonna Do ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( US # 41 in December 1982 ) were popular both in Canada and in the U.S. Rolling Stone wrote : `` At their best , Chilliwack was the finest Canadian rock band , outrocking BTO and outwriting Burton Cummings . But a lack of consistency kept it from international success . '' The trio of Henderson , MacLeod , and Bryant were joined by drummer Paul Delaney in early 1982 for US promotional appearances on TV shows , like Solid Gold and The Merv Griffin Show , before heading out on the road later in the year with an expanded lineup of Henderson , MacLeod , Bryant , Joey Franco ( drums ) , Glenn Grayson ( keyboards , backing vocals ) , and Dennis Grayson ( keyboards , backing vocals ) . Henderson and MacLeod received a Best Producer Juno Award for Opus X . However , echoing the Mushroom problems , Millennium Records then collapsed . MacLeod and Bryant left the band soon after , in early 1983 , to devote more time to their other project , the Headpins , and Chilliwack 's last new studio recording , Look In Look Out , was released in July 1984 with Henderson as the only continuing member , joined by session players Ashley Mulford ( guitar , backing vocals , from the band Sad Café ) , Richard Gibbs ( keyboards , from the group Oingo Boingo ) , Mo Foster ( bass ) , Simon Phillips ( drums ) , and Tom Keenlyside ( saxophone ) , with additional vocals provided by Mark LaFrance , Saffron & Camille Henderson , Dustin Keller , and Bob Rock .", "4": "By 1985 the band was without a record deal and Henderson cobbled together a touring only lineup made up of former member Claire Lawrence ( sax , backing vocals ) , Jerry Adolphe ( drums ) , Brian Newcombe ( bass ) , Robbie Gray ( keyboards , backing vocals ) , and Dave Pickell ( keyboards ) . Pickell was replaced almost immediately by another former member John Roles ( guitar , keyboards ) and this grouping played mostly in Canadian clubs and smaller venues until Henderson , growing weary of the club crowds , who were out more to drink and socialize than listen to music , disbanded the group in December 1988 . On October 6 , 1991 , Henderson joined fellow rockers Loverboy , Bryan Adams , Colin James , and Chrissy Steele at a benefit show at Vancouver 's 86 Street Music Hall to raise over $50,000 for Henderson 's former Chilliwack bandmate , Brian MacLeod , who was fighting cancer and undergoing treatment at a Houston medical clinic . MacLeod died on April 25 , 1992 , aged 39 . In 1989 Henderson went on to form the folk - rock supergroup UHF and decided to launch a new Chilliwack lineup in 1997 , made up of himself , Adolphe ( drums ) , Doug Edwards ( bass , backing vocals ) , and Roy ' Bim ' Forbes ( guitar , backing vocals , from UHF ) . Forbes was succeeded on guitar in 1998 by Bill 's brother , Ed , and Chilliwack released a new live album , There and Back - Live , in 2003 . Chilliwack performed at 2005 's Voyageur Days Festival in Mattawa , Ontario , where they appeared that July with other Canadian bands Moxy , Toronto , Trooper , Goddo , Killer Dwarfs , and Ray Lyell for the thirtieth anniversary of Moxy 's debut album release .", "5": "On May 24 , 2010 , the current members of Chilliwack ( Bill Henderson , Ed Henderson , Doug Edwards , and Jerry Adolphe ) were joined by former members Roy ' Bim ' Forbes , Ab Bryant , and Claire Lawrence plus Howard Froese 's son Tyson on acoustic guitar ( standing in for his father , who had died of cancer in the mid-1990s ) and Collectors singer Howie Vickers for a Chilliwack 40th Anniversary show at River Rock Show Theatre in Richmond , British Columbia . Since that time , Bill Henderson has continued Chilliwack but also does duo shows with Claire Lawrence from time to time . Chilliwack 's original bassist , Glenn Miller , died on March 4 , 2011 , in Toronto after suffering from Muscular Dystrophy . In 2015 music fans were treated to a new music video by Chilliwack for the song `` Take Back This Land '' . The song became a rallying call during the Canadian federal election 2015 . `` The song was n't just about the election '' , said Bill Henderson . `` Whether it is logging or fracking or whatever else , there is still a lot more work to do in Canada . '' Chilliwack continues to play , mostly in the spring , summer , and early fall , at outdoor gatherings and festivals . Sadly , Doug Edwards died at his home in Vancouver at the age of 70 on November 11 , 2016 , after a long illness . Doug has been succeeded in Chilliwack by Gord Maxwell ( formerly with Ian Tyson ) . Bass player Ab Bryant 's son , Matt Bryant , is the singer / songwriter and founding member of Canadian roots / folk band Headwater . Headpins ( edit ) As a side project MacLeod and the band ( minus Henderson ) in the early 1980s performed as The Headpins with first Denise McCann and then Darby Mills as lead vocalist .", "6": "Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) As The Collectors ( Pre-Chilliwack ) Year Album 1967 The Collectors 1968 Grass and Wild Strawberries Chilliwack Year Title Chart positions Certifications CAN US CRIA 1970 Chilliwack 63 - 1971 Chilliwack 10 - 1972 All Over You 40 - Riding High 63 - Rockerbox 64 - 1976 Dreams , Dreams , Dreams 13 142 Platinum 1978 Lights from the Valley 37 191 Platinum 1979 Breakdown in Paradise 52 - 1981 Wanna Be a Star 19 78 Platinum 1982 Opus X 12 112 Platinum Segue ( compilation ) 79 - Gold 1984 Look In Look Out 68 - Greatest Hits - - Gold 2003 There and Back - Live - - Singles ( edit ) Year Song Parent album CAN CHUM US Billboard US Cash Box US Main 1967 `` Looking at a Baby '' as The Collectors non-album cut 23 -- -- -- `` Fisherwoman '' as The Collectors non-album cut 18 -- -- -- -- 1968 `` We Can Make It '' as The Collectors non-album cut 99 -- -- -- -- `` Lydia Purple '' as The Collectors The Collectors 55 -- --", "7": "-- -- 1969 `` Early Morning '' as The Collectors Grass and Wild Strawberries 84 -- -- -- -- 1970 `` I Must Have Been Blind '' as The Collectors non-album cut 56 20 -- -- -- `` Sometimes We 're Up '' as The Collectors non-album cut 63 -- -- -- -- `` Chain Train '' Chilliwack 67 -- -- -- -- 1971 `` Rain - O '' 70 -- -- -- -- 1972 `` Sundown '' 54 -- -- -- -- 1973 `` Lonesome Mary '' Chilliwack 9 -- 75 -- -- `` Groundhog '' All Over You 41 -- -- -- -- `` Crazy Talk '' Riding High 10 13 98 -- -- `` There 's Something I Like About That '' 85 -- -- -- -- `` Last Day Of December '' Rockerbox -- -- 109 -- -- 1976 `` Come on Over '' Riding High 54 12 -- -- -- 1976 `` California Girl '' Dreams , Dreams ,", "8": "Dreams 19 -- -- -- -- `` Fly at Night '' 7 16 75 -- -- 1978 `` Something Better '' 56 -- -- -- -- `` Baby Blue '' 78 -- 110 -- -- `` Arms of Mary '' Lights from the Valley 32 -- 67 -- -- 1979 `` Never Be The Same '' 59 -- -- -- -- 1980 `` Communication Breakdown '' Breakdown in Paradise 86 -- -- -- -- 1981 `` My Girl ( Gone , Gone , Gone ) '' Wanna Be a Star 6 22 19 16 1982 `` I Believe '' 13 11 33 29 -- `` Whatcha Gonna Do ( When I 'm Gone ) '' Opus X 17 10 41 32 29 `` Do n't it Make You Feel Good '' -- -- -- -- 48 `` Secret Information '' -- -- 110 -- -- `` Do n't Stop '' Look In Look Out 46 -- -- -- -- Singles CAN CHUM US Total Hits 26 8 7 Top 40 Hits 10 8 See also ( edit ) Music of Canada portal Canadian rock Music of Canada Music of Vancouver List of bands from British Columbia Delbrook Senior Secondary School References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bennett ( 30 September 1972 ) . `` Western Canada : Activity abounds on all fronts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. : 48 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Chilliwack '' . canadianbands.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 24 Minutes with Bill Henderson '' . Peterborough Examiner , By Joe Leary . January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proudly Canadian : Chilliwack '' .", "9": "Cashbox , 02 / 13 / 2014 Sandy Graham Jump up ^ `` Canadian Bands.com - Collectors '' . www.canadianbands.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson , Chilliwack still going strong after 40 years '' . Estevan Mercury , October 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Andrew ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Chilliwack '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chilliwack returns to Sooke '' . Sooke News Mirror , By OCTAVIAN LACATUSU March 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cashbox Jan 22 , 1971 Jump up ^ Ottawa Journal 4 August 4 , 1978 p. 47 Jump up ^ Adam White & Fred Bronson ( 1988 ) . The Billboard Book of Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8285 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Wildflower hitmaker Doug Edwards , ' one in million ' pop artist , dies at 71 '' . Vancouver Sun , Katherine Dedyna . November 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Chilliwack rocks during Nanaimo Bathtub Weekend Launch Party '' . Melissa Fryer - Nanaimo News Bulletin , Jul 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Peak positions for Chilliwack 's albums on Canadian Albums Chart : For `` Chilliwack ( 1970 album ) '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 14 , No. 14 , November 21 , 1970 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Chilliwack ( 1971 album ) '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 16 , No. 26 , February 12 , 1972 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` All Over You '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 19 , No. 10 , April 21 , 1973 '' . RPM .", "10": "Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Riding High '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 22 , No. 25 , February 15 , 1975 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Rockerbox '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 24 , No. 20 , February 14 , 1976 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Dreams , Dreams , Dreams '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 27 , No. 14 , July 02 1976 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Lights from the Valley '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 30 , No. 3 , October 14 , 1978 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Breakdown in Paradise '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 32 , No. 24 , March 08 1980 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Wanna Be a Star '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 35 , No. 16 , November 14 , 1981 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Opus X '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 37 , No. 20 , January 15 , 1983 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Segue '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . For `` Look In Look Out '' `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 40 , No. 21 , July 28 , 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chilliwack - Billboard Albums '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Platinum Database : Chilliwack '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association .", "11": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Bill Henderson 's website CanConRox entry Chilliwack page at Canadian Encyclopedia Canadian releases ( hide ) Chilliwack Bill Henderson Ed Henderson Doug Edwards Jerry Adolphe Ross Turney Claire Lawrence Glenn Miller Howie Vickers Brian MacLeod Howard Froese Ab Bryant Bucky Berger Rick Taylor John Roles Studio albums Chilliwack Chilliwack All Over You Riding High Rockerbox Dreams , Dreams , Dreams Lights from the Valley Breakdown in Paradise Wanna Be a Star Opus X Look In Look Out Compilation albums Segue Greatest Hits Live albums There and Back -- Live The Collectors The Collectors Grass and Wild Strawberries MusicBrainz : 2c64e662 - bca3 - 42f2 - 93d4 - c826a05c2201 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilliwack_(band)&oldid=815932783 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 1970 Musical groups disestablished in 1988 Musical groups from Vancouver Canadian progressive rock groups 1970 establishments in British Columbia 1988 disestablishments in British Columbia Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 13 . 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-2615709236990333512	when is the next senate election in australia	[ "On or before 18 May 2019", "On or before 18 May 2019" ]	{ "0": "Next Australian federal election - Wikipedia Next Australian federal election Jump to : navigation , search Next Australian federal election ← 2016 On or before 18 May 2019 ( half - Senate ) On or before 2 November 2019 ( House of Representatives ) All 151 seats in the Australian House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 ( of the 76 ) seats in the Australian Senate Opinion polls Leader Malcolm Turnbull Bill Shorten Party Liberal / National coalition Labor Leader since 14 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) Leader 's seat Wentworth Maribyrnong Last election 76 seats 69 seats Current seats 76 seats 69 seats Seats needed 7 2016 TPP 50.36 % 49.64 % TPP polling 47 % 53 % Leader Richard Di Natale Nick Xenophon Party Greens Xenophon Team Leader since 6 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 1 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) Leader 's seat Senator for Victoria Not Contesting Last election 1 seat 1 seat Current seats 1 seat 1 seat Seats needed 75 75 Leader Bob Katter Party Katter 's Australian Leader since 3 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) Leader 's seat Kennedy Last election 1 seat Current seats 1 seat Seats needed 75 Incumbent Prime minister Malcolm Turnbull Liberal / National coalition The next Australian federal election will elect members of the 46th Parliament of Australia . The election will be called following the dissolution or expiry of the 45th Parliament as elected at the 2016 double dissolution federal election .", "1": "Except for another double dissolution , the next election must be held between 4 August 2018 and 18 May 2019 for half of the Senators ( from the States ) and on or before 2 November 2019 for the House of Representatives and the Senators from the territories . Australia has compulsory voting ; it uses full - preference instant - runoff voting in single member seats for the lower house , the House of Representatives ( currently 150 seats , but will be 151 seats at the next election ) , and optional - preference single transferable voting in the proportionally represented upper house , the 76 - seat Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous election 1.1 Result 1.2 Marginal seat pendulum 2 Retiring MPs and senators 2.1 House Of Representatives 2.2 Senate 3 Opinion polls 3.1 Graphical summary 3.2 Voting intention 3.3 Preferred prime minister and satisfaction 4 Timeline 5 Election date 5.1 Constitutional and legal provisions 6 Redistributions 6.1 Changes to representation entitlement 6.2 Northern Territory 6.3 Tasmania 6.4 Queensland 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Previous election ( edit ) Main article : Australian federal election , 2016 Though federal election outcomes are traditionally called by political commentators on election night , even during the following day the outcome could not be predicted , with many close seats in doubt . After a week of vote counting , still no party had won enough seats in the 150 - seat House of Representatives to form a majority government . Neither the incumbent Turnbull Government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull of the Liberal / National Coalition nor the Shorten Opposition led by Opposition Leader Bill Shorten of the Australian Labor Party were in a position to concede defeat or claim victory . Many political commentators predicted a hung parliament such as occurred at the 2010 election . Turnbull repeatedly claimed prior to the election that a vote for a Labor , Green or Independent candidate was a vote for `` the Labor / Green / Independent alliance '' , and also refused to countenance a hung parliament .", "2": "However , during the uncertain week following the election , Turnbull negotiated with the crossbench and secured confidence and supply support from Bob Katter and from independents Andrew Wilkie and Cathy McGowan in the event of a hung parliament and resulting minority government . During crossbench negotiations , Turnbull pledged additional staff and resources for crossbenchers , and stated `` It is my commitment to work in every way possible to ensure that the crossbenchers have access to all of the information they need and all of the resources they need to be able to play the role they need in this parliament '' . On 10 July , eight days after the election took place and following Turnbull 's negotiations with the crossbench where he secured sufficient confidence and supply support , Shorten conceded defeat , acknowledging that the incumbent Coalition had enough seats to form either a minority or majority government . Turnbull claimed victory later that day . In the closest federal majority result since the 1961 election , the ABC declared on 11 July that the incumbent Coalition would be able to form a one - seat majority government . It was the first election result since federation where the post-election opposition won more seats than the post-election government in both of Australia 's two most populous states , New South Wales and Victoria . Result ( edit ) See also : Results of the Australian federal election , 2016 ( House of Representatives ) See also : Senate results for the Australian federal election , 2016 In the 150 - seat House of Representatives , the one - term incumbent Liberal / National Coalition government suffered a 14 - seat swing , reducing it to 76 seats , a bare one - seat majority . Resulting from the national three percent two - party swing against the government , the Labor opposition picked up a significant number of previously government - held seats − totaling 69 seats . On the crossbench the Greens , the Nick Xenophon Team , Katter 's Australian Party , and independents Wilkie and McGowan won a seat each . On 19 July the Australian Electoral Commission ( AEC ) announced a re-count for the Coalition - held but provisionally Labor - won Division of Herbert . At the start of the Herbert re-count , Labor led by eight votes . The AEC announced on 31 July that Labor had won Herbert by 37 votes . The final outcome in the 76 - seat Australian Senate took over four weeks to complete despite significant voting changes .", "3": "Earlier in 2016 , legislation changed the Senate voting system from a full - preference single transferable vote with group voting tickets to an optional - preferential single transferable vote . The final Senate result was announced on 4 August : Liberal / National Coalition 30 seats ( − 3 ) , Labor 26 seats ( + 1 ) , Greens 9 seats ( − 1 ) , One Nation 4 seats ( + 4 ) and Nick Xenophon Team 3 seats ( + 2 ) . Derryn Hinch won a seat , while Jacqui Lambie , Liberal Democrat David Leyonhjelm and Family First 's Bob Day retained their seats . The number of crossbenchers increased by two to a record 20 . The Liberal / National Coalition will require at least nine additional votes to reach a Senate majority , an increase of three . As per convention , the government and opposition agreed to support a motion in the parliament that the first six senators elected in each state would serve a six - year term , while the last six elected would serve a three - year term . Marginal seat pendulum ( edit ) Main article : Post-election pendulum for the Australian federal election , 2016 Based on the 2016 post-election pendulum for the Australian federal election , this Mackerras pendulum has the Liberal / National Coalition government on 76 of 150 seats with the Labor opposition on 69 seats and a crossbench of five seats . Assuming a theoretical uniform swing , for the Labor opposition to get to 76 seats and majority government would require Labor with 51.0 % of the two - party vote from a 1.4 - point two - party swing or greater , while for the incumbent Coalition to lose majority government would require the Coalition with 49.8 % of the two - party vote from a 0.6 - point two - party swing or greater . The key marginal seats are as follows : Marginal Coalition seats Capricornia ( Qld ) Michelle Landry LNP 50.63 ^ ^ ^ Government loses majority on a uniform swing ^ ^ ^ Forde ( Qld ) Bert van Manen LNP 50.63 Gilmore ( NSW ) Ann Sudmalis LIB 50.", "4": "73 Flynn ( Qld ) Ken O'Dowd LNP 51.04 Robertson ( NSW ) Lucy Wicks LIB 51.14 Chisholm ( Vic ) Julia Banks LIB 51.24 Dunkley ( Vic ) Chris Crewther LIB 51.43 ^ ^ ^ Opposition wins majority on a uniform swing ^ ^ ^ Banks ( NSW ) David Coleman LIB 51.44 La Trobe ( Vic ) Jason Wood LIB 51.46 Dickson ( Qld ) Peter Dutton LNP 51.60 Petrie ( Qld ) Luke Howarth LNP 51.65 Grey ( SA ) Rowan Ramsey LIB 51.95 v NXT Hasluck ( WA ) Ken Wyatt LIB 52.05 Page ( NSW ) Kevin Hogan NAT 52.30 Corangamite ( Vic ) Sarah Henderson LIB 53.13 Dawson ( Qld ) George Christensen LNP 53.34 Bonner ( Qld ) Ross Vasta LNP 53.39 Boothby ( SA ) Nicolle Flint LIB 53.50 Swan ( WA ) Steve Irons LIB 53.59 Pearce ( WA ) Christian Porter LIB 53.63 Leichhardt ( Qld ) Warren Entsch LNP 53.95 Cowper ( NSW ) Luke Hartsuyker NAT 54.56 v IND Reid ( NSW ) Craig Laundy LIB 54.69 Barker ( SA ) Tony Pasin LIB 54.74 v NXT Murray ( Vic ) Damian Drum NAT 55.13 v LIB Deakin ( Vic ) Michael Sukkar LIB 55.68 Sturt ( SA ) Christopher Pyne LIB 55.89 Brisbane ( Qld ) Trevor Evans LNP 55.92 Marginal Labor seats Herbert ( Qld ) Cathy O'Toole ALP 50.02 Hindmarsh ( SA ) Steve Georganas ALP 50.", "5": "58 Cowan ( WA ) Anne Aly ALP 50.68 Longman ( Qld ) Susan Lamb ALP 50.79 Batman ( Vic ) David Feeney ALP 51.03 v GRN Lindsay ( NSW ) Emma Husar ALP 51.11 Melbourne Ports ( Vic ) Michael Danby ALP 51.38 Griffith ( Qld ) Terri Butler ALP 51.60 Macquarie ( NSW ) Susan Templeman ALP 52.19 Braddon ( Tas ) Justine Keay ALP 52.20 Lyons ( Tas ) Brian Mitchell ALP 52.31 Eden - Monaro ( NSW ) Mike Kelly ALP 52.93 Perth ( WA ) Tim Hammond ALP 53.33 Bendigo ( Vic ) Lisa Chesters ALP 53.74 Richmond ( NSW ) Justine Elliot ALP 53.96 Moreton ( Qld ) Graham Perrett ALP 54.02 Bruce ( Vic ) Julian Hill ALP 54.08 Adelaide ( SA ) Kate Ellis ALP 54.65 Jagajaga ( Vic ) Jenny Macklin ALP 54.67 Dobell ( NSW ) Emma McBride ALP 54.81 Wills ( Vic ) Peter Khalil ALP 54.88 v GRN Lilley ( Qld ) Wayne Swan ALP 55.32 Isaacs ( Vic ) Mark Dreyfus ALP 55.", "6": "73 150 - seat House of Representatives Government ( 75 ) Coalition Liberal ( 45 ) LNP ( 21 ) National ( 9 ) Opposition ( 69 ) Labor ( 69 ) Crossbench ( 5 ) Greens ( 1 ) Xenophon ( 1 ) Katter ( 1 ) Independent ( 2 ) 76 - seat Senate Government ( 30 ) Coalition Liberal ( 21 ) LNP ( 5 ) National ( 3 ) CLP ( 1 ) Opposition ( 26 ) Labor ( 26 ) Crossbench ( 20 ) Greens ( 9 ) One Nation ( 4 ) Xenophon ( 3 ) Family First ( 1 ) Liberal Democrat ( 1 ) Hinch ( 1 ) Lambie ( 1 ) Retiring MPs and senators ( edit ) Members and senators who have chosen not to renominate for the next election are as follows : House Of Representatives ( edit ) Electorate Departing MP Party First Elected Date Announced Adelaide Kate Ellis Labor 9 March 2017 Senate ( edit ) State Departing Senator Party First Elected Date Announced NSW John Williams National 2007 31 May 2016 NSW Doug Cameron Labor 2007 24 July 2016 Opinion polls ( edit ) Graphical summary ( edit ) Two - party - preferred vote . Primary vote . Aggregate data of voting intention from all opinion polling since the last election . A moving average is shown in a solid line . Voting intention ( edit ) House of Representatives ( lower house ) polling Date Firm Primary vote TPP vote L / NP ALP GRN ONP OTH L / NP ALP 11 − 15 Jan 2018 Essential 37 % 38 % 9 % 6 % 10 % 47 % 53 % 14 − 17 Dec 2017 Newspoll 36 % 37 % 10 % 7 % 10 %", "7": "47 % 53 % 30 Nov − 3 Dec 2017 Newspoll 36 % 37 % 10 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 29 Nov 2017 ReachTEL 33 % 36 % 10 % 9 % 12 % 47 % 53 % 21 Nov 2017 Essential 35 % 38 % 9 % 8 % 7 % 46 % 54 % 14 Nov 2017 YouGov 31 % 34 % 11 % 11 % 14 % 48 % 52 % 14 Nov 2017 Essential 36 % 38 % 9 % 8 % 7 % 46 % 54 % 13 Nov 2017 Newspoll 34 % 38 % 9 % 10 % 9 % 45 % 55 % 30 Oct 2017 Essential 36 % 37 % 10 % 7 % 6 % 46 % 54 % 26 - 29 Oct 2017 Newspoll 35 % 37 % 10 % 9 % 9 % 46 % 54 % 24 Oct 2017 Essential 37 % 36 % 9 % 8 % 10 % 48 % 52 % 12 - 15 Oct 2017 Newspoll 36 % 37 % 10 % 9 % 8 % 46", "8": "% 54 % 4 Oct 2017 Essential 36 % 38 % 10 % 7 % 7 % 46 % 54 % 1 Oct 2017 ReachTEL 36 % 38 % 9 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 26 Sep 2017 Essential 37 % 37 % 10 % 7 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 21 -- 24 Sep 2017 Newspoll 36 % 38 % 9 % 8 % 9 % 46 % 54 % 19 Sep 2017 Essential 38 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 8 % 48 % 52 % 14 -- 18 Sep 2017 YouGov 34 % 35 % 11 % 9 % 11 % 50 % 50 % 12 Sep 2017 Essential 36 % 37 % 10 % 9 % 8 % 46 % 54 % 6 -- 9 Sep 2017 Ipsos 35 % 34 % 14 % 1 % 15 % 47 % 53 % 5 Sep 2017 Essential 36 % 37 % 10 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 31 Aug -- 4 Sep 2017 YouGov 34 % 32 % 12 % 9 % 13 % 50 %", "9": "50 % 28 Aug -- 2 Sep 2017 Newspoll 37 % 38 % 9 % 8 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 29 Aug 2017 Essential 37 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 23 Aug 2017 ReachTEL 34.5 % 36.7 % 10.3 % 10.4 % 8.", "10": "2 % 48 % 52 % 22 Aug 2017 Essential 37 % 37 % 9 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 17 -- 21 Aug 2017 YouGov 34 % 33 % 10 % 10 % 13 % 51 % 49 % 17 -- 20 Aug 2017 Newspoll 35 % 38 % 9 % 9 % 9 % 46 % 54 % 15 Aug 2017 Essential 37 % 39 % 9 % 8 % 7 % 46 % 54 % 8 Aug 2017 Essential 37 % 39 % 9 % 8 % 7 % 46 % 54 % 3 -- 6 Aug 2017 Newspoll 36 % 36 % 11 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 1 Aug 2017 Essential 38 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 8 % 48 % 52 % 25 Jul 2017 Essential 38 % 37 % 10 % 7 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 20 -- 24 Jul 2017 YouGov 36 % 33 % 10 % 8 % 13 % 50 % 50 % 20 -- 23 Jul 2017 Newspoll 36 % 37 % 9 % 9 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 19 Jul 2017 ReachTEL 37.2 % 35.1 % 8.8 % 11.7 % 7.", "11": "2 % 49 % 51 % 18 Jul 2017 Essential 36 % 38 % 10 % 7 % 9 % 46 % 54 % 6 -- 11 Jul 2017 YouGov 36 % 33 % 12 % 7 % 12 % 52 % 48 % 6 -- 9 Jul 2017 Newspoll 35 % 36 % 10 % 11 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 29 Jun 2017 ReachTEL 36.4 % 35.4 % 10.2 % 9.6 % 8.3 % 48 % 52 % 22 -- 27 Jun 2017 YouGov 33 % 34 % 12 % 7 % 14 % 49 % 51 % 15 -- 18 Jun 2017 Newspoll 36 % 37 % 9 % 11 % 7 % 47 % 53 % 14 Jun 2017 Essential 38 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 8 % 48 % 52 % 26 -- 29 May 2017 Newspoll 36 % 36 % 10 % 9 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 23 May 2017 Essential 37 % 38 % 10 % 6 % 9 % 46 % 54 % 12 -- 15 May 2017 Newspoll 36 % 36 % 10 % 9 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 11 May 2017 ReachTEL 38 % 34.1 % 10.9 % 11 % 6 % 47 % 53 % 10 -- 11 May 2017 Ipsos 37 % 35 % 13 % 2 %", "12": "13 % 47 % 53 % 26 -- 30 Apr 2017 Essential 38 % 37 % 9 % 7 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 20 -- 23 Apr 2017 Newspoll 36 % 35 % 9 % 10 % 10 % 48 % 52 % 13 -- 16 Apr 2017 Essential 36 % 37 % 10 % 8 % 10 % 46 % 54 % 6 -- 9 Apr 2017 Essential 37 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 1 -- 4 Apr 2017 Essential 37 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 30 Mar -- 2 Apr 2017 Newspoll 36 % 36 % 10 % 10 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 24 -- 27 Mar 2017 Essential 35 % 37 % 10 % 8 % 11 % 46 % 54 % 22 -- 25 Mar 2017 Ipsos 33 % 34 % 16 % 2 % 15 % 45 % 55 % 17 -- 20 Mar 2017 Essential 34 % 37 % 9 % 10 % 9 % 45 % 55 % 16 -- 19 Mar 2017 Newspoll 37 %", "13": "35 % 9 % 10 % 9 % 48 % 52 % 10 -- 13 Mar 2017 Essential 35 % 36 % 9 % 11 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 3 -- 6 Mar 2017 Essential 37 % 37 % 9 % 9 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 23 -- 26 Feb 2017 Newspoll 34 % 37 % 10 % 10 % 9 % 45 % 55 % 16 -- 19 Feb 2017 Essential 36 % 34 % 10 % 10 % 10 % 48 % 52 % 9 -- 12 Feb 2017 Essential 36 % 35 % 9 % 10 % 9 % 48 % 52 % 2 -- 5 Feb 2017 Newspoll 35 % 36 % 10 % 8 % 11 % 46 % 54 % 20 -- 23 Jan 2017 Essential 35 % 37 % 10 % 9 % 8 % 46 % 54 % 13 -- 16 Jan 2017 Essential 38 % 37 % 9 % 8 % 8 % 47 % 53 % 12 Jan 2017 ReachTEL 37.1 % 35.0 % 9.8 % 10.6 % 7.5 % 46 % 54 % 9 --", "14": "12 Dec 2016 Essential 37 % 37 % 9 % 7 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 1 -- 4 Dec 2016 Newspoll 39 % 36 % 10 % 5 % 10 % 48 % 52 % 25 -- 28 Nov 2016 Essential 39 % 36 % 9 % 7 % 9 % 49 % 51 % 24 -- 26 Nov 2016 Ipsos 36 % 30 % 16 % 7 % 9 % 49 % 51 % 17 -- 20 Nov 2016 Newspoll 38 % 38 % 10 % 4 % 10 % 47 % 53 % 11 -- 14 Nov 2016 Essential 37 % 37 % 11 % 6 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 3 -- 6 Nov 2016 Newspoll 39 % 38 % 10 % -- 13 % 47 % 53 % 20 -- 23 Oct 2016 Newspoll 39 % 37 % 10 % 5 % 9 % 48 % 52 % 14 -- 17 Oct 2016 Essential 37 % 37 % 11 % 5 % 9 % 47 % 53 % 7 -- 10 Oct 2016 Essential 38 % 36 % 10 % 6 % 10 % 48", "15": "% 52 % 6 -- 9 Oct 2016 Newspoll 39 % 36 % 10 % 6 % 9 % 48 % 52 % 22 -- 25 Sep 2016 Newspoll 38 % 37 % 10 % -- 15 % 48 % 52 % 9 -- 12 Sep 2016 Essential 38 % 37 % 10 % 5 % 11 % 48 % 52 % 8 -- 11 Sep 2016 Newspoll 41 % 36 % 9 % -- 14 % 50 % 50 % 26 -- 29 Aug 2016 Essential 40 % 37 % 10 % -- 13 % 49 % 51 % 25 -- 28 Aug 2016 Newspoll 41 % 36 % 9 % -- 14 % 50 % 50 % 19 -- 22 Aug 2016 Essential 39 % 36 % 10 % -- 15 % 49 % 51 % 12 -- 15 Aug 2016 Essential 39 % 37 % 10 % -- 14 % 48 % 52 % 5 -- 8 Aug 2016 Essential 40 % 37 % 10 % -- 13 % 48 % 52 % 27 Jul -- 1 Aug 2016 Essential 39 % 37 % 10 % -- 14 % 48 %", "16": "52 % 20 -- 24 Jul 2016 Essential 39 % 37 % 10 % -- 14 % 48 % 52 % 13 -- 17 Jul 2016 Essential 39 % 36 % 10 % -- 15 % 49 % 51 % 6 -- 10 Jul 2016 Essential 41 % 36 % 10 % -- 13 % 49 % 51 % 30 Jun -- 3 Jul 2016 Essential 41 % 37 % 10 % -- 12 % 50 % 50 % 2 Jul 2016 election 42.0 % 34.7 % 10.2 % 1.3 % 11.8 % 50.4 % 49.6 % 28 Jun -- 1 Jul 2016 Newspoll 42 % 35 % 10 % -- 13 % 50.5 % 49.5 % 30 Jun 2016 ReachTEL 42.8 % 34.6 % 10.7 % -- 12 % 51 % 49 % 27 -- 30 Jun 2016 Essential 42.5 % 34.5 % 11.5 % -- 12 % 50.5 % 49.5 % 28 -- 29 Jun 2016 Galaxy 43 % 36 % 10 % -- 11 % 51 % 49 % 26 -- 29 Jun 2016 Ipsos 40 % 33 % 13 % -- 14 % 50 % 50 % Preferred prime minister and satisfaction ( edit ) This section needs to be updated .", "17": "Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) This section is incomplete . ( August 2017 ) Leadership polling ^ Date Firm Preferred prime minister Turnbull Shorten Turnbull Shorten Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied 26 -- 30 Apr 2017 Essential 39 % 28 % 35 % 47 % 33 % 47 % 20 -- 23 Apr 2017 Newspoll 42 % 33 % 32 % 57 % 33 % 53 % 30 Mar -- 2 Apr 2017 Newspoll 41 % 32 % 30 % 59 % 32 % 54 % 22 -- 25 Mar 2017 Ipsos 45 % 33 % - - - - 17 -- 20 Mar 2017 Essential 43 % 29 % - - - - 16 -- 19 Mar 2017 Newspoll 43 % 29 % 30 % 57 % 29 % 57 % 10 -- 13 Mar 2017 Essential 38 % 26 % 33 % 50 % 30 % 49 % 23 -- 26 Feb 2017 Newspoll 40 % 33 % 29 % 59 % 30 % 56 % 2 -- 5 Feb 2017 Newspoll 42 % 30 % 35 %", "18": "54 % 32 % 54 % 1 -- 4 Dec 2016 Newspoll 41 % 32 % 32 % 55 % 34 % 51 % 24 -- 26 Nov 2016 Ipsos 51 % 30 % 45 % 45 % 37 % 53 % 17 -- 20 Nov 2016 Newspoll 43 % 33 % 34 % 54 % 36 % 51 % 3 -- 6 Nov 2016 Newspoll 42 % 32 % 30 % 58 % 36 % 51 % 20 -- 23 Oct 2016 Newspoll 42 % 32 % 29 % 57 % 36 % 51 % 6 -- 9 Oct 2016 Newspoll 45 % 30 % 31 % 56 % 35 % 51 % 9 -- 12 Sep 2016 Essential 41 % 26 % 35 % 43 % 36 % 41 % 8 -- 11 Sep 2016 Newspoll 43 % 31 % 34 % 53 % 35 % 52 % 25 -- 28 Aug 2016 Newspoll 43 % 32 % 34 % 52 % 36 % 50 % 5 -- 8 Aug 2016 Essential 40 % 30 % 38 % 43 % 37 %", "19": "41 % 6 -- 10 Jul 2016 Essential 39 % 31 % 37 % 48 % 39 % 41 % 2 Jul 2016 election 28 Jun -- 1 Jul 2016 Newspoll 48 % 31 % 40 % 47 % 36 % 51 % 30 Jun 2016 ReachTEL 52.9 % 47.1 % - - - - 26 -- 29 Jun 2016 Ipsos 49 % 35 % 49 % 41 % 42 % 50 % 23 -- 26 Jun 2016 Essential 40 % 29 % 40 % 40 % 37 % 39 % ^ Remainder were `` uncommitted '' to either leader . Timeline ( edit ) 30 August 2016 -- First sitting of 45th Parliament Election date ( edit ) An election for the House of Representatives can be called at any time during the three - year parliamentary term . The Constitution of Australia does not require simultaneous elections for the Senate and the House of Representatives , and there are precedents for separate elections . However governments and the electorate have long preferred that elections for the two Houses take place simultaneously in order to limit costs . The last House - only election took place in 1969 , and the last Senate - only election took place in 1970 . Section 13 of the Constitution requires that in half - Senate elections the election of State senators must take place within one year before the places become vacant . Since the last election was a double dissolution , half the Senate was allocated three - year terms that end on 30 June 2019 , while the other half was allocated six - year terms that end on 30 June 2022 . Senators from the Territories serve three - year terms tied to the timing of House elections .", "20": "For these reasons , the writs for a half - Senate election can not be issued earlier than 1 July 2018 . Since campaigns run for a minimum of 33 days , the earliest possible date for a simultaneous House / half - Senate election is 4 August 2018 . The latest that a half - Senate election could be held must allow time for the votes to be counted and the writs to be returned before the newly elected senators take office is 1 July 2019 . This took over a month in 2016 , so practically the last possible date for a half - Senate election to take place before the three - year terms expire is 18 May 2019 . Whether held simultaneously with an election for the Senate or separately , an election for the House of Representatives must be held on or before 2 November 2019 . The latest date for the election is calculated under provisions of the Constitution and the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 ( CEA ) . Section 28 of the Constitution provides that the term of a House of Representatives expires three years from the first sitting of the House , unless it is dissolved earlier . The last federal election was held on 2 July 2016 . The 45th Parliament opened on 30 August 2016 and its term would expire on 29 August 2019 . Writs for election can be issued up to ten days after a dissolution or expiry of the House . Up to 27 days can be allowed for nominations , and the actual election can be set for a maximum of 31 days after close of nominations , resulting in the latest election date for the House of Representatives of Saturday , 2 November 2019 . A double dissolution can not take place within six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives . That means any double dissolution must be granted by 28 February 2019 . Allowing for the same stages indicated above , the last possible date for a double dissolution election would be 4 May 2019 . This could only occur if a bill that had passed the House of Representatives was rejected by the Senate twice , at least three months apart .", "21": "Constitutional and legal provisions ( edit ) The Constitutional and legal provisions which impact on the choice of election dates include : Section 12 of the Constitution says : `` The Governor of any State may cause writs to be issued for the election of Senators for that State '' Section 13 of the Constitution provides that the election of Senators shall be held in the period of twelve months before the places become vacant . Section 28 of the Constitution says : `` Every House of Representatives shall continue for three years from the first sitting of the House , and no longer , but may be sooner dissolved by the Governor - General . '' Since the 45th Parliament of Australia opened on 30 August 2016 , it will expire on 29 August 2019 . Section 32 of the Constitution says : `` The writs shall be issued within ten days from the expiry of a House of Representatives or from the proclamation of a dissolution thereof . '' Ten days after 29 August 2019 is 8 September 2019 . Section 156 ( 1 ) of the CEA says : `` The date fixed for the nomination of the candidates shall not be less than 10 days nor more than 27 days after the date of the writ '' . Twenty - seven days after 8 September 2019 is 5 October 2019 . Section 157 of the CEA says : `` The date fixed for the polling shall not be less than 23 days nor more than 31 days after the date of nomination '' . Thirty - one days after 5 October 2019 is 5 November 2019 , a Tuesday . Section 158 of the CEA says : `` The day fixed for the polling shall be a Saturday '' . The Saturday before 5 November 2019 is 2 November 2019 . This is therefore the latest possible date for the lower house election . Redistributions ( edit ) Changes to representation entitlement ( edit ) A South Australian seat will be abolished due to national population shifts which have occurred since the state 's last redistribution in 2011 -- although South Australia 's population is still increasing , faster increases in other states will see a reduction in South Australia 's representation from 11 to 10 seats in the 151 - seat House of Representatives .", "22": "South Australia only relatively recently experienced this twice , with Hawker being abolished in 1993 , followed by Bonython in 2004 . South Australia held a state - record 13 seats between the 1984 enlargement of parliament until 1993 . For almost a century beforehand , only one single - member seat had ever been abolished in South Australia , Angas and Angas ' earlier incarnation . South Australia is the least - populated state where the current number of seats can decrease , as Tasmania 's current representation is the minimum guaranteed by the Constitution . Under the new census figures released on 27 June 2017 , the Parliamentary Library calculated that under the new numbers , the next election will be held to elect 151 MPs , with one lost in South Australia , and one gain each in Victoria and the ACT . On 31 August 2017 , the Australian Electoral Commission announced that a redistribution of federal electoral divisions will be required in Victoria , South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory . As a result of the determination the total number of members to be elected to the House of Representatives at the election will increase from 150 to 151 members . Victoria 's number of seats will increase to 38 ( + 1 ) , the Australian Capital Territory 's number of seats will increase to 3 ( + 1 ) , and South Australia 's number of seats will decrease to 10 ( − 1 ) . If a redistribution is not completed by the time of the election , the AEC can invoke a never - used provision to perform a rapid mini-redistribution based on divisional enrolment figures . A parliamentary library paper suggested the two outer rural South Australian Liberal seats of Barker and Grey would likely be merged . Northern Territory ( edit ) On 7 December 2016 , the augmented Electoral Commission for the Northern Territory announced the results of its deliberations into the boundaries of Lingiari and Solomon , the two federal electoral divisions in the Northern Territory . New boundaries gazetted from 7 February 2017 will see the remainder of the Litchfield Municipality and parts of Palmerston ( the suburbs of Farrar , Johnston , Mitchell , Zuccoli and part of Yarrawonga ) transferred from Solomon to Lingiari . Both divisions will retain their current names .", "23": "Tasmania ( edit ) A scheduled redistribution began in Tasmania on 1 September 2016 , and will be finalised in November 2017 . The determinations were announced on 27 September 2017 . In addition to boundary changes , the Division of Denison will be renamed the Division of Clark after Andrew Inglis Clark . Queensland ( edit ) A scheduled redistribution began in Queensland on 6 January 2017 , and is expected to be finalised in March 2018 . See also ( edit ) Australian federal election , 2016 Members of the Australian House of Representatives , 2016 -- 2019 Members of the Australian Senate , 2016 -- 2019 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 15 LNP MPs sit in the Liberal party room and 6 in the National party room Jump up ^ Current independent MPs : Andrew Wilkie ( Denison ) and Cathy McGowan ( Indi ) . Jump up ^ 3 LNP Senators sit in the Liberal party room and 2 in the National party room Jump up ^ Sits in National party room References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives '' . Australian Electoral Commission . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Insiders 90 - minute post-election program '' . ABC TV . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swing against Malcolm Turnbull 's Coalition leaves election on a knife - edge '' . ABC News . Australia . 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We do n't have a winner , so what happens now ? '' . ABC News . Australia . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What . Just . Happened ? '' . ABC News . Australia . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How the night unfolded with no clear winner '' . The Guardian . Australia . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2016 : Ballot count could take a month to finalise , AEC says '' . ABC News . Australia . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Gough , Deborah ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Australian federal election 2016 : No results until at least ... Tuesday '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jennifer ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` ' I can form a majority government ' : Malcolm Turnbull 's confident he 'll win the election and avoid a hung parliament as Bill Shorten praises Labor 's ' magnificent campaign ' ... but there may not be a result until TUESDAY '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liberals ' cautiously optimistic ' on majority '' . Sky News Australia . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Fergus ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Australian federal election 2016 : Bill Shorten says Malcolm Turnbull ' should quit ' '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maher , Sid ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Federal election 2016 : here 's the sequel , Hung Parliament II '' . The Australian . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Lenore ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Turnbull and Shorten court independents with hung parliament in play '' . The Guardian . Australia . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull launches election campaign '' . The Australian . 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Malcolm Turnbull Is So Scared Of People Voting Independents '' . Huffington Post . 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turnbull talks down protest vote '' . SBS News . 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Shorten predicts second poll as Cathy McGowan offers Coaltion support '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull claims victory after Bill Shorten concedes defeat '' . ABC News . Australia . 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Monique ( 10 July 2016 ) .", "25": "`` Election 2016 : Malcolm Turnbull claims victory after Bill Shorten concedes defeat '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2016 : LNP retains Capricornia , gives Coalition 76 - seat majority government '' . ABC News . Australia . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Australian Politics and Elections Database : University of Western Austrralia Jump up ^ `` Statement from the Australian Electoral Commission : Recount in the Division of Herbert '' ( Press release ) . Australian Electoral Commission . 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Election 2016 Results '' . Australia Votes . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor wins seat of Herbert after recount '' . Abc.net.au. 2016 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Federal Politics ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Labor takes seat of Herbert , leaving Malcolm Turnbull with majority of just one seat '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Australian Electoral Commission . `` Herbert -- 2016 election '' . Vtr.aec.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hasham , Nicole ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Election 2016 results : Senate count throws up a wild mix as One Nation , Fred Nile , Liberal Democrats vie for seats '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AEC '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Election 2016 : Senate Results '' . Australia Votes . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate photo finishes '' . crikey.com.au. 2016 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Senate terms : Derryn Hinch and Greens ' Lee Rhiannon given three years '' . The Guardian . Australia . 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ALP - LNP deal to force senators back to poll in three years '' . The Australian . 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition and Labor team up to clear out crossbench senators in 2019 '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition flags first elected Senate plan '' . Sky News . 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cormann raises ' first elected ' plan to halve Senate terms for crossbenchers '' . The Australian . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor frontbencher Kate Ellis to quit politics at next federal election '' . ABC Online . 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2016 : Wacka pleased with Senate ticket rank '' . Inverell Times . 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Cameron serving last term '' . Sky News . 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition still trails Labor but Turnbull extends as preferred PM '' . 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll and Ipsos : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More bad news for government in latest poll '' . Sky News . 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://au.yougov.com/news/2017/11/14/same-sex-marriage-results/ Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Misery for Malcolm Turnbull in horror poll slump '' . The Australian . 13 November 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 24 October 2017 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ReachTEL : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 54 - 46 to Labor '' . 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Fifty Acres : Labor 35 , Coalition 34 , Greens 11 , One Nation 9 '' . 20 Sep 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ipsos : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor maintain their lead -- Fairfax Ipsos Poll '' . Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Forty Acres : Coalition 34 , Labor 32 , Greens 12 , One Nation 9 '' . 6 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ReachTEL : 52 - 48 to Labor '' . 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Research : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Fifty Acres : Coalition 34 , Labor 33 , Greens 10 , One Nation 10 '' . 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 54 - 46 to Labor '' . 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : Essential Report '' . 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Research : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . 25 July 2017 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Fifty Acres : 50 - 50 '' . 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : Majors turn tide on Greens , One Nation '' . 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ReachTEL federal opinion poll 19 Jul 2017 '' ( PDF ) . 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : 54 - 46 to Labor '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Fifty Acres : L - NP 36 , ALP 33 , Greens 12 , One Nation 7 '' . 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ReachTEL opinion poll 29 Jun 2017 '' ( PDF ) . 30 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov - Fifty Acres : 51 - 49 to Labor '' . 28 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Essential : 52 - 48 to Labor '' . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : 54 - 46 to Labor '' . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ReachTEL : 53 - 47 and 54 - 46 to Labor '' . Jump up ^ `` Lift for Coalition following second Turnbull / Morrison budget '' . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Essential report : 2 May 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : 52 - 48 to Labor '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Essential Poll : Majority of voters back emissions trading scheme , poll finds '' .", "29": "Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : 53 - 47 to Labor '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Report . Essential Media . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Massola , James . `` Fairfax - Ipsos poll : Support for Turnbull government crashes as Labor takes thumping lead '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor benefits from lacklustre Turnbull government '' . Ipsos Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Report . Essential Media . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : 52 - 48 to Labor '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Report . Essential Media . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal voting intention '' . Essential Report . Essential Research . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowe , David ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Coalition tumbles as voters turn to Hanson '' . The Australian . The Australian . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . essentialmedia.com.au . Essential Research . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Hanson on the rise as Coalition support dives '' . The Australian . 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 17 January 2017 .", "30": "Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Centrelink and Sussan Ley controversy hit Turnbull in polls '' . AAP. 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Essential Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : fix economy say voters as PM support falls to lowest level '' . The Australian . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Kenny ( 27 November 2016 ) . `` Crashing to zero : Malcolm Turnbull 's support evaporates in Fairfax - Ipsos poll '' . The Age . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Another Labor win as Turnbull loses his economic touch '' . The Australian . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Labor vote highest since Turnbull became PM '' . The Australian . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turnbull hits lowest rating as Labor maintains lead , says Newspoll '' . The Australian . 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . 11 October 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Labor still leading , 100 days since election '' . The Australian . 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll : biggest lead for Labor in Malcolm Turnbull era '' . The Australian . 27 September 2016 .", "31": "Retrieved 26 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential Report 13 September 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Essential Vision . Essential Research . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Turnbull trails Shorten with Coalition and ALP in tie '' . The Australian . 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newspoll : Malcolm Turnbull in plunge to new low '' . The Australian . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : 2 August 2016 '' ( PDF ) . 2 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turnbull clings to narrow lead '' . The Australian . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1 July 2016 ReachTEL '' . Reachtel.com.au. 1 July 2016 .", "32": "Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Essential Report '' ( PDF ) . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fairfax - Ipsos : 50 - 50 ; Galaxy : 51 - 49 to Coalition -- The Poll Bludger '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fairfax - Ipsos poll : Dead heat on election eve as final poll points to cliffhanger '' . theage.com.au. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bowe , William . `` Newspoll : 55 - 45 to Labor '' . Crikey . Crikey . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essential : 28 June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Elections Timetable from Parliamentary Library Jump up ^ `` 2016 Parliamentary sittings '' . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ See Anthony Green 's Election Blog Jump up ^ Section 32 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth Electoral Act , s . 156 ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth Electoral Act , s . 157 Jump up ^ Section 57 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Lundie , Rob . `` Australian elections timetable '' . Parliament of Australia . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Of Australia Constitution Act -- Section 28 Jump up ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act , s . 158 Jump up ^ Electoral redistributions during the 45th Parliament : APH Statistics and Mapping 25 August 2016 Jump up ^ South Australia to potentially lose federal seat under future redistribution : ABC 25 August 2016 Jump up ^ South Australia set to be reduced to 10 federal electorates : The Advertiser 25 August 2016 Jump up ^ Giuliano , Christopher . `` Gains and losses on the electorate roundabout '' . FlagPost . Parliamentary Library . Retrieved 27 June 2017 .", "33": "^ Jump up to : `` Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives '' . aec.gov.au. 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Federal Redistributions 1901 -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . AEC Research . AEC . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Decision time on potential loss of SA federal seat : InDaily 28 August 2017 Jump up ^ SA MP Rowan Ramsey calls possible expansion of massive Grey electorate ' ridiculous ' : ABC 30 August 2017 Jump up ^ Seat of Grey could expand : Port Lincoln Times 30 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Media release : Augmented Electoral Commission decides names and boundaries of federal electoral divisions in the Northern Territory '' . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tasmanian redistribution indicative timetable '' . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Names and boundaries of federal electoral divisions in Tasmania decided '' . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland redistribution indicative timetable '' . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Elections and referendums in Australia Federal elections 1901 1903 1906 1910 1913 1914 1917 1919 1922 1925 1928 1929 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1958 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 1969 1970 1972 1977 1980 1984 1990 1993 1998 2001 2007 2013", "34": "2016 next by - elections Referendums 1906 1910 1911 1913 1916 1917 1919 1926 1928 1937 1944 1946 1948 1951 1967 1973 1977 1984 1999 Surveys 1998 2017 Elections in : Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Politics of Australia Commonwealth Monarch Governor - General Prime Minister Cabinet ( Shadow Cabinet ) Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament House of Representatives Senate Opposition Leader High Court Lower courts Constitution Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections pre-1969 1969 1972 1977 1980 1984 1990 1993 1998 2001 2007 2013 2016 next by - elections State / Territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT State / Territory elections Vic 2014 SA 2014 Tas 2014 NSW 2015 ACT 2016 NT 2016 WA 2017 Qld", "35": "2017 Vic 2018 SA 2018 Tas 2018 NSW 2019 ACT 2020 NT 2020 WA 2021 Qld 2020 Local government NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Political parties Coalition ( Liberal , National , Liberal National , Country Liberal ) Conservatives Greens Hinch Katter Labor Lambie Liberal Democrat One Nation Xenophon Other parties Parliament of Australia Components Queen ( represented by the Governor - General ) Senate House of Representatives Parliamentary officers Senate President of the Senate Clerk Leader of the Government in the Senate Manager of Government Business Leader of the Opposition in the Senate Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) House of Representatives Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Clerk Prime Minister Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) Members Served in both houses Represented multiple states 30 + years Father of the Parliament Senate Current ( previous ) Appointees Women Father of the Senate House of Representatives Current ( previous ) Women Father of the House Parliaments Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 44th 45th Parliament of Australia Procedure Speech from the throne Joint meetings Question time Matter of public importance Readings of bills Queen 's Consent Royal assent List of Acts of the Parliament of Australia Committees : Senate House of Reps Elections Last Next List Double dissolution Senate : Single transferable vote House of Representatives : Instant - runoff voting Two - party - preferred vote Divisions By - elections Caretaker government Court of Disputed Returns Locations Parliament House , Melbourne Old Parliament House Parliament House , Canberra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "36": "php?title=Next_Australian_federal_election&oldid=822223165 '' Categories : Federal elections in Australia Future elections in Australia Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from August 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Use dmy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from August 2017 Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7605852330002608395	what does the air gap do on a dishwasher	[ "prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes", "prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes", "backflow prevention", "prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes", "prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes" ]	{ "0": "Air gap ( plumbing ) - wikipedia Air gap ( plumbing ) Jump to : navigation , search Water can not flow from the sink to the tap in normal circumstances , even if the water supply loses pressure . An air gap , as it relates to the plumbing trade , is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture . A simple example is the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim ( this space is the air gap ) . Water can easily flow from the faucet into the sink , but there is no way that water can flow from the sink into the faucet without modifying the system . This arrangement will prevent any contaminants in the sink from flowing into the potable water system by siphonage and is the least expensive form of backflow prevention . A common use of the term `` air gap '' in home plumbing refers to a fixture that provides back - flow prevention for an installed dishwasher . This `` air gap '' is seen above the countertop as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet . Below the countertop , the drain pipe of the dishwasher feeds the `` top '' of the air gap , and the `` bottom '' of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the basket , or into a garbage disposal unit . When installed and maintained properly , the air gap works as described above , and prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher , possibly contaminating dishes . Water flowing from the fixture into the sink indicates a need for maintenance or repair . To further illustrate the air gap , consider what could happen if the air gap were eliminated by attaching a hose to the faucet and lowering the hose into a sink full of contaminated water . Under the right conditions ( if the water supply loses pressure and the sink is higher than the point at which the water supply enters the house , for instance ) , the dirty water in the sink will be siphoned into the water pipes through the hose and faucet . The dirty water then will be dispersed throughout the drinking water system . Standards and codes ( edit ) All plumbing codes require backflow prevention in several ways . The plumbing fixture manufacturers build the fixtures to meet these codes . Plumbers must not build cross-connections in their daily work practices , and plumbing inspectors look for improper designs or connections of piping and plumbing fixtures .", "1": "A common misconception is that a `` high loop '' ( routing a drain line above a sink 's flood level , for instance ) will provide the same function as an air gap ; this is not true , because the continuous connection in such a case still will allow backflow through siphoning . According to the International Residential Code 2003 , an air gap must meet the requirements of being two times the effective inner diameter of the pipe ( 2 * D ) in order to be sufficient . A standard widely use in the United States is : A112. 1.2 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems ( For Plumbing Fixtures and Water - Connected Receptors ) See also ( edit ) Hydrostatic loop Pressure vacuum breaker Double check valve Chemigation valve Reduced pressure zone device Atmospheric vacuum breaker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 ( 1st ed . ) . Definition : AIR GAP , WATER -- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM : International Code Council . 2003 . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892395 - 58 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.plumbingsupply.com/airgap.html Jump up ^ http://www.justanswer.com/plumbing/1zdw3-kitchenaide-dishwasher-vent-next-faucet.html Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 ( 1st ed . ) . Paragraph P2902. 2.1 Air gaps : International Code Council . 2003 . p. 402 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892395 - 58 - 0 . Backflow and prevention Backflow prevention methods Atmospheric vacuum breaker Air gap Check valve Chemigation valve Double check valve Hydrostatic loop Pressure vacuum breaker Reduced pressure zone device Vacuum breaker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_gap_(plumbing)&oldid=835383451 '' Categories : Plumbing Plumbing valves Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 11 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "2": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1447779709231013547	who does bryce dallas howard play in the grinch	[ "Surprised Who", "Surprised Who", "Surprised Who", "Surprised Who" ]	{ "0": "Bryce Dallas Howard - wikipedia Bryce Dallas Howard Jump to : navigation , search Bryce Dallas Howard Howard at the 2010 New York Film Festival ( 1981 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actress , director , producer , model and writer Years active 1989 -- present Spouse ( s ) Seth Gabel ( m . 2006 ) Children Parents Ron Howard ( father ) Cheryl Alley ( mother ) Relatives Paige Howard ( sister ) Clint Howard ( uncle ) Rance Howard ( grandfather ) Jean Speegle Howard ( grandmother ) Bryce Dallas Howard ( born March 2 , 1981 ) is an American actress , director , producer , model , writer and daughter of actor / director Ron Howard . Howard attended New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , but left before graduating to take on roles on Broadway . During a performance of As You Like It where Howard portrayed Rosalind , she caught the attention of director M. Night Shyamalan , and he cast her in what would be her breakout film , the psychological thriller The Village ( 2004 ) and then in the fantasy thriller Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) . Her performance in Kenneth Branagh 's film adaptation of As You Like It ( 2006 ) earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination . In 2006 she co-wrote and directed the short film Orchids . Howard also appeared as Gwen Stacy in Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) . Howard became more recognizable to audiences as the vampire Victoria in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) . This project , as well as Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , was financially successful , but both films garnered mixed reviews from the press . In 2011 , she had supporting roles in 50 / 50 and The Help . She also played a lead role , Claire Dearing , in the science fiction adventure film Jurassic World ( 2015 ) , the fourth installment in the Jurassic Park film series and her most financially successful film to date . She is signed to reprise her role in the next two films in the franchise .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2002 -- 2006 2.2 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Howard was born in Los Angeles , California , to writer Cheryl Howard Crew ( née Alley ) and actor - director Ron Howard , on March 2 , 1981 . She has two younger sisters , twins Jocelyn and Paige , and a younger brother named Reed . Through her father , she is a granddaughter of actors Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard as well as a niece of actor Clint Howard . Her godfather is actor Henry Winkler , who co-starred on Happy Days with her father . All of the Howard children were raised away from the world of show business . Their parents did not allow them access to television and instead encouraged outdoor activities and hobbies . At the age of seven , however , she was allowed to be an extra in her father 's movies . In an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , she mentioned that she and her siblings were babysat by family friend Tom Cruise on several occasions . She was raised in Westchester County , New York , and on a farm in Greenwich , Connecticut . Howard attended Stagedoor Manor , a performing arts camp in upstate New York , with actress Natalie Portman . After attending Greenwich Country Day School until 1996 and then graduating from Byram Hills High School in 1999 , Howard studied at New York University 's ( NYU ) Tisch School of the Arts for three years , during which time she also attended the Stella Adler Conservatory , The Experimental Wing , and International Theatre Wing in Amsterdam . During her schooling , she took part in the concept recording of the Broadway - bound musical A Tale of Two Cities . She graduated with her BFA in Drama in 2003 . Howard is also an alumna of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company 's School at Steppenwolf in Chicago , and of The Actors Center in New York City .", "2": "During her time in New York , Howard was also a member of downtown theater company Theater Mitu , in residence at New York Theatre Workshop , who are known for their exploration of theatrical forms . Career ( edit ) 2002 -- 2006 ( edit ) For several years , Howard appeared in New York plays . Among these were House & Garden , a 2002 Alan Ayckbourn production held at the Manhattan Theatre Club , in which she portrayed a disdainful , flirtatious teen . While performing as Rosalind in the critically acclaimed 2003 William Shakespeare comedy production As You Like It at The Public Theater , Howard caught the eye of director M. Night Shyamalan . Howard was cast in Shyamalan 's fantasy thriller The Village ( 2004 ) two weeks later without having to audition . Its story is about a `` turn - of - the - 20th - century '' village whose residents live in fear of the creatures inhabiting the woods beyond it . She plays the female lead , the chief 's blind daughter and love interest to Joaquin Phoenix 's part . Her performance was applauded by critics and Howard was nominated for several awards , mostly in the category of `` Best Breakthrough Performance '' . The Village did well commercially , but had a mixed reception . Following that , Howard was cast by Lars Von Trier to replace Nicole Kidman as Grace Mulligan in Manderlay , the 2005 sequel to Dogville ( 2003 ) . The director said that it is `` quite clear '' his movie , set in a plantation , can be seen as an allusion to the Iraq War . Howard reunited with Shyamalan for Lady in the Water , in which she acts as Story , a type of water nymph called a narf . The 2006 fantasy film release also stars Paul Giamatti as the co-lead . Shyamalan 's project follows the story of Giamatti 's character rescuing what he thinks is a young woman ( Howard ) from his pool . Once he discovers that she is actually a character from a bedtime story who is trying to get back home , he teams up with his tenants to protect her from creatures that try to keep her in their world . It underperformed at the box office , falling short of its $75 million budget , and got largely negative reviews from critics .", "3": "Next , she once again played Rosalind in Kenneth Branagh 's 2006 film version of Shakespeare 's As You Like It . It played in theatres in Europe before going directly to cable in the United States , premiering on HBO . Howard was nominated for a Golden Globe Award at the 2008 ceremony . The project got soundly negative reviews from the British media , while American reviewers gave it more favorable notice . That year , she wrote and directed a short film , Orchids , as part of Glamour magazine 's `` Reel Moments '' series funded by Cartier and FilmAid International . 2007 -- present ( edit ) In 2007 , Howard starred in her first blockbuster , Spider - Man 3 as Peter Parker 's classmate Gwen Stacy , a fan favorite . A challenge that came with playing Gwen was reminding fans of the good - intentioned character who was Peter 's first love in the comics , yet came off as `` the other woman '' in the movie . Howard dyed her naturally red hair blonde for the role and performed many of her own stunts , unaware that she was several months pregnant . Grossing $890 million. Terminator Salvation was her next project . Cast in June 2008 , she replaced Claire Danes as Kate Connor . Howard was already a fan of the series . It grossed a total of $370 million , but was not well received critically . Howard starred as the lead character in The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond in 2009 . Based on a 1957 screenplay by Tennessee Williams , it did not play at many theaters . She played the role of Victoria , a vampire seeking revenge , in the Twilight series ' third installment The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . She landed the part after Rachelle Lefevre was dropped due to a scheduling conflict and filming started in August 2009 . Howard had already been a huge fan of the books and considered Victoria to be an `` incredible character '' . Released on June 30 , 2010 the film made nearly $700 million and although reviews were mixed , critics gave very positive reviews for Howard in the role . In December 2009 , Howard was cast in Clint Eastwood 's Hereafter ( 2010 ) , as a burgeoning love interest for Matt Damon 's character .", "4": "In early January 2011 , Howard became the first celebrity ambassador for purse designer Kate Spade . Her first film of 2011 was The Help , a movie adaptation of Kathryn Stockett 's 2009 best - selling novel of the same name . She received critical acclaim for her performance in the film and was nominated for many Best Supporting Actress Awards , along with winning awards shared with the rest of the cast . Howard then produced Gus Van Sant 's Restless , a dark coming of age movie about a teenage boy and girl who are engrossed with death . She had a supporting role opposite Joseph Gordon - Levitt in the cancer dramedy 50 / 50 , which was based on a true story . `` It 's viewing that experience through a very truthful lens of humour '' , she stated of 50 / 50 's take on its heavy subject matter . Both films had September releases . Howard directed the short film When You Find Me , a social film developed through a collaboration with Canon . The film was developed under the premise of gathering inspiration through images selected from a photography contest . 96,362 entries were accepted , while only eight final images were selected to be utilized for the production of the film . In 2015 , Howard appeared in the lead role , alongside Chris Pratt , in Jurassic World as the park 's operations manager Claire Dearing . In 2016 , she starred in the remake of the 1977 film Pete 's Dragon , and appeared in the drama Gold with Matthew McConaughey . In 2016 , she appeared in `` Nosedive '' , an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror . In 2017 , she started production of the follow up to Jurassic World , currently titled Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Personal life ( edit ) During her senior year of high school , Howard learned of existentialism . `` I was like , ' This is it ! This is my religion . ' I had never felt a connection to any sort of spirituality before that . It was very basic -- you 're responsible for the choices that you make -- but it was mind - blowing at the time . '' Howard met actor Seth Gabel at New York University and the two dated for five years before marrying on June 17 , 2006 .", "5": "She had only one previous boyfriend and claims to have pursued Gabel vigorously after first meeting him . They had planned to start a family together in their 30s ; however , seven days after their wedding , she learned that she was expecting their first child . Howard gave birth to their child , a son named Theodore , nicknamed Theo , in 2007 . Howard openly discussed having experienced post-partum depression . With the help of a physician and a therapist she recovered from the depression , which lasted for about 18 months . Howard said of the depression in 2010 , Do I wish I had never endured post-partum depression ? Absolutely . But to deny the experience is to deny who I am . I still mourn the loss of what could have been , but I also feel deep gratitude for those who stood by me , for the lesson that we must never be afraid to ask for help , and for the feeling of summer that still remains . Howard gave birth to the couple 's second child , daughter Beatrice , in 2012 .", "6": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Parenthood Strawberry - blonde girl in audience 1995 Apollo 13 Girl in yellow dress 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Surprised Who 2001 A Beautiful Mind Harvard Student Book of Love Heather Village , The The Village Ivy Elizabeth Walker 2005 Manderlay Grace Margaret Mulligan 2006 As You Like It Rosalind 2006 Lady in the Water Story 2006 Orchids Short film ; co-writer , director 2007 Spider - Man 3 Gwen Stacy 2008 Good Dick Kissing woman Cameo 2008 Loss of a Teardrop Diamond , The The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond Fisher Willow 2009 Terminator Salvation Katherine `` Kate '' Brewster Connor The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Victoria Hereafter Melanie 2011 Help , The The Help Hilly Holbrook 2011 50 / 50 Rachael 2012 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Victoria Archive footage 2015 Jurassic World Claire Dearing 2016 Pete 's Dragon Grace Meacham 2016 Gold Kay 2017 McLaren Herself Documentary 2018 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Claire Dearing Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Family Guy Episode : `` We Love You , Conrad '' ( voice ) 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film -- Television film , director ( segment : `` Lucy '' ) 2014 HitRecord on TV Various 2 episodes 2016 Black Mirror Lacie Pound Episode : `` Nosedive '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Lego Jurassic World Claire Dearing Lego Dimensions Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Role Notes 2013 Claudia Lewis M83 Director Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Film Result Ref .", "7": "2005 Online Film Critics Society Best Breakthrough Performance The Village Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated Best Newcomer Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Female Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Scary Scene Nominated 2006 Robert Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Manderlay Nominated 2008 Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television As You Like It Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Terminator Salvation Nominated 2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( shared with cast members Xavier Samuel and Robert Pattinson ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Villain Nominated Black Reel Awards Best Ensemble The Help Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Nominated Hollywood Film Festival Ensemble of the Year Won 2012 MTV Movie Awards Best Cast ( shared with cast members Emma Stone , Viola Davis , Jessica Chastain , and Octavia Spencer ) Nominated Best Jaw Dropping Moment Nominated Best Villain Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Performance by an Ensemble Nominated Satellite Awards Best Cast -- Motion Picture Won Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Ensemble Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Jurassic World Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Nominated 2016 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries Black Mirror Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Gold Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cheryl Howard Crew - The Official Site '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Juicy Facts about Bryce Dallas Howard '' . Extra . Warner Bros. Television Distribution.", "8": "2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 2004 ) . `` A Boo - tiful Find : The Village 's Bryce Howard '' . Spin . Los Angeles , California : SpinMedia . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Peter ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Too Good To Be True '' . Paper Mag . Paper Publishing Company . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Actress Bryce Howard Wild About Greenwich '' . Hartford Courant . Hartford , Connecticut : Tronc . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Bryce Howard Wild About Greenwich '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwich Notable Alumni '' . GreenwichMag . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raising their voices to raise Byram Hills ' ' Guys and Dolls ' '' . lohud.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryce Dallas Howard profile at '' . Theater Mitu . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tale of Two Cities -- Biography '' . ATaleofTwoCities . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BRYCE DALLAS HOWARD , ; RON HOWARD 'S DAUGHTER , MAKES A NAME FOR HERSELF IN M. NIGHT SHYAMALAN 'S ` THE VILLAGE ' '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . 2004 - 08 - 03 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` BRYCE DALLAS HOWARD BIO '' .", "9": "Tribute Canada . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Village ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Village ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Charlotte ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Lars von Trier acts as a slave to controversy '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lady in the Water '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lady in the Water '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Fradkin , Lori ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Interview : Bryce Dallas Howard , As You Like Her '' . New York Magazine . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bruno , Mike ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Golden Globes : The 2008 nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` As You Like It ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` As You Like It : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Film Orchids '' . Palm Springs International Film Festival . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Howard 's new life includes Spidey and a family '' . Vancouver Sun . Postmedia Network Inc. 2007 - 05 - 03 .", "10": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2007 - 04 - 26 ) . `` World Wide Web '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terminator Salvation '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard is Kate Connor in Terminator 4 '' . / Film . Peter Sciretta . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Toal , Drew ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Terminator Salvation star Bryce Dallas Howard has a dark side '' . Time Out New York . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Huddlestone , Tom ( June 2009 ) . `` Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kung , Michelle ( 2009 - 12 - 30 ) . `` ' The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond ' Star Bryce Dallas Howard on Tennessee Williams and ' Twilight ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lipworth , Elaine ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Twilight : Bryce Dallas Howard interview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Howard to replace Lefevre in 3rd ' Twilight ' film '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse -- Film Review '' . Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : The Twilight Saga : Eclipse '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . 2010 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ MCnary , Dave ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` ' Hereafter ' calls Bryce Dallas Howard '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Caparell , Adam ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) . `` ' Hereafter ' star Bryce Dallas Howard can see into her own future - and it 's red hot '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Harman , Justine ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard Springs into Fashion with Kate Spade Ads '' . People magazine . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Octavia Spencer nabs key role in ' The Help ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner Inc .", "12": "Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Mia Wasikowska in talks for ' Restless ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Richard ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Cannes 2011 : Bryce Dallas Howard on 50 / 50 '' . Total Film . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ number of entries is noted at the end of the completed film at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVrW26tkT7Q Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard 's ' When You Find Me ' Appearing at SXSW 2012 '' . Yahoo ! Movies . March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Cast -- A Look at the Characters '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard Joins Matthew McConaughey In ' Gold ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright To Direct ' Black Mirror ' Episode For Netflix ; Bryce Dallas Howard & Alice Eve To Star '' . Deadline. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard '' . The Mail on Sunday .", "13": "Associated Newspapers Ltd. 2011 - 01 - 09 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lipworth , Elaine ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : Marikar , Sheila ( 2010 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Gisele Bundchen , Gwyneth Paltrow , Bryce Dallas Howard : Hollywood 's Pregnancy Pundits '' . ABC News . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard Welcomes Son '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard Has a Baby Girl '' . People . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Jason Ritter Exclusive Interview -- Good Dick '' . Collider . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Soares , Andre ( 2005 - 01 - 10 ) . `` 2005 Online Film Critics Society Awards '' . ALT Film Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Empire Awards Nominees Are Announced ! '' . Empire Awards . 2005 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Ben ( 2005 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Vicious Teens And Happy Drunk Lead 2005 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Talent '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . 2005 - 08 - 16 .", "14": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Milet , Sandrine ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Second ( Giant ) Wave Of Nominees Announced ! '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ MTV Movie Award Staff ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` ' Eclipse , ' ' Inception ' Lead 2011 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : MTV Movie Award Staff ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` 2012 MTV Movie Awards Nominees : The Full List '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Game , ' Beyonce , ' The Help ' lead Image Awards noms '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2012 winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Kaeli ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 : Taylor Swift , ' Empire , ' ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Among Second Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bryce Dallas Howard . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bryce Dallas Howard Bryce Dallas Howard at brycedhoward.com Bryce Dallas Howard on Twitter Bryce Dallas Howard on IMDb Bryce Dallas Howard at Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Bryce Dallas Howard Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance ,", "15": "Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent ,", "16": "Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs.", "17": "Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) VIAF : 84235017 LCCN : no2005107483 ISNI : 0000 0001 1476 1642 GND : 137823967 SUDOC : 104452021 BNF : cb14641414m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=Bryce_Dallas_Howard&oldid=837790106 '' Categories : 1981 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Greenwich , Connecticut Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York ( state ) American child actresses American film actresses American film directors American Shakespearean actresses American women film directors Film directors from California Howard acting family Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Westchester County , New York Tisch School of the Arts alumni Writers from Greenwich , Connecticut Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Twitter username same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "19": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4142764138398402780	what is the most popular item to put on top of a christmas tree	[ "a star (representing either the Star of Bethlehem or the Star of David), finials, angels (\"Christmas angel\"), or fairies" ]	{ "0": "Tree - topper - Wikipedia Tree - topper Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Tree Topper . A Christmas tree crowned with a star tree - topper in Little Stanney , Cheshire , in England A tree - topper or treetopper is a decorative ornament placed on the top ( or `` crown '' ) of a Christmas tree or Hanukkah bush . Tree - toppers can take any form , but the most common shapes are a star ( representing either the Star of Bethlehem or the Star of David ) , finials , angels ( `` Christmas angel '' ) , or fairies . Other tree - toppers include paper rosettes , ribbon bows , Father Christmases or Santa Clauses , Christian crosses , owls , and sunbursts . Tree - toppers may be made of blown glass , metal , or plastic , among other materials . Plastic tree - toppers are often electric and once connected with the tree 's lights glow from within . Following World War II , various symbols of Christmastide , such as Santa Claus , were introduced as electrified tree - toppers . Hans Christian Andersen 's short story of `` The Fir - Tree '' describes the decoration of a Danish Christmas tree , including its topper , thus : `` On one branch there hung little nets cut out of colored paper , and each net was filled with sugarplums ; and among the other boughs gilded apples and walnuts were suspended , looking as though they had grown there , and little blue and white tapers were placed among the leaves . Dolls that looked for all the world like men -- the Tree had never beheld such before -- were seen among the foliage , and at the very top a large star of gold tinsel was fixed . ''", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and use 2 Alternatives 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin and use ( edit ) `` That pretty German toy , a Christmas tree '' ( 1848 ) , The Illustrated London News Use of a Christmas angel as a tree - topper represents to some the angel Gabriel from the Nativity of Jesus : `` And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee , named Nazareth , to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph , of the house of David ; and the virgin 's name was Mary . '' -- Luke 1 : 26 -- 27 ( KJV ) Use of a star represents the Star of Bethlehem : `` Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king , behold , there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem , saying , ' Where is he that is born King of the Jews ? for we have seen his star in the east , and are come to worship him . ' '' -- Matthew 2 : 1 -- 2 ( KJV ) The use of the angel tree - topper goes back to the Victorian era , corresponding to the rise in popularity of Christmas trees in England . The Illustrated London News published a picture of Queen Victoria , Prince Albert , and their family around a Christmas tree topped with an angel , and by its influence the Christmas angel became the most common tree - topper . During the 1870s , in conjunction with the growing power of the British Empire , the Union Jack had become the most popular tree - topper . Alternatives ( edit ) In Jewish homes that use a Hanukkah bush , the Star of David is used as a tree - topper . Some Neo-pagan homes celebrate the winter solstice , which falls close to Christmas , by decorating an evergreen tree as a symbol of continuing life , but make an effort to decorate it with non-Christian symbols and often choose tree - toppers representing the sun .", "2": "Gallery ( edit ) Post-War NOMA plastic , electrified angel tree - topper Croatian Christmas star Homemade Christmas angel A Christmas tree crowned with a star tree - topper Köln Germany See also ( edit ) Christmas tree Christmas ornament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andersen 's Fairy Tales , Project Gutenberg text Jump up ^ History of Christmas Trees at Christmas Archives Jump up ^ History of Tree - toppers Jump up ^ Christmas Tree - topper at Mahalo External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . ( hide ) Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler This religion - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree-topper&oldid=815358048 '' Categories : Christmas decorations Religion stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Nederlands Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 10 : 09 . 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2494339783007699672	where does dividends go on cash flow statement	[ "the financing activities section" ]	{ "0": "Cash flow statement - wikipedia Cash flow statement Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal In financial accounting , a cash flow statement , also known as statement of cash flows , is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents , and breaks the analysis down to operating , investing and financing activities . Essentially , the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business . The statement captures both the current operating results and the accompanying changes in the balance sheet . As an analytical tool , the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short - term viability of a company , particularly its ability to pay bills . International Accounting Standard 7 ( IAS 7 ) , is the International Accounting Standard that deals with cash flow statements .", "1": "People and groups interested in cash flow statements include : Accounting personnel , who need to know whether the organization will be able to cover payroll and other immediate expenses Potential lenders or creditors , who want a clear picture of a company 's ability to repay Potential investors , who need to judge whether the company is financially sound Potential employees or contractors , who need to know whether the company will be able to afford compensation Shareholders of the business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 History and variations 3 Cash flow activities 3.1 Operating activities 3.2 Investing activities 3.3 Financing activities 4 Disclosure of non-cash activities 5 Preparation methods 5.1 Direct method 5.2 Indirect method 5.2. 1 Rules ( operating activities ) 5.2. 2 Rules ( financing activities ) 6 See also 7 Notes and references Purpose ( edit ) Statement of Cash Flow - Simple Example for the period 1 Jan 2006 to 31 Dec 2006 Cash flow from operations $4,000 Cash flow from investing ( $1,000 ) Cash flow from financing ( $2,000 ) Net cash flow $1,000 Parentheses indicate negative values The cash flow statement was previously known as the flow of funds statement . The cash flow statement reflects a firm 's liquidity . The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm 's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time , and the income statement summarizes a firm 's financial transactions over an interval of time . These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues . The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents ; it excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments . These non-cash transactions include depreciation or write - offs on bad debts or credit losses to name a few . The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities : operating activities , investing activities , and financing activities . Non-cash activities are usually reported in footnotes .", "2": "The cash flow statement is intended to provide information on a firm 's liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets , liabilities and equity improve the comparability of different firms ' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods indicate the amount , timing and probability of future cash flows The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations , which might be derived from different accounting methods , such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets . History and variations ( edit ) Cash basis financial statements were very common before accrual basis financial statements . The `` flow of funds '' statements of the past were cash flow statements . In 1863 , the Dowlais Iron Company had recovered from a business slump , but had no cash to invest for a new blast furnace , despite having made a profit . To explain why there were no funds to invest , the manager made a new financial statement that was called a comparison balance sheet , which showed that the company was holding too much inventory . This new financial statement was the genesis of cash flow statement that is used today . In the United States in 1973 , the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) defined rules that made it mandatory under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( US GAAP ) to report sources and uses of funds , but the definition of `` funds '' was not clear . Net working capital might be cash or might be the difference between current assets and current liabilities . From the late 1970 to the mid-1980s , the FASB discussed the usefulness of predicting future cash flows . In 1987 , FASB Statement No. 95 ( FAS 95 ) mandated that firms provide cash flow statements . In 1992 , the International Accounting Standards Board issued International Accounting Standard 7 ( IAS 7 ) , Cash Flow Statement , which became effective in 1994 , mandating that firms provide cash flow statements . US GAAP and IAS 7 rules for cash flow statements are similar , but some of the differences are : IAS 7 requires that the cash flow statement include changes in both cash and cash equivalents . US GAAP permits using cash alone or cash and cash equivalents .", "3": "IAS 7 permits bank borrowings ( overdraft ) in certain countries to be included in cash equivalents rather than being considered a part of financing activities . IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities . US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities . US GAAP ( FAS 95 ) requires that when the direct method is used to present the operating activities of the cash flow statement , a supplemental schedule must also present a cash flow statement using the indirect method . The IASC strongly recommends the direct method but allows either method . The IASC considers the indirect method less clear to users of financial statements . Cash flow statements are most commonly prepared using the indirect method , which is not especially useful in projecting future cash flows . Cash flow activities ( edit ) The cash flow statement is partitioned into three segments , namely : cash flow resulting from operating activities ; cash flow resulting from investing activities ; cash flow resulting from financing activities . The money coming into the business is called cash inflow , and money going out from the business is called cash outflow . Operating activities ( edit ) Operating activities include the production , sales and delivery of the company 's product as well as collecting payment from its customers . This could include purchasing raw materials , building inventory , advertising , and shipping the product . Under IAS 7 , operating cash flows include : Receipts for the sale of loans , debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio Interest received on loans Payments to suppliers for goods and services Payments to employees or on behalf of employees Interest payments ( alternatively , this can be reported under financing activities in IAS 7 ) buying Merchandise Items which are added back to ( or subtracted from , as appropriate ) the net income figure ( which is found on the Income Statement ) to arrive at cash flows from operations generally include : Depreciation ( loss of tangible asset value over time ) Deferred tax Amortization ( loss of intangible asset value over time ) Any gains or losses associated with the sale of a non-current asset , because associated cash flows do not belong in the operating section ( unrealized gains / losses are also added back from the income statement ) .", "4": "Dividends received Investing activities ( edit ) Examples of Investing activities are Purchase or Sale of an asset ( assets can be land , building , equipment , marketable securities , etc . ) Loans made to suppliers or received from customers Payments related to mergers and acquisition . Financing activities ( edit ) Financing activities include the inflow of cash from investors such as banks and shareholders , as well as the outflow of cash to shareholders as dividends as the company generates income . Other activities which impact the long - term liabilities and equity of the company are also listed in the financing activities section of the cash flow statement . Under IAS 7 , Payments of dividends Payments for repurchase of company shares For non-profit organizations , receipts of donor - restricted cash that is limited to long - term purposes Items under the financing activities section include : Dividends paid Sale or repurchase of the company 's stock Net borrowings Repayment of debt principal , including capital leases Disclosure of non-cash activities ( edit ) Under IAS 7 , non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements . Under US General Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) , non-cash activities may be disclosed in a footnote or within the cash flow statement itself . Non-cash financing activities may include Leasing to purchase an asset Converting debt to equity Exchanging non-cash assets or liabilities for other non-cash assets or liabilities Issuing share Payment of dividend taxes in exchange for assets Preparation methods ( edit ) The direct method of preparing a cash flow statement results in a more easily understood report . The indirect method is almost universally used , because FAS 95 requires a supplementary report similar to the indirect method if a company chooses to use the direct method . Direct method ( edit ) The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments . Under IAS 7 , dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities . If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities , they are reported under operating activities ; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities , they are reported under investing or financing activities .", "5": "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules , dividends received from a company 's investing activities is reported as an `` operating activity , '' not an `` investing activity . '' Sample cash flow statement using the direct method Cash flows from ( used in ) operating activities Cash receipts from customers 9,500 Cash paid to suppliers and employees ( 2,000 ) Cash generated from operations ( sum ) 7,500 Interest paid ( 2,000 ) Income taxes paid ( 3,000 ) Net cash flows from operating activities 2,500 Cash flows from ( used in ) investing activities Proceeds from the sale of equipment 7,500 Dividends received 3,000 Net cash flows from investing activities 10,500 Cash flows from ( used in ) financing activities Dividends paid ( 2,500 ) Net cash flows used in financing activities ( 2,500 ) . Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 10,500 Cash and cash equivalents , beginning of year 1,000 Cash and cash equivalents , end of year $11,500 Indirect method ( edit ) The indirect method uses net - income as a starting point , makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items , then adjusts from all cash - based transactions . An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income , and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income . This method converts accrual - basis net income ( or loss ) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions . Rules ( operating activities ) ( edit ) * Non-cash expenses must be added back to NI . Such expenses may be represented on the balance sheet as decreases in long term asset accounts . Thus decreases in fixed assets increase NI . To Find Cash Flows from Operating Activities using the Balance Sheet and Net Income For Increases in Net Inc Adj Current Assets ( Non-Cash ) Decrease Current Liabilities Increase For All Non-Cash ... * Expenses ( Decreases in Fixed Assets ) Increase The following rules can be followed to calculate Cash Flows from Operating Activities when given only a two - year comparative balance sheet and the Net Income figure .", "6": "Cash Flows from Operating Activities can be found by adjusting Net Income relative to the change in beginning and ending balances of Current Assets , Current Liabilities , and sometimes Long Term Assets . When comparing the change in long term assets over a year , the accountant must be certain that these changes were caused entirely by their devaluation rather than purchases or sales ( i.e. they must be operating items not providing or using cash ) or if they are nonoperating items . Decrease in non-cash current assets are added to net income Increase in non-cash current asset are subtracted from net income Increase in current liabilities are added to net income Decrease in current liabilities are subtracted from net income Expenses with no cash outflows are added back to net income ( depreciation and / or amortization expense are the only operating items that have no effect on cash flows in the period ) Revenues with no cash inflows are subtracted from net income Non operating losses are added back to net income Non operating gains are subtracted from net income The intricacies of this procedure might be seen as , Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities = Net Income + Rule Items ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities ) ) = ( \\ text ( Net Income ) ) + ( \\ text ( Rule Items ) ) ) For example , consider a company that has a net income of $100 this year , and its A / R increased by $25 since the beginning of the year . If the balances of all other current assets , long term assets and current liabilities did not change over the year , the cash flows could be determined by the rules above as $100 -- $25 = Cash Flows from Operating Activities = $75 . The logic is that , if the company made $100 that year ( net income ) , and they are using the accrual accounting system ( not cash based ) then any income they generated that year which has not yet been paid for in cash should be subtracted from the net income figure in order to find cash flows from operating activities . And the increase in A / R meant that $25 of sales occurred on credit and have not yet been paid for in cash . In the case of finding Cash Flows when there is a change in a fixed asset account , say the Buildings and Equipment account decreases , the change is added back to Net Income .", "7": "The reasoning behind this is that because Net Income is calculated by , Net Income = Rev - Cogs - Depreciation Exp - Other Exp then the Net Income figure will be decreased by the building 's depreciation that year . This depreciation is not associated with an exchange of cash , therefore the depreciation is added back into net income to remove the non-cash activity . Rules ( financing activities ) ( edit ) Finding the Cash Flows from Financing Activities is much more intuitive and needs little explanation . Generally , the things to account for are financing activities : Include as outflows , reductions of long term notes payable ( as would represent the cash repayment of debt on the balance sheet ) Or as inflows , the issuance of new notes payable Include as outflows , all dividends paid by the entity to outside parties Or as inflows , dividend payments received from outside parties Include as outflows , the purchase of notes stocks or bonds Or as inflows , the receipt of payments on such financing vehicles . In the case of more advanced accounting situations , such as when dealing with subsidiaries , the accountant must Exclude intra-company dividend payments . Exclude intra-company bond interest . A traditional equation for this might look something like , Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities = ( Dividends received from 3 r d parties ) − ( Dividends paid to 3 r d parties ) − ( Dividends paid to NCI but not intracompany dividend payments ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( alignedat ) ( 2 ) ( \\ text ( Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities ) ) = & \\ left ( ( \\ text ( Dividends received from ) ) 3 ^ ( \\ rm ( rd ) ) ( \\ text ( parties ) ) \\ right ) \\ \\ & - \\ left ( ( \\ text ( Dividends paid to ) ) 3 ^ ( \\ rm ( rd ) ) ( \\ text ( parties ) ) \\ right ) \\ \\ & - ( ( \\ text ( Dividends paid to NCI but not ) ) \\ \\ & ( \\ text ( intracompany dividend payments ) ) ) \\ end ( alignedat ) ) ) Example : cash flow of XYZ : XYZ co. Ltd . Cash Flow Statement ( all numbers in millions of Rs . )", "8": "Period ending 31 Mar 2010 31 Mar 2009 31 Mar 2008 Net income 21,538 24,589 17,046 Operating activities , cash flows provided by or used in : Depreciation and amortization 2,790 2,592 2,747 Adjustments to net income 4,617 621 2,910 Decrease ( increase ) in accounts receivable 12,503 17,236 -- Increase ( decrease ) in liabilities ( A / P , taxes payable ) 131,622 19,822 37,856 Decrease ( increase ) in inventories -- -- -- Increase ( decrease ) in other operating activities ( 173,057 ) ( 33,061 ) ( 62,963 ) Net cash flow from operating activities 13 31,799 ( 2,404 ) Investing activities , cash flows provided by or used in : Capital expenditures ( 4,035 ) ( 3,724 ) ( 3,011 ) Investments ( 201,777 ) ( 71,710 ) ( 75,649 ) Other cash flows from investing activities 1,606 17,009 ( 571 ) Net cash flows from investing activities ( 204,206 ) ( 58,425 ) ( 79,231 ) Financing activities , cash flows provided by or used in : Dividends paid ( 9,826 ) ( 9,188 ) ( 8,375 ) Sale ( repurchase ) of stock ( 5,327 ) ( 12,090 ) 133 Increase ( decrease ) in debt 101,122 26,651 21,204 Other cash flows from financing activities 120,461 27,910 70,349 Net cash flows from financing activities 206,430 33,283 83,311 Effect of exchange rate changes 645 ( 1,840 ) 731 Net increase ( decrease ) in cash and cash equivalents 2,882 4,817 2,", "9": "407 See also ( edit ) Cash flow Income statement Balance sheet statement of changes in equity Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Helfert , Erich A . `` The Nature of Financial Statements : The Cash Flow Statement '' . Financial Analysis - Tools and Techniques - A Guide for Managers . Jump up ^ Bodie , Zane ; Alex Kane ; Alan J. Marcus ( 2004 ) . Essentials of Investments , 5th ed . McGraw - Hill Irwin . p. 455 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 251077 - 3 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Barry J. ; Eva K. Jermakowicz ( 2007 ) . Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 91 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 79823 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epstein , pp. 90 - 91 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Izumi : The evolution of Income Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain , Osaka University of Economics , Vol. 57 , No. 5 , January 2007 , p. 27 - 30 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bodie , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 88 Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 95 . Jump up ^ http://smallbusiness.chron.com/operating-activity-dividends-gaap-38254.html Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 101 Jump up ^ Epstein , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wild , John Paul . Fundamental Accounting Principles ( 18th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Companies . pp. 630 -- 633 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 299653 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yahoo finance report on Citigroup Jump up ^ Citigroup finance report Jump up ^ Bodie , p. 455 .", "10": "( hide ) Accounting Type Financial accounting Cost accounting Statements Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Terms Revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Capital expenditure Depreciation Gross profit Net profit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash_flow_statement&oldid=801784062 '' Categories : Cash flow Financial statements Accounting terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6195495799282225761	what is the 180 degree line of longitude called	[ "180th meridian", "antimeridian", "180th meridian or antimeridian", "antimeridian", "180th meridian or antimeridian" ]	{ "0": "180th meridian - wikipedia 180th meridian Jump to : navigation , search `` Anti-Meridian '' redirects here . For the Brave Saint Saturn album , see Anti-Meridian ( album ) . For ante meridiem ( AM ) , the time before midday , see 12 - hour clock . 180th meridian ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The International Date Line zigzags around the 180th Meridian . The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian 180 ° east or west of the Prime Meridian , with which it forms a great circle dividing the earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres . It is common to both east longitude and west longitude . It is used as the basis for the International Date Line because it mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean . However , the meridian passes through Russia and Fiji as well as Antarctica . Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole , the 180th meridian passes through : Co-ordinates ( approximate ) Country , territory or sea Notes 90 ° 0 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 90.000 ° N 180.000 ° E / 90.000 ; 180.000 ( Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean 71 ° 32 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 71.533 ° N 180.000 ° E / 71.533 ; 180.000 ( Russia ) Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -- Wrangel Island 70 ° 58 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 70.967 ° N 180.000 ° E / 70.967 ; 180.000 ( Chukchi Sea ) Chukchi Sea 68 ° 59 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 68.983 ° N 180.000 ° E / 68.983 ; 180.", "1": "000 ( Russia ) Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 65 ° 02 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 65.033 ° N 180.000 ° E / 65.033 ; 180.000 ( Bering Sea ) Bering Sea 52 ° 0 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 52.000 ° N 180.000 ° E / 52.000 ; 180.000 ( Amchitka Pass ) Amchitka Pass Passing just east of Semisopochnoi Island , Alaska , United States ( at 51 ° 57 ′ N 179 ° 47 ′ E / 51.950 ° N 179.783 ° E / 51.950 ; 179.783 ( Semisopochnoi Island ) ) 51 ° 0 ′ N 180 ° 0 ′ E / 51.000 ° N 180.000 ° E / 51.000 ; 180.000 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean Passing just east of Nukulaelae atoll , Tuvalu ( at 9 ° 25 ′ S 179 ° 52 ′ E / 9.417 ° S 179.867 ° E / - 9.417 ; 179.867 ( Nukulaelae atoll ) ) Passing just west of the island of Cikobia , Fiji ( at 15 ° 43 ′ S 179 ° 59 ′ W / 15.717 ° S 179.983 ° W / - 15.717 ; - 179.983 ( Cikobia ) ) 16 ° 9 ′ S 180 ° 0 ′ E / 16.150 ° S 180.000 ° E / - 16.150 ; 180.000 ( Fiji ) Fiji Islands of Vanua Levu , Rabi , and Taveuni 16 ° 59 ′ S 180 ° 0 ′ E / 16.983 ° S 180.000 ° E / - 16.983 ; 180.", "2": "000 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean Passing just east of the island of Moala , Fiji ( at 18 ° 33 ′ S 179 ° 57 ′ E / 18.550 ° S 179.950 ° E / - 18.550 ; 179.950 ( Moala ) ) Passing just west of the island of Totoya , Fiji ( at 19 ° 0 ′ S 179 ° 52 ′ W / 19.000 ° S 179.867 ° W / - 19.000 ; - 179.867 ( Totoya ) ) Passing just east of the island of Matuku , Fiji ( at 19 ° 10 ′ S 179 ° 47 ′ E / 19.167 ° S 179.783 ° E / - 19.167 ; 179.783 ( Matuku ) ) 60 ° 0 ′ S 180 ° 0 ′ E / 60.000 ° S 180.000 ° E / - 60.000 ; 180.000 ( Southern Ocean ) Southern Ocean 78 ° 13 ′ S 180 ° 0 ′ E / 78.217 ° S 180.000 ° E / - 78.217 ; 180.000 ( Antarctica ) Antarctica Ross Dependency , claimed by New Zealand 180 ° Meridian , Taveuni , Fiji The meridian also passes between ( but not particularly close to ) : the Gilbert Islands and the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati ; between North Island and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand ; between the Bounty Islands and the Chatham Islands , also of New Zealand . The only place where roads cross this meridian , and where there are buildings very close to it , is in Fiji . Software representation problems ( edit ) Many geographic software libraries or data formats project the world to a rectangle ; very often this rectangle is split exactly at the 180th meridian . This often makes it non-trivial to do simple tasks ( like representing an area , or a line ) over the 180th meridian . Some examples : The GeoJSON specification strongly suggests splitting geometries so that neither of their parts cross the antimeridian .", "3": "In OpenStreetMap , areas ( like the boundary of Russia ) are split at the 180th meridian . See also ( edit ) 179th meridian east 179th meridian west Prime meridian Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word antimeridian can also mean the meridian opposite to any given meridian . E.g. 20 ° west is the antimeridian of 160 ° east . Jump up ^ `` RFC 7946 - The GeoJSON Format '' . Circles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75", "4": "° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating", "5": "Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=180th_meridian&oldid=813921677 '' Categories : Lines of longitude Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8004900265728672797	where does the english channel begin and end	[ "the Celtic Sea and North Sea", "On the west. A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028) to Lands End (50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717)", "On the east. The southwestern limit of the North Sea" ]	{ "0": "English Channel - wikipedia English Channel Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body of water . For the racehorse , see English Channel ( horse ) . `` The Channel '' redirects here . For other uses , see channel ( disambiguation ) . English Channel Location Western Europe ; between the Celtic Sea and North Sea Coordinates 50 ° N 02 ° W / 50 ° N 2 ° W / 50 ; - 2Coordinates : 50 ° N 02 ° W / 50 ° N 2 ° W / 50 ; - 2 Part of Atlantic Ocean Primary inflows River Exe , River Seine , River Test , River Tamar , River Somme Basin countries United Kingdom France Guernsey Jersey Max. length 560 km ( 350 mi ) Max . width 240 km ( 150 mi ) Surface area 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) Average depth 63 m ( 207 ft ) Max . depth 174 m ( 571 ft ) at Hurd 's Deep Salinity 3.4 -- 3.5 % Max . temperature 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) Min . temperature 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) Islands Île de Bréhat , Île de Batz , Chausey , Tatihou , Îles Saint - Marcouf , Isle of Wight , Jersey , Guernsey , Alderney , Sark , Herm Settlements Bournemouth , Brighton , Plymouth , Portsmouth , Calais , Le Havre The English Channel ( French : la Manche , `` The Sleeve '' ; German : Ärmelkanal , `` Sleeve Channel '' ; Breton : Mor Breizh , `` Sea of Brittany '' ; Cornish : Mor Bretannek , `` British Sea '' ) , also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France , and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is the busiest shipping area in the world .", "1": "It is about 560 km ( 350 mi ) long and varies in width from 240 km ( 150 mi ) at its widest to 33.3 km ( 20.7 mi ) in the Strait of Dover . It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Name 2.1 Ancient references 2.2 History and etymology 3 Geological origins : giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods 4 Human geography 4.1 Route to the British Isles 4.2 Norsemen and Normans 4.3 England and Britain : Naval superpower 4.4 First World War 4.5 Second World War 5 Population 5.1 England 5.2 France 5.3 Channel Islands 6 Shipping 7 Ecology 8 Transport 8.1 Ferry 8.2 Channel Tunnel 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Culture and languages 11 Channel crossings 11.1 By boat 11.2 By air 11.3 By swimming 11.4 By car 11.5 Other types 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Geography ( edit ) Map of the English Channel The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows : On the west . A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W / 50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) . On the east . The southwestern limit of the North Sea .", "2": "The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as `` a line joining the Walde Lighthouse ( France , 1 ° 55'E ) and Leathercoat Point ( England , 51 ° 10'N ) '' . The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais ( 50 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 1 ° 55 ′ 00 '' E / 50.98500 ° N 1.91667 ° E / 50.98500 ; 1.91667 ) , and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret 's Bay , Kent ( 51 ° 10 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E / 51.16667 ° N 1.40000 ° E / 51.16667 ; 1.40000 ) . The Strait of Dover viewed from France , looking towards England . The white cliffs of Dover on the English coast are visible from France on a clear day . The Strait of Dover ( French : Pas de Calais ) , at the Channel 's eastern end , is its narrowest point , while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo , near its midpoint . It is relatively shallow , with an average depth of about 120 m ( 390 ft ) at its widest part , reducing to a depth of about 45 m ( 148 ft ) between Dover and Calais . Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m ( 85 ft ) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m ( 590 ft ) in the submerged valley of Hurd 's Deep , 48 km ( 30 mi ) west - northwest of Guernsey . The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine ( French : Baie de Seine ) . Three French river mouths .", "3": "Top to bottom : the Somme , the Authie and the Canche There are several major islands in the Channel , the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast , and the Channel Islands , British Crown dependencies off the coast of France . The coastline , particularly on the French shore , is deeply indented ; several small islands close to the coastline , including Chausey and Mont Saint - Michel , are within French jurisdiction . The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel , whilst on the English side there is a small parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland . The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel . The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands , the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Brittany . The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance .", "4": "In the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas , from the west : Plymouth Portland Wight Dover Name ( edit ) Map with French nomenclature Ancient references ( edit ) Mare Britannicum Roman time Mare Gallicum Roman time `` Sea near Gaul '' Roman time Oceanus Gallicus 6th - 7th century ( Isidore of Sevilla ) Sūð - sǣ 11th century ( Ælfric ) mare anglicum 12th century ( Suger ) Gallico mari 12th century ( William of Newburgh ) `` arm of the sea south of the country that allows to sail to Gaul '' around 1100 - 1155 ( Geoffrey of Monmouth ) `` Beyond the sea '' End 14th century ( Jean Froissart ) Oceanus Britannicus in 1477 ( Taddeo Crivelli ) Oceanus Britannicus in 1482 ( Nicolaus Germanus ) Britannico Oceano in 1482 ( Francesco Berlinghieri ) Mare Anglica in 1540 ( Sebastian Münster ) Mer Oceane or mare oceanum in the 16th century on various maps Britannicus Oceanus and La Grand Mer Occeane in 1570 Oceanus Britannicus 16th century Mer de France & d'Angleterre in 1587 Mare Britannicum 16th century ( Jean Jolivet ) British Ocean in 1595 ( John Norden ) Channel in 1593 ( Shakespeare ) mare normandicum , ocean de bretaigne , mer de France 16th to 17th century The British or Narrow Sea to the 17th century British Sea or the Chanell 17th century le Manche ( masculine ) in 1639 ( Nicolas Sanson ) ; la manche d'Angleterre in 1611 ( Cotgrave ) La Mer Britannique , vulgairement la Manche in 1623 British Channel in 1745 ( John Renshaw ) English Channel 18th century History and etymology ( edit ) Until the 18th century , the English Channel had no fixed name either in English or in French .", "5": "It was never defined as a political border , and the names were more or less descriptive . It was not considered as the property of a nation . Strangely , before the development of the modern nations , British scholars very often referred to it as `` Gaulish '' ( Gallicum in Latin ) and French scholars as `` British '' or `` English '' . The name `` English Channel '' has been widely used since the early 18th century , possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards . In modern Dutch , however , it is known as Het Kanaal ( with no reference to the word `` English '' ) . Later , it has also been known as the `` British Channel '' or the `` British Sea '' . It was called Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy . The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 , which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie -- possibly the first recorded use of the `` Channel '' designation . The Anglo - Saxon texts often call it Sūð - sǣ ( `` South Sea '' ) as opposed to Norð - sǣ ( `` North Sea '' = Bristol Channel ) . The common word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel , variant form of chenel `` canal '' . The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century . The name is usually said to refer to the Channel 's sleeve ( French : la manche ) shape . Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland , but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century , and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology . The name in Breton ( Mor Breizh ) means `` Breton Sea '' , and its Cornish name ( Mor Bretannek ) means `` British Sea '' . Geological origins : giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods ( edit ) The Channel is of geologically recent origin , having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period .", "6": "Before the Devensian glaciation ( the most recent ice age , which ended around 10,000 years ago ) , Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe , linked by an unbroken Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region , now submerged under the North Sea . During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice . The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north , blocking its exit . The sea level was about 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . Then , between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago , at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald -- Artois anticline . The first flood would have lasted for several months , releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second . The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge , which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard . The flow eroded the retaining ridge , causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic . After multiple episodes of changing sea level , during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment , another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock - floored valley , the Lobourg Channel , some 500 m wide and 25 m deep , from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel . It left streamlined islands , longitudinal erosional grooves , and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events , still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high - resolution sonar . Through the scoured channel passed a river , which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic . The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe , although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels . At the end of the last glacial period , rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection .", "7": "Human geography ( edit ) This precious stone set in the silver sea , Which serves it in the office of a wall Or as a moat defensive to a house , Against the envy of less happier lands . William Shakespeare , Richard II ( Act II , Scene 1 ) The channel , which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years , has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence , halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent . The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power , e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588 , Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain and the Norman Conquest in 1066 , while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain 's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time , the Normandy Landings in 1944 . Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs ( 1639 ) , Battle of Goodwin Sands ( 1652 ) , the Battle of Portland ( 1653 ) , the Battle of La Hougue ( 1692 ) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama ( 1864 ) . In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures , particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217 . For nearly a thousand years , the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany . Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo - Saxon encroachment . In Brittany , there is a region known as `` Cornouaille '' ( Cornwall ) in French and `` Kernev '' in Breton In ancient times there was also a `` Domnonia '' ( Devon ) in Brittany as well . In February 1684 , ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide on the French side . Route to the British Isles ( edit ) The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea .", "8": "The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse , the orange area Old East Norse , and the green area the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility . Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight . Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago . `` ... Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe . '' The Ferriby Boats , Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo . Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished . In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded , claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year . He was more successful in 54 BC , but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD . A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain . This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD , after which the early Anglo - Saxons left less clear historical records . In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans , the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea . Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans , many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations . Norsemen and Normans ( edit ) The Hermitage of St Helier lies in the bay off Saint Helier and is accessible on foot at low tide . The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway , Sweden , and Denmark dominated the North Sea , raiding monasteries , homes , and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland . According to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851 . They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050 .", "9": "The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo ( also known as Robert of Normandy ) . Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St. - Claire - sur - Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered . The name `` Normandy '' reflects Rollo 's Viking ( i.e. `` Northman '' ) origins . The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo - Romance language and intermarried with the area 's inhabitants and became the Normans -- a Norman French - speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno - Norse , Orcadians , Anglo - Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls . Rollo 's descendant William , Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings , while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants . In 1204 , during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II , while insular Normandy ( the Channel Islands ) remained under English control . In 1259 , Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris . His successors , however , often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy . With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance . The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia 's trade south , toward the Mediterranean and the Orient . Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801 , the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands . The Channel Islands ( except for Chausey ) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown . Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine , notre Duc ( `` The Queen , our Duke '' ) .", "10": "The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein , by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801 , and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs . French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years ' War in 1346 -- 1360 and again in 1415 -- 1450 . England and Britain : naval superpower ( edit ) From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports . Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command , and the following stormy weather . Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world . The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe , especially the Channel and the North Sea . During the Seven Years ' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks , but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 . Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century . First world War ( edit ) The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. `` Five keys lock up the world ! Singapore , the Cape , Alexandria , Gibraltar , Dover . '' However , on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane .", "11": "Blériot 's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier - moat for England against foreign enemies . Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet , the Germans developed submarine warfare , which was to become a far greater threat to Britain . The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel , obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland . On land , the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched `` from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel '' , they reached the coast at the North Sea . Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast . At the outset of the war , an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields . By February 1915 , this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage , which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines . After initial success , the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage , aided by the unreliability of British mines . On 31 January 1917 , the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November , the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war . The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast , though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat . In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases . During 1917 , the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets , aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights . A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 . A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage , by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned .", "12": "The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918 . Second world War ( edit ) British radar facilities during the Battle of Britain 1940 During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940 , the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision , the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940 . The early stages of the Battle of Britain featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports , and until the Normandy Landings ( with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships . Despite these early successes against shipping , the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion . The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war , featuring submarines , minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . 150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy As part of the Atlantic Wall , between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands , such as this observation tower at Les Landes , Jersey . Dieppe was the site of an ill - fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces . More successful was the later Operation Overlord ( D - Day ) , a massive invasion of German - occupied France by Allied troops . Caen , Cherbourg , Carentan , Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province , which continued until the closing of the so - called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel , then liberation of Le Havre . The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany ( excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein , which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth ) .", "13": "The German occupation of 1940 -- 1945 was harsh , with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent ; native Jews sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution ; accusations of collaboration ; and slave labour ( primarily Russians and eastern Europeans ) being brought to the islands to build fortifications . The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time , particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944 . Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid , but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation , particularly in the final months , when the population was close to starvation . The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 , a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe . Population ( edit ) The English Channel coast is far more densely populated on the English shore .", "14": "The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel ( each with more than 20,000 inhabitants , ranked in descending order ; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census , 2001 UK census , and 2001 Jersey census ) are as follows : England ( edit ) The Spinnaker Tower , Portsmouth Harbour Brighton -- Worthing -- Littlehampton : 461,181 inhabitants , made up of : Brighton : 155,919 Worthing : 96,964 Hove : 72,335 Littlehampton : 55,716 Lancing -- Sompting : 30,360 Portsmouth : 442,252 , including Gosport : 79,200 Bournemouth & Poole : 383,713 Southampton : 304,400 Plymouth : 258,700 Torbay ( Torquay ) : 129,702 Hastings -- Bexhill : 126,386 Exeter : 119,600 Eastbourne : 106,562 Bognor Regis : 62,141 Folkestone -- Hythe : 60,039 Weymouth : 56,043 Dover : 39,078 Walmer -- Deal : 35,941 Exmouth : 32,972 Falmouth -- Penryn : 28,801 Ryde : 22,806 St Austell : 22,658 Seaford : 21,851 Falmouth : 21,635 Penzance : 20,255 France ( edit ) The walled city of Saint - Malo was a former stronghold of corsairs .", "15": "Le Havre : 248,547 inhabitants Calais : 104,852 Boulogne - sur - Mer : 92,704 Cherbourg : 42,318 Saint - Brieuc : 45,879 Saint - Malo : 50,675 Lannion -- Perros - Guirec : 48,990 Dieppe : 42,202 Morlaix : 35,996 Dinard : 25,006 Étaples -- Le Touquet - Paris - Plage : 23,994 Fécamp : 22,717 Eu -- Le Tréport : 22,019 Trouville - sur - Mer -- Deauville : 20,406 Channel Islands ( edit ) Saint Helier , Jersey : 28,310 inhabitants Saint Peter Port , Guernsey : 16,488 inhabitants Saint Anne , Alderney : 2,200 inhabitants Sark : 600 inhabitants Herm : 60 inhabitants Shipping ( edit ) Automatic Identification System display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006 The Channel has traffic on both the UK - Europe and North Sea - Atlantic routes , and is the world 's busiest seaway , with over 500 ships per day . Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February , the Dover TSS the world 's first radar - controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization . The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side , travelling south the English side . There is a separation zone between the two lanes . In December 2002 the MV Tricolor , carrying £ 30m of luxury cars sank 32 km ( 20 mi ) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba . The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day . There was no loss of life . The shore - based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation . Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System , it has reduced accidents to one or two per year .", "16": "Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically , further avoiding risk of running aground , but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001 , Britain 's Marine Accident Investigation Branch ( MAIB ) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision . The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course , one directly behind the other , rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would . A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs , a failure of a CCTV system , incorrect operation of the anchor , the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay , Cornwall in January 2002 . The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware . The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days . Ecology ( edit ) As a busy shipping lane , the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills . Indeed , over 40 % of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel . One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli , which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay , a protected World Heritage Site coastline . The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour . Transport ( edit ) The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city Ferry ( edit ) Main article : Channel Ports The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened .", "17": "Current cross-channel ferry routes are : Dover -- Calais Dover -- Dunkirk Newhaven -- Dieppe Plymouth -- Roscoff Poole -- Cherbourg Poole -- Saint Malo Portsmouth -- Cherbourg Portsmouth -- Jersey and Guernsey Portsmouth -- Le Havre Portsmouth -- Ouistreham Portsmouth -- Saint Malo Rosslare -- Cherbourg Rosslare -- Roscoff Weymouth -- Saint Malo Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel , first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994 , connecting the UK and France by rail . It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train . Freight trains also use the tunnel . Cars , coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais . Economy ( edit ) Tourism ( edit ) The Mont Saint - Michel is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel . The coastal resorts of the Channel , such as Brighton and Deauville , inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century , which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world . Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping . Culture and languages ( edit ) Kelham 's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) , defining Law French , a language historically used in English law courts The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel , French on the south . However , there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel , which are listed here , with the Channel 's name following them . Celtic Languages Breton -- `` Mor Breizh '' ( Sea of Brittany ) Cornish -- `` Mor Bretannek '' Irish : Muir nIocht -- `` Merciful Sea '' Germanic languages English Dutch -- `` het Kanaal '' ( the Channel ) Dutch previously had a larger range , and extended into parts of modern - day France . For more information , please see French Flemish .", "18": "Romance languages French -- `` La Manche '' Gallo -- `` Manche '' , `` Grand - Mè '' , `` Mè Bertone '' Norman , including the Channel Island vernaculars : Anglo - Norman ( extinct , but fossilised in certain English law phrases ) Auregnais ( extinct ) Cotentinais -- `` Maunche '' Guernesiais -- `` Ch'nal '' Jèrriais -- `` Ch'na '' Sercquais Picard Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms , but notably Welsh has `` Môr Udd '' . Channel crossings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As one of the narrowest and most well - known international waterways lacking dangerous currents , the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea , air , and human powered crossing technologies . Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia . At the end of the last Ice Age , lower sea levels even permitted walking across . By Boat ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes March 1816 The French paddle steamer Élise ( ex Scottish - built Margery or Margory ) was the first steamer to cross the Channel . 9 May 1816 Paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland 10 June 1821 Paddle steamer Rob Roy , first passenger ferry to cross channel The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV . June 1843 First ferry connection through Folkestone - Boulogne Commanding officer Captain Hayward 25 July 1959 Hovercraft crossing ( Calais to Dover , 2 hours 3 minutes ) SR - N1 Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board 1960s First crossing by water ski . An annual cross-channel ski race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards .", "19": "The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne ( latter years ) and back . Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non-stop since this time . Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10 , from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling . 22 August 1972 First solo hovercraft crossing ( same route as SR - N1 ; 2 hours 20 minutes ) Nigel Beale ( UK ) Coracle ( 13 and a half hours ) Bernard Thomas ( UK ) As part of a publicity stunt , the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . 14 September 1995 Fastest crossing by hovercraft , 22 minutes by Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 MkIII Craft was designed as a ferry First vessel to complete a solar - powered crossing using photovoltaic cells SB Collinda -- 14 June 2004 New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle ( the Gibbs Aquada , three - seater open - top sports car ) Richard Branson ( UK ) Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds -- previous record was 6 hours . 26 July 2006 New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car ( the Rinspeed Splash , two - seater open - top sports car ) Frank M. Rinderknecht ( Switzerland ) Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes 25 September 2006 First crossing on a towed inflatable object ( not a powered inflatable boat ) Stephen Preston ( UK ) Completed crossing in 180 min July 2007 BBC Top Gear presenters `` drive '' to France in amphibious cars Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May ( UK ) Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick - up ( the `` Nissank '' ) , fitted with a Honda outboard engine .", "20": "20 August 2011 First Crossing by Sea Scooters A four - man relay team from Scarborough , North Yorkshire , headed by Heath Samples , crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant . It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record . Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise , ex the Scottish p.s. `` Margery '' in March 1816 , one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship . The paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland , arriving there on 9 May 1816 . On 10 June 1821 , English - built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel . The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later . It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours . In June 1843 , because of difficulties with Dover harbour , the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne - sur - Mer - Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais - Dover . The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward . In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 131⁄2 hours . The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . The Mountbatten class hovercraft ( MCH ) entered commercial service in August 1968 , initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate ( Pegwell Bay ) to Calais . The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes , with six trips per day at peak times . The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car - carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes , recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995 , By air ( edit ) Main article : List of English Channel crossings by air The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785 , piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard ( France ) and John Jeffries ( US ) .", "21": "Louis Blériot ( France ) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909 . By Swimming ( edit ) Main article : List of successful English Channel swimmers The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover , swimming from England to France on 24 -- 25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes . In 1927 , at a time when fewer than ten swimmers ( including the first woman , Gertrude Ederle in 1926 ) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made , the Channel Swimming Association ( CSA ) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers ' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times . The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations : CSA ( Ltd ) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation ( CSPF ) . Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover . The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings . The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London , followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team . By the end of 2005 , 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA , the CSA ( Ltd ) , the CSPF and Butlins . The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people . This includes 24 two - way crossings and three three - way crossings . The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people ( 456 men , 214 women ) . There have been 16 two - way crossings ( 9 by men and 7 by women ) . There have been three three - way crossings ( 2 by men and 1 by a woman ) . ( It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only . ) The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world . It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme .", "22": "It states : `` ( In ) exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast , on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities . '' The CCA , CSA , and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims , because their pilots have the experience , qualifications , and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort . The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012 , in 6 hours 55 minutes , beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev . There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel , by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls . A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands . By car ( edit ) On 16 September 1965 , two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais . Other types ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes 27 March 1899 First radio transmission across the Channel ( from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse ) Guglielmo Marconi ( Italy ) See also ( edit ) Anguilla Channel Booze cruise Guadeloupe Passage List of firsts in aviation Phoenix breakwaters List of successful English Channel swimmers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition + corrections '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1971 . pp. 42 ( corrections to page 13 ) and 6 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English Channel '' The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas . 2005 . Jump up ^ File : Allied Invasion Force. jpg + French map of Channel Jump up ^ Thompson , LuAnne .", "23": "`` Tide Dynamics -- Dynamic Theory of Tides '' ( PDF ) . University of Washington . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Renaud Morieux , Une mer pour deux royaumes : La Manche , une mer franco - anglaise , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2008 Jump up ^ Ælfric , Saint Augustine Jump up ^ Vie de Louis le Gros , abbé Suger Jump up ^ William of Newburgh , History of the Kings of England Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth , History of the kings of Britain Jump up ^ Sebastian Münster , `` Anglia II Nova Tabula '' . Jump up ^ Guillaume Postel , La vraye et entière description du royaume de France et ses confins ... , 1570 Jump up ^ `` Théâtre de l'Univers '' , French Edition , Anvers , 1587 , new edition 1598 Jump up ^ `` Map of Sussex '' John Norden ( 1595 ) Jump up ^ Shakespeare , Henry VI ( 1593 ) Jump up ^ Nicolas Sanson , Description de la France ( 1639 ) and `` Carte générale du Royaume de France avec tous les pays circomvoisins '' ( 1643 ) Jump up ^ Cotgrave , Dictionary Jump up ^ Pierre Duval , Description de la France et de ses provinces ( 1623 ) Jump up ^ John Renshaw , An Exact Trigonometrical Survey of the British Channel Jump up ^ MORIEUX Jump up ^ `` Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen '' ( Foreign Geographical Names ) ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Taalunie. 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A chart of the British Channel , Jefferys , Thomas , 1787 '' . Davidrumsey.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map Of Great Britain , Ca . 1450 '' . The unveiling of Britain . British Library . 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 .", "24": "This may also be the first map to name the English Channel : `` britanicus oceanus nunc canalites Anglie '' Jump up ^ Room A. Placenames of the world : origins and meanings , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Cotgrave R. , A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues , London , A. Islip , 1611 , art . `` Manche '' . Jump up ^ `` English Channel channel , Europe '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjeev ; Jenny S. Collier , Andy Palmer - Felgate & Graeme Potter ; Palmer - Felgate , Andy ; Potter , Graeme ( 2007 ) . `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 345 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 342G . doi : 10.1038 / nature06018 . PMID 17637667 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Lay summary -- msnbc.com ( 18 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` GPG Cambridge.ac Physics Today , Sonar mapping suggests that the English Channel was created by two megafloods , ( extract of Gupta Potter ) , Freely downloadable PDF '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Two - stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain . Sanjeev Gupta , Jenny S. Collier , David Garcia - Moreno , Francesca Oggioni , Alain Trentesaux , Kris Vanneste , Marc De Batist , Thierry Camelbeeck , Graeme Potter , Brigitte Van Vliet - Lanoë & John C.R. Arthur . Nature Communications 8 , Article number : 15101 ( 2017 ) doi : 10.1038 / ncomms15101 http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15101 accessed 5 April 2017 Jump up ^ Sanjeev Gupta et al.", "25": "`` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' Nature448 , 342 -- 345 ( 19 July 2007 ) ( abstract ) Jump up ^ `` Catastrophic Flooding Changed The Course Of British History '' , Science Daily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Professor Bryony Coles . `` The Doggerland project '' . University of Exeter . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers speculate that the flooding induced changes in topography creating barriers to migration which led to a complete absence of humans in Britain 100,000 years ago . '' ScienceDaily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ cf . `` Kernow '' , the Cornish for Cornwall . Jump up ^ Flohn , Hermann ; Fantechi , Roberto ( 1984 ) . The Climate of Europe , past , present , and future . p. 46 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1745 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Frost of 1683 - 4 '' . www.pastpresented.info . Jump up ^ Balter , Michael ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Jump up ^ Larson , Greger ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) . `` How wheat came to Britain '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 945 -- 946 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347 ... 945L . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa6113 . PMID 25722395 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ; Momber , Garry ; Bates , Richard ; Garwood , Paul ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 998 -- 1001 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347 ... 998S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1261278 . PMID 25722413 . Jump up ^ `` History Compass '' ( PDF ) .", "26": "History Compass . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany The migration period '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Attwood MA . `` The Holy Island of Lindisfarne -- The Viking Attack '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ britishbattles.com ( 2007 ) . `` The Spanish Armada : Sir Francis Drake '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Miller . The Millstone : Chapter 2 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . quoting Fisher , Naval Necessities I , p. 219 Jump up ^ `` First World War.com - Encyclopedia - The Dover Barrage '' . www.firstworldwar.com . Jump up ^ `` U-Boat warfare at the Atlantic during World War I '' . German Notes . Archived from the original on 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , , Robert M. ( 2002 ) . U-Boats Destroyed : The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914 -- 1918 . Periscope Publishing Ltd . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 904381 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Black Jack ( Quarterly Magazine Southampton Branch World Ship Society ) Issue No : 152 Autumn 2009 : ( p. 6 ) SHOREHAM TOWERS -- One of the Admiralty 's greatest engineering secrets , Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` His Imperial German Majesty 's U-boats in WWI : 6 . Finale '' . uboat.net . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Cycle , the evacuation from Havre , 10 - 13 June 1940 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Operation Aerial , the evacuation from north western France , 15 -- 25 June 1940 . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved on 29 July 2013 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Fact File : Battle of Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Campaigns of World War II , Naval History Homepage . `` Atlantic , WW2 , U-boats , convoys , OA , OB , SL , HX , HG , Halifax , RCN ... '' Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dover Strait , navigation rules '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of CNIS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dover Strait TSS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Marine Guide -- English Channel '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency '' . Jump up ^ `` Safety Bulletin 2 '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch. 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV Willy '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch . October 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Picture gallery : Cornwall 's stranded tanker '' . London : BBC . 5 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage team hunts for leak '' . London : BBC . 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded tanker safe in port '' . London : BBC . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker wreck starts leaking oil '' . London : BBC . 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Survey of Reported Discharges '' ( PDF ) . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` MSC Napoli Ship Disasters '' . www.ship-disasters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Auffray , Régis ( 2007 ) . Le Petit Matao . Rue des Scribes . ISBN 2906064645 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Debbie . `` University of Exeter '' . humanities.exeter.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Patterson , W , `` Coastal Catastrophe '' ( paleoclimate research document ) , University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Charles ( February 1998 ) . `` P.S. Defiance , the first steamer to Holland , 9 May 1816 '' . The Mariner 's Mirror . The Society for Nautical Research . 84 ( 1 ) : 84 . Jump up ^ Verifiable in Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Records and Archives Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stuart Waterman ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Rinspeed `` Splash '' sets English Channel record `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Drag '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Nissan Truck ( D21 ) in `` Top Gear , 2002 -- 2010 '' `` . IMCDb.org . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Channel Ferry '' . www.sailingandboating.co.uk . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Channel ferries & ferry ports Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . www.britannia.com . Jump up ^ John , Gilbert ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` ' Coracle king ' to hang up paddle '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hovercraft deal opens show '' . London : BBC News .", "29": "15 June 1966 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchard , Jean - Pierre - François . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ serpentineswimmingclub.com `` Serpentine Swimming Club '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org `` Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record '' . The Age . Jump up ^ `` Channel swimming records - Dover.UK.com '' . www.dover.uk.com . Jump up ^ Fjellberg , Anders ( 2015 ) , The Wetsuitmen Jump up ^ Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland . Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel . Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea Channel swimmers website Archives of long distance swimming Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation Channel Swimming Association World War II Eye Witness Account -- Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Channel ( 1940 ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of", "30": "Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar", "31": "Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Borders of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories United Kingdom Land and maritime boundaries : Ireland Maritime boundaries : Metropolitan France Denmark European Netherlands Germany Norway British Overseas Territories Land and maritime boundaries : Spain Cyprus Maritime boundaries : Dominican Republic Caribbean France Pacific France Caribbean Netherlands United States Honduras Jamaica Cuba Bahamas Haiti Venezuela Borders of France Metropolitan France Andorra Belgium Germany Italy Luxembourg Monaco Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas France Australia * Brazil Netherlands Suriname * subject to the Antarctic Treaty System VIAF : 237708164 GND : 4068438 - 6 NDL : 00563982 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&oldid=819095416 '' Categories : English Channel English coast European seas France -- United Kingdom border International straits Landforms of Brittany Landforms of", "32": "Normandy Landforms of Hauts - de-France Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean Bodies of water of the North Sea Straits of England Straits of Metropolitan France Southern England Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Breton - language text Articles containing Cornish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles containing Irish - 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-4512601929982486528	north carolina delegate to the second continental congress	[ "John B. Ashe", "Timothy Bloodworth", "William Blount", "John B. Ashe" ]	{ "0": "List of delegates to the Continental Congress - wikipedia List of delegates to the Continental Congress Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution . The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress lists 343 men who attended the Continental Congress , including the future U.S. Presidents George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and James Monroe , along with another 90 who were elected as delegates but never served . The Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three incarnations . The First Continental Congress , which met briefly in Philadelphia in 1774 , consisted of 56 delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States . Convened in response to the Coercive Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1774 , the delegates organized an economic boycott of Great Britain in protest and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances . By the time the Second Continental Congress met in 1775 , shooting in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) had begun . Moderates in the Congress still hoped that the colonies could be reconciled with Great Britain , but a movement towards independence steadily gained ground . Congress established the Continental Army ( June 1775 ) , coordinated the war effort , issued a Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , and designed a new government in the Articles of Confederation , which were ratified in 1781 .", "1": "The ratification of the Articles of Confederation gave the Congress a new name : the Congress of the Confederation , which met from 1781 to 1789 . The Confederation Congress helped guide the United States through the final stages of the war , but in peacetime the Congress declined in importance . Under the Articles , the Confederation Congress had little power to compel the individual states to comply with its decisions . Increasingly , delegates elected to the Congress declined to serve , the leading men in each state preferred to serve in state government , and the Congress had difficulty establishing a quorum . When the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution , the Confederation Congress was superseded by the United States Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Delegates who attended 2 Elected but did not attend 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Delegates who attended ( edit ) The following table shows the names of the delegates who at some point attended the Continental Congress . Because a delegate did not necessarily take his seat in Congress in the same year that he was elected , nor did he necessarily stay for the duration of his term , there are slight discrepancies in the sources regarding the years of service for some delegates . Only those years that the delegate actually attended Congress are shown on the table . All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , except where entries been corrected using more detailed sources , particularly the American National Biography . The table also indicates ( with an X ) which delegates signed the Continental Association ( 1774 ) , the United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , the Articles of Confederation ( 1778 -- 1781 ) , and the United States Constitution ( 1787 ) . The first three documents were created by Congress , and so all signers were necessarily delegates ; the United States Constitution was signed at a special convention outside of Congress , and its signatories were not all current or former members of Congress . John Dickinson has two entries on the table because he served as a delegate from both Pennsylvania and Delaware . The person who most frequently attended Congress was not a delegate : he was Charles Thomson , who served as secretary throughout Congress ' existence .", "2": "Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution Adams , Andrew Andrew Adams Connecticut 1778 -- -- X -- Adams , John John Adams Massachusetts 1774 -- 1777 X X -- -- Adams , Samuel Samuel Adams Massachusetts 1774 -- 1781 X X X -- Adams , Thomas Thomas Adams Virginia 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 5 Alexander , Robert Robert Alexander Maryland 1776 -- -- -- -- 6 Allen , Andrew Andrew Allen Pennsylvania 1775 -- 1776 -- -- -- -- 7 Alsop , John John Alsop New York 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 8 Armstrong Sr. , John John Armstrong Sr . Pennsylvania 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 9 Armstrong Jr. , John John Armstrong Jr .", "3": "Pennsylvania 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 10 Arnold , Jonathan Jonathan Arnold Rhode Island 1782 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 11 Arnold , Peleg Peleg Arnold Rhode Island 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 12 Ashe , John B. John B. Ashe North Carolina 1787 -- -- -- -- 13 Atlee , Samuel John Samuel John Atlee Pennsylvania 1778 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 14 Baldwin , Abraham Abraham Baldwin Georgia 1785 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- X 15 Banister , John John Banister Virginia 1778 -- -- X -- 16 Barnwell , Robert Robert Barnwell South Carolina 1789 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 17 Bartlett , Josiah Josiah Bartlett New Hampshire 1775 -- 1776 , 1778 -- X X -- 18 Bayard , John Bubenheim John Bubenheim Bayard Pennsylvania 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 19 Beatty , John John Beatty New Jersey 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 20 Bedford Jr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford Jr . Delaware 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- X 21 Bee , Thomas Thomas Bee South Carolina 1780 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 22 Benson , Egbert Egbert Benson New York 1784 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 23 Beresford , Richard Richard Beresford South Carolina 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 24 Biddle , Edward Edward Biddle Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 25 Bingham ,", "4": "William William Bingham Pennsylvania 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 26 Blanchard , Jonathan Jonathan Blanchard New Hampshire 1783 -- 1784 , 1787 -- -- -- -- 27 Bland , Richard Richard Bland Virginia 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 28 Bland , Theodorick Theodorick Bland Virginia 1780 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 29 Bloodworth , Timothy Timothy Bloodworth North Carolina 1786 -- -- -- -- 30 Blount , William William Blount North Carolina 1782 -- 1783 , 1786 -- 1787 -- -- -- X 31 Boerum , Simon Simon Boerum New York 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 32 Boudinot , Elias Elias Boudinot New Jersey 1778 , 1781 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 33 Braxton , Carter Carter Braxton Virginia 1776 -- X -- -- 34 Brown , John John Brown Virginia 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 35 Brownson , Nathan Nathan Brownson Georgia 1777 -- -- -- -- 36 Bull , John John Bull South Carolina 1784 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 37 Bulloch , Archibald Archibald Bulloch Georgia 1775 -- -- -- -- 38 Burke , Thomas Thomas Burke North Carolina 1777 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 39 Burnet , William William Burnet New Jersey 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 40 Burton , Robert Robert Burton North Carolina 1787 -- -- -- -- 41 Butler ,", "5": "Pierce Pierce Butler South Carolina 1787 -- -- -- X 42 Cadwalader , Lambert Lambert Cadwalader New Jersey 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 43 Carmichael , William William Carmichael Maryland 1778 -- 1779 -- -- -- -- 44 Carrington , Edward Edward Carrington Virginia 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 45 Carroll ( `` Barrister '' ) , Charles Charles Carroll ( `` Barrister '' ) Maryland 1776 -- 1777 -- -- -- -- 46 Carroll ( `` of Carrollton '' ) , Charles Charles Carroll ( `` of Carrollton '' ) Maryland 1776 -- 1778 -- X -- -- 47 Carroll , Daniel Daniel Carroll Maryland 1781 -- 1783 -- -- X X 48 Caswell , Richard Richard Caswell North Carolina 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 49 Chase , Jeremiah Jeremiah Chase Maryland 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 50 Chase , Samuel Samuel Chase Maryland 1774 -- 1778 X X -- -- 51 Clark , Abraham Abraham Clark New Jersey 1776 -- 1778 , 1780 -- 1783 , 1786 -- 1788 -- X -- -- 52 Clingan , William William Clingan Pennsylvania 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 53 Clinton , George George Clinton New York 1775 -- 1776 -- -- -- -- 54 Clymer , George George Clymer Pennsylvania 1776 -- 1777 , 1780 -- 1782 -- X -- X 55 Collins , John John Collins Rhode Island 1778 -- 1780 , 1782 -- 1783 -- -- X -- 56 Condict ,", "6": "Silas Silas Condict New Jersey 1781 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 57 Contee , Benjamin Benjamin Contee Maryland 1788 -- -- -- -- 58 Cooke , Joseph Platt Joseph Platt Cooke Connecticut 1784 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 59 Cornell , Ezekiel Ezekiel Cornell Rhode Island 1780 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 60 Coxe , Tench Tench Coxe Pennsylvania 1788 -- 1789 -- -- -- -- 61 Crane , Stephen Stephen Crane New Jersey 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 62 Cumming , William William Cumming North Carolina 1785 -- -- -- -- 63 Cushing , Thomas Thomas Cushing Massachusetts 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 64 Dana , Francis Francis Dana Massachusetts 1777 -- 1778 , 1784 -- -- X -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 65 Dane , Nathan Nathan Dane Massachusetts 1785 -- 1789 -- -- -- -- 66 Dawson , John John Dawson Virginia 1788 -- -- -- -- 67 Dayton , Jonathan Jonathan Dayton New Jersey 1788 -- 1789 -- -- -- X 68 Deane , Silas Silas Deane Connecticut 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 69 Dehart John De Hart New Jersey 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 70 DeWitt , Charles Charles DeWitt New York 1784 -- -- -- -- 71 Dick , Samuel Samuel Dick New Jersey 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 72 Dickinson ,", "7": "John John Dickinson Delaware 1779 X ( Pennsylvania ) -- X X 72 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1776 X -- X ( Delaware ) X ( Delaware ) 73 Dickinson , Philemon Philemon Dickinson Delaware 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 74 Drayton , William Henry William Henry Drayton South Carolina 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 75 Duane , James James Duane New York 1774 -- 1783 X -- X -- 76 Duer , William William Duer New York 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 77 Dyer , Eliphalet Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut 1774 -- 1779 , 1782 -- 1783 X -- -- -- 78 Edwards , Pierpont Pierpont Edwards Connecticut 1788 -- -- -- -- 79 Ellery , William William Ellery Rhode Island 1776 -- 1785 -- X X -- 80 Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut 1778 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 81 Elmer , Jonathan Jonathan Elmer New Jersey 1777 -- 1778 , 1781 -- 1783 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 82 Eveleigh , Nicholas Nicholas Eveleigh South Carolina 1781 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 83 Fell , John John Fell New Jersey 1778 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 84 Few , William William Few Georgia 1780 -- 1782 , 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- X 85 Fitzhugh , William William Fitzhugh Virginia 1779 -- -- -- -- 86 Fitzsimons ,", "8": "Thomas Thomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- X 87 Fleming , William William Fleming Virginia 1779 -- -- -- -- 88 Floyd , William William Floyd New York 1774 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1783 X X -- -- 89 Folsom , Nathaniel Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire 1774 , 1777 -- 1780 X -- -- -- 90 Forbes , James James Forbes Maryland 1778 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 91 Forrest , Uriah Uriah Forrest Maryland 1787 -- -- -- -- 92 Foster , Abiel Abiel Foster New Hampshire 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 93 Franklin , Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania 1775 -- 1776 -- X -- X 94 Frelinghuysen , Frederick Frederick Frelinghuysen New Jersey 1779 , 1783 -- -- -- -- 95 Frost , George George Frost New Hampshire 1777 -- 1779 -- -- -- -- 96 Gadsden , Christopher Christopher Gadsden South Carolina 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 97 Galloway , Joseph Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania 1774 X -- -- -- 98 Gansevoort , Leonard Leonard Gansevoort New York 1788 -- -- -- -- 99 Gardner , John John Gardner Rhode Island 1789 -- -- -- -- 100 Gardner , Joseph Joseph Gardner Pennsylvania 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 101 Gelston , David David Gelston New York 1789 -- -- -- -- 102 Gerry , Elbridge Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts 1776 -- 1781 ,", "9": "1783 -- 1785 -- X X -- 103 Gervais , John Lewis John Lewis Gervais South Carolina 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 104 Gibbons , William William Gibbons Georgia 1784 -- -- -- -- 105 Gilman , John Taylor John Taylor Gilman New Hampshire 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 106 Gilman , Nicholas Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire 1787 -- 1789 -- -- -- X 107 Goldsborough , Robert Robert Goldsborough Maryland 1774 -- 1776 -- -- -- -- 108 Gorham , Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts 1782 -- 1783 , 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- X 109 Grayson , William William Grayson Virginia 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 110 Griffin , Cyrus Cyrus Griffin Virginia 1778 -- 1780 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 111 Gwinnett , Button Button Gwinnett Georgia 1776 -- X -- -- 112 Habersham , John John Habersham Georgia 1785 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 113 Hall , John John Hall Maryland 1775 -- -- -- -- 114 Hall , Lyman Lyman Hall Georgia 1775 -- 1777 -- X -- -- 115 Hamilton , Alexander Alexander Hamilton New York 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- -- -- X 116 Hancock , John John Hancock Massachusetts 1775 -- 1778 -- X X -- 117 Hand , Edward Edward Hand Pennsylvania 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 118 Hanson ,", "10": "John John Hanson Maryland 1780 -- 1782 -- -- X -- 119 Hardy , Samuel Samuel Hardy Virginia 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 120 Haring , John John Haring New York 1774 , 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 121 Harnett , Cornelius Cornelius Harnett North Carolina 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 122 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison Virginia 1774 -- 1777 X X -- -- 123 Harrison , William William Harrison Jr . Maryland 1786 -- -- -- -- 124 Hart , John John Hart New Jersey 1776 -- X -- -- 125 Harvie , John John Harvie Virginia 1777 -- 1778 -- -- X -- 126 Hawkins , Benjamin Benjamin Hawkins North Carolina 1781 -- 1783 , 1787 -- -- -- -- 127 Hazard , Jonathan Jonathan Hazard Rhode Island 1788 -- -- -- -- 128 Hemsley , William William Hemsley Maryland 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 129 Henry , James James Henry Virginia 1780 -- -- -- -- 130 Henry , John John Henry Maryland 1778 -- 1780 , 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 131 Henry , Patrick Patrick Henry Virginia 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 132 Henry , William William Henry Pennsylvania 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 133 Hewes , Joseph Joseph Hewes North Carolina 1774 -- 1776 , 1779 X X -- -- 134 Heyward Jr. , Thomas Thomas Heyward Jr .", "11": "South Carolina 1776 -- 1778 -- X X -- 135 Higginson , Stephen Stephen Higginson Massachusetts 1783 -- -- -- -- 136 Hill , Whitmell Whitmell Hill North Carolina 1778 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 137 Hindman , William William Hindman Maryland 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 138 Holten , Samuel Samuel Holten Massachusetts 1778 -- 1780 , 1783 -- 1785 , 1787 -- -- X -- 139 Hooper , William William Hooper North Carolina 1774 -- 1777 X X -- -- 140 Hopkins , Stephen Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island 1774 -- 1776 X X -- -- 141 Hopkinson , Francis Francis Hopkinson New Jersey 1776 -- X -- -- 142 Hornblower , Josiah Josiah Hornblower New Jersey 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 143 Hosmer , Titus Titus Hosmer Connecticut 1778 -- -- X -- 144 Houston , William William Houston New Jersey 1779 -- 1781 , 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 145 Houstoun , John John Houstoun Georgia 1775 -- -- -- -- 146 Houstoun , William William Houstoun Georgia 1784 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 147 Howard , John Eager John Eager Howard Maryland 1788 -- -- -- -- 148 Howell , David David Howell Rhode Island 1782 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 149 Howly , Richard Richard Howly Georgia 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 150 Huger ,", "12": "Daniel Daniel Huger South Carolina 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 151 Humphreys , Charles Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 152 Huntington , Benjamin Benjamin Huntington Connecticut 1780 , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- -- -- -- 153 Huntington , Samuel Samuel Huntington Connecticut 1776 , 1778 -- 1781 , 1783 -- X X -- 154 Hutson , Richard Richard Hutson South Carolina 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 155 Ingersoll , Jared Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania 1780 -- -- -- X 156 Irvine , William William Irvine Pennsylvania 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 157 Izard , Ralph Ralph Izard South Carolina 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 158 Jackson , David David Jackson Pennsylvania 1785 -- -- -- -- 159 Jackson , Jonathan Jonathan Jackson Massachusetts 1782 -- -- -- -- 160 Jay , John John Jay New York 1774 -- 1776 , 1778 -- 1779 X -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 161 Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson Virginia 1775 -- 1776 , 1783 -- 1784 -- X -- -- 162 Jenifer , Daniel of St. Thomas Daniel of St.", "13": "Thomas Jenifer Maryland 1779 -- 1781 -- -- -- X 163 Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Maryland 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 164 Johnson , William Samuel William Samuel Johnson Connecticut 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- X 165 Johnston , Samuel Samuel Johnston North Carolina 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 166 Jones , Allen Allen Jones North Carolina 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 167 Jones , Joseph Joseph Jones Virginia 1777 , 1780 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 168 Jones , Noble Wimberly Noble Wimberly Jones Georgia 1781 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 169 Jones , Willie Willie Jones North Carolina 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 170 Kean , John John Kean South Carolina 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 171 Kearney , Dyre Dyre Kearney Delaware 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 172 King , Rufus Rufus King Massachusetts 1784 -- 1787 -- -- -- X 173 Kinloch , Francis Francis Kinloch South Carolina 1780 -- -- -- -- 174 Kinsey , James James Kinsey New Jersey 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 175 Langdon , John John Langdon New Hampshire 1775 -- 1776 , 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- X 176 Langdon , Woodbury Woodbury Langdon New Hampshire 1779 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 177 Langworthy , Edward Edward Langworthy Georgia 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 178 Lansing Jr.", "14": ", John John Lansing Jr . New York 1785 -- -- -- -- 179 Laurance , John John Laurance New York 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 180 Laurens , Henry Henry Laurens South Carolina 1777 -- 1780 -- -- X -- 181 Law , Richard Richard Law Connecticut 1777 , 1781 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 182 Lee , Arthur Arthur Lee Virginia 1782 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 183 Lee , Francis Lightfoot Francis Lightfoot Lee Virginia 1775 -- 1779 -- X X -- 184 Lee , Henry Henry Lee Virginia 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 185 Lee , Richard Henry Richard Henry Lee Virginia 1774 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1785 , 1787 X X X -- 186 Lee , Thomas Sim Thomas Sim Lee Maryland 1783 -- -- -- -- 187 Lewis , Francis Francis Lewis New York 1775 -- 1779 -- X X -- 188 Lhommedieu Ezra L'Hommedieu New York 1779 -- 1783 , 1788 -- -- -- -- 189 Livermore , Samuel Samuel Livermore New Hampshire 1780 -- 1782 , 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 190 Livingston , Philip Philip Livingston New York 1774 -- 1778 X X -- -- 191 Livingston , Robert R. Robert R. Livingston New York 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1780 , 1784 -- -- -- -- 192 Livingston , Walter Walter Livingston New York 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 193 Livingston ,", "15": "William William Livingston New Jersey 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- X 194 Lloyd , Edward Edward Lloyd Maryland 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 195 Long , Pierse Pierse Long New Hampshire 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 196 Lovell , James James Lovell Massachusetts 1777 -- 1782 -- -- X -- 197 Low , Isaac Isaac Low New York 1774 X -- -- -- 198 Lowell , John John Lowell Massachusetts 1782 -- -- -- -- 199 Lyncha Thomas Lynch South Carolina 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 200 Lynchb Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina 1775 - 1776 -- X -- -- 201 Madison , James James Madison Virginia 1780 -- 1783 , 1787 -- 1788 -- -- X X 202 Manning , James James Manning Rhode Island 1786 -- -- -- -- 203 Marchant , Henry Henry Marchant Rhode Island 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 204 Mathews , John John Mathews South Carolina 1778 -- 1781 -- -- X -- 205 Matlack , Timothy Timothy Matlack Pennsylvania 1780 -- -- -- -- 206 McComb , Eleazer Eleazer McComb Delaware 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 207 McDougall , Alexander Alexander McDougall New York 1781 -- -- -- -- 208 McHenry , James James McHenry Maryland 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- X Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 209 McKean , Thomas Thomas McKean Delaware 1774 -- 1776 ,", "16": "1778 -- 1782 X X X -- 210 McLene , James James McLene Pennsylvania 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 211 Mercer , James James Mercer Virginia 1779 -- -- -- -- 212 Mercer , John Francis John Francis Mercer Virginia 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 213 Meredith , Samuel Samuel Meredith Pennsylvania 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 214 Middleton , Arthur Arthur Middleton South Carolina 1776 -- 1777 , 1781 -- 1782 -- X -- -- 215 Middleton , Henry Henry Middleton South Carolina 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 216 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1775 , 1782 -- 1784 X -- -- X 217 Miller , Nathan Nathan Miller Rhode Island 1786 -- -- -- -- 218 Mitchell , Nathaniel Nathaniel Mitchell Delaware 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 219 Mitchell , Stephen Mix Stephen Mix Mitchell Connecticut 1785 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 220 Monroe , James James Monroe Virginia 1783 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 221 Montgomery , John John Montgomery Pennsylvania 1782 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 222 Montgomery , Joseph Joseph Montgomery Pennsylvania 1780 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 223 Morris , Cadwalader Cadwalader Morris Pennsylvania 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 224 Morris , Gouverneur Gouverneur Morris New York 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X X Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 225 Morris ,", "17": "Lewis Lewis Morris New York 1775 -- 1777 -- X -- -- 226 Morris , Robert Robert Morris Pennsylvania 1775 -- 1778 -- X X X 227 Morton , John John Morton Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1776 X X -- -- 228 Motte , Isaac Isaac Motte South Carolina 1780 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 229 Mowry Jr. , Daniel Daniel Mowry Jr . Rhode Island 1780 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 230 Muhlenberg , Frederick Frederick Muhlenberg Pennsylvania 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 231 Nash , Abner Abner Nash North Carolina 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 232 Nelson Jr. , Thomas Thomas Nelson Jr .", "18": "Virginia 1775 -- 1777 , 1779 -- X -- -- 233 Osgood , Samuel Samuel Osgood Massachusetts 1781 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 234 Otis , Samuel Allyne Samuel Allyne Otis Massachusetts 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 235 Paca , William William Paca Maryland 1774 -- 1779 X X -- -- 236 Page , Mann Mann Page Virginia 1777 -- -- -- -- 237 Paine , Ephraim Ephraim Paine New York 1784 -- -- -- -- 238 Paine , Robert Treat Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts 1774 -- 1776 X X -- -- 239 Parker , John John Parker South Carolina 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 240 Partridge , George George Partridge Massachusetts 1779 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 241 Patten , John John Patten Delaware 1786 -- -- -- -- 242 Peabody , Nathaniel Nathaniel Peabody New Hampshire 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 243 Peery , William William Peery Delaware 1786 -- -- -- -- 244 Pell , Philip Philip Pell New York 1789 -- -- -- -- 245 Pendleton , Edmund Edmund Pendleton Virginia 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 246 Penn , John John Penn North Carolina 1775 -- 1780 -- X X -- 247 Peters Jr. , Richard Richard Peters Jr . Pennsylvania 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 248 Pettit ,", "19": "Charles Charles Pettit Pennsylvania 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 249 Pierce , William William Pierce Georgia 1787 -- -- -- -- 250 Pinckney , Charles Charles Pinckney South Carolina 1784 -- 1787 -- -- -- X 251 Plater , George George Plater Maryland 1778 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 252 Platt , Zephaniah Zephaniah Platt New York 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 253 Potts , Richard Richard Potts Maryland 1781 -- -- -- -- 254 Ramsay , David David Ramsay South Carolina 1782 -- 1783 , 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- 255 Ramsey , Nathaniel Nathaniel Ramsey Maryland 1786 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 256 Randolph , Edmund Edmund Randolph Virginia 1779 , 1781 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 257 Randolph , Peyton Peyton Randolph Virginia 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- -- 258 Read , George George Read Delaware 1774 -- 1777 X X -- X 259 Read , Jacob Jacob Read South Carolina 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 260 Reed , Joseph Joseph Reed Pennsylvania 1778 -- -- X -- 261 Reid , James Randolph James Randolph Reid Pennsylvania 1787 -- 1789 -- -- -- -- 262 Rhoads , Samuel Samuel Rhoads Pennsylvania 1774 -- -- -- -- 263 Roberdeau , Daniel Daniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania 1777 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 264 Rodney ,", "20": "Caesar Caesar Rodney Delaware 1774 -- 1776 X X -- -- 265 Rodney , Thomas Thomas Rodney Delaware 1781 -- 1782 , 1786 -- -- -- -- 266 Rogers , John John Rogers Maryland 1775 -- 1776 -- -- -- -- 267 Root , Jesse Jesse Root Connecticut 1778 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 268 Ross , David David Ross Maryland 1787 -- 1789 -- -- -- -- 269 Ross , George George Ross Pennsylvania 1774 -- 1777 X X -- -- 270 Rumsey , Benjamin Benjamin Rumsey Maryland 1776 -- 1777 -- -- -- -- 271 Rush , Benjamin Benjamin Rush Pennsylvania 1776 -- 1777 -- X -- -- 272 Rutledge , Edward Edward Rutledge South Carolina 1774 -- 1776 X X -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 273 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina 1774 -- 1775 , 1782 -- 1783 X -- -- X 274 Schureman , James James Schureman New Jersey 1786 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 275 Schuyler , Philip Philip Schuyler New York 1775 , 1777 , 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 276 Scott , John Morin John Morin Scott New York 1780 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 277 Scudder , Nathaniel Nathaniel Scudder New Jersey 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 278 Searle , James James Searle Pennsylvania 1778 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 279 Sedgwick , Theodore Theodore Sedgwick Massachusetts 1785 -- 1786 ,", "21": "1788 -- -- -- -- 280 Seney , Joshua Joshua Seney Maryland 1788 -- -- -- -- 281 Sergeant , Jonathan Jonathan Sergeant New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 -- -- -- -- 282 Sharpe , William William Sharpe North Carolina 1779 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 283 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut 1774 -- 1781 , 1784 X X X X 284 Shippen , William William Shippen Pennsylvania 1779 -- 1780 -- -- -- -- 285 Sitgreaves , John John Sitgreaves North Carolina 1785 -- -- -- -- 286 Smith , James James Smith Pennsylvania 1776 -- 1778 -- X -- -- 287 Smith , Jonathan Bayard Jonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania 1777 -- 1778 -- -- X -- 288 Smith , Melancton Melancton Smith New York 1785 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 289 Smith , Meriwether Meriwether Smith Virginia 1778 , 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- 290 Smith , Richard Richard Smith New Jersey 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 291 Smith , Thomas Thomas Smith Pennsylvania 1781 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 292 Smith , William William Smith Maryland 1777 -- -- -- -- 293 Spaight , Richard Dobbs Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina 1783 -- 1785 -- -- -- X 294 Spencer , Joseph Joseph Spencer Connecticut 1779 -- -- -- -- 295 St. Clair , Arthur Arthur St.", "22": "Clair Pennsylvania 1786 -- 1787 -- -- -- -- 296 Stevens , John John Stevens New Jersey 1784 -- -- -- -- 297 Stewart , Charles Charles Stewart New Jersey 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 298 Stockton , Richard Richard Stockton New Jersey 1776 -- X -- -- 299 Stone , Thomas Thomas Stone Maryland 1775 -- 1776 , 1778 , 1784 -- X -- -- 300 Sturges , Jonathan Jonathan Sturges Connecticut 1786 -- -- -- -- 301 Sullivan , John John Sullivan New Hampshire 1774 -- 1775 , 1780 -- 1781 X -- -- -- 302 Swann , John John Swann North Carolina 1788 -- -- -- -- 303 Sykes , James James Sykes Delaware 1777 -- -- -- -- 304 Symmes , John Cleves John Cleves Symmes New Jersey 1785 -- 1786 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 305 Taylor , George George Taylor Pennsylvania 1776 -- X -- -- 306 Telfair , Edward Edward Telfair Georgia 1778 , 1780 -- 1782 -- -- X -- 307 Thatcher , George George Thatcher Massachusetts 1787 -- 1789 -- -- -- -- 308 Thornton , Matthew Matthew Thornton New Hampshire 1776 -- 1777 -- X -- -- 309 Tilghman , Matthew Matthew Tilghman Maryland 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 310 Tilton , James James Tilton Delaware 1783 -- 1784 -- -- -- -- 311 Tucker ,", "23": "Thomas Tudor Thomas Tudor Tucker South Carolina 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 312 Van Dyke , Nicholas Nicholas Van Dyke Delaware 1777 -- 1781 -- -- X -- 313 Varnum , James Mitchell James Mitchell Varnum Rhode Island 1780 -- 1781 , 1787 -- -- -- -- 314 Vining , John M. John M. Vining Delaware 1784 -- 1785 -- -- -- -- 315 Wadsworth , James James Wadsworth Connecticut 1784 -- -- -- -- 316 Wadsworth , Jeremiah Jeremiah Wadsworth Connecticut 1788 -- -- -- -- 317 Walker , John John Walker Virginia 1780 -- -- -- -- 318 Walton , George George Walton Georgia 1776 -- 1777 , 1780 -- 1781 -- X X -- 319 Walton , John John Walton Georgia 1778 -- -- -- -- 320 Ward , Artemas Artemas Ward Massachusetts 1780 -- 1781 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution 321 Ward , Samuel Samuel Ward Rhode Island 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 322 Washington , George George Washington Virginia 1774 -- 1775 X -- -- X 323 Wentworth Jr. , John John Wentworth Jr . New Hampshire 1778 -- -- X -- 324 Wharton , Samuel Samuel Wharton Delaware 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 325 Whipple , William William Whipple New Hampshire 1776 -- 1779 -- X -- -- 326 White , James James White North Carolina 1786 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 327 White ,", "24": "Phillips Phillips White New Hampshire 1782 -- 1783 -- -- -- -- 328 Williams , John John Williams North Carolina 1778 -- 1779 -- -- X -- 329 Williams , William William Williams Connecticut 1776 -- 1777 -- X -- -- 330 Williamson , Hugh Hugh Williamson North Carolina 1782 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1789 -- -- -- X 331 Willing , Thomas Thomas Willing Pennsylvania 1775 -- 1776 -- -- -- -- 332 Wilson , James James Wilson Pennsylvania 1775 -- 1777 , 1783 , 1785 -- 1786 -- X -- X 333 Wingate , Paine Paine Wingate New Hampshire 1788 -- -- -- -- 334 Wisner , Henry Henry Wisner New York 1774 -- 1776 X -- -- -- 335 Witherspoon , John John Witherspoon New Jersey 1776 -- 1782 -- X X -- 336 Wolcott , Oliver Oliver Wolcott Connecticut 1776 -- 1778 , 1780 -- 1783 -- X X -- 337 Wood , Joseph Joseph Wood Georgia 1777 -- 1778 -- -- -- -- 338 Wright , Turbutt Turbutt Wright Maryland 1782 -- -- -- -- 339 Wynkoop , Henry Henry Wynkoop Pennsylvania 1779 -- 1782 -- -- -- -- 340 Wythe , George George Wythe Virginia 1775 -- 1776 -- X -- -- 341 Yates , Abraham Abraham Yates New York 1787 -- 1788 -- -- -- -- 342 Yates , Peter W. Peter W. Yates New York 1786 -- -- -- -- 343 Zubly ,", "25": "John Joachim John Joachim Zubly Georgia 1775 -- -- -- -- Name State Years attended Association Declaration Confederation Constitution Elected but did not attend ( edit ) This table shows those who were elected as delegates to the Continental Congress but never attended a session . All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . # Name State Years elected Andrew , Benjamin Benjamin Andrew Georgia 1780 Ashley , Samuel Samuel Ashley New Hampshire 1779 Atkinson , George George Atkinson New Hampshire 1780 , 1785 Barnwell , John John Barnwell South Carolina 1784 5 Bedford Sr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford Sr . Delaware 1786 6 Bellows , Benjamin Benjamin Bellows New Hampshire 1781 7 Blair , Jr. , John John Blair , Jr . Virginia 1781 8 Bowdoin , James James Bowdoin Massachusetts 1774 9 Bradford , William William Bradford Rhode Island 1776 10 Brevard , Ephraim Ephraim Brevard North Carolina 1781 11 Brown , John John Brown Rhode Island 1784 , 1785 12 Canfield , John John Canfield Connecticut 1786 13 Champlin , George George Champlin Rhode Island 1785 , 1786 14 Chandler , Charles C. Charles C. Chandler Connecticut 1784 15 Chester , John John Chester Connecticut 1787 , 1788 16 Clarkson , Matthew Matthew Clarkson Pennsylvania 1785 17 Clay , Joseph Joseph Clay Georgia 1778 18 Cooper , John John Cooper New Jersey 1776 19 Dalton , Tristram Tristram Dalton Massachusetts 1783 , 1784 20 Danielson , Timothy Timothy Danielson Massachusetts 1780 , 1782 , 1783 21 Dayton , Elias Elias Dayton New Jersey 1778 22 Dow ,", "26": "Moses Moses Dow New Hampshire 1784 23 Duffield , Samuel Samuel Duffield Pennsylvania 1777 24 Edwards , Timothy Timothy Edwards Massachusetts 1778 25 Elbert , Samuel Samuel Elbert Georgia 1784 26 Evans , John John Evans Delaware 1776 27 Gardner , Sylvester Sylvester Gardner Rhode Island 1787 28 Giles , Edward Edward Giles Maryland 1782 29 Gillon , Alexander Alexander Gillon South Carolina 1784 30 Grantham , Isaac Isaac Grantham Delaware 1787 31 Gunn , James James Gunn Georgia 1787 32 Habersham , Joseph Joseph Habersham Georgia 1784 33 Hathorn , John John Hathorn New York 1788 34 Henderson , Thomas Thomas Henderson New Jersey 1779 35 Hillhouse , James James Hillhouse Connecticut 1786 , 1788 36 Hillhouse , William William Hillhouse Connecticut 1783 , 1785 37 Holden , Thomas Thomas Holden Rhode Island 1788 , 1789 38 Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson North Carolina 1781 , 1784 , 1785 39 Jones , Gabriel Gabriel Jones Virginia 1779 40 Jones , Samuel Samuel Jones New York 1788 41 Latimer , Henry Henry Latimer Delaware 1784 42 Lincoln , Levi Levi Lincoln Massachusetts 1781 43 Lowndes , Rawlins Rawlins Lowndes South Carolina 1779 44 Macon , Nathaniel Nathaniel Macon North Carolina 1785 45 Manton , Daniel Daniel Manton Rhode Island 1787 46 Martin , Alexander Alexander Martin North Carolina 1786 47 Martin , Luther Luther Martin Virginia 1784 48 Mason , George George Mason Virginia 1777 49 McDowell , Joseph Joseph McDowell North Carolina 1787 50 McIntosh ,", "27": "Lachlan Lachlan McIntosh Georgia 1784 51 McKinly , John John McKinly Delaware 1784 52 Montgomery , William William Montgomery Pennsylvania 1784 53 Moore , William William Moore Pennsylvania 1777 54 Moultrie , William William Moultrie South Carolina 1784 55 Mumford , Paul Paul Mumford Rhode Island 1785 56 Neilson , John John Neilson New Jersey 1778 57 Nicholson , Joseph Joseph Nicholson Maryland 1777 58 O'Bryen , William William O'Bryen Georgia 1789 59 Osborne , Adlai Adlai Osborne North Carolina 1784 60 Osborne , Henry Henry Osborne Georgia 1786 61 Paterson , William William Paterson New Jersey 1780 , 1787 62 Patterson , Samuel Samuel Patterson Delaware 1784 63 Payne , Elisha Elisha Payne New Hampshire 1784 64 Pendleton , Nathaniel Nathaniel Pendleton Georgia 1789 65 Person , Thomas Thomas Person North Carolina 1784 66 Philips , Peter Peter Philips Rhode Island 1785 67 Pickering , John John Pickering New Hampshire 1787 68 Pitkin , William William Pitkin Connecticut 1784 69 Polk , Thomas Thomas Polk North Carolina 1786 70 Ridgely , Richard Richard Ridgely Maryland 1784 , 1785 71 Scott , Gustavus Gustavus Scott Maryland 1784 72 Smallwood , William William Smallwood Maryland 1784 73 Smith , Benjamin Benjamin Smith North Carolina 1784 74 Sparhawk , John John Sparhawk New Hampshire 1786 75 Stirk , Samuel Samuel Stirk Georgia 1781 76 Stokes , John John Stokes North Carolina 1787 77 Strong , Caleb Caleb Strong Massachusetts 1780 78 Strong ,", "28": "Jedediah Jedediah Strong Connecticut 1782 , 1784 , 1784 79 Sullivan , James James Sullivan Massachusetts 1782 , 1783 80 Sumter , Thomas Thomas Sumter South Carolina 1783 81 Thompson , Ebenezer Ebenezer Thompson New Hampshire 1778 , 1783 82 Treadwell , John John Treadwell Connecticut 1784 , 1785 , 1787 83 Trapier , Paul Paul Trapier South Carolina 1777 84 Trumbull , Joseph Joseph Trumbull Connecticut 1774 85 Walker Jr. , Timothy Timothy Walker Jr . New Hampshire 1777 , 1778 , 1782 , 1785 86 Warren , James James Warren Massachusetts 1782 87 Wentworth , Joshua Joshua Wentworth New York 1779 88 West , Benjamin Benjamin West New Hampshire 1787 89 West , Stephen Stephen West Virginia 1780 90 Wolcott , Erastus Erastus Wolcott North Carolina 1774 , 1787 , 1788 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 40 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Dates as given in this subject 's entry in the American National Biography . Jump up ^ Selected to the first Congress but did not serve ; Purcell 38 Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory just lists 1784 , but according to Purcell , Blanchard also served in 1787 . Jump up ^ Turned down appointment to First Congress ; Purcell Jump up ^ Dates as given in this subject 's entry in the Dictionary of American Biography . Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory says that he served until 1776 , but according to the Journal , he resigned in November 1775 . Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory lists only the 1779 term , but the Dictionary of American Biography states that Frelinghuysen was elected to another term in 1783 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Was first elected as a delegate in 1775 , but did not attend ; ANB . Jump up ^ Also appointed in 1774 , but unable to attend due to ill health ; ANB Jump up ^ Reappointed in 1785 but did not attend ; Purcell . Jump up ^ Also elected in 1779 but declined to serve ; ANB . Jump up ^ Elected in 1788 , but new government went into effect before he took his seat . Was elected to 1st US Congress . ( Purcell ) Jump up ^ Did not attend because he was in the field with the militia . References ( edit ) American National Biography . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Washington D.C. , 1989 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Dictionary of American Biography . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution . New York : Facts on File , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2107 - 9 . External links ( edit ) List of delegates from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress ( hide ) Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation Congresses 1st Continental Congress 2nd Continental Congress The US in Congress Assembled Delegates Committee of the States Congressional Officers President Secretary Civil Offices / Officers Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance / Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals Military Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress&oldid=820764874 '' Categories : Continental Congressmen Lists of political office - holders in the United States 18th century - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "30": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2808093071562767910	who played the face in the a team	[ "Dirk Benedict", "Dirk Benedict", "Dirk Benedict", "Dirk Benedict (born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1, 1945)" ]	{ "0": "Dirk Benedict - wikipedia Dirk Benedict Jump to : navigation , search Dirk Benedict Dirk Benedict at the 2011 Lucca Comics and Games Dirk Niewoehner ( 1945 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Helena , Montana , United States Occupation Film and television actor Years active 1972 - present Spouse ( s ) Toni Hudson ( 1986 -- 1995 ; divorced ) Children Website www.dirkbenedictcentral.com Signature Dirk Benedict ( born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1 , 1945 ) is an American movie , television and stage actor and author . He is best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton `` Faceman '' Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series . He is the author of Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy and And Then We Went Fishing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1980s and 1990s 2.2 2000s and 2010s 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Benedict was born Dirk Niewoehner in Helena , Montana , the son of Priscilla Mella ( née Metzger ) , an accountant , and George Edward Niewoehner , a lawyer . He grew up in White Sulphur Springs , Montana . He graduated from Whitman College in 1967 . Benedict allegedly chose his stage name from a serving of Eggs Benedict he had prior to his acting career . Career ( edit ) Photo of the cast of the short - lived television program Chopper One . From left : Dirk Benedict , Ted Hartley , Jim McMullan . Benedict 's film debut was in the 1972 film Georgia , Georgia . When the New York run for Butterflies Are Free ended , he received an offer to repeat his performance in Hawaii , opposite Barbara Rush . While there , he appeared as a guest lead on Hawaii Five - O .", "1": "The producers of a horror film called Sssssss ( 1973 ) saw Benedict 's performance in Hawaii Five - O and promptly cast him as the lead in that movie . He next played the psychotic wife - beating husband of Twiggy in her American film debut , W ( 1974 ) . Benedict starred in the television series Chopper One , which aired for one season in 1974 . He also made an appearance in Charlie 's Angels . Benedict 's career break came in 1978 when he appeared as Lieutenant Starbuck in the movie and television series Battlestar Galactica . The same year Benedict starred in the TV movie Cruise Into Terror , and appeared in the ensemble movie Scavenger Hunt the following year . 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) In 1981 , Benedict starred alongside Linda Blair in an action - comedy movie called Ruckus . In 1983 , Dirk gained further popularity as con - man Lieutenant Templeton `` Face '' Peck in 1980s action television series The A-Team . He played `` Faceman '' from 1982 ( 1982 ) to 1986 ( 1986 ) , although the series did n't air until January 1983 , and the final episode was n't shown until 1987 rebroadcasts . The second season episode `` Steel '' includes a scene at Universal Studios where Face is seen looking bemused as a Cylon walks by him as an in - joke to his previous role in Battlestar Galactica . The clip is incorporated into the series ' opening credit sequence from season 3 onward . In 1986 , Benedict starred as low - life band manager Harry Smilac in the movie Body Slam along with Lou Albano , Roddy Piper , and cameo appearances by Freddie Blassie , Ric Flair , and Bruno Sammartino . His character Smilac ends up managing the pro-wrestler `` Quick Rick '' Roberts ( Piper ) and faces opposition by Captain Lou and his wrestling tag - team `` the Cannibals '' . In 1987 , Benedict took the title role of Shakespeare 's Hamlet at the Abbey Theatre . Both his performance and the entire production were drubbed by critics . Benedict starred in the 1989 TV movie Trenchcoat in Paradise .", "2": "In 1991 , Benedict starred in Blue Tornado , playing Alex , call sign Fireball , an Italian Air Force fighter pilot . Benedict published an autobiography , Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy : A True Story of Discovery , Acting , Health , Illness , Recovery , and Life ( Avery Publishing ISBN 0895294796 ) . In 1993 , Benedict starred in Shadow Force . Benedict also appeared as Jake Barnes in the 1996 action - adventure film Alaska . 2000s and 2010s ( edit ) In 2000 , Benedict wrote and directed his first screenplay , Cahoots . In 2005 , Benedict played an impostor , pretending to be an ' 80s movie star who wants to moderate a charity performance in Goldene Zeiten ( Golden Times ) by Peter Thorwarth . In 2006 , he wrote an online essay criticizing the then - airing Battlestar Galactica re-imagined series and , especially , its casting of a woman as his character , Starbuck , writing that `` the war against masculinity has been won '' and that `` a television show based on hope , spiritual faith , and family is unimagined and regurgitated as a show of despair , sexual violence and family dysfunction '' . He appeared as a contestant on the 2007 U.K. series of Celebrity Big Brother . He arrived on launch night in a replica of the A-Team van , smoking a cigar and accompanied by Post & Carpenter 's A-Team theme tune . In 2010 , Benedict starred in a stage production of Prescription : Murder playing Lieutenant Columbo for the Middle Ground Theatre Company in UK . Benedict also made a cameo appearance in the 2010 film adaptation of The A-Team as Pensacola Prisoner Milt . Personal life ( edit ) In the 1970s , Benedict survived a prostate tumor believed to have been cancerous . Having rejected conventional medical treatment , he credited his survival to the adoption of a macrobiotic diet recommended to him by actress Gloria Swanson . In 1986 , he married Toni Hudson , an actress with whom he has two sons , George and Roland . Hudson had previously appeared as Dana in the fourth season A-Team episode titled `` Blood , Sweat and Cheers '' . They divorced in 1995 .", "3": "In 1998 , Benedict learned that he also has another son , John Talbert ( born 1968 ) , from an earlier relationship , who had been given up for adoption . With the help of his adoptive parents , Talbert discovered and contacted his birth parents . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 Georgia , Georgia Michael Winters 1973 Sssssss David Blake Alternate title : Ssssnake William Caulder Alternate titles : I Want Her Dead / W is the Mark of Death 1978 Battlestar Galactica Lieutenant Starbuck 1979 Scavenger Hunt Jeff Stevens 1980 Ruckus Kyle Hanson Alternate titles : Ruckus in Madoc County / Big Ruckus in a Small Town / The Loner 1981 Underground Aces Pete Huffman 1985 Mark of the Devil Frank Rowlett 1986 Body Slam M. Harry Smilac 1991 Blue Tornado Alex Long 1992 Shadow Force Detective Rick Kelly 1994 Demon Keeper Alexander Harris 1994 Christina 's Dream N / A Director ; Short film 1995 The Feminine Touch John Mackie Alternate title : The November Conspiracy Alaska Jake Barnes 1998 Waking Up Horton Tyler Alternate title : The Adventures of Young Brave Cahoots N / A Director & Writer 2006 Goldene Zeiten Douglas Burnett / Horst Müller Alternate title : Strike !", "4": "2007 Recon 7 Down Tom Myers 2009 Inglorious Bumblers Tom Mayers The A-Team Pensacola Prisoner Milt Cameo Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 Hawaii Five - O Walter Clyman Episode : `` Chain of Events '' Chopper One Officer Gil Foley Main cast ( 13 episodes ) Journey from Darkness Bill TV film 1977 Charlie 's Angels Cadet John Barton Episode : `` The Blue Angels '' 1977 The Cabot Connection Brom Loomis TV pilot episode 1978 Cruise Into Terror Simon TV film 1978 Charlie 's Angels Denny Railsback Episode : `` The Jade Trap '' 1978 - 79 Battlestar Galactica Lieutenant Starbuck Main cast ( 24 episodes ) 1980 Galactica 1980 Lieutenant Starbuck Episode : `` The Return of Starbuck '' 1980 The Georgia Peaches Dusty Tyree TV film 1980 The Love Boat Jeff Dalton Episode : `` That 's My Dad '' 1981 Scruples Spider Elliott TV film 1982 Family in Blue Matt Malone TV pilot episode 1983 - 87 The A-Team Lt. Templeton ' Faceman ' Peck Main cast ( 96 episodes ) The Love Boat Gary Wells Episode : `` Whose Dog Is It Anyway '' 1984 Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense Frank Rowlett Episode : `` Mark of the Devil '' 1985 Amazing Stories Face Episode : `` Remote Control Man '' Hotel Trevor Harris Episode : `` Prized Possessions '' 1989 Murder , She Wrote Dr. David Latimer Episode : `` Smooth Operators '' 1989 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Dr.", "5": "Rush Episode : `` In the Name of Science '' 1989 Trenchcoat in Paradise Eddie Mazda TV film 1991 Bejewelled Gordon TV film 1992 Baywatch Aaron Brody Episode : `` Rookie of the Year '' 1993 Official Denial Lt. Col. Dan Lerner TV film 1993 The Commish Gil Higgins Episode : `` All That Glitters '' 1995 Walker , Texas Ranger Blair Episode : `` Case Closed '' 1995 Murder , She Wrote Gary Harling Episode : `` Frozen Stiff '' Abduction of Innocence Robert Steves TV film 2006 Earthstorm Victor Stevens TV film 2007 Celebrity Big Brother Himself Housemate : third place Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Zork : Grand Inquisitor Antharia Jack 2003 Battlestar Galactica Lieutenant Starbuck Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dirk Benedict '' . The New York Times ( online ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Benedict Biography ( 1945 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alumni Individual Web Sites , Whitman College , accessed May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brucker , D.J.R. `` The Stage : Hamlet '' , The New York Times , September 22 , 1987 Jump up ^ Cahoots , The New York Times , accessed May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Castration '' . Dirk Benedict Central . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` '' Prescription : Murder '' and `` The A-Team '' `` . Dirk Benedict Central . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Dirk ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` An A-Team Star 's Toughest Battle -- Against the Specter of Cancer -- is Waged in Secret and Alone '' . People .", "6": "Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Adopted and Searching for Answers '' . Parade . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirk Benedict . Official website Dirk Benedict on IMDb Dirk Benedict at AllMovie Dirk Benedict Interview Dirk Benedict Blog - In Cahoots with Butch Cassidy & the Sundance Kid ( 2006 ) `` Transcript of the Dirk Benedict Interview from the SCI FI Program Sciographpy : Battlestar Galactica '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2004 .", "7": "VIAF : 7577062 LCCN : n80062202 ISNI : 0000 0000 6635 8882 GND : 119016745 SUDOC : 181700123 BNF : cb139299900 ( data ) NLA : 40017543 BNE : XX1307491 IATH : w61h41m9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Benedict&oldid=807040472 '' Categories : 1945 births Male actors from Montana American male film actors American people of German descent American male television actors Cancer survivors Living people People from Helena , Montana Whitman College alumni People from White Sulphur Springs , Montana American male writers American male stage actors Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8161584049610727037	who said what we got here is failure to communicate	[ "Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden)", "by Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden) and later, abridged, by Paul Newman (as Luke, a stubborn prisoner)", "Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden)", "Paul Newman (as Luke, a stubborn prisoner)", "Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden)", "Paul Newman (as Luke, a stubborn prisoner)" ]	{ "0": "What we 've got here is failure to communicate - wikipedia What we 've got here is failure to communicate Jump to : navigation , search `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate '' The Captain ( Strother Martin ) delivers the quote . Character The Captain Luke Actor Strother Martin Paul Newman First used in Cool Hand Luke Voted No. 11 in AFI 's 100 Movie Quotes poll The phrase `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate '' is a quotation from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke , spoken in the movie first by Strother Martin ( as the Captain , a prison warden ) and later , abridged , by Paul Newman ( as Luke , a stubborn prisoner ) . The context of the first delivery of the line is : Captain : You gon na get used to wearing them chains after a while , Luke . Do n't you never stop listening to them clinking , ' cause they gon na remind you what I been saying for your own good . Luke : ( sarcastically ) I wish you 'd stop being so good to me , Cap'n . Captain : Do n't you ever talk that way to me . ( pause , then hitting him ) NEVER ! NEVER ! ( Luke rolls down hill ; to other prisoners ) What we 've got here is failure to communicate . Some men you just ca n't reach . So you get what we had here last week , which is the way he wants it . Well , he gets it . I do n't like it any more than you men . The Captain 's line is often misquoted as `` What we have here is a failure to communicate '' . Towards the end of the movie , Luke takes a final stab at freedom -- stealing a dump truck and taking flight . After his dramatic escape from the Florida chain gang prison , Luke abandons the truck and enters a church , only to be surrounded by police moments later . Feeling that his life is no longer worth living , walks to a window facing the police and mocks the Captain by repeating the first part of his speech ( `` What we 've got here is a failure to communicate . '' ) . He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey .", "1": "The phrase ranks at number 11 on the American Film Institute list , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes . In popular culture ( edit ) Guns N ' Roses included the quotation , sampled from Martin 's speech in the film , in the opening of their song `` Civil War '' ( 1990 ) , and later remixed it in `` Madagascar '' ( 2008 ) . The quote has been used in many movies , TV shows and other mediums due to its lasting popularity . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frankly , My Dear , I Do n't Give A Damn '' , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , American Film Institute . ^ Jump up to : Greatest Film Mis - Quotes , AMC Filmsite Jump up ^ Pop Culture 101 : COOL HAND LUKE . Turner Entertainment Networks Jump up ^ Dennis O'Dell ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) Guns N ' Roses Chinese Democracy Review . BBC Jump up ^ Bond , Callan ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Questions and Answers '' . Cool Movie Trivia . External links ( edit ) Sound clip of the phrase (. wav , 57 KB ) The quote on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_we%27ve_got_here_is_failure_to_communicate&oldid=795952798 '' Categories : English phrases Quotations from film and television Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 15 : 13 . 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7119887147544272496	when did the last volcano erupt in iceland	[ "2010" ]	{ "0": "2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull - wikipedia 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull Jump to : navigation , search 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano plume on 18 April 2010 Date 20 March -- 23 June 2010 Type Strombolian and Vulcanian eruption phases Location Iceland 63 ° 37 ′ 59 '' N 19 ° 36 ′ 00 '' W / 63.633 ° N 19.6 ° W / 63.633 ; - 19.6 Coordinates : 63 ° 37 ′ 59 '' N 19 ° 36 ′ 00 '' W / 63.633 ° N 19.6 ° W / 63.633 ; - 19.6 VEI Impact large - scale disruption to air travel , smaller effects on farming in Iceland Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14 -- 25 April 2010 The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which , although relatively small for volcanic eruptions , caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010 . Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010 . The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010 , when snow on the glacier did not melt . From 14 -- 20 April , ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe . About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers . Seismic activity started at the end of 2009 and gradually increased in intensity until on 20 March 2010 , a small eruption started rated as a 1 on the volcanic explosivity index . Beginning on 14 April 2010 , the eruption entered a second phase and created an ash cloud that led to the closure of most of the European IFR airspace from 15 until 20 April 2010 . Consequently , a very high proportion of flights within , to , and from Europe were cancelled , creating the highest level of air travel disruption since the Second World War .", "1": "The second phase resulted in an estimated 250 million cubic metres ( 330,000,000 cu yd ) ( 0.25 km ) of ejected tephra and an ash plume that rose to a height around 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) , which rates the explosive power of the eruption as a 4 on the volcanic explosivity index . By 21 May 2010 , the second eruption phase had subsided to the point that no further lava or ash was being produced . By the evening of 6 June 2010 , a small , new crater had opened up on the west side of the main crater . Explosive activity from this new crater was observed with emission of small quantities of ash . Seismic data showed that the frequency and intensity of earth tremors still exceeded the levels observed before the eruption , therefore scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office ( IMO ) and the Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Iceland ( IES ) continued to monitor the volcano . In October 2010 , Ármann Höskuldsson , a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences , stated that the eruption was officially over , although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Public observations 3 Scientific observations 4 Phase 1 : Effusive eruption 4.1 Evacuations 4.2 Effects on the river 4.3 Fissure 5 Phase 2 : Explosive eruption 5.1 Ash analysis 5.2 Impact on farming 5.3 Timeline of the second eruption phase 6 Phase 3 : Return to dormancy 7 Volume of erupted material and magma discharge 8 Health effects 9 Effects of the ash plume on air travel 10 Short - and long - term weather and environmental effects 11 Comparison to other recent eruptions 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 14.1 Photography 14.2 Audio Background ( edit ) Main article : Iceland Dust particles that get suspended in the atmosphere scatter light from the setting sun , generating ' volcanic lavenders ' like this one over the flight path of Leeds - Bradford Airport in England during the aviation shutdown Eyjafjallajökull ( pronounced ( ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœkʏtl̥ ) ( listen ) ) is one of Iceland 's smaller ice caps located in the far south of the island . Situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of the larger ice cap Mýrdalsjökull , Eyjafjallajökull covers the caldera of a volcano 1,666 m ( 5,466 ft ) high , which has erupted relatively frequently since the last ice age . The most recent major eruptions occurred in 920 , 1612 , and from 1821 to 1823 . Previous eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruptions at its larger neighbour , Katla . On 20 April 2010 Icelandic President Ólafur Grímsson said , `` the time for Katla to erupt is coming close ... we ( Iceland ) have prepared ... it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption '' . The volcanic events starting in March 2010 were considered to be a single eruption divided into phases .", "3": "The first eruption phase ejected olivine basaltic andesite lava several hundred metres into the air in what is known as an effusive eruption . Ash ejection from this phase of the eruption was small , rising to no more than 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) into the atmosphere . On 14 April 2010 , however , the eruption entered an explosive phase and ejected fine glass - rich ash to over 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) into the atmosphere . The second phase was estimated to be a VEI 4 eruption , which was large , but not nearly the most powerful eruption possible by volcanic standards . By way of comparison , the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 was rated as 5 on the VEI , and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was rated as a 6 . This second phase erupted trachyandesite . This volcanic activity so disruptive to air travel because of a combination of factors : The volcano was directly under the jet stream . The direction of the jet stream was unusually stable at the time of the eruption 's second phase , continuously southeast . The second eruptive phase happened under 200 m ( 660 ft ) of glacial ice . The resulting meltwater flowed back into the erupting volcano , which created two specific phenomena : The rapidly vaporising water significantly increased the eruption 's explosive power . The erupting lava cooled very fast , which created a cloud of highly abrasive , glass - rich ash . The volcano 's explosive power was enough to inject ash directly into the jet stream . Public observations ( edit ) People observing the first fissure at Fimmvörðuháls `` Volcano tourism '' quickly sprang up in the wake of the eruption , with local tour companies offering day trips to see the volcano . The Civil Protection Department of the Icelandic Police produced regular reports about access to the area , including a map of the restricted area around Eyjafjallajokull , from which the public was forbidden . Teams from the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue were stationed at the eruption site as part of standard safety measures and to assist in enforcing access restrictions .", "4": "Vodafone and the Icelandic telecommunications company Míla installed webcams , giving views of the eruption from Valahnúkur , Hvolsvöllur , and Þórólfsfell . The view of the eruption from Þórólfsfel also includes a thermal imaging camera . Scientific observations ( edit ) This eruption was assigned the volcano number 1702 - 02 by the Global Volcanism Program . The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre ( VAAC ) , part of the UK Met Office , was responsible for forecasting the presence of volcanic ash in the north - east Atlantic . All ash dispersion models for this geographic region were produced by the VAAC in London . A study by the Icelandic Meteorological Office published on December 2009 indicated an increase in seismic activity around the Eyjafjallajökull area during the years 2006 -- 2009 . The study reported increased activity that occurred between June and August 2009 ( 200 events ) , compared to a total of about 250 earthquakes recorded between September 2006 and August 2009 . It further indicated that the locations of most of the earthquakes in 2009 occurred between 8 to 12 km ( 5.0 to 7.5 mi ) depth east of the volcano 's top crater . At the end of December 2009 , seismic activity began around the Eyjafjallajökull volcano area , with thousands of small earthquakes ( mostly of magnitude 1 -- 2 M ) , 7 to 10 km ( 4.3 to 6.2 mi ) beneath the volcano . The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of volcanic ashfall during the first 24 hours of the eruption . However , during the night of 22 March , they reported some volcanic ash fall reaching the Fljótshlíð area ( 20 to 25 km ( 12 to 16 mi ) north - west of the eruption 's location ) and Hvolsvöllur town ( 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north - west of the eruption location ) leaving vehicles with a fine , grey layer of volcanic ash . At around 07 : 00 on 22 March , an explosion launched eruption columns as far as 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) straight up into the air .", "5": "This was the highest plume since the eruption started . On 23 March , a small vapour explosion took place , when hot magma came into contact with nearby snowdrifts , emitting a huge vapour plume which reached an altitude of 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) , and was detected on radar from the Meteorological Institute of Iceland . Since then , many vapour explosions have taken place . By 26 February 2010 , the global positioning system ( GPS ) equipment used by the Iceland Meteorological Office at Þorvaldseyri farm in the Eyjafjöll area ( around 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south - east of the location of the recent eruption ) had shown 3 cm of displacement of the local crust in a southward direction , of which a 1 - cm displacement had taken place within four days . ( See the GPS Time Series page of the Nordic Volcanological Center 's website for detailed information on the degree of movement detected in the Earth 's crust in the Eyjafjallajökull locality . ) This unusual seismic activity , along with the rapid movement of the Earth 's crust in the area , gave geophysicists evidence that magma was flowing from underneath the crust into Eyjafjallajökull 's magma chamber and that pressure stemming from the process caused ( in geophysical terms ) the huge crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri farm . The seismic activity continued to increase , and from 3 to 5 March , close to 3,000 earthquakes were measured having their epicentre at the volcano . Most of these were too small ( magnitude 2 ) to be interpreted as precursors to an eruption , but some could be detected in nearby towns . The grounding of European flights avoided about 3.44 × 10 kg of CO emissions per day , while the volcano emitted about 1.5 × 10 kg of CO per day . Phase 1 : effusive eruption ( edit ) The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain .", "6": "Evacuations ( edit ) About 500 farmers and their families from the areas of Fljótshlíð , Eyjafjöll , and Landeyjar were evacuated overnight ( including a group of 30 schoolchildren and their three teachers from Caistor Grammar School in England ) , and flights to and from Reykjavík and Keflavík International Airport were postponed , but on the evening of 21 March , domestic and international air traffic was allowed again . Inhabitants of the risk zone of Fljótshlíð , Eyjafjöll , and Landeyjar area were allowed to return to their farms and homes after an evening meeting with the Civil Protection Department on 22 March and the evacuation plan was temporarily dismissed . Instead , the police closed the road to Þórsmörk and the four - wheel - drive trail from Skógar village to the Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass , but these roads and trails were reopened on 29 March , though only for suitable four - wheel drives . When the second fissure appeared , the road was closed again because of the danger of flash floods , which could have developed if the fissure had opened near big ice caps or other snow reservoirs , but the road was again opened at around noon on 1 April . Effects on the river ( edit ) On 22 March , a flow meter device in the Krossá glacial river ( which drains Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers ) in the Þórsmörk area ( a few kilometres north - west of the erupting location ) started to record a sudden rise in water level and in water temperature -- the total water temperature rose by 6 ° C ( 11 ° F ) over a two - hour period , which had never happened so quickly in the Krossá river since measurements began . Shortly afterward , the water level returned to normal and water temperature decreased . This rise in water temperature was thought to be related to the eruption nearby and was affecting part of the Krossá drainage basin .", "7": "The temperature of Hruná river , which flows through the narrow Hrunárgil canyon , into which part of the lava stream was flowing , was recently recorded by geologists to be between 50 and 60 ° C ( 122 and 140 ° F ) , indicating that the river was cooling the lava in that canyon . Fissure ( edit ) Second fissure , viewed from the north , on 2 April 2010 The first phase of the 2010 eruption began late on the evening of 20 March at the Eyjafjallajökull . The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23 : 52 GMT , when a red cloud was seen at the north slopes of Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass , lighting up the sky above the eruptive site . The eruption was preceded by intense seismicity and high rates of deformation in the weeks before the eruption , in association with magma recharging of the volcano . Immediately before the eruption , the depth of the seismicity had become shallow , but was not significantly enhanced from what it had been in the previous weeks . Deformation was occurring at rates up to a centimetre a day since 4 March at various GPS sites installed within 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) from the eruptive site . A fissure opened up about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) in length running in a north - east to south - west direction , with 10 to 12 erupting lava craters ejecting lava at a temperature around 1,000 ° C ( 1,800 ° F ) up to 150 m ( 490 ft ) into the air . The lava was alkali olivine basalt and was relatively viscous , causing the motion of the lava stream to the west and east of the fissure to be slow . The molten lava flowed more than 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) to the north - east of the fissure and into Hrunagil canyon , forming a lava fall more than 200 m ( 660 ft ) long and slowly approaching Þórsmörk , but had not yet reached the flood plains of Krossá . On 25 March 2010 , while studying the eruption , scientists witnessed , for the first time in history , the formation of a pseudocrater during a steam explosion .", "8": "Crustal expansion continued at Þorvaldseyri for two days after the eruption began , but was slowly decreasing whilst the volcanic activity was increasing . This indicates that the rate at which magma was flowing into the magma chamber roughly equaled the rate at which it was being lost due to the eruption , giving evidence that this phase of volcanic activity reached equilibrium . A new fissure opened on 31 March , around 200 m ( 660 ft ) north - west of the original fissure . Many witnesses were present while the new fissure opened . It was a bit smaller , around 300 m ( 980 ft ) long according to witnesses , and lava coming from it started to flow into Hvannárgil canyon . These two erupting fissures shared the same magma chamber , according to geophysicists . No unusual seismic activity was detected at the time the new fissure appeared , nor any crustal expansion according to many seismometers and GPS recorders situated in nearby areas . Geophysicist Magnús Tumi Einarsson said ( at a press meeting in Hvolsvöllur on 21 March ) that this eruption was small compared to , for example , the eruption of Hekla in 2000 . The eruption , rather than taking place under the ice cap of the glacier , occurred in the mountain pass between the Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers . As long as the fissure was not near the glacier , the risk of flooding was minimal ; however , the fissure could extend into the ice cap , thereby greatly increasing the risk of flooding . Phase 2 : explosive eruption ( edit ) Photograph from satellite Aqua showing the ash plume over North Atlantic at 13 : 30 GMT on 15 April The estimated ash cloud at 18 : 00 GMT on 15 April . After a short hiatus in eruptive activity , a new set of craters opened early in the morning of 14 April 2010 under the volcano 's ice - covered central summit caldera . Prior to this event , a large increase in seismic activity was detected between 23 : 00 on 13 April and 1 : 00 on 14 April . The earthquake swarm was followed by the onset of a seismic eruption tremor .", "9": "Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 07 : 00 on 14 April and an eruption plume was observed in the early morning . Visual observations were greatly restricted due to cloud cover over the volcano , but an aeroplane of the Icelandic Coast Guard imaged eruptive craters with radar instruments . A series of vents along a 2 - km - long north - south - oriented fissure was active , with meltwater flowing mostly down the northern slopes of the volcano , but also to the south . An ash - loaded eruption plume rose to more than 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) , deflected to the east by westerly winds . Ash analysis ( edit ) Upper : Ash covers the Thórsmörk valley in early June 2010 , immediately after the eruption Lower : The same area , in September 2011 Samples of volcanic ash collected near the eruption showed a silica concentration of 58 % -- much higher than in the lava flows . The concentration of water - soluble fluoride was one - third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions , with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash . Agriculture is important in this region of Iceland , and farmers near the volcano have been warned not to let their livestock drink from contaminated streams and water sources , as high concentrations of fluoride can have deadly renal and hepatic effects , particularly in sheep . Impact on farming ( edit ) The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority released an announcement on 18 April 2010 , asking that all horse owners who keep their herds outside be on the alert for ash fall . Where ash fall was significant , all horses had to be sheltered indoors . The thick layer of ash that had fallen on some Icelandic pastures and farms at Raufarfell had become wet and compact , making it very difficult to continue farming , harvesting , or grazing livestock . Timeline of the second eruption phase ( edit ) Unlike the earlier eruption phase , the second phase occurred beneath glacial ice . Cold water from melted ice quickly chilled the lava , causing it to fragment into highly abrasive glass particles that were then carried into the eruption plume .", "10": "This , together with the magnitude of the eruption ( estimated to be VEI 4 ) and being 10 to 20 times larger than the eruption of Fimmvörðuháls on 20 March , injected a glass - rich ash plume into the jet stream . In addition to volcanic ash being very hazardous to aircraft , the location of this eruption directly under the jet stream ensured that the ash was carried into the heavily used airspace over northern and central Europe . Phase 3 : return to dormancy ( edit ) A necklace made from the ash of the 2010 eruption : Jewellery and similar memorabilia of the eruption are now sold in Iceland . By the morning of 24 May 2010 , the view from the web camera installed on Þórólfsfell showed only a plume of water vapour surrounded by a bluish haze caused by emission of sulphurous gases . Due to the large quantities of dry volcanic ash lying on the ground , surface winds frequently lifted up an `` ash mist '' that significantly reduced visibility and made web camera observation of the volcano impossible . On 21 June 2010 , data from seismic recorders in the area indicated that the frequency and strength of earth tremors had diminished , but were continuing . In October 2010 , Ármann Höskuldsson , a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences , stated that the eruption was officially over , although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again . Volume of erupted material and magma discharge ( edit ) The Institute of Earth Sciences made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull . The erupted products were fragmented material , the majority fine - grained airborne tephra .", "11": "Eruptive products can be split into three categories along with preliminary estimated erupted volumes : Material ( tephra ) in the ice cauldrons around the volcanic vents : 30 million cubic metres ( 39,000,000 cu yd ) Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón , carried by floods down the outlet glacier Gígjökull : 10 million cubic metres ( 13,000,000 cu yd ) Airborne tephra that was carried to the east and south of the volcano , uncompacted tephra fallout from eruption plume : 100 million cubic metres ( 130,000,000 cu yd ) Total : 140 million cubic metres ( 180,000,000 cu yd ) which corresponds to some 70 -- 80 million cubic metres ( 92,000,000 -- 105,000,000 cu yd ) of magma . The magma discharge rate was about 300 cubic metres per second ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) or 750 t / s . This was 10 -- 20 times the average discharge rate in the preceding flank eruption at Fimmvörðuháls . ( First eruption on 20 March 2010 ) . The IES updated the eruption flow rate on 21 April 2010 to an estimation less than 30 cubic metres per second ( 1,100 cu ft / s ) of magma , or 75 tonnes / s , with a large uncertainty . IES also noted that the eruption continue with less explosive activity . Health effects ( edit ) No human fatalities were reported from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull . The people who lived near the volcano had high levels of irritation symptoms , though their lung function was not lower than expected . Six months later , the population living in the area had more respiratory symptoms than a control group from North Iceland , with no ashfall . In Scotland , the number of phone calls to health services for respiratory and eye irritation did not rise significantly . Effects of the ash plume on air travel ( edit ) Main article : Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption Volcanic ash is a major hazard to aircraft .", "12": "Smoke and ash from eruptions reduce visibility for visual navigation , and microscopic debris in the ash can sandblast windscreens and melt in the heat of aircraft turbine engines , damaging engines and making them shut down . Many flights within , to , and from Europe were cancelled following the 14 April 2010 eruption , and although no commercial aircraft were damaged , the engines of some military aircraft were harmed . The presence and location of the plume depends upon the state of the eruption and the winds . While some ash fell on uninhabited areas in Iceland , most had been carried by westerly winds resulting in the shutdown of a large air space over Europe . The shutdown had a knock on impact on the economy and cultural events across Europe . The Icelandic flag carrier airline , Icelandair , seemed at first especially vulnerable , but managed to deal effectively with the eruption and subsequently published a detailed report about its actions and conclusions . Short - and long - term weather and environmental effects ( edit ) This section needs attention from an expert in Meteorology . The specific problem is : Expert needed to carefully review the wording and claims made here to ensure they both meet Wikipedia 's principles of Verifiability and No Original Research , and to ensure they are as clear as possible . The paragraph starting with `` While it is suspected '' may not fully match what the given cites actually states . Also , several citations need improving with addition of quotes and page numbers to aid WP : Verifiability ... See the talk page for details . WikiProject Meteorology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2010 ) Possible ash fallout from Eyjafjallajökull on a car , Manchester , England , 21 April 2010 At the mouth of the crater , the gases , ejecta , and volcanic plume have created a rare weather phenomenon known as volcanic lightning ( or a `` dirty thunderstorm '' ) . When rocks and other ejecta collide with one another , they create static electricity . This , with the abundant water - ice at the summit , aids in making lightning . High - fluoride Hekla eruptions pose a threat to foraging livestock , especially sheep . Fluoride poisoning can start in sheep at a diet with fluorine content of 25 ppm . At 250 ppm , death can occur within a few days .", "13": "In 1783 , 79 % of the Icelandic sheep stock were killed , probably as a result of fluorosis caused by the eruption of Laki . The effect also spread beyond Iceland . Ash from the current Eyjafjallajökull eruption contains one - third the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions , with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash . Large - scale release of sulphur dioxide into the troposphere also poses a potential health risk , especially to people with pre-existing breathing disorders . While it is suspected that major volcanic eruptions that coincide with cyclic solar minimum activity could produce temporary global cooling or reduction in global temperature , it is noted that coincidentally the earth - facing side of the Sun was mostly blank with no sun spots since the start of the second eruption phase on 14 until 29 April 2010 . Although the current unusually long solar minimum came to a close earlier this year , the current cycle may witness unusual weak solar maximum . Other research links volcanic eruptions including recent Icelandic activity to the solar cycle . Most consider the climate anomaly of the Year Without A Summer 1816 to have been caused by a combination of a historic low in solar activity with a volcanic winter event ; the latter caused by a succession of major volcanic eruptions capped off by the Mount Tambora eruption of 1815 , the largest known eruption in over 1,600 years . One proposed volcanic winter happened c. 70,000 years ago following the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra island in Indonesia . As of 15 April , the eruption was not large enough to have an effect on global temperatures like that of Mount Pinatubo and other major past volcanic eruptions . One previous related sequence of eruptions of this volcano , beginning in 1821 is recorded as having lasted for over two years , but no single set of major eruptions is known to have lasted more than ' several days ' . Should the eruption continue for a sufficient length of time at its current intensity , the potential remains for a temporary global cooling effect . By analogy , the Laki eruption has been linked with extreme weather events from severe hailstorms in Great Britain to the Mississippi River freezing at New Orleans . Sulfate aerosols that reach the stratosphere catalyse the production of chlorine monoxide ( ClO ) , which destroys ozone ( O ) .", "14": "In the upper troposphere , the same aerosols become nuclei for cirrus clouds , which increase the Earth 's albedo , thus altering its radiation balance . Several eruptions during the past century have caused a decline in the average temperature at the Earth 's surface of up to half a degree Celsius for periods of one to three years . Comparison to other recent eruptions ( edit ) The recent eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and the largest ash plume associated with the second eruption phase were not unparalleled in either volume or abundance ; however , the location was the critical factor because it affected air travel across Europe . Neither phase of the eruption was unusually powerful . Other notable volcanic eruptions in recent years include the eruption of Mount Pinatubo of 1991 of VEI 6 . This eruption lasted eight days , from 7 -- 15 June of that year , with an ash cloud that would have required additional days to dissipate , and resulted in worldwide abnormal weather and decrease in global temperature over the next few years . However , the second phase of Eyjafjallajökull 's eruption lasted longer than that of Mount Pinatubo . See also ( edit ) 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi 2014 -- 2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption British Airways Flight 9 Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption KLM Flight 867 Laki List of volcanoes in Iceland North Atlantic oscillation Timeline of volcanism on Earth Tuya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bye , Bente Lilja ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Volcanic eruptions : Science and Risk Management '' . Science 2.0 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Institute of Earth Sciences . `` Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull '' . University of Iceland . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Erica R. Hendry `` What We Know From the Icelandic Volcano '' , Smithsonian ( magazine ) , 22 April 2010 . Retrieved April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gunnar B. Guðmundsson ; et al.", "15": "( 2010 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull Status Report : 11 : 00 GMT , 7 June 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Icelandic Meteorological Office and Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Iceland . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` en.vedur.is '' . en.vedur.is . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Magnússon , E ; Gudmundsson , M. T ; Roberts , M. J ; Sigurðsson , G ; Höskuldsson , F ; Oddsson , B ( 2012 ) . `` earthice.hi.is '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . earthice.hi.is. 117 : n / a . Bibcode : 2012JGRB ... 117.7405 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2012JB009250 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eruption in Iceland 's Eyjafjallajökull Over '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program Eyjafjallajokull '' . Volcano.si.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Seismic Signs of Magma Pathways through the Crust in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano , South Iceland '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Veðurstofa Íslands ( 5 March 2010 ) `` Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli '' . Veðurstofa Ísland ( The Meteorological Institute of Iceland ) . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eldgos í Eyjafjallajökli '' . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Measurements made by using maps and measurement tools from Fasteignaskrá Íslandskort `` Fasteignaskrá measurement tools '' . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tímabundinn kraftur í gosinu '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ríkisútvarpið fréttavefur `` Krafturinn ekki aukist '' . RÚV . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . 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Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 24 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Volcanic eruption in Eyjafjallaglacier -- flights to Iceland are on hold . Icelandair . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fyrsta vél frá Boston í loftið klukkan hálf fimm '' . Vísir . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 1 . April `` Gosslóðirnar opnaðar aftur '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Eyjan 1 . April `` Litlar líkur taldar á öðru gosi við Eyjafjallajökul '' . Eyjan . Retrieved 9 May 2011 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 22 . Mars 2010 `` Rýmingu aflétt '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Meteorological Institute of Iceland : Eruption in Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass `` Elsdgosið í Fimmvörðuhálsi '' . Veðurstofa Ísland . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 29 . Mars `` Mikill hiti í Hruná '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eldgosið á Fimmvörðuhálsi '' . Vedur.is . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Erupts Under Eyjafjallajökull - The Reykjavik Grapevine '' . Grapevine.is . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull '' . Earthice.hi.is . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gosið enn í gangi -- Farið að bera á öskufalli '' . Vísir fréttvefur . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 22 . March 2010 ( 13 : 11 GMT ) `` Hraunflæði niður í Hrunagil '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ríkisútvarpið fréttavefur `` Eldgosið í jafnvægi '' . Rúv . Retrieved 9 May 2011 .", "19": "Jump up ^ Kvöldfréttir Stöðvar Tvö `` Viðtal við Ármann Höskuldsson eldfjallafræðing '' Fréttastofa Stöðvar Tvö Jump up ^ Veðurstofa Íslands ( 24 March 2010 ) `` GPS mælingar '' . Veðurstofa Íslands . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Robbins ( 3 April 2010 ) . `` Iceland 's erupting volcano Travel '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Veðurstofa Íslands `` Ný gossprunga -- skráð 01.04. 2010 kl. 10 : 00 '' . Veðurstofa Íslands ( Icelandic Meteorological Office ) . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 1 . April `` Vel gekk að rýma gossvæðið '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eldgosið er lítið '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ name = `` earthice1 '' Jump up ^ A report in Icelandic : Landbúnaður skiptir máli ( transl . `` Agriculture matters '' ) says that 28 % of the total workforce in agriculture are scattered throughout southern Iceland . `` Landbúnaður skiptir máli '' . Bændasamtök Íslands . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgunblaðið 23 . March 2010 `` Ekki mikið af flúor í öskunni '' . Morgunblaðið . Retrieved 9 May 2011 .", "20": "^ Jump up to : `` Experimental Acute Sodium Fluoride Poisoning in Sheep : Renal , Hepatic , and Metabolic Effects '' . M. KESSABI , A. HAMLIRI , J.P. BRAUN and A.G. RICO : Département de Toxicologie , Pharmacie et Biochimie , Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II B.P. 6202 , Rabat - Agdal , Maroc ( dagger ) Département de Biochimie et Biophysique , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire 23 , chemin des Capelles , 31076 Toulouse , France . 1985 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ash from Iceland Volcano Endangers Horses '' . Iceland Review . 20 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Fall Causes South Iceland Farmers Serious Trouble '' . Iceland Review . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iceland 's volcanic ash halts flights across Europe World news guardian.co.uk '' . Guardian . UK . 23 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Articles < Seismicity < Icelandic Meteorological office '' . En.vedur.is . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` University of Iceland reports and scientists ' quotes '' . Earthice.hi.is . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Institute of Earth Sciences '' . Earthice.hi.is . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull '' . Earthice.hi.is . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ERUPTION in Eyjafjallajökull '' . Earthice.hi.is .", "21": "Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Carlsen HK ; et al. ( February 2012 ) . `` A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland : a population - based study '' . BMJ Open . 2 ( 2 ) : e000343 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2011 - 000343 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carlsen , HK ; et al. ( June 2012 ) . `` Health effects following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption : a cohort study '' . BMJ Open . 2 ( 6 ) : e001851 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2012 - 001851 . PMC 3533043 . PMID 23144261 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Elliot AJ ; et al. ( June 2010 ) . `` Syndromic surveillance to assess the potential public health impact of the Icelandic volcanic ash plume across the United Kingdom , April 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles -- European Communicable Disease Bulletin . 15 ( 23 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : C.M. Riley , `` Tephra '' Michigan Technological University Geological & Mining , Engineering & Sciences , Retrieved on 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Martin . `` RAF grounds fighter jets after volcanic dust is found in engines Home News News '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Icelandair and the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption in 2010 '' . Icelandair.is. 2012 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dirty thunderstorm ' : Lightning in a volcano -- Picture Stories '' . MSNBC.", "22": "23 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Simons , Paul ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` Dirty thunderstorm shoots lightning from volcano '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Thorarinsson , Hekla , A Notorious Volcano , p. 39 -- 58 Jump up ^ Tom de Castella ( 16 April 2010 ) `` The eruption that changed Iceland forever '' , BBC News . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ V. Ramaswamy ; et al. ( February 2001 ) . `` Stratospheric temperature trends : Observations and model simulations '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Geophysics. 39 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 122 . Bibcode : 2001RvGeo ... 39 ... 71R . doi : 10.1029 / 1999rg000065 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Space Weather '' . Clients.net2000.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Cycle 25 to end `` Man Made Climate Change '' myth -- with comments by Piers Corbyn Solar Cycle 25 `` . Sc25.com . Archived from the original on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Rind , David ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Do Variations in the Solar Cycle Affect Our Climate System ? '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . Giss.nasa.gov. 113 : D24103 . Bibcode : 2008JGRD ... 11324103R . doi : 10.1029 / 2008JD010114 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Rind , David ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) . `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Do Variations in the Solar Cycle Affect Our Climate System ? '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . Giss.nasa.gov. 113 : D24103 . Bibcode : 2008JGRD ... 11324103R . doi : 10.1029 / 2008JD010114 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Shindell , Drew ( 2009 ) . `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Super-Eruptions , Climate and Human Survival '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . Giss.nasa.gov. 114 : D10107 . Bibcode : 2009JGRD ... 11410107R . doi : 10.1029 / 2008JD011652 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Supervolcano Eruption -- In Sumatra -- Deforested India 73,000 Years Ago '' . ScienceDaily. 24 November 2009 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Volcano could mean cooling , acid rain : ' Not like Pinatubo ' so far , but potential is there '' . MSNBC. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sara Phillips `` Icelandic volcano wo n't affect the world 's climate '' ABC , 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Wood , C.A. , 1992 . `` The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption '' in C.R. Harrington ( Ed . ) , The Year Without a Summer ? Canadian Museum of Nature , Ottawa , pp. 58 -- 77 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes from Iceland : Laki '' . lave club - internet fr . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanic Gases and Their Effects '' . Volcanoes.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Logged in as click here to log out ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Icelandic volcano : are you enjoying the clear skies ? '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Alex . `` Geologist Ari Trausti Guðmundsson answers Iceland volcano questions IceNews - Daily News '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` APOD : 19 April 2010 -- Ash and Lightning Above an Icelandic Volcano '' . Antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines '' . US Geological Survey . 28 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eyjafjöll 2010 eruptions .", "25": "Frequently Asked Questions on the Eruption in Iceland -- from the Icelandic Met Office BBC webpage with film of the volcano , taken from 500m from the crater 's edge , by Chris Weber on 13 May 2010 Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety -- SKYbrary guidance to pilots and controllers concerning the effects of volcanic ash . Collection of Scientific Earth Observations and Models NASA Observes the Icelandic Volcano NASA Earth Observatory satellite imagery Satellite evidence of hot lava flows from an Icelandic volcano ( CIMSS Satellite Blog ) ( March 2010 ) Description of beginning of current eruption , ( March 2010 ) , Icelandic Met Office Volcanoes in European history -- Podcast placing the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in a historical perspective . Photography ( edit ) Photos from Icelanders and by visitors ( Flickr Group ) A short time - lapse from 17 April 2010 . About 30 minutes played in 18 seconds . Photos of the 2010 eruptions by Fred Kamphues Icelandic Coast Guard , radar images of the volcano Audio ( edit ) Volcanic Eyjafjallajökull run off : Seljalandsfoss Waterfall ( binaural recording optimised for headphones ) ( hide ) 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions Geography Eyjafjallajökull Fimmvörðuháls Iceland Effects Air travel disruption Effects of the eruption See also Images Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "26": "php?title= 2010_eruptions_of_Eyjafjallajökull&oldid = 836011031 '' Categories : 2010 in aviation 2010 in Iceland 2010 natural disasters 21st - century volcanic events Eyjafjallajökull Iceland East Volcanic Zone Natural disasters in Iceland Volcanism of Iceland March 2010 events in Europe April 2010 events in Europe May 2010 events in Europe June 2010 events in Europe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing expert attention from April 2010 All articles needing expert attention Meteorology articles needing expert attention Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 贛語 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 04 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7102729436138036180	when are you considered under the poverty line	[ "US$11,770" ]	{ "0": "Poverty threshold - wikipedia Poverty threshold Jump to : navigation , search Graph of global population living on under 1 , 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars daily ( red ) and as a proportion of world population ( blue ) based on 1981 -- 2008 World Bank data The poverty threshold , poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country . In practice , like the definition of poverty , the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries . In 2008 , the World Bank came out with a figure ( revised largely due to inflation ) of $1.25 a day at 2005 purchasing - power parity ( PPP ) . In October 2015 , the World Bank updated the international poverty line to $1.90 a day . The new figure of $1.90 is based on ICP purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $1.90 could buy in the US in 2011 . The new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure , which used 2005 data . Most scholars agree that it better reflects today 's reality , particularly new price levels in developing countries . The common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day . At present the percentage of the global population living under extreme poverty is likely to fall below 10 % according to the World Bank projections released in 2015 . Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year . The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required to live in an apartment , so historically , economists have paid particular attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line affector . Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances , such as whether one is a parent , elderly , a child , married , etc . The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Absolute poverty 2.1 Basic needs 3 Relative poverty 3.1 History of the concept of relative poverty 3.2 Relative poverty compared with other standards 4 National poverty lines 5 Criticisms 5.1 Understating poverty 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Charles Booth , a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century , popularised the idea of a poverty line , a concept originally conceived by the London School Board . Booth set the line at 10 ( 50p ) to 20 shillings ( £ 1 ) per week , which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on . Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree ( 1871 -- 1954 ) , a British sociological researcher , social reformer and industrialist , surveyed rich families in York , and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money `` necessary to enable families ... to secure the necessaries of a healthy life '' , which included fuel and light , rent , food , clothing , and household and personal items . Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period , he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary , before people got ill or lost weight . He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84 % of the total population of York lived below this poverty line . This result corresponded with that from Charles Booth 's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view , commonly held at the time , that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain . Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty , those lacking in income and secondary poverty , those who had enough income , but spent it elsewhere ( 1901 : 295 -- 96 ) . Absolute poverty ( edit ) See also : Extreme poverty The term `` absolute poverty '' is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty . Absolute poverty is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities .", "2": "According to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 , absolute poverty is `` a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs , including food , safe drinking water , sanitation facilities , health , shelter , education , and information . It depends not only on income , but also on access to services . '' David Gordon 's paper , `` Indicators of Poverty and Hunger '' , for the United Nations , further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs : Food : Body mass index must be above 16 . Safe drinking water : Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds , and must be available nearby ( fewer than 15 minutes ' walk each way ) . Sanitation facilities : Toilets or latrines must be accessible in or near the home . Health : Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy . Shelter : Homes must have fewer than four people living in each room . Floors must not be made of soil , mud , or clay . Education : Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read . Information : Everyone must have access to newspapers , radios , televisions , computers , or telephones at home . Access to services : This item is undefined by Gordon , but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education , health , legal , social , and financial ( credit ) services . Basic needs ( edit ) See also : Basic needs The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries . It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long - term physical well - being , usually in terms of consumption goods . The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs . The ' basic needs ' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization 's World Employment Conference in 1976 . `` Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976 , which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overiding objective of national and international development policy . The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers ' and employers ' organizations from all over the world . It influenced the programmes and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies , and was the precursor to the human development approach . ''", "3": "A traditional list of immediate `` basic needs '' is food ( including water ) , shelter , and clothing . Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of ' basic needs ' of not just food , water , and shelter , but also sanitation , education , and health care . Different agencies use different lists . In 1978 , Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach . Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour ; it was consumption - oriented and antigrowth . Some considered it to be `` a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness '' and for giving the impression `` that poverty elimination is all too easy '' . Amartya Sen focused on ' capabilities ' rather than consumption . In the development discourse , the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty . Relative poverty ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Economic inequality and Relative deprivation Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country ; for example , below 60 % of the median income of people in that country . It is the `` most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations '' . Relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) and Canadian poverty researchers . In the European Union , the `` relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most -- quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators . '' `` Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space . '' `` Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level , the rub of the poverty problem -- from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live -- is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast , daily perceived , between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them . For practical purposes , the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a problem of relative poverty ( page 9 ) . ''", "4": "However , some have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality , using the term ' poverty ' for it is misleading . For example , if everyone in a country 's income doubled , it would not reduce the amount of ' relative poverty ' at all . History of the concept of relative poverty ( edit ) In 1776 , Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford `` not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life , but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people , even of the lowest order , to be without . '' In 1958 , John Kenneth Galbraith argued , `` People are poverty stricken when their income , even if adequate for survival , falls markedly behind that of their community . '' In 1964 , in a joint committee economic President 's report in the United States , Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty : `` No objective definition of poverty exists ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time . In America as our standard of living rises , so does our idea of what is substandard . '' In 1965 , Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards . Those labelled as poor in 1995 , would have had `` a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor '' in 1965 . In 1979 , British sociologist , Peter Townsend published his famous definition : `` individuals ... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet , participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary , or are at least widely encouraged or approved , in the societies to which they belong ( page 31 ) . '' Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) in Ireland explained that `` poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question . '' Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the European Union , UNICEF and the OEDC . The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on `` economic distance '' , a level of income set at 60 % of the median household income . Relative poverty compared with other standards ( edit ) A measure of relative poverty defines `` poverty '' as being below some relative poverty threshold .", "5": "For example , the statement that `` those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60 % of national median equivalised income are poor '' uses a relative measure to define poverty . The term relative poverty can also be used in a different sense to mean `` moderate poverty '' -- for example , a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs ( like water , food , clothing , housing , and basic health care ) , but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration . National poverty Lines ( edit ) CIA World Factbook - based map showing the percentage of population by country living below that country 's official poverty line National estimates are based on population - weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys . Definitions of the poverty line do vary considerably among nations . For example , rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations . Even among rich nations , the standards differ greatly . Thus , the numbers are not comparable among countries . Even when nations do use the same method , some issues may remain . In United States , the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau . The threshold in United States are updated and used for statistical purposes . In 2015 , in the United States , the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US $11,770 ; the threshold for a family group of four , including two children , was US $24,250 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released on 13 September 2011 , the nation 's poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent in 2010 . In the UK , `` more than five million people -- over a fifth ( 23 percent ) of all employees -- were paid less than £ 6.67 an hour in April 2006 . This value is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full - time median earnings , equivalent to a little over £ 12,000 a year for a 35 - hour working week . In April 2006 , a 35 - hour week would have earned someone £ 9,191 a year -- before tax or National Insurance '' . India 's official poverty level , on the other hand , is split according to rural versus urban thresholds .", "6": "For urban dwellers , the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees ( approximately US $12 ) per month , whereas for rural dwellers , it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month ( approximately US $7.50 ) . Criticisms ( edit ) This section appears to contradict itself on How welfare benefits are treated , including specific benefits like SNAP . Please see the talk page for more information . ( October 2017 ) Using a poverty threshold is problematic because having an income slightly above or below is not substantially different ; the negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete , and the same low income affects different people in different ways . To overcome this problem , a poverty index or indices can be used instead ; see income inequality metrics . A poverty threshold relies on a quantitative , or purely numbers - based , measure of income . If other human development - indicators like health and education are used , they must be quantified , which is not a simple ( if even achievable ) task . Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide , due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries . Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country ; while this is typically corrected for by using purchasing power parity ( PPP ) exchange rates , the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor , most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items ( washing machines , air travel , healthcare ) often included in PPP baskets . The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time , for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain ( such as corn , rice , or oats ) . Understating poverty ( edit ) In addition to wage and salary income , investment income and government transfers such as SNAP ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , also known as food stamps ) and housing subsidies are included in a household 's income . Studies measuring the differences between income before and after taxes and government transfers , have found that without social support programs , poverty would be roughly 30 % to 40 % higher than the official poverty line indicates . Further , the U.S. Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the same throughout the U.S.", "7": "regardless of the cost - of - living in a state or urban area . For instance , the cost - of - living in California , the most populous state , was 42 % greater than the U.S. average in 2010 , while the cost - of - living in Texas , the second-most populous state , was 10 % less than the U.S. average . In 2017 , California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in , a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as `` the supplemental poverty measure '' . See also ( edit ) Asset poverty Glass ceiling Income deficit List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty Living wage Minimum wage Measuring poverty Poor person UN Millennium Development Goals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ravallion , Martin Poverty freak : A Guide to Concepts and Methods . Living Standards Measurement Papers , The World Bank , 1992 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Hagenaars , Aldi & de Vos , Klaas The Definition and Measurement of Poverty . Journal of Human Resources , 1988 Jump up ^ Hagenaars , Aldi & van Praag , Bernard A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions . Review of Income and Wealth , 1985 Jump up ^ Ravallion , Martin ; Chen Shaohua & Sangraula , Prem Dollar a day The World Bank Economic Review , 23 , 2 , 2009 , pp. 163 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10 % for First Time ; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030 '' . www.worldbank.org . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hildegard Lingnau ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` Major breakthrough '' . D + C , development&cooperation . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Jeffrey D . The End of Poverty 2005 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hickel , Jason ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` Could you live on $1.90 a day ? That 's the international poverty line '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 .", "8": "Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Poverty Lines -- Martin Ravallion , in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition , London : Palgrave Macmillan Jump up ^ Alan Gillie , `` The Origin of the Poverty Line '' , Economic History Review , XLIX / 4 ( 1996 ) , 726 Jump up ^ David Boyle . The Tyranny of Numbers p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Rowntree , Benjamin Seebohm ( 1901 ) . Poverty : A Study in Town Life . Macmillan and Co. p. 298 ^ Jump up to : `` Indicators of Poverty and Hunger '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Employment Programme at ILO '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Jolly ( October 1976 ) . `` The World Employment Conference : The Enthronement of Basic Needs '' . Development Policy Review . A9 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 44 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7679.1976. tb00338. x . Jump up ^ Denton , John A. ( 1990 ) . Society and the official world : a reintroduction to sociology . Dix Hills , N.Y : General Hall . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 930390 - 94 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dharam Ghai ( June 1978 ) . `` Basic Needs and its Critics '' . Institute of Development Studies . 9 ( 4 ) : 16 -- 18 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1759 - 5436.1978. mp9004004. x . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Dennis ( June 2009 ) . `` Poverty , Human Development , and Health in Canada : Research , Practice , and Advocacy Dilemmas '' . Canadian Journal of Nursing Research ( CJNR ) . 41 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Child poverty in rich nations : Report card no .", "9": "6 ( Report ) . Innocenti Research Centre . 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growing unequal ? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries '' . Paris , France : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Human development report : Capacity development : Empowering people and institutions ( Report ) . Geneva : United Nations Development Program . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Child Poverty '' . Ottawa , ON : Conference Board of Canada . 2013 . Jump up ^ Ive Marx ; Karel van den Bosch . `` How poverty differs from inequality on poverty management in an enlarged EU context : Conventional and alternate approaches '' ( PDF ) . Antwerp , Belgium : Centre for Social Policy . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Bradshaw ; Yekaterina Chzhen ; Gill Main ; Bruno Martorano ; Leonardo Menchini ; Chris de Neubourg ( January 2012 ) . Relative Income Poverty among Children in Rich Countries ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Innocenti Working Paper . Florence , Italy : UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre . ISSN 1014 - 7837 . Jump up ^ A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations ( Report ) . Innocenti Report Card No. 1 . Florence , Italy : UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre . Jump up ^ Adam Smith ( 1776 ) . An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . 5 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Adamson ; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre ( 2012 ) . Measuring child poverty : New league tables of child poverty in the world 's rich countries ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card . Florence , Italy . Jump up ^ Galbraith , J.K. ( 1958 ) . The Affluent Society . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ Minority ( Republican ) views , p. 46 in U.S. Congress , Report of the Joint Economic Committee on the January 1964 Economic Report of the President with Minority and Additional Views ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office . January 1964 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Friedman , Rose . D. ( 1965 ) . Poverty : Definition and Perspective . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Townsend , P. ( 1979 ) . Poverty in the United Kingdom . London : Penguin . Jump up ^ Callan , T. ; Nolan , Brian ; Whelan , Christopher T. ( 1993 ) . `` Resources , Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty '' . Journal of Social Policy . 22 : 141 -- 72 . doi : 10.1017 / s0047279400019280 . Jump up ^ Michael Blastland ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` Just what is poor ? '' . BBC NEWS . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Bardone , Laura ; Guio , Anne - Catherine ( 2005 ) . `` In - Work Poverty : New commonly agreed indicators at the EU level '' ( PDF ) . Statistics in Focus : Population and Social Conditions . Eurostat . ISSN 1024 - 4352 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inequality in Focus , October 2013 : Analyzing the World Bank 's Goal of Achieving `` Shared Prosperity '' `` . World Bank . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` http://inequalitywatch.eu/spip.php?article99 '' Eurostat 2010 Jump up ^ `` Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines '' . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau . `` How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty '' . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Working out of Poverty : A study of the low paid and the working poor by Graeme Cooke and Kayte Lawton Jump up ^ IPPR Article : `` Government must rescue ' forgotten million children ' in poverty '' Archived 25 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Poverty Estimates for 2004 - 05 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kenworthy , L ( 1999 ) .", "11": "`` Do social - welfare policies reduce poverty ? A cross-national assessment '' . Social Forces . 77 ( 3 ) : 1119 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / sf / 77.3. 1119 . Jump up ^ Bradley , D. ; Huber , E. ; Moller , S. ; Nielson , F. ; Stephens , J.D. ( 2003 ) . `` Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies '' . American Sociological Review . 68 ( 3 ) : 22 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088901 . JSTOR 3088901 . Jump up ^ Matt Levin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Expensive homes make California poorest state '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . C1 . Further reading ( edit ) Shweparde , Jon ; Robert W. Greene ( 2003 ) . Sociology and You . Ohio : Glencoe McGraw - Hill . p . A-22 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 828576 - 3 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 . Alan Gillie , `` The Origin of the Poverty Line '' , Economic History Review , XLIX / 4 ( 1996 ) , 726 Villemez , Wayne J. ( 2001 ) . `` Poverty '' . Encyclopedia of Sociology ( PDF ) . New York : Gale Virtual Reference Library . External links ( edit ) History of the U.S. Poverty Line by Tom Gentle , Oregon State University . United States Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines , Research , and Measurement 2007 United States Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines Debraj Ray 1998 , Development Economics , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 01706 - 9 . World Summit for Social Development Agreements , United Nations The `` elimination '' of poverty , Takis Fotopoulos , The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy , vol. 4 , no. 1 ( January 2008 ) . The Correct US Poverty Rate Is Around And About Zero Fisher , Gordon ( 16 December 2005 ) .", "12": "`` Relative or Absolute -- New Light on the Behavior of Poverty Lines Over Time '' . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 16 January 2008 . Deprivation and poverty indicators Social Topics : Social exclusion Social vulnerability Relative deprivation Disadvantaged Fushūgaku Hikikomori Social determinants of health in poverty Measures : Social Progress Index Psychological Topics : psychological poverty Poverty and mental health Social and psychological value of money Economic Topics : Energy poverty Money - rich ,", "13": "time - poor Poverty threshold Secondary poverty Asset poverty Housing stress Income deficit Survival sex Debt bondage Measures : Below Poverty Line ( India ) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index ( economics ) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator ( GPI ) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap index Physical Topics : Poverty and Violence Disability and poverty Food insecurity Measures : India State Hunger Index Global Hunger Index Disability - adjusted life year ( DALYs ) Global Peace Index ( GPI ) Complex measures Human Poverty Index ( HPI ) Human Development Index ( HDI ) Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) Physical Quality of Life Index ( PQLI ) Laeken indicators ( EU ) Scottish index of multiple deprivation Townsend deprivation index Living Planet Index ( LPI ) Progress out of Poverty Index Gender Topics : Feminization of poverty Measures : Gender - related Development Index ( GDI ) Gender Parity Index Other Theories of poverty Well - being Welfare Wellness Quality of Life Self - perceived quality - of - life scale Subjective well - being ( SWB ) Suboptimal health Stress Rural access issues Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Post-materialism Pen 's parade Diseases of poverty Diseases of poverty AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Pneumonia Diarrheal diseases Neglected diseases Cholera Chagas disease African sleeping sickness Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis River blindness Leishmaniasis Trachoma Miscellaneous Malnutrition Priority review voucher Indices of Deprivation National ( general deprivation ) Carstairs index Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 ( IMD2000 ) Indices of deprivation 2004 ( ID2004 ) Indices of deprivation 2007 ( ID2007 ) Indices of deprivation 2010 ( ID2010 ) National ( subject specific deprivation ) Underprivileged area score Department of Environment Index Environment portal Commons Organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=Poverty_threshold&oldid=838041477 '' Categories : Measurements and definitions of poverty Welfare economics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Self - contradictory articles from October 2017 All self - contradictory articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 36 . 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-8391680223788694572	who wrote if i were a boy reba or beyonce	[ "BC Jean", "Toby Gad" ]	{ "0": "If I Were a Boy - wikipedia If I Were a Boy Jump to : navigation , search For the novel by Haki Stërmilli , see If I Were a Boy ( novel ) . `` If I Were a Boy '' Single by Beyoncé from the album I Am ... Sasha Fierce B - side `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Released October 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 ; Roc the Mic Studios , Strawberrybee Productions , GAD Studios Genre Pop Length 4 : 09 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) BC Jean Toby Gad Producer ( s ) Toby Gad Beyoncé Knowles Beyoncé singles chronology `` Love in This Club Part II '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) `` Love in This Club Part II '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad , who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé . Inspired by the difficult break - up of a romantic relationship , the song was initially recorded by Jean , whose record company rejected it . Beyoncé then recorded her own version . Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single , but eventually they reached an agreement . Columbia Records released `` If I Were a Boy '' to US radio on October 8 , 2008 , as the album 's lead single alongside `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyoncé 's personality and her aggressive onstage persona , Sasha Fierce . A Spanish version of the song , titled `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico '' , was digitally released in Mexico and Spain .", "1": "`` If I Were a Boy '' is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars , drums and strings . The song 's lyrics lament the misunderstandings between the genders and indict the male side of relationships . `` If I Were a Boy '' was well received by critics , who complimented Beyoncé 's tormented and emotive vocal performance and called the song her best work to date . The single was a commercial success as it placed in the top ten on twenty - five different singles charts . It topped the charts in more than eight European countries , including the United Kingdom , where it is Beyoncé 's best - selling single . `` If I Were a Boy '' peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and earned multi-platinum certifications in Australia , Canada , and the US . The accompanying music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black - and - white . With a theme of role reversal , it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) . A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip . Beyoncé promoted `` If I Were a Boy '' through live performances at venues including The Oprah Winfrey Show , the 52nd Grammy Awards , and the I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions . American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version of the ballad on Country Music Television ( CMT ) , and a studio version was released as the second single from her 2010 album , All the Women I Am .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 1.1 Jean 's response 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and concept 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Reception and accolades 7 Live performances 7.1 Fake tape 8 Formats and track listings 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Decade - end charts 10.4 All - time charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 12.1 Radio adds 12.2 Purchasable release 13 Cover versions 13.1 The X Factor performances 13.2 Reba McEntire version 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Writing and production ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad . It is the opening ballad of the I Am ... disc of the double album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . It is the only song on either disc that Beyoncé did not co-write . Most of the lyrics were written by Jean , who was inspired by the break - up of a romantic relationship . One day Jean and Gad visited a pizzeria in Times Square in New York City . Although tempted , Jean refrained from eating pizza because she was dieting . She then thought that if she were a boy , she would have eaten without regret . After reflecting on the idea , she concluded that she would have been a better man than her past lover . Gad captured Jean 's ideas on a pocket recorder , and they went to the studio the same day . Once there , she wrote the lyrics and melody in about 15 minutes . She then recorded the song in less than half an hour , with Gad on the guitar . After completing her version of `` If I Were a Boy '' , Jean presented it to her record company , which rejected the song . Gad and Jean had co-written 12 songs , including `` If I Were a Boy '' , for the singer 's debut album . As the deal with Jean 's record company fell apart , Gad marketed the songs to established artists .", "3": "Beyoncé liked `` If I Were a Boy '' and recorded her own version of it for her album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Gad and Beyoncé produced the track in 2008 at Roc the Mic Studios and Strawberry Productions in New York City and at GAD Studios in Ibiza . Gad did the musical arrangements , assisted in recording the music , and played the instruments alongside his brother Jens Gad and Reggie Syience Perry . Jim Caruana recorded Beyoncé 's vocals at Roc the Mic Studios . Mark `` Spike '' Stent mixed the track with assistance from Matt Green at The Record Plant in Los Angeles . `` If I Were a Boy '' was placed on the I Am ... disc of I Am ... Sasha Fierce , as it is a ballad that shows Beyoncé 's insecurities about love and the person she is `` underneath all the makeup , underneath the lights and underneath all the exciting star drama '' . In an interview with Essence magazine , Beyoncé explained that `` If I Were a Boy '' is `` broad '' and different from her previous releases because it is not a traditional R&B song . She added , `` I had to try it , because I remember Aretha Franklin said a great singer can sing anything and make it her own . '' Beyoncé was also motivated by her audience 's strong expectations from her as a singer . While preparing her third solo album , Beyoncé wanted to experiment with stronger lyrics and record ballads like `` If I Were a Boy '' because , `` the music and the emotion in the story is told ( sic ) so much better . It 's a better connection because you can hear it and it 's not all these other distractions . I really wanted people to hear my voice and hear what I had to say . '' Jean 's response ( edit ) After Jean 's version of `` If I Were a Boy '' was rejected by her record company , she was upset that Beyoncé recorded and released the ballad . Roger Friedman of Fox News wrote that Jean was first informed that Beyoncé recorded the song by a stranger . The Daily Telegraph reported that Beyoncé 's father and then - manager Mathew Knowles pursued the publishing rights of `` If I Were a Boy '' after realizing that it had the potential to become a big hit .", "4": "Jean used her Myspace account to express her frustration : `` I have been reading some of these comments and to set the record straight from the horse 's mouth -- IF I WERE A BOY is my song ; YES , I wrote this song ; It is my story ; a painful one , and the song is very dear to me . You can hear the original version on my myspace site . '' Friedman later reported that Beyoncé and Jean had come to terms . The deal included a promise that Beyoncé would record a duet with Jean for her debut album . In an interview with Eric R. Danton of the Hartford Courant , Jean was asked about her reaction when she heard that Beyoncé was recording `` If I Were a Boy '' . She was initially surprised when people regarded her as a songwriter because she envisioned herself as `` do ( ing ) the whole artist thing as well '' . Jean added , `` It 's an amazing compliment , but I was like , ' That 's great , but it 's going to be on my album ! ' And it can be on my album , too , I just did n't realize how it worked ... At first when I got this , people did n't know that I was an artist , so it was , like , ' Oh , this songwriter BC . ' '' `` If I Were a Boy '' was the first song she ever recorded , and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer . Jean said that the fact that Beyoncé recorded the ballad provided many opportunities , and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics . She refused their offers , desiring to use her songs for her own album . However , Jean still intends to write for other artists . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' `` If I Were a Boy '' is an acoustic guitar - driven midtempo pop ballad with folk rock influences , featuring Knowles deliver a tormented vocal performance . On the final chorus , she ornaments her vocal lines with melodic crescendos and sings an octave higher than she does on the rest of the song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` If I Were a Boy '' is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad , with folk rock and soft rock influences .", "5": "The song was composed using common time in the key of G ♭ major and has a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute . It was written in the common verse - chorus form ; the verses are supported by four chords and follow a vi - IV - I-V chord progression in the form E ♭ m -- B -- G ♭ -- D ♭ / F. Ed Masle of The Arizona Republic noted that the progression is reminiscent of Nirvana 's 1991 song `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' . Instrumentation is provided by a piano , acoustic guitars , live drums , and strings as well as hand claps which are used throughout the song . Beyoncé 's vocals span the range from a low of F ♯ to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos . Critics noted that Beyoncé delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments . The lyrics of `` If I Were a Boy '' are about a gender - swapping thought experiment , through which Beyoncé analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship . As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy , Beyoncé highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women 's sense of empathy . During the first part of the ballad , Beyoncé alternates between the role of her flawed partner and that of the better man she would be . In the first verse , she envisions herself impersonating her unfeeling love interest as she sings about consuming beer with other men , chasing after girls , and treating her lover cruelly , before adding that she would never be confronted for it . Beyoncé then sings the chorus , in which she gives her vision of life as a better man , `` I think I could understand / How it feels to love a girl / I swear I 'd be a better man '' , because she knows `` how it hurts when you lose the one you wanted / ' cause he 's taken you for granted and everything you had got destroyed '' . In the second verse , Beyoncé resigns herself and continues to sing about cruelties that men often inflict on women . Still imagining herself impersonating the man who has wronged her , she highlights how some men switch off their phones to avoid ex-lovers after having found another girl .", "6": "Beyoncé continues , `` I 'd put myself first / And make the rules as I go / ' Cause I know that she 'd be faithful / Waitin ' for me to come home '' . She then repeats the chorus ; the intensity with which she sings gradually increases until she hits her upper register and seems close to crying . During the bridge , Beyoncé stops singing about the male behaviors she would indulge in if she were a man and addresses her callous lover directly . As Beyoncé emphasizes how it feels to be cheated on , she sings her vocal lines an octave higher than she did in the rest of the song . She finally tells him that it is too late to come back and apologize . In the last verse , Beyoncé concludes , `` But you 're just a boy '' . Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music notes that she `` ( pushes ) her voice into a thin , pleading whine '' at this point . With a squeak in her voice , she repeats the chorus for the final time as she fights to remain strong , not allowing her agony to bring her down . Release ( edit ) Beyoncé performing `` If I Were a Boy '' at the O2 Arena , in London , England during her I Am ... World Tour `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' were released simultaneously as the double album 's two lead singles . The songs were taken from different discs of the album to demonstrate Beyoncé 's conflicting personalities , the album 's central theme . This motif was demonstrated by placing the ballads on a separate disc from the uptempo tracks . `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Single Ladies '' were initially planned to debut on US radio stations on October 7 , 2008 , but both premiered the following day . `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted on Z100 's Elvis Duran and the Morning Show , while `` Single Ladies '' first aired on New York mainstream urban radio station Power 105.1 . Both singles were added to rhythmic contemporary radio on October 13 , 2008 . That same day , `` If I Were a Boy '' was sent to contemporary hit radio , and `` Single Ladies was sent to urban contemporary radio . On November 24 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was sent to US urban radio .", "7": "Two digital EPs , each containing seven dance remixes of `` If I Were a Boy '' were released on February 10 , 2009 , in the US . The ballad was first released internationally as a stand - alone digital download in Oceania and most European countries on October 17 , 2008 . In France and the United Kingdom , `` If I Were a Boy '' was serviced digitally on October 26 , 2008 . On November 7 , 2008 , a two - track CD single , including `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' as the B - side , went on sale in all European countries , Oceania , and in Canada . In Canada two different digital EPs were made available on February 3 and 10 , 2009 . A Spanish version of `` If I Were a Boy '' was translated by Rudy Pérez and mixed by Andrés Bermúdez at The Beach House in Miami . Titled `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' , this version was only included on copies of I Am ... Sasha Fierce in Mexico as well as iTunes Stores in Latin America and Spain , where it was released as a stand - alone single on February 3 , 2009 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' was widely acclaimed by contemporary music critics , who applauded Beyoncé 's vocal performance and called the song her best yet . Billboard magazine 's critic Chuck Taylor wrote that `` If I Were a Boy '' is Beyoncé 's `` most affecting offering '' since `` Listen '' ( 2006 ) . He praised her vocals as `` breathtaking , exquisitely emotive , mournful , and mature '' and added that the song `` exudes the fragrance of a Grammy Award '' . According to Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times , `` If I Were a Boy '' is Beyoncé 's Streisand moment and `` a tender , fairly simple ballad that ( she ) uses to prove she 's a great vocal actress '' . Powers concluded , `` This is n't just another breakup song ; it 's an elegy for female empowerment , Beyoncé 's admission that no amount of money , fame or skill can solve the basic inequity between her man 's heart and her own . ''", "8": "Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that `` If I Were a Boy '' could become as commercially successful as `` Irreplaceable '' because of its radio - friendly appeal . James Montgomery of MTV News complimented the `` tear - jerking power '' of `` If I Were a Boy '' and noted that it reveals `` sides of Beyoncé we never knew existed '' . `` Her tone is gentle , open : Instead of the snap of ' Single Ladies ' and ' Irreplaceable , ' there 's real sadness as she shuts this door ... In the end , Beyoncé ca n't resist arching her eyebrow ; she 's a survivor , and she wo n't let her pain completely unmake her . But that 's the final , poignant point of this excellent song . In Beyoncé 's world view , an independent woman must sacrifice the princess fantasy she was sold as a child , and keep that steely edge , even when her world is melting around her . The compassion Beyoncé 's vocal conveys as ' If I Were a Boy ' concludes is as much for the man who ca n't fulfill romance 's impossible dream as it is for herself . '' -- Los Angeles Times ' Ann Powers reviewing `` If I Were a Boy '' . Matos Michaelangelo of The A.V. Club remarked that `` If I Were a Boy '' has `` boilerplate lyrics '' that would fit perfectly in a Hayley Mills film . Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote in his review of the album that `` If I Were a Boy '' has the `` most interesting lyrics '' of the entire record . In a separate review of `` If I Were a Boy '' , Levine awarded it four stars out of five , writing that Beyoncé 's vocals on the song are passionate . He praised the lyrics for not being overwritten and commended their `` emotional punch '' and `` very strong melody '' which he said can make people feel that they have always known the song . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal called `` If I Were a Boy '' an `` effective and affecting gender - bender '' . Allmusic writer Andy Kellman felt that though the ballad sounds like `` the watery backdrop for a singing competition finale '' , it is the most outstanding song on I Am ... Sasha Fierce thanks to its lyrics and Beyoncé 's tormented performance .", "9": "Colin McGuire of PopMatters felt that `` If I Were a Boy '' was the highlight of the first disc of the double album . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as one of the greatest pop songs of the last few years and one of Beyoncé 's most complicated vocal performances . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle commented that `` If I Were a Boy '' is an `` elegant new musical direction '' for Beyoncé and praised it for being different from the songs played on Top 40 radio . By contrast , Stacey Anderson of Spin magazine was unimpressed with `` If I Were a Boy '' , calling it a glistening and boring ballad . Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times noted that the musical composition of `` If I Were a Boy '' has `` a spare ( and ) cinematic quality that ( Beyoncé ) fills with an expansive voice '' , which nevertheless falters at times . A 2010 review of `` well - intended yet misguided feminist anthems '' in The A.V. Club noted the song had both a `` fresh perspective and a sense of self - awareness '' but cast is as `` a soppy wallow in whiny self - pity and broad stereotyping '' . Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine placed `` If I Were a Boy '' at number 19 on a list of Beyoncé 's 30 biggest Billboard hits published for Beyoncé 's thirtieth birthday . They wrote that the song `` found Beyoncé at her most honest , drawing in both women and men '' . `` If I Were a Boy '' was nominated for the Best Foreign Song at the 2009 Porin Awards in Croatia . On The Village Voice 's year - end Pazz & Jop singles list , `` If I Were a Boy '' was ranked at numbers 37 and 546 in 2008 and 2009 respectively . Chart performance ( edit ) For the week ending October 25 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted at number one - hundred on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , based solely on airplay . In its third charting week , the song rose from number sixty eight to number three on the Hot 100 chart as its digital download counterpart debuted at the top of the US Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 190,000 units .", "10": "It became Beyoncé 's fourth number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , following `` Check on It '' ( 2005 ) , `` Irreplaceable '' ( 2006 ) , and `` Beautiful Liar '' ( 2007 ) . `` If I Were a Boy '' also became her tenth top - ten single on the Hot 100 as a solo artist . On November 15 , 2008 , the song fell to fifth , where it stayed for one further week . However , it regained its number three position on November 29 , 2008 , as it returned to the top spot of the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 170,000 units . `` If I Were a Boy '' sold 654,000 digital downloads in four weeks . The following week , the song fell to number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 44,000 less copies than `` Single Ladies '' , which debuted at number one . `` If I Were a Boy '' maintained its position at number three on the Hot 100 chart while `` Single Ladies '' soared to number two on the chart . Beyoncé became the seventh female to have two songs in the top five positions of the Hot 100 chart . On October 13 , 2009 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was certified triple - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping over two million copies . As of October 2012 , the song had sold 3,014,000 digital units in the US . On November 2 , 2008 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was the highest debut of the week on the Australian Singles Chart , entering at number twelve . The song peaked at number three for three non-consecutive weeks during the same month . It was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling over 210,000 copies . `` If I Were a Boy '' debuted at number eight in New Zealand on October 27 , 2008 , and peaked at number two for four non-consecutive weeks in November and December 2008 . In its twelfth charting week , it was certified platinum after twelve weeks by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , representing shipment of 15,000 copies .", "11": "The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart , selling 64,554 downloads on November 15 , 2008 . The following week , it fell to number three with sales of 57,917 copies . On November 23 , 2008 , it rebounded to number one , selling 47,949 copies , becoming Beyoncé 's fourth number - one single in the UK as a solo artist ; it was her sixth including her career with Destiny 's Child . `` If I Were a Boy '' remained in the top five until the end of 2008 and was the 16th highest - selling single of that year . The ballad was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for sales of over 600,000 copies . It was the 68th highest selling single of the 2000s in the UK , where it is Beyoncé 's highest - selling solo single , with sales of 746,000 units as of November 2013 . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) Beyoncé portraying an NYPD officer in the official music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' The music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' was directed by Jake Nava and was shot in black - and - white in New York City with the video for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . A Spanish version of the music video , titled `` Si Yo Fuera Un Chico '' , was released with the same concepts as the main one ; it was edited from the original with the Spanish version of the song dubbed over it . The music video for `` If I Were a Boy '' is reflective of the stance as an independent woman that Beyoncé has taken throughout her career . In an interview with Billboard magazine , Beyoncé revealed that the concept of the video is similar to the American comedy film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) ; its theme is role reversal . She also said that it would depict things that men commonly do to hurt their partners , like not answering their phones , before adding that the video is about little things that mean a lot in relationships . Beyoncé explained : In the beginning of the video , my husband makes me breakfast and he 's excited about it , and I kind of do n't have time to eat .", "12": "As a police officer , I have a male partner and the video goes through our days . My husband 's at work and has attractive girls flirting with him but he declines their advances . I have a guy flirting with me , and I flirt back . Beyoncé said that by the end of the video , viewers would realize the husband is a police officer and Beyoncé , as the female character , has been doing things her husband has done to her . MTV News writer Jennifer Vineyard 's analysis of the concept concluded , `` When we first saw it from a different perspective , Beyoncé 's behavior seemed more abnormal . And when it 's the guy doing everything she just did in the previous scenes , it becomes all too familiar -- which is Beyoncé 's point . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins with Beyoncé and her husband saying a few words , including `` intimacy '' , `` honesty '' , and `` commitment '' , and then saying the words `` you '' , `` me '' , and `` us '' together . When the action starts , Beyoncé is seen working as a police officer . Her husband ( played by NFL player Eddie Goines ) is very supportive . He makes her breakfast , spends time at work looking for a present for her and forgoes socializing with attractive coworkers so he can be available when his wife arrives home . However , Beyoncé is not thinking about him at all . Instead , she spends her free time with other officers , particularly her male partner , whom she seems enamored with . Her husband calls her , but she ignores the phone . Later , when her husband gives her earrings , she puts them on to go dancing with her partner at a party . Her husband is upset when he sees them , and when he confronts her about this , she acts like he is making a big deal out of nothing . `` When you act like that , I do n't think you realize how it makes me look or feel '' , he tells her . Beyoncé then asks him in a condescending tone , `` Why are you so jealous ? It 's not like I 'm sleeping with the guy . '' Then the story reverses , and Beyoncé starts to cry . Her husband 's situation is actually her experience -- he is a police officer who takes his supportive wife for granted .", "13": "Reception and accolades ( edit ) Beyoncé premiered the video , alongside the video for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , on MTV 's Total Request Live show on October 13 , 2008 . It was included on Beyoncé 's 2009 remix album with videography , Above and Beyoncé . Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News described the video as a `` meaningful one -- and it comes with a twist that requires repeat viewing '' . She noted that if the video did not exist , she would not have seen the tomboy side of Beyoncé . A writer for Rap - Up commented , `` Beyoncé delivers one of the year 's best videos with the black and white clip . '' Jennifer Cady of E ! Online praised the video , writing that it has a `` serious melodramatic storyline '' . She further noted that it was `` slow and everyone overacts , but be sure to catch the end where a major twist will probably change your outlook on the dynamics of male -- female relationships forever '' . The clip was ranked at number seventy - two on BET : Notarized Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown and at number twenty - five on BET J 's Last Call 2008 ! Top 50 Countdown . It was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2009 BET Awards but lost to Beyoncé 's other video for `` Single Ladies '' . The video also received nominations for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan and for Outstanding Music Video at the 2009 NAACP Image Awards . In July 2009 , the video was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipping over 5,000 units . Live performances ( edit ) Beyoncé pictured during the performance of `` If I Were a Boy '' at the Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain , 2008 Beyoncé first performed `` If I Were a Boy '' on November 6 , 2008 , at the MTV Europe Music Awards . She later performed the song during the sixth series of the British television show Strictly Come Dancing and the 2008 World Music Awards in Monaco on November 9 , 2008 , which was followed by another performance on The Oprah Winfrey Show on November 13 , 2008 .", "14": "On November 16 , 2008 , backed by a live band , Beyoncé sang a medley of `` If I Were a Boy '' , then switched to `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , and concluded with `` Crazy in Love '' during the final episode of Total Request Live . The song was sung again on November 26 , 2008 , during her appearance on The Tyra Banks Show . During this performance , Beyoncé begins to cry nearing the end of the song . On December 12 , 2008 , a pre-taped performance aired on the eighth season of the French show Star Academy as Beyoncé could not appear due to busy schedule . During the same day , Beyoncé performed `` If I Were a Boy '' on Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain . She also performed the ballad on December 13 , 2008 , live at The X Factor finale in the UK . Beyoncé sang a medley of `` If I Were a Boy '' and Alanis Morissette 's 1995 song `` You Oughta Know '' on January 31 , 2010 , at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony . She wore a `` futuristic , spiked black '' outfit with matching shoes , and `` pranced , spun and did the Dutty Wine while the crowd cheered in approval '' , according to Jayson Rodriguez of MTV News . Beyoncé was also backed by 50 backup dancers dressed as a riot gear . Ben Sisario of The New York Times commented that Beyoncé `` was elaborately staged and typically athletic '' during the performance . William Goodman of Spin magazine noted that Beyoncé `` owned '' the night 's most powerful performance . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine put the performance at number three on her list of `` Beyoncé 's 5 Biggest TV Performances '' . Beyoncé interpolated a verse from `` You Oughta Know '' into her performance of `` If I Were a Boy '' at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 . In addition to her performances of the song on television and at award ceremonies , `` If I Were a Boy '' was included on the set lists of Beyoncé 's I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) and I Am ... Yours revue .", "15": "It was subsequently included on her live albums , I Am ... World Tour and I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . Prior to the performance of the song at the tour , outtakes of its music video were used . Beyoncé later appeared performing `` If I Were a Boy '' wearing Ray - Bans , a leather breastplate , aviator shades and a bulletproof - looking one - piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track . During the bridge of the song , she included excerpts from Morissette 's `` You Oughta Know '' and Tupac Shakur 's `` California Love '' while imitating a male person with her moves . Alice Jones of The Independent wrote in her review that Beyoncé `` whip ( s ) up a quasi-feminist singalong . '' Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone noted that the singer channeled her `` ferocious onstage persona '' , Sasha Fierce . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times compared Beyoncé 's wardrobe and dancing with that of Ciara . In May 2012 , Beyoncé performed `` If I Were a Boy '' during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue at Revel in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Before Beyoncé started to sing , she noted that `` ( everyone knows ) how it feels to be hurt and lied to '' . During the performance , she mashed Goo Goo Dolls ' `` Iris '' ( 1998 ) and reworked the rhythm of `` If I Were a Boy '' to fit with the cover . Elysa Gardner of USA Today noted that the ballad `` became a jangly guitar - pop number '' during the show . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that `` the most attention - grabbing moments of the night ... came when she dipped into other artists ' catalogs '' . In 2013 , `` If I Were a Boy '' was included in the set list of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour where it featured the string motif from The Verve 's `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' ( 1997 ) . Fake tape ( edit ) `` Despite the denials -- and even as the original Today broadcast below shows -- every time Beyoncé hits the high notes the camera jumps to a far away wide shot spotlighting the audience . So that 's kind of suspicious .", "16": "But it also seems evident that the fake recording simply pitch - shifts at random -- not even American Idol 's worst rejects sound that awful . So we 're not going to throw B ( eyoncé ) into a club that features Britney Spears , Enrique Iglesias and Ashlee Simpson as blatant abusers of prerecorded material just yet . '' -- Rolling Stone 's Daniel Kreps . In January 2009 , Matthew Zeghibe , a 26 - year - old computer art student from Connecticut , used pitch - correction software to make a clip that he claimed was the soundboard recording of `` If I Were a Boy '' from Beyoncé 's Today show appearance in November 2008 . In the tape , Beyoncé sang drastically off - key . A corresponding video was leaked onto the internet , and it went viral . It was even played on American radio stations on April 21 , 2009 ; Howard Stern played the recording , describing it as `` the unedited board mix '' of Beyoncé 's live performance . According to Us Weekly , Mathew Knowles was the first to cast doubt on the recording 's authenticity , saying that the tape seemed to have been altered . He added that `` at 12 years into Beyoncé 's career , the last thing someone should be questioning is her vocal ability . That would be like questioning if Kobe Bryant could shoot a jump shot . '' On April 22 , TMZ.com reported that the tape was a hoax . They revealed that they had spoken to the person who modified the soundboard tapes , and the alleged culprit told them , `` It 's a little bit crazy . No one in their right mind would sound like that , and no one would cheer for someone singing like that . '' The following day , Beyoncé spoke about the allegations to MTV News . She stated that the report was ridiculous and that the timing of the video would draw publicity to two of her upcoming television performances . In an interview with Chris Harris of Rolling Stone , Zeghibe said that he was surprised by how much attention the clip received and by Beyoncé 's reaction to it . He admitted that he had previously given the same treatment to Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears , and that he did not feel he had to apologize for the hoax : I was just trying to make a point .", "17": "I wanted to show people how easy it is to manipulate someone 's voice . If I can do it with a clip I pulled off of TV , imagine what they are doing on records and during live performances . The entire industry has been so manipulated , because there 's such an emphasis on perfection , so when something like this happens , it causes such a stir . I knew something had to have happened to make it jump so fast . It 's wild how much the story 's been twisted . It 's just always been fun for me to manipulate artists , and make it sound crazy . It was just for a good laugh . It was a goof , just for fun . I do a lot of parodies on my YouTube channel , and it just so happens this one got a little out of hand . It was just what I 've learned in school , and it 's fun I could fool so many people and get away with it . A lot of people had a lot of laughs because of it , so why should I apologize ? If you ca n't poke fun at yourself , I do n't know what kind of person you are . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Download single `` If I Were a Boy '' -- 4 : 09 Dance Mixes EP Vol.", "18": "1 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua Mojo UK Main Remix ) -- 6 : 30 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua Mojo UK Dub Remix ) -- 6 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Karmatronic Main Remix ) -- 6 : 25 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( DJ Escape & Dom Capello Main Remix ) -- 8 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Maurice Joshua UK Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Karmatronic Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 31 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( DJ Escape & Dom Capello Remix Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 07 Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( Spain digital single ) `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' -- 4 : 09 `` Si Yo Fuera un Chico ( If I Were a Boy ) '' ( Video ) -- 5 : 02 Dance Mixes EP Vol. 2 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Lost Daze Main Remix ) -- 5 : 08 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Club Remix ) -- 7 : 15 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Dub Remix ) -- 7 : 15 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Chase `` Girls '' Club Remix ) -- 8 : 28 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Lost Daze Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 05 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Mark Picchiotti Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` If I Were a Boy '' ( Chase `` Girls '' Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 31 Credits and personnel ( edit ) If I Were a Boy Brittany Jean Carlson -- songwriter Jens Gad -- live drums Toby Gad -- musical arrangements , other instruments , recorder , producer , songwriter Matt Green -- audio mixing assistant Beyoncé Knowles -- producer , vocals performed by Reggie Syience Perry -- guitar , additional drums Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- audio mixer Si Yo Fuera un Chico Andrés Bermúdez -- audio mixer ,", "19": "vocals recorded by Britney Jean Carlson -- songwriter Jens Gad -- live drums Toby Gad -- musical arrangements , other instruments , music recorded by , music producer , songwriter Beyoncé Knowles -- music producer , vocals performed by Rudy Pérez -- translator , vocal producer Reggie Syience Perry -- guitar , additional drums Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Australian Urban Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 9 Brazilian Billboard Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 Czech Airplay Chart 7 Danish Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 European Hot 100 Singles Finnish Singles Chart 11 French Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart Hungarian Airplay Chart 5 Irish Singles Chart Israeli Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart Japan Hot 100 10 New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Poland ( Airplay Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovak Airplay Chart Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart UK R&B Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 16 US Hot Dance Club Play US Pop 100 6 US Adult Contemporary 16 US Rhythmic Top 40 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart (", "20": "2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 44 Australian Urban Singles Chart 20 Dutch Top 40 35 French Singles Chart 80 German Singles Chart 71 Irish Singles Chart 16 New Zealand Singles Chart 27 Norwegian Singles Chart 16 Swedish Singles Chart 21 Swiss Singles Chart 46 UK Singles Chart 16 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Urban Singles Chart 27 Austrian Singles Chart 37 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 51 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 66 BR Billboard Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 31 Dutch Top 40 68 European Hot 100 Singles 11 French Singles Chart 41 French Airplay Chart 59 German Singles Chart 46 Hungarian Airplay Chart 32 Irish Singles Chart 47 Norwegian Singles Chart 18 Spanish Singles Chart 31 Swedish Singles Chart 43 Swiss Singles Chart 27 UK Singles Chart 74 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Hot 100 Airplay 69 US Hot Dance Club Songs 45 US Hot Digital Songs 46 US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs 90 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 88 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 98 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Charts", "21": "( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 100 UK Top 100 Songs 68 All - time charts ( edit ) Charts Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 457 UK Digital Singles Chart 29 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 887,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 3,014,000 Mastertone Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 20,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Music video Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Radio adds ( edit ) Radio add dates and formats Country Date Format United States October 13 , 2008 Rhythmic Contemporary hit radio November 24 , 2008 Urban contemporary Purchasable release ( edit ) Release dates , record label and format details Country Date Format Label United States October 28 , 2008 Digital Download Columbia Records February 10 , 2009 Digital EPs ( Volume 1 & 2 ) Europe October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single Australia October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single New Zealand October 17 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 ,", "22": "2008 CD single France October 26 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single United Kingdom October 26 , 2008 Digital Download November 7 , 2008 CD single Canada November 7 , 2008 CD single February 3 , 2009 Digital EP ( Volume 1 ) February 10 , 2009 Digital EP ( Volume 2 ) Germany November 7 , 2008 CD single Spain February 3 , 2009 Digital Download ( Spanish Version ) Cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican dancehall singer Althea Hewitt released a reggae cover of `` If I Were a Boy '' to iTunes Stores on December 19 , 2008 . Nicole Sullivan and Tisha Campbell - Martin covered `` If I Were a Boy '' during the episode `` The Shape of Things to Come '' on the sitcom Rita Rocks which aired on October 13 , 2009 . During the finale of the tenth season of American Idol on May 25 , 2011 , the lady contestants joined together onstage to perform `` If I Were a Boy '' along with a medley of Beyoncé 's other singles . Caterina Torres covered the song during the second series of The Voice ( Australia ) on May 12 , 2013 . Torres ' version peaked at number 28 on the Australian Singles Chart on May 26 , 2013 . On June 8 , 2013 , singer Asanda covered the song during the final of the seventh series of Britain 's Got Talent . Glee cast member Alex Newell covered the song for the fifth season episode `` The End of Twerk '' . The song was released in iTunes Store on November 11 , 2013 . Michael Slezak of TVLine praised his rendition of the song as `` fantastic '' and `` flawless '' . Lauren Hoffman from Vulture and Derek Chavis from The Baltimore Sun described his rendition as one of the best covers recorded for the series . Marc Snetiker of Entertainment Weekly praised the inclusion of the song in the episode and described Newell 's vocals as `` incredible '' while Billboard 's Rae Votta described the cover as `` absolutely stunning '' .", "23": "The X Factor performances ( edit ) On October 6 , 2011 , during the first season of The X Factor US , 13 - year - old Rachel Crow covered the song during one of her auditions . She was backed by a piano and went sombre as she sang . Her performance brought judge Nicole Scherzinger to tears . Gil Kaufman of MTV News commented that the cover showed off `` her preternaturally powerful ( and ) growly range '' . Both Joe Berkowitz of Rolling Stone and Jennifer Still of Digital Spy noted that Crow 's performance was well executed despite her young age . Sarah Maloy of Billboard magazine commented that her performance was `` sensational as always '' . On December 3 , 2011 , during the eighth series of the British televised music competition The X Factor , girl band Little Mix covered the `` If I Were a Boy '' . Digital Spy 's Daniel Sperling noted that the cover contained `` a little Amelia Lily-esque shouting '' . On September 26 , 2012 , during the second season of The X Factor in the United States , Dinah Jane Hansen covered `` If I Were a Boy '' . Annie Barrett of Entertainment Weekly praised Hansen 's singing , writing that she `` stunned the crowd with a vocal so powerful '' and `` made the song her own '' . Bruna Nessif of E ! Online praised her `` powerful '' rendition , and Peter Larsen of The Orange County Register wrote that she left the judges `` speechless , ( and ) blown away by the power and beauty of her voice '' . Then , on December 5 , 2012 , during the same show , Carly Rose Sonenclar also covered the song . Jennifer Still of Digital Spy noted that she sounded `` effortless on those long , belting notes and shows a lot of restraint in the verses as well '' . On August 18 , 2013 , during the fifth season of The X Factor Australia , Dami Im covered the song during the home visits round . Lorna Simpson also covered `` If I Were a Boy '' during the home visits round on the tenth season on The X Factor in the UK on October 4 , 2013 . On December 4 , 2014 , Ellona Santiago covered the song in week 6 of the third season for her Unplugged performance .", "24": "Reba McEntire version ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' Single by Reba McEntire from the album All the Women I Am Released January 24 , 2011 Format Music download Genre Country Length 3 : 32 ( radio edit ) 3 : 52 ( album version ) Label Valory / Starstruck Songwriter ( s ) BC Jean Toby Gad Producer ( s ) Dann Huff Reba McEntire singles chronology `` Turn on the Radio '' ( 2010 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2011 ) `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' ( 2011 ) `` Turn on the Radio '' ( 2010 ) `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2011 ) `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' ( 2011 ) The song was covered by American country singer Reba McEntire on the television program Unplugged on Country Music Television . The cover was accompanied by a music video that premiered on June 18 , 2010 , which depicted McEntire performing the song live . In late 2010 , she recorded a studio version , and it was added to country radio on January 24 , 2011 , by Starstruck Entertainment and Valory Music Group as the second single from her studio album All the Women I Am ( 2010 ) . McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits . However , her husband and manager , Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song . Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyoncé 's `` If I Were a Boy '' . Speaking about her version of the song , McEntire said : `` When I got the song and the lyrics , I thought it was an incredible song ... And , to me , it turned out to be a country song , when we got our instrumentation on it and everything . And some people go , ' Well , why in the world would you do a pop song ? ' I just think music is music . You 've got good and you 've got bad , and I try to stay on the good side . '' McEntire 's cover has generally been met with positive reception .", "25": "Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly magazine described her cover as a `` soulful countrified look at love from a male perspective '' . Steve Morse at The Boston Globe said that McEntire translated the song `` artfully into country '' . Billboard magazine 's Mikael Wood praised the cover , comparing it with McEntire 's cover of Kelly Clarkson 's `` Because of You '' . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted that McEntire `` sounds as if she 's already inhabiting the role '' in the song . Allmusic critic Thom Jurek was less favorable , writing that it was unrecognizable to the original , before adding , `` It contains none of the original 's drama ; in its place is a failed attempt at a soft rock power ballad . '' Following McEntire 's live performance at the CMA awards , the song debuted at number 60 on the Hot Country Songs charts as an album cut dated for the week ending November 27 , 2010 . It re-entered at number 60 on the chart dated for the week ending January 29 , 2011 , and peaked at number 22 in April 2011 . It also peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in April 2011 . The official music video for the cover premiered on Oprah.com on February 28 at midnight , followed by an exclusive interview . It was directed by Peter Zavadil . After her first performance of the song on Unplugged on the Country Music Television , McEntire also performed the song at the Country Music Association ( CMA ) awards on November 10 , 2010 . Mawuse Ziegbe of MTV News praised her cover , writing , `` Singing with no band onstage , donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders , the legendary vocalist 's performance scored a standing ovation . '' Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of Billboard praised the performance , writing , `` As if Beyonce 's 2008 ballad ' If I Were a Boy ' was n't moving enough , country queen Reba McEntire 's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head . '' They also noted that the simple and powerful performance `` is enough to inspire tears , or at least goosebumps . ''", "26": "Country Music Television 's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire 's performance was `` the musical highlight of the evening '' and added that it was `` a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days '' . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times gave a mixed review of her performance , writing that `` ( McEntire ) did something unexpected , softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song , as if Beyoncé were whispering to her from the wings . '' However , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were `` just too young for ( McEntire ) , and when it comes to the chorus , I want someone to belt it '' . See also ( edit ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2008 List of European number - one hits of 2008 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling music downloads in the United Kingdom List of number - one singles of the 2000s ( Sweden ) List of number - one songs of the 2000s ( Denmark ) List of number - one songs in Norway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Danton , Eric R. ( January 11 , 2009 ) . `` A Girl 's Pizza - inspired Musing Produces A Smash Hit '' . Hartford Courant . Tribune Company . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Beyoncé ( 2008 ) . I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Beyoncé Knowles . 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Country Music Television . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Going for Adds -- Country '' . R&R . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Nancy ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire Introduces Us to ' All the Women I Am ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reba 's Exclusive Premiere Of ' If I Were A Boy ' '' . WYCD ( 99.5 FM , `` Detroit 's 99.5 WYCD '' ) . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jame ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire takes on Beyonce '' . Jam ! . Sun Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jessica ( November 5 , 2010 ) .", "51": "`` All the Women I Am : Reba McEntire -- Reviews -- Country Weekly Magazine '' . Country Weekly . American Media Inc . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Reba McEntire , ' All the Women I Am ' '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . 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External links ( edit ) `` If I Were a Boy '' music video on YouTube Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am .", "53": "Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Family Feud '' `` Mi Gente '' Other songs `` A", "54": "Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Template WikiProject Reba McEntire 2000s - 2010s singles So Good Together `` I 'll Be '' `` We 're So Good Together '' Greatest Hits Volume III : I 'm a Survivor `` I 'm a Survivor '' `` Sweet Music Man '' Room to Breathe `` I 'm Gonna Take That Mountain '' `` Somebody '' `` He Gets That from Me '' `` My Sister '' Reba # 1 's `` You 're Gonna Be ( Always Loved by Me ) '' `` Love Needs a Holiday '' Reba : Duets `` Because of You '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` The Only Promise That Remains '' ( with Justin Timberlake ) `` Every Other Weekend '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) Keep On Loving You `` Strange '' `` Consider Me Gone '' `` I Keep On Loving You '' All the Women I Am `` Turn On the Radio '' `` If I Were a Boy '' `` When Love Gets a Hold of You '' `` Somebody 's Chelsea '' Love Somebody `` Going Out Like That '' `` Until They Do n't Love You '' `` Just Like Them Horses '' Promotional singles `` The New Me '' `` Goodbye Looks Good on Me ''", "55": "Guest singles `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' ( with Brooks & Dunn ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Were_a_Boy&oldid=803471685 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2008 singles 2011 singles 2008 songs Beyoncé songs Reba McEntire songs Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Jake Nava Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Toby Gad Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Toby Gad Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Columbia Records singles Big Machine Records singles Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil Songs written by BC Jean Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Black - and - white music videos Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand", "56": "Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Dolnoserbski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2362451294316134250	what is the white stuff on hot cross buns	[ "shortcrust pastry;[15][16] however, more recently recipes have recommended a paste consisting of flour and water" ]	{ "0": "Hot cross bun - wikipedia Hot cross bun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the food . For the nursery rhyme , see Hot Cross Buns . Hot cross bun Homemade hot cross buns Type Spiced bun Place of origin United Kingdom Main ingredients currants or raisins Cookbook : Hot cross bun Media : Hot cross bun A hot cross bun is a spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins , marked with a cross on the top , and traditionally eaten on Good Friday in the British Isles , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa and some parts of the Americas . The cake marks the end of Lent and different parts of the hot cross bun have a certain meaning , including the cross representing the crucifixion of Jesus , and the spices inside signifying the spices used to embalm him at his burial . They are now available all year round in some places . Hot cross buns may go on sale in the United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand as early as New Year 's Day or after Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Traditions 3 Other versions 4 The cross 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) In many historically Christian countries , plain buns made without dairy products ( forbidden in Lent until Palm Sunday ) are traditionally eaten hot or toasted during Lent , beginning with the evening of Shrove Tuesday ( the evening before Ash Wednesday ) to midday Good Friday . The ancient Greeks may have marked cakes with a cross . One theory is that the Hot Cross Bun originates from St Albans , where Brother Thomas Rocliffe , a 14th Century monk at St Albans Abbey , developed a similar recipe called an ' Alban Bun ' and distributed the bun to the local poor on Good Friday , starting in 1361 . In the time of Elizabeth I of England ( 1592 ) , the London Clerk of Markets issued a decree forbidding the sale of hot cross buns and other spiced breads , except at burials , on Good Friday , or at Christmas . The punishment for transgressing the decree was forfeiture of all the forbidden product to the poor . As a result of this decree , hot cross buns at the time were primarily made in home kitchens .", "1": "Further attempts to suppress the sale of these items took place during the reign of James I of England / James VI of Scotland ( 1603 -- 1625 ) . The first definite record of hot cross buns comes from a London street cry : `` Good Friday comes this month , the old woman runs . With one or two a penny hot cross buns '' , which appeared in Poor Robin 's Almanack for 1733 . Food historian Ivan Day states , `` The buns were made in London during the 18th century . But when you start looking for records or recipes earlier than that , you hit nothing . '' Traditions ( edit ) An 1884 advertisement announcing the sale of hot cross buns for Good Friday in a Hawaiian newspaper . English folklore includes many superstitions surrounding hot cross buns . One of them says that buns baked and served on Good Friday will not spoil or grow mouldy during the subsequent year . Another encourages keeping such a bun for medicinal purposes . A piece of it given to someone ill is said to help them recover . If taken on a sea voyage , hot cross buns are said to protect against shipwreck . If hung in the kitchen , they are said to protect against fires and ensure that all breads turn out perfectly . The hanging bun is replaced each year . Other versions ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the major supermarkets produce variations on the traditional recipe such as toffee , orange - cranberry , and apple - cinnamon . In Australia and New Zealand , a chocolate version of the bun has become popular ; coffee - flavoured buns are also sold in some Australian bakeries . They generally contain the same mixture of spices , but chocolate chips are used instead of currants . There are also sticky date and caramel versions , as well as mini versions of the chocolate and traditional bun . The not cross bun is a variation on the hot cross bun . It uses the same ingredients but instead of having a `` cross '' on top , it has a smiley face in reference to it being `` not cross '' in the sense of not angry . The not cross bun was first sold commercially in 2014 by an Australian bakery , Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses , in response to supermarkets selling hot cross buns as early as Boxing Day ( 26 December ) .", "2": "In the Czech Republic , mazanec is a similar cake or sweet bread eaten at Easter . It often has a cross marked on top . In the Bremen area in northern Germany , a `` Hedwig '' ( lower Saxon : heet week ) was an ancient Shrove Tuesday meal . On Shrove Tuesday , the top of a Hedwig was cut off and the Hedwig was filled with a tablespoon of hot butter and cinnamon - powder . The top was put back again and the Hedwig was served in a soup plate filled with hot milk or cream . Lastly , a tablespoon of cinnamon - sugar was mulled over the Hedwig , then eaten with a tablespoon . Today , a Hedwig is the sweet part of a Sunday breakfast in northern Germany . In Frisia , the northern part of the Netherlands , there are `` Hite wigge '' . They are very close to the original hot cross bun and Bremen 's Hedwig . The Netherlands also has `` krentenbollen '' , which are similar but do not have the cross on top . The cross ( edit ) Hot cross buns with the cross made with cuts The traditional method for making the cross on top of the bun is to use shortcrust pastry ; however , more recently recipes have recommended a paste consisting of flour and water . See also ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Cookbook : Hot Cross Bun Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot cross buns . Bath bun Fruit bun Sally Lunn bun List of British breads List of buns List of foods with religious symbolism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , Ina ; Taylor , Ina ( 1999 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . p. 50 . ISBN 9780748740871 . To mark the end of the Lent fast Christians eat hot cross buns . These have a special meaning . The cross in the middle shows how Jesus died . Spices inside remind Christians of the spices put on the body of Jesus . Sweet fruits in the bun show that Christians no longer have to eat plain foods . Jump up ^ Fakes , Dennis R. ( 1 January 1994 ) . Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy . CSS Publishing . p. 33 .", "3": "ISBN 9781556735967 . Since people often gave up meat during Lent , bread became one of the staples of Lent . Bakers even began making dough pretzels -- a knotted length of dough that referente aa tutto a Christian praying , with arms crossed and hands placed on opposite shoulders . Hot cross buns are popular during Lent . The cross of course reminds the eater of Christ 's cross . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` BBC - How did hot cross buns become two a penny ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Cross Buns on sale already '' . au.tv.yahoo.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Kate ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` Easter 's come early : hot cross buns already on shelves '' . The Toowoomba Chronicle . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Were The First To Cry `` Hot Cross Buns ? '' `` . The New York Times . 31 March 1912 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The City of St Albans Claims the Original Hot Cross Bun '' . St Albans Cathedral . Jump up ^ David , Elizabeth ( 1980 ) . `` Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes '' . English Bread and Yeast Cookery . New York : The Viking Press . pp. 473 -- 474 . ISBN 0670296538 . Jump up ^ Charles Hindley ( 2011 ) . `` A History of the Cries of London : Ancient and Modern '' . p. 218 . Cambridge University Press , ^ Jump up to : `` Hot Cross Buns '' . Practically Edible : The Web 's Biggest Food Encyclopedia . Practically Edible . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Baking : Hot Cross Buns '' . jeanniebayb.livejournal.com.", "4": "24 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yummy Hot Cross Buns '' . Woolworths ( Australia ) . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baker launches war on supermarkets ' early hot cross bun sales '' . Good Food . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Easter in Czech Republic '' . iloveindia.com . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Berry , Mary ( 1996 ) . Mary Berry 's Complete Cookbook ( First edition ( 2nd reprint ) ed . ) . Godalming , Surrey : Dorling Kindersley . p. 386 . ISBN 1858335671 . Jump up ^ Smith , Delia ( 1986 ) . Delia Smith 's Cookery Course ( First edition ( 8th reprint ) ed . ) . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . p. 62 . ISBN 0563162619 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake - off : Paul Holywood 's Hot Cross Bun '' , Easy Cook ( magazine ) ( 60 ) , p.", "5": "38 , April 2013 Baked goods depicting religious iconography Croissant Opłatek Sacramental bread Prosphora Hot cross bun Pretzel British breads List of British breads Bannock Bara brith Barley bread Barm cake Bath bun Bread roll Buttery Chelsea bun Cockle bread Colston bun Cottage loaf Crumpet Dripping cake Farl Fried bread Griddle scone Hot cross bun Iced bun Lady Arundel 's Manchet Lardy cake London bun Manchet Muffin Pan loaf Plain loaf Potato scone Saffron bun Sally Lunn bun Scone Scuffler Singing hinny Stottie cake Recipes on WikiBooks Category : British breads Food portal The United Kingdom Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_cross_bun&oldid=834185777 '' Categories : Sweet breads Yeast breads British breads Easter food English traditions English cuisine Buns Christmas food Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6785327703850595221	who has climbed mount everest the number of times	[ "Apa Sherpa", "Phurba Tashi Sherpa", "Kami Rita Sherpa" ]	{ "0": "List of Mount Everest records - wikipedia List of Mount Everest records Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the list of records established on Mount Everest . For the `` Everest Records '' record label , see Everest Records . From Kala Patthar , west of Everest looking the South East face primarily Mount Everest from Gokyo Ri , showing a little more of the North face Tashi and Nungshi were the first twins to summit Mount Everest together People on the summit of Everest This article ' lists different records related to Mount Everest . One of the most commonly sought after records is a `` summit '' , to reach the highest elevation point on Mount Everest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 1.1 Highest number of times to reach the summit 1.2 Other number of times records 1.3 First to summit a certain number of times 1.4 Double summiting records 1.5 Fastest ascents 1.6 Deadliest accident 1.7 Oldest summiters 1.8 Youngest summiters 1.8. 1 Youngest female 1.9 Firsts 1.10 Disabled or diseased summiters 1.11 Other 1.12 Nepali records 2 Most summits in one day 3 Everest base camp records 4 Death statistics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Records ( edit ) Highest number of times to reach the summit ( edit ) † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Highest number of times to reach the summit 21 Apa Sherpa Nepal 2012 - 05 - 11 ! May 11 , 2011 Phurba Tashi Sherpa Nepal 2013 - 05 - 19 ! May 19 , 2013 Kami Rita Sherpa Nepal 2013 - 05 - 19 !", "1": "May 19 , 2013 Other number of times records ( edit ) † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Most ascents by a woman 8 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal Most summits without supplemental oxygen 10 Ang Rita Nepal 1996 - 05 - 23 ! May 23 , 1996 Most summits by a foreigner † 15 Dave Hahn United States Most ascents by a foreign woman † 6 Melissa Arnot United States Further information : List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit First to summit a certain number of times ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit Summited Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay New Zealand , Nepal 1953 - 05 - 29 !", "2": "May 29 , 1953 First woman to summit once Summited Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 First to summit twice Nawang Gombu Nepal 1963 , 1965 First woman to summit twice Santosh Yadav India 1992 , 1993 First to summit three times 3 by 1982 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit three times 3 by 2003 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First to summit 4 times 4 by 1985 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit 4 times 4 by 2004 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First to summit 5 times 5 by 1988 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit 5 times 5 by 2005 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 6 times 6 by 1990 Ang Rita Nepal First woman to summit 6 times 6 by 2006 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 7 times 7 by 1992 Ang Rita Nepal First woman to summit 7 times 7 by 2016 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 8 times 8 by 1993 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 9 times 9 by 1995 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 10 times 10 by 1996 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 11 times 11 by 2000 Apa Sherpa Nepal Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011 , achieving 21 times .", "3": "Double summiting records ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days Summited Anshu Jamsenpa India 21 May 2017 Fastest ascents ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp with supplemental oxygen 8 hours and 10 minutes Pemba Dorje Nepal 2004 - 05 - 21 ! May 21 , 2004 Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp without supplemental oxygen 20 hours and 24 minutes Aman Kumar Sinha India 1998 - 10 - 17 ! October 17 , 2008 Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen and fastest ascent from Everest North Base Camp 16 hours and 45 minutes Hans Kammerlander Italy 1996 - 5 - 24 ! May 24 , 1996 Longest stay on the summit 21 hours Babu Chiri Sherpa Nepal 1999 - 05 - 06 ! May 6 , 1999 Deadliest accident ( edit ) Record name Record Nation Date Ref Most deaths in one day at Everest 22 Nepal , China 2015 - 04 - 25 ! April 25 , 2015 Oldest summiters ( edit ) This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter , as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison Record Owner Nation Date Ref 80 years 224 days Yuichiro Miura ( b 1932 ) Japan 2013 - 05 - 23 ! May 23 , 2013 76 years 340 days Min Bahadur Sherchan ( b 1931 ) Nepal 2008 75 years 227 days Yuichiro Miura Japan 2008 72 years Bill Burke United States 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 71 years 61 days Katsusuke Yanagisawa Japan 2007 - 05 - 22 !", "4": "May 22 , 2007 70 years 225 days Takao Arayama Japan May 2006 70 years 222 days Yuichiro Miura Japan May 2003 65 years 176 days Tomiyasu Ishikawa Japan 2002 - 05 - 17 ! 17 May 2002 65 years Sir Ranulph Fiennes ( b 1944 ) United Kingdom 2009 - 05 - 21 ! 21 May 2009 64 years Sherman Bull United States 2001 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2001 63 years 311 days Toshio Yamamoto Japan 2000 60 years 161 days Lev Sarkisov Georgia 1999 - 05 - 12 ! May 12 , 1999 60 years 160 days Ramon Balanca ( Blanco ) Suarez Venezuela 1993 ( b . 1933 ) 55 years Richard Bass ( b . 1929 ) United States April 1985 50 years Chris Bonington ( b . 1934 ) United Kingdom April 1985 50 years Jozef Psotka ( b . 1934 , died on descent ) Czechoslovakia October 1984 50 years 118 days Gerhard Schmatz ( b 1929 ) West Germany October 1979 49 years 52 days Pierre Mazeaud ( b 1929 ) France 15 Oct 1978 42 years 6 months Sonam Gyatso ( b 1922 ) India 22 May 1965 39 years Tenzing Norgay ( b 1914 ) Nepal 29 May 1953 Norgay was older than Hillary , so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively . This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter . Record Owner Nation Date Ref 73 years 180 days Tamae Watanabe Japan 2012 - 05 - 19 !", "5": "May 19 , 2012 63 years 177 days Tamae Watanabe Japan 2002 - 05 - 16 ! May 16 , 2002 50 years Anna Czerwińska Poland 2000 - 05 - 22 ! May 22 , 2000 47 years 98 days ( died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster ) Yasuko Namba Japan 1996 - 05 - 10 ! May 10 , 1996 47 years 21 days Mary Lefever United States 1993 - 05 - 19 ! May 19 , 1993 39 years 228 days ( died on descent ) Hannelore Schmatz Germany 1979 - 10 - 02 ! October 10 , 1979 35 years , 236 days Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit , and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter . Youngest summiters ( edit ) Due to some variations in record keeping , there may be some variation in the examples Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Youngest person to climb Mount Everest 13 years 10 months 10 days old Jordan Romero United States 2010 - 05 - 22 ! May 22 , 2010 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2003 - 2010 ) 15 years old Ming Kipa ( female ) Nepal 2003 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2003 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2001 - 2003 ) 16 - year 14 days old Temba Tsheri Nepal 2001 - 5 - 24 ! May 24 , 2001 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 1990 -- 2001 ) 17 years old Bertrand Roche France 1990 - 5 - 24 !", "6": "1990 Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014 : Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Next youngest person and youngest female 13 years 11 months old Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 Youngest female ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest 13 years and 11 months old Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2003 - 2010 ) 15 years old Ming Kipa Nepal 2003 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2003 Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time 19 years 35 days Dicky Dolma India May 10 , 1993 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 22 years , 273 days Kim Soon - Jo South Korea May 10 , 1993 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 24 years , 215 days Santosh Yadav India May 12 , 1992 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 27 years 5 days Lydia Bradey New Zealand October 14 , 1988 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 29 - year 2 days Sharon Wood Canada May 20 , 1986 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 30 years 28 days Bachendri Pal India May 23 , 1984 First ( so both the youngest and oldest ) woman to summit 35 years 236 days Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 See also Nimdoma Sherpa Samantha Larson Nima Chhamzi Sherpa , summited May 19 , 2012 at the age of 16 .", "7": "Firsts ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit Summited Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay New Zealand , Nepal 1953 - 05 - 29 ! May 29 , 1953 Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest Summited Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 First woman to reach the summit Summited Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 First ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler Italy , Austria May 8 , 1978 First winter ascent Summited Krzysztof Wielicki and Leszek Cichy POL February 17 , 1980 First solo ascent , simultaneously first solo ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Reinhold Messner Italy August 20 , 1980 First paraglider descent from summit Summited , descended by paraglider Jean - Marc Boivin France September 26 , 1988 First female ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Lydia Bradey New Zealand October 14 , 1988 First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend Summited , descended Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal May 18 , 2000 First to descend on a snowboard Summited , descended by snowboard Marco Siffredi France May , 2001 First person to reach the summit from three different routes ( South Col. North Face and Khangshung Face ) Summited by 3 routes Kushang Sherpa India 1993 - 2003 First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest Summited , married Pem Dorjee and Moni Mulepati Nepal May 30 , 2005 First twins to climb Mount Everest together Summited Tashi and Nungshi Malik India May 19 ,", "8": "2013 First to climb the Everest Triple Crown Summited Kenton Cool and Dorje Gylgen United Kingdom , Nepal May 21 , 2013 First to recite national anthem at everest Summited Ratnesh Pandey India May 21 , 2016 Disabled or diseased summiters ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Amputated foot Summited Everest Tom Whittaker United States May 27 , 1998 Blind Summited Everest via South Col Erik Weihenmayer United States May 25 , 2001 Cystic fibrosis Summited Everest Nick Talbot United Kingdom May 2016 Left arm amputated Summited Everest Gary Guller United States May 23 , 2003 Double leg amputee Summited Everest Mark Inglis New Zealand May 15 , 2006 Right leg amputee Summited Everest Nelson Cardona Colombia May 17 , 2010 With no fingers Summited Everest Kim Hong - Bin South Korea May 16 , 2007 Double arm amputee Summited Everest Sudarshan Gautam Nepal Canada May 20 , 2013 Female amputee ( 1 leg ) Summited Everest Arunima Sinha India May 21 , 2013 Hemophiliac Summited Everest Chris Bombardier United States May 22 , 2017 Insulin dependent Diabetic Summited Everest Geri Winkler Austria May 20 , 2006 Type I Diabetes Summited Everest Will Cross United States May 23 , 2006 Multiple sclerosis first woman Summited Everest Lori Schneider United States May 23 , 2009 Multiple sclerosis first man Summited Everest Niels van Buren The Netherlands May 2016 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and partially blind Summited Everest Cindy Abbott United States May 23 ,", "9": "2010 Crohn 's disease and ostomy Summited South Summit of Everest Rob Hill Canada May 25 , 2010 Cancer survivor ( Hodgkins disease and Askin 's sarcoma ) ; 1 lung Summit Sean Swarner United States May 16 , 2002 Blind Summited Everest via North Col Andy Holzer Austria May 21 , 2017 First Cancer patient Summited Everest Ian Toothill United Kingdom May 27 , 2017 Other ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Overflight of summit 8848m David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas - Hamilton United Kingdom 1933 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 1933 Highest of rotorcraft landing and take - off 8848m Didier Delsalle France 2005 - 05 - 00 ! May , 2005 Elizabeth Hawley , has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015 . Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest , in 2013 ; he suffers from multiple sclerosis . Nepali records ( edit ) Chhurim summited twice in May 2012 , the first woman to summit twice in a season Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali , especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality , hard - work , and brave alpinism . On 11 May 2011 , Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty - first time , breaking his own record for the most successful ascents . He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29 . Phurba Tashi Sherpa ( also 21 times ) Kami Rita Sherpa ( 21 times by 2017 ) One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest , but who died during the descent . Another well - known woman Sherpa was the two - time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa , who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007 .", "10": "Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it , has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017 , the most times for woman . Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers : Temba Tsheri Nima Chhamzi Sherpa Nimdoma Sherpa Ming Kipa Chhurim About names : Many Nepalese are only given one name , and are often named for a day of the week One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall . So most of the summiters summited from the North side , except for a small a group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall , even though it was not open . This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram `` 9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years '' in 2016 . The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015 , but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area . Most summits in one day ( edit ) For the Mountain overall , the most in one day is May 19 , 2012 when 179 - 234 reached the top . Everest Base camp records ( edit ) Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal - side Base camp : Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Fastest run from Everest Base Camp to Kathmandu 63 hours 8 minutes Sam Finch ( Ashleworth ) United Kingdom 2013 - 21 - 04 !", "11": "Apr 21 , 2013 Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp Age : 4 Virat Sheokand India April 2017 Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp Ages : 6 and 8 James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell United Kingdom August 2016 Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp Ages : 6 , 8 and 11 James , Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell United Kingdom August 2016 First person with Down 's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp 15 years old Eli Reimer United States 2013 Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp 9 years old Oscar Squirrell Australia April 2017 Some Everest - related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon , Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon , and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon . Death statistics ( edit ) Main article : List of Mount Everest death statistics See also ( edit ) Mountains portal List of Mount Everest expeditions List of 20th - century summiters of Mount Everest List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit List of people who died climbing Mount Everest 2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster List of ski descents of Eight - Thousanders # Mount Everest Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ a Kazi Sherpa used supplemental oxygen on the descent . External links ( edit ) A History of Mt . Everest Speed Climbing Records / Claims , by Dan Howitt Collection of Everest records British Statistics Deceased Ascent statistics CBC ( goes to 2010 ) Adventure stats for age up to 2002 8000ers statistics MOUNTAINEERING INDIAN RECORDS ACHIEVER 'S References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Record : Apa Sherpa 's Everest summit no 21 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` PeakFreaks 14 safe summits '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Herald - Journal - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest Woman To Summit Everest Breaks Record A Second Time '' . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Anna Czerwinska : Oldest Woman to Conquer Everest Jump up ^ `` Fraser Matthews , 13 , ' becomes youngest to scale Everest ' '' . BBC . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : New / Old Records ^ Jump up to : Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) , Guinness World Records 2010 : Thousands of New Records in The Book of the Decade ! , p.", "15": "210 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 59337 - 2 , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 ^ Jump up to : THT 10 years ago : Ming Kipa 's record was happenstance ‚ says sister , 2013 , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 ^ Jump up to : `` CM K Chandrasekhar Rao announces reward for Malavath Poorna and Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar '' . 15 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 - year - old Andhra teen becomes youngest woman to scale Everest '' . Times of India . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 3 June 1998 ) . `` TV Notes ; Top of the World '' -- via query.nytimes.com .", "16": "Jump up ^ Yorke , Harry ; Jamieson , Sophie ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` British man becomes first person with cystic fibrosis to climb Everest '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Featured Everest Expedition : Team Everest ' 03 EverestNews.com Jump up ^ ( cite news url = http://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/nelson_cardona_primer_colombiano_discapacitado_que_conquista_el_everest-OWEC_89777 ) Jump up ^ `` Two Feet Are Better Than Ten Fingers '' . The Dong - a Ilbo. 2007 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disabled climber pulls off 7 - continent sweep '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Armless Calgary man Sudarshan Gautam reaches dream of summitting Mount Everest '' . Calgary Sun . 2013 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian double - amputee summits Mount Everest '' . 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( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Partially Blind Woman Climbs Everest '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` hd 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` Robert Hill conquers seven summits including Mount Everest '' . 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Hill reached the South Summit of Mount Everest on May 25 , 2010 - Intestinal Disease Education and Awareness Society '' . 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Swarner , Sean . `` Cancer survivor Sean Swarner 's emotional journey to Everest and beyond '' . Jump up ^ `` Cancer Survivor Climbs Mount Everest '' . 25 March 2007 . Jump up ^ GmbH , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` Andy Holzer : Blinder Österreicher auf dem Mount Everest '' . FAZ.NET . Jump up ^ `` Terminal cancer patient Ian Toothill conquers Everest '' . BBC News . 2017 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Heggie , Vanessa ( 3 April 2013 ) . `` The first flight over Everest : a physiologist 's dream - Vanessa Heggie '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Rotorcraft World Records '' . FAI . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hawley 's chronicles to be released '' . Jump up ^ `` Disabled Frenchman makes record jump over Everest '' . Jump up ^ `` Apa Sherpa summits Everest for the 21st time ' '' . Salt Lake Tribune . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Since The Age of 12 '' . BBC .", "18": "11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous female Nepal climber dead '' , BBC News , 23 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Most Successful Female Everest Climber of All Time Is a Housekeeper in Hartford , Connecticut '' , Outside , 10 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Nepalese woman scales Everest for record - breaking 8th time '' . asianage.com. 2017 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , C.N.N. `` Everest conquered for first time in two years '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2017 : Gurkhas kick off Everest season with summit success '' . 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OUTSIDE ONLINE .", "19": "Mount Everest Topography and landmarks Base Camp Geneva Spur Hillary Step Hornbein Couloir Kangshung Face ( East Face ) Kangshung Glacier Khumbu Glacier Khumbu Icefall Lhakpa La Lho La North Col North Face Norton Couloir Rongbuk Glacier South Col South Summit Three Pinnacles Three Steps `` Green Boots cave '' Western Cwm Expeditions 1921 British reconnaissance 1922 British 1924 British ( Affair of the Dancing Lamas ) 1933 British 1935 British 1936 British 1938 British 1950 -- 52 British -- Swiss -- US reconnaissance 1951 British 1952 Swiss 1953 British 1960 Chinese 1975 British SW Face 1996 Indo - Tibetan Border Police 2006 Philippine 2007 Altitude Everest expedition Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition List of Mount Everest guides Fatalities Green Boots David Sharp List of people who died climbing Mount Everest Committees Joint Himalayan Committee Mount Everest Committee In media Beyond the Edge The Climb ( book ) The Climb ( 2007 film ) Everest ( 1998 film ) Everest ( 2015 film ) Everest ( Indian TV series ) Everest ' 82 Everest : Beyond the Limit EverestMax Expedition Everest ( roller coaster ) Into Thin Air The Man Who Skied Down Everest Mount Everest webcam Paths of Glory Peak The Wildest Dream Wings Over Everest Years 1970 disaster 1974 avalanche 1996 disaster 2012 2013 2014 avalanche 2015 avalanches 2017 Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Mount Everest massif Khumbutse Lhotse Lingtren Nuptse Pumori Records List of Mount Everest records Times to the summit 20th - century summiters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "20": "php?title=List_of_Mount_Everest_records&oldid=816432170 '' Categories : Mount Everest Nepal - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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